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High-Efficiency Screening of Monoclonal Antibodies for Membrane Protein Crystallography
By Hyun-Ho Lim, Yiling Fang and Carole Williams
Abstract
Determination of crystal structures of membrane proteins is often limited by difficulties obtaining crystals diffracting to high resolution. Co-crystallization with Fab fragments of monoclonal antibodies has been reported to improve diffraction of membrane proteins crystals. However, it is not simple to generate useful monoclonal antibodies for membrane protein crystallography. In this report, we present an optimized process for efficient screening from immunization to final validation of monoclonal antibody for membrane protein crystallography
Topics: Research Article
Publisher: Public Library of Science
OAI identifier: oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3169636
Provided by: PubMed Central
To submit an update or takedown request for this paper, please submit an Update/Correction/Removal Request.
Suggested articles
Citations
1. (2007). A monoclonal antibody for G protein-coupled receptor crystallography.
2. (1988). Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual:
3. (2008). Chaperone-assisted crystallography with DARPins.
4. (2001). Chemistry of ion coordination and hydration revealed by a K+ channel-Fab complex at 2.0 A resolution.
5. (2007). Crystal structure of the human beta2 adrenergic G-protein-coupled receptor.
6. (2002). Crystallisation of membrane proteins mediated by antibody fragments.
7. (1995). Fv fragment-mediated crystallization of the membrane protein bacterial cytochrome c oxidase.
8. (2003). Gating the selectivity filter in ClC chloride channels.
9. (2007). Highthroughput generation of synthetic antibodies from highly functional minimalist phage-displayed libraries.
10. (1997). Improved DNA: liposome complexes for increased systemic delivery and gene expression.
11. (1998). In vivo tumor transfection with superantigen plus cytokine genes induces tumor regression and prolongs survival in dogs with malignant melanoma.
12. (1994). Liposomes as carriers for vaccines.
13. (2007). Positive reactions on Western blots do not necessarily indicate the epitopes on antigens are continuous.
14. (2011). Principles of activation and permeation in an anion-selective Cys-loop receptor.
15. (2009). Structure and mechanism of a Na+-independent amino acid transporter.
16. (2009). Structure of a prokaryotic virtual proton pump at 3.2 A resolution.
17. (1985). structure of the protein subunits in the photosynthetic reaction centre of Rhodopseudomonas viridis at 3 A resolution.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Solving "Sql1035n The Database Is Currently In Use Sqlstate 57019"
Overview
The “The Database Is Currently In Use” SQLSTATE 57019 error appears when an attempt is made to access the same database or table from multiple processes. This error occurs because the SQL server cannot run commands in parallel on the same database at the same time. As such, it needs to wait before allowing a request to be executed.
To avoid this problem, it’s important to properly structure and set up your database. In this document, I’ll provide a step-by-step guide on how to fix the SQLSTATE 57019 error when it occurs.
Diagnosing the Problem
There are a few initial steps you can take to diagnose the issue and determine what’s causing the error. The most important of these is to check the SQL log files. They will have the exact query that’s failing, as well as information about the databases accessing it.
Another useful strategy is to inspect the application code to make sure that multiple processes or sessions aren’t attempting to access the same database or table. You can also use a query such as SHOW PROCESSLIST to check what queries are currently running and what databases are being used.
Step-By-Step Guide
Once you’ve identified the problem, here’s what you need to do to fix it:
If multiple processes are attempting to access the same database or table, you will need to make sure they are properly structured in a way that avoids conflicts. This includes setting different session timeouts and ensuring there is no overlap in the tables being accessed.
If there is a problem with the query itself, go back and analyze the SQL log. Check to make sure the query is structured properly and that all the necessary parameters are accounted for.
Make sure to use the correct type of locks, as this is integral for ensuring databases don’t conflict with each other. Make sure you’re using READ UNCOMMITTED locks, which can help prevent the SQLSTATE 57019 Error.
FAQ
How Can I Prevent the SQLSTATE 57019 Error?
The best way to prevent this error is to properly structure your databases and queries. This includes setting different session timeouts and using READ UNCOMMITTED locks. It’s also important to make sure that multiple processes aren’t attempting to access the same database or table.
How Do I Check What Queries Are Running?
You can use the SHOW PROCESSLIST command to display all the queries that are currently running and the databases they are accessing.
What Are READ UNCOMMITTED Locks?
READ UNCOMMITTED locks are the most basic type of locking mechanism available. They allow your program to read uncommitted data from the database, which can help reduce the chance of a conflict occurring.
How Do I Make Sure Multiple Processes Aren’t Accessing the Same Database or Table?
First, you will need to analyze the code to make sure that multiple sessions or processes aren’t attempting to access the same database or table. You can also use the SHOW PROCESSLIST query to see what is currently running and what databases are being used.
What is the SQL Log File?
The SQL log file is a log file maintained by the SQL server which tracks all of the commands and queries sent to it. It includes information such as the time the query was sent, the user who initiated it, and the query itself.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aviation/Style guide/Lists/draft
General requirements
Added a heading and a note on list location. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 13:10, 16 August 2015 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 100 Part 2.djvu/40
100 STAT. 1142
PUBLIC LAW 99-454—OCT. 8, 1986
Public Law 99-454 99th Congress Joint Resolution Oct. 8, 1986 [H.J. Res. 611]
To designate the period of December 1, 1986, through December 7, 1986, as "National Aplastic Anemia Awareness Week".
Whereas aplastic anemia is a rare but extremely serious disorder that results from the unexplained failure of the bone marrow to produce blood cells; Whereas aplastic anemia fatally strikes 2,000 Americans of all ages each year; Whereas the causes of aplastic anemia are not known and there is only a limited understanding of how to treat the disease; and Whereas increased public education on aplastic anemia will facilitate the battle against all bone marrow diseases: Now, therefore, be it Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the period of December 1, 1986, through December 7, 1986, is designated as "National Aplastic Anemia Awareness Week" and the President is authorized and requested to issue a proclamation calling upon the American public to observe such period with appropriate activities to assure a better understanding of aplastic anemia. Approved October 8, 1986.
LEGISLATIVE HISTORY—H.J. Res. 611: CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Vol. 132 (1986): Sept. 18, considered and passed House. Sept. 24, considered and passed Senate.
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WIKI
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Dallas shooter was planning a bigger attack, police say, as hundreds arrested at BLM protests
The gunman who killed five Dallas police officers appeared to have been planning a larger attack, Dallas Police Chief David Brown said on Sunday, after a search of shooter Micah Johnson's home revealed bomb-making materials and a journal. Meanwhile, protests around the U.S. against the shootings of two black men by police officers continued over the weekend. Johnson was killed by police using a remote-controlled bomb on Thursday night, after shooting 12 police officers - five fatally - at the end of a protest march in the city's downtown area. The army veteran scrawled the letters "RB" on a wall in his own blood before dying, Brown revealed, according to reports of an interview the police chief gave to CNN on Sunday. "We're trying to figure out through looking at things in his home what those initials mean," Brown said. The police chief said that a search of Johnson's home revealedevidence of bomb-making materials and a journal that indicated the shooter had undertaken practice detonations, Brown told CNN. "We are convinced that this suspect had other plans and thought that what he was doing was righteous and believed that he was going to make law enforcement... and target law enforcement... and make us pay for what he sees as law enforcement's effort to punish people of color," Brown told CNN's Jake Tapper. Brown said that police believed the deaths of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile on Tuesday and Wednesday had caused 25-year-old Johnson to "fast track" his plans for an attack on police. Meanwhile, the White House said President Barack Obama would travel to Dallas on Tuesday to deliver remarks at an interfaith memorial service at the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center. Obama will cut short a visit to Europe, where on Sunday he was meeting Spain's acting Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy and King Felip VI. Speaking in Madrid, Spain, Obama said attacks on police over racial bias would hurt the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement. "Whenever those of us who're concerned about failures of the criminal justice system attack police, you're doing a disservice to the cause," the president said. Protests against the shootings of two black men by police officers shut down main arteries in a number of U.S. cities on Saturday, leading to numerous arrests, scuffles and injuries in confrontations between police and demonstrators. Undeterred by heightened concerns about safety at protests after Johnson killed five police officers in Dallas Thursday night, organizers went ahead with marches in the biggest metropolis, New York City, and Washington D.C., the nation's capital, among other cities. Authorities in Baton Rouge say more than 100 people were jailed in connection with the Black Lives Matter protests held in the Louisiana city over the weekend. Spokeswoman Casey Rayborn Hicks of the East Baton Rouge Sheriff's Office told Associated Press that more than 101 people were being held in the parish jail in connection with the protests, mostly for misdemeanors for not leaving a major thoroughfare known as Airline Highway. Louisiana Governor John Bel Edwards said he was proud of how the police had handled the protests so far, saying law enforcement had responded in a "moderate" manner. He also said the vast majority of protesters had acted lawfully and nonviolently. Edwards said, however: "It is not ... appropriate to allow them to simply block a major thoroughfare like Airline Highway." Protesters from Louisiana or out of state will not be allowed "to incite hate and violence, to engage in unlawful activities," Edwards told a news conference. "Now, I want to be very clear. That will not be tolerated." Among those arrested was DeRay Mckesson, who rose to prominence with the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement after the 2014 shooting death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri. Mckesson was reportedly booked on a misdemeanor charge of obstructing the highway. NBC reported that Mckesson, who live-streamed his arrest on Periscope, was later released. "The only people who were violent last night were the Baton Rouge Police department," Reuters reported that Mckesson told reporters after his release. "The protesters remained peaceful, both here and across the country." It was the third straight day of widespread protests after the fatal shooting of Alton Sterling, 37, by police in Baton Rouge on Tuesday and the death of Philando Castile, 32, on Wednesday night in a St. Paul, Minnesota suburb, cities which both saw heated protests on Saturday. The most recent shooting deaths by police come after several years of contentious killings by law enforcement officers, including that of Michael Brown, a teenager whose death in the summer of 2014 caused riots and weeks of protests in the St. Louis suburb of Ferguson. On Saturday evening, hundreds of protesters shut down I-94, a major thoroughfare linking the Twin Cities, snarling traffic. Protesters, told to disperse, threw rocks, bottles and construction rebar at officers, injuring at least three, St. Paul police said. Police said they made arrests and used smoke bombs and marking rounds to disperse the crowd. Protesters at the scene said police fired tear gas and rubber bullets. The city's mayor and a protest leader both decried the violence, which injured 21 officers and led to 102 arrests. St. Paul police said one officer suffered a broken vertebrae when a concrete block was dropped on his head during the protest on the interstate. "We will not tolerate the kind of shameless violence we saw throughout the course of the night," St. Paul Mayor Chris Coleman told a news conference. "This doesn't honor anyone's memory." In St. Paul, Rashad Turner, leader of the local chapter of the Black Lives Matter group, told WCCO-TV that the throwing of rocks and bottles at officers was disturbing. He blamed outside agitators for the violence, not the protesters on the freeway. "It's ridiculous. It cannot happen. It's not what we do here in St. Paul," Turner said. "It does not honor Philando Castile." Authorities said 50 protesters were arrested on the Minnesota interstate and 52 others later on a street near the governor's mansion, the site of most of the protests since Castile was shot on Wednesday. Police said early on Sunday they had begun clearing the highway of debris in preparation for re-opening it. Protests also took place Saturday in Nashville, where protesters briefly blocked a road, and in Indianapolis. A rally in San Francisco also briefly blocked a freeway ramp, according to local media. Hundreds of protesters marched from City Hall to Union Square in New York. The crowd swelled to around a thousand people, closing down Fifth Avenue. Some chanted "No racist police, no justice, no peace" as rain fell in New York. "I'm feeling very haunted, very sad," said Lorena Ambrosio, 27, a Peruvian American and freelance artist, "and just angry that black bodies just keep piling and piling up." New York police said they arrested about a dozen protesters for shutting down a major city highway. - CNBC contributed to this report. Follow CNBC International on and Facebook.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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User:PeanutBuder2020/sandbox
=Roblox's most popular games=
* Welcome to the page about Roblox's most popular games. Here you will find all you need to know about your favorite Roblox games. The Roblox games listed will be listed from most popular on the Roblox platform and will go down from there.
Blox Fruits
Starting with Blox Fruits.
Blox Fruits was created January 16th, 2019 by "Gamer Robot Inc". Blox Fruits has over 30 billion visits and to this day is one of the most popular games on the Roblox platform with 500,000 - 800,000 players a day. The game was originally named Blox Piece but later had to change the name due to copyright issues with the original One Piece manga/anime series.
The game is mostly aimed towards fruits that give you powers. hence, the game name; "Blox Fruits", which can be obtained by finding them randomly in the game (mostly under trees) which will spawn every 60 minutes after a server starts, and despawns after 20 minutes if not picked up by a player.
The game uses 2 main currencies, Beli and Fragments. Beli are obtained pretty easily, from quests, NPC's, bosses, etc. Fragments on the other hand, are harder to get. Fragments can be obtained by doing raids, killing sea beasts, destroying ships in a ship raid, and more. Fragments can be used to buy fighting styles, ships, fruit awakenings, etc.
You can buy Blox Fruits with money from the Blox fruit dealer and the Blox fruit gacha. The Blox fruit dealer has a stock that resets every 4 hours and has a chance to contain different fruits in the stock. The Blox Fruits gacha will let you buy a random fruit at the minimum level of 50, the price starts at about 20 thousand Beli, and goes up as you level up, and becomes about 300k beli by max level.
If you fall into the sea while having a Blox Fruit power, you will take a lot of damage and very quickly (Sand users take 2x damage from Water). This goes for every fruit in the game. However, being a member of the Shark Race decreases that damage, and even completely nullifies it if you "evolve" the race.
Eating an Elemental fruit will make you immune to an enemy NPC's physical (non-fruit) attacks once your level is higher than them by a certain amount, unless the NPC is using Aura. The same applies to players, although without the level requirement.
In order to be able to hit and damage an Elemental fruit user without using a Blox Fruit, you need to use Aura. It can be bought at the Frozen Village island for 25,000 Beli from the Ability Teacher in the cave.
Some Blox fruits (usually Elemental ones) have the ability to travel at high speed with an F move which are usually unlocked at a low mastery level.
Many criticized the game for being too “overrated” and instead extremely boring as many have stated the main goal of the game is collecting fruits, it’s also frequently criticized for its anime-like appearance, and it had once caused an entire outage on Roblox for around a day leaving many raged out.
Brookhaven RP
Next, we have Brookhaven RP, another very popular title on the Roblox platform with over 40 billion visits and 300,000 - 600,000 players daily. Brookhaven was published in March of 2020 by a user known as Wolfpaq.
Brookhaven RP is a role-playing experience with different buildings and locations that would be found in a town, including a store, church, school and playground. Brookhaven features a large set of roleplaying tools, vehicles, and homes. Brookhaven is known for its simplistic gameplay. It features no in-game currency, additional items and features only being purchasable with Robux. It is currently the experience with the highest total visits on Roblox, having surpassed Adopt Me's total visits on July 15, 2023.
Brookhaven lets the player choose from a variety of houses and vehicles. Most in-game items, houses and vehicles are free and are available as soon as the player joins the game.
n October 2020, the experience reached about 200,000 players online concurrently. It broke that record in December 2020, with about 550,000 players online, and yet again in January 2021 with 650,000 players online, surpassing even Adopt Me, an experience known for its almost constant number one ranking in popularity on the site. It continued to break that record again in February 2021 with 720,000 players online, in March 2021 with 755,000 players online, and in April 2021 with 843,000 players online. In August 2023, it broke its record, getting 937,000 players online, then again getting over 1,062,000 players online. As of August 2023, it is the most active experience on the Roblox front page averaging 500,000 players daily. In the end of December 2023, it reached 1,1M players online.
Toilet Tower Defense
Next up, Toilet Tower Defense.
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WIKI
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Page:Silver Shoal Light.djvu/249
"'The master's took sick,' says I to the mate o' the Singapore. 'I'm skipperin' this vessel now.'
"I sent the boy thet hed set me aboard back to the Bella with orders to my mate to foller the Singapore, an' I brung both o' them schooners into port. An' I'll never forget—not so long's I live—the Bella a-follerin' me home. Oh, she was the purty one! An' what broke my heart was thet I wasn't aboard of her thet last trip, 'cause I never sailed her no more."
"They took her away from you?" Joan asked.
"Course they did," the poor Captain said. "Told me I was gettin' purty old to hev a ship. 'T was six year ago, an' I was a sight ruggeder'n I be now, an' thet's a good deal. Them was the reasons they guv, but any fool knew, o' course, why 't was. I expected it, but lordy, what could I do, ma'am? 'T ain't right; 't ain't right, seems so. The ol' Singapore she's still a-potterin' up an' down, but they guv the Bella to a young chap wasn't fit to be mate of a lighter, an' he lost her a month arter jest by plumb carelessness; lost her, an' they saved nawthin' off of her. Jest gone in her prime, like her she was named fer. I'm glad
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WIKI
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User:SomeMuslimPerson
Hi! I came on Wikipedia because I wanted to edit! I will edit this page. My favourite plane is the Boeing 757.
