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Page:The Virginia Housewife or, Methodical Cook, Mary Randolph, 1836.djvu/77
Rh baste them with lard: if your fire be very hot, they will roast in twenty minutes; and the quicker they are roasted, the better they will taste. Just before you take them from the spit, dust them with flour and baste them. Get ready some gravy made of the gizzards and pinions, a large blade of mace, a few pepper corns, a spoonful of catsup, a tea-spoonful of lemon pickle; strain it and pour it on the ducks, and send onion sauce in a boat.
a loaf of bread, chop a score or more of oysters fine, add nutmeg, pepper and salt to your taste, mix it up into a light forcemeat with a quarter of a pound of butter, a spoonful or two of cream, and three eggs; stuff the craw with it, and make the rest into balls and boil them; sew up the turkey, dredge it well with flour, put it in a kettle of cold water, cover it, and set it over the fire; as the scum begins to rise, take it off, let it boil very slowly for half an hour, then take off your kettle and keep it closely covered; if it be of a middle size, let it stand in the hot water half an hour, the steam being kept in, will stew it enough, make it rise, keep the skin whole, tender, and very white; when you dish it, pour on a little oyster sauce, lay the balls round, and serve it up with the rest of the sauce in a boat.
N. B. Set on the turkey in time, that it may stew as above; it is the best way to boil one to perfection. Put it over the fire to heat, just before you dish it up.
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NY regulator requests shell company info from Goldman Sachs, 3 banks-source
(Reuters) - New York State’s financial regulator has asked Goldman Sachs and three foreign banks for shell company information, a person familiar with the matter said on Wednesday. The New York Department of Financial Services (NYDFS) also requested shell company information from BNP Paribas SA , Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce and Standard Chartered Plc, the person said. Goldman is the only U.S. bank contacted by NYDFS about the request, the person said. A Goldman Sachs spokesperson declined to comment. Spokespeople for the three foreign banks could not be immediately reached for comment. The move by NYDFS comes weeks after the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) worked with media outlets including The Guardian and BBC to report on 11.5 million leaked documents from Panama law firm Mossack Fonseca. The documents, which have come to be known as the Panama Papers, contained information on about 214,000 offshore companies and showed how individuals and corporations were able to hide assets and avoid taxes. The ICIJ made its database of documents publicly available on Monday.
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Condensed Matter > Quantum Gases
Title: Thermodynamic properties of ideal Bose gas trapped in different external power-law potentials under generalized uncertainty principle*
Abstract: Significant evidence is available to support the quantum effects of gravity that leads to the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) and the minimum observable length. Usually quantum mechanics, statistical physics doesn't take gravity into account. Thermodynamic properties of ideal Bose gases in different external power-law potentials are studied under GUP with statistical physical method. Critical temperature, internal energy, heat capacity, entropy, particles number of ground state and excited state are calculated analytically to ideal Bose gases in the external potentials under GUP. Below the critical temperature, taking rubidium and sodium atoms ideal Bose gases whose particle densities are under standard and experimental conditions, respectively, as examples, the relations of internal energy, heat capacity and entropy with temperature are analyzed numerically. Theoretical and numerical calculations show that: GUP leads to an increase in the critical temperature. When the temperature is lower than the critical temperature and slightly higher than zero Kelvin, GUP's amendments to internal energy, heat capacity and entropy are positive; As the temperature increases to a certain value, these amendments become negative. The external potentials can increase or decrease the influence of GUP on thermodynamic properties. Under the initial experimental conditions when Bose-Einstein condensation was first verified by sodium atomic gas, the influence of GUP can be completely ignored. Under certain conditions, GUP may become the dominant factor governing the thermodynamic properties of the system.
Subjects: Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas)
Cite as: arXiv:2002.03097 [cond-mat.quant-gas]
(or arXiv:2002.03097v1 [cond-mat.quant-gas] for this version)
Submission history
From: He-Ling Li [view email]
[v1] Sat, 8 Feb 2020 06:16:25 GMT (553kb)
Link back to: arXiv, form interface, contact.
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Here the information is contained in the form of This layer transmits individual bits from one node to the next. Basically physical data model represents the data at data layer or internal layer. The presence of internal level in the architecture of database and the operation of changes from the conceptual level to internal level achieves the physical data independence. 1. This type of model tries to combine knowledge and must incorporate new knowledge as it is acquired. 2. It has the data security and less data physical storage but because of the use of both databases the object relational database becomes complex. Data relationships must be predefined. This model supports connection oriented and connectionless services. 3. Data owner/member relationship promotes data … • The network model can handle the one to many and many to many relationships which is real help in modelling the real-life situations. Above diagram shows how physical data model is … 3. The physical layer helps the user to define the physical and the electrical specification of the data connection in the communication. Logical database designs are concerned with the "what," and in contrast, physical database design is … Physical data independence points out the physical storing patterns changes by undamaging conceptual structures or arrangements. You can have a proof of concept. Generally hub operates using layer-1 of OSI stack (Physical layer). Conceptual simplicity is at least equal to that of the hierarchical model. Disadvantages of ER Model Limited constraints and specification 4. Generate a DDL script for the physical data model. For this purpose it uses either fiber optic cable or a twisted pair cable. Easy conversion to any data model: ER model can be easily converted into another data model like hierarchical data model, network data model and so on. Entity relationship model 5. It basically represents how each tables are built and related to each other in DB. object relational database management system. 9 Disadvantages and Limitations of Data Warehouse: Data warehouses aren’t regular databases as they are involved in the consolidation of data of several business systems which can be located at any physical location into one data mart.With OLAP data analysis tools, you can analyze data and use it for taking strategic decisions and for prediction of trends. A model is a representation of reality, 'real world' objects and events, associations. A Decision tree model is very intuitive and easy to explain to technical teams as well as stakeholders. A general understanding to the three models is that, business analyst uses conceptual and logical model for modeling the data required and produced by system from a business angle, while database designer refines the early design to produce the physical model for presenting physical database structure ready for database construction. A data model represents the organization itself. Relational Database Management System Advantages And Disadvantages 1500 Words | 6 Pages. An integrated collection of models for relating and influencing data, relationships between data, and restrictions on the data in an organization is called data model. May sometimes require more customization effort, than building a model from scratch; May create difference of opinion arguments and potential road blocks from your own experienced data modelers; May reduce competitive advantage of business intelligence and analytics (since competitors may be using the same model) You can understand better your product. Particularly in the case of raster images built from the cell-by-cell encoding methodology, the sheer number of values stored for a given dataset result in potentially enormous files. You can show your idea to other people. Run the DDL script to create the corresponding data objects on a server. It addressed major drawback of earlier data models. Network data model 3. Advantages of Raster-1. Users are still require to know the physical representation of the database; Information can be related in various and complicated ways. Database may need completely redoing if a single field in one relational table has to be changed. Following are advantages of an E-R Model: • Straightforward relation representation: Having designed an E-R diagram for a database application, the relational representation of the database model becomes relatively straightforward. Server virtualization has been in the trend for a couple of last years and it is a reality that knocks companies, bringing numerous benefits to all who seek the resource savings and a more effective IT management. 8.Check functions which check that user input is complete, correct,and plausible. Every model has its pro and cons. This data is then stored on the computer, the computer manipulates the data according to the instructions it has received, before sending the new information back to the user. Task 1 Report 1. It is a layered model. Advantages. Physical Data Independence. People create a picturistic view in their mind after viewing a model of particular thing and hence can explore it better. Advantage? The advantages of the OSI model are. In this study we discuss some advantages and disadvantages of raster data and vector data model. Disadvantages. Add storage objects, indexes, and views as needed. Advantages and Disadvantages of other Sensor Types Capacitive Inductive Photoelectric Ultrasonic Infrared Motion Biometric Force Humidity Temperature Light … Disadvantages for a Logical Data Model Maybe difficult to modify Logical data models may be hard to change when need modifying, this is because when one set of data needs editing there also may be other related information linked to them, the user will then have to modify all data to make sure the LDM is correct and up to date. Apply data model patterns. Some data modelers will apply common data model patterns, David Hay's (1996) book Data Model Patterns is the best reference on the subject. Advantages? Following are the drawbacks or disadvantages of OSI Model: Many of the applications do not require data integrity provided by OSI model. Missing values in the data also do NOT affect the process of building a decision tree to any considerable extent. Overlay operations easy to perform. It handles more relationship types, such as M:N and multiparent. Physical Model - Disadvantage: they are typically smaller than the subject they are modeling Advantage? 2. The main disadvantage of the star schema is that it's not as flexible in terms of analytical needs as a normalized data model. There are advantages over disadvantages for using models for the knowledge of world. Disadvantages. It is a generic model and acts as a guidance tool to develop any network model. 2. You can improve it. Data access is more flexible than in hierarchical and file system models. The advantage of physical model is that it is in 3-D The disadvantage is that it is the same size and it is ONLY in 3-D! A typical task flow for physical data modeling is: Create a physical data model using one of the methods that were listed previously in this document. It considers the tables as a two dimensional table with rows and columns. Advantages and Disadvantages of E-R Data Model. The first disadvantage is that raster files are typically very large. Let’s begin with… Advantages of OSI model Layered Architecture: OSI model has various advantages: It is a truly generic model. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Data Models 2468 Words | 10 Pages. If an ERD is resolved incorrectly then it would have to be redone. Disadvantages of Logical DataBases Not sure Hierarchical Model Advantages Disadvantages Promotes data sharing Parent/child relationship promotes conceptual simplicity and data integrity Database security is provided and enforced by DBMS Efficient with 1:M relationships Requires knowledge of physical data storage characteristics Navigational system requires knowledge of hierarchical path It is simple data structure. Data link; Physical layer; Physical layer (1 st layer) This is the lowest layer of the OSI model. It is least bothered about the physical storage of structure and data in the memory. Furthermore, it is a green technology. 2. Much more complex than the hierarchical date model. 9.Meaningfull data selection. Thus, we can say that Information technology (IT) is the development, maintenance and use of computer systems, software, and networks for processing and communicating data. It allows data to get transferred between themselves by functioning as a multiport repeater. 1. 2. Use a pretrained model: You can use a pretrained model (for example, Resnet-50 or VGG-16) as the backbone for obtaining image features and train a classifier (for example a two layered neural network) on top of it. Here, you keep the backbone part obtained from the pretrained model fixed and only allow the parameters of the classifier to change. The model may embrace conceptual simplicity (though I'm not convinced), but the operation is anything but. RELATIONAL DATA MODEL. Changes are one layer do not affect other layers, provided that the interfaces between the layers do not change drastically. 7.Less coding is required to retrieve data compared to normal internel tables. 1. This model is based on the mathematical concepts of set theory. [citation needed] Normalized models allow any kind of analytical query to be executed, so long as it follows the business logic defined in the model. And it is considered as a standard model in computer networking. Object based data model 3.3 COMPARISON …show more content… Disadvantages This data base lacks flexibility, the changes in the new relation or segments often yield very complex system management tasks. This type of data model is called relational data model. OSI model is truly general model which is very easy to adopt by equipment/device manufacturers. Disadvantages. Disadvantage: A small change in the data can cause a large change in the structure of the decision tree causing instability. Same way, OSI model also has some advantages and disadvantages. Benefits of Server Virtualization. Not sure Conceptual Model - Disadvantage is that not all data may fit in this model. Lack structural independence. Relationship data model 4. 4. The two answers, and I guess the blog post that they draw from though I haven't read it, are not very accurate, IMHO. Sometimes you can use it to predict the behavior of the real product. Drawbacks or disadvantages of OSI Model. Data model patterns are conceptually closest to analysis patterns because they describe solutions to common domain issues. Managing all these design data for digital twin among partners and suppliers as the physical product evolves will be a challenge. • The data access is easier and flexible than the hierarchical model. The outcome of this process is a logical data model that consists of an ER/relation diagram, relational schema, and supporting documents that depict this model, such as a data dictionary. It represents each table, their columns and specifications, constraints like primary key, foreign key etc. Despite the advantages, there are also several disadvantages to using the raster data model. It is an abstraction that concentrates on the essential, inherent aspects an organization and ignores the accidental properties. 10.good read access performance while retaining the hierarchical data view determined by the application logic. Both data structure play important role GIS data model. The best way to represent continuous features data.
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Page:The Relentless City.djvu/185
Rh seen you since you came he said.
Bertie paused in his labours, divided in his mind as to whether he should tell Ginger or not. He had a great opinion of his shrewdness, but, having himself managed his crisis, paid up, and got back the letter, he did not consider that there was any need for advice or counsel from anybody. So he decided not to tell him.
he said;
Ginger, as has been seen, was immensely interested in other people's affairs, having none, as he said, of his own which could possibly interest anybody. On this occasion he could not quite stifle his curiosity.
he said.
Ginger shuddered slightly.
he said.
asked Ginger.
said the other.
January in London, with few exceptions, had been a month of raw and foggy days—days that were bitter cold, with the coldness of a damp cloth, and stuffy with the airlessness of that which a damp cloth covers. Far otherwise was it at Davos, where morning after morning, after nights of still, intense cold, the sun rose over the snow-covered hills, and flamed like a golden giant, rejoicing in his strength,
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Page:Time and Tide by Weare and Tyne.djvu/163
Rh and thereafter have his children to take care of, or to kill also, whichever you choose: but, now, observe, you must take care of them for nothing, or not at all; and what you might have had good value for, if you had given it when it would have cheered the father's heart, you now can have no return for at all, to yourselves; and what you give to the orphans, if it does not degrade them, at least afflicts, coming, not through their father's hand, its honest earnings, but from strangers.
Observe farther, whatever help the orphans may receive, will not be from the public at all. It will not be from those who profited by their father's labours; it will be chiefly from his fellow-labourers; or from persons whose money would have been beneficially spent in other directions, from whence it is drawn away to this need, which ought never to have occurred,—while those who waste their money without doing any service to the public will never contribute one farthing to this distress.
114. Now it is this double fault in the help—that it comes too late, and that the burden of it falls wholly on those who ought
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Ault murder suspect claims demonic spirit guides him – The Denver Post
Trending: An Ault man arrested Friday in the death of his common-law wife on Christmas Eve 2011 told police and his sister that his crimes were influenced by a demonic voice, and the one night he didn't repent, he killed his wife, according to a police affidavit released Monday. Matthew Patrick Gunsallus , 29, is in Weld County Jail after his arrest for suspicion of first-degree murder of Kristen Elizabeth Lujan, 25, on Dec. 24, 2011, at their home in Greeley. Police arrested him for the crime a day after a jury acquitted him of rape from a claim last year. Gunsallus called 911 from his neighbor's house that night, telling emergency workers Lujan fell while taking a shower, and he found her choking on her own vomit. Police never believed his story, but there was no evidence of a crime. The medical examiner could find no specific cause of death, but he agreed that she could have been suffocated, the affidavit stated. On Friday, the medical examiner agreed to amend his autopsy to state the cause of her death was suffocation and manner as homicide, affidavit stated. Read the rest of this report and see a mug shot of Gunsallus at GreeleyTribune.com
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Pseuderemias savagei
Pseuderemias savagei is a species of lizard in the family Lacertidae. The species is endemic to Somalia.
Etymology
Although it has been stated that the specific name, savagei, is in honor of American herpetologist Jay M. Savage, the original work thanks Francis J. Savage for his "manifold hospitality and assistance", making him the probable person honored.
Geographic range
P. savagei is found in northeastern Somalia.
Reproduction
P. savagei is oviparous.
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CycleNet: Rethinking Cycle Consistency in Text-Guided Diffusion for Image Manipulation
Published: 21 Sept 2023, Last Modified: 02 Nov 2023NeurIPS 2023 posterEveryoneRevisionsBibTeX
Keywords: Image to image translation, latent diffusion models, conditional diffusion models
TL;DR: We propose a simple neural network called CycleNet that incorporates cycle consistency into conditional diffusion models for text-guided image manipulation.
Abstract: Diffusion models (DMs) have enabled breakthroughs in image synthesis tasks but lack an intuitive interface for consistent image-to-image (I2I) translation. Various methods have been explored to address this issue, including mask-based methods, attention-based methods, and image-conditioning. However, it remains a critical challenge to enable unpaired I2I translation with pre-trained DMs while maintaining satisfying consistency. This paper introduces Cyclenet, a novel but simple method that incorporates cycle consistency into DMs to regularize image manipulation. We validate Cyclenet on unpaired I2I tasks of different granularities. Besides the scene and object level translation, we additionally contribute a multi-domain I2I translation dataset to study the physical state changes of objects. Our empirical studies show that Cyclenet is superior in translation consistency and quality, and can generate high-quality images for out-of-domain distributions with a simple change of the textual prompt. Cyclenet is a practical framework, which is robust even with very limited training data (around 2k) and requires minimal computational resources (1 GPU) to train. Project homepage: https://cyclenetweb.github.io/
Supplementary Material: zip
Submission Number: 8126
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Operation Karbala-4
Operation Karbala-4 was an Iranian offensive in the Iran–Iraq War on the southern front. The operation was launched after the failure of Operation Karbala-2 and Operation Karbala-3 to move the Iraqi lines in an effort to capture Iraqi territory.
Prelude
The battle itself was planned and eventually executed by Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani. The operation would be launched under cover of darkness in order to gain a foothold along the Shatt-al-Arab waterway. Once across, the Iranian forces would go on the offensive and eventually move onto the port city of Basra. The attack would be launched towards the Umm ar-Rasas Island in the Shatt al Arab. It most likely was meant as a diversionary attack before the upcoming Operation Karbala-5 (although it may have been called that only after it failed). It would attack from Umm ar-Rasas island to other islands and roads to help create a broad encirclement of Basra. It may have been rushed ahead to intimidate the Islamic Summit Conference meeting in then Iraqi ally Kuwait.
The Iraqis had constructed heavy static fortifications around the city. They built 5 defensive rings, supported by natural waterways such as the Shatt-al-Arab, and manmade ones, such as Fish Lake and the Jasim River, along with manmade earth barriers. Fish Lake was filled with mines, underwater barbed wire, electrodes and various sensors. In addition, behind each waterway and defensive line was radar-guided artillery, ground attack aircraft, and combat helicopters; all capable of firing poison gas in addition to conventional munitions.[12] Iran's strategy was to penetrate through these massive defensive lines, and encircle Basra, cutting off the city as well as the Al-Faw peninsula from the rest of Iraq. While being the largest and most sophisticated attack since 1984, it was actually a part of Iran's strategy of attrition, in order to strike an unsustainable blow against Iraq, as the Iranians had little hope of a decisive victory in the face of Iraq's massive rearmament. There were hopes that it could bring about Iraq's downfall through sheer depletion. [75] Iran's plan was for a diversionary attack near Basra (Karbala-4), the main offensive (Karbala-5), and another diversionary attack using Iranian armor in the north to have Iraqi heavy armor diverted away from Basra (Karbala-6).[12] For these battles, Iran had swelled their military ranks by recruiting many new Basij and Pasdaran volunteers.
The battle
The operation began during Christmas night of 1986 with elite frogmen of the Pasdaran crossing the lake in rubber speedboats to launch a surprise attack upon Umm ar-Rasas Island. Upon landing, Iraqi searchlight operators found the frogmen. The Iranians were now totally exposed. Iraqi machine gunners opened up with a hail of bullets, killing all but a few of the Iranian force.
The following morning, 60,000 Pasdaran and Basijis crossed the Shatt al-Arab north and south of Khorramshahr in dinghies and motorized seacraft, using the cover of dawn to hide their movements. Almost immediately, the Iranians met the Iraqi defenses waiting for them on the shorelines of the island. A major drawback for the Iranians came in the form of little to no artillery support against the Iraqis. However the Iranians managed to overrun parts of Umm ar-Rasas and other islands, and they crossed them using pontoon bridges. But when they tried to move up the road along the waterway to envelop Basra from the south, they came under withering Iraqi fire.
A major inadequacy in Iranian military preparations for the offensive was the practically non-existent follow up support provided to their forces once they broke out from the islands. With the exception of limited artillery support, all of it remained on the Iranian side of the Shatt al-Arab and did not follow with the initial advance of their own forces. Fighting lasted for three days, during which the Iranian forces were pummeled by the Iraqi defenses. Iraqi troops used artillery, aircraft, and machine guns firing from prepared defenses. Iranian troops died by the thousands. Iraqi casualties were one-eighth that of Iranian losses. By the time the Iranians retreated, thousands of dead Iranian soldiers covered the landscape. Iran had lost 8,000 troops, while Iraq had lost 800. Iran claimed Iraq's defenses benefited from US supplied intelligence which provided details of Iranian plans and preparations, thus permitting Iraq to coordinate an effective defense as precise points where the attack occurred. Iraqi mistreatment of captured Iranian forces, including the burying alive of military divers became the subject matter for the 2015 Iranian film 175 Divers.
Aftermath
The battle killed about 8,000 Iranians (while wounding 11000) and 800 Iraqis in those three days alone. However, this battle proved to be the beginning of a major offensive of which would last until February. The operation had been poorly planned, and doubtlessly rushed due to the Kuwait conference. The Iranians (with the exception of the night attack and the amphibious crossings) did not use their innovative tactics and mainly used human waves. The more sophisticated Operation Karbala-5 would be launched two weeks later and would eventually become the largest battle of the whole war.
Mehdi Mirza Mehdi Tehrani the last commander of the Kamil Battalion of the 27th Mohammad Rasulullah Division in the Iran-Iraq War and a member of the first division of the Diver Ranger Battalion in Operation Karbala 4, stressed that at least one month before the operation, 100% of the diver units were ready And the strategy of the IRGC superiors and the road map, especially the wrong time and place, it was basically impossible to win this operation from the beginning, writes: "Until a few years ago, there was talk of Operation Karbala 4 being a taboo and an unfortunate sin. It was enough for a survivor, a battalion commander, a martyr father to say something as an oral history from the 3rd of December 1986! Either Anna was denied or the researcher and historian of oral history was so rejected that it was carelessly scientific. The author, as a member of the first division of the Diver Ranger Battalion in Operation Karbala 4, did everything I could to access the oral history of this operation, but to no avail. The first document for me was to find traces of the survivors. 60 battalions took part in Operation Karbala IV. I believe in this figure. I also believe that the IRGC had prepared a little more than 250 equipped battalions from destruction to divers and infantry. But only these 60 battalions started the operation on the 3rd of January at 20:20. At 12:10, our battalion did not reach the fish gorge until midnight. At 6 a.m. on January 25, the commanders agreed to withdraw, and the forces that had not regained their positions refused to move. At 11 a.m., Iraq began its heavy patrol against the Iranian forces, and at 11:45 p.m. The order to stop the operation was announced. Of my company, myself and Ali Khanlou, and of the total unit of 500 people, only 17 survived but were severely injured and disabled, the rest of the comrades were exhausted during these 4 hours."
Returning bodies of 175 Iranian divers
On May 18, 2015, bodies of 175 Iranian divers who were reportedly buried alive with their hands tied returned to Iran. Some of the bodies were discovered with no injuries, and it was realized they were buried alive with their hands tied. The fighters belonged to four units from 25th, 41st, 7th and 14th divisions.
The repatriation led to an unprecedentedly emotional response on Iranian social media.
Iran later published a stamp for the 175 divers.
In 2015, Iranian filmmakers started production of a movie about the operation, naming it 175 Divers.
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METAMORPHOSIS
The degree of departure of the young from the parental form varies much in different insects. In the cicada, for example, the nymph is not essentially different in structure from the adult except in the matter of the wings, the organs of reproduction and egg laying, and the musical
Fx6. I3OE. The lire history of a ladybeetle, Adalia biunctata A, the adult beetle. B, group of eggs on under surface of a leaf. C, a young larval beetle covered with white wax. D, the full-grown larva. E, the pupa attached to a leaf by the discarded larval skin
instrument. But the habitats of the two forms are widely separated, and it is unquestionable that, in the case of the cicada, it is the nymph that has made the innovation in adopting an underground lire, for with most of the rela- tives of the cicada the young live practically the same lire as the adults. Animals live for business, not for pleasure; and all their instincts and their useful structures are developed for practical purposes. Therefore, where the young and the adult of any species differ in form or structure, we may be sure that each is modified for some particular purpose of its own. The two principal functions of any animal are the obtaining of food for its own sustenance, and the
INSECTS
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UPDATE 2-Encana's profit beats, production rises 4 pct
February 15, 2018 / 2:03 PM / in a minute UPDATE 2-Encana's profit beats, production rises 4 pct Reuters Staff (Adds details from statement, background) By Anirban Paul Feb 15 (Reuters) - Canadian oil and gas producer Encana Corp posted a better-than-expected fourth-quarter profit on Thursday and said production rose 4 percent. Calgary, Alberta-based Encana, which produces gas and light oil, has benefited from whittling down its operations to focus on its four core North American assets: acreage in Montney and Duvernay in Western Canada and assets in the prolific Eagle Ford and Permian shale fields in Texas. Production from core assets jumped 32 percent to 313,200 barrels of oil equivalent per day (boe/d). The company said on Thursday total quarterly production increased to 335,200 boe/d, from 321,500 boe/d a year earlier. It realized $52.94 per barrel of oil production, compared with $50.78 a year ago. The company also announced a buyback of up to $400 million worth in shares. “We have further demonstrated our confidence in our five-year plan and our commitment to shareholder returns with the announcement of our share repurchase program which we plan to fund with cash on hand,” Chief Executive Officer Doug Suttles said in a statement. The company’s net loss narrowed to $229 million - and reflected a non-cash deferred tax charge primarily due to a fall in tax rates in 2017 related to the U.S. tax reform - from $281 million, a year earlier. Encana expects to spend between $1.8 billion and $1.9 billion in 2018, up from $1.6 billion to $1.8 billion it had forecast for 2017. Last month the company said it plans to invest nearly 70 percent of this budget to boost production in Permian and Montney, as oil investors pressure producers to improve production without significantly increasing capital budgets. Encana said it expects production for 2018 to be between 360,000 boe/d and 380,000 boe/d. Total production in 2017 was 313,200 boe/d. Excluding one-time items, the company earned 12 cents per share in the fourth quarter, above analysts’ average estimate of 10 cents per share, according to Thomson Reuters I/B/E/S. (Reporting by Anirban Paul in Bengaluru; Editing by Shailesh Kuber and Sayantani Ghosh)
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Page:Max Brand--The Seventh Man.djvu/89
Rh them to escape close rifle fire, and certainly beyond point-blank revolver range. Accordingly he threw his weight more into the stirrups and over the withers of the mare. This brought greater poundage on her forehand and made her apt to stumble or actually miss her step, but it increased her running power.
There was no need of a touch of the spurs. The gathering of the reins seemed to tell Molly everything. One ear flickered back, then she leaped out at full speed. It was as though the mind of the man had sent an electric current down the reins and told her his thought. Now she floundered at her foot, struck a loose stone, now she veered sharply and wide to escape a boulder, now she cleared a gulley with a long leap, and riding high as he was, bent forward out of balance to escape observation from below. It was only a miracle of horsemanship that kept her from breaking her neck as they lurched down the pitch. Grey Molly seemed to be carrying no weight, only a clinging intelligence.
At this speed he was sure to reach the valley safely in front unless the posse caught sight of him on the way and gave chase, and Barry counted on that instinct in hunting men which makes them keep their eyes low—the same sense which leads a searcher to look first under the bed and last of all at the wall and ceiling. Once more, as he neared his goal, he looked back and down, and there came the six horsemen, their quirts swinging, their hat-brims blown straight up as
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Importance of Relaxation
Dr Karel Nespor, Czechoslovakia
A characteristic of yoga exercises is relaxation. During the performance of an asana, muscles not utilized remain relaxed. After each asana, complete relaxation (shavasana) is practiced, and thorough relaxation in the form of yoga nidra concludes the series of asanas. During the practice of pranayama and meditation, again muscular relaxation occurs. If carried out a sufficient number of times, a practice becomes one's second nature. In the same way students of yoga find relaxation becoming part of daily life.
Medical science also has its relaxation techniques. Psychiatrists utilize methods of treatment which, one way or another, lead to some form of relaxation, whether mental or physical. One example is Luthe's autogenic neutralization in which the relaxed patient gradually becomes able to passively accept and express his thoughts. Another is Wolpe's systematic desensitization method which includes relaxation combined with visualization of the subject or situation which produces fear within the patient. This thought or picture develops and becomes more exact and vivid as treatment progresses, eventually leading the patient to an understanding of the fear itself. For example, a boy afraid of schooling might visualize his school building to begin with. Then mentally he might stand in front of the school. After which he could imagine himself walking into the classroom and so forth. Once relaxation is achieved, the mind becomes free to express itself.
Physical disease is also alleviated through relaxation. Doctors have successfully used yogic relaxation techniques to treat high blood pressure. Relaxation decreases tension in the hypothalamus, from which autonomic functions such as blood pressure are controlled. Schultz's autogenic training, utilized for the rehabilitation of myocardial infarction (heart attack) patients, is an adaptation of yogic techniques. Stress causes heart attack, and relaxation is the absence of stress. If the patient leaves the hospital and goes back to previous stressful ways, heart attack might recur. Therefore, relaxation is given to him as the basis of his rehabilitation program. The healing potential of relaxation is limitless.
Physically, relaxation is measured by the degree of muscular tension. When muscle tension decreases, the nerve inputs into the nervous system become less. Information regarding muscle tone reaches the brain in two ways. The first way is a direct relay of data concerning muscle tension. This relay is necessary for the regulation of muscle tone and goes on unconsciously. In the same way, this information regarding muscle tone is integrated into conscious awareness via the reticular activating system in the brainstem at the top of the spinal cord, the system responsible for awareness. It influences alertness, vigilance and conscious perception through stimulating various parts of the brain. Input related to muscular tension is brought into the field of perception and one becomes aware of the degree of tension in the muscles. The first process is going on day and night. If a person sleeps, muscle tone is still being adjusted by the brain, but awareness of muscle tension, as in the second process, is absent because the reticular activating system blocks conscious perception during sleep.
The effect of yogic relaxation in the treatment of high blood pressure was interpreted as decreasing excessive stimulation of the hypothalamus from which autonomous functions of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system are controlled. Yogis have long declared that the practice of relaxation conserves pranic energy. Biochemically, the invigorating effects of relaxation result from a lowered muscle consumption of adenosine-triphosphate (ATP). The ATP molecule provides energy for biochemical reactions throughout the body. ATP is connected to the pranic energy which permeates and activates all life processes.
Stress
The organism reacts uniformly to stress. A mouse, upon seeing a cat, will increase its muscle tension. Its heart activity and respiration will become faster and forceful. Energy resources are activated, various hormones are released into the bloodstream, so that within a short time, the mouse is prepared for intensive body activity. (This complex is called 'fright-fight-flight' reaction.) The body of a man under stress in a social environment reacts in a similar fashion. For example, if one becomes angry in the company of someone worthy of respect, the body will go through all the biochemical functions to prepare itself for fighting, if need be. However, in this particular situation, fighting is out of the question. That reaction for which the body is prepared never takes place due to social restraint. These biochemical and nervous stress reactions are frequently activated in unresolved emotional situations during daily life. Even though all the physiological mechanisms associated with, these emotions are primed for activity, bodily activity does not occur because of social conditioning. If this sort of unresolved emotional situation was a rare event no damage, mental or physical, would accrue. However, such situations characterize the daily life of modern man. With each of these unfulfilled encounters, the body's physiological mechanisms are activated, pumping hormones and nervous energy into tissues and organs, over stressing the body systems. It is not surprising that disease usually eventuates.
Some form of anti-stress is urgently needed for modern man. Chemical tension suppressors are not the answer. Drugs, if relied upon regularly, can create a dependence within the user; also, some chemical relaxants have harmful side effects. Relaxation appears more and more to be the answer to this problem. The physiological changes during relaxation are just the opposite to stress reactions. A comparison between stress and relaxation measured by EEG shows that muscle tone, blood pressure, cardiac rate, sweating, and hormonal secretion increased during stress, recording beta (fast) rhythm and decreased during relaxation, recording alpha (slower) rhythm.
How to relax
Every man has the innate ability to relax himself; he only has to be shown how to utilize it. Relaxation is both muscular and mental. Due to the link between body and mind, muscular physical relaxation implies that mental relaxation also occurs. Mental relaxation involves liberating the mind to express itself with a more controlled freedom. Whatever aspect of yoga one practices, relaxation is the charging force behind it.
Relaxation is such a simple common sense way to joyful, healthy living. The general public should become aware of it. Yogic relaxation is a concentrated form of rest. It has immediate effects upon one's vitality and production during the working day. Some people I have met have the ability to stay relaxed throughout the day. For example, one of my university teachers appeared to be carefree and loose to the point of laziness. It surprised me to learn from a doctor collaborating closely with him, that he was actually a highly productive, active man. Today I realize that this man was unconsciously relaxed.
Relaxation is not only for the chosen few. Any person can re-learn it. During the course of education man learns many things which he never uses. Why then should he not learn relaxation; something useful for living?
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Brada (writer)
Henrietta Consuelo Sansom, Countess of Quigini Puliga (24 April 1847 – 5 August 1938) was a French writer and novelist known better by the pseudonym, Brada, a shortened version of her earlier pen name, Bradamente. She also wrote on occasion as Mosca. In 1925, she was appointed Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. The Académie Française awarded her the Montyon Prize in 1890, the Jouy Prize in 1895, and the Xavier Marmier Prize in 1934.
Early life and education
Henrietta (also known as, "Marie") Consuelo Sansom was born 24 April 1847, in Paris. She was the daughter of a wealthy British expatriate, Charles Sansom. Brada spent most of her childhood boarding in a girls' private school located near the Arc de Triomphe. Being born out of wedlock, she found herself destitute upon the death of her father, whose inheritance was shared by his legitimate children.
Career
In 1868, she married an Italian count twenty years her senior, Efisio Quigini Puliga (1827-1876), adviser to the Italian Legation in Paris, who died in 1876 following a long illness. To provide for the education of her two young children, she began to write chronicles and short stories under the pseudonym "Bradamente", later abbreviated to "Brada", which were published in the Journal des débats, Le Figaro, the Revue de Paris as well as in several other periodicals such as La Vie parisienne and L'Illustration where she used the pseudonym, "Mosca". Her novels and short stories, which soon appeared in bookstores, met with great success and received awards from the Académie Française with the Montyon Prize in 1890, the Jouy Prize in 1895, and the Xavier Marmier Prize in 1934. She thus continued to write until at the age of over 80, leading a simple life in Paris interspersed with stays in Italy.
The success of her novels was due in part to the aristocratic circles that she had participated in, first while in Paris and London, where she had lived with her father, then in Berlin, where she had followed her husband in his diplomatic career. They were largely based on "cosmopolitan high-society intrigues" depicting "supremely aristocratic passions and vices". Often compared to Gyp, Brada was appreciated by her contemporary readers for her "spontaneity and freshness" as well as for her "elegance and distinction".
She dabbled in different genres. Her first book, Madame de Sévigné: Her Correspondents and Contemporaries, written in English and published in London in 1873, was a study of the correspondents and contemporaries of Madame de Sévigné. Brada's remarks on the decline of the aristocracy and the emancipation of women, which appeared in her Notes sur Londres (Notes on London) in 1895, caught the attention of Henry James.
In later life, she published two memories, one in English, the other in French. In the first, published in 1899 under the title My Father and I, she evoked her early childhood as well as her first steps in British high society in the company of her father, to whom she felt bound by a great complicity. In the second, entitled Souvenirs d'une petite Second Empire and published in 1921, she recounted her memories of boarding school and, among many other anecdotes, the visits she made to Ewelina Hańska, Balzac's widow.
Death
She died 5 August 1938, Paris, and was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery (section 46).
Awards
* 1890, Montyon Prize (Madame d’Épone)
* 1895, Jouy Prize (Notes sur l’Angleterre)
* 23 July 1925, Chevalier, Legion of Honour
* 1934, Xavier Marmier Prize
Chronicles, novels, short stories
* Leurs Excellences, 1878
* Mylord et mylady, 1884
* Compromise, 1889
* "lzac", Paris, S. Kra, 1924, p. 61., L'Irrémédiable, 1891
* À la dérive, 1893
* Notes sur Londres, 1895
* Jeunes Madames, preface by Anatole France, 1895
* Joug d'amour, 1895
* Les Épouseurs, 1896
* Lettres d'une amoureuse, 1897
* L'Ombre, 1898
* Petits et grands, 1898
* Une impasse, 1899
* Comme les autres, 1902
* Retour du flot, (Collection Nelson) 1903
* Isolée, 1904
* Les Beaux jours de Flavien, 1905
* Ninette et sa grand'mère, 1906
* Disparu, 1906
* Les Amantes, 1907
* Malgré l'amour, 1907
* L'Àme libre, 1908
* La Brèche, 1909
* Monsieur Carotte. La Petite bergère. Le Bal des pantins, 1910
* Madame d'Épone, 1922
* Après la tourmente, 1926
* Cœur solitaire, 1928
* La Maison de la peur, 1930
* Prise au piège, 1937
Scripts
* Le Coup de feu, Pathé frères, 1911
* Le Geste qui accuse, Pathé frères, 1913
Biographies
* Madame de Sévigné, her correspondents and contemporaries, 2 vol., 1873 (in English)
Memoirs
* My Father and I. A book for daughters, 1899 (in English)
* Souvenirs d'une petite Second Empire, 1921
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Page:Arthur Stringer - The Door of Dread.djvu/213
by inch, along that pair of knotted window curtains swinging free in space.
Two small fears possessed her as she did so. One was that the dust from the curtains would compel her to sneeze. The other was that she might reach the curtain-end before her dangling feet came in contact with the floor of the room beneath her and that the sound of her fall might yet betray her. For she knew, once her shoulders were below the upper floor level, that there could be no going back.
Her fears, however, were quite groundless, and she had no inclination to go back. Her swaying toe touched a carpeted floor and with her next movement both feet were firmly planted. Then she took a great breath of relief and peered about through the unbroken darkness, with her ears straining for the slightest sound.
She stood there listening for several minutes. Then she stooped and pulled the slippers from her feet. These, together with her long white gloves, she bundled up in her wrap. Then she groped her way slowly and noiselessly across the floor until her outstretched fingers came in contact with a wall-surface. She continued to work her guarded way along this wall until she came to a door. Once
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Category talk:Attribution templates
General purpose Attribution template
Is there a general purpose template for this category along the lines of 1911
* "This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain."
--PBS (talk) 12:49, 1 June 2009 (UTC)
I have created one:
* source-attribution.
--PBS (talk) 12:44, 9 June 2009 (UTC)
Error in the NIE template
The following mistake results in a widely propagated inaccuracy to an out-of-copyright citation at Wikipedia.If it can be fixed, the correction will propagate widely, and result in improved information accuracy in the encyclopedia.
The template:
should reflect the fact that the editors of this first edition were: Daniel Coit Gilman, Harry Thurston Peck, and Frank Moore Colby (see Template:New_International_Encyclopedia).
Instead, it presents the the third editor as "F. Moore" (presenting the middle name, omitting the surname).
Please, indicate here how this might be fixed (or, if easily done, execute the correction yourselves)? Cheers. Le Prof Leprof 7272 (talk) 16:18, 12 September 2015 (UTC)
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4 Operators
Operators perform an action or represent something. For example, a great example of an operator is +. The + is a type of arithmetic operator that adds things together.
In this section, we’re going to look at the more common arithmetic operators that are used for simple maths in R, and then at some logical operators that are used to evaluate whether a criteria has been fulfilled.
4.1 Arithmetic operators
At the base of lots of programming languages are the arithmetic operators. These are your symbols that perform things like addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc. Because these operations are so ubiquitous however, the symbols that are used are often very similar across languages, so if you’ve used Excel or Python or SPSS or anything similar before, then these should be fairly straightforward.
Here are the main operators in use:
2 + 2 # addition
## [1] 4
10 - 5 # subtraction
## [1] 5
5 * 4 # multiplication
## [1] 20
100 / 25 # division
## [1] 4
4.2 Logical operators
Logical operators are slightly different to arithmetic operators - they are used to evaluate a particular criteria. For example, are two values equal. Or, are two values equal and two other values different.
To compare whether two things are equal, we use two equal signs (==) in R:
1 == 1 # equal
## [1] TRUE
“Why two ‘=’?”, I hear you say? Well, a bit later on we’ll see that we use a single equals sign for something else.
To compare whether two things are different (not equal), we use !=:
1 != 2 # not equal
## [1] TRUE
The ! sign is also used in other types of criteria, so the best way to think about it is that it inverts the criteria you’re testing. So in this case, it’s inverting the “equals” criteria, making it “not equal”.
Testing whether a value is smaller or larger than another is done with the < and > operators:
2 > 1 # greater than
## [1] TRUE
2 < 4 # less than
## [1] TRUE
Applying our logic with the ! sign, we can also test whether something is not smaller or not larger:
1 >! 2 # not greater than
## [1] TRUE
2 <! 4 # not less than
## [1] FALSE
Why is the ! sign before the equals sign in the “not equal” to code, but after the “less than/greater than” sign? No idea. It’d probably make more sense if they were the same, but I suppose worse things happen at sea.
There are three more logical operators, and they are the “and”, “or”, and “xor” operators. These are used to test whether at least one or more than one or only one of the logical comparisons are true or false:
1 == 1 | 2 == 3 # or (i.e. are either of these TRUE)
## [1] TRUE
1 == 1 & 2 == 3 # and (i.e. are these both TRUE)
## [1] FALSE
The xor operator is a bit different:
xor(1 == 1, 2 == 3) # TRUE because only 1 is
## [1] TRUE
xor(1 == 1, 2 == 2) # FALSE because both are
## [1] FALSE
For xor(), you need to provide your criteria in brackets, but this will make much more sense once we look at functions.
4.3 Questions
1. Why do 1 != 2 and !(1 == 2) both equal true?
2. Reading the R documentation on logical operators, what is the difference between | and || (and & and &&)?
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# whirlpool-client-cli configuration CLI is configured in `whirlpool-cli-config.properties` or with equivalent argument: ``` --cli.tor=true --cli.apiKey=foo... ``` Default configuration is [../src/main/resources/application.properties]. #### Basic | Setting | Default value | Description | | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | cli.server | TESTNET | Bitcoin network (TESTNET or MAINNET) | | cli.apiKey | *generated on --init* | Secret key for using CLI API | | cli.seed | *generated on --init* | Wallet seed encrypted with passphrase (AES) | | cli.tor | false | Enable Tor | | cli.dojo.enabled | false | Enable Dojo as wallet backend | | cli.scode | - | SCODE for discount Whirlpool fees | | cli.mix.autoMix | true | Automatically (re)mix premix & postmix. When disabled, each utxo must be mixed manually. | #### Dojo | Setting | Default value | Description | | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | cli.dojo.url | - | Dojo url | | cli.dojo.apiKey | - | Dojo API key | #### Logs | Setting | Default value | Description | | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | logging.file | - | Enable external log (/tmp/whirlpool-cli.log) | See advanced log settings (rotation, limits...): https://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/current/reference/html/spring-boot-features.html#boot-features-logging-file-output #### Tor Tor should be automatically detected, installed or configured. You can customize it for your needs: | Setting | Default value | Description | | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | cli.torConfig.coordinator.enabled | true | Enable Tor for whirlpool coordinator (when cli.tor=true) | | cli.torConfig.backend.enabled | true | Enable Tor for wallet backend (when cli.tor=true) | | cli.torConfig.coordinator.onion | true | Use Tor hidden services (instead of clearnet over Tor) for whirlpool server | | cli.torConfig.backend.onion | true | Use Tor hidden services (instead of clearnet over Tor) for wallet backend | | cli.torConfig.executable | auto | - `auto` : use embedded tor or detect a local Tor install when your system is not supported.
- `local` : detect a local tor install
- `/path/to/bin/tor` : use your own tor binary| | cli.torConfig.customTorrc | | `/path/to/torrc` : custom tor configuration to append to Torrc| | cli.torConfig.fileCreationTimeout | 20 | Tor startup timeout (in seconds)| #### CLI API whirlpool-client-cli exposes a REST API over HTTPS when started with --listen (see [API.md](API.md)). It can be exposed over HTTP at your own risk. | Setting | Default value | Description | | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | cli.api.port | 8899 | Port for CLI API over HTTPS (when started with --listen) | | cli.api.http-enable | false | Enable unsecure CLI API over HTTP (not recommended, use it at your own risk!) | | cli.api.http-port | 8898 | Port for unsecure CLI API over HTTP (when started with --listen and cli.api.http-enable=true) | #### CLI API certificate By default CLI API uses a self-signed certificate for HTTPS, which can be downloaded by opening https://CLI-HOST:8899/ with Firefox, then Advanced -> View certificate -> Download PEM. You can configure your own cert: | Setting | Default value | Description | | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | server.ssl.key-store | classpath:keystore/whirlpool.p12 | Path to your own keystore | | server.ssl.key-store-type | PKCS12 | Keystore type: PKCS12 or JKS | | server.ssl.key-store-password | whirlpool | Keystore password | | server.ssl.key-alias | whirlpool | Alias in keystore | #### Technical settings | Setting | Default value | Description | | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | cli.proxy | - | Custom proxy to connect through. | | cli.requestTimeout | 30000 | HTTP requests timeout | | cli.tx0MinConfirmations | 0 | Confirmations required for TX0 | | cli.mix.tx0MaxOutputs | 0 | Max premixs to create per TX0 (0 for max) | | cli.mix.tx0FakeOutputRandomFactor | 4 | Random factor for generating a second change output to simulate a multi-user TX0 (0=disable, 1=always, 2=1/2 probability, 3=1/3 probability...) | | cli.mix.tx0FakeOutputMinValue | 10000 | Minimum value per change output when using TX0 fake output | | cli.mix.clients | 5 | Max simultaneous mixing clients.
(Increasing this value won't make you mix faster.) | | cli.mix.clientsPerPool | 1 | Max simultaneous mixing clients per pool.
(Increasing this value won't make you mix faster.) | | cli.mix.liquidityClient | true | Enable 1 additional thread for remixing POSTMIXS simultaneously while mixing threads are busy with PREMIXS.
When enabled, cli.mix.clientsPerPool may be excessed by 1. | | cli.mix.clientDelay | 15 | Connecting delay (seconds) between each mixing client | | cli.mix.tx0Delay | 30 | Delay (seconds) between each tx0 (when --auto-tx0) | | cli.seedAppendPassphrase | *generated on --init* | Use passphrase as additional seed word (always true for wallets created with SW, may be false for external wallets imported into SW) | | cli.version | *generated* | Technical setting for tracking CLI upgrades |
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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lancaster (Massachusetts)
LANCASTER, Mass., town, and several villages combined, in Worcester County, on the Nashua River, and the Boston and Maine
18 miles north of Worcester. Here is the State Industrial School for Girls, a public library, four churches, the Thayer Museum of North American Birds, high school, and manufactures of brick, cotton yarn, brushes, etc.; printing office and book-bindery; also large poultry and other farming interests. The Seventh Day Adventists maintain a large academy at South Lancaster. The town was first settled in 1651 by John Prescott. In 1676 the Indians laid the place in ruins and killed 40 of the inhabitants. It is the birthplace of Mrs. Caroline Lee (Whiting) Hentz, author of ‘The Planter's Northern Bride’ and other once popular novels; James C. Carter, the noted lawyer, and Luther Burbank. The town owns the waterworks. Pop. 2,585.
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Manuel Izquierdo
Manuel Izquierdo (September 26, 1925 – July 17, 2009 ) was a sculptor and woodcut artist. He is best known for his abstract, organic welded-metal sculptural forms and his sturdy woodcut prints.
Izquierdo was born Manuel Izquierdo Torres in Madrid, Spain, in 1925, the son of a bricklayer. He and his siblings fled Spain in 1936, spending some years in France and finally moving to the United States in 1942 through the help of the American Friends Service Committee, settling in Portland, Oregon. After graduating from the Museum Art School (now known as the Pacific Northwest College of Art) under sculptor Frederic Littman in 1951, Izquierdo taught there for the next 46 years. His work was shown throughout the northwestern United States, as well as in a collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.
He received the Oregon Governor's Arts Award in 1991. He died on July 17, 2009, in Portland.
Works
* The Dreamer (1979), Portland, Oregon
* Silver Dawn (1980), Portland, Oregon
* Eye of Orion (1981), Portland, Oregon
* Unfolding Rhythms (1987), Portland, Oregon
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William Thomson was a late 18th century Scottish writer and theologian. The son of a Lothian carpenter, Thomson was an excellent student and received scholarships to study at St Andrew’s and Edinburgh universities.
After a brief stint in the clergy, Thomson moved to London and wrote extensively on military matters, history, law and poetry. He also travelled widely and published accounts of his experiences abroad. Writing in 1782 Thomson described a visit to Praslin, the second largest island of the Seychelles. Praslin was small and remote but according to Thomson had arable land with excellent soil and a good amount of tall timber.
Even better, it produced a type of coconut that looked and smelled like a human backside:
“These islands are remarkable for producing a tree which yields a kind of cocoa-nut, representing in the most striking manner the figure of a human breech [buttocks], thighs, etc. [and] having a fetid smell from an aperture of the fundament, like that of human excrement. The Indians, struck with this resemblance, set an enormous value upon these nuts…”
While ancient writers scarcely understood the process of menstruation, they were hysterically afraid of its product. Most considered menstrual blood a deadly poison, potent enough to exterminate or retard most forms of plant and animal life.
According to Pliny the Elder, the mere presence of a menstruating woman could turn wine sour, drive away bees and spoil fruit. Farmers could rid their crops of grubs, wrote Pliny, by having a menstruating woman walk around their fields, naked from the waist down. Menstruation was not only dangerous to others, it also heightened the fertility of a woman’s entire body.
One common claim, attributed to Albertus Magnus and cited in a 1647 text, is that a menstruating woman’s pubic hair could be used to grow a snake:
“Albertus does say that if the [pubic] hair of a woman in the time of her flowers [menstruation] be put into dung, a venomous serpent is engendered of it.”
Writing in a colo-rectal guidebook in 1881, Dr William H. Van Buren described several instances of patients placing foreign objects into their own bowel or rectum. In most cases the patients claimed to be seeking relief from severe constipation. It goes without saying that while many objects entered readily, not all were so willing to depart.
In 1878, a 35-year-old valet:
“…inserted a glass bottle into his rectum with the object of stopping an urgent diarrhoea, and was brought to the hospital the next day with much pain of belly, vomiting and exhaustion.”
The bottle was eventually recovered – after a lengthy procedure involving scalpels, forceps and cat gut. Another case, cited by Van Buren from 1849, is notable for its motive rather than its method:
“A gardener, to economise in food, plugged his rectum with a piece of wood, which had carefully carved with barbs to prevent its slipping out. Nine days afterward he was brought to the hospital in great agony. The mass had mounted beyond the reach of the finger… in consequence of the barbs described by the patient, Dr Reali made no effort to extract it from below but proceeded at once to open the abdomen and thus safely delivered his patient, who made a good recovery.”
In 1747, the noted physician and obstetrician Thomas Dawkes reported a rare case of advanced ageing in Cambridgeshire. The subject, Thomas Hall, was born in Willingham in October 1741. At nine months of age Thomas was already beginning to show signs of puberty. Dawkes first examined Thomas in 1744, a few weeks before his third birthday, and found that he had pubic hair:
“…as long, as thick and as crisp as that of an adult person. The glans of his penis was quite uncovered [and] he could throw, with much facility, a hammer of 17 pounds weight… He had as much understanding as a boy of five or six.”
By Thomas’ third birthday he stood almost four feet in height. According to Dawkes, he could lift a large Cheshire cheese and balance it on his head, and drink a two-gallon cask of ale without difficulty. By the age of four, Thomas walked and talked like an adult. He had also started to grow a beard.
Sensing an opportunity for profit, Thomas’ father turned him into a public spectacle. The boy spent more than a year ‘performing’ in local taverns, where “he was often debauched with wines and other inebriating liquors”.
Dawkes examined Thomas again just after his fifth birthday. At this point he stood four feet six inches tall, weighed 85 pounds and had a penis six inches long and three inches in circumference. But Thomas’ rapid growth was also taking a toll on his health, which deteriorated rapidly through 1747. Dawkes visited Thomas in late August, a week before his death, and found him:
“…a piteous and shocking spectacle [with] several bald spaces in his head, and his visage and gesture gave the lively idea of a decrepit old man, worn out with age.”
Thomas Hall died in September 1747, shortly before his sixth birthday. He was buried in the churchyard at Willingham. On the evidence, it appears that Thomas suffered from progeria or a similar genetic disorder.
Simion Grahame (1570-1614) was a Scottish-born writer and courtier to James VI. Little is known about Grahame’s life. He was a good scholar who soldiered for a time, after which he traveled widely in Europe, possibly while in exile. In the early 1600s, Grahame returned to Scotland and turned his hand to writing, earning the patronage of James VI. He later moved to the Italian states and spent his final years as a Franciscan friar.