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WIKI
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Webpack: A simple loader
A webpack loader is a Node module that tells webpack how to take some input content and transform it into output JavaScript. I often build one-off loaders to experiment or fulfill specific needs for projects—their most basic interface is simple, but can get a lot done. They can be pretty easy to follow and understand, so you don’t have to worry about adding opaque complexity to maintaining your build process.
I was helping a coworker recently who was looking at including raw markdown into a small project with webpack. Their application would then use a library to render that markdown as a slideshow.
A raw loader
To build any loader in webpack, you need to:
1. Transform the source file’s contents into a javascript value, probably a string
2. Transform parts of the content that are references into requests for other needed files, like images
3. Export the built value as JavaScript so that other parts of your application can use it
Since in our example the application handles rendering the markdown in the browser, we need to get that raw content off the file system and into the output webpack creates. A useful loader already exists to do that. raw-loader lets a project build in the raw string content of a file. To do this it stringifies the file content, escaping quotes and other characters as needed.
Based on that description we can write most of the raw-loader source.
module.exports = function(content) {
return 'module.exports = ' + JSON.stringify(content);
};
This is the simplest loader one could write. It takes in some input, transforms it, appends a small header and returns that. That returned module is output by webpack to let JavaScript utilize that original raw content of the file.
This is a first great step to getting markdown into a webpack’d application. It lets us bring in the raw markdown into the app and the markdown slideshow library can do the next step turning it into something further. But we’ll soon run into the same problem that css-loader, html-loader and others exist to answer.
Building in a thousand words
css-loader parses url() references letting webpack’d css refer to images and have them included in the build process. html-loader parses html tag attributes by configuration, with img’s src attribute by default, letting webpack’d html refer to image resources for inclusion in the build. We need that same thing for our markdown slideshow library.
To do this we will build a loader that works like those other loaders. They take their input and transform them into small javascripts that are evaluated at runtime.
If we loading css we may have a line like:
.portrait {
background: url('portrait.png');
}
In spirit css-loader takes that and creates output that may look like:
module.exports = ".portrait {\n background: url('" + require("./portrait.png") + "');\n}";
For a project specific loader we can take that spirit and apply restrictions to keep our loader simple.
Consuming markdown
To build the references to images like css-loader for untransformed markdown we’ll want to tranform:
into
module.exports = "![portrait](" + require("./portrait.png") + ")";
To do this lets consider replacing a given markdown image with the js code to create it as a webpack module. We need to identify the url in the markdown syntax and the parts before and after. Then we need to transform those parts. The url part needs to be transformed into a webpack request and passed wrapped in a string to call require when the javascript is evaluated. These parts are then connected by by strings with plus operators to concatenate the pieces of the raw markdown string.
We already know how to transform the parts wrapping the url. Those are stringified like raw-loader does.
JSON.stringify(parts[1])
Working with URLs
Transforming the url part means we need to bring in some other details of webpack.
Webpack distinguishes between urls and requests. Urls are what you seen in css, html and markdown. Requests are what you see in CommonJS and Harmony modules. For users these are two different representations of paths and have different assumptions. A url like 'image.png' is a relative path to such a file. A request like 'image.png' is a reference to library installed in a folder like node_modules. To have a relative request to image.png it’d need to look like './image.png'. Urls in webpack can point to modules as well by being prefixed with a tilde, like ~image.png would point at a library.
Webpack has this idiom since its first a javascript module bundler but wants to support working with other file types. Without projects needing to rewrite their urls into requests, webpack created this idiom so most css and other types could be consumed without further change.
To do this transformation without writing it ourselves we can use the npm package loader-utils. It has a function urlToRequest that we can use.
loaderUtils.urlToRequest(parts[2])
Next we need to stringify it. For urls we could use JSON.stringify still but lets use another utility in loader-utils.
loaderUtils.stringifyRequest(loaderUtils.urlToRequest(parts[2]))
Pulling the tag apart
Right now this would be a string constant in our output, we want webpack to build in that asset and with the webpack config return us a url through file-loader or other loader. Here we need to wrap our stringified request in a call to require.
var request = loaderUtils.stringifyRequest(
loaderUtils.urlToRequest(parts[2])
);
'require(' + request + ')'
So we need to build part. For this simpler loader we don’t need a full parser to figure that out. We will use a regular expression and it will matches three parts, everything before the url \!\[[^\]]*\]\(, the url [^\)]+, and everything after \). Put together we have an expression that will match the parts of a markdown image tag.
var partRE = /(\!\[[^\]]*\]\()([^\)]+)(\))/g;
With that we can take apart a given image tag, transform it, and put together the code that’ll build it at runtime.
var partRE = /(\!\[[^\]]*\]\()([^\)]+)(\))/g;
var parts = partRE.exec(markdownItem);
if (parts) {
var request = loaderUtils.stringifyRequest(
loaderUtils.urlToRequest(parts[2])
);
return [
JSON.stringify(parts[1]),
'require(' + request + ')',
JSON.stringify(parts[3])
].join(' + ');
}
We’ve written this part to break up the parts but also test that that happened. We can handle if what we were passed isn’t an image so this can be called on any split up parts of a markdown file.
Handling that case where this snippet isn’t handed an image is like anything so far. We will stringify it too.
return JSON.stringify(markdownItem);
Putting it together
We have arrived at the point where we can build our transformation and so build our loader. The final thing we need to do is find all the image tags in a given markdown file. Like breaking up a markdown image we will use a second regular expression to find our image tags and we will do that by splitting the markdown content with that second expression.
var imageRE = /(\!\[[^\]]*\]\([^\)]+\))/g;
The expression includes the whole match as a group. When used with javascript’s string split method this will retain the matched parts that split normally would not include in the returned array. This way we will get an array with markdown images and everything else. We can then transform those parts so images are transformed like we did in the last section and stringify everything else. Joining the members of that array back together will turn out most of the the code coming out of this loader.
content.split(imageRE).map(requestImage).join(',\n')
With everyting up to now put together we can arrive at a complete webpack loader.
var imageRE = /(\!\[[^\]]*\]\([^\)]+\))/g;
module.exports = function(content) {
return (
'module.exports = [\n' +
content.split(imageRE).map(requestImage).join(',\n') +
'\n].join();'
);
};
var partRE = /(\!\[[^\]]*\]\()([^\)]+)(\))/g;
function requestImage(markdownItem) {
var parts = partRE.exec(markdownItem);
if (parts) {
var request = loaderUtils.stringifyRequest(
loaderUtils.urlToRequest(parts[2])
);
return [
JSON.stringify(parts[1]),
'require(' + request + ')',
JSON.stringify(parts[3])
].join(' + ');
}
return JSON.stringify(markdownItem);
}
Using the loader
Since this is a project specific loader instead of one we might publish to npm, we’ll store it locally in our project. Webpack by default configures some places we can put this loader. The first is a folder called web_loaders that is used like node_modules. We can put our loader in web_loaders as an individual file called markdown-image-loader.js or as an index file like markdown-image-loader/index.js.
So storing the loader at say web_loaders/markdown-image-loader/index.js we can then require markdown files in webpacked javascript like:
var pageBody = require('markdown-image-loader!./body.md');
Or set up an auto loader in the webpack config:
module.exports = {
// Other webpack configuration ...
module: {
loaders: [
{
test: /\.md$/,
loader: 'markdown-image-loader',
},
],
},
};
And require markdown with the loader automatically.
var pageBody = require('./body.md');
Thinking about this story
Extending webpack does not need to be a massive task. You can use webpack in a project with custom files or existing types but with some processing on it that isn’t available without needing a complicated addition to the build process.
Webpack provides a lot of the busy work for you like reading in and writing out content. You can focus just on getting the info you need.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Australian shares close lower on China COVID protests, weak retail sales
By Navya Mittal
Nov 28 (Reuters) - Australian shares snapped a four-day winning streak on Monday, dragged down by commodity stocks as protests in several Chinese cities against strict COVID restrictions raised demand concerns.
The S&P/ASX 200 index .AXJO ended 0.4% lower at 7,229.1, also weighed down by data showing a surprise fall in Australian retail sales.
Energy stocks .AXEJ were the top losers with a drop of 1.7% as the COVID protests in top crude oil importer China fuelled demand concerns. O/R
The protests in China and surprise fall in Australian retail sales weighed on the risk appetite for ASX assets, said Hebe Chen, a market analyst at IG Markets.
Retail sales fell for the first time this year in October as rising prices and higher interest rates seemed to have an impact on spending.
"The time has arrived for the RBA (Reserve Bank of Australia) to re-think about the monetary policy ahead, as it's foreseeable that the economy landscape will be completely different in 2023," said Chen.
Miners .AXMM fell 1% in their second straight session of losses, with iron ore behemoth BHP BHP.AX down 0.7%.
Rio Tinto RIO.AX slid 1.4%, even as the miner reached a restitution agreement with an Aboriginal group whose rock shelters in Western Australia it destroyed two years ago for an iron ore mine.
In other news, the RBA governor apologised to people who regretted taking out mortgages last year based on his guidance that interest rates were unlikely to rise until 2024, only for rates to start climbing in May.
In New Zealand, the benchmark S&P/NZX 50 index .NZ50 closed 0.7% lower at 11,308.31.
The country is likely facing a "shallow" recession as interest rates need to rise further to tame inflation, a top central banker said, suggesting that a pause in the policy tightening streak was still a distant prospect.
(Reporting By Navya Mittal in Bengaluru; Editing by Subhranshu Sahu)
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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Hemangioblasts: Of mice and men
Research output: Contribution to journalReview article
2 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
What is a hemangioblast? The term can be traced to the last century when putative bipotential cells in the blood islands of vertebrate embryos displayed the ability to give rise to both the endothelial and hematopoietic lineages.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)2667-2668
Number of pages2
JournalBlood
Volume109
Issue number7
StatePublished - Apr 1 2007
Fingerprint
Hemangioblasts
Vertebrates
Blood Cells
Blood
Embryonic Structures
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Biochemistry
• Immunology
• Hematology
• Cell Biology
Cite this
Yoder, M. C. (2007). Hemangioblasts: Of mice and men. Blood, 109(7), 2667-2668.
Hemangioblasts : Of mice and men. / Yoder, Mervin C.
In: Blood, Vol. 109, No. 7, 01.04.2007, p. 2667-2668.
Research output: Contribution to journalReview article
Yoder, MC 2007, 'Hemangioblasts: Of mice and men', Blood, vol. 109, no. 7, pp. 2667-2668.
Yoder MC. Hemangioblasts: Of mice and men. Blood. 2007 Apr 1;109(7):2667-2668.
Yoder, Mervin C. / Hemangioblasts : Of mice and men. In: Blood. 2007 ; Vol. 109, No. 7. pp. 2667-2668.
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title = "Hemangioblasts: Of mice and men",
abstract = "What is a hemangioblast? The term can be traced to the last century when putative bipotential cells in the blood islands of vertebrate embryos displayed the ability to give rise to both the endothelial and hematopoietic lineages.",
author = "Yoder, {Mervin C.}",
year = "2007",
month = "4",
day = "1",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "109",
pages = "2667--2668",
journal = "Blood",
issn = "0006-4971",
publisher = "American Society of Hematology",
number = "7",
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T1 - Hemangioblasts
T2 - Of mice and men
AU - Yoder, Mervin C.
PY - 2007/4/1
Y1 - 2007/4/1
N2 - What is a hemangioblast? The term can be traced to the last century when putative bipotential cells in the blood islands of vertebrate embryos displayed the ability to give rise to both the endothelial and hematopoietic lineages.
AB - What is a hemangioblast? The term can be traced to the last century when putative bipotential cells in the blood islands of vertebrate embryos displayed the ability to give rise to both the endothelial and hematopoietic lineages.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Scientific analysis
To analyze something means to intellectually take it apart and study both the pieces and how the pieces fit together. Scientific analysis takes a complex phenomenon and breaks it down into understandable parts that can each be explained. Consider the fact of seasons. Any explanation for why there are seasons must account for empirical evidence and observations such as:
1. The day is longer in the summer and shorter in the winter;
2. The average temperature is colder in winter than in summer; and
3. In the northern hemisphere the Sun appears at a lower angle in the sky in winter and higher in summer.
Read the text aloud
Tilt of the Earth's rotational axis causes the seasonsThe explanation for seasons is that Earth’s rotational axis is tilted about 23 degrees relative to the plane of its orbit, which you will learn more about on page 745. Logically, how does this explanation account for the evidence? Consider the angle of the Sun in the sky. If the explanation is true then logically (mathematically) it follows that:
1. An observer in Austin, Texas (30°N latitude) should see the Sun 53° away from vertical at noon in winter; and
2. The same observer should see the noon Sun 7° away from vertical in summer.
Observational evidence confirms that this is exactly the angle at which the Sun appears, therefore supporting the explanation. Read the text aloud
Solar cells tilted at two different angles to a light source
How could the solar angle explain the seasonal temperature change? Consider the following experiment. A solar cell of a certain size is held at different angles to a bright light. The light energy received by the solar cell is measured by recording the electric current produced at each angle. The experiment finds that the solar cell receives 40% less energy at 53° compared to when it is at 7°. Thus, experimental testing also supports the explanation of a tilted axis by accounting for another observed effect. In fact, the tilted axis theory accounts for every single observation and experimental prediction that can be tested. While technically this explanation is called a theory it is so well tested that it is accepted as fact.
Read the text aloud
14Previous Page Next Page
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Bjarne Hurlen
Bjarne Hurlen (13 October 1915 – 19 November 1998) was a Norwegian military officer, engineer and industrialist.
He was born in Ålesund to Johan B. Hurlen and Emma Hildre. In 1943 he married Oline Oseasen Midthassel.
Hurlen served as chief executive of Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk from 1956 to 1975, and from 1962 to 1972 also chief executive of Raufoss Ammunisjonsfabrikker. He was decorated Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav in 1964, and was a Knight of the Swedish Order of Vasa.
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WIKI
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List of Hindi horror films
Hindi-language horror films have been a subgenre of the Hindi film industry in India since the birth of Hindi films. These films tend to mimic the characteristics and themes of horror films around the world. The themes explored consist of haunted houses, evil spirits and demonic forces, among other.
Popularly Bipasha Basu is recognized as the Scream Queen of Indian cinema for her frequent and successful list of movies in this genre.
This is a list of Indian horror films in Hindi.
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WIKI
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Permalink
Find file
2868b0b Mar 31, 2016
66 lines (53 sloc) 2.38 KB
"""
This example introduces the use of TFLearn variables to easily implement
Tensorflow variables with custom initialization and regularization.
Note: If you are using TFLearn layers, inititalization and regularization
are directly defined at the layer definition level and applied to inner
variables.
"""
import tensorflow as tf
import tflearn
import tflearn.variables as va
# Loading MNIST dataset
import tflearn.datasets.mnist as mnist
trainX, trainY, testX, testY = mnist.load_data(one_hot=True)
# Define a dnn using Tensorflow
with tf.Graph().as_default():
# Model variables
X = tf.placeholder("float", [None, 784])
Y = tf.placeholder("float", [None, 10])
# Multilayer perceptron
def dnn(x):
with tf.variable_scope('Layer1'):
# Creating variable using TFLearn
W1 = va.variable(name='W', shape=[784, 256],
initializer='uniform_scaling',
regularizer='L2')
b1 = va.variable(name='b', shape=[256])
x = tf.nn.tanh(tf.add(tf.matmul(x, W1), b1))
with tf.variable_scope('Layer2'):
W2 = va.variable(name='W', shape=[256, 256],
initializer='uniform_scaling',
regularizer='L2')
b2 = va.variable(name='b', shape=[256])
x = tf.nn.tanh(tf.add(tf.matmul(x, W2), b2))
with tf.variable_scope('Layer3'):
W3 = va.variable(name='W', shape=[256, 10],
initializer='uniform_scaling')
b3 = va.variable(name='b', shape=[10])
x = tf.add(tf.matmul(x, W3), b3)
return x
net = dnn(X)
loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(net, Y))
optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate=0.1)
accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(
tf.cast(tf.equal(tf.argmax(net, 1), tf.argmax(Y, 1)), tf.float32),
name='acc')
# Define a train op
trainop = tflearn.TrainOp(loss=loss, optimizer=optimizer,
metric=accuracy, batch_size=128)
trainer = tflearn.Trainer(train_ops=trainop, tensorboard_verbose=3,
tensorboard_dir='/tmp/tflearn_logs/')
# Training for 10 epochs.
trainer.fit({X: trainX, Y: trainY}, val_feed_dicts={X: testX, Y: testY},
n_epoch=10, show_metric=True, run_id='Variables_example')
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Exception caught on transport layer
(Koustav Chatterjee) #1
I am using ElasticSearch 2.3 on ec2(ubuntu). I had run sudo apt-get update and upgrade.Then restart the box.
When i start the ES,this is what i run into.
[2017-12-31 11:33:21,605][WARN ][transport.netty ] [Quasar II] exception caught on transport layer [[id: 0xc3e54945, /0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:33556 => /0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:9300]], closing connection
java.lang.NullPointerException
at org.elasticsearch.transport.netty.MessageChannelHandler.handleException(MessageChannelHandler.java:207)
at org.elasticsearch.transport.netty.MessageChannelHandler.handlerResponseError(MessageChannelHandler.java:202)
at org.elasticsearch.transport.netty.MessageChannelHandler.messageReceived(MessageChannelHandler.java:136)
at org.jboss.netty.channel.SimpleChannelUpstreamHandler.handleUpstream(SimpleChannelUpstreamHandler.java:70)
at org.jboss.netty.channel.DefaultChannelPipeline.sendUpstream(DefaultChannelPipeline.java:564)
at org.jboss.netty.channel.DefaultChannelPipeline$DefaultChannelHandlerContext.sendUpstream(DefaultChannelPipeline.java:791)
at org.jboss.netty.channel.Channels.fireMessageReceived(Channels.java:296)
at org.jboss.netty.handler.codec.frame.FrameDecoder.unfoldAndFireMessageReceived(FrameDecoder.java:462)
at org.jboss.netty.handler.codec.frame.FrameDecoder.callDecode(FrameDecoder.java:443)
at org.jboss.netty.handler.codec.frame.FrameDecoder.messageReceived(FrameDecoder.java:303)
at org.jboss.netty.channel.SimpleChannelUpstreamHandler.handleUpstream(SimpleChannelUpstreamHandler.java:70)
at org.jboss.netty.channel.DefaultChannelPipeline.sendUpstream(DefaultChannelPipeline.java:564)
at org.jboss.netty.channel.DefaultChannelPipeline.sendUpstream(DefaultChannelPipeline.java:559)
at org.jboss.netty.channel.Channels.fireMessageReceived(Channels.java:268)
at org.jboss.netty.channel.Channels.fireMessageReceived(Channels.java:255)
at org.jboss.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioWorker.read(NioWorker.java:88)
at org.jboss.netty.channel.socket.nio.AbstractNioWorker.process(AbstractNioWorker.java:108)
at org.jboss.netty.channel.socket.nio.AbstractNioSelector.run(AbstractNioSelector.java:337)
at org.jboss.netty.channel.socket.nio.AbstractNioWorker.run(AbstractNioWorker.java:89)
at org.jboss.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioWorker.run(NioWorker.java:178)
at org.jboss.netty.util.ThreadRenamingRunnable.run(ThreadRenamingRunnable.java:108)
at org.jboss.netty.util.internal.DeadLockProofWorker$1.run(DeadLockProofWorker.java:42)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1152)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:622)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)
(David Pilato) #2
I removed ---- Please help. It's urgent in the title.
Read this and specifically the "Also be patient" part.
(Koustav Chatterjee) #3
Thanks.
(Jason Tedor) #4
This happens in 2.x if you have an old 1.x node running on the system as well. This is handled more gracefully in later versions.
(Koustav Chatterjee) #5
This is a single node cluster.
(Jason Tedor) #6
That's fine. I'm telling you that I think the old process was still running. The long and the short of this issue is that it's harmless.
(Koustav Chatterjee) #7
The issue was gone after i rebooted the server.
(Jason Tedor) #8
Which would have killed any running processes of an older version. :neutral_face:
(Koustav Chatterjee) #9
Is there a way i can cross check this?
The exception stack thrown does not give enough information.
(Jason Tedor) #10
It happens because of a protocol incompatibility between 1.x and 2.x. The simplest way to reproduce this:
• start a 1.x node, bind it to localhost
• start a 2.x node with the defaults
The 2.x node will try to ping the 1.x node. The NPE with exactly the same stacktrace will appear in the logs. Why does this happen? The 1.x node throws an exception because it does not understand the pings from 2.x and tries to send this exception back to the 2.x node. 1.x relied on Java serialization for serializing exceptions. 2.x does not, instead we use our own serialization of exceptions. 2.x sees there is an exception from the remote node, but tries to de-serialize it using our own serialization, rather than the Java serialization that 1.x used. This leads to no exception being read from the wire (in fact, if you run with assertions an assertion will trip instead) and null is returned. This null pointer is then dereferenced, :boom:.
(Koustav Chatterjee) #11
Thanks now i got it.:grinning::grinning::grinning:
(Jason Tedor) #12
You’re very welcome.
(system) #13
This topic was automatically closed 28 days after the last reply. New replies are no longer allowed.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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BTA Bank Says Income Tax Added $365 Million to First-Half Loss
BTA Bank, Kazakhstan’s biggest
lender before it defaulted in 2009, said its first-half net loss
rose by 54 billion tenge ($365 million) in the final report
compared with the preliminary results for the same period as
income-tax expenses increased. The bank had a loss of 102.6 billion tenge in the first
half compared with a preliminary loss of 48.4 billion tenge in
the same period reported in August, the bank said in an e-mailed
statement today. “The increase of the loss in the final report compared to
the preliminary one is related to review of the deferred income
tax, which was earlier recognized in the 2010 report,” the
Almaty-based lender said. The lender’s corporate income-tax
expense rose to 62.7 billion tenge in the final report for the
first half compared with 3.3 billion tenge reported as
preliminary results for the same period, the bank said. BTA Bank’s capital shortfall widened to 216.7 billion tenge
in the final report for the first half compared with 162.5
billion tenge in the preliminary results. The bank said it lost
82.5 billion tenge in the first half of last year. To contact the reporter on this story:
Nariman Gizitdinov in Almaty at
ngizitdinov@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Stephen Voss at
sev@bloomberg.net
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Dental Root Canal Naples
Over the years, root canal treatments have been unfairly branded as a painful procedure. This outdated perception originated in the rudimentary days of dentistry. With the advances in dental anesthesia, tools, and techniques, root canal therapy is similar to having a large filling placed. Post treatment soreness, if any, is minimal and usually resolves within a couple of days. Meanwhile, over the counter pain relievers are all that is necessary for comfort.
Historically, a diseased or injured tooth had to be extracted, but today the natural tooth can often be saved with root canal therapy. When a tooth has deep decay or a fracture, bacteria can reach the chamber and root canal space in the center of the tooth. This causes the pulp, which houses the blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissues to become inflamed and infected. When the pulp is damaged, it causes increased cellular activity and blood flow, creating pressure that cannot be relieved without treatment.
Treatment begins with the patient being thoroughly numbed with local anesthesia. Dr. Engle and the team at Engle Dentistry have IV sedation available if the patient desires. A small hole is made in the chewing surface or the back surface of the tooth (for anterior teeth) to give the doctor access to the diseased pulp. Small, specialized instruments are used to remove all of the tissue from the center of the tooth. The chamber and canals are cleaned and disinfected to make certain that no bacteria remain.
The canals are shaped and then filled with a hard rubber substance to prevent re-entry of bacteria and to give the tooth a strong core. The entry hole is sealed with a composite bonding material. Typically, a return appointment will be scheduled to place a dental crown on the treated tooth to strengthen it and protect it from further damage. Form, function, and appearance are restored to a tooth that would otherwise have required extraction.
It is important that an infected tooth be treated; otherwise, the infection can spread to the bone and tissue around the tooth. Even if the pain of an infected tooth stops temporarily, it doesn’t mean that the infection is gone. Damaged dental pulp cannot repair itself, and the pain will be recurrent without dental intervention.
If you think you may have an infected tooth, turn to the team that includes a specialist, general dentists, and licensed hygienists at Florida Choice Dentistry. They have the skills and experience to stop the pain and restore optimal oral health no matter what your dental issue may be. Call (239) 213-1500 or request an appointment today.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Category talk:Soft science fiction films
Don't put the new planet of the apes films here
Those films are a cross between hard and soft science fiction--Taeyebaar (talk) 20:04, 6 January 2016 (UTC)
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WIKI
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sanity.bbclass: Fix broken whitespace
Submitted by Richard Purdie on Aug. 30, 2011, 4:20 p.m.
Details
Message ID 1314721219.5939.363.camel@rex
State New, archived
Headers show
Commit Message
Richard Purdie Aug. 30, 2011, 4:20 p.m.
Signed-off-by: Richard Purdie <richard.purdie@linuxfoundation.org>
---
Patch hide | download patch | download mbox
diff --git a/meta/classes/sanity.bbclass b/meta/classes/sanity.bbclass
index b266968..7fc3343 100644
--- a/meta/classes/sanity.bbclass
+++ b/meta/classes/sanity.bbclass
@@ -423,12 +423,12 @@ def check_sanity(e):
dups = []
for pa in pkgarchs.split():
- if seen.get(pa, 0) == 1:
- dups.append(pa)
- else:
- seen[pa] = 1
- if pa == tunepkg:
- tunefound = True
+ if seen.get(pa, 0) == 1:
+ dups.append(pa)
+ else:
+ seen[pa] = 1
+ if pa == tunepkg:
+ tunefound = True
if len(dups):
messages = messages + "Error, the PACKAGE_ARCHS variable contains duplicates. The following archs are listed more than once: %s" % " ".join(dups)
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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History Of Gödel Numbering Part 1
At the break of the 20th century the prominent German mathematician, David Hilbert, posed 23 unsolved mathematical problems. He believed these problems were critical to progress in the field. Many, but not all of these problems have since been solved and some have given great philosophical insight. In particular his second problem asks for a proof that arithmetic is consistent, that is the arithmetic that we learn at school and forms the basis of much of the social and economic structure of our society. Consistency in mathematics means that the rules don’t lead to contradictions, i.e. we can’t get different answers to the same question depending on how we work it out. This is an important question: if arithmetic is not consistent then maybe we have it wrong? Maybe we are working on shaky foundations? What if 1+1 doesn’t always equal 2?
This lack of a foundation caused some embarrassment within academic circles and many great minds set about the search for an answer, after all how hard could it be? - arithmetic appears quite simple - we should be able to prove it correct. In 1910 the 3 volume Principia Mathmatica was published by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell. It was an attempt to describe a set of axioms (fundamental statements that can be accepted as unquestioningly true) from which all mathematical truths could be proven. Much work was done in the intervening years, in particular work into the formalisation of finding proofs, looking for a process which can be used to solve problems in a mechanical way. By the time of Hilberts retirement there were still many open questions. In particular the issue of whether we really can find proofs to the truth or falsehood of all mathematical statements. Attending a conference in 1930 Hilbert gave his retirement address confidently stating: “The true reason why [no one] has succeeded in finding an unsolvable problem is, in my opinion, that there is no unsolvable problem.”
Ironically at the very same conference a young Austrian named Kurt Godel announced an “incompleteness theorem” in a low key round table event. This theorem, later named the “first incompleteness theorem” claimed, simply, that arithmetic could not be both consistent and complete at the same time. Of course mathematicians wanted consistency so the implication was that their arithmetic could not be complete. At the time little interest was paid to Godel apart from Hungarian-American John von Neumann. Independently the two of them further refined Godels ideas both proposing, before the year was out, a stronger “second incompleteness theorem”. This theorem claimed further that not only can the axioms not be complete, but that using a given set of axioms there will always be statements that can be made but that cannot be proved true or false. This widely accepted theorem killed Hilberts dream and changed the direction of mathematical research forever.
Contained within the proofs of the incompleteness theorems is the concept of Godel numbers. Godel numbers are numbers assigned to each and every statement within a mathematical formalism using a scheme that ensures each statement is assigned a unique number. It’s not important how this is achieved as much as the fact that it is possible. This concept is pivotal to the proofs because it avoids the infinite regress that had plagued previous work in this area.
The implications of Godel’s work on mathematics was earth shattering but it was its effect on another related field that is more interesting to IT. Calculating machines had been around since the 17th century. Blaise Pascal invented a mechanical calculator in 1642. In the same century Gottfried Leibniz spent much of his life working on a more ambitious goal, that of creating a machine that could determine the truth of mathematical statements - the Entscheidungsproblem. That problem remained unsolved for 3 centuries. In 1936, working independently Alan Turing and Alonzo Church published papers showing that this aim was impossible. Their approaches could not be more different, Turing worked with a formalised model of a mechanical computing machine called a Turing machine. Alonzo Church used mathematical logic called Lambda calculus that later formed the basis for Functional programming languages.
Turing’s proof involved using his theoretical machine to perform calculations and found that some calculations would complete in a certain number of steps, others would clearly never complete but there was also a set of calculations that it could not be determined if they would complete or not. To be clear, it was not that Turing didn’t know how to determine if they would complete, he proved it was impossible to determine. - this was called the halting problem. Turing re-used Godel’s numbering scheme within his proof, using them to assign a unique number to every possible computation that could be performed and used a similar line of reasoning to Godel’s incompleteness theorem. What is interesting here is the fact that every computation has a unique number, a unique identity.
Turing's Desk in Hut 8, Bletchley Park Turing’s Desk in Hut 8, Bletchley Park
As research into computing engines matured an architecture described by John von Neumann in 1945 dominated. This “von Neumann architecture” proved very practical to implement. In fact nearly every computer designed and built since that time has used a variant of his architecture. The von Neumann architecture was shown to be able to perform all calculations that a Turing machine could - an attribute known as “Turing complete”. Turing machines or their practical successors, hence, never appeared. Rich and varied programming languages evolved and the concept of Godel numbers remained a historical footnote.
Update: Part two is now available here.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:The Bostonians (London & New York, Macmillan & Co., 1886).djvu/100
her friend was not pleased. She scarcely knew what had ruffled her, but at the same instant there passed before her the vision of the anxieties (of this sudden, unexplained sort, for instance, and much worse) which intimate relations with Miss Chancellor might entail.
'Now, I want you to tell me this,' Basil Ransom said, leaning forward towards Verena, with his hands on his knees, and completely oblivious to his hostess. 'Do you really believe all that pretty moonshine you talked last night? I could have listened to you for another hour; but I never heard such monstrous sentiments. I must protest—I must, as a calumniated, misrepresented man. Confess you meant it as a kind of reductio ad absurdum—a satire on Mrs. Farrinder?' He spoke in a tone of the freest pleasantry, with his familiar, friendly Southern cadence.
Verena looked at him with eyes that grew large. 'Why, you don't mean to say you don't believe in our cause?'
'Oh, it won't do—it won't do!' Ransom went on, laughing. 'You are on the wrong tack altogether. Do you really take the ground that your sex has been without influence? Influence? Why, you have led us all by the nose to where we are now! Wherever we are, it's all you. You are at the bottom of everything.'
'Oh yes, and we want to be at the top,' said Verena.
'Ah, the bottom is a better place, depend on it, when from there you move the whole mass! Besides, you are on the top as well; you are everywhere, you are everything. I am of the opinion of that historical character—wasn't he some king?—who thought there was a lady behind everything. Whatever it was, he held, you have only to look for her; she is the explanation. Well, I always look for her, and I always find her; of course, I am always delighted to do so; but it proves she is the universal cause. Now, you don't mean to deny that power, the power of setting men in motion. You are at the bottom of all the wars.'
'Well, I am like Mrs. Farrinder; I like opposition,' Verena exclaimed, with a happy smile.
'That proves, as I say, how in spite of your expressions of horror you delight in the shock of battle. What do you
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WIKI
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Page:History of england froude.djvu/160
138 VII. to disabuse men of their alarms, or by confirming them to forfeit for ever the supremacy of his order in England. Nor can it be said for him that the case was one in which it was unusually difficult to be virtuous. Justice, wounded dignity, and the interests of the See pointed alike to the same course. Queen Catherine's relationship to the Emperor could not have recommended her to the tenderness of the Pope, and the policy of assenting to an act which would infallibly alienate Henry from Charles, and therefore attach him to the Roman interests, did not require the eloquence of Wolsey to make it intelligible. If, because he was in the Emperor's power, he therefore feared the personal consequences to himself, his cowardice of itself disqualified him to sit as a judge.
It does not fall within my present purpose to detail the first stages of the proceedings which followed. In substance they are well known to all readers of English history, and may be understood without difficulty as soon as we possess the clue to the conduct of Wolsey. I shall, however, in a few pages briefly epitomize what passed.