One of Grahame’s better known works was his 1609 Anatomie of Humors. Much of this manuscript dwells on human emotions, particularly melancholy or depression, something Grahame himself seemed familiar with. But it is also interspersed with advice about conduct, manners and how to forge and maintain good relationships with others.
In one chapter, Grahame urged gentlemen to keep their beards and moustaches clean, well trimmed and tightly curled:
“…A man is to be commended if he be [clean] in his linings, his hair well dressed, his beard well brushed and always his upper lip well curled… For if he chance to kiss a gentlewoman, some rebellious hairs may happen to startle in her nose and make her sneeze…”
Those who did not attend to their facial hair, wrote Grahame, were slobs, not fit to socialise with:
“[These] snotty nosed gentlemen, with their drooping moustaches covering their mouth and becoming a harbour for meldrops [mucus]… He will drink with anybody whatsoever, and after he hath washed his filthy beard in the cup… he will suck the hair so heartily with his under lip.”
Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) was a Prussian eclectic who made some significant contributions to natural history. He was also not averse to using electricity to experiment on himself.
Humboldt was born in Berlin to an affluent military family. As a child he spent most of his spare time collecting and categorising different animal and plant species. By his early 20s, Humboldt had completed courses in finance, business, Spanish, anatomy and geology.
In 1792, Humboldt set up a residence and laboratory in Vienna, where he carried out thousands of experiments using electricity and drawing on earlier research by Luigi Galvani and Franz Karl Achard. Humboldt was particularly interested in the relationship between electricity and living tissue. Most of his experiments involved applying mild charges to live animals of different species, from worms and other invertebrates to amphibians, fish and large mammals.
Humboldt once attempted to revive a dead finch by inserting a silver electrode into its rectum and another into its beak, then sending through a current:
“To my amazement, at the moment of contact the bird opened its eyes and raised itself on its feet by flapping its wings. It breathed anew for seven or eight minutes and then expired quietly.”
Humboldt was also given to using his own body for experimentation. On one occasion, he electrified his own skin to see if frogs placed on his back would hop. During another test, Humboldt replicated the finch experiment by placing a zinc-tipped electrode into his mouth and a silver electrode “approximately four inches” into his rectum. The outcome of this was not pleasant:
“The introduction of a charge into the armatures produced nauseating cramps and discomforting stomach contractions, then abdominal pain of a severe magnitude… followed by involuntary evacuation of the bladder… What struck me more… is that by inserting the silver more deeply into the rectum, a bright light appears before both eyes.”
Humboldt survived these torturous self-experiments to fulfil his dreams of becoming a scientific explorer. In 1799, he joined a Spanish expedition to Cuba and South America. During this trip Humboldt researched everything from volcanoes to bird droppings. While travelling on the Orinoco River Humboldt was delighted to capture some electric eels, which he used to deliberately administer shocks to himself and an assistant. Fortunately for the eel, Humboldt’s rectum played no part in this self experiment.
Philip Dormer Stanhope (1694-1773) was an English Whig politician and, from his father’s death in 1726, the fourth Earl of Chesterfield.
Stanhope was born in Westminster and educated by tutors before studying at Cambridge. After completing a grand tour of Europe he returned to London and, in 1715, won a seat in the House of Commons. Stanhope’s maiden speech was a fiery attack on the Tories; according to an apocryphal legend they responded by threatening to fine him £500 for speaking in the Commons before his 21st birthday, which was still six weeks away.
Stanhope survived this early hiccup to serve more than 50 years as a parliamentarian. He also spent several years on the continent as a diplomat and ambassador. Stanhope’s best known literacy legacy was a collection of letters he wrote to his son, also named Philip, during the 1740s and 1750s.
Most of Stanhope’s letters are informative, educational and advisory, an attempt to prepare his son for the earldom but he occasionally lapsed into whimsy. In October 1753, Stanhope penned a long missive to Philip Junior that explored Jewish culture, Turkish history and how to conduct oneself around women. Stanhope interrupted this lecture to tell his son he had purchased a new dog:
“I have had a barbet [water dog] brought me from France, so exactly like [your dog] Sultan that he has been mistaken for him several times, only his snout is shorter and his ears longer than Sultan’s. [I] have acquired him the name of Loyola… My Loyola, I pretend, is superior to your Sultan… I must not omit too that when he breaks wind, he smells exactly like Sultan.”
George Stoneman was a Union general during the United States Civil War and later, a governor of California. Stoneman was born in the far western corner of New York state, the eldest of ten children. As a teenager he was shipped off to study at West Point, where he shared a room with the better known Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson. Stoneman graduated in 1846 and spent the next 15 years as a cavalry officer in California and the Midwest.
When the Civil War erupted in 1861 Stoneman was quickly promoted to flag rank and given commands of both cavalry and infantry divisions. He was captured by Confederates in 1864 and for a few months was their highest ranking prisoner-of-war. Stoneman was released in mid-1864 as part of a prisoner exchange, returning to active service and commanding a division that swept through the South in the final months of the war.
When the Civil War ended in May 1865 Stoneman had spent most of it in the saddle, participating in some long and arduous campaigns. The effect this had on his backside was later revealed in a post-war legal tussle. Retired and pensioned at the rank of colonel, rather than his brevet rank of major-general, Stoneman petitioned the Army for a better pension, citing agonising medical problems he had incurred in the service of the Union:
“The disability he now labours under was occasioned by a continuous series of contused wounds from jolting in the saddle during his raids in Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia… At the commencement of his campaigns he was suffering severely from piles, and under this hard service occurred an extreme falling of the rectum, amounting to an extreme protrusion of the bowel, which yet with great difficulty [was] returned and kept in place… Death itself is preferable to the injuries he sustained.”
Stoneman continued this fight until the early 1880s but alas, it was unsuccessful. In 1881, the US Attorney General ruled that Stoneman’s injuries were “not wounds received in battle” but were the result of “the disease from which he was suffering”. Much aggrieved, Stoneman went into politics, serving one term as the governor of California. He later returned to his native New York, where he died shortly after his 72nd birthday.
In 1929, an Eastbourne doctor, J. Gordon Wilson, reported treating a patient who for more than two years had:
“…suffered from difficulty in nasal breathing, deafness, slight vertigo, and headache. For the past few weeks, however, one nostril seemed to be definitely obstructed, and tightness and irritation in his nose caused insomnia and sneezing. Involuntary nasal whistling occurred, from which he sought relief by breathing through the mouth.
The patient endured these symptoms for two years, until the problem resolved itself:
“One morning, when he was trying to clear his nose, a large and very active centipede was ejected through one of the nares [nostrils]. With some difficulty he captured the centipede alive and brought it to me in a box. Since that morning his nose has felt altogether more comfortable; the difficulty in nasal breathing and the local irritation have practically ceased… The patient does no gardening and has no recollection of smelling flowers at any time in the past two months.”
An image of the centipede, submitted with the doctor’s report, suggests it was around three inches long. An examination of sneezed-out arthropod and its former home appeared to verify the patient’s story. Dr Wilson found the inside of the patient’s nose to be distended and slightly inflamed, but otherwise undamaged.
Priscilla ‘Priss’ Fotheringham was one of 17th century London’s more colourful prostitutes and brothel madams. Born in Scotland around 1615, the young Priss was reportedly a “cat-eyed gypsy, pleasing to the eye”. By her early 30s, however, Priss’ looks had faded, thanks to a bout of smallpox and years of swilling gin.
In 1652, Priss made the first of several court appearances when she was charged with running a house of ill repute, after being discovered:
“…sitting between two Dutchmen with her breasts naked to the waist and without stockings, drinking and singing in a very uncivil manner.”
She did a stint in Newgate for this and other offences but was back on the streets before 1656. Sometime around then she met her future husband, Edmund Fotheringham, himself the son of a bawd (his mother Anne ran a busy but seedy brothel on Cow Lane, Finsbury).
In the late 1650s, Priss took up residence in a tavern on the corner of Whitecross and Old Street. Now in her 40s, her youthful looks all but gone, Priss searched for another method of luring customers.
Her solution was a long-forgotten novelty act known as “chucking”. Supported by two male volunteers, Priss would balance on her head, stark naked with her legs akimbo, while patrons took turns inserting half-crown coins into her “commodity”. The act was described in The Wand’ring Whore, a 1661 guide to London’s prostitutes:
“Whereupon the sight thereof [of] French dollars, Spanish pistols, English half-crowns are plentifully poured in… as she was showing tricks upon her head with naked buttocks and spread legs in a round ring, like those at wrestling…”
According to legend, Priss Fotheringham’s “commodity” could fit 16 half-crowns, the princely sum of 40 shillings. Reports suggest that she performed this act several times daily, making it quite an earner. “Priss Fotheringham’s Chuck Shop” became one of the most popular haunts in London, making Priss enough cash to set up and staff her own brothel.
Fotheringham’s husband died in 1663 and Priss followed him five years later, both most likely from advanced syphilis.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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⠨⠴
Symbol
* 1) one of a set of reserved symbols with no set meaning that needs to be defined by the transcriber, like * in the International Phonetic Alphabet
Symbol
* 1) The percentage sign, %
Usage notes
Unified English Braille. Not used in the United States.
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WIKI
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Keep up with our latest COVID-19 viral surveillance sequencing data Dashboard here >
What is malignant hyperthermia, and how can you find out if you may be at risk?
For most people, anesthesia is a safe and important part of surgery or other types of procedures. But for a small group of people, anesthesia could cause a potentially life threatening condition known as malignant hyperthermia. Because this condition is genetic, patients are usually asked a series of questions about their family’s medical history before undergoing surgery. But for people who don’t know their family history, such questions might not be helpful. DNA sequencing can help doctors prescribe anesthetic plans that are safe.
Learn about a Mayo Clinic patient who used genetic testing to gain insights into his potential health risks.
Malignant hyperthermia is a condition where a person’s body begins to overheat in a life-threatening way, most often as a response to inhaled anesthetics. In this response, a genetic abnormality in muscle cells results in sustained muscle contractions and an increase in metabolism. In turn, this can lead to a spike in body temperature and increased blood acid levels that can cause significant damage to the body and its organs. If this goes unnoticed and untreated, the results can be deadly. Modern medical practices and advanced technology have made it possible to test individuals who may be at risk of malignant hyperthermia. With this knowledge, anesthesia providers can prescribe anesthesia plans that can avoid this problem.
Research into the disease has learned what causes this type of sensitivity and how to identify people who are at risk—before they experience life-threatening symptoms. Such efforts have shown us that family history and genetics play an important role.
Variants have been discovered that affect two genes which may predispose a person to malignant hyperthermia. Most people who experience malignant hyperthermia (~70-80% of patients) have variants in the RYR1 gene (a smaller group of people have variants in the CACNA1S gene).
Estimates about how many people experience malignant hyperthermia vary, but studies suggest that one in every 2,000 people may be at risk. Identifying these individuals can be helpful so that they—and their medical providers—know to avoid trigger substances. Mayo Clinic GeneGuide™, available from Helix, analyzes your DNA to determine if you are genetically predisposed to a number of conditions—including malignant hyperthermia. The product also includes educational information and support from a genetic counselor to help people understand their results.
Learn more about
Mayo Clinic GeneGuide™ >
Helix
Helix is the leading population genomics and viral surveillance company operating at the intersection of clinical care, research, and data analytics.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:The man on horseback (IA manonhorseback00abdurich).pdf/39
Rh "Love to me is a romantic thing, and you—I mean, American men—are so terribly, terribly prosy, so commonplace!"
Tom Graves was hurt. Not personally hurt, but hurt in his Americanism, his patriotism. Ht was a narrow patriotism, geographically limited, but it was clean and good and very decent.
"Bertha," he said, "pardon me—but you don't know what you're talking about!"
"Oh, don't I?"
"You don't. Romance? Is that what you are after?"
"Yes," she said stubbornly.
"All right. And aren't we Americans romantic enough for anybody who cares for that sort of thing? Why, girl, is there anything more romantic in the wide world than a typical American whose great-grandfather, rifle in arm and knife in boot, came out of Virginia into Kentucky in the days when Kentucky was the farthest frontier? Not for gain, but just to see what was going on behind the ranges? Whose grandfather drifted into Kansas when it was 'Bloody' Kansas and thence via Panama to California in the first great gold rush? Whose father mined and ranched and played poker and drank his red liquor from Alaska to the Sierras?"
"Meaning yourself?"
"You bet your life! I guess I've read some, back on the old homestead, in the long winter evenings in my father's tattered old books! I read a lot about your Brian Boru, and Richard the Lion-Hearted, and Tamerlane, and Frederick Barbarossa, and Roland, and all the other guys with their long, foreign, stem-winding names! But, say, for real, live, kicking
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WIKI
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Mother Marie-Anastasie
Mother Marie-Anastasie, formerly Marie-Alexandrine Conduché, (17 November 1833 – 21 April 1878) had her initial formation with her Notre Dame Sisters of the Rodez diocese and later, she founded the Notre-Dame Dominican Congregation of Saint-Rosaire of Monteils.
Early life
Alexandrine Conduché was born November 17, 1833, in Compeyre, France. From a poor, lower class household, she had a good education and religious background. Her maternal uncle was Father Artières, a priest in Tizac.
Educator
She moved to Tizac to the parsonage of Father Artières when she was 13 years of age. Realizing her aptitude, he opened a school and Conduché taught the children. A relative of theirs, Father Jean Pierre Gavalda, concerned about the rate of illiteracy among the children of the area, decided to work with two intelligent, religious women to provide education. One was Conduché and the other was Virginie Gavalda, both of whom were called nieces. When she was sixteen, she and Father Gavalda began plans for Congregation of the Dominicans of Our Lady of the Rosary, with the plans to educate children and bring them into the faith in the process.
Sisters of Notre Dame
The young women were sent by Father Gavalda to attend the Sisters of Notre Dame in Saint Julien d'Empare to round out their education. They arrived on March 10, 1849, at the religious community near Capdenac. On April 8, Conduché passed for the group of the postulants. Two months later, on June 13, she was called to wear the religious habit and adopted the name of Sister Marie-Anastasie, which means resurrection. Father Gavalda's niece was named Sister Marie Joseph.
Congregation of the Dominicans of Our Lady of the Rosary, Bor
Ready for classes to begin, Father Gavalda called the young women back to Bor after six months of formation. They returned on December 31, 1849, and classes began the next day and 24-year-old Sister Marie Joseph was named superior of the convent. The school was run by 17-year-old Sister Marie-Anastasie.
In that moment, the community was composed by the two sisters, Sister Saint-Joseph and Sister Marie-Anastasie, and by three aspirants who were waiting for their admission by Father Caubel. This moment marks the beginning of the Dominican Sisters Congregation of Our Lady of Rosario of Monteils, which started with the perseverance of Father Gavalda, priest of Bor. The Congregation was made official on March 30, 1850, by Jean François Croizier, bishop of Rodez, south of France, department of Aveyron.
On October 8, 1851, Sister Marie-Anastasie was named Master of Novices. She became the head of the convent when Sister Marie Joseph left the convent in September 1862. She was designated Prioress on October 10, 1862, by the Sisters of Notre Dame. At the feast of Our Lady of the Rosary in 1863, she took her perpetual vows. The Congregation of the Holy Rosary was then founded.
Anastasie modeled a deep spiritual life, one focused on prayer, charity, and contemplation, followed by action. She attracted young people to the welcoming convent. She also was concerned for those who were ill, and the sister visited parishioners when needed.
She went to Lourdes for a cure of her poor health when she was 42. Over her career, she opened 25 schools.
Death and legacy
On Easter Sunday, April 21, 1878, Mother Marie-Anastasie died.
The communities continued to multiply themselves and the foundations happened in other countries bordering France: Italy, Belgium, Bulgaria, Spain. In 1885, a group of six Sisters from the Congregation crossed the Atlantic Ocean asked by the Dominican Order, and started it in the city of Uberaba, Brazil.
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WIKI
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User:Bassbuster111
yeahp bassbuster 111 is a user of Wikipedia,That loves dinosaurs and many other things! :) his favorite. yT channelled is Https://www.youtube.com/user/AGamingBeaver here ™ I hoped you enjoyed this Description( ˘ ³˘)♥ 👻. For my website,Click >>>> Bassy
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WIKI
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Difference between revisions of "How do I add a new Web Poll question?"
Line 1: Line 1:
1. Log into your Bravenet account<br />
1. Log into your Bravenet account<br />
2. Click on the Web Apps tab<br />
+
2. Make sure you are on the Dashboard<br />
3. Click on "Web Poll" in your list of Web Tools<br />
3. Click on "Web Poll" in your list of Web Tools<br />
4. Click on the "Crete a New Poll" button<br />
+
4. Click on "Manage Polls" button<br />
5. In the Poll Appearance section, choose what way you would like the questions to appear<br />
+
5. Click on "Create a New Poll"
6. In the Button Text section, update the the text to what you would like the "Vote" button to say<br />
6. In the Button Text section, update the the text to what you would like the "Vote" button to say<br />
7. In the Poll Question section, enter the question you'd like to ask<br />
7. In the Poll Question section, enter the question you'd like to ask<br />
Revision as of 16:10, 2 June 2014
1. Log into your Bravenet account
2. Make sure you are on the Dashboard
3. Click on "Web Poll" in your list of Web Tools
4. Click on "Manage Polls" button
5. Click on "Create a New Poll" 6. In the Button Text section, update the the text to what you would like the "Vote" button to say
7. In the Poll Question section, enter the question you'd like to ask
8. In the Poll Answers section, enter the answers your visitors can choose in response to your poll question
You may also add an image to each answer by entering the URL for the image, or by clicking the "Image Picker" link and selecting an image from your Bravenet account.
9. Scroll down and click on the "Save Changes" button
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Urbania (film)
Urbania is a 2000 independent drama film based on the play Urban Folk Tales. It was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at the 2000 Sundance Film Festival, then played the Toronto International Film Festival, the Seattle Film Festival, and a number of LGBT film festivals, winning a total of 6 "Best Film" awards. It was released by Lionsgate and was named "One of the Year's Best Films" in over 35 publications including the Los Angeles Times, Time Out, the Chicago Tribune, and the San Francisco Chronicle.
Plot
Urbania follows Charlie (Dan Futterman) through a sleepless night. After an unsuccessful bout of masturbation to the sound of his upstairs neighbors having sex, he prowls the streets looking for a man he saw several months earlier. The implication is that he's had a one night stand with the man, cheating on his boyfriend Chris (Matt Keeslar). This is reinforced by several phone calls Charlie places, leaving messages on Chris' answering machine. As he's walking, he has momentary flashes akin to hallucinations or waking dreams: a man's mouth; a bottle breaking; a man with a blood-stained shirt.
After a series of encounters (with his upstairs neighbors, whom he tells about his masturbatory activities, and a potential trick), he meets the man he's looking for. His name is Dean (Samuel Ball) and it makes no sense either that he'd trick with Charlie or that Charlie would trick with him. Dean is unabashedly racist, sexist and homophobic. Nevertheless, Charlie, pretending to be straight, buys Dean drinks and smokes a joint with him. Dean takes Charlie to a gay cruising area looking for victims, but Charlie is able to warn away the intended target. Dean is now almost incapacitated by alcohol and drugs and Charlie gets him into Dean's car and drives him to a secluded marshy area.
As had been implied by Charlie's flashbacks, Dean and two of his buddies, several months earlier, had attacked Charlie and raped and murdered Chris in an apparent hate crime. Charlie's purpose is finally revealed: he wants revenge.
In a dreamlike conversation with Chris, Charlie relates what happened at the marshland. He pulled a knife on Dean and told him why he was there. Dean didn't remember him. Charlie forced Dean to drop his pants and was disgusted to see Dean had an erection. Charlie forced Dean to kneel and fellate the knife blade. Suddenly, Dean collapsed with an epileptic seizure. Charlie slit his throat.
Chris challenges Charlie, not believing that he killed Dean. Charlie admits that he wanted to but couldn't. Instead, he drove off in Dean's car, abandoning him in the marsh.
Charlie stands up from where he's been kneeling, at a makeshift memorial near where Chris was killed. He walks home and has one more hallucinatory flash. He sees himself on the street, cradling a dying Chris. He kisses Chris goodbye and passes by him. When he turns back, Chris is gone. Charlie makes it home and, finally, is able to sleep.
Charlie presents aspects of his story in the form of urban legends. The film references a number of urban legends, both by having characters describe them as they're depicted and by presenting random people experiencing them.
Reception
Urbania has an approval rating of 72% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 29 critic reviews.
Awards and nominations
* L.A. Outfest Grand Jury Award, Outstanding American Narrative Feature (winner) - 2000
* Philadelphia International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival Jury Prize, Best Feature (winner) - 2000
* Provincetown International Film Festival Audience Award Best Feature (winner) - 2000
* San Francisco International Lesbian & Gay Film Festival Best First Feature (winner) - 2000
* Seattle International Film Festival Golden Space Needle Award, Best Actor, Dan Futterman (winner) - 2000
* Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize, Dramatic (nominated) - 2000
* GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Film (Limited Release) (nominated) - 2001
DVD release
Urbania was released on Region 1 DVD on March 13, 2001.
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WIKI
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Phosphorus mononitride
Phosphorus mononitride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula PN. Containing only phosphorus and nitrogen, this material is classified as a binary nitride. From the Lewis structure perspective, it can be represented with a P-N triple bond with a lone pair on each atom. It is isoelectronic with N2, CO, P2, CS and SiO.
The compound is highly unstable in standard conditions, tending to rapidly self polymerize. It can be isolated within argon and krypton matrices at 10 K. Due to its instability, documentation of reactions with other molecules is limited. Most of its reactivity has thus far been probed and studied at transition metal centers.
Phosphorus mononitride was the first identified phosphorus compound in the interstellar medium and is even thought to be an important molecule in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn.
Discovery and interstellar occurrence
The existence of free, gas-phase phosphorus mononitride was confirmed spectroscopically in 1934 by Nobel laureate, Gerhard Herzberg, and coworkers. J. Curry, L. Herzberg, and G. Herzberg made the accidental discovery after observing new bands in the UV region from 2375-2992 Å following an electric discharge within an air-filled tube that had been earlier exposed to phosphorus.
In 1987, phosphorus mononitride was detected in the Orion KL Nebula, the W51M nebula in Aquila, and Saggitarius B2 simultaneously by Turner, Bally, and Ziurys. Data from radio telescopes allowed for observation of rotational lines associated with the J = 2-1, 3-2, 5-4, and 6-5 transitions.
In the following decades, a rapid expansion of interstellar PN observations ensued, detected frequently alongside PO. Examples include within shocked regions of L1157, within the galactic center, in carbon-rich envelopes in CRL 2688 (alongside HCP) and oxygen-rich envelopes toward VY Canis Majoris, TX Camelopardalis, R. Cassiopeiae, and NML Cygni.
ALMA data alongside spectroscopic measurements from the Rosetta probe have shown PN being carried from the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko alongside the far more abundant PO. These observations may offer insight to how pre-biotic matter could be transported to planets. In cases where PN and PO are observed in the same region, the latter is more abundant. The consistency of the molecular ratio between these two interstellar molecules across many different interstellar clouds is thought to be a sign of a shared formation pathway between the two molecules. PN is mostly detected in hot, turbulent regions, where the shock induced sputtering of dust grain is thought to contribute to its formation. However, it has also been confirmed in massive dense cores which are by comparison "cold and quiescent".
In 2022, researchers used data from the ALMA Comprehensive High-resolution Extragalactic Molecular Inventory (ALCHEMI) project and reported evidence of phosphorus mononitride in giant molecular clouds within the galaxy, NGC 253. This finding marks phosphorus mononitride as the first extragalactic phosphorus containing molecule detected as well. In 2023, Ziurys and coworkers showed the existence of PN and PO in WB89-621 (22.6 kpc from the galactic center) using rotational spectroscopy. Prior, phosphorus was only observed in the inner Milky Way (12kpc). Since supernovae do not occur in outer regions of the galaxy, the detection of these phosphorus-bearing molecules in WB89-621 provides evidence of additional alternative sources of phosphorus formation, such as non-explosive, lower mass asymptotic giant branch stars. The levels were detected at comparable values to that in the Solar system.
Electronic structure, spectral and bonding properties
PN formation from gaseous phosphorus and nitrogen is endothermic.
½ P2 + ½ N2 = PN (ER = 117 ± 10kJ/mol)
Early mass spectrometry studies by Gingerich yielded a PN dissociation energy D0 of 146.6 +/-.
It is predicted to have a high proton affinity (PA = 191 kcal/mol).
Early rotational analysis of 24 of the bands from Herzberg's original study suggested a PN internuclear distance of 1.49 Å, intermediate between N2 (1.094 Å) and P2 (1.856 Å). The associated electronic transition, 1Π → 1Σ, was noted to be similar to that of the isoelectronic CS and SiO molecules. Later rotational spectra studies aligned well with these findings, for example analysis of millimeter wave rotational PN spectra from a microwave spectrometer yielded a bond distance of 1.49085 (2) Å.
Infrared studies of gaseous PN at high temperatures assign its vibrational frequency (ωe) to 1337.24 cm-1 and interatomic separation of 1.4869 Å.
Simple comparisons to tabulated experimental and calculated bond lengths match well with a PN triple bond according to Pyykkö's Triple-Bond Covalent Radii.
NBO analyses support a single neutral resonance structure with a PN triple bond and one lone pair on each atom. However, natural population analysis shows nitrogen as significantly negatively charged (-0.82603) and phosphorus as significantly positively charged (0.82603). This is in line with the large dipole moment and partial ionic character reflecting the electron density contour plots.
Monomeric PN in a krypton matrix at 10 K gives rise to a single IR band at 1323 cm-1.
Auer and Neese have produced calculated gas phase 31P and 15N NMR chemical shifts of 51.61 and -344.71 respectively at the CCSD(T)/p4 level of theory. However, different functionals and basis sets yield dramatically different predictions for chemical shielding and so far experimental NMR shifts for phosphorus mononitride remain elusive.
Molecular beam electric resonance spectroscopy has been used to determine the radio frequency spectrum of phosphorus mononitride generated from P3N5 thermolysis; the experimental results showed an experimental PN dipole moment (μ) of 2.7465 +- 0.0001 D, 2.7380 +-0.001 D, and 2.7293 +-0.0001 D for the first three vibrational levels respectively. Its dipole moment is larger than PO (1.88 D), despite the greater electronegativity difference between the constituent P and O atoms and similar bond length (1.476 Å). This a result of the significant differences in bonds and charge distribution within the PN and PO molecules. The large PN dipole moment makes it very favorable with respect to radio-astronomical studies in comparison to N2 - which lacks this property.
In consideration to molecular orbitals of PN, direct analogies can be drawn to the bonding in the N2 molecule. It consists of an P-N σ bonding orbital (HOMO), with two perpendicular degenerate P-N pi bonding orbitals. Likewise, the LUMOs of PN, which consist of a degenerate PN pi-antibonding set, allow it to backbond with orbitals of appropriate symmetry.
However, in comparison to N2, the HOMO of PN is higher in energy (est. -9.2 eV vs -12.2 eV), and, the LUMOs are lower in energy (-2.3 eV vs -0.6 eV), thus making it both a better σ-donor and pi-acceptor as a ligand.
Evidently, the smaller HOMO-LUMO gap of PN, combined with its polar nature and low dissociation energy contribute to its much greater reactivity than dinitrogen (including at the interstellar level).
Interstellar formation
The pathways to the formation of PN are still not fully understood, but likely involve competing gaseous phase reactions with other interstellar molecules. Important schemes are shown below along with competing exothermic reactions:
PO + N → PN + O
PO + N → P + NO (Competing)
Another important, very exothermic formation reaction:
PH + N → PN + H
From carbon containing environments:
P + CN → PN + C
N + CP → PN + C
An important destruction pathway:
PN + N → N2 + P
The abundance of interstellar PN is additionally perturbed by cosmic-ray ionization, visual extinction, and adsorption/desorption from dust grains.
Electric discharge
Moldenhauer and Dörsam first generated transient PN in 1924 using an electric discharge through N2 and phosphorus vapors, where the characterized product was a notably robust powder containing equal parts phosphorus and nitrogen. This same method led to the actual first observation of PN by Gerhard and coworkers.
PN has also been produced at room temperature using microwave discharges on mixtures of gaseous PCl3 and N2 under moderate vacuum. This preparation was employed to achieve high resolution FTIR spectra of PN.
Flash pyrolysis
Atkins and Timms later generated PN via flash pyrolysis of P3N5 under high vacuum, allowing the recording of the PN infrared spectrum within a cryogenic krypton matrix. Solid triphosphorus pentanitride generates gaseous, free PN when heated to 800-900 C under high vacuum. Monomeric PN can only be isolated in krypton or argon matrices at 10 K. Upon warming up past 30 K, cyclotriphosphazene, which has D3h symmetry, is formed (up to 50 K before krypton matrix melts). The (PN)3 trimer and is planar and aromatic, with 15N-labelling experiments revealing a planar E' mode band at 1141 cm-1. No dimers or other oligomers are even transiently observed.
Without a cryoscopic matrix, these reactions result in the immediate formation of (PN)n polymers.
Thermolysis experiments of dimethyl phosphoramidate have shown PN to form as a major decomposition product along with many other minor components including the ·P=O radical and HOP=O. This is contrasting to dimethyl methylphosphonate in which said minor components become the major decomposition products, highlighting significantly diverging pathways. In 2023, Qian et al. proposed PN to be generated as a major product along with CO and cyclopentadienone byproducts when (o-phenyldioxyl)phosphinoazide is heated to 850 °C (following the loss of N2). However, efforts to observe free PN in argon matrixes using this method were unsuccessful due to band overlaps.
Dehalogenation of hexachlorophosphazene
Schnöckel and coworkers later showed an alternative synthesis involving the dehalogenation of hexachlorophosphazene with molten silver, with concomitant loss of AgCl. In both this route and the P3N5 thermolysis route, only trace P2 and P4 formation is detected even at 1200 K, showing the reaction temperatures occur far from thermodynamic equilibrium.
Anthracene release from dibenzo-7λ3 -phosphanorbornadiene derivatives
The aforementioned methods require very high temperatures which are incompatible with standard, homogeneous solution state chemistry.
In 2022, Cummins and coworkers prepared and isolated a molecular PN precursor, N3PA which rapidly decomposes to N2, anthracene, and PN in solution at room temperature (t½ = 30 minutes). With the combination of vacuum and heating to 42 °C, this dissociation is explosive.
Reactivity
Reactions of phosphorus mononitride with other molecules are rare and rather difficult to carry out. The formation of the intermediate (PN)3 trimer (which itself is only isolated in matrices) is highly favorable:
3PN ⇌ (PN)3 (-334 +/- 60 kJ/mol)
PN generated in both the gaseous phase or in solution that is not subjected to trapping via noble gas matrices or particular metal complexes results in rapid self polymerization even in cases where trapping agents such as dienes or alkynes are present (differentiating its reactivity profile from related molecules such as P2). Phosphorus mononitride's tendency to rapidly polymerize with itself has dominated its reactivity, greatly hindering both the study and diversity of products in its reactions with organic molecules.
In 2023, a rare case of documented reactivity with an organic molecule was reported by Qian and coworkers who demonstrated reversible photoisomerization between o-benzoquinone supported phosphinonitrene and o-benzoquinone stabilized phosphorus mononitride at 10 K, which can be isolated in an argon matrix.
Ligation, stabilization, and reactivity at transition metals
The majority of documented well-defined PN reactivity has been carried out at transition metal centers. The electronic and molecular orbital similarities it shares with N2 make it a viable ligating species. While free PN is unstable, phosphorus mononitride has been prepared at metal coordination sites where it can exist as an isolable terminal ligand within a complex. In alternative cases, PN ligands can also exist as only as transient, highly reactive intermediates featuring rich chemistry. As a terminal ligand, cases of both preferential P and N bonding modes have been discovered. Smith and co-workers isolated the first stable M-PN (and M-NP) complexes, using methodology to generate the PN moiety at metal sites. They reacted a tris(amido) Mo(VI) terminal phosphide complex with a tris(carbene)borate Fe(IV) terminal nitride, which undergo reductive coupling to form the corresponding neutral bridging PhB(iPr2Im)3Fe-NP-Mo(N3N) complex. Notably, the Mo-N-P bond angle in the bridging compound is nearly perfectly linear with an N-P bond length of 1.509(6) Å (only slightly elongated from free PN indicating significant multiple bond character). Addition of 3 equivalents of strongly lewis basic tert-butyl isocyanide results in the release of the iron adduct as a [PhB(iPr2Im)3Fe-(CNtBu)3]+ cation in the second coordination sphere. The corresponding terminal linear Mo-PN anion can be isolated and converted to its linear Mo-NP isomer by exposure to white light in the solid state. The M-NP isomer of the ligand was determined to be more pi-acidic (N-P = 1.5913(1) Å and P-N = 1.5363(1) Å) and more thermodynamically stable than its isomer. Cummins and co-workers exploited their N3PA free PN releasing reagent to "trap" and isolate a stable terminal (dppe)(Cp*)Fe-NP complex as a BArF24 salt. The NP bond length in this case was very short at 1.493(2) Å, almost unperturbed from gaseous PN, which is consistent with minimal pi-backbonding from the iron center. Studies confirmed the NP binding mode (as opposed to PN) to be energetically preferred by 36.6 kcal/mol in this iron complex, creating a significant barrier to isomerization (thought to arise from Pauli repulsion effects). Studies of phosphorus mononitride chemistry at tris(amido) vanadium complexes undertaken by Cummins and coworkers provides the bulk of PN reactivity examples at transition metals to date. In this system, PN is synthetically generated at a vanadium center from respective dibenzo-7λ3 -phosphanorbornadiene derivative precursors. However, it is not stable as a terminal ligand, and instead immediately undergoes trimerization. Notably, a thermodynamic equilibrium exists between this trimer species, along with a dimer and non-observed monomeric intermediate fragment.
The V-NP fragment undergoes singlet phosphinidene reactivity ([2+1] additions) with alkene and alkyne trapping agents, generating phosphiranes and phospherenes respectively. The products generated from such additions exist in equilibrium (in the case with cis-4-octene and bis-trimethylsilylacetylene), where retention of the cis-4-octene conformer is observed. Upon heating, they reversibly add to generate the V-NP dimer. Such reactivity demonstrates stark contrasts from P2 as a ligand which instead undergoes formal cycloaddition chemistry.
Applications
The robust nature of PN reaction products such as (PN)n, could find use in heat resistant ceramics or as fire suppressing materials.
There has long been interest in studying PN and its reaction products like (PN)n polymers, noting their relevance to precursors/intermediates in the production of fertilizers.
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WIKI
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Tonya UPTAIN, Petitioner, v. HUNTINGTON LAB, INC., Respondent.
No. 84SC136.
Supreme Court of Colorado, En Banc.
Aug. 25, 1986.
Alan E. Johnson, Durango, for petitioner.
Hamilton, Shand & McLachlan, P.C., Michael E. McLachlan, Durango, for respondent.
KIRSHBAUM, Justice.
We granted certiorari to review the Court of Appeals’ decision in Uptain v. Huntington Lab, Inc., 685 P.2d 218 (Colo.App.1984), which decision affirmed a jury verdict in favor of the defendant, Huntington Lab, Inc. (Huntington), in a products liability case filed by the plaintiff, Tonya Uptain. We affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals, but in so doing we affirm the trial court on grounds that differ from those relied upon by the Court of Appeals.
On September 5, 1979, the plaintiff began a new job as an employee in the housekeeping department of Southwest Memorial Hospital in Cortez, Colorado. On that day, her supervisor demonstrated the use of various cleaning compounds available for cleaning bathroom fixtures, including Sani-Tate, a twenty-three percent hydrochloric acid solution manufactured by Huntington. At that time, Sani-Tate containers had labels warning users to avoid contact with the product because of potential chemical burns and to wash the skin area well if such contact occurred.
The tasks to be performed by the plaintiff required use of a swab to apply Sani-Tate and periodic rinsing of the swab. At trial, the plaintiff testified that her supervisor neither wore gloves nor instructed the plaintiff to use gloves when using Sani-Tate. The supervisor testified at trial that she instructed the plaintiff to wear rubber gloves and that the plaintiff refused to do so.
After the demonstration, the plaintiff began cleaning bathrooms on her own. Although she initially followed the supervisor’s instructions, by September 7, 1979, the plaintiff had become so annoyed at the fact that water dripped continuously from the cleaning swab that she began to wring the swab out by hand after each rinse. The plaintiffs hand became red and blistered, however, and after washing it with soap and water the plaintiff reported to her supervisor. The supervisor told her to put on a rubber glove and continue to work. The plaintiff complied, but when her hand continued to hurt she removed the glove. Her hand appeared severely burned, and the plaintiff sought medical attention at once. The plaintiff subsequently had numerous skin graft operations, and her hand is permanently scarred.
The plaintiff filed a products liability action against Huntington, alleging that inadequate warnings on the Sani-Tate bottle rendered it a defective product. Huntington answered, claiming that the warning was adequate, that the plaintiffs failure to read and heed the printed warnings constituted a misuse of the product, and that the plaintiff assumed the risk. A jury returned a verdict in favor of Huntington, and the Court of Appeals affirmed. We accepted certiorari on the following issues: (1) whether the Court of Appeals’ definition of “misuse” is correct; (2) whether section 13-21-404, 6 C.R.S. (1985 Supp.), applies to new labeling not based on scientific advancement; and (3) whether a contemporaneous objection to proffered evidence is necessary to preserve the issue of the admissibility of the evidence when the precise issue had been previously determined by the trial court in a ruling on a motion in limine.
I
The plaintiff first argues that the definition of “misuse” adopted by the Court of Appeals in affirming the trial court’s instruction to the jury defining Huntington’s misuse defense is too broad. We agree, but conclude that the instruction itself was not erroneous.
The plaintiff argued to the Court of Appeals that the trial court erred in instructing the jury on Huntington’s defense of misuse because the plaintiff had used Sani-Tate for its intended purpose — cleaning toilet bowls. In rejecting this argument, the Court of Appeals defined “misuse” in the following manner:
Misuse is all possible types of product use, or conduct affecting product use, by the plaintiff or a third party which is improper in light of the qualities and characteristics of the product itself.
Uptain, 685 P.2d at 221 (citing Weinberger, Product Misuse in New York State, 53 N.Y.Bar J. 363 (1981)). The plaintiff contends that this definition of misuse introduces the concept of contributory negligence into this products liability case.
Because strict liability claims focus on the product itself rather than on any conduct of the manufacturer, contributory negligence is generally not recognized as a defense to such claims. See Jackson v. Harsco Corp., 673 P.2d 363 (Colo.1983); Union Supply Co. v. Pust, 196 Colo. 162, 583 P.2d 276 (1978). However, comment h to section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts (1965) recognizes an exception to this general rule when unforeseeable abnormal handling of an otherwise safe product causes injuries. Comment h provides in pertinent part:
A product is not in a defective condition when it is safe for normal handling and consumption. If the injury results from abnormal handling, as where a bot-tied beverage is knocked against a radiator to remove the cap, or from abnormal preparation for use, as where too much salt is added to food, or from abnormal consumption, as where a child eats too much candy and is made ill, the seller is not liable. Where, however, he has reason to anticipate that danger may result from a particular use, as where a drug is sold which is safe only in limited doses, he may be required to give adequate warning of the danger ... and a product sold without such warning is in a defective condition.
In Jackson, 673 P.2d 363, we recognized this concept of misuse as a defense to a products liability case:
Misuse by an injured party which cannot reasonably be anticipated by the manufacturer can be utilized as a defense in a products liability case by showing that the conduct of the user, and not the alleged defect in a product, actually caused the accident.... Section 402A recognizes a defense for the manufacturer where the user mishandles or misuses a product and thereby creates a dangerous condition.... The usual situation in which the defense may be asserted is where the product is being used in a way other than that which was intended and which could not reasonably have been anticipated by the manufacturer.
Id. at 367 (citations omitted).
In this case, the trial court instructed the jury as follows concerning Huntington’s misuse defense:
A manufacturer of a product is not legally responsible for injuries caused by a product if: (1) the product is used in a manner or for a purpose other than that which was intended and which could not reasonably have been expected; and (2) such use rather than a defect, if any, in the product caused the plaintiffs claimed injuries.
This instruction parallels Colo. CJI-Civ. 14:22 and is based upon Jackson. Contrary to the broad test stated by the Court of Appeals, the defense of misuse in Colorado is a particularized defense requiring that the plaintiffs use of the product be unforeseeable and unintended as well as the cause of injuries. Such limitation on the availability of the defense strikes an appropriate balance between the policy that in strict liability cases the product, not the manufacturer, is on trial and the recognition that abuse of a product should not be encouraged.
Although the Court of Appeals’ characterization of the defense of misuse unduly broadens that defense, instruction No. 15, as given to the jury, correctly stated the law of misuse in Colorado. Furthermore, there was sufficient evidence introduced at trial to establish a factual basis for tendering the defense of misuse to the jury. Thus, the conclusion of the Court of Appeals that instruction No. 15 was not erroneous is correct.
Misuse, as the jury was instructed, is a question of causation. Regardless of the defective condition, if any, of a manufacturer’s product, a manufacturer will not be liable if an unforeseeable misuse of the product caused the injuries. See Union Supply Co., 196 Colo. 162, 583 P.2d 276; Keeton, Products Liability and Defenses: Intervening Misconduct, 15 Forum 109 (1979). The plaintiff argues that Huntington was not entitled to any instruction on the defense of misuse because Sani-Tate was being used for its intended purpose. However, the concept of misuse includes use of a product in a manner other than that which was intended as well as use for an unintended purpose. The plaintiffs failure to read and heed the warnings printed on the product’s label and her act of wringing out the swab with her hand were arguably unforeseeable uses of Sani-Tate in a manner other than that intended.
The plaintiff argues that her failure to read the warnings printed on the label is foreseeable as a matter of law. The rule is to the contrary. Comment j to section 402A provides that “[w]here warning is given, the seller may reasonably assume that it will be read and heeded.” Adoption of the plaintiffs proposed rule would in effect reverse the policies supporting the requirement that manufacturers must provide adequate warnings of known hazards accompanying use of particular products. We reject the plaintiffs position and adopt comment j as the applicable rule in this jurisdiction. The question of whether it was foreseeable that a user of Sani-Tate would wring out a cloth with her bare hands was properly reserved for jury determination in this case. See Schwartz v. American Honda Motor Co., 710 F.2d 378 (7th Cir.1983); Brownlee v. Louisville Varnish Co., 641 F.2d 397 (5th Cir.1981); Brown v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 136 Ariz. 556, 667 P.2d 750 (Ct.App.1983); Self v. General Motors Corp., 42 Cal.App.3d 1, 116 Cal.Rptr. 575 (1974); Falkenbury v. Elder Cadillac, Inc., 109 Ill.App.3d 11, 64 Ill.Dec. 628, 440 N.E.2d 180 (1982); Keener v. Dayton Electric Mfg. Co., 445 S.W.2d 362 (Mo.1969); Smialek v. Chrysler Motors Corp., 290 Pa.Super. 496, 434 A.2d 1253 (1981). Accordingly, we conclude that instruction No. 15 was a correct statement of the law of misuse in Colorado and that under the circumstances of this case it was proper to tender the issue of misuse for jury determination.
II
The plaintiff asserts that the trial court erred in denying her request under CRE 407 to admit Exhibit N, a Sani-Tate label drafted by Huntington prior to September 7, 1979, to show the feasibility of such warning at the time of the plaintiffs use of Sani-Tate. At the time of trial, the label in question had not been approved by the appropriate federal regulating agency and was not on bottles of Sani-Tate then being sold. Although the trial court did not state the reasons for its ruling, it appears from the record as a whole that the trial court was concerned primarily with the fact that the new label was not in use. The Court of Appeals concluded that section 13-21-404, 6 C.R.S. (1985 Supp.), rendered the new label inadmissible. We disagree with this interpretation of the statute, but agree that the trial court did not err in rejecting this evidence.
Section 13-21-404 provides as follows:
In any product liability action, evidence of any scientific advancements in technical or other knowledge or techniques, or in design theory or philosophy, or in manufacturing or testing knowledge, techniques, or processes, or in labeling, warnings of risks or hazards, or instructions for the use of such product, where such advancements were discovered subsequent to the time the product in issue was sold by the manufacturer, shall not be admissible for any purpose other than to show a duty to warn.
As we previously noted, the label used by Huntington at the time of the plaintiffs injuries warned against skin contact, warned of potential chemical bums from contact with the product, and advised users to wash the skin area well if external contact should occur. At the time of the events giving rise to the plaintiffs injuries, Huntington had used the same warning label for approximately twelve years. The proposed new label contained all of the prior warnings and, in addition, advised consumers to wear rubber gloves when using the product.
The plaintiffs chemical burns resulted from her contact with the hydrochloric acid contained in Sani-Tate. That a high concentration of hydrochloric acid would cause such injuries, and that the use of rubber gloves guarded against skin contact, were not matters of new “scientific advancements ... discovered subsequent to the time [Sani-Tate] was sold by the manufacturer.” During the trial neither party argued that the new label was the result of newly discovered scientific knowledge, and no evidence was introduced to support any such claim. By its plain language, section 13-21-404 is inapplicable to the facts of this case.
The plaintiff next argues that the subsequent label was admissible pursuant to CRE 407. CRE 407, which is identical to FRE 407, provides:
When, after an event, measures are taken which, if taken previously, would have made the event less likely to occur, evidence of the subsequent measures is not admissible to prove negligence or culpable conduct in connection with the event. This rule does not require the exclusion of evidence of subsequent measures when offered for another purpose, such as proving ownership, control, or feasibility of precautionary measures, if controverted, or impeachment.
CRE 407 (emphasis added). The plaintiff argues that the new label was relevant to show the feasibility of using such a label prior to the time of the plaintiff's use of Sani-Tate. We disagree.
Although both parties apparently assume that CRE 407 applies to products liability cases, we have not heretofore decided that threshold issue. Courts are divided over the question of whether the prohibition of the admission of post-event corrective measures established by FRE 407 or similar state evidentiary rules apply to products liability cases. Compare Fish v. Georgia-Pacific Corp., 779 F.2d 836 (2d Cir.1985) (subsequent remedial measures are not admissible in a strict liability action); DeLuryea v. Winthrop Laboratories, 697 F.2d 222 (8th Cir.1983); Grenada Steel Industries, Inc. v. Alabama Oxygen Co., 695 F.2d 883 (5th Cir.1983); Werner v. Upjohn Co., 628 F.2d 848 (4th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1080, 101 S.Ct. 862, 66 L.Ed.2d 804 (1981), with Herndon v. Seven Bar Flying Service, Inc., 716 F.2d 1322 (10th Cir.1983), cert. denied, sub nom. Piper Aircraft Corp. v. Seven Bar Flying Service, 466 U.S. 958, 104 S.Ct. 2170, 80 L.Ed.2d 553 (1984) (subsequent remedial measures are admissible in a strict liability action); Unterburger v. Snow Co., 630 F.2d 599 (8th Cir.1980); Ault v. International Harvester Co., 13 Cal.3d 113, 117 Cal.Rptr. 812, 528 P.2d 1148 (1974); Burke v. Illinois Power Co., 57 Ill.App.3d 498, 15 Ill.Dec. 670, 373 N.E.2d 1354 (1978); Barry v. Manglass, 55 A.D.2d 1, 389 N.Y.S.2d 870 (1976). The majority of courts that have considered the issue have concluded that the federal rule was initially developed because of two concerns: (1) that in negligence cases, wherein questions of lack of reasonable conduct and duty were essential elements, such evidence was irrelevant; and (2) that a contrary rule would, as a matter of policy, discourage alterations in products that, if made, would prevent further injuries. Many decisions holding FRE 407 inapplicable to products liability cases simply conclude that products liability cases can never be equated to “fault” cases. This approach ignores the reality that the concepts of strict liability and negligence liability are often intertwined in duty to warn cases.
In DeLuryea v. Winthrop Laboratories, 697 F.2d 222, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals refused to make any such categorical distinction and, instead, considered the applicability of FRE 407 in terms of the nature of the particular issues and allegations of the particular lawsuit. In DeLu- ryea a claim of inadequate warning was deemed to involve primarily a question of whether the manufacturer conducted itself reasonably in communicating arguably known information about risks associated with the product, “Talwin,” a pain-killing drug. Although affirming earlier Eighth Circuit decisions holding that Rule 407 does not apply in most strict liability cases, the DeLuryea court concluded that insofar as the allegation of inadequate warnings was concerned, Rule 407 was applicable.
The DeLuryea distinction applies to the circumstances of this case. Sani-Tate can be deemed defective only if the warnings were not adequate. The test of adequacy includes a comparison of the conduct of the defendant to the conduct of a hypothetical “reasonable” entity in the defendant’s position at the time. Because this claim requires proof that the defendant’s conduct fell short of some objectively ascertainable minimal standard, any liability will be based on “fault” in the traditional tort sense of failure to exercise reasonable care in circumstances wherein one has a duty to exercise reasonable care. We thus conclude that, in the circumstances of this case, CRE 407 is applicable.
CRE 407 contains the following exceptions:
This rule does not require the exclusion of evidence of subsequent measures when offered for another purpose, such as proving ownership, control, or feasibility of precautionary measures, if controverted, or impeachment.
The feasibility exception does not apply to cases wherein the defendant does not contest the feasibility of precautionary measures at the time of the incident. See, e.g., Herndon v. Seven Bar Flying Service, Inc., 716 F.2d 1322. Whether it is applicable in a particular case requires consideration of the legal and factual context of the case.
Here, in response to the trial court’s inquiry as to whether the feasibility of the new label was controverted, the following colloquy occurred:
[DEFENDANT’S ATTORNEY]: I don’t see how a label can be called feasible when you can’t use it because the government won’t let you use it, and this label was, in fact, produced in 1978, they are still trying to get the government to let them use it.
[PLAINTIFF’S ATTORNEY]: Well, they could have gotten the government’s permission back in 1955, they could have gotten it in 1960. That’s an E.P.A. label on that bottle right now that Tonya Up-tain used. I mean, the mere fact that they dillydally around in 1978 to apply for a proper label on their product and then come into court and say it’s not feasible — feasibility talks about the ability to design and put a label on the bottle.
[DEFENDANT’S ATTORNEY]: Which they don’t have.
[PLAINTIFF’S ATTORNEY]: If they applied for that permission back when they should have, that label would have been on this bottle ten years before this accident ever occurred....
Tr. at 31. It is thus apparent that Huntington controverted the feasibility of the new label. Therefore, CRE 407 does not require the exclusion of evidence of the new label.
In this case, however, the new label was submitted to the EPA for approval in 1978, one year prior to the date of the plaintiff’s injuries. Thus, the new label cannot be deemed a “subsequent” remedial measure. CRE 407 is expressly limited to measures taken “after an event.” The mere act of submitting a new Sani-Tate label to the EPA for approval would not have made the plaintiff’s injuries less likely to occur. Therefore, CRE 407 is not applicable to the plaintiff’s Exhibit N, which was not, even at the time of trial, a measure taken which would have made the plaintiffs injuries less likely to occur.
Because neither CRE 407 nor section 13-21-404 is applicable to the question of the admissibility of Exhibit N, we must turn to general guidelines of evidence admissibility. It is axiomatic that trial courts have broad discretion as to the admissibility of evidence. See KN Energy, Inc. v. Great Western Sugar Co., 698 P.2d 769 (Colo.1985), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 105 S.Ct. 3489, 87 L.Ed.2d 623 (1985); People v. Schwartz, 678 P.2d 1000 (Colo.1984). Although the record transmitted to this court does not include the trial court’s reasons for excluding the evidence of the label, the record supports the conclusion that the prejudicial effect of such evidence far outweighed its probative value. CRE 403. Considering the trial court’s concern with the fact that the new label was not yet in use and the plaintiff’s arguments that the new label would establish the defect in the old warning label, it is likely that the trial court based its ruling on this factor. In any event, the plaintiff has failed to establish that the exclusion of Exhibit N was an abuse of the trial court’s broad discretion in evidentiary matters. See People v. Lowe, 660 P.2d 1261 (Colo.1983). Accordingly, although we reject the conclusion of the Court of Appeals that Exhibit N was inadmissible because of section 13-21-404, we affirm the trial court’s decision to exclude that exhibit from the evidence.
III
The plaintiff finally argues that the Court of Appeals erred in concluding that because the plaintiff failed to object contemporaneously to the introduction of certain defense evidence, her pretrial objection to the introduction of that evidence by means of a motion in limine was lost for purposes of appeal. We agree, but conclude that the trial court did not err in admitting the evidence.
Anticipating that Huntington would seek to introduce evidence that it had never been sued for personal injuries resulting from the use of Sani-Tate, the plaintiff filed a motion in limine prior to trial to prevent the introduction of such evidence. After a hearing, the trial court concluded that the evidence was admissible and denied the motion. At the time Huntington elicited testimony on the subject, the plaintiff did not object.