At the outset of the negotiation, the Pope, although he would take no positive steps, was all, in words, which he was expected to be. Neither he nor the cardinals refused to acknowledge the dangers which threatened the country. He discussed freely the position of the different parties, the probabilities of a disputed succession, and the various claimants who would present themselves, if the King died without an heir of
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WIKI
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Page:On Our Selection.djvu/164
150
Singularly enough, Dad complained that kangaroos were getting scarce where he was camped; while our paddocks were full of them. Joe started a mob
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WIKI
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Karl ZIEGLER, Plaintiff-Appellant-Cross-Appellee, v. PHILLIPS PETROLEUM COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee-Cross-Appellant.
No. 71-2650.
United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.
April 13, 1973.
Certiorari Denied Dec. 3, 1973.
See 94 S.Ct. 597.
William D. Harris, Jr., Dallas, Tex., Burgess, Dinklage & Sprung, Arnold Sprung, New York City, for appellant.
Jerry L. Buchmeyer, Dallas, Tex., Pen-dleton, Neuman, Williams & Anderson, Sidney Neuman, Michael O. Warneeke, James R. Dowdall, Chicago, 111., for ap-pellee.
Before BELL and RONEY, Circuit Judges, and BREWSTER, District Judge.
RONEY, Circuit Judge:
This patent infringement suit involves two patents claiming chemical catalysts. We affirm the District Court’s finding of noninfringement as to one patent, but reverse as to the other.
Catalysts are chemical substances that affect the rate or course of a given chemical reaction in some manner without becoming a significant part of the resulting product. In this case, both catalysts find wide application in the petrochemical field and are used to cause small molecules of gases or liquids to react together to form solid plasties and synthetic rubbers from which commercially useful articles and objects may be fabricated for use in everyday living.
The nature of these patents and the processes involved in their application pose especially difficult decisions for nonchemist judges. Although patent cases often present complex and technical questions, suits involving chemical patents present a complexity of a higher order. Unlike mechanical patents, the workings of which may at least be visualized and conceptualized by the lay mind, chemical patents take us into a realm of symbolic analysis. The reactions occurring in these processes cannot be appreciated by the independent senses: they cannot be seen, felt, or heard. Hence, chemists must describe them in terms of symbols, including letters and numbers.
Because the scientific underpinnings of chemical patents are so complex, trial courts must depend heavily upon expert witnesses for both explanation and evaluation of the patent disclosures and the accused infringing operations. Similarly, appellate courts must rely heavily upon the findings and credibility choices made by trial courts. Otherwise, we would be thrust into the position of reconsidering credibility and re-resolving conflicts in expert testimony, a position that mistakes this Court’s function. American Seating Co. v. Southeastern Metals Co., 412 F.2d 756 (5th Cir. 1969); compare Rule 52(a), F.R.Civ.P. Nonetheless, our review of the District Court’s findings is not limited to an examination of the expert testimony. Appellant raises a serious legal contention about the proper construction of a patent on a chemical catalyst, posing questions of law that go beyond the scope of expert testimony and this contention must be resolved before we can turn to the construction of the specific patents in suit.
I. Background
Before submerging ourselves in an examination of the various contentions put forth by the parties, a brief review of the relevant principles of organic chemistry will be helpful. Both patents here in suit are directed to polymerization catalysts used in the chemical reaction processes that produce synthetic polymers.
A catalyst is defined as a substance which affects the rate or course of a given chemical reaction in some manner without becoming a significant part of the reaction product. Normally, catalysts are used in relatively small amounts as compared with the reactants.
Synthetic polymers are produced by causing hydrocarbon molecules, called monomers, which are generally in liquid or gaseous form, to link together in long chains. These long chains are called polymers. The linking of the monomers is termed a polymerization reaction, and the polymerization catalyst is what causes the monomers to link together to form polymers.
Ethylene, propylene, and butadiene, related gases generally obtained from the petroleum industry, are the monomers involved in this suit. These monomers have at least one double bond between two carbon atoms in their small chains, called an olefinic bond, and are known as olefins. Ethylene has two carbon atoms, propylene three, and butadiene four. When these monomers are polymerized, they yield synthetic polymers of primary concern in this suit, polyetheylene, polypropylene, and poly-butadiene, the solid material of commercially useful plastic and synthetic rubbers. Prior to the invention of the catalysts covered by the patents in suit, the polymerization of these olefins was difficult. Harsh reaction conditions of extremely high pressure and elevated temperatures were required, and the ole-fins combined in disorderly arrays with many branched sidechains. “Unlike these inferior polymers, though, the polymers formed with Ziegler’s catalysts have a higher density, greater rigidity and strength, and higher flow and melt temperatures.”
The chemical catalyst patents in suit were developed by Karl Ziegler, the plaintiff, a citizen and resident of West Germany. In 1953, Ziegler and three coworkers at the Max-Planck-Institute in Mulheim, West Germany, discovered that several combinations of an organo aluminum compound and a compound of a metal of Groups IY-B, V-B, or VI-B of the Periodic System of Elements, produced polymerization catalysts that polymerized olefins much more effectively than was previously possible. The catalysts caused monomers to combine in a linear fashion, forming straight and not branched chains, without requiring the formation process to include high pressures or excessive temperatures. These various polymerization catalysts were recognized as a great scientific achievement and were named, and are universally known as, “Ziegler catalysts.” For this discovery, Ziegler, and his co-workers were awarded the Nobel Prize. This suit asks us to define the breadth of two of the many United States patents protecting Ziegler’s research.
Ziegler brought this patent infringement suit against Phillips Petroleum Company, charging infringement of United States Letters Patent Nos. 3,113,-115 of December 3, 1963, and 3,257,332 of June 21, 1966. Phillips counterclaimed for a declaratory judgment of invalidity with respect to both patents. After a trial requiring twelve days of extensive oral testimony and 140 exhibits, the District Court denied both Ziegler’s claim of infringement and Phillips’ counterclaim by adjudging the patents valid but not infringed. Both parties appeal from the District Court judgment.
II. The Patents in Suit
Patent No. 3,257,332 (the ’332 patent), entitled “Polymerization of Ethylene,” was issued June 21, 1966, on an application filed November 15, 1954. The fourteen claims in the ’332 patent are set out in the margin.
Although the complaint asserts nine of these claims against the alleged infringing process, it is only necessary to deal with claim Number 1 since it describes in general terms the compounds which are more specifically named in the other claims. An infringement of any of the claims asserted would necessarily infringe claim Number 1.
Claim Number 1 states that the ’332 patent is directed toward a
“ Cp] olymerization catalyst, comprising the product formed by mixing an effective amount of an aluminum trialkyl with a compound of a metal selected from the group consisting of salts, freshly precipitated oxides and hydroxides of metals of Groups IV-B, V-B and VI-B of the Periodic System, including thorium and uranium.”
In this patent, the organo-aluminum compound part of the catalyst is an aluminum trialkyl.
The other patent, No. 3,113,115, entitled “Polymerization Catalyst,” (the ’115 patent), was issued December 3, 1963, on an application filed October 29, 1958.
It is directed at catalysts in which the organoaluminum compound is dialkyl aluminum instead of trialkyl aluminum as in the ’332 patent. Of the eighteen claims in the ’115 patent, nine are in suit, and these claims are set out in the margin.
III. The Alleged Infringing Phillips Processes
This case was commenced on September 6,1967, when Ziegler filed suit on the ’332 patent. Ziegler charged specifically that the catalyst employed in Phillips’ polybutadiene polymerization operation at Borger, Texas, infringed the ’332 patent.
On August 12, 1969, Ziegler amended his original complaint to include the ’115 patent. Ziegler charged that the catalyst employed in Phillips’ polypropylene operation at its Adams Terminal and Monument plants in Texas infringed the T15 patent.
In the polymerization of butadiene at the Borger plant, Phillips mixed and reacted three components, aluminum triethyl, titanium tetrachloride, and iodine, in the presence of butadiene to produce polybutadiene. The evidence showed that a stream of butadiene and toluene and a stream of aluminum triethyl and toluene are first combined and then introduced into a mix pot. Then separate streams of titanium tetrachloride diluted in toluene and free iodine diluted in toluene are introduced into the mix pot. These materials are then mixed together in the mix pot and the mixture is passed into a reactor where the butadiene polymerizes into high cis 1,4-polybutadiene rubber.
In the polymerization of propylene at the Adams Terminal and Monument plants, Phillips mixed and reacted three components, diethyl aluminum chloride, titanium trichloride, and aluminum trichloride, in the presence of propylene to produce polypropylene. The evidence showed that Phillips’ operation involved mixing a stream of propylene with diethyl aluminum chloride in a solvent pen-tane and then introducing this mixture into a loop-type reactor. A complex of titanium trichloride and aluminum trichloride dispersed in pentane solvent is first mixed with propylene and then introduced into the reactor. A solid polymer, polypropylene, is recovered from the reactor.
Thus, this case involves two separate and distinct polymerization operations of Phillips’, with the catalyst claims of the ’332 patent being asserted against a polybutadiene process and the different catalyst claims of the ’115 patent being asserted against a polypropylene process. Therefore, after setting out the law governing patent infringement and construction, we consider each patent and the corresponding claim of infringement separately.
IV. Scope of Review
At the outset, we must determine the proper scope of appellate review. The question of infringement of a patent is a question of fact. Coupe v. Royer, 155 U.S. 565, 15 S.Ct. 199, 39 L.Ed. 263 (1895); Winans v. Denmead, 56 U.S. (15 How.) 330, 14 L.Ed. 717 (1853); Marvin Glass & Associates v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 448 F.2d 60 (5th Cir. 1971); U. S. Industries, Inc. v. Otis Engineering Corp., 254 F.2d 198 (5th Cir. 1958). Hence, the “clearly erroneous” doctrine of Rule 52(a), F.R. Civ.P., is clearly applicable to the District Court’s findings on the infringement question. American Seating Co. v. Southeastern Metals Co., supra; Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Sid Richardson Carbon & Gas Co., 416 F.2d 10 (5th Cir. 1969). But infringement ceases to become a pure question of fact, and therefore the force of Rule 52(a) diminishes, when the question of infringement requires the District Court first to construe the patent. The construction of a patent is a matter of law, Coupe v. Royer, supra; Cold Metal Process Co. v. E. W. Bliss Co., 285 F.2d 231 (6th Cir. 1960), cert. denied, 366 U.S. 911, 181 S. Ct. 1085, 6 L.Ed.2d 235 (1961); 4 Walker on Patents § 230 (Deller’s ed. 1964), and appellate courts are not bound by the strictures of Rule 52(a) when the District Court erred in construing the patent in question. Harrington Mfg. Co., Inc. v. White, 475 F.2d 788 (5th Cir. 1973).
V. The Applicable Law of Infringement
Infringement exists only where the accused device and the teachings of the patent in suit are “substantially identical in structure, mode of operation, and results accomplished.” American Seating Co. v. Southeastern Metals Co., supra,; Stewart-Warner Corp. v. Lone Star Gas Co., 195 F.2d 645 (5th Cir. 1952); see Hobbs v. United States, Atomic Energy Commission, 451 F.2d 849 (5th Cir. 1971). In applying this general test of infringement, courts follow a two-step analysis. First, does the accused device, process, or composition of matter literally infringe the patent in question? If not, then second, does the “doctrine of equivalents” nevertheless lead to a finding of infringement?
Literal Infringement
When we seek to determine what the patented invention is, we must first turn to the claims of the patent because the scope of every patent is limited to the invention described in its claims, read in the light of the specifications. Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Mfg. Co., 243 U.S. 502, 37 S.Ct. 416, 61 L.Ed. 871 (1917); Texsteam Corp. v. Blanchard, 352 F.2d 983 (5th Cir. 1965), cert. denied, 387 U.S. 936, 87 S.Ct. 2064, 18 L.Ed.2d 1000 (1967). As the Supreme Court stated in Graver Tank & Mfg. Co., Inc. v. Linde Air Products, Inc., 339 U.S. 605, 607, 70 S.Ct. 854, 855, 94 L.Ed. 1097 (1950): “In determining whether an accused device or composition infringes a valid patent, resort must be had in the first instance to the words of the claim. If accused matter falls clearly within the claim, infringement is made out and that is the end of it.” See Williams Bit & Tool Co. v. Christensen Diamond Products Co., 399 F.2d 628 (5th Cir. 1968).
Doctrine of Equivalents
If patents were interpreted only by the literal scope of their claims, however, minor deviations in the structure of almost any invention could be devised to elude the reach of the patent’s protection. Thus, experience with patent cases demonstrates that seldom may the question of infringement be determined on the literal words of the claim. U. S. Industries, Inc. v. Otis Engineering Corp., 277 F.2d 282 (5th Cir. 1960). In recognition of the fact that a patent would be virtually worthless if it did not protect against devices which incorporate unimportant variations of the patented device, courts developed the doctrine of equivalents to protect the patentee from devices that differ merely in name, form, or shape from the patented invention, Machine Co. v. Murphy, 97 U.S, 120, 125, 24 L.Ed. 935 (1877), but perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to obtain the same result. Graver, supra; Sanitary Refrigerator Co. v. Winters, 280 U.S. 30, 50 S.Ct. 9, 74 L.Ed. 147 (1929).
To establish equivalency for the purpose of showing infringement of a patent claim, the patentee has the burden of proving a real identity of means, operation, and result. Foster Cathead Co, v. Hasha, 382 F.2d 761 (5th Cir. 1967), cert. denied, 390 U.S. 906, 88 S.Ct. 819, 19 L.Ed.2d 872 (1968); Texsteam Corp. v. Blanchard, supra; Stewart-Warner Corp. v. Lone Star Gas Co., supra. But while substantial identity of function, operation, and result are necessary, the doctrine
“does not require complete identity for every purpose and in every respect. In determining equivalents, things equal to the same thing may not be equal to each other and, by the same token, things for most purposes different may sometimes be equivalents.”
Graver, supra, 339 U.S. at 609, 70 S.Ct. at 857. Hence, minor variations between the accused structure and the precise language of the claims in question do not prevent a holding of infringement. Graver, supra; Samuelson v. Bethlehem Steel Co., 323 F.2d 944 (5th Cir. 1963), cert. denied, 376 U.S. 938, 84 S.Ct. 793, 11 L.Ed.2d 659 (1964) ; Up-Right, Inc. v. Safway Products, Inc., 315 F.2d 23 (5th Cir.), cert. denied sub nom. Beatty Safway Scaffold Co. v. Up-Right, Inc., 372 U.S. 934, 83 S.Ct. 881, 9 L.Ed.2d 766 (1963).
In its early development, the doctrine of equivalents generally was applied in cases involving the equivalence of devices having mechanical components. Today, however, the same principles are applied to compositions of matter where there is equivalence between chemical ingredients. See Graver, supra; Chemical Cleaning, Inc. v. Dow Chemical Co., 379 F.2d 294 (5th Cir. 1967), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 1040, 88 S.Ct. 777, 19 L.Ed.2d 829 (1968). See also 4 Walker on Patents, supra, § 250. In Graver the Supreme Court spoke to the problem of determining what constitutes equivalency.
“Consideration must be given to the purpose for which an ingredient is used in a patent, the qualities it has when combined with the other ingredients, and the function which it is intended to perform.”
Graver, supra, 339 U.S. at 609, 70 S.Ct. at 857.
A necessary corollary to the general doctrine of equivalents is that patent claims are construed in the light of the description and to cover the real invention found in the specification and drawings. Kinnear-Weed Corp. v. Humble Oil & Refining Co., 259 F.2d 398 (5th Cir. 1958), cert. denied, 361 U.S. 903, 80 S.Ct. 210, 4 L.Ed.2d 158 (1959). Thus a claim may be given its true construction and meaning by reference to the accompanying specifications and drawings which, although they cannot enlarge it, may give the claim such limitation and definition as is necessary to make its abstract words descriptive of a specific invention. See Laitram Corp. v. Deepsouth Packing Co., 443 F.2d 928 (5th Cir. 1971). It is well settled, however, that a patent is not to be limited to the preferred embodiments shown in the specification. See Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co., 210 U.S. 405, 28 S.Ct. 748, 52 L.Ed. 1122 (1908). And the general rule governing the relative weight to be accorded examples in construing a patent is set out in Sterner Lighting, Inc. v. Allied Electrical Supply, Inc., 431 F.2d 539 (5th Cir. 1970), cert. denied, 401 U.S. 909, 91 S.Ct. 869, 27 L.Ed.2d 807 (1971): “Usually a patent will not be so strictly construed that it is held to the strict device described by the claims or shown through the drawing.” 431 F.2d at 544. More specifically, “[t]he reference to a specific aspect of the invention does not limit the broader statement of the ‘principal object’ and the claims. . . It is well settled that the claims delineate the scope of protection afforded by a patent, not the specific embodiments shown in patent drawings.” Edward Valves, Inc. v. Cameron Iron Works, Inc., 286 F.2d 933, 942 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 368 U.S. 833, 82 S.Ct. 55, 7 L.Ed.2d 34 (1961).
The nature of the invention determines the breadth of its protection under the doctrine of equivalents. Because the doctrine rests on equitable considerations, the principle has developed that an inventor, with respect to his patent, is entitled to a range of equivalents commensurate with the scope of his invention. American Seating Co. v. Southeastern Metals Co., supra; Rothstein v. Atlanta Paper Co., 321 F.2d 90 (5th Cir. 1963); Up-Right, Inc. v. Safway Products, Inc., supra; Industrial Instrument Corp. v. Foxboro Co., 307 F.2d 783 (5th Cir. 1962); U. S. Industries, Inc. v. Otis Engineering Corp., supra; Cameron Iron Works, Inc. v. Stekoll, 242 F.2d 17 (5th Cir. 1957); Southern Saw Service, Inc. v. Pittsburgh-Erie Saw Corp., 239 F.2d 339 (5th Cir. 1956), cert. denied, 353 U.S. 964, 77 S.Ct. 1047, 1 L.Ed.2d 914 (1957); Big “G” Distributing Co. v. Air Cleaner Service Co., 179 F.2d 122 (5th Cir. 1950); Hughes v. Magnolia Petroleum Co., 88 F.2d 817 (5th Cir. 1937). Thus, “[i]f the invention is broad and primary in its character, the range of equivalents will be correspondingly broad, under the liberal construction, which the courts give to such inventions.” Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co., supra, 210 U.S. at 414, 28 S.Ct. at 749, citing Miller v. Eagle Mfg. Co., 151 U.S. 186, 207, 14 S.Ct. 310, 38 L.Ed. 121 (1894). See also Hunt Tool Co. v. Lawrence, 242 F.2d 347 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 354 U.S. 910, 77 S.Ct. 1296, 1 L.Ed.2d 1428 (1957); Southern Saw Service, Inc. v. Pittsburgh-Erie Saw Corp., supra.
Pioneer Patents
Under the doctrine of equivalents, the broadest protection is reserved for “pioneer” or “generic” patents. A pioneer patent is “a patent covering a function never before performed, a wholly novel device, or one of such novelty and importance as to mark a distinct step in the progess of the art, as distinguished from a mere improvement or perfection of what had gone before.” Westinghouse v. Boyden Power Brake Co., 170 U.S. 537, 561-562, 18 S.Ct. 707, 718, 42 L.Ed. 1136 (1898). See Southern Saw Service, Inc. v. Pittsburgh-Erie Saw Corp., supra. Where the court is confronted with a pioneer patent, “liberality becomes the keynote of construction requiring the court to give the patentee a wide breadth of protection in construing the patent claims and specifications . . . . ” Corning Glass Works v. Anchor Hocking Glass Corp., 374 F.2d 473, 476 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 826, 88 S.Ct. 65, 19 L.Ed.2d 80 (1967). See also Hildreth v. Mastoras, 257 U.S. 27, 36, 42 S.Ct. 20, 24, 66 L.Ed. 112 (1921) (“As [plaintiff’s] patent is a generic patent, the doctrine of broad equivalents properly applies here”).
File Wrapper Estoppel
An invention is construed not only in the light of its claims but also with reference to its file wrapper or prosecution history in the Patent Office. Graham v. John Deere Co. of Kansas City, 383 U.S. 1, 86 S.Ct. 684, 15 L.Ed.2d 545 (1966); Crawford v. Heysinger, 123 U.S. 589, 8 S.Ct. 399, 31 L.Ed. 269 (1887); Hogg v. Emerson, 52 U.S. (11 How.) 587, 13 L.Ed. 824 (1850). The file wrapper contains the complete Patent Office file of papers relating to the patent. Secret and confidential while the patent application is pending, it becomes public information once the patent is issued.
Under the file wrapper estoppel doctrine, if the file wrapper reveals that the patentee has surrendered claims, or has amended, narrowed, or otherwise limited his claims in response to the objections of the Patent Office, he may not later recapture through the doctrine of equivalents what he has given up. Graham v. John Deere Co. of Kansas City, supra; Dry Hand Mop Co. v. Squeez-Ezy Mop Co., 17 F.2d 465 (5th Cir. 1927). As this Court stated in Williams Bit & Tool Co. v. Christensen Diamond Products Co., supra, 399 F.2d at 633:
“It is settled that when the holder of a patent has voluntarily amended a claim by the inclusion of narrowing language in order to avoid prior art cited by the Patent Office and thus obtain the issuance of the patent, he is estopped from asserting that the amended claim covers what has been eliminated by the amending language.”
A patentee’s consent to the demands of the patent examiner, made to obtain his patent, operates as a “disclaimer,” and he is thereafter bound by it. Schriber-Schroth Co. v. Cleveland Trust Co., 311 U.S. 211, 221-222, 61 S.Ct. 235, 85 L.Ed. 132 (1940); 4 Deller’s Walker on Patents § 234 (2d ed. 1965).
The mere surrender or amendment of a claim in the Patent Office does not, however, forever bar a patentee from asserting the doctrine of equivalents. He is estopped only from reclaiming what he surrendered. Borg-Warner Corp. v. Paragon Gear Works, 355 F.2d 400 (1st Cir. 1965). Hence it is necessary to determine what in fact the patentee gave up in order to receive its patent, see Edward Valves, Inc. v. Cameron Iron Works, Inc., supra, and what is the essence of the invention that remains. U. S. Peg-Wood, Shank and Leather Board Co. v. Sturtevant Co., 125 F. 382, 384 (1st Cir. 1903). Moreover, an applicant should not be presumed to have made a disclaimer broader than necessary to yield to the actual challenge to his claim. Hunt Tool Co. v. Lawrence, supra.
Law Of Improvements
An improver cannot appropriate the basic patent of another, and an unlicensed improver is an infringer. Temco Electric Motor Co. v. Apco Mfg. Co., 275 U.S. 319, 48 S.Ct. 170, 82 L.Ed. 298 (1928); Cantrell v. Wallick, 117 U.S. 689, 6 S.Ct. 970, 29 L.Ed. 1017 (1886); Cochrane v. Deener, 94 U.S. 780, 24 L.Ed. 139 (1876); Williams Bit & Tool Co. v. Christensen Diamond Products Co., supra; Reed v. Hughes Tool Co., 261 F. 192 (5th Cir. 1919); Yancey v. Enright, 230 F. 641 (5th Cir. 1916); Bartlett v. Winton, 237 F.Supp. 631 (S.D.Fla. 1964); Continental Gin Co. v. Murray Co. of Texas, 171 F.Supp. 730 (N.D. Ala.), rev’d on other grounds sub nom. Murray Co. of Texas, Inc. v. Continental Gin Co., 264 F.2d 65 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 360 U.S. 911, 79 S.Ct. 1296, 3 L.Ed.2d 1261 (1959).
Correlatively, the grant of a patent on an improvement of a patented article does not excuse infringement of the dominant patent. Bryan v. Sid W. Richardson, 254 F.2d 191 (5th Cir. 1958); Bowen-Itco, Inc. v. Houston Engineers, Inc., 192 F.Supp. 223 (S.D. Tex.1961), rev’d on other grounds, 310 F.2d 522 (5th Cir. 1962), cert. denied, 372 U.S. 930, 83 S.Ct. 875, 9 L.Ed.2d 734 (1963). Therefore, one who appropriates the substance of a patented inven-. tion without the consent of the patentee does not escape infringement by improving upon or subtracting from the invention so long as the essential elements are retained.
Infringement, the “Best Mode,” and the Countervailing Policy of Disclosure
Under 35 U.S.C.A. § 271, a patentee’s rights are infringed by anyone who “makes, uses or sells” the claimed invention. Moreover, the patentee need not spell out in the patent claims each of the many possible examples of the making and using of his invention. Section 112 of the Patent Code, 35 U.S.C.A. § 112, merely requires the patentee “[to] set forth the best mode contemplated ... of carrying out his invention.” And normally the claims of a patent will not be restricted to such a “best mode.” Smith v. Snow, 294 U.S. 1, 55 S.Ct. 279, 79 L.Ed. 721 (1935); Edward Valves, Inc. v. Cameron Iron Works, Inc., supra; Reiner v. I. Leon Co., 285 F.2d 501 (2d Cir. 1960); Bryan v. Sid W. Richardson, Inc., supra; B. B. Chemical Co. v. Ellis, 117 F.2d 829 (1st Cir. 1941). As Judge Learned Hand stated in B. G. Corp. v. Walter Kidde & Co., 79 F.2d 20, 22 (2d Cir. 1935):
“It is true that [the inventor of the spark plug] did not foresee the particular adaptability of his plug to the airplane .... Nevertheless, he did not shoot in the dark; he laid down with perfect certainty what he wished to accomplish and how . . . [H]e is not charged with a prophetic understanding of the entire field of its usefulness.”
This rule of requiring the patentee to disclose only the “best mode” is nonetheless tempered by the countervailing policy of disclosure upon which the patent system is based. The root theory of the patent system is that of a trade: the inventor discloses his invention, in return for which the public grants him limited economic privileges.
“As a reward for inventions and to encourage their disclosure, the United States offers a seventeen-year monopoly to an inventor who refrains from keeping his invention a trade secret. But the quid pro quo is disclosure of a process or device in sufficient detail to enable one skilled in the art to practice the invention once the period of the monopoly has expired; and the same precision of disclosure is likewise essential to warn the industry concerned of the precise scope of the monopoly asserted.”
Universal Oil Products Co. v. Globe Oil & Refining Co., 322 U.S. 471, 484, 64 S.Ct. 1110, 1116, 88 L.Ed. 1399 (1944). Thus, a well-recognized exception to the general rule of Section 112 has developed. That is, where it appears that the “best mode” is in fact the basic teaching and actual invention or is the invention claimed, then the claims of that patent will be restricted to the “best mode.” See Fritz W. Glitsch & Sons v. Wyatt Metal & Boiler Works, 224 F.2d 331 (5th Cir. 1955); Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Sid Richardson Carbon & Gas Co., 293 F.Supp. 555 (N.D.Tex.1968), aff’d, 416 F.2d 10 (5th Cir. 1969). Thus, a patentee will be restricted to the use or uses indicated in the patent if that application or use is indeed the basic teaching and actual invention.
VI. The ’332 Patent
We affirm the District Court’s finding that Phillips’ Borger polybutadiene operation did not infringe the ’332 patent.
Phillips argues that it does not infringe the ’332 patent because (1) the catalyst itself is different, (2) the starting material on which the catalyst operates is different, and (3) the end product is different.
1. Phillips asserts that the catalyst itself is different from that of the ’332 patent because: it is prepared differently and with different components; it is mixed and reacted in the presence of the monomer, rather than out of the presence of the monomer on which it operates, as provided in the ’332 patent; and the addition of iodine to the two key “Ziegler catalyst” components differentiates its catalyst from the ’332 claim.
2. Phillips contends that the ’332 patent is limited to the polymerization of ethylene, so the polymerization of buta-diene falls beyond the scope of the ’332 patent.
3. Phillips finally argues that the ’332 patent is not infringed by the accused operation because a different end product is produced, not polyethylene but rather high cis polybutadiene, in its Bor-ger operation.
As it construed the ’332 patent, the District Court found no infringement because:
(a) Phillips does not polymerize ethylene, nor does it produce polyethylene, as disclosed by the ’332 patent. Instead, Phillips polymerizes butadiene, a markedly different monomer, to produce a synthetic rubber substantially different from the plastic polyethylene.
(b) Phillips’ accused catalyst is formed from three components added to buta-diene. The ’332 patent not only is limited to a two-component catalyst, but actually teaches away from the use of iodine as a catalyst component.
(c) Phillips’ catalyst is not preformed, since all of the three catalyst components are mixed and reacted together in the presence of butadiene. Unlike the ’332 catalyst, a reaction product is never formed by mixing two compounds prior to their addition to the polymerization system.
(d) Without the use of iodine or diiodobutene as a third catalytic component, Phillips’ high cis 1,4- polybuta-diene rubber cannot be satisfactorily obtained.
(e) The conduct of the ’332 patentees confirms that the only invention disclosed, and intended to be disclosed, was a catalyst for the polymerization of ethylene consisting of the reaction product of only two components, separately prepared prior to any contact with the ethylene to be polymerized.
(f) The Phillips catalyst does not perform the same function in substantially the same way to achieve substantially the same result as the catalyst claimed in the ’332 patent.
(g) The Phillips catalyst using molecular iodine or diiodobutene was not a known equivalent of the ’332 patent at the time of its invention.
Ziegler contests this finding of nonin-fringement, arguing that the Court construed the ’332 patent too narrowly on each point.
Ziegler’s most important contention is that the District Court erred when it found that the ’332 patent is limited to a catalyst for the polymerization of ethylene. Ziegler proposes an “all uses” theory for chemical catalysts. He contends that a patent on a chemical catalyst is a “composition of matter” patent and is infringed under 35 U.S.C.A. § 271 whenever anyone, absent the patentee’s permission, “makes, uses or sells” the claimed composition. This argument is too facile.
First, such an “all uses” theory presupposes that the ’332 patent claims a composition of matter that is reproduced in all material respects in the accused Phillips operation. Yet there was no convincing proof that the chemical components disclosed in the ’332 patent ever combined together in the Phillips process to produce that composition of matter. To the contrary, the expert testimony indicated that the presence of iodine necessitated a complicated series of reactions leading to the polymerization of bu-tadiene, and we cannot conclude, on the record evidence, that the catalyst claimed in the ’332 patent ever existed during the accused Phillips operation.
Second, we hesitate to apply so automatically an “all uses” theory to a chemical catalyst. Although the District Court here found that the ’332 patent claimed a composition of matter, we are not convinced that such a limited view of a chemical catalyst is warranted. As Ziegler quite correctly points out, a chemical catalyst is a special kind of composition. In the chemical art, a catalyst is defined as a substance that affects the rate or course of a given chemical reaction or reactions without becoming a significant part of the reaction product. As Ziegler further points out a catalyst should be analogized to a “tool.” Without it, nothing (or very little) happens when particular chemicals are reacted together. But different reactions require different catalysts. Hence, a catalyst must be defined in terms of the reactions that it catalyzes. In other words, the use of a composition of matter ehemical catalyst is an integral part of the definition of that particular catalyst.
With this analysis, the limited utility of viewing a chemical catalyst as simply a composition of matter becomes apparent. Clearly, a catalyst system such as that described in the ’332 patent has both composition of matter and process characteristics, and to pigeonhole the ’332 patent’s invention as one or the other, exclusively, would be needlessly formalistic and might produce a distorted view of the true patented invention.
Nevertheless, we are not holding as a matter of law that the patentee of a chemical catalyst is protected in his monopoly only so far as he specifically claimed the reactions in which the catalyst finds use. That question is not before us. Rather, our specific task is to construe the ’332 patent in a way that gives effect to the real invention, and nothing more or less. We acknowledge that a patentee should not be charged with foreseeing all of its possible uses. See B. G. Corp. v. Walter Kidde Co., supra. But where the patentee has evidently limited his claims to a particular use or has implicitly not claimed a particular use, then a proper construction of the patent must take such a limitation or exclusion into consideration. In such a case, the “best mode” would be not merely an example, it would be the actual teaching of the patent. See, e. g., Fritz W. Glitsch & Sons v. Wyatt Metal & Boiler Works, supra.
The proper construction of a patent claiming a chemical catalyst system, therefore, looks not only at the components of the system but also at the reaction -or reactions catalyzed and the reaction products. The basic question is whether the accused Phillips operation employs a catalyst system that is substantially equivalent to that disclosed in the ’332 patent. Hence, we must consider, first, the components of each system, second, the particular chemical reactions catalyzed (that is, the particular monomer polymerized), and third, the reaction product (the particular polymer produced). But no one similarity or difference will be determinative.
At this point in our analysis, we feel constrained to point out that no magic formula can be discerned that will lead us inexorably to a finding of infringement or noninfringement. Many possible permutations of the above factors are possible. For example, one might employ the same components to polymerize a different monomer. Or one might employ slightly different components to polymerize the same monomer. Or one might employ slightly different components to polymerize a different monomer to produce a different polymer. Or one might employ slightly different components to polymerize the same monomer to produce a different polymer. In each case, the extent of identity or similarity between the catalyst system disclosed by the ’332 patent and that of the accused catalyst system will guide our determination of infringement or noninfringement.
With this approach, we examine the District Court’s conclusion that the ’332 patent’s catalyst system is not infringed by the accused Phillips operation. After a thorough reading of the briefs, the trial testimony, and the patent itself, we agree with the District Court. First, although the components of the ’332 patent’s catalyst system are employed in the accused operation, this similarity alone is not determinative of the question of infringement. Second, a proper construction of the ’332 patent indicates that it claims only a catalyst system for the polymerization of ethylene. Third, the catalyst system claimed in the ’332 patent was not intended by the patentees to polymerize butadiene into high cis 1,4-polybutadiene. Taking these three conclusions together, we hold that the basic teaching and actual invention of the ’332 patent discloses exclusively a catalyst system for the polymerization of ethylene into polyethylene.