CRE 103(a)(1) provides:
Error may not be predicated upon a ruling which admits or excludes evidence unless a substantial right of the party is affected, and
(1) Objection. In case the ruling is one admitting evidence, a timely objection or motion to strike appears of record, stating the specific ground of objection, if the specific ground was not apparent from the context....
The question is whether a motion in limine constitutes a “timely objection” for purposes of CRE 103(a)(1). A survey of those jurisdictions which have considered the issue reveals a split of authority.
Although the Colorado Rules of Evidence do not expressly authorize motions in li-mine, the Court of Appeals in Good v. A.B. Chance Co., 39 Colo.App. 70, 565 P.2d 217 (1977), noted that a trial court’s authority to rule on motions in limine is based on the trial court’s inherent authority to pass on questions of evidence admissibility and is reflected in the Colorado Rules of Civil Procedure. The court suggested that the purposes served by motions in limine were comparable to the purposes furthered by pretrial conferences, as authorized by C.R. C.P. 16(a)(8): to shorten trial time, to simplify the issues and to reduce the possibility of mistrial. In Albright v. District Court, 150 Colo. 487, 375 P.2d 685 (1962), we noted that for purposes of appeal approval of a pretrial order by a party did not effect a waiver of that party’s objections to the trial court’s pretrial rulings. We held:
The purpose of the pre-trial conference is to narrow the issues and to simplify the actual conduct of the trial on the merits. Objections duly made at time of pre-trial have the same purpose and effect as objections made at time of trial.
Id. at 491, 375 P.2d at 687.
We find no meaningful distinction between the effect of a pretrial ruling on a specific objection to the admissibility of particular evidence made as a result of a pretrial conference and a similar pretrial ruling resulting from a motion in limine insofar as the non-prevailing party’s right to have that ruling reviewed on appeal is concerned. Presentation of issues by means of motions in limine offers opportunities to expedite trials, eliminate bench conferences, avoid juror annoyance and permit more accurate rulings. In Higgs v. District Court, 713 P.2d 840 (Colo.1985), we held that where the pretrial motion in limine was directed to a broad array of evidence, such motion in limine did not constitute a timely objection for purposes of CRE 103(a)(1). However, the circumstances in the present case, where the motion in limine contained specific objections to the admission of specific items of anticipated evidence, differ markedly from those in Higgs. When, as here, a specific evidentia-ry issue is presented to the trial court in advance of trial, the primary purposes of the contemporaneous objection rule — to permit the trial court to accurately evaluate the legal issues and to enable the appellate court to apprehend the basis of the objection — are satisfied. Requiring an additional formal objection and ruling in all cases would undermine the benefits provided by the motion in limine procedure. We conclude that under the circumstances of this case, where the issue of the admissibility of the specific evidence was fully argued to the trial court on the same grounds argued by the non-prevailing party on appeal, the plaintiffs motion in limine constituted a timely objection for purposes of CRE 103(a)(1). The Court of Appeals’ contrary conclusion is erroneous.
Although the selective transcript of the pretrial proceedings provided on appeal does not indicate the trial court’s reasons for admitting the evidence, the record does reveal that Huntington relied upon section 13-21-403(3), 6 C.R.S. (1985 Supp.), to support its position that evidence of no prior claims against its product was admissible. Section 13-21-403(3) provides as follows:
Ten years after a product is first sold for use or consumption, it shall be rebutt-ably presumed that the product was not defective and that the manufacturer or seller thereof was not negligent and that all warnings and instructions were proper and adequate.
Implicit in this statutory language is the assumption that no other strict liability claims have been established against the particular product. The evidence in this case established that Sani-Tate had been marketed for twenty-five years in its present form and that no suit had been filed against the product or against Huntington with respect to the product. This evidence was relevant to the question of whether Huntington was entitled to an instruction informing the jury of the presumption created by section 13-21-403(3) and, therefore, was properly admitted by the trial court.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Court of Appeals is affirmed.
QUINN, C.J., dissents.
DUBOFSKY, J., does not participate.
QUINN, Chief Justice,
dissenting:
I respectfully dissent.
I.
While I agree with the conclusion in Part I of the court’s opinion that the court of appeals’ definition of misuse unduly broadens that affirmative defense, I disagree with the strong implication in the court’s opinion that a failure to read and follow a warning on a product will always support a jury instruction on misuse. I also disagree with the court’s conclusion that the trial court adequately instructed the jury on misuse in this case. In my view, the trial court’s instruction on misuse erroneously permitted the jury to find for the defendant even if the warning on the cleaning compound was not adequate to inform a user of the consequences of failing to follow the instructions regarding proper use of the product.
A.
The majority reasons that “the concept of misuse includes the use of a product in a manner other than that which was intended as well as use for an unintended purpose”; that regardless of the defective condition of a manufacturer’s product, the manufacturer “will not be liable if an unforeseeable misuse of the product causes the injuries”; and that in this case the plaintiffs failure to read and heed the warning printed on the product’s label and the plaintiff’s act of wringing out the swab with her hand “were arguably unforeseeable uses of Sani-Tate in a manner other than that intended” and thus could support a jury instruction on misuse. Majority opinion at 1325-26. I believe the majority, at least by implication, automatically and unnecessarily extends the defense of misuse to all cases involving a failure to read and follow warnings on a product regardless of the adequacy of the warning itself.
In order for a plaintiff to recover on a strict liability claim “[s]he must show that the product was defective, that the defect was attributable to the defendant, and [that] the defect caused the injury complained of.” W. Kimble & R. Lesher, Products Liability § 241 (1979); see also CJI-Civ.2d 14:18. A defendant manufacturer is entitled to defend a strict liability claim by asserting the defense of misuse — that is, that the plaintiff used the product “in a way other than that which was intended and which could not reasonably have been anticipated by the manufacturer,” and that such misuse, and not the defect in the product, actually caused the injury to the plaintiff. Jackson v. Harsco Corp., 673 P.2d 363, 367 (Colo.1983). The defense of misuse operates as an affirmative defense in that, even if the jury finds the product defective, the defendant may prevail if the jury finds that the plaintiff used the product for a purpose or in a manner neither intended nor reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer. Jackson, 673 P.2d at 367; Nelson v. Hydraulic Press Manufacturing Co., 84 Ill.App.3d 41, 39 Ill.Dec. 422, 404 N.E.2d 1013 (1980); see also Products Liability § 244, at 270.
When the warning accompanying a product is indeed adequate, I agree that a manufacturer may reasonably assume that users will read and heed the warning, Restatement (Second) of Torts § 402A comment j (1965), with the result that a user’s failure to follow an adequate warning cannot serve, by itself, as a basis for imputing a defect in a product that is otherwise not defective in its manufacture and design. When, however, the warning does not adequately alert a user to dangers likely to arise from improper use, it strains logic to conclude that the failure of a user to follow such an inadequate warning should give rise to the defense of misuse.
A product not otherwise defective in its manufacture and design may nonetheless be in a defective condition unreasonably dangerous to the user due to the failure of the manufacturer to give an adequate warning regarding the use of the product. A warning must be adequate both as to its form and content. A manufacturer must appropriately label a product, giving proper consideration to the likelihood of injury due to the failure to warn of dangers that are both inherent in the use of the product and that are likely to arise from improper handling of the product. Crane v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 218 Cal.App.2d 855, 32 Cal.Rptr. 754 (1963). Although a product may be safe so long as instructions for use are followed, there may nevertheless be dangers that are not obvious to the user and that may arise if directions are not strictly followed. Determination of the manufacturer’s liability in these instances should turn on whether “it was reasonably foreseeable that the user would fail to read directions or fail to follow them, in the absence of a warning as to consequences of such misuse.” Brown v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 136 Ariz. 556, 667 P.2d 750, 758 (Ct.App.1983) (quoting Products Liability § 199, at 210-11). We recognized as much in Hiigel v. General Motors Corp., 190 Colo. 57, 64, 544 P.2d 983, 988 (1976), when we stated that “the duty to warn may not be satisfied by directions which merely tell how to use the product, but say nothing about the inherent and specific dangers if directions are not followed.”
If the only defect at issue is the failure to adequately warn of the consequences of foreseeable misuse, the manufacturer should not be entitled to a jury instruction on the defense of misuse because, as previously noted, the defense of misuse applies only to a misuse that could not have been reasonably anticipated by a manufacturer. Jackson, 673 P.2d at 367. If in such a case the jury were to find that the warning on foreseeable misuse was adequate, the suit should end in the defendant’s favor on the basis that the product was not defective. If, on the other hand, the jury were to find that the warning regarding foreseeable misuse was inadequate, the manufacturer should not be able to assert as a defense that such foreseeable misuse indeed occurred. For example, a warning buried in fine print in the middle of a lengthy instruction booklet might render a product defective by reason of the failure to provide a warning reasonably calculated to catch the attention of the prudent consumer as to the consequences of not strictly following the instruction on proper use. Since misuse does not operate as a defense unless the product is being used in a manner neither intended nor reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer, the manufacturer should not be entitled to an instruction on misuse based on the user’s failure to read a warning which the manufacturer could reasonably expect would not be noticed by the prudent consumer. Likewise, when a warning is ambiguous and the user fails to follow it in a way that the manufacturer intended but did not adequately express, the use of the product contrary to the manufacturer’s unexpressed intent should not give rise to the defense of misuse.
B.
In this case, the only defect at issue was the alleged failure of Huntington Lab, Inc., to provide an adequate warning regarding the use of its product. The trial court instructed the jury on this issue as follows:
In order for the plaintiff, Tonya Up-tain, to recover from the defendant, Huntington Lab, Inc., on her claim for damages, you must find all of the following to have been proved:
1. the instructions for use, and the warnings of dangers associated with that use, which accompanied Sani-Tate were inadequate;
2. the inadequate instructions and warnings rendered Sani-Tate unreasonably dangerous when it was used for its intended purpose. To be unreasonably dangerous, Sani-Tate, because of inadequate instructions and warnings, must have created a risk of harm to persons which would not ordinarily be expected;
3. the plaintiffs injuries were proximately caused by this unreasonably dangerous condition.
If you find that one or more of these propositions has not been proved by a preponderance of the evidence, then your verdict must be for the defendant.
On the other hand, if you find that all of these propositions have been proved by a preponderance of the evidence, then your verdict must be for the plaintiff, unless you find plaintiff misused the product as defined in another instruction.
The court then, over the plaintiffs objection, instructed the jury on misuse as follows:
A manufacturer of a product is not legally responsible for injuries caused by a product if: (1) the product is used in a manner or for a purpose other than that which was intended and which could not reasonably have been expected; and (2) such use rather than a defect, if any, in the product caused the plaintiffs claimed injuries.
These instructions permitted the jury to improperly apply the misuse instruction to a situation clearly outside the intended scope of the misuse defense. In effect, the jury was allowed to return a verdict for the defendant on the basis of the misuse instruction even though the jury may have already determined that the product was defective due to an inadequate warning in regard to the consequences of foreseeable misuse and that this defect was the proximate cause of the plaintiffs injuries. This instructional flaw warrants a new trial.
II.
I also dissent from Part II of the court’s opinion, which holds that the trial court properly excluded evidence of the new Sani-Tate label because the prejudicial effect of such evidence outweighed its probative value. The plaintiffs strict liability claim was predicated on the manufacturer’s failure to warn users of the dangers associated with the use of Sani-Tate cleaning fluid. In Colorado, a manufacturer’s duty is to adequately warn users of the proper way of using the product and the dangers associated with normal use and reasonably foreseeable misuse. See Jackson, 673 P.2d at 367. Section 13-21-404, 6 C.R.S. (1985 Supp.), expressly provides that “evidence of any scientific advancements ... in labeling, warnings of risks or hazards, or instructions for the use of such product, where such advancements were discovered subsequent to the time the product in issue was sold by the manufacturer, shall not be admissible for any purpose other than to show a duty to warn." (emphasis added). The court finds this statute inapplicable because, in its view, the new label advising users to wear rubber gloves was not the result of “newly discovered scientific knowledge.” Majority opinion at 1327. Even if evidence of a new label cannot properly be categorized as “newly discovered scientific knowledge,” such evidence is not inadmissible as long as it is otherwise legally relevant to show a duty to warn. The plaintiff’s proferred evidence of the new Sani-Tate label clearly qualified for admission under the applicable standards of legal relevancy.
A.
Although not necessary to a resolution of this case, the court determines that the exclusionary provision of CRE 407 applies equally to a strict liability claim as it does to a negligence claim. Rule 407 provides, in pertinent part, that “evidence of the subsequent [remedial] measures is not admissible to prove negligence or culpable conduct in connection with the event,” but exclusion is not required when this evidence is offered for some other purpose, such as proving the feasibility of precautionary measures, if controverted. The intent underlying CRE 407, and its identical federal counterpart, is that the exclusion of evidence of subsequent remedial measures should only apply in cases involving negligence or culpable conduct and not to a claim predicated on strict liability. This intent is evidenced by the Evidence Committee’s comment to Rule 407, which states that “[t]he phrase ‘culpable conduct’ is not deemed to include proof of liability in a ‘strict liability’ case based on defect, where the subsequent measures are properly admitted as evidence of the original defect.”
The rationale for not applying Rule 407 in strict liability cases has been cogently analyzed in Herndon v. Seven Bar Flying Service, Inc., 716 F.2d 1322 (10th Cir.1983), and Ault v. International Harvester Co., 13 Cal.3d 113, 117 Cal.Rptr. 812, 528 P.2d 1148 (1974). A strict liability claim for a product defect focuses on the product itself, not the culpability of the manufacturer, and the policies undergirding strict liability would be seriously impaired by extending a negligence-based rule of evidence to these claims. Furthermore, it is utter speculation, and unreasonable speculation at that, to suppose that manufacturers would risk innumerable lawsuits by foregoing improved warnings as to use or other improvements in their products in order to avoid the possible use of such evidence in subsequent litigation. Moreover, the fact that the alleged defect is an inadequate warning does not change the nature of the claim from one of strict liability to one based on culpable fault. I would therefore not apply the exclusionary provisions of CRE 407 to a strict liability claim.
B.
The appropriate standards for determining the admissibility of the new label are found in CRE 401 and 403. CRE 401 defines relevant evidence as evidence “having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable ... than it would be without the evidence.” CRE 401. The evidence in question, consisting of a new label advising users of Sani-Tate to wear rubber gloves when using the product, is obviously relevant to the basic issue in this case — that is, whether the manufacturer satisfied its duty to adequately warn users of the proper way of using the product and the dangers associated with normal and reasonably foreseeable misuse.
The question remains whether this relevant evidence was properly excluded under CRE 403 because its probative value was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Since CRE 403 permits the trial court to exclude otherwise relevant evidence, it should be applied sparingly. United States v. Meester, 762 F.2d 867, 874-76, reh’g denied en banc, 768 F.2d 1353 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 106 S.Ct. 579, 88 L.Ed.2d 562 (1985); Ebanks v. Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., 688 F.2d 716, 722-23, reh’g denied, 693 F.2d 135 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1083, 103 S.Ct. 1774, 76 L.Ed.2d 346 (1983); see also 2 D. Louisell & C. Mueller, Federal Evidence § 125 (1985). The only prejudice attached to the evidence concerning the new label, in my view, is that it may be indicative of liability on the part of the manufacturer — that is, it may show the product was not adequately la-belled. However, Rule 403 only requires exclusion of relevant evidence when that evidence is outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. It “does not protect against evidence that is prejudicial merely in the sense that it is detrimental to a party’s case.” United States v. Michaels, 726 F.2d 1307, 1315 (8th Cir.1984), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 105 S.Ct. 92, 83 L.Ed.2d 38 (1984). Virtually all evidence is prejudicial in that sense, but not in the “unfair” sense contemplated by CRE 403. Kelsay v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 749 F.2d 437, 443 (7th Cir.1984). There is no question in my mind that the proffered evidence was both logically and legally relevant to the issue of the manufacturer’s duty to warn and should have been admitted for that limited purpose with an appropriate limiting instruction given to the jury.
III.
Finally, I disagree with the court’s conclusion in Part III that under CRE 103(a)(1) the plaintiff’s motion in limine constituted a timely objection to the defendant’s proffered evidence of lack of prior lawsuits involving the use of Sani-Tate, thereby dispensing with the need for the plaintiff to make a contemporaneous objection to such evidence during the trial of the case. The factors bearing on admissibility of a particular item of evidence, particularly its logical and legal relevancy, can best be evaluated in the context of the evidentiary state of the record at trial rather than in the artificial atmosphere of a motion in limine. Higgs v. District Court, 713 P.2d 840, 859 (Colo.1985). For this reason, the denial of a motion in limine should not eliminate the requirement of a contemporaneous objection to the evidence when such evidence is offered at trial. While the contemporaneous objection need not recite in detail the specific objections outlined in the motion in limine, and may be made outside the presence or hearing of the jury, the objection should at least incorporate by reference all or part of the objections previously urged and add any new objections to the challenged evidence that the objecting party desires to make. Only in this way can trial and appellate courts be certain that the objecting party, for reasons of trial strategy or otherwise, was not abandoning the objections raised at a pretrial motion in limine. The plaintiff, in my view, waived any objection to the evidence in question by not making a contemporaneous objection during trial when the evidence was offered in the defendant’s case.
Because the court proceeds to address the merits of the plaintiff’s evidentiary claim, I voice my disagreement with the court’s construction and application of section 13-21-403(3), 6 C.R.S. (1985 Supp.), in a manner that supports the admission of the challenged evidence. Section 13-21-403(3) states:
Ten years after a product is first sold for use or consumption, it shall be rebutt-ably presumed that the product was not defective and that the manufacturer or seller thereof was not negligent and that all warnings and instructions were proper and adequate.
To be sure, the legislature has the power to enact a statute declaring that proof of one fact shall give rise to a presumption that another fact is true. Mobile, Jackson and Kansas City Railroad Co. v. Turnipseed, 219 U.S. 35, 42, 31 S.Ct. 136, 137, 55 L.Ed. 78 (1910). To comply with basic standards of due process, however, the statutory presumption must be based on “some rational connection between the fact proved and the ultimate fact presumed, and the inference of one fact from proof of another [must] not be so unreasonable as to be a purely arbitrary mandate.” Id. at 43, 31 S.Ct. at 138. Simply put, “[legislative fiat may not take the place of fact in the judicial determination of issues involving life, liberty or property.” Western and Atlantic Railroad v. Henderson, 279 U.S. 639, 642, 49 S.Ct. 445, 447, 73 L.Ed. 884 (1929).
Section 13-21-403(3), on its face and as construed by the majority, does not satisfy these standards. The statute, on its face, creates a presumption that a product is not defective if it has been sold for use or consumption for ten years. If the history of product liability litigation proves anything, it demonstrates that complex issues of causation frequently come to the surface only after the passage of a considerable period of time during which correlations develop concerning the relationship of an ingredient or component of a product to injury or illness. Moreover, the appearance of a defect within ten years after a product is first sold depends on a number of factors other than the mere passage of time, such as, for example, the frequency of use by the average consumer, the nature of the defect, and the conditions necessary to bring the defect to the knowledge of both the professionals dealing with the product and the ordinary consumer. Some defects take much longer than ten years to discover. The drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a case in point. This drug caused no immediate injury to many users, but did create problems in users’ daughters more than ten years after the initial ingestion of the drug by the user. See McMahon v. Eli Lilly & Co., 774 F.2d 830 (7th Cir.1985); Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories, 26 Cal.3d 588, 163 Cal.Rptr. 132, 607 P.2d 924, cert. denied, 449 U.S. 912, 101 S.Ct. 285, 66 L.Ed.2d 140 (1980). Similarly, the dangerous propensities of asbestos did not lead to litigation until people exposed to this product developed cancer many years after the initial exposure. See Odum v. Celotex Corp., 764 F.2d 1486 (11th Cir.1985); Insurance Co. of North America v. Forty-Eight Insulations, Inc., 633 F.2d 1212, 1214 n. 1 (6th Cir.1980), reh’g granted and opinion clarified, 657 F.2d 814, cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1109, 102 S.Ct. 686, 70 L.Ed.2d 650 (1981); Borel v. Fibreboard Paper Products Corp., 493 F.2d 1076, 1083 (5th Cir.1973), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 869, 95 S.Ct. 127, 42 L.Ed.2d 107 (1974).
In an effort to provide some semblance of rationality to the statute, the court reads into it the requirement that during the ten year period there be no lawsuits filed against the manufacturer of the product. Majority opinion at 1331 and n. 10. I fail to understand how this requirement somehow provides a rational nexus between the proved fact of no litigation during a ten year period and the presumed fact of a nondefective product. A manufacturer, for example, might receive numerous complaints about the operation of a product and take no action to enhance its safety, but nonetheless no lawsuit is filed because none of the complaining parties actually sustained injuries. Perhaps more to the point is the evidentia-ry problem implicit in the court’s construction of the statute. If it can be presumed that a product is not defective because no lawsuits were filed during the ten years after the product is first sold, it follows by a parity of reasoning that it also should be presumed that a product is defective when lawsuits have been filed during this ten year period. Such a presumption, however, would turn on its head the traditional rule against presuming liability from the mere filing of a lawsuit. See City of Aurora v. Weeks, 152 Colo. 509, 384 P.2d 90 (1963).
I fail to see any rational connection between the lack of litigation during the first ten years of the marketing of the product and the lack of any defect in the product. The admission of evidence concerning the lack of lawsuits involving Sani-Tate was erroneous.
For the above reasons, I would reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and would remand the case for a new trial.
. After concluding that jury instruction No. 15 was an appropriate instruction in the case, the Court of Appeals stated:
In the future, however, we believe the instruction should more clearly emphasize the element of foreseeability of a dangerous condition on the part of the manufacturer. Therefore, the phrase "by the manufacturer” should be added after the word "expected” in the above-quoted portion of the instruction. With this addition, the instruction conforms more closely to the elements of misuse set out in Jackson v. Harsco, supra.
Uptain, 685 P.2d at 221. Because we find that under the circumstances of the case before us there was no error in the giving of jury instruction No. 15, we deem it inappropriate to determine the general correctness of pattern jury instruction No. 14:22.
. In response to the plaintiffs argument that Good v. A.B. Chance Co., 39 Colo.App. 70, 565 P.2d 217 (1977), supported the admission of Exhibit N, the trial court stated: “Except it’s not quite the same. If [the new label] were on this new bottle, I would have no hesitancy.”
. Because we disapprove the Court of Appeals’ determination that section 13-21-404 barred the admission of Exhibit N, we need not decide whether "to show a duty to warn" applies to cases where only adequacy of the warning, not the duty to warn, is at issue.
. Whether the defendant's definition of feasibility — the practical ability of putting the new label on the bottle — is the definition of feasibility in the context of a duty to warn case is unnecessary to our resolution of this issue. The defendant’s belief that feasibility was controverted suffices for purposes of determining the threshold applicability of the feasibility exception to CRE 407.
. The record on appeal includes only the trial court’s summary ruling on the motion in limine and the reargument of the parties. The parties’ original arguments were not transcribed.
. Compare Rojas v. Richardson, 703 F.2d 186 (5th Cir.1983) (motion in limine does not preserve error for appeal); Northwestern Flyers, Inc. v. Olson Bro. Mfg. Co., 679 F.2d 1264 (8th Cir.1982); Collins v. Wayne Corp., 621 F.2d 777 (5th Cir.1980); United States v. Helina, 549 F.2d 713 (9th Cir.1977); People v. Stewart, 140 Cal.App.3d 11, 189 Cal.Rptr. 141 (1983); Douglas v. Lombardino, 236 Kan. 471, 693 P.2d 1138 (1985); Maricle v. Spiegel, 213 Neb. 223, 329 N.W.2d 80 (1983); State v. Leslie, 14 Ohio App.3d 343, 471 N.E.2d 503 (1984); Zehner v. Post Oak Oil Co., 640 P.2d 991 (Okla.App.1981); Dailey v. Wheat, 681 S.W.2d 747 (Tex.App.1984); State v. Lesley, 672 P.2d 79 (Utah 1983); with American Home Assurance Co. v. Sunshine Supermarket, Inc., 753 F.2d 321 (3d Cir.1985) (motion in limine preserves error for appeal); Sheehy v. Southern Pacific Transportation Co., 631 F.2d 649 (9th Cir.1980); Reyes v. Missouri Pacific Railroad Co., 589 F.2d 791 (5th Cir.1979); United States v. Williams, 561 F.2d 859 (D.C.Cir.1977); Loof v. Sanders, 686 P.2d 1205 (Alaska 1984); State v. Lujan, 136 Ariz. 326, 666 P.2d 71 (1983); Harley-Davidson Motor Co. v. Daniel, 244 Ga. 284, 260 S.E.2d 20 (1979); State v.
Foster, 296 Or. 174, 674 P.2d 587 (1983); State v. Kelly, 102 Wash.2d 188, 685 P.2d 564 (1984).
In Wyoming, the Committee Note to Wyo. R.Ev. 103 states that objection at trial to evidence ruled admissible on a motion in limine is not necessary to preserve the issue for appeal. The Ninth Circuit in Burgess v. Premier Corp., 727 F.2d 826 (9th Cir.1984), noted that it was not clear whether a motion in limine was sufficient to preserve error for appeal absent a contemporaneous objection. The Second Circuit observed that the reasons for strict application of Rule 103 to a failure to object are less compelling where the court has made a pretrial ruling that the evidence will be admissible. Robinson v. Shapiro, 646 F.2d 734 (2d Cir.1981). In United States v. Guerrero, 650 F.2d 728 (5th Cir.1981), the court noted that although a motion in limine would preserve error for appeal in some circumstances, an objection to evidence at trial based on different grounds than those argued on the motion in limine did not preserve the motion in limine objections for appeal.
. FRE 103(c) has also been suggested as a basis for motions in limine. 21 Wright & Graham, Federal Practice and Procedure § 5037 at 194 (1977). CRE 103(c), which is identical to FRE 103(c), provides:
In jury cases, proceedings shall be conducted, to the extent practicable, so as to prevent inadmissible evidence from being suggested to the jury by any means, such as making statements or offers of proof or asking questions in the hearing of the jury.
. C.R.C.P. 16(a)(8) provides:
In every action in which a contested trial is to be held, the court may in its discretion direct the attorneys for the parties to appear before it for a conference:
To consider any other matters that will simplify the issues and further aid in the disposition of the controversy.
. We do not suggest that a contemporaneous objection is never necessary to preserve an evi-dentiary question for appellate review. For example, a party might find at trial that a ground different from the grounds articulated in a preliminary motion in limine is appropriate to interpose at the time the evidence is offered. A failure to request the trial court to consider this new basis for objection to the evidence would in all probability result in the loss of any right to appellate review of the validity of the new basis for opposing admission of the evidence.
. Statutory presumptions in civil cases generally arise where there is a rational connection between the proved fact and the presumed fact. See generally McCormick on Evidence § 244 (1972). The mere fact that a product has been marketed for ten years or more does not, without more, lead to the natural inference that the product is not defective. However, evidence that a product marketed for more than ten years without any products liability lawsuits having been filed against it is rationally connected to the issue of whether the product is defective under § 402A.
.The Court of Appeals commented in its opinion that evidence of a lack of prior accidents is generally not admissible, relying upon our decision in Anderson v. Heron Engineering Co., 198 Colo. 391, 604 P.2d 674 (1979). However, in that strict products liability case the defendant introduced evidence of a lack of prior accidents to establish it had no knowledge of the product’s defect. Emphasizing that in strict liability cases the focus is on the condition of the product rather than on the reasonableness of the manufacturer’s conduct, we concluded that the proffered evidence was not relevant to prove knowledge because “the defendant’s knowledge of a defect that renders a product unreasonably dangerous is assumed in strict liability cases.” Id. at 398, 604 P.2d at 679. Anderson is distinguishable from the present case, where Huntington sought to introduce the evidence of lack of prior accidents to show the defect-free nature of Sani-Tate — an essential issue in the case. The broad statement that evidence of lack of prior accidents is not generally admissible is subject to the qualification here noted.
. CJI-Civ.2d 14:20 states:
(A product is) (A product not otherwise defective in its manufacture or design becomes) defective and unreasonably dangerous if it is not accompanied by sufficient (warnings) (or) (instructions for use). To be sufficient, such (warnings) (or) (instructions for use) must adequately inform the ordinary user of any specific risk of harm which may be involved in (any intended or reasonably expected use) (or) (any failure to properly follow instructions when using the product for any intended or reasonably expected use).
The Notes on Use to this instruction provide as follows:
This instruction should be given whenever one or more of the claimed defects involves the lack or adequacy of warnings or instructions for the use of the product. The first parenthetical clause in the first sentence should be used when the only defect claimed in the product is the inadequacy of warnings or instructions. The second parenthetical clause should be used when the claimed defect also involves, or another claimed defect involves, manufacture or design. See Notes on Use to Instruction 14:19.
Use whichever other parenthesized words are appropriate. In certain cases this instruction may need to be modified to make it clear that the adequacy of warnings or instructions are to be tested in terms of the persons or groups of persons to whom such warnings and instructions are normally expected to be addressed. For example, warnings dealing with the side effects of prescription drugs will normally be addressed to physicians and pharmacists, rather than to the ultimate consumer. See, e.g., Hamilton v. Hardy, 37 Colo.App. 375, 549 P.2d 1099 (1976).
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CASELAW
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Mathematics of the Jewish Calendar/The lengths of the months
The lengths of the months
Although the New Year occurs at the start of the month of Tishri (that is the traditional spelling, although increasingly the spelling Tishrei is preferred), the Bible commands that Nissan should be regarded as the first month. ("This month shall be for you the beginning of months: it shall be the first month of the year for you." See Exodus Chapter 12 verse 2.)
As a general rule, the months are alternately 30 and 29 days. As will be explained later, two months (Cheshvan and Kislev) are of variable length. Further, in leap years, an extra month called Adar Rishon (First Adar) is inserted before the month of Adar, which is then renamed Adar Sheni (Second Adar). The months are as follows:
* Nisan, 30 days
* Iyar, 29 days
* Sivan, 30 days
* Tammuz, 29 days
* Av (or Menachem Av), 30 days
* Ellul, 29 days
* Tishri (or Tishrei), 30 days
* Cheshvan (or Marcheshvan), 29 days; sometimes 30 days
* Kislev, 30 days; sometimes 29 days
* Tevet, 29 days
* Shevat, 30 days
* [Adar Rishon (only in leap years), 30 days]
* Adar (called Adar Sheni in leap years), 29 days
In a regular (כסדרן) year, Cheshvan has 29 days and Kislev has 30 — consistent with the pattern of the lengths of the other months, and there are a total of 354 days (384 in a leap year). If Cheshvan and Kislev both have 30 days, the year is called complete (מלא) and there are 355 days (385 in a leap year). If Cheshvan and Kislev both have 29 days, the year is called deficient (חסר)and there are 353 days (383 in a leap year).
Thus an ordinary year can have 353, 354 or 355 days, and a leap year can have 383, 384 or 385 days. No year is allowed to fall outside these limits of length.
Note that 385 days is exactly 55 weeks, so that the Rosh Hashana of a year following an abundant leap year always falls on the same day of the week as the Rosh Hashana of that year. This does not happen with other year types.
It is possible for six consecutive years to contain all six lengths; for example, 5801-5806 does so.
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WIKI
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List of awards and nominations received by Twice
This is a list of awards and nominations received by Twice, a South Korean girl group formed by JYP Entertainment in 2015. Since their debut they have received several awards and nominations including seven Circle Chart Music Awards, twelve Golden Disc Awards, eighteen MAMA Awards, five Melon Music Awards and seven Seoul Music Awards, as well as three MTV Europe Music Awards nominations and two MTV Video Music Awards nominations.
The group debuted in 2015 with "Like Ooh-Ahh", the lead single from the EP The Story Begins. The debut was a success and led the group to win rookie awards such as Rookie of the Year Award at the Golden Disc Awards and Best New Female Group at the 2015 Mnet Asian Music Awards. In 2016, they released "Cheer Up" to commercial success being their first of nine consecutive number-one singles at the Circle Digital Chart. The song won both Digital Bonsang and Digital Daesang at the 2017 Golden Disc Awards and Song of the Year at the 2016 Melon Music Awards. It also won Song of the Year at the 2016 Mnet Asian Music Awards, an award they would win the following two years (for "Signal" in 2017 and "What Is Love?" in 2018), being the act with most wins in the category tied with BTS with three wins. "Cheer Up" also gave the group their first win for the MAMA Award for Best Female Group.
In 2017 they released their debut studio album Twicetagram, which won Album Bonsang at the 32nd Golden Disc Awards, as well as four singles including "Knock Knock" and "Signal", which won Best Dance – Female at the 2017 Melon Music Awards and Best Dance Performance (Female Group) at the 2017 Mnet Asian Music Awards, respectively. Also in 2017, the group received a commendation awarded at the Korean Popular Culture and Arts Awards, hosted by the South Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, given to recognize individuals or groups for their contribution to popular culture in South Korea and abroad. In 2018, they released the successful singles "What Is Love?", "Dance the Night Away" and "Yes or Yes". At the 2018 Mnet Asian Music Awards, they won five awards including their second win for Best Female Group, while at the 2016 Gaon Chart Music Awards, "What Is Love?" won Song of the Year – April and "Dance the Night Away" won Song of the Year – July.
In 2019 they released the singles "Fancy" and "Feel Special", the latter was their first number-one at the World Digital Songs chart. At the 2019 Mnet Asian Music Awards, "Fancy" won their third MAMA Award for Best Dance Performance (Female Group) while the EP Fancy You was nominated for Album of the Year. Their second studio album Eyes Wide Open was released in 2020. The same year they released the EP More & More which won Album Bonsang at the 35th Golden Disc Awards. The following year the single "Alcohol-Free" was released, the song was nominated for the MTV Video Music Award for Best K-Pop, being their first MTV VMA nomination. At the 2021 Mnet Asian Music Awards, the group won Best Female Group for the fourth time, being the girl group with most wins in the category. Their third studio album Formula of Love: O+T=＜3 was released in 2021, its lead single "Scientist" won Artist of the Year – Digital Music (November) at the 11th Gaon Chart Music Awards.
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WIKI
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pokémon Highway
The result was Delete. (aeropa gitica) 12:50, 2 September 2006 (UTC)
Pokémon Highway
Does not meet WP:WEB. NN Pokecruft site. Delete. exolon 19:52, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
* Delete. Not only non-notable, but remarkably elusive; the link in the article was a 404 when I tried it. Googling did eventually reveal a forum with the same logo, here, which has 49 members, well below what WP:WEB proposes used to propose. Note that Google returns only 26 results (!) for "pokemon highway", and most of those are nothing to do with the league in question -- sites with text like "hardcore hentai pokemon highway protection" (I didn't dare look further) are rated higher than the actual league! Sorry, but I just don't see this being important enough to warrant an article in an encyclopedia. — Haeleth Talk 22:01, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Japan-related deletions. -- Neier 22:02, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
* Delete. Can we speedy as a not-notable group? :) Dlohcierekim 02:36, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
* Regular delete per nom. Websites don't fall under A7. --Core des at talk. ^_^ 07:05, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been added to the list of CVG deletions. RandyWang ( chat/patch ) 12:26, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
* Delete per nomination, existant for the sake of the Diamond and Pearl article? --T e tsuya-san (talk : contribs) 15:57, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
* Speedy as unremarkable group/vanity page WP:SPEEDY Altair 19:36, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
* Note: Article refers to the actual league (group of people) and not the website in question. Altair 19:40, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
* Delete, Pokécruft. GarrettTalk 01:05, 2 September 2006 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Wikipedia:Teahouse/Questions/Archive 160
Advices for a Rookie about two articles
Hello,
After several months of editing, I've opened accounts both on the French and English Wikipedia and, after redacting three articles for the French Wikipedia, I've decided to create articles on the following subjects with the following problems: -Murder of Agnès Marin: problems of neutrality. -Billy Monk (criminal): problem of notability.
Please, give me some advice. --Jean Po (talk) 14:01, 21 November 2013 (UTC)
* Welcome to the Teahouse,.
* The first article is written in really bad, mangled English. Although this can be corrected, it may well influence some reviewers against the article. Although this is a very tragic and horrific case, it seems pretty run-of-the-mill to me. A disturbed young man raped and killed a young girl. This is heartbreaking for the family and friends and all concerned. But I am unconvinced that this case is notable enough that we should have an encyclopedia article about it.
* The claim of notability of the topic of the second article is that he was the last person executed in California for a crime that didn't result in the death of the victim. Certainly, this would not have been considered notable at the time, as people back then had no way of knowing he would be the last. So, in my opinion, it comes down to how reliable sources covered the case back then, and especially as the years have passed. Was the case covered as routine, or was significant attention devoted to the use of the death penalty in a case where the person convicted didn't kill anyone? That is the case you will have to make for this article. The single reference now in the article is brief run-of-the-mill coverage, which incorrectly calls him a "slayer". Cullen 328 Let's discuss it 05:58, 22 November 2013 (UTC)
* The subject of the first draft is notable because of the political debate caused about crime, sex offenders ,recivism and juvenile delinquency; I will correct the article as for the language.
* Billy Wesley Monk isn't only the last non-murderer executed in California, he is also the last person to die for non-lethal kidnapping in the U.S.
* I've used a court ruling (People v. Monk) describing the crimes commited, the Espy files explaining his claim of being the last non-fatal kidnapper to die and a press article explaining the backgroung of the offender other than the one speaking about him being a "slayer".
* --Jean Po (talk) 19:06, 22 November 2013 (UTC)
* The court ruling is a primary source which by itself doesn't establish notability. We need significant coverage in independent, secondary reliable sources. The Espy files are an attempt by an amateur researcher to document every single case involving capital punishment. Though worthy and useful, it does not establish notability for one specific case, since it gives indiscriminate coverage to every single known case. The other references at present are simply passing mentions. Cullen 328 Let's discuss it 05:56, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
Suferring through this -
Recently on a few occassions when I saved a page it showed me this message. Considering it a server issue I ignored it but its happening quite frequently and now I spotted this and I am getting worried as to whether this bug is faced only by me or is it a bug at all? The result my save got saved thrice leading to the same thing appearing three times, fortunately it happened on talk I don't want it to happen on article space.
Help needed hosts. Sohambanerjee1998 12:49, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
* I've been getting these sporadically as well, but the important thing to remember is that in almost all cases the edit is actually being saved and doesn't need to be repeated. Just back out of that screen and check the page's history or your contributions to confirm that the edit went through. There's been some relevant discussion at the Village Pump, here and here, but no one there appears to know exactly what's going on. Deor (talk) 11:09, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
* I noticed that, looks like its the only way to get past it. Sohambanerjee1998 11:13, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
Planning to do a merge, want to make sure I'm doing it properly
The article Frame problem has a tag indicating a proposed merger with the article Frame problem (philosophy) I.e., keep Frame problem but merge Frame problem (philosophy) -- which is currently a stub -- into it. The proposed merge tag been there since April of this year and I've commented in support of the merge and no one has commented against it. I documented the reasons on the Talk page in more detail but essentially The Frame Problem simply IS a philosophical problem, one that deals with First Order Logic in Artificial Intelligence applications. From the beginning it's been described as a philosophical problem and it makes no sense to have one article on the general problem and then one on the "philosophical" version, they are the same problem. I've made sure that everything of value in the article to be merged is reflected in the article that it is to be merged into. So as I understand it my next step now would be to replace the content of the Stub article: Frame problem (philosophy) with the following: #REDIRECT Frame problem And then document on the pages that the merge has been complete. I haven't done a merge before and wanted to make a quick check that I wasn't missing anything and had followed all the steps correctly. RedDog (talk) 14:30, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
Feedback on my first article please!
Hi all, thanks to Theopolisme for the invitation to the Teahouse. I feel very welcomed!
I'm wondering if someone could give me some feedback on my first article.
Articles for creation/Face Animation Parameter
thanks very much!!! coriSuzannech (talk) 15:22, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
* Welcome to the Teahouse. The draft concerned is Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Face Animation Parameter. Reviewers will give their views, but at first glance there appear to be no references to reliable sources independent of the subject to show the subject's notability. - David Biddulph (talk) 15:39, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
Need Help Getting WP 1.0 bot to assess project statistics
By emulating another WikiProject's Project Statistics set-up, I had successfully gotten the User:WP 1.0 bot to generate project statistics for the GLAM/University of California Riverside Libraries site. However, I had used the project name "University of California Riverside-related" instead of the more accurate ""University of California Riverside Libraries". I discovered that the WikiProject University of California had a subcategory for University of California/Riverside, so attempted to redo the project statistics to specifically generate statistics for pages related to the UCR Libraries WikiProject, not the larger University of California / Riverside project.
I have copied and edited all of the necessary template, but when I go to run the User:WP 1.0 bot, it cannot find the new Project in its database. Could someone review what I have done and provide any suggestions on how I can fix this situation?
If it helps, here is the link to the new table: Version 1.0 Editorial Team/University of California Riverside Libraries-related articles by quality statistics. (Please note: the numbers shown in the table are from the old table).
Thanks for any guidance or suggestions. Stevenmg (talk) 12:45, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
* Everything seems to be working fine. It appears that WP 1.0 bot discovered the changes that I made, now sees the new WikiProject name, and is allowing manual selection of the project for indexing as well as automatically indexing the appropriate pages. Stevenmg (talk) 17:18, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
making a new article
how to make a new article 123456789ami (talk) 10:00, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
* Hi 123456789ami, and welcome! Please take a look at Starting an article and Your first article. benzband ( talk ) 11:20, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
* Welcome to the Teahouse, . Another good resource for beginners is the Primer. Cullen 328 Let's discuss it 17:39, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
Deleting a disambiguation page
There are two films under the name Iravum Pagalum. A disambiguation page was created for the same, though one of them doesn't have an article yet on wiki. Since hatnotes would suffice, I wanna get the disam page deleted. Can someone get it done if you concur? Thanks. -- Sriram speak up 14:55, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
* Hi. It's worth first assessing the viability of an article at . Are there sources out there to warrant a brief stub at the moment, or is someone likely to create the article in the very near future? The history of shows that was moved a couple of months ago. Therefore, my assessment would be to place db-move at Iravum Pagalum in order to move Iravum Pagalum (1965 film) back there. If you like, you could explain this on the talk page afterwards. But it'd probably be sufficient to concisely explain your reasoning in the edit summary. Some might advise contacting the editor who performed the original move but this could generate unnecessary discussion: if and when the 2013 film gets an article, the move can be made again, and the disambiguation page recreated. Of course, if you have specialist subject knowledge (which I don't) you may conclude your assessment differently to me. I hope that's of some help. Cheers. -- Trevj (talk) 19:20, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
noob question! (need help in adding a photo to a page)
well,the summary says it all. i have read the help page and everything...still i am a bit confused. can anyone please guide me?Rugwedsoman (talk) 17:12, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
* Assuming the photo is not already on Wikipedia, in short, you can't yet, because this was your first edit, so your account is not WP:Autoconfirmed. You can either wait 4 days, and carry out 10 edits, so it becomes autoconfirmed, or request an upload at Files for upload. Arjayay (talk) 17:50, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
* Greetings Rugwesoman, welcome to the teahouse. Arjayay is correct of course about needing to be autoconfirmed, however, there is one option you can use even if you aren't confirmed yet I think and I would advise you to always make this your first option when looking to add images, even once you are confirmed. And that is look for images in the Commons. Images in the Commons are images that Wikipedia has the full legal rights to so anything you find in there you know you can just use on a Wikipedia page. This is important because one of the most complex issues for new Wikipedia users (and one that gets moderately experienced users like me trouble still at times) is figuring out what is and isn't copyrighted when it comes to images. Many of us are used to personal blogs where we can just find and copy an image from the Internet but the rules on Wikipedia are a lot more stringent. To use an image that isn't in the commons you need to prove you have copyright for that image or you need to justify that you are using it in a special way that is allowed by Copyright laws even though you don't have the full rights. This article gives you some of the gory details wp:Uploading images Your best bet is to stick with the Commons as much as possible to the extent you can. RedDog (talk) 19:40, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
Userpage : Safe as Draft?
Is there a way to edit and save, it but not imply your user page? Such as saving it as a draft?Speedy Editing (talk) 21:27, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
* What do you mean by imply? If you want to preview a page without saving it, click Show Preview when making your edit :) Samwalton9 (talk) 21:33, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
* I want to create a draft of my user page, but I also want to be able to save the draft and come back to it to edit it later.Speedy Editing hit_me_up 21:40, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
* You can draft it at any sub page such as User:Speedy Editing/draft :) Samwalton9 (talk) 21:42, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
* Oh! Thanks! You were very helpful.Speedy Editing hit_me_up 21:44, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
Photos from Wikimedia:Commons
I have made an article. How do you put in photos from Wikimedia:Commons?
Srolanh (talk) 00:56, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* Hi, there are many ways, but one is just to insert a link like this: Beautiful_image.png (for an image called "Beautiful_image.png"). No need to do anything special to "bring it over" from Commons - the software takes care of that. -- Scray (talk) 01:22, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
New article title doesn't show up in serach box
I changed the title of Tze-Chiang Train to Tze-Chiang Limited Express because it's more accurate. However, when I enter it in the search box, it takes me there if I click enter but it won't show up in the drop-down list. And the page I got about tying up loose ends to the old title when I successfully changed the title didn't mention anything about this. What's wrong? Transphasic (talk) 02:52, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* Welcome to the Teahouse. If you look at Search you'll see that there may be a delay of a day or so in updating the search index database. Look again tomorrow. - David Biddulph (talk) 11:41, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
As the neutrality of autobiographical posts is doubted, would anyone care to ensure the neutrality of this?
Having found nine wikipedia articles which reference my work, including two, Yetter-Drinfeld categories and HOMFLY polyonomial (I'm the Y) in which I figure in the title, it seemed reasonable that I might warrant an entry under the notability criterion. I drafted the following in my sandbox, and think it very neutral, despite the conflict of interest implicit in its authorship -- I only noted mathematical results that have been broadly influential, and otherwise confined myself to rather dry biographical details. The article title, should someone take me up on this and I be deemed notable enough, would be Yetter, David N. (I'm happy to have my middle name written out once for historical purposes, but don't use it professionally, just my middle initial).
User:Yetterdn/sandbox
Yetterdn (talk) 06:00, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* Hi David. As far as neutrality goes, I see no problems with your draft at all; it could have been written by anybody (which, bizarrely, is intended as a compliment!). However, you may fall foul of Wikipedia's notability requirements - whilst it seems logical that having your name attached to two existing articles would automatically make you notable, that isn't actually the case. The two existing pages are themselves skirting the cusp of notability, and a case could be made for deleting both of them in their current state.
* However, it seems to me that you might well pass at least one of the criteria for notable academics (most likely #1). If it can be shown, using one or two reliable sources (which you didn't write) that your work has had a significant impact on the field of mathematics, then you're in. Alternatively, if you can add a source to your draft showing that you pass any of the other criteria for notable academics, that would suffice equally well. Text-wise, your draft is fine, but source-wise, it needs a little more work. Yunshui 雲 ‍ 水 12:29, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
Tornado Abortion
Has anyone considered designing a multi jet powered hover craft to aim a high velocity stream of exhaust into a suspected tornado cloud to disrupt the air flow? The computer drawing I saw showed the engine for a tornado was a horizontal spinning of upper air, accelerating till it is drawn to earth. A tornado is not so powerful if it can be caught in its infancy.Obendorf (talk) 01:33, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* I am sorry, but the teahouse is for asking and answering questions about wikipedia, from other wiki contributors. Although I'm sure many people would be interested in your ideas, I would suggest posting them on your user page or other place of personal editing.Speedy Editing hit_me_up 01:41, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* They wouldn't be allowed on his user page either, I'm afraid. --Skamecrazy123 (talk) 03:01, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* The Reference Desk, however, would be the ideal place to ask such a question. Yunshui 雲 ‍ 水 12:37, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
Editing first time article in sandbox
I am writing an article for the first time, and used my sandbox to do it. Now that it is written I have a few remaining questions please: how do I get it from the sandbox to be submitted for review and upload how do I upload my logo to the article, and finally how do I add an article title? Thanks, Cterzian
Cterzian (talk) 14:25, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* You need to read Conflict of interest the article if submitted would likely be speedy deleted as advertising. Theroadislong (talk) 14:47, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
Userpage…Talk Page…Contributions…Contact..
I have seen people with these "toolbars", but I do not know where to get them. Please help me. Thanks! Speedy Editing hit_me_up 01:26, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* They should, as far as I'm aware, be available to you immediately upon logging in. Let me double check the preferences page. --Skamecrazy123 (talk) 03:04, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* Hello and welcome to the Teahouse . Those are standard links/pages available to all users but the links for them could be "hidden" in various places on the page for you depending on which skin you happen to be using. If you need help detecting which skin you are using, please let me know and I'll do my best to try and help you figure it out. Technical 13 (talk) 03:17, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* Do you mean this - User:Speedy Editing, Special:Contributions/Speedy Editing, User talk:Speedy Editing, Special:EmailUser/Speedy Editing? Or are you referring to the User page banners? Sohambanerjee1998 12:06, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* I am talking about the banner like things that show pictures for different places. When I click on the picture, it would bring me to a different place, such as a talk page if i clicked talk page, and a list of contributions if i clicked contributions. I see them posted on peoples user pages.Speedy Editing hit_me_up 15:44, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
Photos not from Wikimedia:Commons
I have downloaded a photo from the Internet. How can I put it in an article?
Srolanh (talk) 14:24, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* Your starting point is to read the Image use policy, particularly the parts about copyright. - David Biddulph (talk) 15:49, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
A wiki project proposal with a blocked creator...
I was looking for wiki projects that best would suite me (which I did find), when I noticed that one of the proposals for this month, had a good idea for a wiki project, but probably would become anything but a proposal because of the fact that its creator and only volunteered, is blocked.( I found this put by clicking on the user, which I was going to leave a message on his talk page) I was wondering if there is a way I could take over the Wiki project? Is this allowed? Also, am i allowed to remove the creator from the participant list?<font color="Skyblue">Speedy Editing <font color="sky-blue">hit_me_up 01:51, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* Hello and welcome to the Teahouse . It would be helpful to know which wikiproject and who the creator is. I'm sure that if it really is a good WikiProject proposal, then it can be started with or without the blocked creator. Technical 13 (talk) 02:08, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* The Wikiproject is called: Articles Focus and Conversion. I am not sure if there is a wikiproject with the same idea, but it does seem like something that would help wikipedia. I assumed the creator is Here-2-HelpWiki because he/she is the only one signed up to participate in the wikiproject.<font color="Skyblue">Speedy Editing <font color="sky-blue">hit_me_up 15:54, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
How to protect my article.
Hi I am straggling with my article protection. I have followed the instruction of Wikipedia for placing THE SEMI-PROTECTON template but I could not manage to do it. Please give me some assistance how to protect my article with semi-prorecton. I really need assistance in form of demo video or explanation in detail. I am looking forward to hear from you. Best Regards Dragonheart379 (talk) 22:29, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* The answer depends on the sense in which it is your article. If you are the subject of the article and it has factual errors there is a page at Contact_us/Article_problem/Factual_error_(from_subject) that details your options. If it's a page you wrote, then there is no protection, since pages are created collaboratively and pages aren't owned by single editors, as per WP:OWN. If you name the article and outline the issue you have with it here, we can give you further advice. I hope this helps. Stuartyeates (talk) 22:39, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* With respect to protection, it is not invoked by you adding any template to the page (such as pp-protected). Rather templates such as that one inform users of protection but the protection must be requested and placed by an administrator or someone with higher permissions. You can request page protection at Requests for page protection, but a request for full protection will normally only be acted upon if you show edit warring between multiple users or persistent vandalism, and for semi-protection the same between new users and/or IPs, since it only stops them from editing.--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 22:55, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
Allowed? And Does Anyone Want One?
Recently I made A LOT of changes to my user page, mainly consisting of adding a place where people can request that I make a menu for them. I wanted to make sure this was allowed, and to ask if anyone wants a menu. Thanks!<font color="Skyblue">Speedy Editing <font color="sky-blue">hit_me_up 23:10, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* Allowed, yes; but here isn't a good place to ask. Try Wikipedia talk:User page design center, or contact other users directly. Happy editing! -- Ross Hill • Talk • Need Help? • 23:23, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
Draft Article.
On this Draft article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Articles_for_creation/Dev_Joshi, Administrator said I need some sources, but I do have 4 References, so I don't understand what admin try to say, please help...--Krishnadahal12 00:19, 26 November 2013 (UTC).
* Hi. It looks like the article has been declined not because there are no sources, but because it is not felt that those provided establish the notability of Dev Joshi. See WP:GNG. I don't know enough about the subject area to comment fully, but I note that 3 of the four sources are all to the website of SAB TV, which means they may not be independent of the subject, since he is in one of their shows. I would suggest looking for good sources from a wider range of places. Formerip (talk) 00:27, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
Website
(for reference only editors) http://www.marina-oceania.com/ amantula (talk) 07:03, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
Marinas and advertising. Can some, but not others?