Ziegler argues, first, that the ’332 patent specifically claims an application to polymerization reactions other than the polymerization of ethylene. Second, he argues that, since it is a “pioneer patent” and is therefore entitled to a very broad construction under the doctrine of equivalents, Westinghouse v. Boyden Power Brake Co., supra, the ’332 patent should be construed to claim a catalyst for the polymerization of butadiene.
As to the literal infringement argument, the claims of the ’332 patent nowhere mention the polymerization of butadiene. Ziegler fails completely to make out a claim of literal infringement.
As to his second contention, we conclude that, even given a broad construction, the ’332 patent is limited to a catalyst for the polymerization of ethylene. Not only the patent itself, but the background of the patent, as exposed by record testimony and exhibits, makes it clear that Ziegler had no intention of claiming a catalyst for butadiene to produce the kind of polybutadiene made by Phillips in its accused Borger, Texas, operation.
Although the District Court made no explicit finding that the ’332 patent was a “pioneer patent,” it found that the claimed composition of matter catalyst was “new and useful” and it construed the patent broadly. We follow that approach, giving the ’332 patent the broadest construction possible. In other words, we treat the ’332 patent as a “pioneer” or “generic” patent. Nonetheless, we find untenably broad any construction of the patent that would encompass a catalyst for the polymerization of buta-diene. No intent to claim a catalyst for the polymerization of monomers other than ethylene may be gleaned from the patent as a whole. The ’332 patent is entitled “Polymerization of Ethylene;” its preamble states emphatically and succinctly that “[t]his invention relates to new and useful improvements in the polymerization of ethylene for the production of high molecular polyethy-lenes;” the preamble lists five “Objects of Invention,” all five of which deal only with “ethylene” or “polyethylene;” the description preceding the claims focuses solely upon the polymerization of ethylene; and the Examples without exception are limited to the production of “high molecular polyethylenes” from ethylene.
In addition to the wording of the patent itself, the evidence presented at trial indicates that the ’332 patent was not intended to claim a catalyst that polymerized butadiene into high cis buta-diene.
First, the evidence indicated that the ’332 catalyst performed poorly in polymerizing butadiene. For example, in 1954 one of Ziegler’s co-patentees, Dr. Martin, attempted to use the ’332 catalyst to polymerize butadiene. The experiment was unsuccessful, and Martin noted in his lab journal that “butadiene was poorly polymerized.”
Second, it is apparent that butadiene reacts differently than ethylene. Phillips’ expert, Dr. Reynolds, testified that, unlike ethylene, butadiene is a “conjugated diolefin” that is “very different” in its “chemical reactivity.” Dr. Reynolds further testified that butadiene has “very special properties” and that the “conjugated diolefin concept” plays an important role in the polymerization of butadiene. Even Ziegler’s expert, Dr. Mark, testified that the polmerization of butadiene is complicated and that, depending upon the catalyst and other conditions, butadiene can polymerize to either a resinous substance or a synthetic rubber. Moreover, Ziegler himself pointed out, in a pending patent application relating to the polymerization of propylene, that just because a catalyst polymerizes ethylene does not mean that it will necessarily operate on a higher monomer such as butadiene.
Third, Dr. Reynolds testified that poly-butadiene comes in two basic forms, cis and trans. The chemical distinction between the two forms lies in the positioning of the hydrogen atoms along the chain of carbon atoms. More importantly, each form has very distinct physical characteristics. Trans polybutadiene is a hard, inelastic synthetic rubber, while cis polybutadiene is a soft, highly elastic synthetic rubber. Dr. Reynolds testified that polybutadiene containing less than eighty-five percent eis-type is essentially similar in physical properties to trans-type, but that, once the eighty-five percent level is achieved, the physical properties associated with cis-type polybuta-diene increase dramatically. Thus, even if the ’332 catalyst had been able to polymerize butadiene to some extent, there is no convincing evidence that it would have been able to produce a polybuta-diene containing at least eighty-five percent cis-type. In fact, in a 1961 article for a technical journal, one of Ziegler’s expert witnesses wrote that “[n]o really high ... cis polybutadiene has as yet been made with the aid of Ziegler-type catalysts.”
Thus, on the basis of the patent itself, as construed in the light of its “pioneer” character, and on the basis of its background and development, we affirm the District Court’s determination that the ’332 patent is limited to the polymerization of ethylene and was not intended to encompass the formation of high cis polybutadiene. We affirm the finding of noninfringement as not “clearly erroneous” under Rule 52(a), F.R.Civ.P.
VII. The ’115 Patent
We reverse the District Court’s finding that the ’115 patent was not infringed by Phillips’ Adams Terminal and Monument processes. Although Phillips’ arguments are similar to those made against the claimed infringement of the ’332 patent, we conclude that a correct construction of the patent and a proper application of the doctrine of equivalents requires a finding that the ’115 patent is valid and infringed.
As with the ’332 catalyst, Phillips argues that it does not infringe the T15 patent because (1) its catalyst is different, (2) the starting material on which its catalyst operates is different, and (3) its end product is different. Phillips contends that
1. the accused catalyst itself is different from that of the ’115 patent because it is prepared differently and with different components: it is mixed and reacted in the presence of the monomer rather than out of the presence of the monomer on which it operates, and the addition of aluminum trichloride to the two key “Ziegler catalyst” components differentiates its catalyst from that of the ’115 patent;
2. the ’115 patent is limited to the polymerization of ethylene or ethylene-dominated monomers, so it does not extend to the polymerization of propylene by Phillips; and
3. the ’115 patent is not infringed by the accused Phillips operations because they produce a different end product, not polyethylene or an ethylene-dominated copolymer as claimed in the patent, but rather polypropylene.
Construing the ’115 patent, the District Court found no infringement because :
(a) Phillips does not polymerize ethylene nor does it produce polyethylene or an ethylene-dominated copolymer. Instead, Phillips polymerizes propylene to obtain polypropylene.
(b) The accused catalyst does not “consist essentially” of the two components required by the ’115 patent claims. Rather, the Phillips catalyst is formed from diethylaluminum chloride, and a complex of titanium chloride and aluminum trichloride.
(c) Phillips catalyst is not preformed, as required by the ’115 patent. Instead, its three components are mixed and reacted together in the presence of propylene.
(d) Phillips’ propylene polymerization catalyst does not perform the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same result as the ’115 catalyst. On the contrary, Phillips’ three component catalyst achieves a result materially different from the result obtained with the ’115 patent’s catalyst.
(e) Phillips’ titanium trichloride-alu-minum trichloride complex is not the equivalent of titanium tetrachloride or even titanium trichloride alone.
(f) The use of a complex of titanium trichloride and aluminum trichloride was not a known equivalent of anything disclosed in the ’115 patent at the time of its invention of the ’115 patent.
We have already rejected Ziegler’s “all uses” theory in our analysis of the ’332 patent, and that same theory is equally inapplicable to the ’115 patent. Thus, for Ziegler to establish infringement he must show that the accused Phillips operations either literally infringe the ’115 patent or infringe a proper construction of the patent.
Starting Monomer and Ending Polymer
As to the starting monomer, we think that a proper construction of this “pioneer” patent encompasses the polymerization of propylene.
First, unlike the ’332 patent, the title of the ’115 patent (“Polymerization Catalyst”) does not limit the claimed catalyst to the polymerization of any particular monomer.
Second, the “Objects of Invention” listed in the specification indicate that monomers other than ethylene were within the contemplated scope of the ’115 patent. Particularly, the specification states that an “object of the invention is a polymerization catalyst for lower olefins up to about C5 and particularly ethylene.” This language includes the accused Phillips polypropylene operations because propylene is a “lower olefin” within the class of olefins specified by the quoted language. Propylene is an olefin having the chemical formula CH2 = CH-Cs. Having three carbon atoms, it is referred to as a C8 olefin. Thus, since the “object of invention” language discloses that the ’115 patent encompasses lower olefins up to and including Ce, propylene, being a C2, falls squarely within the range of olefins that the ’115 patent’s catalyst was intended to polymerize.
Third, the language of Example 15 expressly encompasses propylene, speaking of a “dried, oxygen free gaseous mixture of 12 vol. percent propylene and 88 vol. percent ethylene . . . . ”
Fourth, unlike the ’332 patent with respect to butadiene, the historical background of the ’115 patent indicates that the polymerization of propylene with the “Ziegler catalyst” components was well established. For example, at the time the ’115 application was filed, Ziegler already had an. application pending (No. 514,068 filed June, 1955) for a patent on a process using the “Ziegler catalyst” components of the ’332 patent to polymerize propylene. Thus, unlike the ’332 patent, extrinsic circumstances do not indicate an intent to limit the ’115 patent to the polymerization of ethylene.
Fifth, the T15 patent has been understood and accepted by those skilled in this particular area of organic chemistry as covering catalysts polymerizing lower olefins, specifically including propylene. Major United States corporations have paid substantial royalties to Ziegler under the ’115 patent for licenses for the use of these catalysts in processes for polymerizing propylene, processes substantially identical to that of Phillips.
Phillips contends that the predominance of ethylene polymerizations in the ’115 patent’s Examples indicates that the contemplated scope of the patent was limited to a catalyst for ethylene polymerization. We disagree. The Examples are merely illustrative and should not be' construed as limitations on the scope of the claims. See Sterner Lighting, Inc. v. Allied Electrical Supply, Inc., supra; Edward Valves, Inc. v. Cameron Iron Works, Inc., supra. Moreover, nearly all of the references to ethylene in the ’115 patent are preceded by the illustrative language “such as.”
Thus, we conclude that the District Court erred when it construed the ’115 patent as being limited to a catalyst for the polymerization of ethylene or an ethylene-dominated mixture. And since the patent covers a catalyst for the polymerization of propylene, it therefore encompasses an end product of polypropylene.
The Catalysts
The final factor to be considered is that of the catalysts and their components. Phillips seeks to differentiate its catalyst on four points, none of which is persuasive.
First, Phillips argues that its catalyst has three components, while the ’115 patent is limited to a two component catalyst. The thrust of Phillips’ argument is that the “essentially consisting of” language constitutes a file wrapper estop-pel limiting Ziegler to a catalyst of two components. , ,
The basic theory underlying the doctrine of file wrapper estoppel is that a patentee cannot recapture through the doctrine of equivalents those claims that he has surrendered, amended, narrowed, or otherwise limited in response to the objections of the Patent Office. Graham v. John Deere Co. of Kansas City, supra; Williams Bit and Tool Co. v. Christensen Diamond Products Co., supra; Dry Hand Mop Co. v. Squeez-Ezy Mop Co., supra. Here, the critical language “.essentially consisting of” was inserted in the ’115 patent’s claims to overcome the Examiner’s objection that the original claims were “too broad and based on insufficient disclosure.” But Phillips failed to show anything in the file wrapper that indicated that third components were being excluded by this language. Nowhere was it necessary to amend or to restrict the claims to exclude a third component, nor did the Examiner (or Phillips) cite any prior art to show a third component that had to be avoided by excluding it from the claim.
Ziegler argues that the “essentially consisting of” language was inserted to define more accurately and precisely the claimed catalyst as one in which the recited components, the diethyl aluminum chloride and the titanium salt, were essential elements. This revision, according to Ziegler, was necessary to avoid claiming language that would be broad enough to encompass a catalyst system in which these components might incidentally be present and yet not be essential constituents of a polymerization catalyst system.
Significantly, in its Findings of Fact, the District Court simply repeated the wording of the ’115 claims and rejected Phillips’ proposed language that the “essentially consisting of” phrase constituted “a compelled limitation on the claims, the effect of which was to exclude components not recited therein and which make a material difference in the catalyst formed.”
We agree with Ziegler that Phillips’ contention stretches both the doctrine of file wrapper estoppel and the quoted language beyond reasonableness. In the absence of any evidence that a third component was being excluded by the “essentially consisting of” language, we cannot read those words as meaning “consisting solely of” or “consisting exclusively of.” Rather, the most logical and persuasive construction of the phrase would be to read it as limiting the ’115 catalyst to one in which both elements are necessarily present.
Second, Phillips contends that its catalyst is different because it has different components. This argument has two prongs. Phillips’ first point is that its use of titanium trichloride takes it out of the wording of the ’115 claims, both because the ’115 claims do not encqmpass titanium trichloride and because the ’115 claims are limited to titanium tetrachloride. Phillips’ second point is that the addition of aluminum trichloride to its catalyst system so changes the catalyst that it is no longer the equivalent of the ’115 catalyst. This argument must fall on both points.
As to the first point, the ’115 claims unquestionably include titanium trichloride. The precise wording of claims 1 and 2 of the ’115 patent requires a “heavy metal compound from the group consisting of salts ... of metals of groups IV-B, V-B, and VI-B of the periodic system . . . . ” Titanium is a group IV-B heavy metal, and both titanium tetrachloride and titanium trichloride are titanium salts. The evidence showed conclusively that this particular form of the titanium salt, the trichloride, has found favor as the heavy metal salt component in Ziegler catalysts and is widely marketed for this purpose. A brochure of the Stauffer Chemical Company states:
“Titanium Trichloride is an important co-catalyst used with Aluminum Al-kyls, in the polymerization of olefins. Titanium Trichloride and an Alumi-nium Alkyl is the Ziegler-Natta catalyst system. The Specialty Chemical Division, Stauffer Chemical Company, produces catalytic grade Titanium Trichloride and other catalysts used in the polymerization of olefins.”
It is apparent that titanium trichloride is a titanium salt within the meaning of that term as used in the ’115 patent.
Additionally, a reading of the patent does not indicate that titanium tetrachloride was the sole titanium salt intended to be used in the ’115 patent’s catalyst. Although titanium tetrachloride is the only titanium salt specifically mentioned, the general references in claims 1 and 2 to “salts” indicate that the ’115 patent is not to be so limited. Titanium tetrachloride is mentioned in only three of the eighteen claims, and in only eight of the Examples. Other ’115 Examples employ such varied salts as zirconium tetrachloride, anhydrous ferric chloride, anhydrous ferrous chloride, anhydrous nicklous chloride, anhydrous manganous chloride, and anhydrous aluminum chloride. Moreover, the specification states that “the term ‘salt’ or ‘salts’ designating a compound having a heavy metal of the IV-B, V-B and VI-B groups of the periodic system . is employed in its broadest sense, i. e., to connote the reaction product between a base and an acid . . . . ” Hence, Phillips’ citation of Application of Ziegler, 390 F.2d 762 (3 Cir. 1968), for the proposition that titanium trichloride is not necessarily in all respects the chemical equivalent of titanium tetrachloride is not on point. Because a proper construction of the ’115 patent indicates that the patent embraces titanium trichloride, we need not reach this question of equivalency.
As to the second point the effect of adding the third component aluminum trichloride, we do not view this variation as a change of such major import as to avoid the doctrine of equivalents. Rather, the “essence” of the ’115 patent’s catalyst pervades the Phillips operation, and the function of the doctrine of equivalents is to protect the patentee from those infringers who, without literally infringing, nonetheless appropriate the substance of the patentee’s invention. Graver, supra; Chemical Cleaning, Inc. v. Dow Chemical Co., 379 F.2d 294 (5th Cir. 1967), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 1040, 88 S.Ct. 777, 19 L.Ed.2d 829 (1968).
Defendant’s evidence showed only that the Phillips catalyst was a more active catalyst, producing approximately 50 percent more polymer, and that it produced fewer undesirable by-products. At no time did anyone ever testify that the addition of the aluminum trichloride altered the fundamental polymerization action of the Ziegler components. Rather, the thrust of the testimony was directed to how much better the Phillips catalyst worked. Indeed, the record testimony, uncontradicted by Phillips’ expert witnesses, was that no polymerization would occur unless both Ziegler components were present. In view of this evidence and testimony, we think that the District Court mistakenly viewed the Phillips catalyst as not performing the same function in substantially the same way. The testimony is clear that the Phillips catalyst performs the same function (polymerization of propylene) in the same way (with a catalyst relying essentially on the Ziegler combination) but in a better fashion (more polymer and less undesirable by-products). This catalyst, though, does not avoid infringement. Without doubt, Phillips’ catalyst is an improvement, but an improver does not escape infringing the dominant patent just by improving it. Temco Electric Motor Co. v. Apeo Mfg. Co., supra; Williams Bit & Tool Co. v. Christensen Diamond Products Co., supra. Here, the evidence is clear that Phillips is an infringing improver.