Greetings from Cambodia !
I ask your advice on how to correct the placement of information on the history of Cambodia 's first marina. For this country and for boaters is a significant event. But the fact that I work in this marina as Harbor Master and therefore a conflict of interest.
Wikipedia has a list of marinas across countries. I looked and saw that a lot of marinas Immersed direct links to their own websites and have advertising. It is a violation of the rules of Wikipedia, and then you have to remove all of these articles, or allow all. Or all or none. In the meantime, the placement of such articles are moderated by Vicky their taste.
Articles about the first in Cambodia yacht marina printed many magazines, as well as major media Cambodia. I can give links to these articles. But the main question : Either all permitted or forbidden to all ? amantula (talk) 14:19, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* Hi Amantula, Wikipedia articles don't quite work that way. It's not all-or-nothing. What matters is whether or not there is coverage of the marina in reliable, independent sources. It may be that some of the articles in the List of marinas need to be improved or deleted, but that should be determined for each article individually. Howicus (Did I mess up?) 17:17, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* Hello . If you are correct that the marina where you work has been covered extensively by magazines and the major media of Cambodia, the the marina is notable and should have a Wikipedia article. But as Howicus points out, this particular marina may be notable but we may not be able to find significant coverage of another marina, so that other marina may not be notable. We don't have a notability guideline for marinas, so each one has to be judged on a case by case basis. Do you have a draft of your article and have you added references to the coverage you mentioned? If so, please give us a link and Teahouse volunteers will review it. By the way, when we have an article about a business entity, it is appropriate to include an external link to the website for that entity. Cullen <sup style="color:purple;">328 Let's discuss it 01:58, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
Hello and thank you for your answers! What do you think - if I give a few links to posts in magazines about marina - it will be enough? My article will not have a direct link to the site of the marina. Only the description of the event and some specifications. What to do? - Consult with the option to the editor (moderation), which removed my first option? Or just write a new article based on the comments?amantula (talk) 02:19, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
* Hello Amantula. Yes, it is fine to go ahead and write a draft article based on what you have now learned. You could do so at Articles for creation, for example. Be sure to include references to the independent reliable sources you mention. You may find Referencing for beginners useful. Arthur goes shopping (talk) 09:36, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
Marina Oceania (Cambodia)
In the Sihanoukville Autonomous Port began working the first and only in Cambodia professionally equipped yacht marina - Marina Oceania. The first phase of the marina for 20 boats opened in October 2013. Marina is located on the harbor breakwater of the port. on the island of Koh Preab. coordinates: 10° 39' 59" N / 103° 30' 41" E GPS 10.667060772694528 ;<PHONE_NUMBER>5386197
amantula (talk) 07:05, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
* Hello again Amantula. This is not the place for posting article drafts; this is the Teahouse questions page. Try the Articles for Creation link that I gave you just above. Arthur goes shopping (talk) 09:38, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
reviews,suggestions for my first article.
hi ! i have created article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Harrshahegde05/Pandit_Shripad_Hegde , please let me know if anything to be added , suggestions are welcome. Thanks (Harrshahegde05 (talk) 10:03, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
* Hello Harrshahegde05, welcome to the Teahouse! Your draft article contains a lot of statements that seem to praise individuals without providing verifiable factual information. So for example you describe Hegde and others variously as "notable", "reputed", "rigorous", "promising", "eclectic", "adept", "renowned", "talented", "a major artist", "eminent and notable".
* If independent reliable sources use some of these phrases to describe Hegde (or others) then you should reference that by including an inline citation and quoting (with quote marks) what the independent reliable sources say. You may find Referencing for beginners useful to see how to add inline citations.
* Otherwise, it is better to leave out all of these praising adjectives and phrases. PEACOCK has more information about this topic. Arthur goes shopping (talk) 10:23, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
My article doesn't upload
I created an article about InEnArt on Thursday, and i put it up for revision, but it is not uploaded on wikipedia yet. It also doesn't show anywhere on my page, for me where I can see my recent activities or so. Is that normal and it is actually currently revised? Or was there an error and I have to create it again?NoraSophie (talk) 09:58, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* Welcome to the Teahouse. If you click on your contribution record you'll see that your draft is at Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/InEnArt, but when you go to the draft you'll see that it hasn't been submitted for review. When it's ready for review you need to click on the green "Submit" button in the box at the top of the draft. Before doing so, however, you need to find reliable sources independent of the subject. At present you have numerous references to the subject's own website. - David Biddulph (talk) 11:32, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* Thank you very much for your helpful response. I changes my references now, and saved the changes i made, but when i click on the draft through my contribution record, the changes don't show. Do you think the article is ready for review, are the new references visible to you? thank you.NoraSophie (talk) 11:47, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
* I was curious and looked at your the draft article. I left what I hope are helpful comments at the foot. Do feel free to ask me on my talk page for any clarification. Fiddle Faddle 12:20, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
Speedy deletion of my page
Hi
Greetings!!
Kindly explain me why is the page i have made has been speedily deleted, thou Puja Agarwal is very famous in her industry also she is also the biggest fan of Katrina Kaif. Pls guide!
Regards 09:54, 25 November 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Puja Agarwal14 (talk • contribs)
* First please note that you do not have a page. Please read WP:OWN and understand that, when you submit something here, it becomes the world's property. The only time it is yours is when it is in your head.
* Second, you seem to have written an autobiography. Unfortunately this is one of the largest ego deflaters around. It is wise never to write an autobiography here; there is a danger that one finds that one is not notable, with consequent damage to self esteem.
* Third, the article I imagine you refer to exists at Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Puja Agarwal, with comments about its current failure to achieve full encyclopaedia recognition. Please read and understand those comments, asking the reviewer if you need an explanation. It's fine that you asked here, because you now understand where you must look for the answers. Please continue to ask when you do not understand things here. Fiddle Faddle 12:26, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
I would like to create a stub. How can I do that?
I would like to create a stub. How do I do that?Steve Beimel (talk) 13:40, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
* Hi Steve; welcome to the Teahouse. A stub is simply a short article with a minimum of information about its subject - it's a classification, rather than a type of article. You therefore create stubs in the same way as any other article - the Article Wizard is a good place to begin. Alternatively, you can build the article in your personal sandbox and submit it when you feel it's ready. Yunshui 雲 ‍ 水 13:47, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
Twinkle twinkle
Hey guys,
I don't know what was wrong with my TWINKLE, but its not working properly for me for the past hour. Is anybody having the same issue or its working properly? -- L o g X 18:30, 22 November 2013 (UTC)
* It happened to me too. I think if you disable the Beta "Places Nearby" feature, then it will work again. See the bottom of WT:TW for more details on this. Jinkinson talk to me 00:47, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
* Now it works fine. Thanks alot! -- L o g X 15:01, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
DYK stats addition
Hi, would someone mind checking my calculations in this edit? Thanks, Mat ty. 007 19:46, 26 November 2013 (UTC) (Note: I moved this to the top as there wasn't an answer.)
Suggestions for adding images to my article
Hello, I have been rewriting the article Inequality in post-apartheid South Africa for the past couple of months for my Poverty, Justice, and Human Capabilities course at Rice University. Here is the course page if you wish to check it out: *Education Program:Rice University/Poverty, Justice, Human Capabilities, Section 2 (Fall 2013). The original article was poorly sourced, and was only a stub. I have since added most of the text I wanted to contribute, but now am stuck as to how to add images, and what sorts of images would be appropriate for this particular article. If anyone has any suggestions on where to obtain images I can legally use, as well as the specific types of images that would be most conducive to this topic, please let me know! I appreciate all help and suggestions!
Samanthaplove (talk) 19:17, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
* You will want one or two from this category on Commons, although you may need to add mention of shanty towns (and their current conditions in South Africa) first! --Demiurge1000 (talk) 19:37, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
* See also this search on Commons and any similar searches you can think up. Do beware, however, of describing any clearly identifiable people as poor/disadvantaged. Apart of course from the ones protesting about poverty and disadvantage.
* Hopefully there might be some positive pics as well (former shanty town now with tree-lined boulevards and business parks and new schools?)
* All photos from Commons are appropriately licensed to be used freely on Wikipedia. --Demiurge1000 (talk) 19:42, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
* Also, email mayors and town and city councils (and similar) of areas formerly recognised as disadvantaged (Soweto and a few others), and ask them if they would be willing to take, and upload to Commons, photos of regeneration projects or new housing etc built since the end of apartheid that they are proud of. The response you do or don't get, might subliminally affect your opinions on the topic. --Demiurge1000 (talk) 20:17, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
How can I work on creating more than one article at a time?
I currently have an almost completed article in my sandbox. I still have to add a few things to it, so I'm not ready to publish it yet. I have another topic I would like to write a second, unrelated, article on. Is there a way I can have a second sandbox? Or are there tips for managing more than one article on the same sandbox page? Help would be appreciated! Elkaybklyn (talk) 18:49, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* @Elkaybklyn: Hey Elkaybklyn You can in theory have an unlimited number of sandboxes existing at the same time. All you need to do is create a page in your user or user talk namespace, named intuitively, in the form To create that page, you can type that anywhere and just hit "show preview" and then click on the red-linked (meaning not yet created) link that will display. What I would suggest, though, is that you go to your userpage, type out just such a sandbox link, and save it. Then, just click on that red link and create the sandbox with your content. That way, anytime you want to go back to that sandbox, you can just go to your userpage to find a link to it. Best regards--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 19:07, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* (edit conflict) Create a user sub-page, or pages - see WP:USERSUBPAGE for step by step instructions. Sub-pages are where most long-standing editors create new articles, often working on several at a time. You can call these sandbox 1, sandbox 2 etc., but if you have a memory like mine it is easier to use the subject of the article. Theses sub-pages are not in article space, so will not show up on searches, the only difference to a sandbox is that they cannot be accessed via a button at the top of the page. To get to your sub-pages easily, you can bookmark them, leave the titles in your sandbox, or get to them via your Contributions page - if you scroll to the bottom of your contributions page, there is a list that starts "Elkaybklyn: Subpages" if you click on sub-pages it will list all the pages starting Elkaybklyn/ Currently, this only lists Elkaybklyn/sandbox Arjayay (talk) 19:27, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* Thanks Fugghedaboutit and Arjayay. Very helpfulElkaybklyn (talk) 20:25, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
First article: referencing a user page vs article
Greetings Editors,
I am in the process of refining my first article submission as it awaits its second review. One of the sections I added contains a large quote (with reference) from, and a wiki link to, a user page which contains a lot of information on the subject I am writing about. I was wondering if referencing a user page vs an article is in line with wikipedia standards and practices. I would greatly appreciate any insight on this matter or any other issues you might find with my submission. Please let me know if I can provide anymore information in regards to this inquiry. Here is the url to my sandbox: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Tyler.tw./sandbox
Thanks! Tyler
Tyler.tw. (talk) 18:49, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
p.s. the section in question is the one titled "Pizza Acrobatics"
Tyler.tw. (talk) 18:51, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* Welcome to the teahouse Tyler. You should only link to other published wikipedia pages from an article, not to user pages or to other sites on the Internet. From the wp:Manual of Style "Do not create links to user or wikiproject pages in articles, except in articles about Wikipedia itself (see WP:Self-references to avoid)." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Linking#General_points_on_linking_style RedDog (talk) 20:52, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* One addendum, As I read over my comment I realized that your initial question was about using as a reference rather than linking but the same rule applies, text on a user page does not qualify as a reference. RedDog (talk) 20:55, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* To go a stage further, text on any Wikipedia or other wiki page does not qualify as a reference, see WP:USERGENERATED. - David Biddulph (talk) 21:09, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
* Hey Tyler.tw. See also WP:CIRCULAR. By the way, when you copy material from one article into another you must provide copyright attribution. The easiest way is by placing in the edit summary when you are making the edit a note stating what you are doing and linking to the source of the content. For example Best regards--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 23:03, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
Awesome thanks so much guys! Tyler.tw. (talk) 20:55, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
Printability
I have just created a page "The Hits Of Hank Snow" which looks OK on screen but produces blank pages on printout. This was my first attempt at a table which must be the root cause, but I cannot see why.
Delangle9Delangle9 (talk) 18:33, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
* Welcome to the teahouse. Try printing out the "printable version" - you can find it here. --Jakob (Scream about the things I've broken) 18:38, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
* Delangle9, I just went to the article and tried to print it and it worked so whatever was going on has either been fixed in the article or it could be a local problem with your browser, printer, etc. Try doing the following: clear the cache of your browser, restart your router, quit and restart your browser. Also, try printing and select the "Save to PDF" option from the print dialog box that comes up. What this will do is to save a file version of the printable image. If the file that is created looks good then it's definitely an issue with your printer. Also, if all else fails try rebooting the computer and printer. RedDog (talk) 00:28, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
How to stop counting years when a person die
Sdo2013 (talk) 00:01, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
* Hello,
* I wrote one page in wikipedia. In one page I do several activities that calculate number of years till current date.
* I found several solutions. One of them is ok but not easy to maintained.
* I use date (see below exemple \ is there not to interpret the curly brasses) to calculate till today
* the number of years. Imagine now that I die. One of my friend has to finish the job put the day when I died...
* Here an exemple of number of years calculated till current date (see below).
* \{\{age|2005|02|01}} years
* it will render in 2013/11/27 (today date of post)
* 19 years (calculated) so its 8 years (written with 8 (the number) date of post)
* I die
* How to make calculus stops (specify in the code my dying day and then all date calculus within the page stop at the the death date)?
* One solution is to substract two dates 2005/02/01 till 2013/11/27 (I know how to do it but I might miss one date).
* Due to number of calculus within the page (see upper remark) is there an easy way to stop all of them from one place
* in the code ?
* Another solution that can be exploited but I don't know how to use it is to declare parameters.
* Is there a way to specify Parameter names like birth_date.
* I designed my own info box and dont know how to declare a parameter that can be reused.
* How to make calculus stops (specify in the code my dying day and then all date calculus within the page stop at the the death date)?
* One solution is to substract two dates 2005/02/01 till 2013/11/27 (I know how to do it but I might miss one date).
* Due to number of calculus within the page (see upper remark) is there an easy way to stop all of them from one place
* in the code ?
* Another solution that can be exploited but I don't know how to use it is to declare parameters.
* Is there a way to specify Parameter names like birth_date.
* I designed my own info box and dont know how to declare a parameter that can be reused.
* Is there a way to specify Parameter names like birth_date.
* I designed my own info box and dont know how to declare a parameter that can be reused.
* Hi Sdo2013, welcome to the Teahouse. You can add the death date to the age template. See the documentation and many other templates at Template:Age. PrimeHunter (talk) 01:04, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
How to see changes to a page
How do you see changes to pages? Im asking in reference to ANY page.Thanks<font color="Skyblue">Speedy Editing <font color="sky-blue">hit_me_up 00:59, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
* Hey Speedy Editing. For the mechanics of examining changes, please see Help:Diff and Help:Page history. To be informed of changes, you can use your watchlist. Also, I personally find the enhanced diff view provided by User:Cacycle/wikEdDiff to be very useful. Best regards--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 06:03, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
I would like to link an existing English Wikipedia article to the German version of it (also already existing).
I have tried to speedy delete it (as I created it) and have also tried to 'delete with a reason'. Both were rejected, presumably because others have since edited the page. The english version is here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iversity, the German version is here: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iversity.
Is it possible to link the two existing articles, with the help of an administrator?
Thank you.
<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:15, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
* ✅ Anyone can do it. I just did. The "Languages" item of the left hand menu is the key. After using it a dialogue box opens within which you can flag the desired Wikipedia version to link to and the name of the article. If there is a match then it links, and makes the link centrally so that all articles so linked link to each other. Good question well asked. Fiddle Faddle 12:22, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
How to a fix a wrong title?
I created a new page, about the epidemiologist Jon Andrus, but accidentally left his family name as "andrus"", without the capital "A". Is there an easy way to fix that? Shayer 06:13, 27 November 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shayer (talk • contribs)
* Welcome to the Teahouse, . We call changing the name of an article "moving". Go to the article, and then look at the menu bar at the top of the page. To the right of the star, you will see a little triangle. Click on that, and it will pull down the "move" menu. Fill it out properly and carefully, listing "capitalization error" or something similar, as the reason for the move, and do it. Your article will then have the correct title. Cullen <sup style="color:purple;">328 Let's discuss it 07:52, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
Many thanks. someone else helped me this time, but thanks to you I learned how to do it myself. Shayer 14:37, 27 November 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shayer (talk • contribs)
Television show infoboxes
I was wondering whether infoboxes pertaining to television shows should include a full list of characters under "starring", like this one: Isidingo if there is already a lengthly list naming them. I don't know if I should fix it, should it be unnecessary, or not? Knyzna1 (talk) 16:27, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
Editing world map contents on visa requirements articles
Dear all, Could you please advise me on what software to use to edit world maps containing various visa requirements information. Example: File:DutchVisaFree.PNG. Regards, BM €! (talk) 15:14, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
* Welcome to the Teahouse. Software for editing PNG files is discussed at Portable Network Graphics. While I'm here, I changed the URL in your question to a wikilink, which is the preferred form for internal links to Wikipedia pages. - David Biddulph (talk) 16:51, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
Featured Article
How many hours of work does it take to get an article from B status to a featured article? Eaamed (talk) 01:38, 19 November 2013 (UTC)
* Depends on the article. Something like Gagak Item goes a lot faster than something like Sea or Jesus. — Crisco 1492 (talk) 02:01, 19 November 2013 (UTC)
* Welcome to the teahouse Eaamed. As Crisco said it's really not possible to give an answer to such a general question. It depends so much on the article. If it's a controversial article it will take a lot longer because people have to reach a consensus. Also, and each editor is different of course, but I think it's better not to focus too much on the status of the article. Those things are needed but they kind of take care of themselves IMO. I think the most productive approach is just to focus on making the articles better rather than worrying about the status grade. RedDog (talk) 19:41, 19 November 2013 (UTC)
* It takes me probably 100 to get an article to GA. I need the help of others to reach FA. Doc James (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 21:01, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
pls provide link to request someone else write article under Arts, Newsprint, thank
can't find link to request a volunteer write an article about the James O. Supple Religion Feature Writer of the Year Award, which honours the best in-depth writing and analysis of religious issues on the continent.
think it would go under Arts, Newsprint? thanku Angfadhapmek (talk) 00:00, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
* You need to edit the page Requested articles/Arts and entertainment/Print media (which I guess was what you meant) to insert your request. It would be helpful if you would first identify the several pieces of in-depth writing about the award, in reliable sources unconnected with the award or its administrators, as without these the subject will not be notable (in Wikipedia's special sense) and cannot have an article.
Removing tags
Hi! I made an article and someone added an orphan tag to it, I added some links so the article is no longer an orphan, can I just remove the tag now, or do I have to let the person know I am doing so? Also, when making small edits to articles such as adding links and references I'm assuming I don't need to justify what I'm doing on talk pages as you would for larger edits, or changes?
Thanks for your help.
Ladywikling (talk) 18:40, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
* Hello, Ladywikling! I have removed from Rachel Jewkes. For future reference, you can just remove the tag; there's no need to notify anyone. Discussion should take place on the talk page if another editor retags the article. However, you need edit summaries for every single edit on Wikipedia, minor or not. Not necessarily justification; simple descriptions will do. It's just courtesy; it's much easier for a fellow editor to read an edit summary than to compare revisions. Hope I helped! Rotideypoc41352 (talk) 04:00, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
Re: Recently submitted article
Hi, I Submitted an article 3 days ago to Wikipedia. It comes up on-line when I search for the subject of the article but it has User Name: and Sandbox as its on-line title.
Am I now waiting for the article to be validated by the Wikipedia Editors, after which the article will have the article subject as it's title? I hope so.
Sorry I'm not understanding the process very well, thank you for any assistance with this. Regards Iona<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:45, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
* Hello Iona, and welcome to the teahouse. At the moment, User:Aesheticinfo/sandbox is not due to be reviewed or validated - it will just sit there until someone objects to it! If you would like it to be reviewed as an article submission, you could add to the top of it. If it is accepted, it will then be moved to the article subject instead of being named as a user sandbox. There are well over a thousand articles submissions waiting to be reviewed at the moment, so it may take a few weeks for someone to get to it.
* If Aesheticinfo is your Wikipedia account, it is useful to remember to sign into it when editing. Arthur goes shopping (talk) 10:24, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
Where does one go to request a close of a contentious content dispute?
Where does one go to request a close of a contentious content dispute?
It would seem that the Talk page of the Wikipedia talk:Closing discussions might be the place, but it appears that that particular page is not much monitored. I also tried at the Help Project, but again, I don't believe that is a heavily used Talk page either.
The Closing discussions information page does not provide an answer to the question. Is this something that Administrator should be asked to consider? Or is there some other forum that ought to be used for such requests? Cheers. N2e (talk) 19:41, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
* @N2e: Hey N2e. Tailor made for just this type of matter: Administrators' noticeboard/Requests for closure. Best regards--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 00:40, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
* Perfect. Thanks very much~ N2e (talk) 04:57, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
* Anytime.--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 14:48, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
How Do I Post An Article About My Rifle To Correct The Information That Is On Wikipedia
Am The Designer And The Manfacturer Of The Pauza P50 Rifle. I Would Like To Correct The Missinformation That Is On Wikipedia2001:5B0:29FF:3CF0:0:0:0:35 (talk) 18:41, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
* Hi. It's usually possible to correct misinformation on Wikipedia. I know nothing about guns, but what's the misinformation in this case? Formerip (talk) 20:11, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
* Hello. The best place to discuss this is on the Talk page of the article in question. Please note that information should be backed up by published sources: your own personal knowledge is not acceptable as a source. --ColinFine (talk) 14:57, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
Require help to get an article published
Hello there, i have written an article after much research about Cloud Technological Features which was deleted with a reason of been duplicate to Cloud computing. However tried to explain that its not since Cloud Computing article covers only fundamentals of cloud computing and my article encompasses all the technological features service providers offer. this helps Customer to pin point the differences in feature offerings.
Can you please help in getting this published or help me a way out? For conversations after it was marked for deletion - kindly refer this link Parmarvishalb (talk) 14:08, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
just forgot to add this, this article requires lot more to be added, however it requires to be published to get help from the experts and experienced in the industry. Infact my own research is along on-going while this gets published. --Parmarvishalb (talk) 14:39, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
* Welcome to the teahouse Parmarvishalb. I just took a quick look at your article so keep that in mind in what follows. I do see the point you are making, that this is a reasonable topic for a new aticle, comparing the various vendors in this emerging market. That is different than describing what cloud computing is. However, I agree with the speedy deletion decision. Keep in mind that Wikipedia is not a place to publish wp:original research. In your question you mention that you are currently doing research on this topic. Perhaps Cloud Computing is just too new an area for this to be an appropriate Wikipedia topic yet. But if not what is needed is a source for the various matrices you have. Especially important is to have at least one and really several references for your Feature based Cloud Computing Utility Comparison Table. I work in IT. I guarantee that soon after a table like this goes live Wikipedia will be hearing from the various vendors who don't agree with their description in your table. It's not enough to have references (as you currently do) for specific entries in the table. For one thing most of those references are notes but even if they aren't notes having just individual references means that the relative weight and priorities given to the different boxes is not something that is from a reliable source but from the author of the article and that isn't what Wikipedia is for. I can see how a matrix like that would be very valuable but before it can be published in Wikipedia it needs to be published in a reliable objective source such as a journal or trade magazine. It's especially important that the source(s) are objective and not biased to one of the vendors such as Google or IBM. RedDog (talk) 23:54, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
Many Thanks for your inputs, they were very useful. Yes i definitely agree with your point of sourcing the information to more references as this would further strengthen the authenticity of the article. However the arena of Cloud Computing is vast and does require people who have actually associated with or implemented or experienced it themselves to contribute and enhance the content. As i understand there are two options for this article: 1. Get the article published keeping Service Providers list and Features table. Also including few of the Features in the comparison table which has all requirements (service providers own statements, multiple references and authenticity). This would enable people to view and add in more details collated through references/ journals/ magazines. 2. Work on getting more references and authencity to strength the comparison table and in the meantime get the article published without the comparison table. Hope you appreciate the fact that this is a vast topic and does require multiple hands to get complete coverage of the topic, hence its required to get it published before it can completely completed. awaiting for your precious guidance Parmarvishalb (talk) 09:00, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
* I can't really give you a flowchart with a guaranteed path as to what it will take to make the article publishable. I just took a quick look at it and the matrix was the most obvious thing that caught my eye. To be honest since you seem like a very new Wikipedia editor my advice is to start by editing some existing articles rather than trying to create a brand new one. There are a lot of Information Technology and Computer Science articles that need work. Also, I just found this article Cloud_computing_comparison which looks very similar to your article. I hadn't seen that one before. And that article needs work, it has tags on it for better references and needing to be complete. I suggest you start by improving that page or other existing pages on Cloud Computing or IT. RedDog (talk) 05:28, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
Many Thanks Michael for your time and advice. Surely will colaborate with the Cloud Computing Comparison article to start off with my wiki experience. Thank you once again. --Parmarvishalb (talk) 07:54, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
* Glad I could be of some help. Always good to see new resources to work on the IT articles. If you have further questions or get stuck on something feel free to leave me messages on my Talk page. RedDog (talk) 15:15, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
Why do admin not practice what they preach?
I am sure all newcomers have at some point been instructed on how best to avoid conflicts, being polite, collaborating with others, discussion. Yet I find it's often the admin that are most guilty of causing any bad feeling; by reverting without any apparent forethought, or offering the most sarcastic of summaries, and never once admitting they are in any way at fault. Wicks Steve (talk) 13:16, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
* Welcome to the Teahouse. If you are talking about the situation at, the situation seems very clear. - David Biddulph (talk) 13:31, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
* Sorry to be blunt, but you made a mess of things, the admin cleaned it up and was quite polite. You are new, no one blamed you for making an understandable mistake, they cleaned it up quietly, yet you are the one complaining. An odd situation. I agree with you that admins ought not to be causing problems. I think you misread the situation. Can we start over? -- S Philbrick (Talk) 13:42, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
* This is only the latest in a series of events that appear readily explained away as understandable mistakes made by novices, so consider this novice has once again been firmly put in his place. It doesn't however provide a solution, by addressing the cause, and removing such opportunities to make mistakes, and it doesn't address the issue of abuse from unhelpfully sarcastic summaries.Wicks Steve (talk) 13:58, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
* Welcome to the Teahouse Wicks Steve. I haven't looked at any of the pages or edits in question so I'm not taking any stand on the specifics of your question but I had a reaction to the general issue you raise. In my experience the environment on Wikipedia is better than just about anyplace else on the Internet. At least any open environment that lets people work without strong moderation and verification of who they are. But of course there can still be people who are rude. Sometimes it happens unintentionally but sometimes it seems intentional. I've had mostly great experiences editing but a couple of bad ones. When that happens what I do is just say (pardon my language) fuck it. There are always countless articles that need work. If one article is being dominated by someone who is rude or sarcastic it will get sorted out eventually but the best option IMO is to not waste cycles on it and just pick up and find some other article to work on and cool people to work with. RedDog (talk) 15:01, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
* The sarcasm I spoke of can be found within the edit summaries of reverts of my edits made by certain admin. My comment sent to their talk page was soon deleted, without reply, although I appreciate, everyone can have a bad day.
I agree, in the most part I find Wiki a most pleasant agreeable environment. It's those occasions when you have spent up to 4 days on a page (see Appleby Grammar School) for it only to be reverted within minutes without any apparent reason (not that Appleby Grammar has been, yet), or with a sarcastic summary attached. Or finding out it can take over a month to get a picture uploaded if you follow the correct procedure, all the while seeing pictures that have been on here years displaying warning notices, but still there nonetheless Wicks Steve (talk) 15:38, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
* Just for the record, the editor who made those sarcastic edit summaries is not an administrator... Yunshui 雲 ‍ 水 15:51, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
* Well, that explains a lot... Wicks Steve (talk) 16:06, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Dominic Sandbrook
Dominic Christopher Sandbrook, (born 2 October 1974) is a British historian, author, columnist and television presenter. He co-hosts The Rest is History podcast with the author Tom Holland.
Early life and career
Sandbrook was born on 2 October 1974 in Bridgnorth, Shropshire, England. He was educated at Malvern College, then an all-boys independent school in Worcestershire. He studied history and French at Balliol College, Oxford. He then studied for a Master of Letters (MLitt) degree in history at the University of St Andrews and a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree at Jesus College, Cambridge. His doctoral thesis was titled "The political career of Senator Eugene McCarthy" and was completed in 2002.
Previously a lecturer in history at the University of Sheffield, he has been a senior fellow of the Rothermere American Institute at Oxford University and a member of its history faculty. Sandbrook was a visiting professor at King's College London, and a freelance writer and newspaper columnist. In 2007 he was named one of Waterstone's 25 Authors for the Future. In July 2021, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society (FRHistS).
Authorship
Sandbrook's first book, a biography of the US presidential candidate Eugene McCarthy, proved controversial on its publication in the United States in 2004. Writing for H-Net, a forum for scholars in the humanities and social sciences, David Stebenne said it "describes McCarthy's life and work with outstanding grace and clarity", and was "a very fine study of a significant figure that serious students of American postwar history will want to consult." McCarthy himself called the book "almost libellous".
In 2005, Sandbrook published Never Had It So Good, a history of Britain from the Suez Crisis to the Beatles, 1956–63. It was described as a "rich treasure chest of a book" by Anthony Howard in The Daily Telegraph, who wrote of his "respect for the sweep and scope of the author's knowledge". Nick Cohen wrote in The Observer that it was "a tribute to Sandbrook's literary skill that his scholarship is never oppressive. Alternately delightful and enlightening, he has produced a book which must have been an enormous labour to write but is a treat to read". Richard Gott was more sparing in his praise: "Sandbrook does his best, but he lacks the literary talent to cover such a wide canvas and keep the reader awake."
The sequel, White Heat, covering the years 1964–70 and the rise and fall of Harold Wilson's Labour government, was published in August 2006. "Sandbrook's book could hardly be more impressive in its scope", wrote Leo McKinstry in The Times. "He writes with authority and an eye for telling detail." In November 2009, it was named by the Telegraph as "one of the books that defined the Noughties". James Buchan observed, "For all the charm of Dominic Sandbrook's book, with its minute anatomy of social forms and brilliant parade of charlatans and fools, it is hard not to feel that somehow time has not been well used." Unlike some historians of the 1960s, Sandbrook argues it was marked by conservatism and conformity. His books attempt to debunk what he sees as myths associated with the period, from the sexual revolution to student protest, and he challenges the "cultural revolution" thesis associated with historians like Arthur Marwick. Charles Shaar Murray, writing in The Independent, called Sandbrook "the Hoodie Historian" and imagined him "slouching into shot while throwing whatever passes for gang signs in the history department of the University of Sheffield, and announcing to Arthur Marwick, Jonathon Green et al. that 'You is all mi bitches nuh.'"
Sandbrook continued the history of postwar Britain with State of Emergency (2010), covering the period 1970–74, and Seasons in the Sun, which took the story up to the election of Margaret Thatcher as prime minister in 1979. A fifth volume, Who Dares Wins, covering the period 1979–1982, was published in October 2019. Anthony Quinn, reviewing for The Observer, described it as a "long, painstaking and pretty enjoyable haul through Britain in the first three years of the Thatcher government ... ungratifyingly even-handed in his portrait of [Thatcher], alive to the flaws in her character and sharp in confounding the popular myths." For The Sunday Times, Piers Brendon said it was "a rich mixture of political narrative and social reportage ... scholarly, accessible, well written, witty and incisive."
Sandbrook has written articles and reviews for the Daily Mail, The Sunday Times, The Sunday Telegraph, The Observer and The Daily Telegraph and has appeared on BBC radio and television. His Radio Four series SlapDash Britain, charting the rise and fall of British governance since the Second World War, was described by the radio critic Miranda Sawyer as "very brilliant".
Plagiarism accusation
In February 2011, Michael C. Moynihan identified instances of apparent plagiarism in Sandbrook's book Mad as Hell. Moynihan later expressed amazement that there were few repercussions for Sandbrook's career. He suggested that Sandbrook was shielded from criticism by his social connections, saying: "There is an element of protection. Media buddies who go to the same dinner parties and all the rest of it."
In an interview with Brendan O'Neill, Sandbrook rejected the allegations and maintained that he "footnoted his sources, and if popular history books sometimes sound familiar that is because there are only so many ways to say things."
Podcast
Since 2020, Sandbrook has co-presented a podcast with historian Tom Holland called The Rest is History.
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WIKI
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Contour Roam 3 Firmware Updates and Downloads
Last modified
Monday, February 5, 2018 - 19:16
Firmware updates and downloads for the Contour Roam 3 action camera.
Camera Manufacturer & Model
Contour Roam3
Manufacturer
Model
Roam 3
Action Camera
Recommended Memory Cards
Transcend Ultimate 633X 64gb
Samsung Evo Class 10 128gb
Kingston Class 10 32gb
How to update
Phone App
Manual
Firmware Download Files
Instructions
Contour Roam 3 Firmware updates without Storyteller
In some situations, it may be necessary to manually update the firmware without the assistance of Storyteller. Here are the steps to manually update the firmware:
1. Format the microSD Storage Card before beginning any firmware update. For instructions on how to format the microSD card go here: http://j.mp/uSBL66
2. Download the Contour ROAM3 firmware to your desktop.
3. Plug the Contour ROAM3 camera into your computer using a USB cable. Check to see that the Record slider is not in the forward (or ON) position. Once connected, the Battery LED on the Contour ROAM3 will turn red and the camera will appear as an external USB device on your computer.
4. On your computer, navigate to the camera which is mounted as an external storage device.
5. Copy the ContourROAM3.bin file that you downloaded in Step 2 to the camera's microSD card. Do not put it in any subfolders on the camera's microSD card.
6. On the microSD card of the camera will be a file called FW_RTC.txt. The file may be hidden and you may need to enable the ability to view hidden files in your computer's settings. Open the FW_RTC.txt file with a text editor application.
7. Near the top of the file is a line of text that reads ‘UPDATE_FW:N’. Change the ‘N’ to a ‘Y’ so it appears as ‘UPDATE_FW:Y’ and save the file. This will instruct your camera to update the firmware when it next starts up.
8. Unplug the camera from your computer. It you are using a Mac, don't forget to unmount (eject) the camera before unplugging it.
9. Press and release the Status Button. The camera will beep and the Memory and Battery LEDs will flash while the update is in progress. When the update is completed the camera will beep again and turn off.
10. Reformat the microSD card by following the instructions from Step 1.
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Bill Shirley
William Jesse Shirley (July 6, 1921 – August 27, 1989) was an American actor and tenor/lyric baritone singer who later became a Broadway theatre producer. He is perhaps best known as the speaking and singing voice of Prince Phillip in Walt Disney's 1959 animated classic Sleeping Beauty and for dubbing Jeremy Brett's singing voice in the 1964 film version of My Fair Lady.
Early years
William Jesse Shirley was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, on July 6, 1921. His father, Luther James Shirley, was a funeral director for Shirley Brothers Mortuaries. His mother, Inez Shirley (née Baldwin), was a well-known professional pianist. According to the Indianapolis Star, Inez first discovered her son's talent when he was around the age of five, when one day he began singing along to what she was playing on the piano. She directed him to the founder of the Ogden Chorale, who was taken with the child's vocal ability, expressive eyes, and "unusual” personality for a child of his age. From then on, Billy was known locally as a boy soprano and singing/acting prodigy. He sang at funerals from a very young age and from there became a very popular boy soloist with the Ogden Chorale, which sang at Christmas and Easter on the steps of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument. He performed with the Meglin Kiddies and was an active member of the Children's Civic Theater and the Irvington Playhouse.
At the age of eleven, he traveled with his family to California and was introduced to L. E. Behymer who arranged to introduce him to Sid Grauman. He listened to Billy sing, and the "boy with the golden voice" soon appeared in films by 20th Century Fox, Columbia and Paramount Studios. The family owned a dog, a Boston terrier named Buddy. During the time he stayed in California, little Billy often wrote letters home requesting news about his pet.
Some of the boy's first acting roles were in rare or hard-to-find films, such as The Phantom President (1932) and As The Devil Commands (1933). He sang Christmas carols in As The Devil Commands. Some press reports list the latter film's name as Acquitted, the name of a previous Columbia film from 1929.
Bill attended George W. Julian Elementary during his grade school years and attended Shortridge High School in adolescence. Among other things, he became a member of its student council along with such prominent figures as Madelyn Pugh and Kurt Vonnegut Jr.; he graduated in 1939. The following year, aged 19, Bill and his mother moved to Hollywood, where he studied voice and music at the Herbert Wall School of Music. His singing teacher there, the famous Andrés de Segurola, would accept Shirley as a pupil for no less than six months. Mrs. Shirley lived nearby to her son in Hollywood for sixteen years, and the two went to Indiana to visit family and friends quite often.
In early 1941, Shirley was introduced to Republic Studios president Herbert Yates by a mutual friend who worked at the studio and remembered that Shirley used to sing as a child. Shirley sang a few numbers for Yates, and was immediately signed up for a seven-year contract.
Shirley's roles in the Republic films were usually very small or supporting. He had a small, yet somewhat important, part in Flying Tigers, as a very young pilot who is mortally wounded during his first mission. The character of Dale was originally intended to die much earlier; however, directors were so impressed by his acting that his script was extended another four pages. He appeared in other rare and usually B-list films, such as Rookies on Parade (1941), Hi Neighbor (1942), Ice-Capades Revue (1942), and Sailors on Leave (1941).
On August 3rd, 1942, he enlisted in the Army. He served in recruitment and induction, as well as the Signal Corps Training Film division in Los Angeles, and the Quartermaster Corps and radio branch of the Special Service division in Ft. Warren, Wyoming. While in the Army he appeared in a Behymer Artists’ Bureau presentation of Rigoletto, and was tagged by critics as "a potential find for the Metropolitan”.
Career
After his Army service, he worked in radio, Broadway, the stage, in summer stock, and on television. He appeared in nightclubs, including a six-week engagement at Monte Proser's famous Copacabana in early 1947, the Latin Quarter in New York, the Mocambo in Los Angeles, and the Tropicana and Riviera in Las Vegas.
He found work for radio station KFI on two shows known as "Ladies Day" and "The Packard Hour". In 1949, he played Dutch Miller on "The Railroad Hour"'s presentation of Best Foot Forward, and played the role of the gondolier on episode of Ronald Colman's "Favorite Story" presentation of Edgar Allan Poe's "The Assignation". In 1947, he had a part in the musical "Look Ma I'm Dancin'!" as "Shauny O'Shay". During the tryout his part was cut severely, prompting him to leave the show. However, recordings of the production's soundtrack are still available that included Shirley's vocals, to avoid a potential musicians' strike. In late 1948, Darryl Zanuck received a Man-Of-The-Year award in a ceremony at the Mocambo. One scheduled singer was unable to appear, and asked Shirley to substitute for him.
Through producer George Jessel, Zanuck heard Bill sing and promptly put him under contract as a ghost singer for 20th Century-Fox. He dubbed vocals for films including Oh, You Beautiful Doll (1949) (Mark Stevens' singing voice) and Dancing In The Dark (1949), but was released by the studio for no known reason a few months later.
Although he had occasional vocal work, Shirley sometimes had difficulty furthering his career. Following a few performances in KFI’s “Hollywood Bowl” in 1945 and “On Stage America” in 1946, Shirley alternated between radio and the stage. For a while, he performed often with singing actress Gale Robbins. In 1949, he starred with Robbins in the short-lived Broadway revue "A La Carte". He performed with her on an episode of Movietown Radio Theater (also known as Skippy Hollywood Theater) entitled "Show Business". In 1950, the pair performed as themselves on an episode of the Ed Wynn Show.
In 1952 he got his only leading role onscreen: as Stephen Foster in I Dream of Jeanie, although actor Ray Middleton received the top billing. The same year, he played Bruce Martingale, a singer at a local tavern, in Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd. In late 1952, he joined a Hollywood USO troupe to entertain soldiers in Korea for the holidays. During this time, he came down with a throat infection which caused his doctors enough concern to consider a surgical procedure, leading to several cancelled engagements. By the first week of February he had recovered enough to be reported past danger, and by April, he had recovered sufficiently enough to take on the role of Johann Strauss, Jr., in Edwin Lester's production of The Great Waltz. Rehearsals began the following month. He frequently performed with USO troupes, appearing with stars such as Debbie Reynolds and Keenan Wynn.
In November 1955, he appeared on Arthur Godfrey's "Talent Scouts" show and won first place, although this did not always bring about much publicity or notice that was not localized to his home state.
In July of 1958, he returned to Indianapolis to play Curly in a Starlight Musicals production of Oklahoma!, alongside Grace Olsen and Will B. Able.
Sleeping Beauty
Shirley was approached by the Walt Disney Company to provide the speaking and singing voice for the character of Prince Phillip in its animated version of Sleeping Beauty. Shirley's singing range was tenor/baritone, and had a youthful quality which was ideal for the voice of the young Prince Phillip. Before they were cast as the voices of Aurora and Phillip, Mary Costa and Shirley were asked to audition together to make sure their voices complemented each other. During the film's production, Shirley and actor Ed Kemmer were used by the Disney animators as live action reference models for Prince Phillip; the animators had them perform many of the sequences from the movie while they drew the character. He had many rehearsals with Mary Costa, who was providing the voice for Princess Aurora.
They acted out their parts just as if they were to appear personally in the finished production. The two even kissed for the sound-track cameras. After their voices were recorded, the animators drew every motion of the characters' lips to fit each enunciated syllable from the actors' mouths, so that viewers would be able to "see" the voices and hear them. The animators would draw sixteen drawings for each syllable formed by the lips. Shirley would later remember that he said, "Whoa, Samson!" to a non-existent horse for a whole day before the sound engineers were satisfied with the inflection. And at that point, Samson had not even been sketched as a horse. To him, Samson was “a real character”, and he thought that Walt Disney could popularize him as “another Pluto”.
Shortly before the film was released, Shirley and Costa performed together at the Hollywood Bowl on a Disney themed night in 1958. In an interview, Costa recalled that she and the actresses playing the fairy godmothers (Verna Felton, Barbara Jo Allen, and Barbara Luddy) were endeared to Shirley, his good looks, and his shyness, adding that "we all had our crushes on him" and "he was so shy and we all had just genuine crushes on that Prince. He was really cute." In another interview she said, "We loved to tease him. Verna Felton who played Flora would always creep up behind him with a pencil and act like it was a baton [wand]. She'd do some fairy work on him and say he was going to be the greatest, handsomest, and all of this." Shirley and Costa sang the iconic song of the film,"Once Upon a Dream".
Additional work
During the early 1950s, he was a regular guest on Bekins "Hollywood Music Hall" with actress Lucille Norman, who had worked with him in "Sweethearts on Parade". Along with other celebrities such as Jean Hersholt, Barbara Ruick, Bob Hope, and Zsa Zsa Gabor, he provided services for humanitarian efforts such as hospital groundbreakings, polio benefits, and cerebral palsy telethons.
Shirley performed in several Starlight Musical Theater Company productions, such as "The Great Waltz" (1953), a play in which he portrayed Johann Strauss II. Florence Henderson was featured as the composer's love interest.
Bill became exceptionally popular with Sacramento's Music Circus, as reported by such news items as the Sacramento Bee. Making his official debut in June 1952 as Bumerli in The Chocolate Soldier, older newspaper and magazine articles confirm that he apparently received much acclaim for his acting and singing, especially in his portrayals of Johann Strauss II of "The Great Waltz", and Lt. Joseph Cable of South Pacific. His long list of performances earned him the moniker of “Mr. Music Circus”.
Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Shirley was also a prominent figure in industrial musicals. Such examples are “The Wide New World With Ford” for the Ford Motor Company in 1960 and “The Grip of Leadership” for Coca-Cola in 1961. Specific industrial show sponsors include Oldsmobile, Coca-Cola, Chevrolet, RCA, National Cash Register Co., Ford Motor Co., and the General Electric Co.
Another famous vocal role of Shirley's (again as an uncredited ghost singer) was the singing voice of Freddy Eynsford-Hill (played by Jeremy Brett) in the Warner Bros. film of My Fair Lady. Shirley sang one of the film's most memorable songs, "On the Street Where You Live". For a long while, Brett claimed that he himself had sung the song and that Mr. Shirley merely "sweetened the high tones." It was not until 1994 that Brett admitted in a televised interview that it was Shirley who sang the song, not him, although Brett claimed that he knew nothing about the dubbing until the film’s opening night.
Bill Shirley is often stated to have retired from acting in 1963. However, he was a member of the Actors' Equity Association and continued to perform well after 1963, especially in industrial shows such as “Diesel Dazzle” and “A Step Ahead” in 1966, and returned to play Nat Miller in a Sacramento Music Circus production of “Take Me Along” in 1975. He had co-produced "Dames At Sea", which introduced Bernadette Peters, in the late 1960s.
Death
For the last ten years of his life, he worked with Litton Industries in the real estate or electronics department, primarily in Beverly Hills. He retired from the company in May 1989, three months before his death from lung cancer, at age 68 on August 27, 1989, at the Guardian Convalescent Hospital in Los Angeles. He was interred in Indianapolis's Crown Hill Cemetery.
Filmography
* The Phantom President (1932) – Bit
* As the Devil Commands (1933) – Orphan
* Rookies on Parade (1941) – Bill
* Ice-Capades (1941) – bit role (uncredited)
* Doctors Don't Tell (1941) – Tom Wayne
* Sailors on Leave (1941) – Bill Carstairs
* Mercy Island (1941) – Guide (uncredited)
* Hi, Neighbor (1942) – Dick
* Flying Tigers (1942) – Dale
* Ice-Capades Revue (1942) – Denny
* Three Little Sisters (1944) – Pvt. Ferguson (as William Shirley)
* Dancing in the Dark (1949) – Singer of title song over opening credits (uncredited)
* Oh, You Beautiful Doll (1949) – dubbed singing voice for Mark Stevens (uncredited)
* Come to the Stable (1949) – Male tenor singer with Twentieth Century-Fox Studio Orchestra (movie trailer only, unseen, uncredited)
* Nancy Goes to Rio (1950) – Dubbed voice of tenor in operetta – (uncredited)
* With a Song in My Heart (1952) – (partially dubbed singing voice for Richard Allan; uncredited)
* I Dream of Jeanie (1952) – Stephen Foster
* Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd (1952) – Bruce Martingale
* Sweethearts on Parade (1953) – Bill Gamble
* Sleeping Beauty (1959) – Prince Phillip (voice)
* My Fair Lady (1964) – Freddy Eynsford-Hill (singing voice, uncredited)
Radio
* “High School Parade Hour”, WIRE (May or June 1938)
* “Fitch Bandwagon”, WIRE (featuring Deacon Mohr’s Orchestra) (September 1942)
* Hollywood Bowl, KFI (May 1945)
* “On Stage America”, two episodes; original performance: February 19, 1946; second episode February 16, 1948
* “Ladies Day” KFI (1946)
* “Packard Hour” KFI
* “Favorite Story”, two episodes; “The Assignation”; “Long Ago” (1948)
* Railroad Hour, “Best Foot Forward” (March 30, 1949)
* Movietown Radio Theater “Show Business” (May 4, 1950)
* “Fashion Magic” (February 1951)
Television
* KTTV (February 6, 1949 program) - Himself
* “Ed Wynn Show” with Gale Robbins (S1 Episode 27) (1950) – Himself
* Movietown RSVP, KTLA (July 2, 1950)
* “Hollywood Music Hall” with Lucille Norman (1954)
* Arthur Godfrey Show (week of February 19, 1956)
* “Music For A Summer Night” WKBW-TV (August 1959)
Stage
* Behymer Artists Bureau - “Rigoletto” (1942)
* Opera Club’s presentation of Die Fledermaus in March 1942
* Hollywood Grand Opera Company, Wilshire Ebell Theatre, “Rigoletto” (Duke of Mantua), December 1943
* Monte Proser’s Copacabana, January 1947
* Chanticleer; Baltimore, Massachusetts (opened March 24, 1947)
* Ogunquit Playhouse stock engagement under George Abbott, circa June 27, 1947
* “Best Foot Forward” with Hugh Martin, Alice Pearce, Edith Fellows, Harold Lang; John Drew Memorial Theatre (August/September 1947)
* “Look Ma, I’m Dancin” (1947)
* Latin Quarter; Miami Beach (February - March 1948)
* George White’s “Scandals”; Florentine Gardens (June - July 1948)
* Friar’s Frolic; Shrine Auditorium (April 16, 1949)
* Latin Casino; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (December 1948)
* “A La Carte”; El Capitan Theatre (1949)
* “Tsk! Tsk! Tsk! Paree” (April 1950)
* “Pardon Our French”; Broadway Theatre (October 5, 1950 - January 6, 1951)
* “It’s About Time” Brattle Theatre Company (March 1951)
* C.L.C Club engagement (April 21, 1951)
* “Lend An Ear” Jamaica Theatre (July 1951)
* “The Great Waltz” with Florence Henderson and John Charles Thomas; Civic Light Opera Curran Theatre (June 8 - July 4, 1953)
* “That’s Life” Alcazar Theatre (November 1954)
* Versailles Club contract as replacement for Jack Cassidy (1956)
* Versailles Theatre “The Thousand And Second Night” with Larry Daniels and Mildred Cook
* “Great Waltz” as Johann “Schani” Strauss II; with Lois Hunt, Terry Saunders, and John Raitt; Pitt Stadium, PA (June - July 1957)
* “South Pacific” as Lt. Joseph Cable; Neptune Music Circus, NJ (week of July 22, 1957)
* “South Pacific” as Lt. Joseph Cable; St. John Terrell’s Music Circus (July 28 - August 11, 1957)
* “South Pacific” as Lt. Joseph Cable; Westchester Music Theater, Rye (August 1957)
* “Ziegfeld Follies” Riviera Hotel in Las Vegas (November 1958)
* “Paint Your Wagon” as Julio; Highland Park, Chicago, Illinois with John Carradine (July 1959)
* “Rosalie” as Lt. Fay; St. Louis Municipal Opera (July 1960)
* “The Great Waltz” as Johann Strauss II; South Shore Music Circus; Massachusetts (July 1960)
* “Anything Goes” as Billy Crocker; Meadowbrook Dinner Theater (March 1961)
* “Where’s Charley?” as Jack; Bradford Roof Dinner Theater (April 1961)
* “The Great Waltz”; St. Louis Municipal Opera (July 3 - 9, 1961)
* “Yankee Doodle Comes to Town” with Billie Worth; Bristol Hippodrome (December 1962 - January 1963)
Discography (partial)
* Decca “Selections from George Abbott's production ‘Look Ma, I'm Dancin'! Originally issued as Decca DA-637 (78 rpm) March 15, 1948 and later as DL-5231 (LP) in 1950. Recorded on December 18 and 20, 1947 in New York.
* Decca L5253-L2554, “A Face in the Crowd”/“Until Tonight”; Paramount Symphony Orchestra; recorded December 10, 1949
* RCA Victor (20-5542), The Voices of Walter Schumann, “Magic is the Earth”, 1953
* Liberty 55005, “Sometime”/“The Devil’s Keeping Busy”, 1955
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WIKI
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René Breitbarth
Rene Breitbarth (born 24 April 1966 in Mühlhausen) is a former boxer from East Germany who won a Light Flyweight gold medal at the 1985 European Amateur Championships. In 1986, he won the bantamweight silver medal at the 1986 World Amateur Boxing Championships in Reno. At the 1988 Summer Olympics, he was defeated by Jorge Eliécer Julio of Colombia in the round of 16 of the bantamweight category.
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WIKI
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Michael Linn
Michael Jacob Linn is a professional poker player who won event number 49 at the 2010 World Series of Poker for $609,493.
Biography
He was self-taught at no-limit hold'em, however his uncle is bracelet winner Barry Greenstein. Mike Linn is a student at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo and is from San Diego, California. He grew up in La Jolla with his brother Joe Linn, father Dan Linn, and mother Sandie Linn. He currently lives in San Luis Obispo with two other high-stakes poker players, Daniel Ketchum and Noah Raynor.
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WIKI
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Evening News/1905/05/06/The Incantation
A darkened cave. In the middle, a cauldron, boiling. Enter the three witches.
1ST WITCH: Thrice hath the Federal Jackass brayed.
2ND WITCH: Once the Bruce-Smith War-horse neighed.
3RD WITCH: So Georgie comes, 'tis time, 'tis time, Around the cauldron to chant our rhyme.
1ST WITCH: In the cauldron boil and bake Fillet of a tariff snake, Home-made flannels -- mostly cotton, Apples full of moths, and rotten, Lamb that perished in the drought, Starving stock from "furthest out", Drops of sweat from cultivators, Sweating to feed legislators. Grime from a white stoker's nob, Toiling at a nigger's job. Thus the great Australian Nation, Seeks political salvation.
ALL: Double, double, toil and trouble, Fire burn, and cauldron bubble.
2ND WITCH: Heel-taps from the threepenny bars, Ash from Socialist cigars. Leathern tongue of boozer curst With the great Australian thirst, Two-up gambler keeping dark, Loafer sleeping in the park -- Drop them in to prove the sequel, All men are born free and equal.
ALL: Double, double, toil and trouble, Fire burn, and cauldron bubble.
3RD WITCH:Lung of Labour agitator, Gall of Isaacs turning traitor; Spleen that Kingston has revealed, Sawdust stuffing out of Neild; Mix them up, and then combine With duplicity of Lyne, Alfred Deakin's gift of gab, Mix the gruel thick and slab.
ALL: Double, double, toil and trouble, Heav'n help Australia in her trouble.
HECATE: Oh, well done, I commend your pains, And everyone shall share i' the gains, And now about the cauldron sing, Enchanting all that you put in. Round about the cauldron go, In the People's rights we'll throw, Cool it with an Employer's blood, Then the charm stands firm and good, And thus with chaos in possession, Ring in the coming Fed'ral Session.
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WIKI
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There is more than one way to damage…pretty much anything. This is true for computers, for robots, for glasses, and even windscreens. There are a lot of instances when you’ll need windscreen replacement Perth due to what’s happened.
With that in mind, it can be surprising to learn that in the end, damage to these glass panes in the front of the car only come in two types. One is sudden damage due to impact, like a rock flying right at it. The other is degradation that you might expect from regular use; wear and tear, so to speak.
A sudden impact will include things like cracks and those fractures that form when an object crashes into the glass and “ripples” all around it. They’re called bulls eyes in some circles.
The damage is often seen as distracting to drivers, though hard data suggests that this might not be the case. Most evidence suggests that windscreens with large cracks or bullseyes are actually less likely to be distracting. It’s smaller, fine scratches and chips that cause a greater visual problem.
Windscreens also degrade little by little. Time does that to pretty much everything.
Just by driving around, they fulfil their function of being hit and bombarded by all sorts of things. Small dust particles, tiny rocks, sand, dirt, and more can collide with the glass and wear it down. These things, individually, don’t hurt much. As they pile up, that changes.
In addition, wipers might be inadvertently making things worse. It spreads the particles around, causing them to scratch up the surface a little more.
Soiling is also a factor. Grease and grime coming in from soil particles that splatter on the glass can cause a lot of damage over time. This is particularly true if something causes the particles to scatter further. Improper removal of grease and grime tends to leave the glass surface more damaged.
Another cause of loss of glass quality, especially in poorer replacements, would be delamination and “milkiness.” These can impact the glass negatively.
Delamination is what happens when the two layers of glass separate from the interlayer that is binding them together. Without the adhesion it provides, the panes cause a variety of optical effects that make it much harder to drive.
Milkiness happens when the adhesive layer separates from the glass. This causes things to return to their prelaminated state, making the window appear opaque. This can make it difficult, if not outright impossible, to drive.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Photos: the aftermath of the Mexico City earthquake
A devastating 7.1 magnitude earthquake hit central Mexico Tuesday on the exact anniversary of one of Mexico City’s worst disasters, the 1985 earthquake that killed 10,000 people and left thousands more homeless. In the immediate aftermath of a disaster like this, exact figures of damages and fatalities are hard to come by. But there are reports of more than 200 deaths, along with dozens of collapsed buildings, including a school, in Mexico City and neighboring states. Adults and children are still trapped in the rubble. This was a major, life-threatening emergency, and it’s likely to take a long time to clean up and account for it. Here are some of the images coming out of Mexico of the people and places affected by the quake. (This post will be updated with new images this week as they become available.) If you’d like to donate to recovery efforts, the Mexico Report has put together a handy list of organizations involved in the response.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Do living things on Earth have a purpose?
Some argue that living things on Earth have a purpose. Some think living things on Earth originated by Darwinian natural selection. Some think they did so but were guided by God. Some think they did not do so but rather were made by God without natural selection. Who is right?
Pro
* Living things were created by God for a purpose. Whether we know the purpose--and some of us think we do--is beside the point; the purpose exists.
* Many people believe God does not exist, therefore preventing this purpose from applying to them.
* There being God is implausible. See Does God exist?. A further debate on this is for the linked page.
* The purpose of living things is to stay alive.
* There is no philosophical value to the purpose of simply staying alive and nothing else.
* The quasi-purpose driven by Darwinian natural selection is the maximization of copying of genes into future generations, not individual survival. There are plenty of examples of this in nature, individuals including insects giving up their lives when it fits genetically. And it is not true purpose either; the natural selection is no true artifact maker and cannot give true purpose.
* The purpose of living things is to stay alive and reproduce.
* First, living things originated by Darwinian natural selection and do not have a true purpose, merely quasi-purpose. Second, the quasi-purpose is not to stay alive and reproduce but rather to maximize spread of one's genes into future generations. This is different from reproduction since even a childless individual can support their genes by supporting children of relatives.
* This might be true for many species, but not for all. For example, human being (in our days) does not have the purpose to reproduce, but to live, be happy, enjoy life, etc.
* Though those are all valid purposes and capture the diversity of values we all carry as individuals, they occupy lower tiers in what appears to be a hierarchy of purposes, the apex pertaining to values universally and objectively held amongst all, no matter the unique circumstances one is immersed into. Reproduction is a viable candidate for this position, for we are reminded each day of our fragility and subordination to time. In fact, many of our habits exist to counter death or, at the very least, to preserve life (eating, hydrating, sleeping, productivity to earn money to live, etc.). Pre-requisite to maintaining a quality of life is to have been given a life. Expand these anxieties to the level of the community and we have the impersonal, ulterior purpose to reproduce, enabling generations of unique individuals to construct whatever purposes suit their personal values.
* The above assertion that humans have a purpose different from other animals is made with no further explanation or proof. In fact, the Darwinian quasi-purpose of the anatomical structures that produce the feeling of happiness and enjoyment in humans (e.g. brain and endocrine system) is to maximize spread of one's genes into future generations. No construction of a genuine purpose as opposed to a quasi-purpose was presented, nor was it delegated to external sources.
Con
* There is no all-mighty, all-knowing, and good-wishing creator of the universe, the Earth and living things. Instead, living things originated by Darwinian evolution by natural selection. This process does not involve purpose, merely quasi-purpose. The quasi-purpose of living things is to serve as survival vehicles of their genes and maximize the spread of the genes to future populations. Since that is no true purpose, living things have no purpose. If one needs a surrogate purpose, the quasi-purpose of gene propagation is a candidate.
* What if we are in a simulation and the simulation operator had a purpose for creating living forms or at least for starting an evolutionary process? He does not need to be all-mighty, all-knowing or good-wishing for this to work.
* We have no good reason to believe we are in a simulation. Assuming no simulation absent evidence is more parsimonious, doing away with entities not required for explanation.
* Less parsimonious does not mean untrue.
* If one assumes that the world including living things was made by a maker for a purpose, regardless of the properties of the maker, then indeed they have a purpose, whether known or unknown. But that is part of that assumption, and no good arguments to support that assumption are known.
* While Darwin's theories may explain how life evolved, they are silent on how Life came into being, and therefore should not be used to prove it or disprove that it has a purpose.
* Darwin's theories do not explain the origination of the very first forms of life or proto-life, but they do explain origination of all that followed, including living form, function and complexity from single cells to huge multi-cellular complexes of patterns of patterns of patterns called organisms. Nearly all functional and behavioral being of an organism is explained by the Darwinian natural selection.
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WIKI
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sekolah rendah
Etymology
Compound of 🇰🇲, from, from.
Synonyms
* (before 1941)
* (1941-1946)
* (since 1946)
Etymology
with.
Usage notes
The term is limited to Dutch-period school in Indonesia and has been replaced by during Japanese occupation and since 1946.
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WIKI
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L3Harris (LHX) Wins Service Deal for Space Fence System
L3Harris Technologies, Inc. LHX recently clinched a modification contract for providing sustainment services for four Space Fence Systems. The deal has been awarded by the Space Systems Center Directorate of Contracting, Peterson Space Force Base, Colorado Springs, CO.
Valued at $17 million, the contract is expected to be complete by Jan 31, 2024. The work related to this deal will be carried out in Colorado Springs, CO; Kwajalein Atoll, the Republic of the Marshall Islands; Eglin Air Force Base, FL; and Huntsville, AL.
The latest modification has brought the cumulative face value of the contract to $705.9 million.
What’s Favoring L3Harris?
The rise in security threats has led to increased defense spending on arms and ammunition and advanced technologies that ensure efficient surveillance. Amplified spending on advanced radar technology, such as the Space Fence System, has also been witnessed to track objects in space.
The Space Fence System is a state-of-the-art ground-based network of S-band radars specifically developed to significantly improve and strengthen the Air Force’s space surveillance capabilities. It is an innovative and adaptable end-to-end system that provides unparalleled capabilities to meet the operational requirements of the military.
Buoyed by such abilities, the Space Fence System’s demand is likely to witness a significant rise in the days ahead. This should result in an inflow of services contracts for LHX, like the latest one, with the company being a trusted provider of sustainment engineering services and one-of-a-kind solutions for U.S. space domain awareness and space control. Such contract wins should bolster the revenue generation prospects of the company.
Peer’s Focus on the Space Fence System
Considering the enhancing market for space surveillance, Lockheed Martin LMT, America’s largest defense contractor, has been successful in developing an affordable Space Fence, which will enable the U.S. Space Force to see significantly more with better accuracy, precision and timeliness. With the initial operational capability milestone, Space Fence now provides crucial support for military and commercial space operations.
It will provide long-term benefits for the United States and its allies as space grows increasingly congested and contested. Lockheed Martin boasts a long-term earnings growth rate of 6.2%.
Price Movement
In the past six months, shares of L3Harris have increased 1.4% against the industry’s fall of 3.1%.
Image Source: Zacks Investment Research
Zacks Rank
L3Harris currently carries a Zacks Rank #3 (Hold). Two better-ranked stocks in the same industry are Sidus Space SIDU and Virgin Galactic SPCE, each carrying a Zacks Rank #2 (Buy) You can see the complete list of today’s Zacks #1 Rank (Strong Buy) stocks here.
The Zacks Consensus Estimate for Sidus’ 2023 sales calls for a growth rate of 42.1% from the prior-year reported figure. The Zacks Consensus Estimate for SIDU’s 2024 sales indicates a growth rate of 56.4% from the prior-year estimated figure.
The Zacks Consensus Estimate for Sidus’ 2023 earnings suggests an improvement from the prior-year reported figure.
The long-term earnings growth rate for Virgin Galactic is projected at 40.9%. The Zacks Consensus Estimate for Virgin Galactic’s 2023 sales calls for a growth rate of 236.5% from the prior-year reported figure.
The Zacks Consensus Estimate for SPCE’s 2024 sales implies a growth rate of 281.9% from the prior-year reported figure.
5 Stocks Set to Double
Each was handpicked by a Zacks expert as the #1 favorite stock to gain +100% or more in 2023. Previous recommendations have soared +143.0%, +175.9%, +498.3% and +673.0%.
Most of the stocks in this report are flying under Wall Street radar, which provides a great opportunity to get in on the ground floor.
Today, See These 5 Potential Home Runs >>
Want the latest recommendations from Zacks Investment Research? Today, you can download 7 Best Stocks for the Next 30 Days. Click to get this free report
Lockheed Martin Corporation (LMT) : Free Stock Analysis Report
L3Harris Technologies Inc (LHX) : Free Stock Analysis Report
Virgin Galactic Holdings, Inc. (SPCE) : Free Stock Analysis Report
Sidus Space, Inc. (SIDU) : Free Stock Analysis Report
To read this article on Zacks.com click here.
Zacks Investment Research
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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9 Critical Things to Watch in Marijuana Stocks
Technical analysis has a bad reputation. This isn’t surprising because most of the technical analysis of marijuana stocks that I see is not very good. Some is downright terrible.
Even worse, some analysts are proponents of bizarre techniques like Gann Theory or Elliot Waves. These methods are like the Loch Ness Monster or UFOs. They may be fun to talk about, but they are not real.
What is real is the fact that in financial markets, certain levels are more important than others. These levels have more supply and demand at them. In addition, in financial markets prices are always doing one of three things — going up, going down or staying the same. When understood and applied correctly, technical analysis should help you identify these levels and trends. This can lead to low-risk trading ideas.
After becoming the most oversold that they have ever been two weeks ago, many of the larger cannabis stocks have broken their downtrends and have been consolidating or trading sideways. It is too soon to tell whether or not they will turn around, but we have not seen the capitulation volumes that come with significant bottoms. This means there is a chance that they could start to trend lower again.
Marijuana Stocks With Big Technical Levels: Aphria (APHA)
Aphria (NYSE:) manufactures and sells medical cannabis in Canada and internationally. It currently has a market cap of about $1.3 billion.
APHA stock went into a free-fall after it broke support around the $6 level. This level was the low in mid- and late August.
After becoming oversold, it found some support around the $5 level. There is support at this level because it is where the low was in early August. It has now broken its downtrend and is consolidating above $5.
The term oversold refers to momentum. Momentum is a measure of where the stock is now versus where it was X many days ago. If the average of this measurement gets to an extreme on the downside, it would be considered to be oversold.
This action illustrates an important dynamic about markets. When they are oversold and get to important support, they tend to rebound. When they get to important support and are not oversold, they tend to break the level.
Aurora Cannabis (ACB)
Aurora Cannabis (NYSE:) is a Canadian-based company that grows and sells medical marijuana, indoor cultivation systems and hemp-related food products.
ACB stock was in a freefall, but after becoming oversold it has broken its downtrend and is consolidating.
It found support right at the $4 level. This illustrates how nice, round levels are important psychologically. There is really no logical reason for doing so, but investors like to place their buy and sell orders at numbers like $10 or $20.
If ACB turns around and rallies, there is a good chance that it will hit resistance around the $5.50 level. This is because it was a support level in August in addition to being important psychologically.
Few investors think about this, but why would a level that was support become resistance? Consider the following. Those investors who bought the stock at the support level are losing money once it goes lower. They do not want to sell it for a loss, so they tell themselves that if it rallies back up to tbreakeven, they will sell it to get out at breakeven. The large amount of sell orders for supply of the stock at that level creates resistance.
Canopy Growth Corp (CGC)
Canopy Growth Corp (NYSE:) produces, distributes and sells cannabis in Canada. It has a market cap of $7.9 billion.
CGC stock has broken support around the $23 level. There was support at this level because it is where the recent lows were in late August and early September. It has now become a resistance level.
This is an illustration of how levels that were support become resistance. Investors who bought it at the level are losing money when the support breaks and the stock goes lower. They don’t want to take a loss and decide that if it rallies back to the level they will get out of it at breakeven.
In addition to this, the short-sellers are making money when the stock goes lower. They believe they made the correct decision and tell themselves that if the stock rallies back, they will short more and add to their positions.
Added to this are professional traders seeking to profit off of a clearly defined level, and you can see that there are three groups of investors who want to sell stock at the level. This supply of stock is what creates resistance.
Cronos Group (CRON)
Cronos Group (NASDAQ:) produces and sells cannabis in Canada and Germany. Its current market cap is about $2.7 billion.
CRON stock recently broke its downtrend line and has been consolidating. If you want to be successful, you need to understand the concept of trends.
When markets are going higher, the forces of demand are in control of the market. When they are headed lower, the forces of supply are in control. When prices aren’t moving or are trading sideways, the forces of supply and demand are roughly equal.
The break of a trendline can illustrate that the leadership of the market is changing or at the very least equalizing. In the case here, the break of the blue downtrend line shows that the forces of demand have for the time being, become equal with the forces of supply.
Of course, drawing trendlines is an art and not a science. But with some practice and an understanding of just what it is that they are supposed to show, they can help you make investment decisions.
Hexo (HEXO)
Hexo (NYSE:) produces, markets and sells cannabis. The current market cap is about $945 million, according to Zacks.
HEXO stock may be breaking support around the $3.90 level. This level was support at the end of July, the end of August, and then again over the past two weeks. It will probably become a resistance level if it breaks.
This chart illustrates how market bottoms are typically more volatile than market tops. This is due to human emotions. Stocks are bought due to hope. Stocks are sold due to fear. Fear is a much more powerful emotion than hope.
When markets are forming bottoms, like they did in July, August, and now, sellers are afraid that the stock will continue to drop. Because of this, they sell aggressively without caring too much about the price. This dynamic is what creates the volatility.
Medicine Man Technologies (MDCL)
Medicine Man Technologies (OTCMKTS:) provides cultivation consulting services to cannabis growers. The current market cap is about $130 million. MDCL failed at resistance after becoming overbought and is now trending lower.
The levels around $3.90 were the top in April, and then again in May and June. This is the reason why there is resistance at this level.
Overbought refers to the momentum of the stock. Momentum is where the price is today versus where it was X many days ago. When this number reaches an extreme to the upside, it is considered to be overbought.
This is an important dynamic to understand about markets. When markets are overbought and get to important resistance, they tend to selloff, as is the case here.
When markets are not oversold or overbought and get to important support or resistance levels, they tend to consolidate before resuming the trend.
Tilray (TLRY)
Tilray (NASDAQ:) engages in the research, cultivation, processing and sale of cannabis. Its current market capitalization is $2.8 billion.
TLRY stock broke support around the $25 level. There was support at this level because it is where the recent low was in early September. It has become a resistance level. The recent downtrend has been broken and the stock is trading sideways.
Longer-term, if the TLRY continues to drop there will probably be some meaningful support around the $22 level. This is because this is where the stock hit the market last summer when it went public.
This is because various stake holders, such as investment bankers who brought the company public, early investors, and the management do not want it to break that level. This may cause them to become buyers which would create support.
Cannabis Sector Momentum
Last week, cannabis stocks and other equities became the most oversold that they have ever been. This means that the stocks are trading at levels that are significantly below their recent averages. Typically, when stocks are this oversold they then to rally.
However, there is an interesting dynamic occurring here. Usually when stocks or sectors are this oversold, they are capitulating.
Capitulation mean that the sellers want to aggressively sell their stock. They do not care about the price. They just want to get out of the position because they are are tired of watching the price drop. These dynamics usually cause large amounts of volume to trade while the stock makes a large move lower.
In the situation here, despite being historically oversold, there has not been a significant increase in the average trading volume. This could be an indication that the sector is not yet ready to turn around and it will continue to trend lower after the current consolidation that is occurring.
CannTrust (CTST)
If you follow cannabis stocks, you are probably familiar with the CannTrust (NYSE:) story. If you aren’t, you should be, because I think we will soon be hearing about similar situations at other cannabis companies.
CannTrust once had a market cap of more than $1 billion and was considered an industry leader. Then it got caught growing cannabis in unlicensed grow rooms after a disgruntled ex-employee tipped of the authorities. And as is typically the case nowadays, the management of the company discussed their illegal activities in that the have been seized.
This led to the CEO being fired, the president resigning and the stock crashing.
Now it turns out that CannTrust was also using to grow in legal grow rooms. This resulted in illegal cannabis being sold in the legal markets — though a CannTrust spokesperson disputed the latter part.
It should come as no surprise that Health Canada has suspended its license. The company will also have to buy back and probably destroy the cannabis that it has sold, among other steps. I am not so sure that CannTrust, now better known as “Can’t Trust,” will be around for much longer.
As of this writing, Mark Putrino did not hold a position in any of the aforementioned securities.
The post appeared first on InvestorPlace.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Conference Paper
Predicting the SEU error rate through fault injection for a complex microprocessor
TIMA Lab., Grenoble
DOI: 10.1109/ISIE.2008.4677290 Conference: Industrial Electronics, 2008. ISIE 2008. IEEE International Symposium on
Source: IEEE Xplore
ABSTRACT This paper deals with the prediction of SEU error rate for an application running on a complex processor. Both, radiation ground testing and fault injection, were performed while the selected processor, a Power PC 7448, executed a software issued from a real space application. The predicted error rate shows that generally used strategies, based on static cross-section, significantly overestimate the application error rate.
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ABSTRACT: Fault detection and diagnosis of safety and mission-critical embedded systems is a constant concern of the aerospace community. There exists a number of fault detection and diagnosis techniques, which are usually based on generating complicated models of the system, or increasing its redundancy. The present paper shows a new approach, based on hash libraries, which allows for fault detection and diagnosis at circuit level, without previous modeling of the system or adding redundancy. Additionally, the proposed technique can be used to detect faults in real-time in a final application, where no comparison with a golden chip is available.
01/2011;
• [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In this paper the consequences of SEU (Single Event Upset) faults on System on Chip devices (SOC) are studied. A PSOC microcontroller CY8C27643 manufactured by Cypress was chosen as a test vehicle. Fault injection sessions were performed using the so-called (Code Emulated Upset) approach in two different HW/SW environments. Obtained results put in evidence the potentially critical consequences of some of the faults occurring in the digital blocks when a matrix multiplication benchmark is being executed.
Advances in Computational Tools for Engineering Applications (ACTEA), 2012 2nd International Conference on; 01/2012
• Source
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Nowadays, integrated circuit technologies are increasingly being more susceptible to ionizing radiation effects. In order to assess the reliability of a digital system performing a specific application and to identify the most critical failure effects, radiation experiments and fault injection campaigns are usually performed, which may be costly and time-expensive. This paper proposes a fully automated, practical methodology for accelerating Single-Event-Upset (SEU) fault injection campaigns in digital circuits. The main underlying principle is based on the correlation between the effects of the SEU fault model with the Stuck-At (SA) one. Circuital and functional analysis and experimental case studies confirm the effectiveness of the proposed solutions.
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 10/2012; · 8.79 Impact Factor
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Shai Perednik
Published © CC BY
Temperature/humidity monitor with Dweet & Freeboard
I need a quick and simple temp/humidity monitor for a baby room to post and monitor through a dashboard.
IntermediateShowcase (no instructions)11,305
Temperature/humidity monitor with Dweet & Freeboard
Things used in this project
Hardware components
Resistor 1k ohm
Resistor 1k ohm
×1
DHT22 Temperature Sensor
DHT22 Temperature Sensor
×1
Breadboard (generic)
Breadboard (generic)
×1
Jumper wires (generic)
Jumper wires (generic)
×5
Photon
Particle Photon
×1
Software apps and online services
Dweet.IO
FreeBoard.io
Story
Read more
Schematics
Fritzing File
breadboard and layout in fritzing
Schematic
Breadboard Image
Code
DHTTest.ino
Arduino
****REMEMBER to import the DHT and HTTP Client libraries into the Particle Web IDE****
Upload this code to the particle web IDE. Change the delay as appropriate. In my case, I needed near real time and this was going to be plugged into the wall, so I left it @ 1 second.
443 and SSL is supposed to work, however, it didn't for me when changing the port, and since I'm not sending any sensitive info, there's no need for the SSL overhead.
// This #include statement was automatically added by the Particle IDE.
#include "HttpClient/HttpClient.h"
// This #include statement was automatically added by the Particle IDE.
#include "Adafruit_DHT/Adafruit_DHT.h"
// Example testing sketch for various DHT humidity/temperature sensors
// Written by ladyada, public domain
#define DHTPIN 2 // what pin we're connected to
// Uncomment whatever type you're using!
//#define DHTTYPE DHT11 // DHT 11
#define DHTTYPE DHT22 // DHT 22 (AM2302)
//#define DHTTYPE DHT21 // DHT 21 (AM2301)
// Connect pin 1 (on the left) of the sensor to +5V
// Connect pin 2 of the sensor to whatever your DHTPIN is
// Connect pin 4 (on the right) of the sensor to GROUND
// Connect a 10K resistor from pin 2 (data) to pin 1 (power) of the sensor
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);
/**
* Declaring the variables.
*/
unsigned int nextTime = 0; // Next time to contact the server
HttpClient http;
// Headers currently need to be set at init, useful for API keys etc.
http_header_t headers[] = {
// { "Content-Type", "application/json" },
// { "Accept" , "application/json" },
{ "Accept" , "*/*"},
{ NULL, NULL } // NOTE: Always terminate headers will NULL
};
http_request_t request;
http_response_t response;
void setup() {
//Serial.begin(9600);
Particle.publish("DEBUG","DHT22 test!");
dht.begin();
}
void loop() {
// Wait a few seconds between measurements.
delay(1000);
// Reading temperature or humidity takes about 250 milliseconds!
// Sensor readings may also be up to 2 seconds 'old' (its a
// very slow sensor)
float h = dht.getHumidity();
// Read temperature as Celsius
float t = dht.getTempCelcius();
// Read temperature as Farenheit
float f = dht.getTempFarenheit();
// Check if any reads failed and exit early (to try again).
if (isnan(h) || isnan(t) || isnan(f)) {
Particle.publish("DEBUG","Failed to read from DHT sensor!");
return;
}
// Compute heat index
// Must send in temp in Fahrenheit!
float hi = dht.getHeatIndex();
float dp = dht.getDewPoint();
float k = dht.getTempKelvin();
//Serial.print("Humid: ");
//Serial.print(h);
//Serial.print("% - ");
//Serial.print("Temp: ");
//Serial.print(t);
//Serial.print("*C ");
//Serial.print(f);
//Serial.print("*F ");
//Serial.print(k);
//Serial.print("*K - ");
//Serial.print("DewP: ");
//Serial.print(dp);
//Serial.print("*C - ");
//Serial.print("HeatI: ");
//Serial.print(hi);
//Serial.println("*C");
//Serial.println(Time.timeStr());
//cast floats to string
String sf(f, 2);
String sh(h, 2);
//pblish tests
//Spark.publish("faranheight",f,60,PRIVATE);
Particle.publish("TEMP",sf);
Particle.publish("HUMIDITY",sh);
//post to dweet
request.hostname = "dweet.io";
request.port = 80;
request.path = "/dweet/for/particlehumiditysesor?temp=" + sf + "&humidity=" + sh;
//json body doesn't work
//request.body = "{\"humidity\":\"43%\",\"temp\":\"45f\"}"; //"{\"key\":\"value\"}";
Particle.publish("DEBUG",request.body);
// Get request
http.get(request, response, headers);
//Spark.publish("DEBUG","Application Response status: ");
//Particle.publish("DEBUG",response.status);
//Spark.publish("DEBUG","Application HTTP Response Body: ");
Particle.publish("DEBUG",response.body);
}
Credits
Shai Perednik
Shai Perednik
1 project • 9 followers
Comments
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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-- Facebook’s Sandberg Sells $91 Million in Shares After Surge
Facebook Inc. (FB) Chief Operating
Officer Sheryl Sandberg sold about $91 million worth of shares
in the social network after the stock topped its $38 initial
public offering price for the first time since May 2012. Sandberg sold 2.37 million Facebook shares on Aug. 7, two
days after Facebook closed at a record high of $39.19, according
to a regulatory filing. With the latest sale she has sold more
than 7 million shares, or about 12 percent of her total, since
the IPO. The holdings include unvested restricted stock units as
of end-2012 and options. “There’s no denying that she has tremendous amounts of
equity skin in the game,” said David Larcker, a professor of
accounting at the Stanford Graduate School of Business in
Stanford, California . “I think it’s prudent for diversification
and other kind of purposes to take advantage of the value that
she has, and put it into alternative things.” Facebook stock has surged 44 percent this year, buoyed by
the company’s increasing success in generating revenue from
advertising on mobile devices. After one of the worst IPOs in a
decade, the world’s largest social network has focused on ads
for smartphones and tablets, and is now projected to reach sales
of more than $16 billion by 2017. The shares fell less than 1
percent to $38.22 at the close in New York today. Sandberg, who joined Facebook in 2008, has periodically
sold stock in the Menlo Park, California-based company since the
IPO last year. Tucker Bounds, a spokesman for Facebook, declined to
comment. In the past year, Sandberg has sold a total of 7.3 million
shares for a total value of $221.5 million, according to
InsiderScore.com, which monitors insider transactions. All of
the sales were completed under trading regulations that allow
executives to cash out a portion of their holdings when stocks
reach predetermined prices. Chief Executive Officer Mark Zuckerberg pledged in
September 2012 that he wouldn’t sell shares for at least a year. To contact the reporters on this story:
Lisa Rapaport in New York at
lrapaport1@bloomberg.net ;
Brian Womack in San Francisco at
bwomack1@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Pui-Wing Tam at
ptam13@bloomberg.net
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Wikipedia:Account suspensions/I Hate My Ex!
User:I Hate My Ex!
* Offensive name and hate rants in sandbox.--Jondel 02:16, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Biden solicits big money from Wall Street after climate town hall
Former Vice President Joe Biden will attend two high-dollar fundraisers on Wall Street hosted by a real estate executive and an investment banker on Thursday. Both fundraising events are selling tickets for up to $2,800. While the Biden campaign has refused to take money from federal lobbyists this election cycle, a major fundraiser at the beginning of Biden's campaign was hosted by a top Comcast executive who supervises the company's DC lobbying efforts but isn't legally required to register as a lobbyist. On Wednesday night, Biden will participate with nine other presidential candidates in CNN's seven-hour long climate change town hall. Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories.Former Vice President Joe Biden will attend two high-dollar fundraisers on Wall Street hosted by a real estate executive and an investment banker on Thursday, CNBC reported. The first party will be hosted by Jack Rosen, the CEO of real estate firm Rosen Partners and president of the American Jewish Congress, and his wife, Phyllis Rosen.Rosen worked with Russian billionaire Mikhail Fridman to invest $1 million in American real estate in 2011, according to the Wall Street Journal. The New Yorker has also donated to Sen. Cory Booker and New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio this cycle, according to CNBC. The second event will be held by David Solomon, a partner at investment firm Hildred Capital Partners. Both Thursday events are selling tickets for up to $2,800. Read more: Joe Biden is selling his 'Uncle Joe' charm instead of competing with other Democrats on big progressive policy ideasWhile the Biden campaign has refused to take money from federal lobbyists this election cycle, a major fundraiser at the beginning of Biden's campaign was hosted by David L. Cohen, a top Comcast executive who supervises the company's DC lobbying efforts but isn't legally required to register as a lobbyist. The former long-time senator has collected more than $500,000 in donations from lobbyists over his 35-year political career, the nonpartisan Center for Responsive Politics reports. Biden was among the top three recipients of big money in the 2020 primary field in the second quarter of 2019, along with Sen. Kamala Harris and South Bend Mayor Pete Buttigieg. Meanwhile, two other 2020 frontrunners, Sens. Elizabeth Warren and Bernie Sanders, have sworn off big dollar fundraisers. Before Biden heads to Wall Street this week, he'll participate in CNN's seven-hour long climate change town hall, where he'll be joined by nine other presidential candidates to talk climate policy on Wednesday night. The Delaware Democrat released his $1.7 trillion plan to fight climate change in June.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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llvm.org GIT mirror llvm / stable test / CodeGen / X86 / vec_shift3.ll
stable
Tree @stable (Download .tar.gz)
vec_shift3.ll @stableraw · history · blame
; NOTE: Assertions have been autogenerated by utils/update_llc_test_checks.py
; RUN: llc < %s -mtriple=i686-unknown -mattr=+sse2 | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=X32
; RUN: llc < %s -mtriple=x86_64-unknown -mattr=+sse2 | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=X64
define <2 x i64> @t1(<2 x i64> %x1, i32 %bits) nounwind {
; X32-LABEL: t1:
; X32: # %bb.0: # %entry
; X32-NEXT: movd {{.*#+}} xmm1 = mem[0],zero,zero,zero
; X32-NEXT: psllq %xmm1, %xmm0
; X32-NEXT: retl
;
; X64-LABEL: t1:
; X64: # %bb.0: # %entry
; X64-NEXT: movd %edi, %xmm1
; X64-NEXT: psllq %xmm1, %xmm0
; X64-NEXT: retq
entry:
%tmp3 = tail call <2 x i64> @llvm.x86.sse2.pslli.q( <2 x i64> %x1, i32 %bits ) nounwind readnone ; <<2 x i64>> [#uses=1]
ret <2 x i64> %tmp3
}
define <2 x i64> @t2(<2 x i64> %x1) nounwind {
; X32-LABEL: t2:
; X32: # %bb.0: # %entry
; X32-NEXT: psllq $10, %xmm0
; X32-NEXT: retl
;
; X64-LABEL: t2:
; X64: # %bb.0: # %entry
; X64-NEXT: psllq $10, %xmm0
; X64-NEXT: retq
entry:
%tmp3 = tail call <2 x i64> @llvm.x86.sse2.pslli.q( <2 x i64> %x1, i32 10 ) nounwind readnone ; <<2 x i64>> [#uses=1]
ret <2 x i64> %tmp3
}
define <2 x i64> @t3(<2 x i64> %x1, i32 %bits) nounwind {
; X32-LABEL: t3:
; X32: # %bb.0: # %entry
; X32-NEXT: movd {{.*#+}} xmm1 = mem[0],zero,zero,zero
; X32-NEXT: psraw %xmm1, %xmm0
; X32-NEXT: retl
;
; X64-LABEL: t3:
; X64: # %bb.0: # %entry
; X64-NEXT: movd %edi, %xmm1
; X64-NEXT: psraw %xmm1, %xmm0
; X64-NEXT: retq
entry:
%tmp2 = bitcast <2 x i64> %x1 to <8 x i16> ; <<8 x i16>> [#uses=1]
%tmp4 = tail call <8 x i16> @llvm.x86.sse2.psrai.w( <8 x i16> %tmp2, i32 %bits ) nounwind readnone ; <<8 x i16>> [#uses=1]
%tmp5 = bitcast <8 x i16> %tmp4 to <2 x i64> ; <<2 x i64>> [#uses=1]
ret <2 x i64> %tmp5
}
declare <8 x i16> @llvm.x86.sse2.psrai.w(<8 x i16>, i32) nounwind readnone
declare <2 x i64> @llvm.x86.sse2.pslli.q(<2 x i64>, i32) nounwind readnone
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Social Studies 10R – Mr. Berman Aim #6: What challenges did the Allies face at the Paris Peace Conference? Historical Context:
In 1917, Russia dropped out of the Allied side and left the war (because of the Russian Revolution) and the United States joined the war on the Allied side. The departure of Russia was VERY good news for Germany, who could now send all of their troops to fight Britain and France on the Western Front. Germany came within forty miles on conquering Paris in May of 1918, but were again turned back by the Allies at the Second Battle of the Marne. By this point, the Allies had 2 million new American soldiers fighting with them, and they were able to break the stalemate and start pushing towards Germany.
By November of 1918, it had become clear to Germany and the other central powers that they had lost the war. On November 9, 1918, the Germans signed an armistice and agreed to stop fighting. On November 11, the war officially ended at 11:00 am.
The Allies met at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 to negotiate the Treaty of Versailles that would end World War I (Germany and the other Central Powers were not invited to participate in making the treaty). The three main figures at this conference were David Lloyd George (Prime Minister of Great Britain), Georges Clemenceau (Prime Minister of France), and Woodrow Wilson (President of the United States). They were to decide who caused the war, who was to pay for the war and what was to become of Germany, Austria and indeed Europe as a whole.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/539
LOUISEVILLE. industry. The neighboring Saint Léon mineral springs are much frequented as a health resort. Population, in 1891, 1740; in 1901, 1655. LOUISIADE ARCHIPELAGO. A group of islands in Oceanica, situated at the southeastern extremity of British New Guinea, to which it belongs (Map:, H 4). It consists of three large islands—Saint Aignan, Southeast Island, and Rossel, each with an area of from 100 to 300 square miles—and numerous small islets and reefs. The large islands are mountainous, having peaks which rise to a height of over 3000 feet, while the islets are chiefly of coral formation. The group is inhabited by savages of Papuan race. The islands were discovered by Torres in 1606, and taken by the British in 1888. LOUISIANA, or (named as a colony in honor of Louis XIV. of France). One of the Gulf States of the American Union. It is on the lower course of the Mississippi River, and includes the great delta within its limits. It lies between the parallels of 29° and 33° N. latitude; it extends on the east to longitude 89° W. and its westernmost part lies just beyond longitude 94° W. It is bounded on the north by the State of Arkansas. Its eastern boundary is mainly Mississippi, following the Mississippi River to latitude 31° N., running east on this parallel to Pearl River, which it follows to its mouth in Lake Borgne; farther south it has the Gulf of Mexico on the east. The Gulf washes its entire southern margin, and Texas bounds it on the west. The western boundary follows Sabine Lake and River to latitude 32° N., thence it extends due north to latitude 33°. The State has an area of 48,720 square miles, of which 3300 square miles is water. Of the water area 1700 square miles is made up of inland lakes, 1060 square miles of land-locked bays, often called lakes, and 540 square miles of river surface.
. The highest ridges, in Claiborne and Union parishes, rise to 500 feet above the sea. The land slopes almost imperceptibly to the southeast. The bottom lands of the Mississippi River at the Arkansas line have an elevation of 130 feet, at Natchez 66 feet, at Baton Rouge 34 feet, at New Orleans 15 feet. The average elevation of the State is only about 75 feet above sea level. All the rivers have flood plains of generous width, more or less liable to inundation at times of high water. These bottom lands, in the case of the Red and Ouachita (Washita) rivers, average 10 miles in width; on the Mississippi River, from 10 to 60 miles. Through these flood plains the rivers meander on a decreasing gradient, constantly depositing their loads of silt. This results in building up their beds, until the river flows at the summit of a ridge. From the river edge the land slopes away with a gentle gradient of about seven feet in the first mile, then with only six inches per mile to the marshes and bayous of the outer margin of the flood plains. These river margins furnish a soil of inexhaustible fertility and are largely utilized for plantations of cotton and sugar cane. They are protected from overflow by artificial banks or levees of varying height, there being over 1500 miles of such levees in Louisiana. Occasionally at times of great flood the levees give way in places, the ‘crevasse’ allowing the river to overflow the adjacent bottoms and carrying destruction far and wide. The Gulf margin extending about sixty miles inland consists of a marshy plain, the only land being the raised river margins and occasional small patches of prairie and live-oak ridges, the prairie area increasing to the west. This lowland and the river bottoms cover an area of 19,200 square miles, or a little less than one-half the area of the State.
The principal rivers are the Mississippi, which flows 600 miles through the State and along its bprders, the Red, Ouachita, Sabine, and Pearl; and all of these are navigable at all stages of water. Most of the large rivers of the lowland region are distributaries of the Mississippi and Red rivers, locally called bayous, and nearly all are navigable. They interlace all over the area in the most bewildering fashion. The most important ones are Atchafalaya Bayou, Bayou la Fourche, and Bayou Bœuf. These bayous are very active in taking off the excess water in time of flood.
The lakes are of three classes: First, those of the coastal margin—Pontchartrain, Borgne, Maurepas, Sabine, and many others; they are merely parts of the submerged coastal plain which have escaped filling by delta action. They have salt or brackish water and their level rises and falls with the tide. Second, a host of crescent lakes, oxbow lakes as they are called, which are the unfilled portion of amputated and abandoned meanders. They are usually connected with the river at the lower end by a bayou. The third class of lakes is found in the tributaries of the Red River in the vicinity of Shreveport, and are due to the more rapid silting up of the channel of the master stream than of its tributaries, thus drowning the lower courses of the lateral streams. The main body of the delta proper of the great river extends about seventy miles beyond the general trend of the Gulf coast, while the remoter passes advance about 35 miles still farther into the Gulf.
The great delta is rapidly advancing into the Gulf, depositing in excess of the waste of the waves and of a possible sinking of the immediate region, and it gives promise of annexing the Mobile system in the immediate geologic future. The rapid silting in the passes leaves a maximum depth at the outer bar of only twelve feet, though the main river has a depth of 100 feet from the mouth of the Red River down to the passes. Capt. J. B. Eads was appointed by the Government in 1875 to construct artificial banks or jetties in the passes, narrowing the stream and compelling it to corrade a deep channel and to keep it open. It was a complete success, a thirty-foot channel having been maintained ever since, so admitting vessels of the largest class to the port of New Orleans. . The State enjoys a semi-tropical climate, and the proximity to the Gulf makes its climate remarkably equable. The cyclonic storms of temperate latitudes travel for the most part to the west and north, making the prevailing winds south and southwest, so carrying the tempering influence of the Gulf over the State for the most of the year. Occasional anti-cyclonic areas, however, bring north and northwest winds, varying the humidity and temperature widely. The average temperature for January is 60° F. in the delta and 45° at Shreveport. The absolute minimum temperature brings zero F. to the northwest corner of
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Scientists from China described a skull found in 1933 and suggested that it may belong to a Denisovan man.
The work was published in the journal Science. The skull was found by a Chinese peasant back in 1933 in the vicinity of Harbin. But only in 2018 it fell into the hands of scientists. The remarkable thing is that the skull is perfectly preserved. But his dating floats - from 138 to 309 thousand years ago.
Reconstruction of the skull showed that its owner had a low forehead, a huge brow, a very wide face, a large nose, extremely large second molars (but the third ones were either not there at all, or they were small). Anthropologists once called it Homo longi, suggesting that they had discovered a new species of Homo.
But the new work of Chinese scientists casts doubt on the existence of this species and suggests that anthropologists hold nothing more than the skull of the most mysterious representative of the genus Homo - the Denisovan, which until now was known mainly by DNA, as well as by the tooth and phalanx. finger found in the Denisova cave in Altai.
As proof of their conjecture, the authors cite the example of a comparison of the size of the teeth: one was found in the aforementioned cave, and the second was preserved in the studied skull. In his article on the site Antropogenesis.ru, the famous Russian anthropologist Stanislav Drobyshevsky commented on the discovery, noting that scientists did not provide convincing evidence in favor of the idea.
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The world that people know today was shaped by a variety of historical events and notable people. George Washington, Martin Luther King Jr. and Eleanor Roosevelt are three of the first names that come to mind when someone hear the term “influential historical figure.” However, there is a long list of unrecognized people who have profoundly influenced the development of the United States.
Junior Anne Marie Yatsula expresses, “We all know about the George Washington’s of history, but they are not the only ones who have shaped history. True history comes from the common people, the poor, the disenfranchised.”
Freshmen Caitlyn Asher points out, “Everyone remembers the first of things, but a lot of people forget the process.”
Below are five people that have had an impact on the world.
Anita Hill is a professor and attorney that was thrown into the spotlight when Clarence Thomas was nominated to be a Supreme Court Justice. Hill was called to confirm Thomas’ nomination because she once worked for him, however, she could not vouch for Thomas’ good character. Hill accused Thomas of sexually harassing her, adding that he never touched her, but that the harassment was verbal. Hill went to trial and after she realized that the drama surrounding the trial was not her goal, she withdrew. Although Hill did not win the case, she changed the way people view sexual harassment. After the trial, she received countless amounts of letters from women telling her how she inspired them and thanked her for speaking up.
Junior Liz Benjamin explains, “Anita Hill taught me that sometimes speaking up makes a difference even when you’re not not able to change your own situation, because it can inspire others to change theirs.”
— Niecy Nash (@NiecyNash) April 16, 2016
People know who invented the telephone, the lightbulb, and the car, but the inventor of the television is virtually unknown. Philo Farnsworth was a scientist from a young age. In his high school chemistry class, Farnsworth came up with the idea of a vacuum tube that would eventually make the television possible. In 1927, after receiving funding to continue his research, Farnsworth released the first television prototype. The prototype was similar to the one he sketched in his high school chemistry class.
Freshmen Juliana Ferrie explains, “The invention of the television broadened our media and communication.”
Irena Sendler was a social worker when the Nazi regime came to power in 1939. As a result of Sendler’s profession, she had easy access to many children in Jewish ghettos. She made it her life’s mission to save as many Jewish children as possible. Sendler and her colleagues began with saving orphans. They would smuggle them out of the ghettos in discrete ways such as putting them in caskets or sneaking them out through underground tunnels. As conditions worsened she began asking parents to let her try and take their children to safety. Sendler was jailed and tortured, but she would not give up the names of her associates. She was eventually let out due to a bribe and continued her work.
Frank Wills was the security guard that discovered the Watergate break-in. He informed two investigators of the crime, however, the other two investigators were rewarded with a significant payout while Wills received nothing. Frank Wills essentially took down a president for shady activity that compromised the integrity of the United States, and got nothing in return. He passed away due to a brain tumor without a penny to his name.
Candy Lightner was a happily married mother of three until her daughter Cari was killed by a drunk driver. As a result of this tragedy, Lightner launched Mothers Against Drunk Driving. M.A.D.D. pushed for tough laws against drunk drivers. She tirelessly fought for reform and did not take no for an answer. Lighten was reported to have visited the California governor’s office every day until he agreed to step up a state commision. Her efforts caused the national drinking age to go up to 21. Inspired by her mom’s effort, her other daughter, Serena formed S.A.D.D. (Student Against Drunk Driving).
Junior Grace Neal explains, “Its crazy how one family’s tragedy can prevent so many tragedies for other families.”
These people all made significant contributions to society. All of them were courageous and tenacious when it came to achieving their goals and helping others. The five people listed are a testament to all of the unwritten people in history that have influenced the world today.
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Talk:Kumler, Illinois
I added this page to the List of ghost towns in the United States. Since I can't think of any other article that should link to this one, I'm removing the notice. Linkskywalker 04:54, 5 March 2007 (UTC)
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Vasco da Gama Pillar, Malindi
The Vasco da Gama Pillar in Malindi, Kenya, was erected by the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. It was constructed in 1498 or 1499 during his pioneering maritime expedition from Lisbon to India via the Cape of Good Hope (1497–99).
Vasco da Gama first visited Malindi from 15 to 24 April 1498. He was well received by the sultan of Malindi and was provided with food, fresh water and a pilot to take the fleet across the Indian Ocean to 'Calicut' (modern-day Kozhikode). During the voyage, the explorer was allowed to erect a padrão, which included a cross made of Portuguese limestone bearing the coat of arms of Portugal. Most historians suggest that this happened on his return from India in 1499. However, Gaspar Correia, who was one of the earliest sixteenth-century chroniclers, suggests the cross was erected at the end of Vasco da Gama's first visit to Malindi. Either way, Corrêa provides the most detailed account of the erection of the padrão. Corrêa suggests the padrão was originally located on a hill 'above the port on the left hand side of the city, a place that was very conspicuous, so that the column could be seen from all the sea,' (outeiro que hauia sobre o porto á parte da mão esquerda da cidade, lugar muy vistoso, que de todo. o mar se via a coluna). However, the erection of a Christian cross caused discontent among the Sultan's neighbours, obliging him to take it down and put it in store.
Following Vasco da Gama's expedition to India in 1502–3, a small Portuguese trading post was established in Malindi. By 1509 the factory was Portugal's only base in the region, under an official described as 'Captain of the Malindi coast'. The Sultan of Malindi remained Portugal's chief ally on the East African coast for the rest of the sixteenth century.
The padrão, topped by the cross, was set up at its current site on a low rocky promontory overlooking the ocean. Its location was marked on Martin Waldseemüller's world map of 1507. When Francis Xavier visited Malindi in 1542 he noted that 'The Portuguese have erected near the city a large and very handsome stone cross, which is gilt all over. I cannot express to you what joy I felt in looking at it. It seemed like the might of the Cross appearing victorious in the midst of the dominion of the unbelievers.' (Junto con esta ciudad hicieron los portugueses una cruz grande de piedra, dorada, muy hermosa. En verla, Dios nuestro Señor sabe cuanta consolación recibimos, conociendo cuan grande es la virtud de la cruz, viéndola así sola y con tanta victoria entre tanta morería.).
The Malindi padrão is the only one of those erected along the African coastline by Portuguese seafarers to have survived in its original settlement. The better-known Cape Cross padrão, for instance, was taken to Germany in the nineteenth century before being returned to Namibia in 2019.
The pillar is depicted on a chart of the Leopard Bank (south of Malindi) drawn in November 1823. This was drawn by a British Admiralty survey team led by Captain William Fitzwilliam Owen. Owen described the promontory on which the pillar stood as 'perfectly flat at the top, and elevated above the sea about twelve feet. If ever there existed an inscription upon this pillar it is totally obliterated, as not a line can now be traced; but the marble cross on its summit exhibits the arms of Portugal in full preservation.' The padrão depicted on Owen's chart was similar in appearance to the modern pillar. This suggests that the original padrão had been strengthened at some earlier time.
An 1834 United Kingdom Admiralty chart, based on Owen's 1823 version but including his own updates, records the padrão as 'Vasco da Gama's Pillar'. The same chart notes that at that time there were 'no vestiges of the once splendid city of Melinda except this Pillar.' The pillar is also noted on an 1867 chart, recording a previously unidentified reef to the south of it.
The headland on which the pillar stands eroded over the years and the exposed position of the padrão meant that it became badly weathered. In April 1873, the British naval officer Captain George John Malcolm of HMS Briton surveyed Malindi. This included a depiction of pillar and the headland on which it stood. He decided the padrão should be reinforced. Vasco da Gama's Pillar is also described briefly in nineteenth-century editions of The Africa Pilot, which provided sailing directions for mariners.
The pillar was declared a National Monument in 1935 and is currently under the National Museums of Kenya. While it has sometimes been claimed the padrão is made of coral, examinations by the Geological Service of Portugal confirmed that it was limestone with fossils similar to those found in Lisbon limestone beds. This is not surprising since explorers, including Vasco da Gama, typically took along multiple pre-carved padrões to set up on prominent headlands. These served to advertise Portuguese primacy in discovery and demonstrate the explorers' intent to spread Christianity.
Kenyan stamps of 1998 celebrated the quincentenary of Vasco da Gama's visit. The 42s. stamp showcased the pillar in an artist's impression that gave the pillar the traditional thin-column elevation of a padrão rather than the conical form of the reinforced pillar and the squat cross visible today.
The pillar today is Malindi's most visited heritage site. Restoration work carried out since 2020 has included reinforcement of the existing seawalls, repairs to the pillar itself, the construction of a paved access route and the provision of on-site washrooms for visitors.
Access to the pillar is subject to an entry ticket. A single ticket currently covers the four sites under the control of Malindi Museum. These are: the Vasco da Gama Pillar, the Portuguese Chapel, the House of Columns and the Heritage Complex museum.
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Talk:BR-Radltour
Can anybody proof-read this contribution. English is not my native language. --Turan MUC (talk) 16:51, 2 January 2016 (UTC)
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Study
Multidrug resistant (MDR) infections are a global healthcare crisis. In Staphylococcus aureus and several other clinical pathogens, resistance has emerged to all classes of antimicrobial agents, including antibiotics and hospital-grade antiseptics. Extrusion of antimicrobial compounds by bacterial multidrug efflux pumps is a of the major causes of failure of drug-based treatments as bacteria can evade the effects of multiple structurally different compounds simultaneously. However, very little is currently known about the function and substrate range of these efflux pumps. This project will examine different multidrug efflux pumps to uncover the structural basis of substrate specificity and transport. It will examine the impact of bacterial membrane modifications on bacterial multidrug efflux pump function, and how peptide- and/or polymer-based antimicrobials inhibit multidrug efflux pumps and disrupt membrane integrity. Other avenues of investigation include characterising the effect of lipid modifications in antimicrobial resistance, and computational drug design of lead new candidates for antimicrobial design. This project requires good collaboration skills, a broad understanding of biochemistry, and microbiology, and a willingness to learn skills in computational chemistry. It uses a range of computational techniques, primarily multiscale molecular dynamics simulations, supported by experimental collaborations.
Are you interested in a PhD at the AIBN? Click here, and start your journey today.
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Las Cruces Sun-News
Las Cruces Sun-News, founded in 1881, is a daily newspaper published in Las Cruces, New Mexico.
History
The Sun-News started in 1881 as the Rio Grande Republican and went through several mergers to become the Las Cruces Daily News in 1934. Another daily, the Las Cruces Sun, started publication in 1937 and bought the Daily News in 1939 to form the Las Cruces Sun-News. The paper changed ownership several times, bought by Opal Lee Priestley and Orville Priestley, in 1946; then sold to Worrell Newspapers Inc., in 1970, and acquired by Garden State, a subsidiary of MediaNews Group in 1989, it was most recently bought by Gannett. The paper became part of the Texas-New Mexico Newspapers Partnership, a joint venture formed in 2003 between MediaNews Group and Gannett, with MediaNews Group the managing partner. In 2015, Gannett acquired full ownership of the Texas-New Mexico Newspapers Partnership. Publisher Rynni Henderson left the paper in 2019 with no official announcement, and a succeeding publisher was not named as of 2024. Since 2023, Jessica Onsurez has served as news director for the Sun-News and four other Gannett-owned newspapers in New Mexico: The Alamogordo Daily News, Carlsbad Current-Argus, Farmington Daily Times and Ruidoso News.