Third, Phillips argues that its catalyst is different because it is mixed and reacted in the presence of the monomer that it polymerizes. Phillips contends that the '115 patent discloses only a catalyst that is mixed and reacted beforehand, out of the presence of the monomer on which it operates. After reviewing carefully the testimony of Phillips’ expert witnesses and the claims and specification of the ’115’patent, we must disagree. Remembering that the ’115 patent is entitled to a broad construction as a “pioneer” patent, we must also remember the rule that a patent is not to be limited to the preferred embodiments shown in the specification. See Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co., supra. The claims here contain no specific limitation requiring preforming, and the Examples do not exclude the alternative method of combining the Ziegler catalyst components in the presence of the monomer to be polymerized. Thus, we need not hold that pre-forming and post-forming are equivalent, because we hold that the ’115 patent compels neither and permits both.
Fourth, Phillips contends that Ziegler is precluded by the file wrapper estoppel doctrine from asserting claims 2, 15, and 16 against the polypropylene operation. These claims state that the catalyst is formed by mixing the aluminum compound with the heavy metal compound “in an inert organic solvent with at least one of said aluminum compounds and said heavy metal compounds in solution in said solvent.” The original claim said merely “solvent,” but the Examiner objected to that term as too broad, pointing out that all of the solvents disclosed in the claims were inert solvents. This contention is meritless. The evidence before the District Court indicated that, before being put into the reactor, both the titanium salt and the diethyl aluminum chloride are dissolved in the inert organic solvent pentane.
In summary, although Ziegler is not entitled to “all uses” of the polymerization catalyst claimed in the ’115 patent, a proper construction of the patent indicates that it claims a catalyst for the polymerization of propylene, and the catalysts themselves are substantially equivalent in all essential respects. Hence, we hold that the Phillips Adams Terminal and Monument processes infringe the ’115 patent. This cause must be remanded for further proceedings consistent with that holding.
VIII. Validity
We affirm the District Court’s finding that both the ’332 and ’115 patents are valid. Phillips’ basic argument as to. invalidity is that, given Ziegler’s “all uses” construction, both patents would be invalid for lack of disclosure. See Foster Cathead Co. v. Hasha, supra. Because we reject the “all uses” theory as applied to these patents for chemical catalysts, Phillips’ argument is inapposite. Moreover, it does not apply to our construction of the ’115 patent, because we hold that the catalyst employed in the infringing Phillips polypropylene operations is substantially equivalent to the catalyst disclosed in the ’115 patent.
Additionally we conclude that as construed, the ’115 patent is not invalid as anticipated by the prior art.
Costs of the appeal are to be taxed equally, each party paying one-half. We affirm the District Court’s allocation of costs.
Affirmed in part and reversed and remanded in part.
The most basic organic chemicals, formed solely from the elements carbon and hydrogen, are referred to as hydrocarbons. Methane, the smallest hydrocarbon molecule, consists of one carbon atom joined with four atoms of hydrogen. The chemist’s formula for methane is CH and is diagrammed:
4 H
H-C-H
H
Ethane, the next lowest hydrocarbon molecule, consists of two carbon atoms joined with six hydrogen atoms. Ethane is formulated as CH - CH and is diagrammed:
3 3 HH
I I
H-C-C-H
HH
Three carbon atoms may join together with eight hydrogen atoms to form the hydrocarbon propane. Propane is formulated as CH - CH - CH and is diagrammed:
3 2 3 HHH
I I I
H-C-C-C-H
HHH
Similarly, four carbon atoms may join together with ten hydrogen atoms to form the hydrocarbon butane, formulated as CH - CH - CH - CH and diagrammed:
3 2 2 3
HHH H
H-C-C-C-C-H
I II I
HHHH
Instead of joining together with the single bond illustrated above, it is also possible for carbon atoms to join one another with a double connecting bond. Among these hydrocarbons are:
CA7502]
H H
ethylene C=C, also written CH =CH ; II 22
H H
H HH
I I I propylene C=C-C-H, also written CH =CH-CH ; and II 9
H H
H HH H
I I I I
butadiene C=C-C=C, also written CH =CH-CH=CH .
II
H H
The double bond (=) connecting the adjacent carbon atoms is referred to by chemists synonomously as an olefinic bond or an unsaturated bond. Where this bond occurs between the first and second carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon .chain, the hydrocarbon is called an alpha olefin. The characteristic CH = CH - group of these alpha olefins is also synonomously referred to as the ethylenically unsaturated group or vinyl group. Ethylene, propylene, and butadiene are all olefins.
CA7503]
THE ’332 PATENT CLAIMS
I. Polymerization catalyst comprising the product formed by mixing an effective amount of an aluminum trialkyl with a compound of a metal selected from the group consisting of salts, freshly precipitated oxides and hydroxides of metals of Groups IV-B, V-B and VI-B of the Periodic System, including thorium and uranium.
2. Catalyst according to claim 1, containing an excess of said aluminum trialkyl.
3. Catalyst according to claim 1, formed by mixing 2n - 3n mols of said aluminum trialkyl with each mol of said metal compound, n representing the valence of said group members.
4. Catalyst according to claim 1, in which said metal compound is an acetyl acetonate. [Not in suit here]
5. Catalyst according to claim 4, formed by mixing 2 mols of said aluminum trialkyl per mol of said metal compound.
6. Catalyst according to claim 1, in which said metal compound is a chloride.
.7. Catalyst according to claim 1, in which said metal compound is an oxychloride. [Not in suit here]
8. Catalyst according to claim 1, in which said metal compound is titanium tetrachloride.
9. Catalyst according to claim 1, in which said metal compound is zirconium acetyl acetonate. [Not in suit here]
10. Catalyst according to claim 1, in which said metal compound is thorium acetyl acetonate. [Not in suit here]
II. Catalyst according to claim 1, in which said metal compound is uranium tetrachloride. [Not in suit here]
12. Catalyst according to claim 1, in which said aluminum trialkyl is aluminum triethyl.
13. Catalyst according to claim 12, in which said metal compound is a chloride.
14. Catalyst according to claim 13, in which said chloride is a titanium chloride.
THE ’ll5 PATENT CLAIMS
1. Polymerization catalyst essentially consisting of an aluminum compound having the general formula RR’AIX, in which R is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl radicals and aryl radicals, R’ is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl radicals and aryl radicals, and in which X is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen atoms, alkoxy radicals, aryloxy radicals, secondary amino radicals of the formula
R”
—N
R’ ”
in which R ’ ’ and R ’ ’ ’ are hydrocarbon radicals, secondary acid amide radicals of the formula
COR”
—N
R’”
in which R ’ ’ and R ” ’ are as given above, mercapto radicals, and radicals of carboxylic acids of the formula
O
II
-O-C-R ’ ’
in which R ’ ’ is as given above, with a heavy metal compound selected from the group consisting of salts, freshly precipitated oxides and hydroxides of metals of groups IV-B, V-B, and VI-B of the periodic system, including thorium and uranium, metals of group VIII of the periodic system and manganese.
2. Polymerization catalyst, essentially consisting of the product formed by mixing an aluminum compound having the general formula RR’AIX, in which R is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl radicals and aryl radicals, R’ is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl radicals and aryl radicals, and in which
CA75043
X is a member selected from the group consisting of nydrogen, halogen atoms, alkoxy radicals, aryloxy radicals, secondary amino radicals of the formula
R”
—N
R” ’
in which R ’ ’ and R ’ ’ ’ are hydrocarbon radicals, secondary acid amide radicals of the formula
COR”
—-N
R’ ”
in which R ’ ’ and R ” ’ are as given above, mercapto radicals, and radicals of carboxylic acids of the formula
O
II
-O-C-R ’ ’
in which R’ is as given above, with a heavy metal compound selected from the group consisting of salts and the freshly precipitated oxides and hydroxides of metals of groups IV-B, V-B, and VI-B of the periodic system, including thorium and uranium, metals of group VIII of the periodic system and manganese, in an inert organic solvent with at least one of said aluminum compounds and said heavy metal compounds in solution in said solvent.
3. Catalyst according to claim 1, in which said aluminum compound is a dihydrocarbon aluminum halide.
4. Catalyst according to claim 1 in which said aluminum compound is a dialkyl aluminum monohalide and in which said heavy metal compound is a compound of a metal from group IV-B of the periodic system.
9. Catalyst according to claim 1 in which said heavy metal compound is a compound of a metal from group IV-B of the periodic system.
15. Catalyst according to claim 2 in which said aluminum compound is a dihydrocarbon monohalide and in which said heavy metal compound is a heavy metal salt.
16. Catalyst according to claim 15 in which said salt is titanium tetrachloride.
17. Catalyst according to claim 1 in which said aluminum compound is dialkyl aluminum monohalides and in which said heavy metal compound is titanium tetrachloride.
18. A catalyst consisting essentially of a mixture of a dialkyl aluminum halide and titanium tetrachloride.
CA75053
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CASELAW
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* 1928) File talk:פסטיבל כדורים פורחים בלוגראס בלילה.jpg
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-- Fed’s Dudley Sees Risk Derivatives Regulators Fall Short
Federal Reserve Bank of New York
President William C. Dudley said the pace of improving oversight
of over-the-counter derivatives is too slow and regulators may
not “go far enough” in curbing risk in the financial system. “There are significant risks that we will fall short in
this arena relative to what we are likely to achieve
elsewhere,” Dudley said today in remarks in Paris. Several nations including the U.S. are trying to align and
strengthen rules for the $633 trillion market for swaps and
other over-the-counter derivatives. The financial instruments
became a target for tougher oversight after the 2008 collapse of
Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. and the rescue of American
International Group Inc. (AIG) , two of the largest traders in credit-default swaps. Plans for international cooperation include boosting the
use of clearinghouses, pushing activity onto regulated markets
and requiring banks to put up more collateral. “What matters is not the standardization of OTC
derivatives, central clearing or the use of the trade
repositories per se, but instead the results that flow from
these efforts,” Dudley said. “These institutions are just
devices to achieve an end -- less risk, more robustness and
greater transparency.” Dudley, who didn’t comment on the outlook for monetary
policy or the economy, said he’s concerned regulators aren’t
“yet close to a harmonized, robust OTCD system” as the pace of
additional oversight has been too slow. ‘More Progess’ “It seems to me that we have made much more progress in
strengthening individual institutions through higher bank
capital and liquidity requirements than we have made in reducing
risk in the OTCD space,” Dudley said. “Some of this is inevitable because OTCD reform is
harder” and “requires the creation of new institutions to
clear such trades or to house the trade information,” Dudley
said. Increased regulation of OTC derivatives should reduce the
risk of funding runs and make the markets “more resilient” and
less prone to being “a source of contagion in stressed
environments,” he said. The New York Fed chief said he’s concerned that trades
“may not be standardized to the fullest degree possible” and
that regulators should “be prepared to push harder for further
standardization.” Regulators must also “push against” the
“race to the bottom” of central counterparties seeking to
maximize profits at the expense of compliance with best
practices, he said. Dudley called for global cooperation and “continued
efforts across all stakeholders” to achieve regulators’ goals. “Authorities must continue to coordinate their oversight
of global infrastructures,” he said. One of the reasons
progress is difficult is because it “requires national
legislation to be flexible enough so that it can work coherently
on a global basis.” To contact the reporter on this story:
Caroline Salas Gage in New York at
csalas1@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Chris Wellisz at
cwellisz@bloomberg.net
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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T. E. Ellis
Thomas Edward Ellis (16 February 1859 – 5 April 1899), often known as T. E. Ellis or Tom Ellis, was a Welsh politician who was the leader of Cymru Fydd, a movement aimed at gaining home rule for Wales. Ellis was, for a time, the most prominent of a generation of Liberal politicians who emerged in Wales after 1886, who placed greater emphasis than the previous generation to a Welsh dimension to their politics. His early death in 1899 aged 40 added to the aura that surrounded his name.
Early life
T. E. Ellis was born at Cefnddwysarn near Bala, the son of a tenant farmer, and was brought up among folk memories of the political evictions in Merioneth following the 1859 and 1868 General Elections. Having attended Bala Grammar School, where his fellow pupils included Owen Morgan Edwards, he progressed to the University of Wales, Aberystwyth (then Aberystwyth college) from 1875 to 1879, then went to New College, Oxford, graduating in history in 1884.
On leaving Oxford, Ellis briefly went into journalism and also acted as a private tutor to the son of a South Wales shipping magnate. He then became private secretary to Liberal Party MP, John Brunner. This took him to London and drew him closer to political life. In 1892, he was one of the founder members of the Aberystwyth Old Students' Association and was President from 1892 to 1898.
Parliamentary career
In 1886, he was selected as the Liberal Party candidate for the Merionethshire constituency, and was elected the same year at the general election.
Ellis quickly became prominent as a spokesman for Welsh concerns, and in a speech in Bala in 1890 called for a legislative assembly for Wales. He became the leader of the Cymru Fydd movement which sought to gain home rule for Wales, cooperating closely with David Lloyd George, and also played a prominent part in the campaign for Welsh disestablishment. In 1892 when Gladstone formed a new administration, Ellis accepted the post of the second whip, which meant that he had to withdraw from the movement, whose leadership was taken over by Lloyd George and Herbert Lewis (MP for Flint Boroughs). In 1894 Ellis was appointed Chief Whip.
Ellis also published the first volume of the collected works of the 17th century Welsh Puritan writer Morgan Llwyd, a work completed after his death by his brother in law, J. H. Davies. He died in Cannes in February 1899. His son, the academic Thomas Iorwerth Ellis, wrote a two-volume biography of him, the volumes being published in 1944 and 1948 respectively.
Ellis was a proponent of Pan-Celticism, stating "We must work for bringing together Celtic reformers and Celtic peoples. The interests of Irishmen, Welshmen and [Scottish] Crofters are almost identical. Their past history is very similar, their present oppressors are the same and their immediate wants are the same.
Personal life
Ellis married Annie Jane, daughter of Robert J. Davies and sister of John Humphreys Davies. They had one son, his biographer Thomas Iorwerth Ellis, who was born posthumously in December 1899.
Assessment
Tom Ellis, according to Kenneth O. Morgan, was a "nationalist of a complex kind". On the one hand, he was deeply rooted in the Methodist tradition, with a love of Welsh poetry and literature. He regarded himself as a follower of Mazzini, and his support for Cymru Fydd made him a prominent advocate of Home Rule. In contrast, he became an admirer of Cecil Rhodes, whom he had met in Cape Colony and his acceptance of government office attracted criticism from some of his erstwhile supporters.
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Page:Federal Reporter, 1st Series, Volume 3.djvu/837
S30 FSDEBAIi BEFOBTEB. �think it is a Sound proposition of law that, wLenever there ■would be liability if the fraud had been practiced by directors thernselves upon the eomplainant, there is like liability if thera bas been that gross negligence on the part of directors which bas permitted the fraud to be practioed by officersunder their control. And unless we treat gross negligence, allowing fraud by such oiEcers, as the equivalent of fraud committed in per- son, the proposition of counsel for defence, that directors are not personally liable for acts short of fraud and of ultra vires, is not sound. With this qualification, however, I am willing to admit the soundness of the principle. �It may as well be noted here, however, that the bill in this suit charges that there were repeated declarations and pay- ments of dividends out of capital stock, which is prohibited by sections 32 and 33 of chapter 57 of the Code of Virginia, and is, therefore, vitra vires. Not unmindful of this feature of the bill, I shall in general treat it as a bill based upon charges of gross negligence. It is hardly necessary to pre- mise that if the bill charges gross negligence, equivalent to fraud in its results to the bank, and if the authorities to be cited show that directors are, in their relation to depositors, creditors, and stockholders, trustees of the capital and funds with which they are entrusted, then, even though it could be shown that directors are liable to be sued at law, yet that fact does not oust equity of the jurisdiction which it bas by virtue of its original jurisdiction of trusts and frauds j the remedy at law, where it exists, being cumulative and not exclusive. �Another case relied upon by counsel for the defence is that of Overend, Gurney & Co. v. Oumey, e Ch. App. Cases, L. E. 701. But that was a case in which the director defendant was charged, not with fraud, not with embezzlement, not with wilful misconduct or breach of trust, for his own advan- tage, at the company's expanse; not with acts ultra vires, nor even with gross negligence, whereby fraud and misconduct were permitted in of&cers or co-directors ; but the complaint there was, as the lord chancellor himself said, merely of "want of wisdom and want of ]udgment,"and the bill sought "solely on that ground" to fix the defendant director with liability for ����
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Dushman (TV series)
Dushman is a 2022 Pakistani drama television series first broadcast on PTV Home as a part of night primetime programming. It is written by Ali Moeen, directed by Abdullah Badini, and produced by Zeeshan Ahmed under banner Mont Blanc Entertainment. The series has an ensemble cast of Nadia Afgan, Saman Ansari, Feroza Muhammad, Nayyar Ejaz, Hassan Niazi, Sabeeka Imam, Ayub Khoso and Naila Jaffri in her last on-screen appearance.