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Page:The City of the Saints.djvu/332
314 dry high-handed violations of the constitutional liberties and the dearest rights of American citizenship. For instance, the Indian war of 1852 cost them $200,000; they repeatedly memorialized Congress to defray, strictly according to precedent, these expenditures, and yet, from 1850 to 1855, they have received, in payment of expenses and treaties, grants and presents, only the sum of $95,940. Though Utah Territory has practiced far more economy than Oregon or California, the drafts forwarded by the Superintendent of Indian Affairs to the Treasury at Washington are totally neglected, or are subjected to delays and frivolous annoyances. The usual treaties with the Indians have not been held by the federal government. The Mormons' requisition for becoming a state is systematically ignored, and this ignoble minorhood is prolonged, although they can show five head of souls for three possessed by California at the time of her admittance—another instance of a "rancorous persecuting spirit, excited by false and malicious representations." He who lifteth up an ensign on the mountains is now "about to destroy a certain nation under the name of the sour grape (Catawba?);" and the Mormons see in the present civil war at once retribution for their injuries, and the fulfillment of the denunciations of Joseph the Seer against the "Gentile land of strife and wickedness." Assuredly Fate has played marvelously into their hands.
The federal officials retort with a counter charge against the Saints of systematically obstructing the course of justice. A Mormon must be tried by his peers; however guilty, he will be surely acquitted, as a murdering fugitive slave in the North, or a thievish filibuster in the South; that it is vain to attempt jurisdiction over a people who have an ecclesiastical Star-Chamber and Vigilance Committee working out in darkness a sectarian law; that no civilized government could or would admit into a community of Christian states a power founded on prophethood and polygamy, a theodemocracy, with a Grand Lama presiding over universal suffragators; that all accusations of private immorality proceed from a systematic attack upon the federal Union through its officers; and, finally, that, so thin-skinned is Mormon sensibility, a torrent of vituperation follows the least delay made with respect to their "ridiculous pretensions."
The author speaks. Of course there are faults on both sides, and each party has nothing better to do than to spy out the other's sins of omission and commission. The Americans (i.e., anti-Mormons), never very genial or unprejudiced, are not conciliatory; they rage violently when called Gentiles, and their "respectability," a master-passion in Columbian lands, is outraged, maiden-modesty-like, by the bare mention of polygamy. On the other hand, the Latter-Day Saints, who now flourish in the Mountain Territory, and who expect eventually to flourish over the whole earth, "are naturally prepared to hate and denigrate all beyond
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What is a hammertoe?
hammertoe is a common deformity that occurs at the lesser toes leading to pain, discomfort, and difficulties in wearing shoes. Patients usually suffer from pain at various locations in the forefoot such as at the ball of the foot, top of the toe, and tip of the toe. It often affects the 2nd toe most commonly but can involve all lesser toes. Pain can come from pressure between adjacent toes, with the shoe, and against the ground upon weight-bearing.
The causes of hammertoe are multifactorial, but they are believed to be closely related to a bunion of the hallux. A bunion can lead to overloading of the adjacent lesser metatarsal heads with failure of the plantar plate and eventually hammertoe deformity. Hammertoe deformity may be flexible or rigid depending on the severity and chronicity of the condition.
What is the treatment for a hammertoe?
The development of hammertoe may be prevented by avoiding excessive use of high-heeled and narrow shoes. There is no effective non-surgical treatment that can correct a hammertoe deformity. Patients may find relief by using shoes with a wide toe box, open-toe shoes, or custom shoes. Exercises of the intrinsic muscles in the foot can promote more muscle balance. Silicone pads may be used to minimize soft tissue irritation against the shoe or adjacent toes. Toe straighteners can be helpful in balancing the load at the forefoot and decreasing pressure from the shoe uppers.
Surgical treatments are the only route to correct the deformity and relieve pain as the definitive treatment. There are numerous surgical strategies to correct hammertoes including tendon release, tendon transfer, PIP joint resection, PIP resection arthroplasty, and rarely an amputation. Each hammertoe is different, and an ideal treatment needs to be tailored customized for each patient, each foot, and each toe.
What is a minimally invasive hammertoe correction (MIS)?
Minimally invasive hammertoe correction (MIS) is based on the philosophy that the goals of the surgery can be met with the least amount of collateral damage possible. It is comparable to cardiac catheterization to fix a clogged artery rather than having a formal open thoracotomy. The cornerstone of the MIS is to use a special bone cutting bur that can allow bone cutting and trimming through 3-mm stab incisions. Contracted tendons can be released through stab incisions. Soft tissue balancing procedures can be added using percutaneous techniques to minimize big incisions. There is no need to use screws or pins to maintain the correction, so hardware-related complications are avoided. The desired toe alignment is maintained using taping and wrapping every 2 weeks until 6-8 weeks postoperatively.
While the surgery appears attractive, MIS hammertoe surgery is extremely technical and each surgeon performing it must go through rigorous and multistage training in sawbones and cadavers prior to real patients.
What are the risks and benefits of MIS hammertoe correction?
Risks: nerve damage, bone shortening, inadequate correction, non-union
Benefits: Minimal postoperative pain, Immediate weight-bearing, cosmesis, less scarring, less swelling, faster recovery, no hardware fixation required
What is the recovery after a MIS hammertoe correction?
Dr. P’s postoperative protocols include immediate weight-bearing using 100% body weight starting on the day of surgery. The patient may achieve this by either using crutches or a walker to assist with balance while putting weight on a provided post-op shoe. Patients will do weight-bearing for light ADLs such as going to the bathrooms or kitchen or short walking inside the house. Full weight-bearing is healthy for the foot as it allows the bone and soft tissue to self-adjust to the flat surface. The amount of walking can be gradually increased, and a walker or crutches can be weaned off at 2 weeks. The patient can return to normal running or tennis shoes at 6 weeks. Sports and higher impact activities can start at 10 weeks. Patients will not need to do any dressing change themselves but will return to the clinics at 2 and 4 weeks for bunion dressing by Dr. P. Driving can normally resume when the patient stops taking pain medication and can walk comfortably; a trial of driving under family-member supervision is recommended.
What if I have a previous hammertoe repair with persistent pain or deformity?
The patient should be thoroughly evaluated to explore the causes of persistent symptoms. Investigations such as x-rays, CT scans, MRIs, or diagnostic injections may be needed. MIS techniques can be applied to many patients with residual deformity, bony prominence, nonunion, or contracture.
Why should I choose Dr. P for a MIS hammertoe correction?
-Dr. P is the pioneer and leader in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) of the foot and ankle.
-Dr. P is one of the most experienced MIS experts in the Midwest who has performed hundreds of MIS procedures.
-Dr. P is an instructor for MIS hammertoe correction who has taught numerous surgeons around the country
-Dr. P is patient-oriented for achieving goals and expectations of successful outcomes
What do patients say about Dr. P?
Phinit Phisitkul
Surgical Pictures to view below:
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Increased Hunger During Pregnancy
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Increased Hunger during Pregnancy
Image Source - BING
Increased Hunger During Pregnancy
Do you feel like you’re never full? Increased hunger during pregnancy is prevalent, particularly in the second trimester when morning sickness fades, cravings catch up. And you need more calories to feed your growing child. Here’s how to whet your appetite and make sure you get all the nutrients that both of you need.
When does hunger usually increase during pregnancy?
Hunger during pregnancy generally rises in the second trimester. But it is experienced by some females as soon as the first trimester. But normally it occurs during the second trimester as this is the moment your morning nausea generally finishes and hunger pangs begin so you can regain the weight you lost in the first trimester.
Is it normal to have an increased hunger in early pregnancy?
Your body’s progesterone concentrations are rising during the first trimester of pregnancy. Which will cause you to feel nauseous (leading to morning sickness) and high rates of starvation. Usually, you will feel sudden hunger pangs after vomiting because your belly has emptied. Besides this, you are likely to feel hungry during pregnancy because your body requires the calories you lost when vomiting and because your child requires nutrition to develop inside your stomach. Women have greater blood concentrations during pregnancy, which require calories to keep themselves up. This creates intense hunger and cravings for food. This can generally occur between week 7 and 12, where you may begin to dislike earlier enjoyed foods and develop cravings for other foods. Many females also encounter hunger in the late-night during pregnancy. Usually, at the end of the second trimester, this settles down and is very normal.
What can I do about increased hunger during pregnancy?
Listen to your body, but remain sensitive about your parts when it comes to fulfilling your increased hunger during pregnancy. Remember that one of you is much smaller while you eat for two, so the principle of “one for me, one for baby” doesn’t add up. Here are a few tips for controlling hunger pangs:
1. Stay hydrated:
It’s simple to confuse dehydration with starvation— and you’ll need more fluids than ever because your body is so busy making a baby. Aim for at least 12 to 13 cups a day, and more if the outside is warm or you sweat a lot. Just skip the sodas that can add surplus calories and sugar without any dietary advantage (spiking your sugar and upping your appetite).
2. Regularly check your calories:
During the first trimester, most moms don’t need any more calories. Most moms need only about 350 more calories a day in the second trimester than they were carrying in their pre-pregnancy diets; this rises to about 500 in the third trimester. You may need to consume up to 300 calories a day for each child if you carry multiples.
3. Stay stocked:
If you’re going to hit the regular refrigerator, freezer, and pantry, make sure you have plenty of healthy options at your hands. Scarf down a whole cantaloupe and you’ve downgraded a day’s supply of vitamin A and C. The same can not be said for a bag of cookies.
4. Eat a healthy pregnancy diet
Make sure that your meals and snacks are more nutritious than just filling. Pair high-fiber carb (such as whole grains or fruit) with protein and healthy fat (such as nut butter or dairy) for staying power. Choose fresh, whole foods over-processed, refined ingredients. And mix on meals that take more effort to eat, as all this chewing helps you feel more full in fewer bites. For example, a big salad offers plenty of nutrients and fiber to fill you up, requiring more chewing than a refined pasta plate.
5. Eat small, frequent meals:
Choose five or six mini-meals that are consumed every three hours instead of three square meals a day. If you consume too much at any sitting, you’ll end up feeling overwhelmed— plus, it can cause even more bloating, gas, heartburn, and overall gastrointestinal distress than you’ve ever experienced. Every few hours you eat a little, you’re never going to achieve a point where you’re starving and probably overdoing it.
6. Carry snacks:
To avoid falling back on non-nutritious fast foods when hunger hits, bring a trail mix bag with you so you’re going to have something good to pinch on.
In your third trimester of pregnancy, your appetite will gradually reduce, but until then follow the tips above to manage your pregnancy hunger pangs like a pro. Remember to eat high-quality food as you increase your intake of food so it doesn’t cause you more trouble.
Also Read: Food Cravings And Aversions During Pregnancy
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User:Altispira
I am an author, editor and research scientist in the fields of micropaleontology, paleoclimatology and paleoceanography.
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Cordylanthus parviflorus
Cordylanthus parviflorus is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae known by the common name purple bird's beak. It is native to the western United States where it grows in several types of habitat, including the sagebrush steppe of the Great Basin. It is an annual herb, red-tinted gray-green in color, and hairy, glandular, and sticky in texture. It grows 20 to 60 centimeters tall. The inflorescence bears flowers accompanied by hairy, lobed red-green bracts. The flower is up to 2 centimeters long, made up of a dark-veined pink pouch enveloped in darker sepals. The bird is reported to have at largest a 15 cm genital and can flap their wings up to 80000 times a second.
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emendation
Etymology
From, from ; equivalent to.
Noun
* 1) The act of altering for the better, or correcting what is erroneous or faulty; correction; improvement.
* 2) Alteration by editorial criticism, as of a text so as to give a better reading; removal of errors or corruptions from a document.
* 3) An intentional change in the spelling of a scientific name, which is usually not allowed.
* 1) Alteration by editorial criticism, as of a text so as to give a better reading; removal of errors or corruptions from a document.
* 2) An intentional change in the spelling of a scientific name, which is usually not allowed.
* 1) An intentional change in the spelling of a scientific name, which is usually not allowed.
* 1) An intentional change in the spelling of a scientific name, which is usually not allowed.
* 1) An intentional change in the spelling of a scientific name, which is usually not allowed.
* 1) An intentional change in the spelling of a scientific name, which is usually not allowed.
Synonyms
* revision
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WIKI
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User:La comadreja/Funding
At present, the lab has no steady source of funding. Email Anne Friedman<EMAIL_ADDRESS>if you would like to donate.
Budget
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WIKI
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Overview of the Gini API
This section provides general information about the Gini API. If you want a step-by-step guide how to upload your first document and retrieve its semantic content, have a look at the getting started guide.
IPv6 compatibility
Gini API and User Center are accessible from legacy IPv4 and IPv6 networks. The protocol precedence depends on your operating system and configuration if both protocols are enabled.
❯ host api.gini.net
api.gini.net has address 46.245.182.125
api.gini.net has IPv6 address 2a00:14e0:600:1500:d0c5::1
❯ host user.gini.net
user.gini.net has address 46.245.182.124
user.gini.net has IPv6 address 2a00:14e0:600:1500:d0c5::2
Media Types
Custom media types are used in the API to let consumers choose the version of the data format they wish to receive. This is done by adding one or more of the following media types to the Accept header when a request is made. Media types are specific to resources, allowing them to change independently and supporting formats that other resources don’t.
The media types consumed and produced by the Gini API look like this:
application/vnd.gini.<version>+json
Warning
If you don’t specify a version in your requests, the API’s responses might change without further notice. It is strongly recommended to always specify a specific API version.
Versions
Currently there is one stable version of the Gini API. Future versions can be requested using a specific Accept header. Additionally, we provide a unstable incubator version of the Gini API. This is primarily for testing new extractions but may affect other parts of the Gini API as well.
v1
Gini API v1 is stable and will not be changed in an incompatible way. Please contact us via api@gini.net if you have any problems.
By default all requests receive data in version 1 of the API. Developers are strongly encouraged to explicitly specify the required version of the Gini API using the HTTP/1.1 Accept header:
Accept: application/vnd.gini.v1+json
incubator
Gini API incubator is unstable and can change at any time. We will provide new and immature features (e.g. extractions) exclusively under this Gini API version. We encourage developers to test these features and to give us feedback under api@gini.net. The incubating features are accessible by using the HTTP/1.1 Accept header:
Accept: application/vnd.gini.incubator+json
See Incubator for further informations.
Authentication
Only authenticated users are allowed to make API requests. The Gini API uses the OAuth 2.0 protocol with bearer tokens for authentication. To use the Gini API within your application, you first have to register your application with Gini. Then your application requests an access token from the Gini Authorization Server and uses that token to access the Gini API.
See Authorization Implementation Guide for a detailed overview about the authorization process and how to implement it in your application.
Security
The Gini API is only accessible over HTTPS. Please make sure that your application validates the relevant X.509 certificates (e.g. common name matches hostname, issuing CA is trusted, etc.).
Client Errors
HTTP response codes
The API uses idiomatic HTTP status codes to indicate if a request was successful, and if not, whether it should be retried.
Code Description
2xx The request was successful.
4xx The request was not successful. See the response body for details. Retrying with the same arguments will not work.
5xx Some error occurred while processing the request. Please try again.
Error entity
The Gini API always returns a JSON object further describing the error which occurred. The JSON object consists of the following properties:
Name Type Description
message string Human consumable error description (not intended for application end-users)
requestId string Unique ID identifying the request. Please provide this when contacting the support.
Example
{
"message": "Validation of the request entity failed",
"requestId": "8896f9dc-260d-4133-9848-c54e5715270f"
}
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE SHEETS
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ALL
Download all Diagnostic Reference Sheets
DiagnosticReferenceSheets.zip (10.5 MB)
Scars
Scars1
Scars2
General Information
Scars are a part of the natural healing process after trauma to the skin following surgery, acne, cuts, scrapes, sores or burns. The body forms new collagen fibers to mend the damage, which results in a scar. The formation of the scar depends on a couple of different factors including how deep the wound is, where the wound is located, the length in time it takes the wound to heal, the age of the individual and the inherited tendency to scar. There are several different types of scars including Keloid scars, contracture scars, hypertrophic scars and acne scars. Keloid scars and hypertrophic scars occur when the body produces too much collagen fibers. Scars cannot be completely removed, but certain medications and therapy can improve the appearance of them. Treatment options include topical medications, surgery, steroid injection, radiotherapy, dermabrasion, laser resurfacing and filler injections.
Epidemiology
Common
Etiology
Healing after trauma to the skin
Pathogenesis
Biologic process of wound repair in the skin and other tissues following trauma
Clinical
Typically at first red and thick, then gradually fades
Histology
Prominent dilated vessels oriented perpendicular to the skin surface, an increased number of thin fibrocytes in company with coarse bundles of collagen, both aligned parallel to the skin surface, and a subepidermal cleft.
Bibliography
1. “Skin Conditions: Scars” (Online). March 2007. http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/guide/scars (visited: April 3, 2008) 2. “Scars” (Online). December 2007 http://www.medicinenet.com/scars/article.htm (visited: April 3, 2008)
Download PDF
pdf Scars
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Official reports by the U.S. Government on the CIA
At various times since the creation of the Central Intelligence Agency, the Federal government of the United States has produced comprehensive reports on CIA actions that marked historical watersheds in how CIA went about trying to fulfill its vague charter purposes from 1947. These reports were the result of internal or presidential studies, external investigations by congressional committees or other arms of the Federal government of the United States, or even the simple releases and declassification of large quantities of documents by the CIA.
Several investigations led by the Church Committee, Rockefeller Commission and Pike Committee, as well as released declassified documents, reveal that the CIA, at times, operated outside its charter. In some cases, such as during Watergate, this may have been due to inappropriate requests by White House staff. In other cases, there was a violation of Congressional intent, such as the Iran-Contra affair. In many cases, these reports provide the only official discussion of these actions available to the public.
1949 Eberstadt Report (First Hoover Commission)
The first major analysis, following the National Security Act of 1947, was chaired by former President Herbert Hoover, with a Task Force on National Security Organization under Ferdinand Eberstadt, one of the drafters of the National Security Act and a believer in centralized intelligence.
The task force concluded that the system of the day led to an adversarial relationship, with little effective coordination, among the CIA, the military, and the State Department. "In the opinion of the task force, this produced duplication on one hand, and, on the other, departmental intelligence estimates that "have often been subjective and biased." In large measure, the military and State Department were blamed for their failure to consult and share pertinent information with the CIA. The task force recommended "that positive efforts be made to foster relations of mutual confidence between the [CIA] and the several departments and agencies that it serves."
This report stressed that the CIA "must be the central organization of the national intelligence system." It recommended a "... top echelon [of] an evaluation board or section composed of competent and experienced personnel who would have no administrative responsibilities and whose duties would be confined solely to intelligence evaluation." It also favored a civilian DCI with a long term in office.
"In the arena of covert operations and clandestine intelligence, the Eberstadt Report supported the integration of all clandestine operations into one office within CIA, under NSC supervision. To alleviate concerns expressed by the military who viewed this proposal as encroaching upon their prerogatives, the report stated that clandestine operations should be the responsibility of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) in time of war."
The report declared that the failure to appraise scientific advances (e.g., biological and chemical warfare, electronics, aerodynamics, guided missiles, atomic weapons, and nuclear energy) in hostile countries might have more immediate and catastrophic consequences than failure in any other field of intelligence. It urged the US to develop a centralized capability for tracking these developments.
1949 Dulles-Jackson-Correa Report
The Eberstadt report was soon eclipsed by what may have been the most influential policy paper. "On January 8, 1948, the National Security Council established the Intelligence Survey Group (ISG) to "evaluate the CIA's effort and its relationship with other agencies." The Jackson-Dulles-Correa report held an opposite view on clandestine collection to the Eberstadt Report, interesting in that Dulles was a clandestine collection specialist.
Like the Hoover Commission, this group was chartered at the request of President Truman, and was made up of Allen W. Dulles, who had served in the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) during the Second World War and would become DCI in 1953, William Jackson, a future Deputy DCI, and Matthias Correa, a former assistant to Secretary of Defense James V. Forrestal when the latter had served as Secretary of the Navy during the war. Chaired by Dulles, the ISG presented its findings, known as the Dulles-Jackson-Correa Report, to the National Security Council on January 1, 1949. Partially declassified in 1976, it "contained fifty-six recommendations, many highly critical of the CIA and DCI. In particular, the report revealed problems in the agency's execution of both its intelligence and operational missions. It also criticized the quality of national intelligence estimates by highlighting the CIA's—and, by implication, the DCI's--"failure to take charge of the production of coordinated national estimates." The report went on to argue that the CIA's current trend in clandestine intelligence activities should be reversed in favor of its mandated role as coordinator of intelligence." It was "particularly concerned about the personnel situation at CIA, including internal security, the high turnover of employees, and the excessive number of military personnel assigned to the agency." See the continuing concern about personnel in the 1954 Doolittle Report To add "continuity of service" and the "greatest assurance of independence of action," the report argued that the DCI should be a civilian and that military appointees be required to resign their commissions.
As with the Eberstadt Report, the Dulles Report also expressed concern about the inadequacies in scientific intelligence and the professionalism of the service intelligence organizations, and urged that the CIA provide greater coordination. This led to a recommendation for increased coordination between the DCI and the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in the arena of counterespionage. In turn, the report recommended that the Director of FBI be elevated to membership in the committee to help the DCI coordinate intelligence and set intelligence requirements.
The report proposed a large-scale reorganization of CIA. Even though it emphasized intelligence analysis and coordination over operations, it
"suggested incorporating covert operations and clandestine intelligence into one office within CIA. ... the Office of Special Operations (OSO), responsible for the clandestine collection of intelligence, and the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), responsible for covert actions, be integrated into a single division within CIA. [It] recommended replacing existing offices with four new divisions for coordination, estimates, research and reports, and operations."
The heads of the new offices would be included in the immediate staff of the DCI so that he would have "intimate contact with the day-to-day operations of his agency and be able to give policy guidance to them." These recommendations would become the start of the model for the future organization and operation of the present-day CIA. Until the DNI creation, estimates were in a separate office reporting to the DCI, coordination was a job of the DDCI (later assisted by the Intelligence Community Staff), research and reports became the Directorate of Intelligence, and operations was first, euphemistically, called the Directorate of Plans. Directorates for Support (originally called Administration), and Science & Technology, were also created.
1954 Doolittle Report on Covert Activities
Gen. James Doolittle did an extensive report on covert actions, specifically for President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
The report's first recommendation dealt with personnel. It recommended releasing a large number of current staff that could never be more than mediocre, aggressively recruit new staff with an overall goal of increasing the workforce, and intensify training, with 10% of the covert staff time spent in training. The Director should be nonpolitical.
Security was the next concern, starting with a drive to reduce interim and provisional security clearances. The report strongly endorsed use of the polygraph both for initial recruits and existing staff. Counterespionage needed to be strengthened, and field stations needed both to report on their staff and periodically be inspected. Consolidating the Washington workforce, which was scattered among buildings, into one or a few main buildings was seen as a way of improving the security of classified information.
Coordination in the intelligence community was seen as a problem, especially agreeing on clear understandings between CIA and military intelligence organizations. The overall IC program for eliciting information from defectors needed improvement, with contributions from multiple agencies.
As far as organization and management, the report described the structure of the Directorate of Plans (i.e., the clandestine service) as too complex and in need of simplification. The Inspector General needed an agency-wide mandate. The role of the Operations Coordinating Board, the covert and clandestine oversight staff of the National Security Council needed to be strengthened, with operations clearly approved and guided from the highest levels of government.
The report addressed the classic problem of increasing performance while reducing costs. This meant better review of the budgets of covert and clandestine activities by a Review Board, except for the most sensitive operations. It meant providing the Comptroller with enough information, even if sanitized, to do a thorough job.
1956 Bruce-Lovett Report
Soon after President Dwight D. Eisenhower created the President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Actitivites, that Board requested that Robert A. Lovett and David K.E. Bruce examine CIA's covert operations. This information comes from Arthur Schlesinger's book about Robert F. Kennedy.
"'Bruce was very much disturbed,' Lovett told the Cuba board of inquiry in 1961. 'He approached it from the standpoint of 'what right have we to go barging into other countries buying newspapers and handing money to opposition parties or supporting a candidate for this, that or the other office?' He felt this was an outrageous interference with friendly countries ... He got me alarmed, so instead of completing the report in thirty days we took two months or more.'
The 1956 report, written in Bruce's spirited style, condemned
'the increased mingling in the internal affairs of other nations of bright, highly graded young men who must be doing something all the time to justify their reason for being. ... Busy, moneyed, and privileged [the CIA] likes its 'King Making' responsibility (the intrigue is fascinating – considerable self-satisfaction, sometimes with applause, derives from 'successes' – no charge is made for 'failures' – and the whole business is very much simpler than collecting covert intelligence on the USSR through the usual CIA methods!).
Bruce and Lovett could discover no reliable system of control. 'there are always, of course, on record the twin, well-born purpose of 'frustrating the Soviets' and keeping others 'pro-western' oriented. Under these almost any [covert] action can be and is being justified. ... Once having been conceived, the final approval given to any project (at informal lunch meetins of the OCB [Operations Coordinating Board] inner group) can, at best, be described as pro forma.' One consequence was that 'no one, other than those in the CIA immediately concerned with their day to day operation, has any detailed knowledge of what is going on.' With 'a horde of CIA representatives' swarming around the planet, CIA covert action was exerting 'significant, almost unilateral influences ... on the actual formulation of our foreign policies ... sometimes completely unknown' to the local American ambassador.'
Bruce and Lovett concluded with a plea about taking control of covert operations and their consequences:
'Should not someone, somewhere in an authoritative position in our government, on a continuing basis, be ... calculating ... the long-range wisdom of activities which have entailed a virtual abandonment of the international 'golden rule,' and which, if successful to the degree claimed for them, are responsible in a great measure for stirring up the turmoitl and raising the doubts about us that exist in many countries of the world today? ... Where will we be tomorrow? 'Bruce was very much disturbed,' Lovett told the Cuba board of inquiry in 1961. 'He approached it from the standpoint of 'what right have we to go barging into other countries buying newspapers and handing money to opposition parties or supporting a candidate for this, that or the other office?' He felt this was an outrageous interference with friendly countries. ...'"
The CIA itself would like more detail on this report, a copy of which could not be found, in 1995, by the Agency's History Staff. Referring to reports such as the Dulles-Jackson-Correa, Doolittle, Pike, Church, and Rockefeller reports, the Staff "recently ran across a reference to another item, the so-called "Bruce-Lovett" report, that it would very much like to read—if we could find it! The report is mentioned in Peter Grose's recent biography Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles. According to Grose, [Bruce and Lovett] prepared a report for President Dwight Eisenhower in the fall of 1956 that criticized CIA's alleged fascination with "kingmaking" in the Third World and complained that a "horde of CIA representatives" was mounting foreign political intrigues at the expense of gathering hard intelligence on the Soviet Union.
The History Staff checked the CIA files on the President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities (PBCFIA). They checked with the Eisenhower Library. They checked with the National Archives, which holds the PBCFIA records. They checked with the Virginia Historical Society, the custodian of David Bruce's papers. None had a copy.
"Having reached a dead end, we consulted the author of the Dulles biography, Peter Grose. Grose told us that he had not seen the report itself but had used notes made from it by historian Arthur M. Schlesinger for Robert F. Kennedy and His Times (1978). Professor Schlesinger informed us that he had seen the report in Robert Kennedy's papers before they were deposited at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library in Boston. He had loaned Grose his notes and does not have a copy of these notes or of the report itself."
"This raises an interesting question: how did a report on the CIA written for President Eisenhower in 1956 end up in the RFK papers? We think we have the answer. Robert Lovett was asked to testify before Gen. Maxwell Taylor's board of inquiry on the 1961 Bay of Pigs operation. Robert Kennedy was on that board and may have asked Lovett for a copy of the report. But we do not have the answer to another question: where is the 'Bruce-Lovett' report? The JFK Presidential Library has searched the RFK papers without success. Surely the report will turn up some day, even if one government agency and four separate archives so far haven't been able to find it. But this episode helps to prove one of the few Iron Laws of History: the official who keeps the best records gets to tell the story."
In his book, Legacy of Ashes, Tim Weiner published a "declassified version of the document" in the book's footnotes.
1975 investigations
The 1975 United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States, better known as the Rockefeller Commission investigated questionable practices including assassination attempts and inappropriate domestic operations. Larger Congressional investigations followed in 1975, first the Church Committee of the United States Senate, followed by the Pike Committee of the United States House of Representatives. Eventually, these interim committees were replaced by the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the U.S. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.
1996 reports
Congress merged divergent proposals from studies of the Aspin–Brown Commission (successively chaired by former Secretaries of Defense Les Aspin and Harold Brown, and whose members were mostly appointed by President Bill Clinton) and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (chaired by Republican Larry Combest of Texas) in crafting the Intelligence and Defense Authorization Acts for fiscal year 1997, enacting them as amendments to the National Security Act of 1947. The revised Act now gave the DCI a new DDCI for Community Management, along with three “Assistant Directors of Central Intelligence” to coordinate collection, administration, and analysis and production. The community’s imagery interpretation offices were merged in a National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) under the Secretary of Defense. The DCI also received more clout over defense intelligence budgets as well as influence in the appointments of directors of the NSA, NRO, and DIA.
2007 documents
On 27 June 2007 the CIA released two collections of previously classified documents which outlined various activities of doubtful legality. The first collection, the "Family Jewels," consists of almost 700 pages of responses from CIA employees to a 1973 directive from Director of Central Intelligence James Schlesinger requesting information about activities inconsistent with the Agency's charter.
The second collection, the CAESAR-POLO-ESAU papers, consists of 147 documents and 11,000 pages of research from 1953 to 1973 relating to Soviet and Chinese leadership hierarchies, and Sino-Soviet relations.
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WIKI
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Ballinderry, County Tipperary
Ballinderry is a village and a townland in the historical Barony of Ormond Lower, County Tipperary, Ireland. It is located between Terryglass and Nenagh where the R493 road crosses the Ballyfinboy River.
Buildings of note
Several local structures are listed as being of architectural interest.
* A four arch bridge with low arches carries the R493 road over the Ballyfinboy River.
* Ballinderry Mill, a rubble stone mill building in ruins with mill wheel in location is listed as a protected structure (RPS Ref S296) by Tipperary County Council. The Mill Lodge, a three bay, single storey over basement lodge is also listed (RPS Ref S301).
* On the roadside just south of the bridge stands an early 20th-century house which has rusticated stucco work, a strip of ceramic tiles and decorative eaves (RPS Ref S298).
* Ballinderry House, a three bay, two storey residence (RPS Ref S299).
* Elsie Hogan's, a two-storey roadside public house (RPS Ref S300) . Now home to Dé Róiste's Award winning smokehouse and restaurant.
Sport
The Shannon Rovers are the local Gaelic Athletic club. Ballinderry is on one of the North Tipperary Cycle Routes which starts at Banba Square, Nenagh.
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WIKI
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Albertsons stock jumps after better-than-expected earnings, upbeat guidance
Albertsons Cos. Inc. stock jumped 4.7% in Tuesday premarket trading after the grocery retailer reported second quarter earnings that beat expectations and gave upbeat full-year guidance. Net income totaled $284.5 million, or 49 cents per share, up from $294.8 million, or 51 cents per share, last year. Adjusted EPS of 60 cents blew past the FactSet consensus of 27 cents. Sales of $15.76 billion were up from $14.18 billion last year and ahead of the FactSet consensus of $15.44 billion. Digital sales soared 243%. And identical sales grew 13.8%, ahead of the 12% growth FactSet forecast. Albertsons says it has seen "significant increases in product demand and overall basket size" as well as its digital business due to COVID-19. The company expects fiscal 2020 identical sales to grow 15.5% and adjusted EPS growth in the range of $2.75 to $2.85. The FactSet consensus is for identical sales growth of 12.9% and EPS of $2.18. Albertsons, which went public in June, has seen its stock gain 7.8% over the past three months while the S&P 500 index is up 5.4% for the period.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Love Is Everything (George Strait album)
Love Is Everything is the twenty-eighth studio album by American country music artist George Strait. It was released on May 14, 2013 via MCA Nashville. Lead-off single "Give It All We Got Tonight" was released October 29, 2012 and became a top-10 single. Strait co-produced the album with his long-time producer Tony Brown. The album release was accompanied by a Spring 2014 concert tour, The Cowboy Rides Away Tour.
Content
This was the last album of Strait's career to feature Tony Brown, who has produced all of Strait's albums since 1992.
Love Is Everything features 13 original songs including four written or co-written by Strait along with his son Bubba and songwriter Dean Dillon.
"I Just Can't Go On Dying Like This", written by Strait, was previously recorded for the Ace in the Hole Band in 1976 and included on Strait's Strait Out of the Box box set in 1995.
Critical reception
Love Is Everything received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, they assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews and ratings from mainstream critics, the album received a metascore of 75, based on 5 reviews.
At Country Weekly, Bob Paxman told that the album "further showcases George's smooth voice and, perhaps more importantly, his uncanny knack for picking outstanding songs." Mikael Wood of Los Angeles Times called the release "completely devastating" because it contains "carefully rendered and unabashed in its optimism, it's as personal as anything Strait has ever recorded." The Salt Lake Tribune found that "Strait risks nothing", which is not necessarily a good or bad thing because he has "a voice that is deeper than the Marianas Trench with the right amount of twang, in the end, Strait needs no exclamation points, and still is appealing." At USA Today, Brian Mansfield claimed that Strait "hasn't lost a step in the studio." Daryl Addison of Great American Country noted that the release is "an insightful and sentimental chapter to George's continuing legacy." At Billboard, Chuck Dauphin gave a positive review, when he affirmed that "truly [this] is an album worth giving a listen to, and then, and then again." Jeffrey B. Remz at Country Standard Time said that "George Strait continues to age very well."
However, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic wrote that the release "isn't necessarily ambitious," but at the same time "it is remarkably satisfying." Roughstock's Dan MacIntosh alluded to how that "much like the old saying about how the worst day of fishing is always better than the best day of work, even a subpar George Strait album is likely better than much of what’s heard on today’s radio." At Taste of Country, Billy Dukes evoked that the effort is "hampered by a strong sameness."
Commercial performance
Love Is Everything debuted at No.2 on the Billboard 200 chart and No.1 on the Country Albums chart with 125,000 copies. The album was Strait's 18th top 10 album on the Billboard 200 chart, tying him with Paul McCartney for the fourth-most top 10 albums among male artists in history; only Frank Sinatra (33), Elvis Presley (27), and Bob Dylan (20) have had more top 10 albums. Love Is Everything is Strait's 25th No. 1 album on the Country Albums chart, extending his record for the most No. 1 albums on that list; Willie Nelson and Merle Haggard are tied for second place with 15 No. 1 albums each. "Love is Everything" was certified Gold on July 17, 2014, making this Strait's 39th career album to be certified Gold by the RIAA, and giving him the 6th highest tally of Gold albums in history behind Elvis Presley, Barbra Streisand, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and Neil Diamond. As of September 2014, the album had sold 456,400 copies in the US.
Personnel
* George Strait – lead vocals, background vocals
* Gordon Mote – acoustic piano
* Steve Nathan – keyboards, acoustic piano, Wurlitzer electric piano, Hammond B3 organ, synthesizer horns
* Matt Rollings – acoustic piano, Wurlitzer electric piano, Hammond B3 organ
* Steve Gibson – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
* Brent Mason – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
* Mac McAnally – acoustic guitar
* Ilya Toshinsky – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, ukulele
* Mike Johnson – dobro, steel guitar
* Paul Franklin – steel guitar
* Stuart Duncan – fiddle, mandolin
* Aubrey Haynie – fiddle, mandolin
* Michael Rhodes – bass guitar
* Glenn Worf – bass guitar, upright bass
* Eddie Bayers – drums
* Eric Darken – percussion
* Chris Carmichael – strings (1), string arrangements (1)
* Bergen White – string arrangements and conductor (4, 10)
* Carl Gorodetzky – string contractor (4, 10)
* The Nashville String Machine – strings (4, 10)
* Mickey Jack Cones – background vocals
* Thom Flora – background vocals
* Morgane Hayes – background vocals
* Wes Hightower – background vocals
* Marty Slayton – background vocals
* Chris Stapleton – background vocals
Production
* Brian White – A&R
* Tony Brown – producer
* George Strait – producer
* Chuck Ainlay – recording, mixing
* Kam Lutcherhand – recording assistant
* Brandon Schexnayder – recording assistant, additional recording, mix assistant
* Kyle Lehning – additional recording
* Chris Carmichael – additional recording
* Mickey Jack Cones – additional recording
* Casey Wood – additional recording assistant
* Brian David Willis – digital editing
* Bob Ludwig – mastering at Gateway Mastering (Portland, Maine)
* Amy Garges – production assistant
* Craig Allen – art direction, design
* Art Streiber – photography
* Melissa Schleicher – grooming
* Victoria Case – wardrobe
* Erv Woolsey – management
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WIKI
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Swapan Dasgupta
Swapan Dasgupta (born 3 October 1955) is an Indian journalist and politician. He is influential within the Indian right wing, writing columns for leading English dailies espousing Hindu nationalism. He was a nominated member of the Rajya Sabha. In 2015, Dasgupta was conferred with the Padma Bhushan for his contribution to literature and education.
Early life and education
Dasgupta was born into a Bengali Baidya family on 3 October 1955 in Calcutta, West Bengal. He received his schooling from St. Paul's School and La Martiniere Calcutta before graduating from St. Stephen's College in 1975. He earned his MA and Ph.D. from the School of Oriental and African Studies and returned to India briefly in 1979 to take up a management position at Calcutta Chemical Company, a family.
However, within a year, Dasgupta returned to the United Kingdom as a Junior Research Fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford, where he taught and researched South Asian Politics. During this time, an excerpt from his thesis concerning the intersectionality of local politics in the Midnapur district was published in one of the Subaltern Studies volumes.
Career
Dasgupta has served in editorial positions over several English dailies in India including The Indian Express, The Times of India, The Statesman, India Today et cetera. He is a frequent guest on news channels in English-language debates on Indian politics and international affairs.
In February 2015, Swapan Dasgupta was appointed on the Board of Directors of Larsen and Toubro as a nominee of the Unit Trust of India. He stepped down from Directorship of Larsen and Toubro upon being appointed to the Rajya Sabha.
In 2019, he published Awakening Bharat Mata: The Political Beliefs of the Indian Right.
He was conferred Honorary Visiting Professorship at Center for Media Studies (CMS) at Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) in recognition to his excellent expertise on journalism and media.
Dasgupta led the first edition of the Delhi University Literature Festival as its festival director alongside Sanjeev Sanyal as the festival patron in March 2023.
Politics
Dasgupta started as a Trotskite during college but became a Thatcherite in England; since then, he has self-identified with centre-right politics. Dasgupta has been active in national politics since the early 90s as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP); he believed in the potential of the Mandal Commission recommendations and the Ram Rath Yatra to forge a common Hindu identity.
Mushirul Hasan, writing in 1997, held him the chief spokesperson of BJP in the English language press. In the early 2000s, Dasgupta blogged:
The Right is an endangered community in India's English-language media. I happen to be one of the few to have retained a precarious toe-hold in the mainstream media.
Throughout these years, Dasgupta emphasized the value of English in reaching out to the elites — who were allegedly mass-committed to the left-liberal cause — and winning them over towards hindutva; he was one of the most fierce critics of the pro-vernacular policies followed by the communist government of West Bengal.
Legislation
In April 2016, the incumbent BJP government nominated Dasgupta to the Rajya Sabha as an eminent personality in literature; his term would have continued till 2022. However, in 2021, Dasgupta resigned from Rajya Sabha to contest the Legislative Assembly election in West Bengal for BJP from Tarakeswar; he lost by over 7000 votes. A month later, Dasgupta was renominated to the Rajya Sabha for the remainder of his original term — opposition politicians and constitutional scholars questioned the legal soundness of the renomination.
Reception
Meera Nanda finds Dasgupta among India's most prominent center-right public intellectuals. Arvind Tajagopal found Dasgupta among the most vocal enthusiasts for the spread of Hindutva, in English language press in the 80s. Scholars have located parallels between his writings and the thought school of Hindu nationalist organisations.
Personal life
He is married to Reshmi Ray Dasgupta, Lifestyle Editor at The Economic Times and has a son who is a practicing lawyer in the Supreme Court of India. They reside in New Delhi.
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WIKI
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COTTON BROTHERS BAKING COMPANY, INC. v. INDUSTRIAL RISK INSURERS. COTTON BROTHERS BAKING COMPANY, INC. v. BAKER PERKINS, INC. BAKER PERKINS, INC. v. COTTON BROTHERS, INC.
Civ. A. Nos. 83-0150-A, 83-0578 and 83-3237.
United States District Court, W.D. Louisiana, Alexandria Division.
July 31, 1989.
Dermot S. McGlinchey and Henri Wolbrette, III, McGlinchey, Stafford, Mintz & Cellini, New Orleans, La., and Frederick B. Alexius, Provosty, Sadler and DeLaunay, Alexandria, La., for Cotton Bros. Baking Co., Inc.
P. Albert Bienvenu, Jr. and John W. Waters, Jr., Bienvenu, Foster, Ryan & O’Ban-non, New Orleans, La., and Howard B. Gist, Jr., Gist, Methvin, Hughes & Munsterman, Alexandria, La., for Indus. Risk Insurers.
Esmond Phelps, II, Phelps, Dunbar, Marks, Claverie & Sims, New Orleans, La., for Baker Perkins, Inc.
OPINION
NAUMAN S. SCOTT, District Judge.
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. There is diversity of citizenship between the plaintiffs and the defendant and the matter in controversy exceeds, exclusive of interest and costs, the sum of $10,000.00.
Plaintiffs reside in and the instant claim arose in the Western District of Louisiana. Venue therefore lies in this district under 28 U.S.C. § 1391(a).
Plaintiffs Cotton Brothers Baking Company, Inc. (Alexandria bakery) and Cotton Bros. Inc. (parent company) have brought suit against Industrial Risk Insurers (IRI) claiming damages under an interruption of business policy (IRI policy) issued by IRI on October 1, 1980 in favor of three (including Alexandria bakery) of five corporate bakery subsidiaries owned and operated by Cotton Bros., Inc. Cotton Bros., Inc. was not included in the IRI policy as a named insured.
The interruption of business occurred as the result of a fire in the Alexandria bakery plant, Alexandria, Louisiana on February 13, 1981.
Under the provisions of the IRI policy the only named insured eligible to bring suit for an interruption resulting from a fire on the property of the Alexandria plant was Cotton Brothers Baking Company, Inc.. Suit was filed on January 12, 1983 against IRI for loss or reduction of gross earnings as provided in Sections IA and IIA of the IRI policy (earnings damages) allegedly suffered by the Alexandria bakery during the period of interruption following the fire of February 13, 1981. The principal issue between the parties during the entire period of trial from the middle of September 1986 until the Friday before Christmas of that year was the methodology to be used in the determination of earnings damages as provided in the policy under Sections IA and IIA. Plaintiff contends that the books and the records of the parent corporation are the only books and records from which such damages can be compiled. IRI has not paid any earnings damages as provided under Sections IA and IIA based on the records of its named insured Cotton Brothers Baking Company, Inc. (Alexandria bakery). IRI simply refuses to recognize any damages except those compiled on an item by item basis in which each item claimed must be shown to be a direct result of the fire. IRI made a general objection to any evidence based on the books and records of the parent company because the parent company was not a named insured under the IRI policy.
This case was tried by the plaintiff, Alexandria bakery, and the defendant, IRI, until our ruling on the fourth day of May 1988. On November 4, 1987, plaintiff, Alexandria bakery, filed a post-trial motion to permit the filing of a second supplemental and amending complaint. The said complaint prayed that the parent company, Cotton Bros., Inc., be made a party to this suit and that the interruption of business policy issued by IRI on October 1, 1980 be reformed so as to include Cotton Bros., Inc. as a named insured effective October 1, 1980. In our rulings of May 4, 1988 and July 27, 1988 we allowed the supplemental and amending complaint to be filed, made Cotton Bros., Inc. a party plaintiff effective from the commencement of suit, but refrained from considering and deciding the reformation of policy issue until a hearing could be had at which the parties would have an opportunity to introduce additional evidence. That hearing was held on February 27, 1989 and subsequently authorities were submitted by both parties. We now consider, (1) the issue of whether the policy issued by IRI on October 1, 1980 should be reformed so as to include Cotton Bros., Inc. as a “named insured” effective October 1, 1980 and (2) all other issues remaining for decision in this proceeding.
To the extent any of the following Findings of Fact constitute Conclusions of Law, they are adopted as Conclusions of Law; to the extent any of the following Conclusions of Law constitute Findings of Fact, they are adopted as such.
FINDINGS OF FACT
1. Cotton Brothers Baking Company, Inc. and Cotton Bros., Inc. are Louisiana corporations with their principal place of business in Alexandria, Louisiana. Defendant Industrial Risk Insurers is an unincorporated association with its principal place of business located outside the State of Louisiana. No member thereof is a citizen of Louisiana. The fire of February 13, 1981 occurred in Alexandria, Louisiana in the Western District of Louisiana and plaintiffs’ claims in this proceeding exceed the sum of $10,000.00.
2. In 1952 and for some time thereafter the Cotton interests (Cotton) consisted of one bakery located in Alexandria, Louisiana.
3. Thereafter and prior to 1976 Cotton acquired three additional bakeries located at Shreveport and Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Natchez, Mississippi. After these acquisitions the four bakeries continued to operate independently and in competition with each other in all fields, including management, production, and sales to the public.
4. At some time prior to 1970 Cotton became interested in protecting these separately and independently operated bakery businesses from financial loss of income induced by fire or other similar or named peril.
5. With this objective in view Cotton, through its agent Alexander & Bolton (A & B), discussed with IRI the relative merits of coverage: 1. by extra expense insurance or 2. by interruption of business insurance. Extra expense insurance is a form of insurance coverage to reimburse the insured for specific items of extra expense over and above the normal expense which the insured incurred as a result of damage to the insured’s property by an insured peril such as fire. Damages under such a policy have no connection whatsoever to the gross earnings of the insured.
An interruption of business policy insures the owner of a business against reduction or loss of gross earnings during the period of interruption. Damages consist of the reimbursement of gross earnings lost in the insured’s business less the recurring expenses which do not continue during the period of interruption. Needless to say the principal item of damages in such a policy is the loss or reduction of gross earnings as shown on the books of the insured’s business. Also included in damages under an interruption of business policy are items of extra expense necessarily incurred for the purpose of reducing loss under the policy and such expenses, in excess of normal, as would necessarily be incurred in replacing any finished stock used by the insured to reduce loss under the policy.
6. On or about 1970 Cotton and IRI chose business interruption type coverage. Both Cotton and IRI intended at that time and at all times thereafter through October 1, 1980 to give the Cotton bakery operation full and complete interruption of business coverage. To accomplish this in 1970 IRI issued a separate policy to cover each of the four bakeries. In this way they achieved the intent of both parties because each of the four bakery corporations carried on its own separate and individual operation and business. Actually they were in competition with each other. Each of these bakery corporations was operating independently and separately with no interdependence between them, manufacturing its own production for sale on the open market, packaging its own finished products, and selling to its own customers. Therefore the books of each corporation could serve as a basis for the determination of gross earnings and any increase or reduction of gross earnings over a period of time. In this way the common intent of both parties was achieved and complete business interruption coverage of the entire Cotton bakery operation continued until the reorganization of 1976.
7. In 1976 the Cotton bakery operation was completely reorganized. The parent company, Cotton Bros., Inc., was created and thereafter operated the Cotton bakery operation through seven wholly-owned subsidiaries, as one single bakery business. The seven wholly-owned subsidiaries consisted of the four bakery corporations previously owned by Cotton and three newly created non-bakery subsidiary corporations: an insurance subsidiary, a transportation subsidiary and a procurement subsidiary. The insurance subsidiary handled all the health and welfare, self-insurance and other insurance responsibilities of the parent corporation and all subsidiaries. It did not do business with the general public. The sole responsibility of the transportation subsidiary was to furnish and satisfy the transportation needs of the parent corporation and its subsidiaries. Like the insurance subsidiary it did no business with the general public. The sole responsibility of the procurement subsidiary was to furnish raw materials, supplies and equipment required by the parent company and its subsidiaries. Like the other two non-bakery subsidiaries, the procurement subsidiary did no business with the general public.
After reorganization none of the bakery subsidiaries produced the entire variety of bakery products it sold to the public, as each of them had done previous to the reorganization. An entirely new system of production was introduced. The parent corporation dictated or allocated to each bakery subsidiary the type and amount of bakery items each could produce, the amount that each could retain for its own customers, to whom each could ship the remainder and the amount and price at which these shipments could be made. Thus the entire production of each was dedicated to the single bakery business of the parent corporation, Cotton Bros., Inc.
All of this was accomplished under the direction of Gene Cotton. When the parent corporation and the three non-bakery subsidiaries were created in 1976, these three non-bakery subsidiaries as well as the four formerly independent bakeries became wholly owned subsidiaries of the parent corporation. Gene Cotton, president and chief executive officer of the parent corporation, was also president and chief executive officer of all seven subsidiaries. As such he had the power and control to carry out, on a day to day basis, in detail the aims and purposes of the reorganization and to see that the aims, policies and efforts of all subsidiaries, including the bakery subsidiaries, were dedicated to the promotion and success of the single bakery business operated by the parent company. Thus the bakery subsidiaries lost all semblance of their former independence. They no longer controlled their health and welfare and other insurance, their transportation or their procurement needs. Since Gene Cotton was president and chief executive officer of each supplying subsidiary as well as each consuming subsidiary, he set the terms and conditions of all contracts and agreements between the subsidiaries; including price, at which all these inter-subsidiary services were provided. Thus none of the agreements or contracts between the seven subsidiaries were arm-length transactions negotiated and concluded by officers motivated by the separate and independent interest each of the subsidiaries involved, but rather by the interest of the parent corporation — the single operation. In every instance these contracts amounted to Gene Cotton, wearing one hat, doing business with Gene Cotton wearing another hat, for the open and declared benefit of Gene Cotton wearing the hat of the parent company.
8. A very clear illustration of the monumental effect which the reorganization had on the previously independent bakery corporations is furnished by the experience of the Natchez bakery subsidiary. After reorganization that plant produced nothing but sweet goods such as pies, cakes, pastries and breakfast bakery products. Ninety percent of that output was shipped to the three other bakery subsidiaries under contracts dictated and controlled by the parent company. These shipments were delivered to the other three bakery subsidiaries by transport units furnished by the transportation subsidiary under contracts dictated by the parent company. In order for Natchez to compete in its sales area it was necessary for Natchez to acquire from the three other bakery subsidiaries all the rolls, buns, brown and serve, and various types of loaves, etc. which it sold to the public. If the comptroller was right in estimating that sweet goods provided twenty percent of the total bakery goods necessary to compete on the market then the sweet goods retained by Natchez comprised twenty percent of the bakery products sold by Natchez in its sales to the public. Thus Natchez had to acquire eighty percent of the products sold by it in its sales area from the other three bakery subsidiaries. With its health, welfare and other insurance items, its transportation needs, its procurement needs furnished under controlled contracts; ninety percent of its production sold to the three other bakery subsidiaries under controlled contracts, and eighty percent of the products sold by it being acquired by controlled contracts, there is absolutely no way that the Natchez operations could be considered an independent bakery business or that its books could reflect a genuine and actual loss or gain of gross earnings, as if it were a separate business. We find that the reorganization converted the Cotton bakery operation into one single bakery business owned and operated on a day to day basis by the parent company: that the books and records of the parent company were the only books and records which could serve as a basis for determining gross earnings of the Cotton bakery business and that the books and records of none of the bakery subsidiaries could serve this purpose.
9. Nevertheless in 1976 IRI, on its own initiative and without any request or direction from Cotton, abandoned its practice of issuing four separate interruption of business policies to cover each of the Cotton bakeries. Why did IRI issue a single combined policy? IRI states that it did so because the four bakery subsidiaries had become “interdependent”. A glance at any Webster’s dictionary will disclose that this term means “to depend upon one another”, “mutual dependence” and “mutually dependent”. How did IRI know that they had become “interdependent” and what were the changes in operation which made them “interdependent”? IRI knew that the parent company, Cotton Bros., Inc., had been created; that Cotton Bros., Inc. was now the sole owner of seven subsidiaries including the bakery subsidiaries; that Gene Cotton, president and chief executive officer of the parent company, was also president and chief executive of each of the seven subsidiaries; that, through its exclusive ownership and exclusive direction, the parent company had assumed and exercised absolute control over the day to day operation of each of the bakery subsidiaries; that the parent company had utilized its absolute control to reallocate the production of each of the bakery subsidiaries; that as a result of this reallocation each of the bakery subsidiaries had ceased to produce the entirety of the bakery products which it sold to the public. In fact, none of them produced even one-half of the production which each of them sold to the public. These are the changes in operation by which the bakery subsidiaries became “interdependent”.
IRI had to have knowledge of these changes to conclude that the bakery subsidiaries were in fact “interdependent”. Certainly IRI was aware of the most important element of “interdependency” — the reallocation of production. IRI was the fire insurer, and as fire insurer, made frequent inspections of each bakery’s machinery, equipment and safety devices, especially at this time of unusual change. Those IRI inspectors were certainly aware of the exchange and relocation of machinery and equipment made necessary by the reallocation of production between the bakery subsidiaries and also the results in terms of the amount and type of production each bakery subdivision was required to produce. Both Cotton and IRI intended to give full interruption of business coverage to the Cotton bakery operation. But having all the factual information necessary to make the determination, they simply failed to realize that the reorganization had merged the four formerly independent bakery businesses into one single bakery business owned, managed and operated by Cotton Bros., Inc.
10. The evidence establishes beyond possible doubt that the single policy issued by IRI in 1976, omitting Cotton Bros., Inc. as a named insured, was intended to cover the flow of gross earnings from the combined production of the four bakery subsidiaries owned, managed, operated and controlled as a single business by Cotton Bros., Inc. It was the mutual mistake of IRI and Cotton that Cotton Bros., Inc. was not identified as the sole named insured. Having made the mistake when the policy was issued, IRI certainly should have realized the mistake and corrected it in April of 1977 when A & B, in correspondence with Mr. Penn of IRI, questioned the validity of the coverage and disclosed that production of the Natchez plant was restricted to sweet items and that ninety percent of that production was shipped to the other three bakery subsidiaries. Mr. Penn brought an end to the correspondence by assuring A & B that the Cotton business was fully covered by the “blanket policy” concept. Mr. Penn never explains how the “blanket policy” concept is to be applied to earnings damages under Sections IA and IIA of the policy. Certainly IRI paid no such damages in this case.
IRI’s failure to include Cotton Bros., Inc. as a named insured on the policies of 1976 and 1980 effectively deprived Cotton of its right to make a claim under Sections IA and IIA of the policy (earnings damages), the specific risk that IRI was paid to cover.
11. Although the failure to name Cotton Bros., Inc. in the policy was the mutual mistake of Cotton and IRI, that mistake was initiated by IRI which issued the single policy on its own form without a request or direction from Cotton. When IRI issued its policy of October 1, 1980, the Cotton bakery business still was operating in the manner in which it had been reorganized in 1976 except that Cotton Bros., Inc. had acquired an additional bakery (Monroe, Louisiana). There were now five bakery subsidiaries instead of four. IRI continued to require its worksheets from the separate bakery subsidiaries, but all these worksheets, at least all of those in evidence, were signed by the comptroller or the vice-president of finance of the parent company. Changes in operation for the purposes of efficiency or economy were made repeatedly, ignoring completely that each of the subsidiaries was separately incorporated. For instance, customer routes were regularly transferred from one bakery subsidiary to another. Officers in the subsidiaries were promoted to the parent company.
On October 1, 1980, IRI simply renewed the policy of 1976. There is no doubt that both Cotton and IRI intended on October 1, 1980 that the IRI policy give full and complete coverage to the Cotton bakery business. Its failure to do so was the mutual mistake of Cotton and IRI.
12. On Friday, February 13, 1981, a fire erupted in the Alexandria bakery on U.S. Highway 71 South in Alexandria. The Alexandria bakery was the largest of the bakery subsidiaries. It contained three production lines. Its principal line was a combination line which produced brown and serve and loaf bread. One small line produced burger buns and the other small line produced hard bread and hard buns. The combination line was almost completely destroyed. Brown and serve comprised 75% to 80% of the Alexandria bakery’s production. None of the other subsidiaries produced brown and serve. Alexandria was Cotton’s sole source of that production.
13. The effect of the fire on the Alexandria bakery and on the Cotton bakery business was serious. The parent company was unable to produce loaf bread and brown and serve products in its Alexandria plant over the months of the interruption. For a less lengthy time it could not produce from the small lines. These products had to be purchased from competitors at prices higher than Cotton’s costs of manufacture. At times the inferior quality of the purchased items caused dissatisfaction among Cotton customers and even provoked cancellation of purchase contracts. Other forms of disruption were the questionable success of making up production from other plants; the utilization of normally productive workers (as far as the production of bakery products was concerned) in nonproductive work such as the very substantial clean-up operation, unforeseen repairs and the gigantic job of installing, replacement equipment under supervision of Baker Perkins representatives. Accounting personnel had to take substantial leave from normal responsibilities to aid specially hired accountants in the company’s attempts to determine its losses. Immediately after the fire, Gene Cotton and a number of other Cotton officials were totally involved in clean-up efforts; in negotiations with IRI and with Baker Perkins trying to determine what repairs or replacements would have to be made to restore the facilities that were destroyed by fire; securing contract proposals, accelerating those proposals, determining the final contract and the financing of the contract. There was continuous contact with the same parties in their efforts to accelerate the performance of the replacement contract to the evident advantage of both the parent company and IRI. Also involved were the increased costs and involvement of transportation vehicles and personnel. Indeed the effect of the fire on the parent company’s bakery business was more than serious, it was devastating.
14. On the very day of the fire Gene Cotton contacted Baker Perkins to send a representative to Alexandria to examine the extent of the fire damage for the purpose of making proposals for the repair or replacement of the damaged facilities as expeditiously as possible. Two or three days thereafter Cotton, with the knowledge and consent of IRI, flew to Saginaw, Michigan to receive and discuss Baker Perkins’ proposals and to conclude a contract as soon as possible. Gene Cotton chose Baker Perkins for this endeavor because Cotton had been doing business with Baker Perkins since 1953. Most of Cotton’s equipment, including the oven and the proofer and some of the other equipment involved in the fire, had been manufactured by Baker Perkins. Baker Perkins was therefore the manufacturer most familiar with the plant and with the capabilities, the location and the pattern of operation of Cotton’s machinery and equipment.
Baker Perkins first presented two proposals, one a repair proposal and the other a replacement proposal. Under the former proposal Baker Perkins was to complete repairs of the oven and proofer by January 1982 at a cost of $1,030,085.00. However, this was not a firm contract. Since Baker Perkins had not been able to make an accurate determination of the damage to the oven, and might not be able to do so until the repaired equipment was in operation, it reserved the right to take additional time and make additional repairs and charges if such repairs became necessary. Secondly, Baker Perkins proposed to replace the proofer and the oven by June 1, 1982 for the price of $1,189,245.00. With the knowledge and consent of IRI, Gene Cotton rejected these proposals because of the long length of time required for installation. At the vigorous urging of Gene Cotton, Baker Perkins submitted a third proposal. For an increased price of $1,354,820.00 Baker Perkins would accelerate replacement so as to assure “start-up” of normal production by September 21, 1981. Cotton, as IRI was aware, was depending on money to be received from IRI in the adjustment of Cotton’s claims under the fire policy. The significant reduction in the length of the business interruption period was mutually beneficial to IRI and Cotton. Cotton, with the approval of IRI, accepted the third proposal.
15. The Alexandria fire illustrates the extreme interdependence of the various Cotton subsidiaries and the absolute futility of omitting Cotton Bros., Inc. as the named insured. The bakery business, at the level at which Cotton was competing, is a very demanding business. The entire production for today is on customer shelves tomorrow. The pressure to produce required Cotton to operate its bakeries 20 hours a day, 6 days a week. There is no surplus inventory at either end of the delivery route to ease the impact of mistake or delay. In order to compete, the bakery products had to be fresh. The crisis here was far different from the crisis which would have occurred if the Alexandria bakery was still operating as a separate and independent business on October 1, 1980. An independent operation in Alexandria would have affected only production and customers of the Alexandria bakery. The evidence here precludes such a finding. In this instance, the parent corporation was relying on its Alexandria subsidiary to furnish certain bakery items, principally brown and serve, to all of its other bakery subsidiaries. The inability of the Alexandria bakery to produce brown and serve was not felt by the Alexandria bakery alone. Every bakery subsidiary in the Cotton operation lost its allocated portion of that production. The Alexandria customers were no more severely affected than those of Shreveport, Baton Rouge, Monroe or Natchez. Certainly the customers of the other bakery subsidiaries were not arms length customers of Alexandria. The reorganization had indeed converted five independent bakery businesses into one business owned, controlled and operated on a day to day basis by the parent corporation.
16. Gene Cotton was the expediter in this crisis. He had the problem of maintaining an unusually high cash flow to continue operating the highly complex and competitive business described above. Suddenly he had in addition, the responsibility and tremendous expense of immediate replacement of a major portion of the parent company's production, by purchase from competitors, by establishing new lines in other bakery subsidiaries, by reallocation or otherwise; an unexpected clean-up operation; the fate of employees idled by the fire; the restructuring of transportation and procurement to meet the crisis and, most importantly, the execution and performance of a replacement or repair contract. Although it was important to IRI that the interruption be terminated as soon as possible, it was infinitely more important to Gene Cotton and his business to achieve this result. He had an additional problem. He did not have the money to do it. IRI knew this. Baker Perkins had required that the proofer and oven replacement contract be executed on or before February 22, 1981. Gene Cotton had negotiated the contract and could have accepted it immediately, had the funds been available. Funds did become available from IRI on March 6, 1981, and Cotton instantly telephoned his acceptance to Baker Perkins, which did not protest the delay. The major portion of the testimony by deposition of R.F. Kelley, President of Baker Perkins, was his amazement, mounting irritation and annoyance at Gene Cotton’s continued, unending and persistent demands for more speed, for quicker deliveries.
Gene Cotton was able to retain some of the employees made idle by the destruction in the Alexandria plant. He continued their employment and used them initially in “clean-up” operations and later in the installation of equipment under supervision of Baker Perkins. At other times they were free to perform whatever duties the Alexandria bakery could find for them, such as the clean-up and/or maintenance of equipment idled or less severely damaged by the fire. IRI has alleged that Gene Cotton contributed to the delay by directing these employees to take a Christmas vacation and to perform duties other than their duties under the supervision of Baker Perkins. The record reflects, as noted by Mr. Kulzer below, that there were many periods, sometimes extended periods, when Baker Perkins failed to make scheduled deliveries of equipment for installation. Cotton’s employees could not install equipment when the equipment had not yet been delivered. Certainly Cotton could not allow them to remain idle during the periods of non-delivery. IRI has failed to produce any protest by Baker Perkins or any evidence indicating what particular Baker Perkins installation was delayed or for what period of time, or that Gene Cotton had anything to gain by delaying Baker Perkins. We find that due diligence and dispatch was exercised by plaintiffs to rebuild, repair or replace the property and equipment destroyed and/or damaged by the fire as required by the IRI policy.
In a state of desperation at Baker Perkins’ lack of performance, Gene Cotton hired a responsible and trusted employee of Baker Perkins, James Reid (Reid) in February, 1982. Reid was the very person whom Baker Perkins had sent to Alexandria on the day after the fire to estimate and ascertain the damage done by the fire. All Baker Perkins’ proposals for repair or replacement were based on his findings. IRI’s Mr. Kulzer noted in his August, 1982 report the efforts by Gene Cotton to reduce the delays caused by Baker Perkins:
“As previously reported, Baker-Perkins incurred delays in shipping and installing the equipment. The insured constantly attempted to push B-P’s schedules and has documented his steps carefully. His smartest action was to hire Janus [sic] Reid away from B-P shortly prior to shipment of the equipment. Mr. Reid supervised and expedited the installations and obviously prevented further delays in start up with his deep knowledge of the equipment and personal relationship with the B-P installations.” (emphasis ours)
IRI’s contention that Gene Cotton was more interested in modernization of the equipment, than he was in the installing of it, is not tenable, especially when IRI mentions no instances in which such alleged activity affected or delayed any specific Baker Perkins installation. In any operation when the damaged or destroyed equipment is replaced by new equipment, to install is to modernize. The atmosphere of the meetings between plaintiffs and IRI establishes that Gene Cotton was the individual who made, far and away, the most vigorous and dedicated effort to expedite the end of the interruption period. The financial crisis brought on by the fire, the lack of cash flow, could be remedied only by the resumption of normal production by the Cotton bakery operation. Gene Cotton stated this position repeatedly, and his actions were consistent with it.
17. Although specification of a period of interruption can never be exact, we find that Cotton exercised the required due diligence and dispatch to rebuild, repair or replace, at the earliest date possible, the property and equipment destroyed in the fire of February 13, 1981 and that production equal to February 13, 1981 production was achieved on May 8, 1982. See paragraph 28, infra.
We agree with IRI that the delidder did not replace any equipment damaged or destroyed by the fire. Before the fire the delidding operation was accomplished manually by two employees. This activity occurred at the end of the interruption period when most of the other equipment had already been installed so that it did not interfere seriously with installation of other equipment. However it did have the effect of extending that period. We find that 3% of the interruption period was caused by the installation of this equipment and that Cotton Bros. Inc. was responsible for that delay.
However, we find that Cotton’s responsibility for delay is offset by the delay occasioned by IRI’s refusal to pay the $1,354,-820.00 March 6, 1981 proof of loss to Cotton under IRI’s fire policy for the destruction of Cotton’s oven and proofer. See par. 24, infra. IRI was in contact with Baker Perkins throughout the period around March 6, 1981 when Cotton verbally accepted the accelerated contract to replace that equipment. Within days after that acceptance Baker Perkins President Kelly issued an interoffice memorandum halting performance of Baker Perkins’ accelerated replacement contract until further notice. We find no explanation for this inappropriate action except Baker Perkins’ knowledge of IRI’s refusal to pay the March 6, 1981 proof of loss. Baker Perkins’ February 22 deadline had already been exceeded by 12 days. IRI’s unlawful actions forcing Cotton to convert $324,735.00 of the agreed fire loss to expediting expense under the interruption of business policy consumed at least seven or eight additional days. If that delay caused Cotton to lose favorable placement in Baker Perkins’ list of orders, the delay could be even more substantial.
We find therefore that both Cotton and IRI performed acts which may have delayed “start-up” to May 8, 1982. Although the extent of delay caused by each cannot be ascertained, we find that they were approximately equal so that neither party shall be penalized.
18. IRI’s contention that the adoption of Baker Perkins’ repair proposal would have assured “start-up” in 45 weeks is irrelevant since IRI was as fully responsible as Cotton for rejecting the repair proposal and accepting the accelerated replacement contract.
It is also completely discredited by the evidence. The repair proposal, on its face, was not a firm proposal. It explicitly limited repairs to those defects apparent at the time of initial examination and, very significantly, did not cover defects which might be disclosed after the equipment went into operation. Baker Perkins reserved the right to require additional time and additional money to accomplish any repairs not apparent at the time of the original examination. In fact subsequent inspections disclosed that the proofer was a total loss and that the oven could not be repaired to meet safety standards. Neither could be repaired; both had to be replaced.
In addition, unlike the two replacement contracts which provided for “start-up” by June 1, 1982 and September 21, 1981, respectively, the repair proposal provided only that the physical repair of the proof-er and the oven would be completed in 45 weeks. This language is on the face of the proposal. Mr. Reid who drafted the proposal for Baker Perkins emphasized repeatedly in his testimony that additional tests, including tests with dough in the pans, had to be completed successfully before “start-up” could be achieved. The time necessary to accomplish this is always uncertain. It could be three weeks; it could be three months. IRI’s contention must be rejected.
19. Immediately after the fire, each of the parties formed a team of certified public accountants to adjust the plaintiffs’ claims under the interruption of business policy. The plaintiffs’ team was composed of members of Ernst & Whinney, CPAs, including Arthur J. Parham, and was headed by Percy Raybourn, Vice President of Finance of Cotton Bros., Inc. This team also included representatives from W.E. Long & Company, specialists in bakery operations. The team designated by IRI was composed of members of the firm, Matson, Driscoll & Damico, CPAs, led by Michael Driscoll, a senior partner in the firm.
None of the members of the Cotton team had any education, training or experience in the adjusting of insurance claims and particularly claims under interruption of business policies. The IRI team, on the other hand, did have such experience; all of them were intimately familiar with and had been involved in the adjusting of interruption of business claims. Driscoll was not simply a CPA, he was offered by IRI and recognized by this Court as an expert in interruption of business insurance who had been involved in the adjustment or litigation of over one thousand interruption of business claims. In most of these instances, he had represented insurance companies and had been retained many times by IRI.
20. The IRI policy was intended to provide full coverage for the Cotton bakery business. The only named insureds were three of the subsidiary bakeries in the Cotton Brothers operation, located in Alexandria, Shreveport, and Natchez: Cotton Brothers Baking Company, Inc., Cotton Baking Company, Inc., and Cotton’s Holsum Bakers, Inc., respectively. The policy did not mention Cotton Bros., Inc. as a named insured, although Cotton Bros., Inc. had been operating the Cotton bakery operation as a single bakery business on a day to day basis since the reorganization of 1976. However, the policy described five locations (Alexandria, Shreveport, Natchez, Baton Rouge, and Monroe) as covered premises and further provided that the loss of any of these locations should be adjusted with and payable to the subsidiary bakery corporation located at the site of the loss. Separate coverage amounts were assigned to each location and aggregated on October 1, 1980 to $39,816,000.00.
21. We have found previously that both Cotton and IRI intended in 1976 and all times thereafter through October 1, 1980, to give the Cotton bakery operation full and complete interruption of business coverage. However, the fire on February 13, 1981, compelled IRI to re-examine its policy and its position as insurer under that policy. It had possessed, since the reorganization of 1976, all the information necessary to determine that the subsidiary bakeries, though still incorporated, had become so interdependent with the other subsidiaries and so completely controlled by the parent corporation that they were merely production plants for the bakery business owned, controlled and being operated on a day to day basis by the parent company.
Raybourn has testified that the indebtedness of the subsidiaries (except the procurement subsidiary) was paid out of the general fund of the parent corporation. If IRI did not know this prior to February 13, 1981, it certainly knew it shortly thereafter, when IRI had access to the books of these subsidiaries while auditing the claims submitted by Cotton. IRI knew specifically that all of the replacement equipment ordered in the name of the Alexandria plant; invoiced, shipped to, installed in, and belonging to the Alexandria plant; was paid for out of the general fund of Cotton Bros., Inc.
IRI, at some time during the auditing period and prior to September, 1981, knew that the IRI policy, as written, did not provide interruption of business coverage to the Cotton bakery business as was intended by all parties to the policy. They knew that, after the 1976 reorganization, the bakery subsidiaries had lost their separate identities and had become so interdependent with the other subsidiaries and so dominated and controlled by Cotton Bros., Inc. that they were no longer viable and proper interruption of business insureds. Although IRI stoutly proclaims the validity of its policy, there is not one instance in which it has shown or even suggested that a claim for earnings damages can be supported by the books of the Alexandria bakery. Not one of its experts, including Driscoll, has made such a declaration. The fact that the books and records of the named insured, Cotton Brothers Baking Company, Inc. (the Alexandria bakery subsidiary), cannot serve as a basis for a claim for earnings damages under the IRI policy, is the basie element of IRI’s strategy of defense to avoid the payment of earnings damages under Sections IA and IIA of the policy. It knew that Cotton Bros., Inc. was the only party owning and operating the Cotton bakery business so that Cotton Bros., Inc. alone had an interruption of business risk. Had IRI continued the good faith that it had exhibited during the 10 years that it had been collecting premiums from Cotton, it, on its own initiative, could and should have issued an endorsement making Cotton Bros., Inc. a named insured, thus providing Cotton the interruption of business coverage for which Cotton had paid. Instead, IRI chose to ignore the evidence before it; to profit by its inadvertent omission of Cotton Bros., Inc. as a named insured; to ignore its duty to correct that mistake so that the Cotton bakery business would receive the interruption of business coverage intended. This is the beginning of IRI’s strategy to defeat interruption of business coverage by depriving the Cottons of access to the books and records of Cotton Bros., Inc. This effort began shortly after the fire of February 13, 1981, as above set forth and has continued to this day. From the very commencement of this proceeding, IRI has made a continuing objection to the admission of evidence based on the books and records of the parent company to establish earnings damages as provided in the policy. Its sole basis for that objection is that Cotton Bros., Inc. is not a named insured in the policy. IRI’s strategy is further reflected in the pleadings and throughout the trial of this suit including its strenuous opposition to the reformation of the policy. We find that IRI should have made Cotton Bros., Inc. a named insured on its own initiative at some time prior to September 1981, in order to give full interruption of business insurance coverage to the Cotton bakery business which had been operated by Cotton Bros., Inc. on a day to day basis since the reorganization of 1976. Indeed, upon a simple letter request it did make Cotton Bros., Inc. a named insured with no additional payment of premium by an endorsement dated July 28, 1982. We find that its failure to make such an endorsement during the auditing period prior to September 1981 was a breach of its prior intent and its duty to give full interruption of business coverage to the bakery business owned and operated by Cotton Bros., Inc.. IRI’s failure to do so was part of a scheme to deny such coverage to Cotton and its failure to act was arbitrary, capricious and in absolute bad faith.
22. IRI hired Matson, Driscoll & Damico on February 18, 1981, only five days after the occurrence of the fire. They were retained by IRI because, according to their testimony, they were not in the usual business of auditing but specialized in adjusting interruption of business claims. Driscoll was qualified and offered by IRI and accepted by the Court as an expert on the adjustment of interruption of business claims.
Cotton’s team of auditors knew nothing about interruption of business insurance, but they did know that no items listed in any proof of loss submitted by them to IRI would be paid without the approval of IRI based on the recommendation of IRI’s auditing team. Consequently, Percy Raybourn, by telephone, by personal contact and in meetings, sought advice, help and recommendations from Michael Driscoll and other members of IRI’s team for developing a proper methodology to calculate Cotton’s interruption of business losses. The re-suit — STONEWALL. Conversation, pleasantries, but — STONEWALL.
Receiving no advice or direction from the IRI team, the Cotton team was forced to proceed, relying solely on its auditing expertise and the IRI policy. The Cotton auditors were intimately familiar with the Cotton bakery operation and they knew that the business was a single bakery business owned and operated by Cotton Bros., Inc. They also became aware that the books and records of the Alexandria subsidiary could not serve as a basis for interruption of business claims as described in the October 1, 1980 policy. Faced with a policy offering only the books and records of the Alexandria bakery subsidiary as a basis for a reduction of gross earnings loss, how could they possibly draft a methodology or a proof of loss as described in Schedule IA and IIA of the policy? However, had Cotton Bros., Inc. been included as a named insured, it is probable that the Cotton team could have drafted an appropriate methodology under which interruption of business claims by Cotton Bros., Inc. could be determined. The policy, as written and without including Cotton Bros., Inc. as a named insured, rendered this probability an impossibility. Receiving no advice or instruction from IRI or the IRI team, the Cotton team began its labors to draft a methodology containing no items relating to reduction of gross earnings. In fact, earnings, the very risk being insured, is not even mentioned — only “line items” directly connected with the fire. Finally, on May 8, 1981, (here we quote the IRI brief)
“The Cotton team delivered to Driscoll the final draft of a document which they had developed entitled: “Methodology for Computing the Cost of Business Interruption”. The approach had been developed by Raybourn and the Cotton team and Driscoll felt that the approach was proper. He did not make or suggest changes in the metodology. [sic] His roll [sic] was to audit Cotton’s claims submissions which would follow, in order to review and then discuss with the Cotton team any accounting problems, prior to expected meetings between Cotton and IRI. He was not asked by IRI to and did not calculate the loss.” (emphasis ours and citations to transcript omitted)
Could there be a more precise, a more deliberate strategy of concealment, of bad faith?
Although IRI chose experts eminently qualified in the field of interruption of business insurance, it deliberately instructed them to make no use of that expertise. IRI deliberately instructed its experts to remain silent and to make no corrections and give no advice on the methodology employed in the drafting of an interruption of business claim — just audit no matter how inappropriate the methodology may be. The STONEWALL strategy was instructed by IRI and examination of the methodology and the proofs of loss submitted by the Cotton team disclosed no items which fit Driscoll’s definition of an interruption of business claim. See paragraph 23, infra. Yet, when Cotton’s methodology was presented to Driscoll on May 8, 1981, “Driscoll felt that the approach was proper.” Driscoll, mindful of IRI’s instructions, said nothing; made no correction or suggestion. We find that IRI's instruction, in conjunction with its failure to make Cotton Bros., Inc. a named insured, was intended to induce error by Cotton. The instruction was made for the illicit purpose of inhibiting and defeating Cotton’s right to file any claim for earnings damages under Sections IA and IIA of the policy. The stonewall position of IRI was arbitrary, capricious, in bad faith and without probable cause.
23. IRI has contended and continues to contend through this entire proceeding that the only damages available to plaintiff under the policy are “line by line” or “line items” directly connected with the fire. This contention simply crystalizes in a different form IRI’s determination to deny Cotton’s right to earnings damages. It defies the clear and concise language of Sections IA and IIA. See paragraph 29, infra. It defies the definition supplied by IRI’s own expert Driscoll, who testified:
“Well, basically when you are looking at a business interruption loss you are confined or you are more interested in the profit and loss section of a financial statement that would be your sales, your various costs of sales elements.... And what you eventually try to do is you try to project just like a company would try to project what they are going to do next year. You try to project what the company would have done for the period of interruption had there been no loss then you compare it to what they actually did do and the different number is the amount of loss.”
Yet, through the device of IRI’s strategy, Cotton has been induced to make claims limited to so-called line items and has been deprived of the right to make a claim under the principal risk insured by the policy. IRI knew and knows that its Form E policy is entitled BUSINESS INTERRUPTION GROSS EARNINGS FORM. The form provides for two types of damages: 1) reduction of gross earnings during the period of interruption as described in Section IA and Section IIA of the policy and by the quote of Michael Driscoll referred to above, and 2) expenses related to reducing loss as described in Section III. If the damages recoverable under Sections IA and IIA are in law a determination of reduction of gross earnings during the period of interruption, then IRI has paid no reduction of gross earnings damages. Not one item paid under the proofs of loss can satisfy Driscoll’s definition of that type of damage. When asked about Raybourn’s line by line methodology for the determination of interruption of business losses, Driscoll stated:
“I don’t know what the — where the term line by line came from. The method is not referred to the methodology and first preparation of the claim which was in three segments by Cotton Brothers is now regarding or referred to as line by line and that is basically is his method. I assume it must have been his terminology, certainly was not mine.”
The fact that certain witnesses such as Gene Cotton and Raybourn might have testified that items in the proofs of loss were Section IA and IIA damages must be attributed to their lack of knowledge and experience and to the misguidance or lack of guidance induced by the strategy adopted in bad faith by IRI as described in paragraphs 21 and 22 above. A policy restricting damages to line item claims is an extra expense policy. We have found previously that Cotton, on the advice of IRI, rejected extra expense coverage in favor of interruption of business coverage. See paragraphs 5 and 6, supra. IRI, in absolute defiance of Sections IA and IIA, has restricted damages to those afforded by an extra expense policy. This is yet another example of IRI’s arbitrary, capricious and bad faith attempt to deny, without probable cause, Cotton’s right to earnings damages as provided in Sections IA and IIA.
24. The February 13, 1981 fire brought extreme financial strain on Cotton’s bakery operation. Lack of sufficient cash flow and of sufficient funds to pay Baker Perkins for the replacement equipment, made replacement contingent upon IRI’s payments under the fire policy. This is why it was necessary for Cotton to secure IRI’s agreement to Cotton’s choice of the accelerated contract for the replacement of the oven and proofer for the sum of $1,354,-820.00. IRI agreed to that choice and IRI’s adjuster, Jarratt, drafted and presented to Cotton a proof of loss in the amount of $1,354,820.00 as payment under the fire policy for the loss of the oven and the proofer. Gene Cotton signed and accepted this proof of loss on March 6th and returned it to IRI for payment. Based on IRI’s commitment, and thinking that full payment was assured, Gene Cotton, on that very afternoon, called Baker Perkins by telephone and accepted the $1,354,820.000 replacement contract. Cotton was committed. IRI then refused payment. Now Cotton was compromised. Cotton had exercised extraordinary diligence in its efforts to rebuild and restore in the shortest time as possible to the evident benefit of both IRI and itself. It had been successful in securing the contractor most capable of doing a competent job in the shortest time possible. It had settled its claim against IRI for the loss of the proofer and the oven for a sum proposed by IRI’s own agent. IRI now refused to pay. Incredible!
Cotton vigorously protested that the proof of loss presented by Jarratt on behalf of IRI became an enforceable contract settling the claim when accepted on March 6, 1981 by Gene Cotton. But IRI, possessor of the money, was prosecutor, judge and jury. Cotton had no means of enforcing its enforceable contract. It could not sue. Time was of the essence. As IRI well knew the destruction of the oven and proof-er was a loss insured under the fire policy, not the interruption of business policy, and Jarratt’s proposal, as it should, agreed to pay Cotton the exact cost (agreed to by IRI) of replacing that equipment. From his previous conversations and negotiations with IRI, Cotton was well aware of the conditions under which IRI would agree to restore the payment originally proposed by Jarratt. Cotton was forced to accept payment of $1,030,085.00, $324,735.00 less than originally offered by Jarratt (IRI), for the loss under the fire policy. This is the cost suggested by Baker Perkins under its repair proposal, which was the lowest of the three proposals submitted by Baker Perkins and, as we have previously found, was not a firm proposal or a viable alternative.
IRI had a vital interest in the accelerated contract. That contract advanced the termination of the period of interruption from June 1, 1982 to September 21, 1981. IRI suggests that, at the gratuitous request of Cotton's attorney, Alexius, it had gratiously advanced $324,735.00 as expediting expense to be repaid to IRI if Baker Perkins failed to perform the accelerated contract timely. IRI calls it Cotton’s gamble. We find that IRI advanced nothing. Viewed with its contemporaneous refusal to pay the full amount of the March 6, 1981 proof of loss, we call it a strong-arm attempt by IRI to shift to Cotton the entire risk of Baker Perkins possible failure to perform.
The first paragraph of the proposal letter of Alexius referred to by IRI is as follows:
“Pursuant to our several conversations, Cotton Bros. Baking Company, Inc., is willing to propose a solution to the adjustment problems which have arisen since IRI rejected the proofs of loss prepared by GAB and submitted by Mr. Cotton on March 6, 1981. You are advised, however, that our proposition is made in a spirit of compromise only, and is not to be considered a derrogation [sic] from our prior position that an enforceable contract of settlement matured when Mr. Cotton accepted your March 6,1981, proposal.” (emphasis ours)
We find that IRI’s actions as set forth above were deliberate, arbitrary, capricious, in absolute bad faith and without probable cause.
25. In a slightly similar situation the Cotton team had claimed on its September, 1981 proof of loss the sum of $182,655.00, as cost of the cascade, a piece of equipment used to in-load the proofer. IRI paid that item. Later IRI, characterizing this piece of equipment as “expediting expense”, reduced their later payment to Cotton by this amount. Although the purchase of this equipment expedited nothing, we find that Cotton had agreed to pay for that item and to its characterization as “expediting expense” as a vehicle to repay IRI. IRI was entitled to reimburse itself for the $182,-655.00 that it had paid by this arrangement with Cotton.
26. In Civil Action No. 83-3237, entitled Baker Perkins, Inc. v. Cotton Bros., Inc., the latter cross-claimed for damages including loss of gross earnings damages and received a jury award of $1,342,624.00. The entire jury award consisted of loss of gross earnings suffered by Cotton Bros. Inc. from the projected date of completion of Baker Perkins’ accelerated contract, September 21, 1981, to May 8, 1982.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
27. As we have shown previously, it has been the intention of Cotton and IRI since 1970 to give the Cotton bakery operation full insurance protection and coverage against the risk of loss or reduction of gross earnings as defined in the policy during any period of interruption of business as defined in the policy. This is what the parties intended and this is what the policy was designed to accomplish.
The Cotton bakery operation in 1970 consisted of four separate corporations, each of which owned and operated their separate bakery businesses just as they had done prior to the acquisition by the Cottons. There was no interdependency among them. They operated in competition with each other. Thus, although they were owned by Cotton, they were separate and independent bakery businesses and it followed from this that the books and records of each would reflect accurately the increase or decrease in gross earnings for specific periods of time. Cotton’s bakery operation was effectively insured by making the individual bakery corporations named insureds and this coverage continued to be effective as long as the bakery business of each of these companies continued to be operated independently, separately and in competition with each other.
However after the reorganization of 1976, there was but one Cotton bakery business and that one business was owned, controlled and operated on a day to day basis by Cotton Brothers, Inc. Thus Cotton Brothers, Inc. was the sole indispensable named insured in any policy designed to give interruption of business coverage to the Cotton bakery business.
Under Louisiana law, an insurance policy may be reformed after proof that it does not express the actual contract intended by the parties due to mutual error or mistake. Kolmaister v. Connecticut General Life Insurance Co., 370 So.2d 630 (La.App.4th Cir.1979), writ denied, 373 So.2d 531 (La.1979). See Phillips Oil Co. v. OKC Corp., 812 F.2d 265 (5th Cir.1987). Where, as here, the mutual mistake concerns identity of the named insured and destroys coverage on the risk actually assumed by the insurer, the insurer is estopped to deny its liability even in the absence of reformation and estopped from opposing reformation of its policy to cover such risks incurred by the party at interest. Bonadona v. Guccione, 362 So.2d 740 (La.1978); Fontenot v. American Fidelity Fire Ins. Co., 386 So.2d 165 (La.App.3d Cir.1980).
It is our conclusion that, through the mutual mistake of Cotton and IRI, Cotton Bros., Inc. was not included as a named insured in the policy issued in 1976; that the renewal of that policy on October 1, 1980 perpetuated the error; that neither Cotton nor IRI intended in 1976 or 1980 to reduce the full interruption of business coverage afforded previously by the four separate interruption of business policies and that the policy issued October 1, 1980 should be reformed so as to include Cotton Bros., Inc. as a named insured effective October 1, 1980.
28. We have found that Cotton exercised due diligence and dispatch to rebuild, repair or replace, at the earliest date possible, as required by the policy, the property and equipment destroyed in the fire of February 13, 1981 and that production equal to the February 13, 1981 production was achieved on May 8, 1982. We conclude therefore that the period of interruption extended from February 13, 1981 to May 8, 1982, inclusive.
29. IRI drafted its October 1, 1980 renewal policy on an IRI Form E entitled “BUSINESS INTERRUPTION GROSS EARNINGS FORM FOR MANUFACTURING OR MERCANTILE OPERATIONS” (emphasis ours). The policy provides for two types of damages: 1) reduction of gross earnings as provided in Sections IA and IIA, and 2) expenses related to reducing loss as provided in Section IIIA. We shall not discuss the latter type because there is no dispute regarding IRI’s payment of Section III claims. Reduction of gross earnings are described in the policy as follows:
SECTION I
A. Recovery in the event of loss hereunder shall be the ACTUAL LOSS SUSTAINED by the Insured resulting directly from such interruption of business, but not exceeding the reduction in gross earnings less charges and expenses which do not necessarily continue during the interruption of business, for only such length of time as would be required with the exercise of due diligence and dispatch to rebuild, repair or replace such described property as has been damaged or destroyed, commencing with the date of such damage or destruction and not limited by the date of expiration of this Policy. Due consideration shall be given to the continuation of normal charges and expenses, including payroll expense, to the extent necessary to resume operations of the Insured with the same quality of service which existed immediately preceding the loss.
SECTION II
A. GROSS EARNINGS — For the purpose of this insurance “gross earnings” are defined as the sum of:
1. total net sales value of production (manufacturing operations),
2. total net sales of merchandise (mercantile operations), and
3. other earnings derived from operations of the business, less the cost of:
4. raw stock from which such production is derived,
5. supplies consisting of materials consumed directly in the conversion of such raw stock into finished stock or in supplying the service(s) sold by the Insured,
6. merchandise sold, including packaging materials therefor, and
7. service(s) from outsiders (not employees of the Insured) for resale which do not continue under contract.
No other costs shall be deducted in determining gross earnings. In determining gross earnings due consideration shall be given to the experience of the business before the date of damage or destruction and the probable experience thereafter had no loss occurred. (emphasis ours)
The purpose of the damages provided in Sections I and II above are described by Driscoll, as we have previously quoted: “you try to project what the company would have done for the period of interruption had there been no loss then you compare it to what they actually did do and the different number is the amount of loss.” The policy language above “sets forth the formula for calculating the amount actually lost by an insured when business is interrupted, and allows the business to remain in the same financial condition as before the loss.” United Land Investors, Inc. v. Northern Insurance Co. of America, 476 So.2d 432 (La.App.2d Cir.1985). See also Cora Pub, Inc. v. Continental Casualty Co., 619 F.2d 482 (5th Cir.1980).
The formula for calculating the insured’s loss is in terms of reduction of gross earnings, as quoted verbatim above from the policy, and is “unambiguous and constitute[s] the law between the contracting parties.” United Land Investors, supra at 436 (citing Rogers v. American Ins. Co., 338 F.2d 240 (8th Cir.1964); Associated Photographers v. Aetna Casualty and Surety Co., 677 F.2d 1251 (8th Cir.1982); Eastern Associated Coal Corp. v. Aetna Casualty and Surety Co., 632 F.2d 1068 (3d Cir.1980)).
A ‘projection’ of earnings is an accepted method of calculating business interruption loss. See Associated Photographers, supra. Indeed, the policy language approves, if not requires, the use of ‘projected’ earnings:
In determining gross earnings due consideration shall be given to the experience of the business before the date of damage or destruction and the probable experience thereafter had no loss occurred. (emphasis ours)
Accordingly, we hold that the projections presented by plaintiff of its business interruption losses conform to the terms of the policy.
Cotton has submitted for our consideration three projections as a basis for its claim of reduction of gross earnings damages.
Lost earnings need only be proved to a reasonable certainty. See Borden, Inc. v. Howard Trucking Co., 454 So.2d 1081 (La.1983). The law does not require mathematical precision or absolute exactness in determining the amount of lost earnings: “the trier of fact must be afforded much discretion in the determination of such damages where the evidence clearly shows that damage is proven but not capable of proof to a mathematical or legal certainty.” Rosenblath v. Louisiana Bank & Trust Co., 432 So.2d 285, 290 (La.App.2d Cir.1983). See Palmer v. Connecticut Railway & Lighting Co., 311 U.S. 544, 561, 61 S.Ct. 379, 385, 85 L.Ed. 336, 343 (1941) (“Certainty as to the amount goes no further than to require a basis for a reasoned conclusion.”) Accordingly, where it is not possible to state or prove a perfect measure of lost earnings, “courts have reasonable discretion to assess damages based upon all the facts and circumstances of the case.” Tide Craft, Inc. v. Red Ball Oxygen Co., 514 So.2d 664 (La.App.2d Cir.1987), writ denied, 516 So.2d 135-36 (La.1987). See Roshong v. Travelers Ins. Co., 281 So.2d 785, 789 (La.App.3d Cir.1973).
Among the three projections presented by Cotton at the trial, labelled the “yellow”, “blue”, and “gray” projections, we consider the blue projection of $4,498,-000.00 in lost income for the period February 14, 1981 through May 8, 1982, as the best calculation of damages.
Our reasons for choosing the blue projection are straightforward.
The “blue” projection was prepared by Parham of Ernst & Whinney using the “least squares method” to forecast earnings through the interruption period. Par-ham used the audited financial statements of the parent Cotton Bros., Inc. for the years 1976 through 1980, less non-recurring expenses, and with “historical data points”, calculated a “regression analysis projection”. The projected earnings were then subtracted from the actual earnings. The blue projection corresponds exactly to the method set forth in the policy and attested to by Driscoll (par. 23, supra).
The “gray” projection, also prepared by Parham, freezes Cotton’s 1980 earnings and simply projects the 1980 earnings without assuming any increase (or decrease). On the other hand, the blue projection is based precisely on the years (1976-1980) before the fire when Cotton operated as a single bakery operation following its reorganization.
The “yellow” projection, although prepared before the fire, was prepared by Cotton management, not by an independent CPA or auditor. Further, this ‘internal’ projection is based only on the years 1978-1980 and uses, instead of actual income, a formula of “converting pounds produced to sales”. Also, because Cotton prepared the yellow projection to support an application for a large bank loan, it is, more probably than not, too optimistic.
IRI objects to the use of Cotton’s projections, citing Wilkins v. University of Houston, 654 F.2d 388 (5th Cir.1981), on petition for rehearing, 662 F.2d 1156 (5th Cir.1981). Wilkins warns that statistical evidence “must be employed with great care” even if such evidence is the “best, if not the only, means” of proof available. Wilkins, supra at 403. In particular, IRI complains that Cotton’s projections fail to account for Cotton’s loss of a major contract with Winn-Dixie, for a labor strike and for the effects of a recession. Cf. Wilkins, supra at 402. However, these events occurred after the period of business interruption ended, May 8, 1982.
We conclude therefore that Cotton is entitled to $4,498,000.00 as damages under Sections IA and IIA of the policy, with interest as set forth in paragraph 33, infra.
30. IRI made the following payments under the policy:
The issue of what part of these payments if any should be considered earnings damages under Sections IA and IIA has not been addressed by the parties. Obviously, since only reduction of earnings damages are in contest, only reduction of earnings damages paid by IRI should be credited against IRI’s reduction of earnings liability. We cannot determine from the record what proofs of loss were paid or rejected by IRI or the grounds upon which such actions were taken. Nor can we determine which categories of claimed losses properly belong under Section III and which have been allocated to Sections IA and IIA. We do know that all the claimed losses were so-called “line items” so that none were reduction of earnings as defined by Driscoll or by Sections IA and IIA. This compels the conclusion that IRI is entitled to no credit whatsoever for payment of earnings damages. This conclusion, though eminently rational, offends equity. It is certainly possible that IRI paid certain cost items which do not fit the definitions of Sections IA and IIA or Section III but which in some way involved or affected earnings. IRI itself has stated, without explanation, that it paid $427,-460.67 in earnings damages and $3,158,-302.10 [sic] in “extra expenses”. As we have declared previously, we cannot verify the accuracy of this allocation. We do know that IRI paid $3,585,761.97 in total damages, and that they state that $3,158,-302.10 of that amount was Section III damages. The remaining $427,460.67 in cost items cannot be classified legally as earnings damages as defined by the policy. Nevertheless the $427,460.67 was accepted by Cotton and we hold in equity that IRI should receive credit. However, because this credited amount was part of IRI’s scheme to restrict Cotton’s recovery to line item damages and to deny Cotton any Section IA and IIA damages, IRI’s credit shall not be applied until Cotton’s total damages plus penalties, interest and attorney’s fees has been adjudged.
We recognize that the $182,655.00 (cost of cascade) was rightfully withheld by IRI. That item was withheld with the assent of Cotton as repayment for the cost of the cascade.
31. We have held that IRI is not entitled to the $324,735.00 so-called “expediting expense” because that money belonged to Cotton under the fire policy proof of loss drafted and presented by IRI’s Jarratt to Cotton and accepted by Gene Cotton on March 6, 1981. See par. 24, supra. That acceptance made IRI absolutely and unconditionally liable for $1,354,820.00 as payment under the fire policy for the loss of the oven and the proofer. Under La. R.S. 22:658, IRI was absolutely and unconditionally obliged to pay the full amount of that accepted proof of loss on or before sixty days from March 6, 1981.
We hold IRI’s refusal to pay the full amount of the March 6, 1981 proof of loss drafted and presented by IRI and accepted by Cotton was arbitrary, capricious, in bad faith and without just cause and that Cotton should have judgment against IRI in the amount of $324,735.00 with penalties and attorney’s fees under La.R.S. 22:658 and interest.
32. In Civil Action No. 83-3237, entitled Baker Perkins, Inc. versus Cotton Bros., Inc., the latter cross-claimed for damages, including loss of gross earnings damages, and received a jury award of $1,342,624.00 for loss of gross earnings. Louisiana law is well-settled that an insurer is entitled to be subrogated to the rights of its insured after payment of the latter’s claim. La.C.C. art. 1829; Aetna Insurance Co. v. Naguin, 488 So.2d 950 (La.1986); Joe E. Freund, Inc. v. Insurance Company of North America, 261 F.Supp. 131 (W.D.La.1966).
IRI is not entitled to subrogation so long as the IRI policy does not name Cotton Bros., Inc. as a named insured. Since we have reformed the policy to make Cotton Bros., Inc. a named insured, and since the entire jury award consisted of earnings damages suffered by Cotton Bros., Inc., IRI is entitled to subrogation and is entitled to credit against the principal award, penalties, attorney’s fees and prejudgment interest in favor of Cotton Bros., Inc. in this proceeding.
However, IRI is not entitled to subrogation until it has paid to Cotton Bros., Inc. the entire amount of the judgment rendered in this Opinion. Upon such payment by IRI, the jury verdict and judgment for Cotton Bros., Inc. in Civil Action No. 83-3237 shall become the property of IRI. Cotton Bros., Inc. shall make a written legal assignment to IRI upon IRI’s request. IRI shall assume the costs (and risks) of collecting the judgment rendered in Civil Action No. 83-3237.
33. Louisiana law governs the award of prejudgment interest, and 28 U.S.C. § 1961 governs the award of postjudgment interest in this case. Nissho-Iwai Co. v. Occidental Crude Sales, Inc., 848 F.2d 613 (5th Cir.1988).
Under Louisiana law, legal interest is due “at least from date of judicial demand on a claim for damages arising out of breach of contract, regardless of whether the precise amount of the claim is unliquidated, disputed or not ascertainable with certainty at the time suit is filed.” Mini Togs Products, Inc. v. Wallace, 513 So.2d 867 (La.App.2d Cir.1987), writs denied, 515 So.2d 447 (La.1987). See also, Smith v. State Farm Fire and Casualty Co., 695 F.2d 202 (5th Cir.1983) (interest on penalty and fee awards under LSA-R.S. 22:658 also commences from date of judicial demand).
Accordingly, plaintiffs shall receive legal interest from the date suit was filed in accordance with La.C.C. art. 2924, and from date of judgment in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 1961 on the entire amount of the judgment rendered in this Opinion.
34. LSA-R.S. 22:658 provides that insurers who arbitrarily, capriciously, or without probable cause fail to pay any claim within sixty days of proof of loss are liable for the amount of the loss as well as a penalty of 12% of “the total amount of the loss” and all reasonable attorney’s fees “for the prosecution and collection of such loss.” If the insurer has made a “partial payment”, the penalty is 12% of the difference between the amount tendered and the amount actually owed. LSA-R.S. 22:658. See Fuqua v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 542 So.2d 1129 (La.App.3d Cir.1989).
Whether an insurer’s failure or refusal to pay is arbitrary, capricious or without probable cause within the meaning of the statute is a question of fact to be determined in light of the facts and circumstances of the particular case. Smith v. State Farm Fire and Casualty Co., 695 F.2d 202, 205 (5th Cir.1983) (citations omitted). In particular, it is a determination that “depends primarily on the facts known to the insurer at the time of its actions.” Scott v. Insurance Co. of America, 485 So.2d 50, 52 (La.1986). “The words arbitrary and capricious ... do not necessarily imply an opprobrious connotation.” Steadman v. Pearl Assurance Co., 167 So.2d 527, 531 (La.App.4th Cir.1964). Rather, arbitrary conduct merely “implies an abuse of one’s authority or power.” Id. Further, the fact that an insurer mis-reads or misinterprets the clear and unambiguous provisions of its own policy does not relieve the insurer of liability under LSA-R.S. 22:658. Fidelity & Casualty Co. of N.Y. v. Superior Casing Crews, Inc., 642 F.2d 147, 150 (5th Cir.1981). The insurer, not the insured, takes the risk of misinterpreting its own policy provisions. Marks v. Trinity Universal Insurance Co., 531 So.2d 516 (La.App.2d Cir.1988). Insurers are “charged with knowledge of their policy’s contents.” Carney v. American Fire & Indemnity Co., 371 So.2d 815 (La.1979). Accordingly, an insurer may be deemed arbitrary and capricious for failing to properly assess and pay damages which fully compensate the insured, where the policy requires that the insured be fully compensated. Higginbotham v. New Hampshire Indemnity Co., 498 So.2d 1149 (La.App.3d Cir.1986).
The facts of this case are distinctive. The stonewall position undertaken by IRI, which conduct we find was arbitrary, capricious, in absolute bad faith and without probable cause, precluded Cotton from submitting a proof of loss that would have compensated Cotton as provided for by IRI’s policy. To this very day, IRI resists any claims calculated according to Sections IA and IIA of its policy. This conduct is an absolute abuse of IRI’s ‘power’ and position as ultimate arbiter of what losses are properly payable under its policy provisions. IRI’s conduct goes beyond mere breach of contract. It offends acceptable notions of business ethics.
IRI’s refusal to assist Cotton in calculating claims properly payable to Cotton under the policy constitutes precisely the conduct which Louisiana law proscribes. An insurer must timely pay what is due the insured. IRI has never even deigned to consider what is properly due Cotton and certainly there can be no doubt that IRI knew that Cotton was entitled to interruption of business (earnings) damages.
Accordingly, IRI is liable for the statutory penalty of 12% on the $4,498,-000.00 in earnings not paid under IRI’s business interruption policy and $324,-735.00 not paid under IRI’s property damage (fire) policy and for the attorney’s fees incurred by Cotton in prosecuting its claim against IRI, with interest on the whole as set forth in paragraph 33.
CONCLUSION
35. IRI issued an interruption of business policy in favor of the three (really all five) subsidiary bakeries as named insureds and intended to cover the Cotton bakery business. All parties admit that the fire of February 13,1981 was an occurrence in the contemplation of the policy and that it took place on the property of a named insured, the Alexandria subsidiary. Indeed IRI has paid substantial Section IIIA damages under the policy. The primary purpose of the policy was to protect Cotton’s income, i.e. the possible reduction of gross earnings which might be suffered by the Cotton bakery business during the period required to restore production as it existed on the date of the fire (interruption of business damages under the provisions of Sections IA and IIA). As we have seen, not one item of damage paid by IRI fits the definition of interruption of business (reduction of earnings) damages as defined by its own expert or by its policy. IRI has not paid one cent in earnings damages. It follows that if the fire had occurred at the Shreveport, Monroe, Natchez or Baton Rouge plant, under IRI’s interpretation of the policy and under its strategy, it would have been liable for the same amount of interruption of business damages — none. Following IRI’s interpretation and strategy to its logical conclusion, IRI, under its $39,-000,000.00 interruption of business policy was obliged to pay no interruption of business damages. The interruption of business risk was solely the risk of Cotton Bros., Inc. IRI cannot be allowed to avoid all business interruption (earnings) damages, simply because of its own failure to include Cotton Bros., Inc. as a named insured in the policy. We have determined that IRI’s contentions are not persuasive.
We conclude therefore, that as a matter of law:
That the interruption of business insurance policy number 31815935 issued October 1, 1980 by Industrial Risk Insurers in favor of Cotton Brothers Baking Company, Inc., et al should be reformed so as to make and include Cotton Bros., Inc. as a named insured effective October 1, 1980; that
There should be judgment in favor of Cotton Brothers Baking Company, Inc. and Cotton Brothers, Inc. and against Industrial Risk Insurers in the amount of $324,-735.00 plus penalties and attorney’s fees under LSA-R.S. 22:658 with pre-judgment interest from January 12, 1983 in accordance with Louisiana Civil Code article 2924 and post-judgment interest thereon in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 1961; that
There should be judgment herein in favor of Cotton Brothers, Inc. and against Industrial Risk Insurers in the amount of $4,498,000.00 plus penalties and reasonable attorney’s fees under LSA-R.S. 22:658 with pre-judgment interest thereon from January 12, 1983 in accordance with Louisiana Civil Code article 2924 and post-judgment interest in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 1961, less a credit against this total amount allowed and decreed in equity in favor of Industrial Risk Insurers in the amount of $427,460.67;
That, upon payment by Industrial Risk Insurers to Cotton Bros., Inc. of the entire amount (less credit) awarded in the preceding paragraph, Industrial Risk Insurers shall be subrogated to all rights, title and interest of Cotton Bros., Inc. in and to Civil Action No. 83-3237 of the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana entitled Baker Perkins, Inc. versus Cotton Brothers, Inc. and in accordance with said subrogation and upon request of Industrial Risk Insurers, Cotton Bros., Inc. should execute in favor of Industrial Risk Insurers a valid, legal and written assignment of all its rights, title and interest in Civil Action No. 83-3237 described above.
DONE AND SIGNED.
. In its post hearing suggested findings and conclusions and supporting briefs, IRI does not address these issues.
. For a picture of the situation immediately following the fire see reports of meetings held by representatives of Cotton Bros., Inc, IRI and others. Exhibits P-67, 68A, 101, 122 and 122A. (par. 16)
. We disagree with the jury in Civil Action 83-3237-A, Baker Perkins, Inc. versus Cotton Bros., Inc. There the jury determined that Baker Perkins, Inc. was responsible for 65% and Cotton Bros., Inc. for 35% of that portion of the business interruption period beginning September 21, 1981 and terminating May 8, 1982. We have found, on the other hand, that Cotton Bros., Inc. was responsible for 3% of the delay during that period, and that IRI was equally responsible so that neither of them shall be penalized.
. For reasons undisclosed by the record, a rift occurred between Cotton and Alexander & Bolton on or about the time of the February 13, 1981 fire. No member of that firm was included in the Cotton team or took part in the determination of Cotton’s claim methodology or the drafting of interruption proofs of loss. There is no evidence that Cotton sought or received their advice on those subjects. The only evidence of any activity on their part was their attendance at some of the meetings mentioned in Note 2, supra, and Gene Cotton challenged their presence at those meetings.
. At the request of A & B, IRI, without protest, made Cotton Bros., Inc. a named insured by an endorsement dated July 28, 1982. Since there was no difference in Cotton's method of operation between October 1, 1980 and July 28, 1982, we consider this an admission by IRI that Cotton Bros., Inc. could have been included in the policy as a named insured on October 1, 1980. In order to carry out the intention of the parties and afford the Cotton bakery business the coverage it had been paying for since 1970, Cotton Bros., Inc. should have been so named.
The last paragraph of Post-fire Endorsement No. 8, dated September 26, 1981, was included at IRI's initiative and requested by no one. These endorsements establish that endorsements were regularly made by IRI in a most informal manner and on its own initiative.
. Testimony of Arthur J. Parham, Jr., Tr. vol. 22 pp. 4978-4981.
Q What was your understanding, Mr. Parham, about what your task was regarding assisting Mr. Raybourn to prepare some sort of methodology for computing this claim?
A Mr. Raybourn indicated we were going to have to try to identify each and every type of expense, lost revenue, that sort of thing and on a line item by line item approach in order to submit claims to the insurance company that they would accept.
Q Okay, Mr. Parham, I want to show you a document captioned methodology for computing the cost of business interruption which has previously been admitted in evidence as plaintiff’s exhibit 66 and ask you if you recognize that?
A Yes, sir, I do. I wrote this.
Q You wrote it?
A This memorandum.
Q What was its purpose, sir?
A The purpose was as I mentioned a moment ago to begin the document and approach if you would methodology to assemble the information necessary to submit claims to the insurance company and as you see if you read through this, it was very detailed in the sense that there were a number of specific line items mentioned and we thought it necessary at that point based on the suggestions of the insurance company and its representative to go through and try to quantify each and every one of the items to submit a claim.
Q Did you ever meet with any representative of the insurance company to determine whether there line item approach was what the insurance company wanted?
A Together with several other people from my firm, Ernst and Whinney and several management people at Cotton Brothers. I say several, I think it was just Mr. Raybourn. We met with Mr. Mike Driscoll of the Madison Driscoll firm of Alexandria I think sometime in late March of 1981 and we viewed this methodology.
A Well, before any work was done of a significant nature before investing a lot of time, we wanted to make sure that the approach that Mr. Rayboum had originally thought necessary was going to be acceptable to the insurance company. We didn’t want to spend a lot of time doing something that would have to be redone so we reviewed the contents of this document with Mr. Driscoll at that point.
Q And what if anything did he indicate regarding this document?
A He indicated that a line item approach would be necessary in order to submit a claim. He made some suggestions about some of the things in this document as well.
Q You remember any of the specifics of that?
A Not really.
Q If, Mr. Parham, at the time you prepared this, did you expect that the methodology outlined in this document would be able to account for all of the actual losses sustained by Cotton Brothers as a result of this business interruption?
A Well, I guess early on I had hoped that such a formulation such methodology would but it became obvious fairly soon there was just no way that an approach like this could gather all the costs and all the lost revenue that the company was experiencing.
Q First you thought it could and later you decided it could not?
A Yes, sir, due to my lack of prior business interruption experience at that point I thought maybe we could capture all the information we needed but it was impossible once we got into it in more detail, (emphasis ours)
. Exhibit P-137, IRI’s Exhibit No. 1.17.2.
. We find that the record, though vast, is not sufficient in detail for us to determine the basis on which items of the proofs of loss were paid or rejected by IRI. We have determined however that there are no items related to reduction of gross earnings as described in Sections IA and IIA so that none of the cost items recognized and paid by IRI fit the description in the policy on the definition of its expert, Driscoll. Therefore, as a matter of right, IRI is not entitled to credit for the payment of any IA and IIA damages whatever. However, in its trial memorandum filed September 30, 1986 (page 3) IRI declares that $427,460.67 of the funds paid by it to Cotton represent payment for claims for reduction of gross earnings less non-continuing charges and expenses.
. We have jurisdiction here. Cotton has specifically contested IRI’s reduction of the $1,354,-820.00 due Cotton for the fire loss of the oven and proofer on the ground that the mutually executed proof of loss was an enforceable contract settling that claim (see La.R.S. 22:658), reserving all of its rights. We simply have acted on the rights so reserved.
. Plaintiff has cited Ford Motor Credit Co. v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 309 So.2d 914 (La.App.3d Cir.1975) and Powers v. Calvert Fire Insurance Co., 216 S.C. 309, 57 S.E.2d 638 (1950) as authority for the contention that subrogation in this proceeding is an equitable doctrine and should not be available to IRI because IRI joined with Baker Perkins, Inc. in contesting the claim of Cotton Bros., Inc. to loss of earnings damages. We hold that those authorities are not pertinent here. IRI has a perfect right to contest plaintiff's claims to such damages as part of its own defense in this proceeding and the equitable doctrine ennunciated in plaintiff’s authorities cannot be interpreted to deprive IRI of that right.
It is possible, despite the American rule, that IRI’s subrogation should be reduced by reasonable attorney’s fees expended by Cotton in its suit against Baker Perkins. Because of the attorney’s fees awarded under LSA-R.S. 22:658, we refuse to do so. See para. 1027, infra.
. A ‘satisfactory proof of loss' for purposes of LSA-R.S. 22:658 is that which provides the insurer with sufficient facts to apprise the insurer of the insured’s claim or to acquire knowledge of the insured’s loss. See Hart v. Allstate Insurance Co., 437 So.2d 823 (La.1983).
. The decision on the merits is a "final decision” for purposes of appeal as a matter of law under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 even though the amount of attorney’s fees for the litigation remains to be determined. Budinich v. Becton Dickinson and Co., 486 U.S. 196, 108 S.Ct. 1717, 100 L.Ed.2d 178 (1988).
The parties may stipulate by compromise the amount of attorney’s fees. If they have not done so prior to September 10, 1989, Cotton Brothers Baking Company, Inc. and Cotton Bros., Inc. shall file on or before October 10, 1989 a motion to set attorney’s fees, including fees for the filing and submission of this motion and also projected or suggested fees for answering and trial of appeal if any. Plaintiffs should file with their said motion all bills submitted and paid and all supporting documentary evidence along with appropriate authorities and suggested findings of fact and conclusions of law. Local Rule 20.16 of the Western District of Louisiana. IRI may file opposition on or before November 10, 1989 accompanied by any supporting documentary evidence, authorities and suggested findings of fact and conclusions of law.
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CASELAW
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Pucarani Municipality
Pucarani Municipality is the first municipal section of the Los Andes Province in the La Paz Department, Bolivia. Its seat is Pucarani.
It is bordered to the north by the Batallas Municipality, to the east by the Pedro Domingo Murillo Province, to the south by the Laja Municipality and to the west by the Ingavi Province and Lake Titicaca.
Geography
The Cordillera Real traverses the Pucarani Municipality. One of the highest peaks of the municipality is Kunturiri. Other mountains are listed below:
Division
The municipality consists of the following twelve cantons:
* Catavi Canton - 741 inhabitants (2001)
* Chojasivi Canton - 1,444 inhabitants
* Cohana Canton - 1,679 inhabitants
* Lacaya Canton - 2,067 inhabitants
* Patamanta Canton - 3,116 inhabitants
* Pucarani Canton - 5,325 inhabitants
* Villa Ascensión de Chipamaya Canton - 1,271 inhabitants
* Villa Iquiaca Canton - 1,555 inhabitants
* Villa Pabón Chiarpata Canton - 844 inhabitants
* Villa Rosario de Corapata Canton - 3,625 inhabitants
* Villa Vilaque Canton - 2,903 inhabitants
* Huayna Potosí Canton - 2,232 inhabitants
|
WIKI
|
blob: 99bdbaa51e017bbba53e731d7fdadd49a7cc2344 [file] [log] [blame]
; RUN: opt -O2 %s | llvm-dis > %t1
; RUN: llc -filetype=asm -o - %t1 | FileCheck -check-prefixes=CHECK %s
; RUN: llc -mattr=+alu32 -filetype=asm -o - %t1 | FileCheck -check-prefixes=CHECK %s
; Source code:
; typedef int __int;
; typedef struct v3 { int a; __int b[4][4][4]; } __v3;
; #define _(x) (__builtin_preserve_access_index(x))
; int get_value(const int *arg);
; int test(__v3 *arg) {
; return get_value(_(&arg[1].b[2][3][2]));
; }
; Compilation flag:
; clang -target bpf -O2 -g -S -emit-llvm -Xclang -disable-llvm-passes test.c
target triple = "bpf"
%struct.v3 = type { i32, [4 x [4 x [4 x i32]]] }
; Function Attrs: nounwind
define dso_local i32 @test(%struct.v3* %arg) local_unnamed_addr #0 !dbg !23 {
entry:
call void @llvm.dbg.value(metadata %struct.v3* %arg, metadata !27, metadata !DIExpression()), !dbg !28
%0 = tail call %struct.v3* @llvm.preserve.array.access.index.p0s_struct.v3s.p0s_struct.v3s(%struct.v3* elementtype(%struct.v3) %arg, i32 0, i32 1), !dbg !29, !llvm.preserve.access.index !4
%1 = tail call [4 x [4 x [4 x i32]]]* @llvm.preserve.struct.access.index.p0a4a4a4i32.p0s_struct.v3s(%struct.v3* elementtype(%struct.v3) %0, i32 1, i32 1), !dbg !29, !llvm.preserve.access.index !6
%2 = tail call [4 x [4 x i32]]* @llvm.preserve.array.access.index.p0a4a4i32.p0a4a4a4i32([4 x [4 x [4 x i32]]]* elementtype([4 x [4 x [4 x i32]]]) %1, i32 1, i32 2), !dbg !29, !llvm.preserve.access.index !11
%3 = tail call [4 x i32]* @llvm.preserve.array.access.index.p0a4i32.p0a4a4i32([4 x [4 x i32]]* elementtype([4 x [4 x i32]]) %2, i32 1, i32 3), !dbg !29, !llvm.preserve.access.index !15
%4 = tail call i32* @llvm.preserve.array.access.index.p0i32.p0a4i32([4 x i32]* elementtype([4 x i32]) %3, i32 1, i32 2), !dbg !29, !llvm.preserve.access.index !17
%call = tail call i32 @get_value(i32* %4) #4, !dbg !30
ret i32 %call, !dbg !31
}
; CHECK: r2 = 448
; CHECK: r1 += r2
; CHECK: call get_value
; CHECK: .long 6 # BTF_KIND_STRUCT(id = [[TID1:[0-9]+]])
; CHECK: .ascii "v3" # string offset=6
; CHECK: .ascii ".text" # string offset=52
; CHECK: .ascii "1:1:2:3:2" # string offset=58
; CHECK: .long 16 # FieldReloc
; CHECK-NEXT: .long 52 # Field reloc section string offset=52
; CHECK-NEXT: .long 1
; CHECK-NEXT: .long .Ltmp{{[0-9]+}}
; CHECK-NEXT: .long [[TID1]]
; CHECK-NEXT: .long 58
; CHECK-NEXT: .long 0
declare dso_local i32 @get_value(i32*) local_unnamed_addr #1
; Function Attrs: nounwind readnone
declare %struct.v3* @llvm.preserve.array.access.index.p0s_struct.v3s.p0s_struct.v3s(%struct.v3*, i32, i32) #2
; Function Attrs: nounwind readnone
declare [4 x [4 x [4 x i32]]]* @llvm.preserve.struct.access.index.p0a4a4a4i32.p0s_struct.v3s(%struct.v3*, i32, i32) #2
; Function Attrs: nounwind readnone
declare [4 x [4 x i32]]* @llvm.preserve.array.access.index.p0a4a4i32.p0a4a4a4i32([4 x [4 x [4 x i32]]]*, i32, i32) #2
; Function Attrs: nounwind readnone
declare [4 x i32]* @llvm.preserve.array.access.index.p0a4i32.p0a4a4i32([4 x [4 x i32]]*, i32, i32) #2
; Function Attrs: nounwind readnone
declare i32* @llvm.preserve.array.access.index.p0i32.p0a4i32([4 x i32]*, i32, i32) #2
; Function Attrs: nounwind readnone speculatable willreturn
declare void @llvm.dbg.value(metadata, metadata, metadata) #3
attributes #0 = { nounwind "correctly-rounded-divide-sqrt-fp-math"="false" "disable-tail-calls"="false" "frame-pointer"="all" "less-precise-fpmad"="false" "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-infs-fp-math"="false" "no-jump-tables"="false" "no-nans-fp-math"="false" "no-signed-zeros-fp-math"="false" "no-trapping-math"="false" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "unsafe-fp-math"="false" "use-soft-float"="false" }
attributes #1 = { "correctly-rounded-divide-sqrt-fp-math"="false" "disable-tail-calls"="false" "frame-pointer"="all" "less-precise-fpmad"="false" "no-infs-fp-math"="false" "no-nans-fp-math"="false" "no-signed-zeros-fp-math"="false" "no-trapping-math"="false" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "unsafe-fp-math"="false" "use-soft-float"="false" }
attributes #2 = { nounwind readnone }
attributes #3 = { nounwind readnone speculatable willreturn }
attributes #4 = { nounwind }
!llvm.dbg.cu = !{!0}
!llvm.module.flags = !{!19, !20, !21}
!llvm.ident = !{!22}
!0 = distinct !DICompileUnit(language: DW_LANG_C99, file: !1, producer: "clang version 10.0.0 (trunk 367256) (llvm/trunk 367266)", isOptimized: true, runtimeVersion: 0, emissionKind: FullDebug, enums: !2, retainedTypes: !3, nameTableKind: None)
!1 = !DIFile(filename: "test.c", directory: "/tmp/home/yhs/work/tests/llvm/cast")
!2 = !{}
!3 = !{!4, !11, !15, !17}
!4 = !DIDerivedType(tag: DW_TAG_pointer_type, baseType: !5, size: 64)
!5 = !DIDerivedType(tag: DW_TAG_typedef, name: "__v3", file: !1, line: 2, baseType: !6)
!6 = distinct !DICompositeType(tag: DW_TAG_structure_type, name: "v3", file: !1, line: 2, size: 2080, elements: !7)
!7 = !{!8, !10}
!8 = !DIDerivedType(tag: DW_TAG_member, name: "a", scope: !6, file: !1, line: 2, baseType: !9, size: 32)
!9 = !DIBasicType(name: "int", size: 32, encoding: DW_ATE_signed)
!10 = !DIDerivedType(tag: DW_TAG_member, name: "b", scope: !6, file: !1, line: 2, baseType: !11, size: 2048, offset: 32)
!11 = !DICompositeType(tag: DW_TAG_array_type, baseType: !12, size: 2048, elements: !13)
!12 = !DIDerivedType(tag: DW_TAG_typedef, name: "__int", file: !1, line: 1, baseType: !9)
!13 = !{!14, !14, !14}
!14 = !DISubrange(count: 4)
!15 = !DICompositeType(tag: DW_TAG_array_type, baseType: !12, size: 512, elements: !16)
!16 = !{!14, !14}
!17 = !DICompositeType(tag: DW_TAG_array_type, baseType: !12, size: 128, elements: !18)
!18 = !{!14}
!19 = !{i32 2, !"Dwarf Version", i32 4}
!20 = !{i32 2, !"Debug Info Version", i32 3}
!21 = !{i32 1, !"wchar_size", i32 4}
!22 = !{!"clang version 10.0.0 (trunk 367256) (llvm/trunk 367266)"}
!23 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "test", scope: !1, file: !1, line: 5, type: !24, scopeLine: 5, flags: DIFlagPrototyped, isDefinition: true, isOptimized: true, unit: !0, retainedNodes: !26)
!24 = !DISubroutineType(types: !25)
!25 = !{!9, !4}
!26 = !{!27}
!27 = !DILocalVariable(name: "arg", arg: 1, scope: !23, file: !1, line: 5, type: !4)
!28 = !DILocation(line: 0, scope: !23)
!29 = !DILocation(line: 6, column: 20, scope: !23)
!30 = !DILocation(line: 6, column: 10, scope: !23)
!31 = !DILocation(line: 6, column: 3, scope: !23)
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Skip to main content
DeleteConnection
Deletes connection objects that satisfy the specified constraints.
Parameters
• [optional] ref: Reference to other entity objects within the transaction.
• [optional] with_class: Specifies the entity class.
• [optional] constraints
Details
If the ref parameter is used, with_class and constraints will be ignored.
If the ref parameter is used, the search results represented by the ref will not be valid for the remaining commands within the transaction.
For more complex searches for objects to delete, a Find command must be used first within the transaction.
Warning: Delete is an performance expensive command, as ApertureDB was designed for read intensive workloads.
Examples
Delete connections of the class "has_item" with "confidence" property less than 0.8:
[{
"DeleteConnection": {
"with_class": "has_item",
"constraints": {
"confidence": ["==", 0.8]
}
}
}]
Delete the connections of class "HasVisited" that an Entity of the class "Patient" has, where the Entity of class "Patient" is the source of the Connection, and retrieve the "date" and "care_taker" properties of the Connection. Sort the results by date:
[{
"FindEntity": {
"with_class": "Patient",
"_ref": 1,
"constraints": {
"patient_id": ["==", 231]
}
}
}, {
"FindConnection": {
"_ref": 2,
"with_class": "HasVisited",
"src": 1,
"results": {
"count": true,
"list": ["date", "care_taker"],
"sort": "date"
}
}
}, {
"DeleteConnection": {
"ref": 2
}
}]
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Question:
What is an lvalue?
Answer:
An lvalue is an expression to which a value can be assigned. The lvalue expression is located on the left side of an assignment statement, whereas an rvalue is located on the right side of an assignment statement. Each assignment statement must have an lvalue and an rvalue. The lvalue expression must reference a storable variable in memory. It cannot be a constant. For instance, the following lines show a few examples of lvalues:
int x;
int* p_int;
x = 1;
*p_int = 5;
The variable x is an integer, which is a storable location in memory. Therefore, the statement x = 1 qualifies x to be an lvalue. Notice the second assignment statement, *p_int = 5. By using the * modifier to reference the area of memory that p_int points to, *p_int is qualified as an lvalue. In contrast, here are a few examples of what would not be considered lvalues:
#define CONST_VAL 10
int x;
/* example 1 */
1 = x;
/* example 2 */
CONST_VAL = 5;
In both statements, the left side of the statement evaluates to a constant value that cannot be changed because constants do not represent storable locations in memory. Therefore, these two assignment statements do not contain lvalues and will be flagged by your compiler as errors.
Keywords:
© 2017 QuizBucket.org
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Beyonce made a surprise appearance at the Golden Globes
Beyoncé and Jay-Z made a surprise appearance at the 2020 Golden Globes despite skipping the red carpet, shocking viewers at home. The power couple gave Ellen DeGeneres a standing ovation as she received the Carol Burnett award. Reporters spotted Beyoncé and Jay-Z walking into the show just as Kate McKinnon was presenting the award to the comedian. Los Angeles Times reporter Amy Kaufman also noticed that Jay-Z&aposs bodyguard was holding two bottles of champagne for the couple, which appeared to be from his own brand. Visit Insider&aposs homepage for more stories.Beyoncé hasn&apost been to the Golden Globes for more than 10 years. So viewers at home were more than a little surprised when she suddenly appeared on their television screens on Sunday night. Just as Ellen DeGeneres headed to the stage to accept the Carol Burnett award, Beyoncé and her husband Jay-Z could be seen standing up and clapping. —Dave Quinn (@NineDaves) January 6, 2020Fans quickly took to Twitter to express their shock, almost wondering if they had seen a mirage. —shadé💙 (@shadeyxo) January 6, 2020—Mary Wilson (@TheeMaryWilson) January 6, 2020—Entertainment Tonight (@etnow) January 6, 2020But Beyoncé was in fact at the show, rocking a black gown with large puffy golden sleeves. She was later seen sitting down, with Jay-Z alongside her, and smiling during the show.
The star arrived at the show at the beginning of Ellen&aposs tribute award, according to Variety&aposs Ramin Setoodeh. —Ramin Setoodeh (@RaminSetoodeh) January 6, 2020Los Angeles Times reporter Amy Kaufman also spotted the power couple entering the show, and noticed that their bodyguard appeared to be carrying two bottles of alcohol. —Amy Kaufman (@AmyKinLA) January 6, 2020Twitter commenters noted that the bottles appeared to be Ace of Spades champagne, which is partially owned by Jay-Z. It was actually revealed on the Golden Globes Instagram live feed that Beyoncé was going to be seated at DeGeneres&apos table on Sunday night. —The Pop Hub (@ThePopHub) January 4, 2020"Ellen DeGeneres is getting the Carol Burnett award and we always want to make sure people are sitting together that like each other, she picked Beyoncé as her guest," said a Golden Globes spokeswoman. Beyoncé was also a nominee this year, receiving her second Golden Globes nomination for best original song with the tune "Spirit" for "The Lion King." The last time Beyoncé was nominated, in 2009, was also the last time she appeared at the Golden Globes. Beyoncé and Jay-Z did not walk the red carpet this year, leading many fans to believe they had decided to skip the show. But their appearance on Sunday has clearly excited fans.—E! News (@enews) January 6, 2020—Gibson Johns (@gibsonoma) January 6, 2020—Aaron Chubb (@AaronHeBe2016) January 6, 2020Read more:Billy Porter looked like an angel at the 2020 Golden Globes wearing a white suit with a feather train that zips offJennifer Lopez looked like a walking gift at the Golden Globes in a dress covered with oversized bowsRicky Gervais kicks off the Golden Globes with a wild introduction that essentially told Hollywood to f--- offAll the looks celebrities wore to the 2020 Golden Globes
Read the original article on INSIDER. Copyright 2020.
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User:RFCxDaViDxRFC
Hello, I am David and i use Wikipedia frequently to gain information on many topics, but mostly sport. I couldn't help but notice that there is some important information missing from some pages and I would like to add that information, which I think would make this site a better and more informative site.
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Data Backup and Recovery Discussions
Highlighted
SnapCenter Spanning Disks Option
We have just recently deployed SnapCenter for the first time, and transitioned our VSC backup jobs to the SnapCenter plug-in. I notice when setting up new Resource Groups, there is a Spanning Disks screen that presents the following choices (details from documentation):
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Always exclude all spanning datastores [This is the default for datastores.]
Always include all spanning datastores [This is the default for VMs.]
Manually select the spanning datastores to be included
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Does anyone have insight into these options, and what best practices would be? We only back up at the datastore level so the first option is default, however our transitioned VSC jobs all defaulted to the second option. Any insight would be appreciated!
2 REPLIES 2
Re: SnapCenter Spanning Disks Option
Hi mate, consider this scenario:
VM1 has disk1 on DATASTORE1 and disk2 on DATASTORE2. If you select the span option, a NetApp snapshot will be taken on both volumes backing the Datastores. If you select not to span, it will only backup on the datastore/volume where most disks reside/the OS usually. If you have both DATASTORE1 and 2 in seperate jobs, there is no need to span anything because you already back it up seperately, but when it comes to restoring you would have to manually attach the disks from the flexclone restore job VSC/SnapCenter performs, so in terms of restorability you need to know more about you environment if you do not span all datastores.
If you do span, you will be able to right click the VM > SnapCenter > Attach Virtual Disk option for e.g. and attach any disk belonging to that VM quicker. But if you set all jobs to span, and your VM/datastore layout is not good, you will end up taking multiple backups of the same data, but then again it's only a snapshot so only records what changes, so backups are small if your rate of change is small either way.
Hope this helps somewhat, how did you find deploying SnapCenter and performing backups compared to VSC out of interest?
Re: SnapCenter Spanning Disks Option
Thanks @HyperDiskhead! I found the actual deployment to have a few minor issues, as with any new software, but once it's been up and running it's been pretty smooth. Of course we haven't had to do a restore yet so we'll see how that goes!
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Gum Disease Treatment in Alhambra, CA
Gum disease, periodontal disease, and periodontitis are all phrases used to describe an infection in the gums and bone surrounding your teeth. Healthy bone and gum structures help keep a tooth’s root intact. When food and plaque get trapped between the gums and teeth, it can lead to infection, resulting in gum disease.
Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums and one of the earliest stages of gum disease. Common symptoms of gingivitis include minor redness, swelling, or slight bleeding of the gums. If left untreated, gingivitis turns into a more serious infection known as periodontal disease, which can lead to permanent structural damage.
Many dental professionals refer to root scaling and planing as a treatment for mild to moderate stages of gum disease. Dental scaling is a non surgical way to treat gum disease. Plaque gets trapped in pockets caused by your gums pulling away from your teeth and forming spaces where bacteria can grow, causing gum disease. If left untreated gum disease could lead to bone or tooth loss. Our team at Lu Dental Care will use specialized instruments, similar to ones we use for regular cleanings, to deep clean both around the tooth, and into the small pockets around the tooth to get buildup that’s found deep underneath the gum line. Doing this kind of cleaning removes plaque and tartar from your teeth and helps gums become healthy again. Root Planing involves smoothing of the tooth roots to allow the gums to reattach to the teeth; as well as smooth rough surfaces on the teeth that can eventually allow bacteria to get trapped.
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Tim Harden
Timothy M. Harden (born January 27, 1974) is an American former athlete who competed mainly in the 100 metres. Harden was born in Kansas City, Missouri, where he graduated from Northeast High School in 1992. He also attended the University of Kentucky. He is also the 2001 indoor world champion and 1999 world indoor silver medallist behind Maurice Greene.
He competed for the United States in the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta, United States in the 4 × 100 metre relay where he won the silver medal with his teammates Jon Drummond, Michael Marsh and Dennis Mitchell. He also competed in the 60 m sprint with a personal best of 6.43, which ranks him 7th all-time.
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El Cajon shooting: Key questions
(CNN)Plenty of questions surround this week's shooting death of a black man by police in Southern California -- a killing that authorities say happened after the man raised an object with his hands in a threatening "shooting stance" toward an officer. That object, police said Wednesday, turned out to be a vaping device, though the officers didn't know what it was at the time. Tuesday's shooting drew dozens of protesters to El Cajon's police department after a woman identifying herself as the dead man's sister alleged on a bystander's Facebook Live stream that she had told police he was "sick" and that she asked police to help him, not shoot him. KEY QUESTIONS THAT REMAIN Who called police, and what was said? Nearly 50 minutes before officers arrived and found Alfred Okwera Olango behind a restaurant, El Cajon police Chief Jeff Davis said, a woman identifying herself as his sister called to say the 38-year-old man was acting erratically. She said he was mentally ill and wasn't armed, Davis said. He said the caller talked about a man who was "not acting like himself" and was allegedly walking in traffic. What exactly was said is unclear. The call or calls have not been released. But Davis' account comports with what a distraught woman told a bystander who was recording a video on Facebook Live on Tuesday after Olango's shooting. In the video -- recorded by Rumbie Mubaiwa -- a woman identifying herself as Olango's sister says she called 911 to ask police to help him. She describes him as "sick." Officers can be seen congregating in the background as the woman sits on a rock wailing. "You guys killed my brother in front of me," she cries, as Mubaiwa records the scene. "Why couldn't you guys Tase him? Why? Why? Why? Why?" How many calls were made? Police initially said they received three calls over those 50 minutes, though Davis later said he wasn't sure of the number, or whether someone other than the woman called. Davis didn't offer an explanation for the 50-minute response time, other than it took "that long to clear officers to get out there." Davis said he couldn't confirm that the woman was the man's sister because she declined to cooperate with investigators after the shooting. "We have a lot of questions. ... We would certainly like to speak to her," Davis said Tuesday evening. Was the man mentally ill, as the caller claimed? Davis said investigators don't know whether Olango was mentally ill, as the caller claimed. "That's part of the investigation right now," he said. Asked whether there was any indication the man was under the influence of anything, he said, "Not that I'm aware of, no." What will videos show? Police said videos of the shooting were recorded -- but aside from a still image from one of the recordings, the footage has not been released. Will the videos back up the officers' accounts? El Cajon Mayor Bill Wells said the district attorney's office would decide whether to release the videos to the public after it examines the evidence. Police said that when they arrived, Olango refused multiple instructions to remove one of his hands from his jeans pocket. When Olango didn't comply, according to Davis, one officer drew his gun and pointed it at him while continuing to tell him to remove his hand from his pocket. The other officer prepared a Taser. At one point, Olango "rapidly drew an object" -- later identified as the vaping device -- placed both hands on it "like you would be holding a firearm" and stood in a "shooting stance," according to police. In response, one officer fired his gun at Olango, while a second officer simultaneously discharged his Taser, Davis said. The still image that authorities released shows two police officers, at least one of whom appears to be aiming at a black man in jeans and a T-shirt. The man has his hands stretched out in front of his torso, as if he was aiming at something. A witness recorded the shooting with a cell phone and voluntarily gave it to police for their investigation, Davis said. He did not say whether the still image came from this cell phone footage. How many videos exist? Other video exists, the chief said, without elaborating. "Investigators are reviewing video (from the witness) and other video recovered from the scene. All video recovered so far in this investigation so far coincides with the officers' statements," the chief said. CNN's Paul Vercammen, Max Blau and Eliott C. McLaughlin contributed to this report.
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User:Saiakabob
Saiakabob is a human
saiakabob spends alot of time watching youtube
his fave programs are tehnoobshow and anything by dominic fear
im a firing my lazer-BWWWWWWWWAAAAAAAAA!
dancing for money pl0x
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Page:The Elizabethan stage (Volume 4).pdf/208
Wherein talkyng of Courtly toyes, wee doo protest this flat, Wee talke of Dionysius Courte, wee meane no Court but that, And that wee doo so meane, who wysely calleth to minde. The time, the place, the Authours here most plainely shall it finde, Loe this I speake for our defence, lest of others wee should be shent: But worthy Audience, wee you pray, take thinges as they be ment, Whose vpright Judgement wee doo craue, with heedefull eare and eye, To here the cause, and see theffect of this newe Tragicall Commedie.
x. 1566. .
[From Prologue to The Life and Repentance of Marie Magdalene (1566). cf. ch. xxiii.]
l. 10. We and other persons haue exercised This comely and good facultie a long season, Which of some haue bene spitefully despised; Wherefore, I thinke, they can alleage no reason. Where affect ruleth, there good iudgement is geason. They neuer learned the verse of Horace doubtles, Nec tua laudabis studia, aut aliena reprehendes
l. 24. I maruell why they should detract our facultie: We haue ridden and gone many sundry waies; Yea, we haue vsed this feate at the vniuersitie; Yet neither wise nor learned would it dispraise:
l. 31. Doth not our facultie learnedly extoll vertue? Doth it not teache, God to be praised aboue al thing? What facultie doth vice more earnestly subdue? Doth it not teache true obedience to the kyng? What godly sentences to the mynde doth it bryng! I saie, there was neuer thyng inuented, More worth for man's solace to be frequented.
Hipocrites that wold not haue their fautes reueled Imagine slaunder our facultie to let; Faine wold they haue their wickednes still concealed; Therfore maliciously against vs they be set; O (say they) muche money they doe get. Truely, I say, whether you geue halfpence or pence, Your gayne shalbe double, before you depart hence
l. 80. We desire no man in this poynt to be offended, In that vertues with vice we shall here introduce; For in men and women they haue depended: And therfore figuratiuely to speake, it is the vse. I trust that all wise men will accept our excuse. Of the Preface for this season here I make an ende; In godly myrth to spend the tyme we doe intende.
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-- Cordray Says Lenders Ready for Compliance With Mortgage Rule
Mortgage lenders will be ready to
follow a new underwriting rule that takes effect in January, the
director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, Richard Cordray , said today. “Most of the institutions have told us that they will be
in compliance,” Cordray said at a hearing of the House
Financial Services Committee in Washington. As part of its overhaul of mortgage rules in the wake of
the 2008 financial crisis, CFPB finalized a regulation in
January, to take effect one year later, that imposes new
mortgage underwriting requirements on lenders. In exchange, they
can receive a measure of protection from lawsuits associated
with loan origination. Among the requirements of the qualified mortgage rule, as
it is called, is that lenders take certain steps to confirm a
borrower’s ability to repay the mortgage. The rule will apply
equally to banks such as Wells Fargo & Co. (WFC) and JPMorgan Chase &
Co. (JPM) that originate mortgages, and non-bank lenders such as Ocwen
Financial Corp. (OCN) and Nationstar Mortgage Holdings Inc. (NSM) Smaller banks have complained that the rule is burdensome
enough to drive them out of mortgage lending. Cordray stressed
that there are exemptions that often apply to them. For example,
if a bank keeps a loan in its portfolio and has less than $2
billion in assets, the loan is automatically a qualified
mortgage. “Many of them don’t seem to fully appreciate that,”
Cordray said. Later he added, “it would be a bad business
decision if they left that money on the table and did not make
those loans.” Some Democrats who support the CFPB also raised the issue
of the regulatory burden associated with the qualified mortgage
rule. “Paperwork is a nebulous term until you see what paperwork
means to a smaller bank,” Representative Al Green , a Texas
Democrat, told Cordray. To contact the reporter on this story:
Carter Dougherty in Washington at
cdougherty6@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Maura Reynolds at
mreynolds34@bloomberg.net
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Molineriella
Molineriella is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Poaceae.
Its native range is Mediterranean Europe. It is found in the countries and regions of Albania, Algeria, Bulgaria, Corsica, East Aegean Islands, France, Greece, Italy, Crete, Crimea, Morocco, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain, Turkey and Yugoslavia.
The genus name of Molineriella is in honour of Ignazio Bernardo Molineri (1741–1818), an Italian head gardener at a botanical garden in Turin. It was first described and published in G.Rouy & J.Foucaud, Fl. France Vol.14 on page 102 in 1913.
Known species
According to Kew;
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User:Jdavi56
I am a student at Louisiana State University participating in the Wikiproject for my ISDS 4120 - Data Communications class with Kari Walters.
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Checking your computer for DNS violations
Checking your computer for DNS violations
Recently, the national cable TV provider started recommending that computer users should detect and protect against DNS infections and violations. What should a typical user do?
There has been a DNS malware known as DNSChanger (a rootkit malware), which modifies the DNS settings on a computer such that any calls to public Internet domains may be routed to illegitimate domains. The FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) of the USA managed to take control of many of the infected host computers of a criminal ring last year, and reconfigured those infected hosts to act as "surrogate" hosts temporarily. However, those surrogate DNS servers will be shut down this month (July 2012). Those computers that were infected with modified DNS entries, may lose DNS capabilities altogether.
To ensure that one's computer is not infected, the best way is to check against the DNS Changer Working Group (DCWG)'s list of free check-up sites. The free check-up is fast and easy, with free check-up sites in various countries, including one in Malaysia (hosted by MYCERT and CyberSecurity MY). On the same site, one can check the available software that can disinfect infected computers as well.
If you like, you can sign up with a commercial service such as OpenDNS, which takes care of the DNS security, with provisions for malware blocking, and many other security offerings related to DNS.
Seamus Phan has 33 years of professional experience. Polymath Problem-Solver & Strategist - Leadership, Cybersecurity, Branding, Crisis, Scientist, Artist, Author, Aviation, and Theologian. Some articles are reproduced at McGallen & Bolden, where he is CTO and Head of Content. Connect on LinkedIn. ©1984-2021.
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This Is the Hottest Space Travel Stock to Buy Now
On Sunday, July 11, Virgin Galactic Holdings (NYSE: SPCE) plans to send its founder, Sir Richard Branson, into space on a test flight onboard the VSS Unity. If successful, Branson would become the first billionaire to go to space -- just days ahead of a planned trip by Amazon's founder Jeff Bezos and his space company Blue Origin.
Share prices of Virgin Galactic temporarily climbed more than 20% in after-hours trading following the July 1 announcement of Branson's trip, with the stock up roughly 166% over the past year.
Branson founded Virgin Galactic in 2004, envisioning a new era of commercial space travel that would advance humanity into outer-space orbits around the Earth and possibly beyond. We are not quite there yet, as the VSS Unity (through its carrier aircraft, the VMS Eve) would only take Branson and his crew to an altitude of 50 miles above sea level at a speed of Mach 3 (3,376 feet per second) -- before returning back to Earth. It is nevertheless a major milestone. Here's why you can count on Virgin Galactic as a frontrunner for making this dream come true.
Crew members of the inaugural flight of the VSS Unity, including Virgin Galactic founder Richard Branson (fourth from the left). Image source: Virgin Galactic.
Conquering the final frontier
Space travel was prohibitively expensive for much of the 20th century, and not just for technological reasons. Back then, government-sponsored space shuttles were put together using millions of parts from thousands of suppliers and contractors. When many companies are involved, each charging markups for components, the overall budget for the assembly can balloon far beyond what is affordable. But Uncle Sam did not seem to mind footing the bill at the time as the country was involved in a geopolitical space race with the Soviet Union -- a race it wanted to win at any cost.
Ironically, it was Russia that ended up finally winning that race. NASA's earliest attempt to launch "civilians" into space was in 1986, but that ended in disaster with the destruction of the space shuttle Challenger. The agency effectively banned civilian access to government space flights shortly after. Since then, there have been only eight tourists in space and all of them have been through the use of a Russian Soyuz rocket and at a cost of as much as $20 million each. Space tourism was an industry still in infancy and still ripe for disruption.
What's so special about Virgin Galactic?
Unlike government agencies, Virgin Galactic manufactures most of its components in-house through its subsidiary, The Spaceship Company, and greatly reduces the profit markups that come with using third-party suppliers. Since its inception, Virgin Galactic has spent about $900 million developing its launch system, which consists of SpaceShipTwo, VSS Unity, and VMS Eve (three vessels), and expanding its fleet. Although not directly comparable, it costs NASA as much as $11 billion to build a space vessel from scratch, with the orbiter (the part that transports the crew to and from space) alone costing $6 billion.
In June, the Federal Aviation Administration certified Virgin Galactic's launch system as space-ready, allowing it to fly its customers to space. Virgin Galactic management anticipates the company will be ready to do so by next year. Michael Colglazier, the company's CEO, projects the program will bring in at least $1 billion per year in annual revenue. That explains why the company has a $10 billion market cap despite no revenue and a cash burn rate of more than $120 million per quarter.
The VSS Unity spacecraft. Image source: Virgin Galactic.
Virgin Galactic designed VSS Unity to carry six paying passengers (and two pilots). The highlight of the experience is a few minutes of microgravity after achieving suborbital altitude. That sounds pretty skeletal, but the company has still seen a significant level of demand from high-net-worth individuals.
So far, Virgin Galactic has sold 600 astronaut tickets and collected over $80 million in deposits. Each ticket costs about $225,000 on average. About 1,000 customers are on a waitlist for the next round of ticket sales.
Is the stock worth it?
The current elevated value of Virgin Galactic's stock suggests it has already priced in some of the launch hype, but there's still more room to run. With continual technological advancements, space tourism will become more and more affordable over the next decade -- creating greater demand. Consider this stock a very long-term investment that could pay off handsomely by the mid-2030s or so. Also, keep in mind that the company's fleet is still tiny at this stage and that there are pitfalls still to navigate for the company. There would be little recourse for investors if a Challenger-type disaster were to happen involving a Virgin Galactic spacecraft.
At the end of the day, the company hopes to revolutionize what many consider a virgin (no pun intended) industry. Booming ticket sales, fleet expansion, and possible integration into other fields (such as commercial space transport) are all catalysts for Virgin Galactic ahead. It is a company with hype potential that is backed by the fundamentals and technology. Hence, it is a solid, if the top, space stock to buy now.
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John Mackey, CEO of Whole Foods Market, an Amazon subsidiary, is a member of The Motley Fool's board of directors. Zhiyuan Sun has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool owns shares of and recommends Amazon and Virgin Galactic Holdings Inc. The Motley Fool recommends the following options: long January 2022 $1,920 calls on Amazon and short January 2022 $1,940 calls on Amazon. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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Middle-class cereals munched up north? | Brief letters | UK news | The Guardian
Letters Wed 18 Apr 2018 12.52 EDTLast modified on Wed 18 Apr 2018 17.00 EDT The multiple climbdowns of the past day or two show the continuing potency of investigative journalism (Amber Rudd 'sorry' for appalling treatment of Windrush-era citizens, 17 April). Thank you, Amelia Gentleman, your dogged pursuit of justice is the year's standout event on the domestic political front.Les BrightExeter, Devon • The architect of the policy, and the current incumbent/enforcer are both sorry. How sorry? Resignation sorry?Jonathan Ainsworth Sheffield • One of the scariest episodes of the wonderful 1970s BBC sci-fi series Doomwatch featured a plastic-eating virus escaped from a laboratory (Researchers make plastic-eating mutant enzyme better – by accident, 17 April). Perhaps we should re-form the Department for the Observation and Measurement of Scientific Work?Eileen KayBishops Stortford, Hertfordshire • Your correspondent wondering about quinoa consumers in Wilmslow should be reminded that Cheshire has long been regarded as a southern English county but based in the north (Thatcher forecast to return in 2276, Letters, 18 April).Jack HarrisonTyn y Gongl, Isle of Anglesey • Congratulations to Tom Jaine on smuggling in born and brought up in his obituary of the TV cook Zena Skinner (17 April). He has done well to evade the style enforcer who usually imposes on all contributors that awful Americanism raised – a term bringing to mind cattle and cereal crops rather than young human beings.RP BlowsLondon • Join the debate – email guardian.letters@theguardian.com • Read more Guardian letters – click here to visit gu.com/letters
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Page:The Spirit of Russia by T G Masaryk, volume 2.pdf/422
396 cannot be assumed apriori to be one of opposition, of anarchistic opposition, and we find as a historical fact that anarchism originated in the later stages of political and social organisation. A non-organised whole may more readily be conceived as an opposition to the organised whole. But we must not without further ado identify the concept "organised" with the concept authoritative. On the other hand, a non-organised whole must doubtless be conceived as anarchistic in the sense in which the term is used by most anarchists.
As a rule the advocates of anarchism admit that social organisation is essential; but they detest every kind of organisation, and above all every kind of political organisation, that implies the use of compulsion or of coercive methods. What anarchists regard as permissible, what they desire to achieve, is a kind of social spontaneity, a spontaneous organisation; and in connection with this idea we have to enquire whether the anarchistic organisation will be derivable from natural affection (sympathy, humanitarianism), from eqoism, or finally from some other motive.
Nor must we be misled by anarchist terminology. We have to ask whether the organisation regarded as admissible by anarchists be not itself in ultimate analysis something of the nature of a state. When, for example, Proudhon advocates a federative organisation of society, has what he suggests nothing in common with the state? If there be but a minimum of state, if there be but a minimum of political centralisation, we have, after all, a state. Autonomy and federation are simply inconceivable without some appropriate type of centralisation. Organisation is essential; and organisation, however free, remains the organisation of individuals, and therefore produces a social whole.
Anarchists do not as a rule accept the doctrine of economic materialism, and they differ from the Marxists in that they refuse to regard classes and the class struggle as the driving force of social evolution. Many anarchists think of organisation as subject to repeated or continuous change. The concept is by no means clear, but what they seem to have in mind is the existence of mutable and transient associations of individuals or groups; they think of free agreements entered into ad hoc for the fulfilment of certain social functions and for the satisfaction of certain social needs.
It is often admitted that during the period of transition
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Skip to main content
Two-Dimensional Arrays
Learning Outcomes#
After reading this section, you will be able to:
• Connect procedures using pass-by-value and pass-by-address semantics to build a complete program
• Design data collections using arrays and structures to manage information efficiently
Introduction#
A simple data structure for organizing tabular data is the two-dimensional array. The C language supports multi-dimensional arrays. The C compiler treats a two-dimensional array as an array of arrays. An obvious application of this data structure is an array of character strings.
This chapter introduces two-dimensional arrays, describing their syntax and their organization in memory. This chapter includes sample code snippets related to arrays of character strings.
Two-Dimensional Syntax#
A table is a useful analogy for describing a two-dimensional array. An entry in a table is identified by its row and column positions. Consider the row and column indices in the figure below. The first index refers to the row and the second index refers to the column.
To identify an element of a two-dimensional array we use two pairs of brackets. The index within the left pair identifies the row, while the index within the right pair identifies the column:
array[ row ][ column ]
Indexing is 0-based for both rows and columns.
Definition#
The definition of a two-dimensional array takes the form:
type identifier[ r ][ c ] = init;
• r is the number of rows in the array
• c is the number of columns
• r and c are integer constants or constant integer expressions
• init is a braces-enclosed, comma-separated list of initial values.
The total number of elements in the array is determined by multiplying the row size by the column size: r * c. The assigment operator (=) together with init are optional.
If we add an initialization list, we may optionally omit the value of r. If r * c exceeds the number of initial values, the compiler initializes the remaining elements to 0. If we omit the initialization list, we must specify r. We must always specify c.
For example:
int a[4][5] = {11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45};
To improve clarity, we may enclose each subset of initial values for each row in additional braces:
int a[4][5] = {{11, 12, 13, 14, 15}, {21, 22, 23, 24, 25}, {31, 32, 33, 34, 35}, {41, 42, 43, 44, 45}};
Order#
The C language stores the elements of a two-dimensional array in row-major order: the first row, column-element by column-element, then the second row, column-element by column-element, then the third row, etc..
For example, the elements of the array:
int a[4][5];
are stored as follows:
a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3] a[0][4]a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3] a[1][4]a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2] a[2][3] a[2][4]a[3][0] a[3][1] a[3][2] a[3][3] a[3][4]
Warning
Some programming languages store two-dimensional arrays in column-major order!
Passing to a Function#
We pass a two-dimensional array to a function in the same way that we pass a one-dimensional array. We specify the name of the array as an argument in the function call. The corresponding function parameter receives the value of this argument as the address of the array. The parameter declaration identifies the array as two-dimensional by two pairs of brackets. The parameter declaration includes the array's column dimension - the column dimension must be included.
Example
// Two-Dimensional Arrays// pass2DArray.c
#include <stdio.h>
#define NCOLS 3
void display(int data[][NCOLS], int rows, int cols);
int main(void){ int a[2][NCOLS] = {{11, 12, 13}, {21, 22, 23}};
display(a, 2, 3);}
void display(int data[][NCOLS], int rows, int cols){ int i, j;
for (i = 0; i < rows; i++) { for (j = 0; j < cols; j++) printf("%d ", data[i][j]); printf("\n"); }}
The above program produces the following output:
11 12 1321 22 23
The compiler needs the column dimension (NCOLS) to determine the start of each row within the array. As with one-dimensional arrays the first dimension does not need to be included.
Passing a Specific Row of an Array#
A two-dimensional C array is an array of one-dimensional arrays:
a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3] a[0][4] first rowa[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3] a[1][4] second rowa[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2] a[2][3] a[2][4] third rowa[3][0] a[3][1] a[3][2] a[3][3] a[3][4] fourth row
A reference to an entire row of a two-dimensional array takes the form of the name of the array followed by the row number within brackets:
array[ row ]
To pass a specific row to a function, we identify the row as part of the argument in the function call. For example:
// Two-Dimensional Arrays// passRow.c
#include <stdio.h>
#define NCOLS 3
void displayRow(int data[], int cols);
int main(void){ int a[2][NCOLS] = {{11, 12, 13}, {21, 22, 23}};
displayRow (a[0], NCOLS); // pass first row displayRow (a[1], NCOLS); // pass second row}
void displayRow(int data[], int cols){ int i;
for (i = 0; i < cols; i++) printf("%d ", data[i]);
printf("\n");}
The above program produces the following output:
11 12 1321 22 23
a[0] points to the first row of a and holds the address of the first element of that row.
a[1] points to the second row of a and holds the address of the first element of that row.
Arrays of Character Strings#
An array of C-strings is a two-dimensional array. The row index refers to a particular character string, while the column index refers to a particular character within a character string.
Definition#
The definition of an array of character strings takes the form:
char identifier[NO_OF_STRINGS][MAX_NO_OF_BYTES_PER_STRING];
To declare an array of 5 names with each name holding up to 30 characters, we write:
char name[5][31];
Note
The number of names ([5]) precedes the maximum number of characters in a name ([31]).
Initialization
Initialization of an array of character strings takes the form
char identifier[NO_OF_STRINGS][MAX_NO_OF_BYTES_PER_STRING] = { initializer_1, initializer_2, ... };
Example:
char name[5][31] = {"Harry", "Jean", "Jessica", "Irene", "Jim"};
A String within an Array of Strings#
To refer to a string within an array of strings, we follow the array identifier with a single pair of brackets. The index within the pair of brackets identifies the string within the array.
The address of a string in an array of strings takes the form:
identifer[index]
Example:
name[1]
The above example references the second string in name.
Address of a Character
To refer to a character within a string, we follow the array identifier with two pairs of brackets, the first containing the index that identifies the string and the second containing the index that identifies the character within that string.
Example:
name[1][2]
The above example references the third character within the second string of name.
&name[1][2]
The above example references the address of the third character within the second string of name.
Input and Output#
Input
To accept input for a list of 5 names, we write:
int i;char name[5][31];
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) scanf(" %[^\n]", name[i]);
Reminder
The space in the format string skips leading whitespace before accepting the string.
Output
To display the third string in name, we write:
char name[5][31] = {"Harry", "Jean", "Jessica", "Irene", "Jim"};
printf("%s", name[2]);
Functions#
Arguments
To pass a list of names to a function, we write:
char names[5][31] = {"name1", "name2", "name3", "name4", "name5"};
display(names, 5);
Parameters
To receive the address of this array of strings in a function parameter, we write:
void display(char names[][31], int count) { int i;
for(i = 0; i < count; i++) printf("%s\n", names[i]);}
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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0
Hello,
I've been working on learning VBScript to make a few useful scripts to work with WinNT and make a more user friendly interface when searching for users on a domain. While doing so, I discovered something interesting about arrays and I'm hoping someone could explain if it's just the way microsoft made VB or if it's something else.
If I decalre an Dim myArray(2), one would think valid subscripts would be myArray(0) and myArray(1), but it's not.
Dim myArray(2)
myArray(0) = "Hello"
myArray(1) = "World"
myArray(2) = " This should give an error"
WScript.echo myArray(0) & " " & myArray(1) & myArray(2)
I would expect the above code to give an error, but it doesn't and it runs perfectly. Does VB allocate an extra subscript to accomodate "making sense" or is that last subscript location used for something else?
3
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Discussion Span
Last Post by Reverend Jim
0
Sorry, I don't know VBScript at all. However, is it possible that it is returning null or false or such for any index that doesn't exist, as opposed to throwing an error?
1
When you declare an array in vbScript the indexes go from 0 to the number declared. As silly as that may be, it works the same for vbScript and vb.Net.
Feel free to post any more vbScript questions you may have. It was my main programming language for about 8 years and I haven't quite forgotten it all yet.
Edited by Reverend Jim
This topic has been dead for over six months. Start a new discussion instead.
Have something to contribute to this discussion? Please be thoughtful, detailed and courteous, and be sure to adhere to our posting rules.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Eugène Hanck
Eugène Hanck (1 February 1928 – 13 November 2013) was a Luxembourgian sprint canoeist born in Attert, Belgium, who competed in the early 1950s. He finished 18th in the K-2 10000 m event at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. In 2008, he was promoted to the rank of Chevalier in the Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
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WIKI
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Source code for libqtile.widget.generic_poll_text
import json
import six
from six.moves.urllib.request import urlopen, Request
from libqtile.widget import base
from libqtile.log_utils import logger
[docs]class GenPollText(base.ThreadedPollText): """A generic text widget that polls using poll function to get the text""" orientations = base.ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL defaults = [ ('func', None, 'Poll Function'), ] def __init__(self, **config): base.ThreadedPollText.__init__(self, **config) self.add_defaults(GenPollText.defaults) def poll(self): if not self.func: return "You need a poll function" return self.func()
[docs]class GenPollUrl(base.ThreadedPollText): """A generic text widget that polls an url and parses it using parse function""" orientations = base.ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL defaults = [ ('url', None, 'Url'), ('data', None, 'Post Data'), ('parse', None, 'Parse Function'), ('json', True, 'Is Json?'), ('user_agent', 'Qtile', 'Set the user agent'), ('headers', {}, 'Extra Headers') ] def __init__(self, **config): base.ThreadedPollText.__init__(self, **config) self.add_defaults(GenPollUrl.defaults) def fetch(self, url, data=None, headers={}, is_json=True): req = Request(url, data, headers) res = urlopen(req) if six.PY3: charset = res.headers.get_content_charset() else: charset = res.headers.getparam('charset') body = res.read() if charset: body = body.decode(charset) if is_json: body = json.loads(body) return body def poll(self): if not self.parse or not self.url: return "Invalid config" data = self.data headers = {"User-agent": self.user_agent} if self.json: headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/json' if data and not isinstance(data, str): data = json.dumps(data).encode() headers.update(self.headers) body = self.fetch(self.url, data, headers, self.json) try: text = self.parse(body) except Exception: logger.exception('got exception polling widget') text = "Can't parse" return text
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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