Plot
There is a generation of adversey between the states of Rajkot and Malikgar. In this bloodshed game, all the male heirs have been murdered and then the feuding matriarchs fight for revenge. Waris and Sassi, the children of these matriarchs fall for each other and marry secretly. However, when Mai Lali of Rajkot comes to know about this, he murders Waris. Waris's pregnant wife and Mai's daughter, Sassi seeks shelter with the Maliks as she wants to hand over her unborn to Waris' family. Enraged by her brother's murder, Sohni returns from abroad and sets a trap for the last heir of the enemies, Mai Laali's son Zain.
Cast
* Nadia Afgan as Malkani Bibi
* Saman Ansari as Mai Laali
* Naila Jaffri as Durri
* Sabeeka Imam as Sassi
* Hassan Niazi as Waris
* Nayyar Ejaz as Ranjha
* Ayub Khoso as Billa "Munshi"
* Mohsin Gillani as Malhar
* Hadi Bin Arshad as Zain
* Feroza Mohammad as Sohni
Production
The project was first announced by Afgan in an interview where she revealed that one of her upcoming series is titled Dushman which is directed by Abdullah Badini and written by Ali Moeen, and she will play the role of Malkani Bibi, a powerful Saraiki head of the clan. The role was earlier offered to Shagufta Ijaz and Sania Saeed, who both rejected it. The principal photography started in Bahawalpur in 2020. In a conservation with DAWN Images, Afgan told that the series is developed by Fawad Chaudhry, who worked hard for the PTV's revival. An accident on the set led to the death of the series' cinematographeemr Sarfaraz Ahmed. It marked actress Naila Jaffri's last on-screen appearance before her death due to Ovarian cancer in July 2021. According to Mohammad, the series took 3 years to complete.
Reception
The acting performances of the actors was especially praised by the critics. Youlin Magazine praised the Moeen's writing and performances of the actors, except of Ansari. The reviewer criticised her nasal voice and her badly delivered dialogues.
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Charles Buchel
Charles Buchel (Karl August Büchel) (1872–1950) was a British artist.
Buchel was born in Mainz, Germany, but immigrated to England as a child. Buchel studied art at the Royal Academy Schools. He was hired by the actor-manager, Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree in 1898, and worked with him for sixteen years.
Buchel painted several portraits of Tree, and also designed theatrical programmes and advertising posters for the theatre. He drew many illustrations for the theatre magazines of his day. Buchel is best remembered for having painted many of the stage stars of his era, including Lily Langtry, Henry Irving and George Alexander.
Buchel was married in 1897 to Janet Buyers. Their son, Philip Stuart Buchel, was born in 1906.
While the exact date is unknown, Charles Buchel died in 1950 at 78 years old. His life work can be found in the National Portrait Gallery, as well as the Victoria and Albert Museum.
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WIKI
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Insight
is our reward
Publications in Homology-Directed Repair by NOMIS researchers
NOMIS Researcher(s)
Published in
August 12, 2024
CRISPR–Cas9-mediated homology-directed repair (HDR) can introduce desired mutations at targeted genomic sites, but achieving high efficiencies is a major hurdle in many cell types, including cells deficient in DNA repair activity. In this study, we used genome-wide screening in Fanconi anemia patient lymphoblastic cell lines to uncover suppressors of CRISPR–Cas9-mediated HDR. We found that a single exonuclease, TREX1, reduces HDR efficiency when the repair template is a single-stranded or linearized double-stranded DNA. TREX1 expression serves as a biomarker for CRISPR–Cas9-mediated HDR in that the high TREX1 expression present in many different cell types (such as U2OS, Jurkat, MDA-MB-231 and primary T cells as well as hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells) predicts poor HDR. Here we demonstrate rescue of HDR efficiency (ranging from two-fold to eight-fold improvement) either by TREX1 knockout or by the use of single-stranded DNA templates chemically protected from TREX1 activity. Our data explain why some cell types are easier to edit than others and indicate routes for increasing CRISPR–Cas9-mediated HDR in TREX1-expressing contexts.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Bortles, Jaguars knock off Colts in London
EditorsNote: Adds London in second graph Bortles, Jaguars knock off Colts in London With their coach on the hot seat after an 0-3 start, the Jacksonville Jaguars were in danger of squandering a fourth-quarter lead for the second straight week. But quarterback Blake Bortles still felt in command. Bortles threw two touchdown passes and rushed for another, and Jacksonville’s defense turned away Andrew Luck’s fourth-quarter comeback in a 30-27 win over the Indianapolis Colts on Sunday at Wembley Stadium in London. Jacksonville (1-3) led 23-6 heading into the fourth quarter but struggled to put away Luck and the Colts (1-3). Luck threw two touchdown passes in the fourth quarter, including a 64-yard bomb to Phillip Dorsett that cut Jacksonville’s lead to 30-27 with three minutes to play. After a Jacksonville three-and-out, Luck drove the Colts near midfield with less than two minutes to play, but Jacksonville defensive back Josh Johnson broke a fourth-down pass with a diving effort to end Indianapolis’ rally. “Too little, too late,” Colts coach Chuck Pagano said after the game. “You can’t spot a team 17 points, 20 points, and expect to come back and win those type of games.” It’s the Jaguars’ first win of the season and their second straight over AFC South-rival Indianapolis. And it couldn’t have come at a better time for Jacksonville coach Gus Bradley, who was under pressure after a bad start to a season with elevated expectations for the Jaguars. They couldn’t hold a fourth-quarter lead in a home loss to the Baltimore Ravens last week, but were able to do this week. Bortles said the win was particularly big with the pressure on Bradley. “We’re excited about it. We’ll celebrate it,” Bortles said. “And it feels good to go a week through a preparation, come over here, to handle some different things, with a long flight and to handle some adversity.” Bortles finished 19 of 33 for 207 yards with touchdown passes to Allen Hurns and Allen Robinson. Like Bradley, Pagano’s job is also under scrutiny. After reaching the AFC Championship Game two years ago, the Colts missed the playoffs last season and have not looked like a contender in this year’s 1-3 start. “Too many penalties, too many missed opportunities, too many dropped balls,” Pagano said. “We didn’t tackle well. They ran the ball well. We didn’t do our job on the defensive side when it had to be done.” Indianapolis running back Frank Gore scored on a 3-yard plunge early in the fourth quarter to trim the Jacksonville lead to 23-13. Gore’s touchdown capped a nine-play, 73-yard drive that gave the Colts life. Using a no-huddle, up-tempo attack, Luck drove Indianapolis deep into Jacksonville territory on its next possession. The Colts capitalized on a pass interference call on Jaguars defensive back Davon House, and Luck capped the drive with a short touchdown pass to T.Y. Hilton to bring Indianapolis within three, 23-20, with seven minutes to play. The Jaguars answered quickly, though, with Bortles connecting with Hurns on a short out rout that turned into a big play. Hurns cut back across the field and raced away from the Colts defense for a 42-yard touchdown, his first of the season. “We felt in control of the game and felt that we had an opportunity to end it,” Bortles said. Luck, who was sacked six times, completed 27 of 42 passes for 234 yards with two touchdowns and an interception. “Probably everybody feels like they played better in that second half,” Luck said. “But again it’s not enough.” A crowd of 83,764 sang and cheered at America’s brand of football, which continues to grow in popularity in England. The NFL has been considering moving a franchise to London and has pinpointed 2022 as a potential timeframe. Jacksonville is frequently mentioned as a candidate to relocate to London. Sunday’s game marked the fourth straight season the Jaguars have hosted a game at Wembley Stadium. Jacksonville has agreed to play at least one home game in London through 2022. Bortles said the pro-Jaguars crowd made it feel like a true home game. He celebrated his touchdown run by attempting to punt the ball into the stands. “I heard it didn’t even make it into the stands,” Bortles said. “I was trying to give someone from London an American football. If anything, it was an embarrassment to soccer, because it wasn’t a very good kick.” Jacksonville held the Colts to 47 passing yards and sacked Luck three times in the first half. Yannick Ngakoue picked off Luck on a deflection and returned it to the Indianapolis 24 to set up the Jaguars touchdown. Bortles found Robinson on a 3-yard slant to give Jacksonville a 7-0 lead early in the first quarter. Bortles added to the lead with a short touchdown run off a read-option, and Jason Myers hit a short field to close out the second quarter to send the Jaguars into halftime with a 17-6 advantage. Indianapolis kicker Adam Vinatieri booted a pair of field goals in the first half and has made 33 straight kicks, the longest active streak in the NFL. NOTES: The NFL has been playing games at Wembley Stadium in London since 2007. The Washington Redskins will play the Cincinnati Bengals on Oct. 30 at Wembley Stadium. ... Jacksonville TE Julius Thomas was inactive with an elbow injury. ... Indianapolis CB Antonio Cromartie left the game late in the first half with a shoulder injury. ... Jacksonville LG Luke Joeckel left the game in the first half with a knee injury and did not return.
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By Alan Burdick
June 09, 2009
Advertisement
At last, you've made it: You're meditating on a forest log; you're plopped on a deck chair in the Adirondacks, overlooking the lake; you're kicking back by the barbecue. Just you, the sun, the breeze—and 5 billion years of microbial evolution. With the American back yard and playground expanding to include areas once considered rural, the odds are increasing that your time outdoors will bring you into contact with some form of wildlife—beavers, raccoons, deer—and the microscopic pathogens they carry.
Beyond the range of urban water-treatment systems lurks Giardia lamblia, the one-celled wonder responsible for giardiasis. Giardia is an intestinal parasite that sets up shop in various forest animals and enters the water supply through their feces. You drink the water, you get the parasite. Two decades ago, giardiasis was relatively rare in the States; now it's one of our most common waterborne diseases, carried to remote lakes and mountain streams by beavers, muskrats, and, the biggest culprit, campers who don't properly bury their fecal waste.
Once it's in your small intestine, Giardia lamblia gets things moving: cramps, flatulence, and diarrhea are common symptoms. For a parasite transmitted through excreta, this cycle works out nicely; for you, it's not so good. Symptoms usually persist for a week or two, confining your outdoor vacation to within racing distance of a rest room. Drugs are readily available, but American doctors don't always think to test for giardiasis—be sure to inform yours of your travels.
Far more fearsome than giardiasis, although statistically a smaller threat, is rabies, which in recent years has seen a resurgence in the Northeast and Midwest. There are several strains of rabies, each linked mainly (but not exclusively) to a particular species and region of the country. In the western and central United States, the virus is most commonly spread by skunks; in western Texas and Arizona, by gray foxes. East Coast health officials have been closely monitoring a recent outbreak of raccoon rabies. In 1977, a handful of rabid raccoons found their way from Florida into West Virginia—released there, it seems, by unsuspecting hunters keen on expanding the range of their quarry. Rabid raccoons then began appearing farther north: in New York in 1990; Rhode Island, Vermont, and Maine in 1994. Raccoon rabies had reached Ohio by 1997; it's expected to continue spreading westward.
The rabies virus is transmitted through an animal's saliva, usually via bites, and is brutally efficient: once in the central nervous system, it makes its way to the brain cells, which soon deteriorate. Victims become paralyzed, have difficulty swallowing, and sometimes even foam at the mouth like the affected animals. Treatment involves a monthlong series of immunizations—but by the time symptoms appear, in anywhere from 10 days to a year or more, an excruciating death is unavoidable.
Fortunately, the number of people who die of rabies in the United States is extremely small. As Charles Trimarchi, director of the rabies lab at the New York State Department of Health, points out, "the only people to get rabies are those who don't know they've been exposed." For instance, bats don't usually carry rabies, certainly far less frequently than raccoons and skunks do, but their bite can go undetected—bat bites are small—especially if you're asleep when they dig in. Indeed, of the 22 rabies-related fatalities this decade, 20 were thought to have been caused by bat bites. If you wake up with a bat in your room, Trimarchi says, or if you find one in a room where a child has been sleeping, it's worth capturing the animal and having it tested. Don't touch the bat yourself: put on some leather gloves, wait until it lands, then approach it slowly and place a box or coffee can over it. Slide a piece of cardboard underneath to trap the bat, tape the sides together, then hand the whole package over to the health authorities.
May, June, and July are prime months for encountering other unpleasant critters, notably ticks of the genus Ixodes, which are responsible for transmitting the spirochete (a corkscrew-shaped bacterium) that causes Lyme disease. Ever since Lyme disease was first recognized in the United States in 1975, as a mysterious outbreak of arthritis near Lyme, Connecticut, it has been the subject of news reports and scientific studies. Since then it has expanded its range considerably, encompassing the Northeast from Massachusetts to Maryland, the north-central states, especially Wisconsin and Minnesota, and the West Coast, particularly northern California.
Lyme ticks are an opportunistic bunch: they hang out on the tips of shrubs and grass blades, waiting for a mammal—a deer, a dog, you—to brush past. Their bloodsucking life cycle takes them from small animals, typically mice, to big ones, usually deer. With deer populations at an all-time high, the odds of the casual hiker or weekend-home owner coming across a Lyme tick are considerable.
Last December, after extensive testing, the Food & Drug Administration approved and licensed the first vaccine for Lyme disease. Although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention doesn't recommend the vaccine for people at low risk, it does encourage those living in affected counties who frequently venture into tick-infested territory to "consider using it." Three injections are required: two in the winter months (before tick season) and the third a year later. Dr. David Dennis, a CDC researcher who helped develop the vaccine, notes that it's safe but doesn't always work. Studies found it 50 percent effective after the first two injections and about 80 percent effective after three. Whether later booster shots are required is still unknown. The bottom line?"We strongly recommend that people continue personal protective measures against tick bites," Dennis says. "You shouldn't be complacent about tick exposures."
• Keeping Giardiasis at Bay
• Never drink directly from a lake or stream; boil the water for one minute. (This will kill other lurking pathogens, too.) Three minutes is recommended at high altitudes.
• Add iodine tablets to purify lake or stream water. (They're sold in most sportinggoods stores.) After a half-hour, the water is safe to drink though rather unpalatable. (If the temperature of the stream water is below 75 degrees Fahrenheit, you may need to let the iodine act overnight.)
• To spare your taste buds and conserve your cooking fuel, buy a purification filter. Basically, this is a hand pump with a filter to strain out the nasty bits. The critical element is size: the giardia parasite is very small, only five or six microns, so your filter's pores must be no wider than one micron.
• Guarding Against Rabies
• Never touch wild animals: any contact with a rabid animal, dead or alive, should be considered potential exposure.
• If you see an animal acting erratically—a raccoon wandering around in broad daylight, for example—notify an animalcontrol agency immediately.
• If you're bitten, contact your doctor or local health department right away.
• Avoiding Lyme Disease
• Symptoms In its initial stages Lyme disease feels much like your basic flu: chills and fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, swollen lymph nodes. Later stages can include swollen joints, meningitis, and partial facial paralysis.
• Protection When outdoors, tuck pant legs into socks or boots and shirt into pants (sounds dumb, but it works); wear a hat and long sleeves for added coverage. Use an insect repellent containing deet, or treat your clothes with permethrin (an insecticide), which kills ticks on contact. When hiking, walk in the center of the trail, away from overhanging grass and brush.
• Search and Seizure There are a lot of fat, ugly ticks in the world, but the ones you have to watch out for are extremely small—the size of the period at the end of this sentence—and they like to take refuge in warm, hidden spots like your armpits, groin, and scalp. If you find one, remove it slowly with tweezers; don't squash it. Although a tick usually will fall off after four or five days, it often leaves a red, bull's-eye-shaped spot (or a series of them), which can show up three days to a month after infection. Not always, though. If you have what feels like a persistent flu, and you live in or have traveled to an area where ticks are abundant, it's worth seeing a doctor. A round of antibiotics in the early stages of Lyme disease should take care of any infection.
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Page:The White Stone.djvu/15
Rh Nicole Langelier was doubtless reviewing in his mind the host of monuments confined in this famed space:
"These edifices of wise proportions and moderate dimensions," he remarked, "were separated from one another by narrow streets full of shade. Here ran the vicoli beloved in countries where the sun shines, while the generous descendants of Remus, on their return from hearing public speakers, found, along the walls of the temples, cool yet foul-smelling corners, whence the rinds of water-melons and castaway shells were never swept away, and where they could eat and enjoy their siesta. The shops skirting the square must certainly have emitted the pungent odour of onions, wine, fried meats, and cheese. The butchers' stalls were laden with meats, to the delectation of the hardy citizens, and it was from one of those butchers that Virginius snatched the knife with which he killed his daughter. There also were doubtless jewellers and vendors of little domestic tutelary deities, protectors of the hearth, the ox-stall, and the garden. The citizens' necessaries of life were all centred in this spot. The market and the shops, the basilicas, i.e., the commercial Exchanges and the civil tribunals; the Curia, that municipal council which became the administrative power of the universe; the prisons, whose vaults emitted their much dreaded and fetid
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hair oil
From your grandparents to the experts on the internet, everyone suggests oiling hair every once in a while. The hair oiling benefits have made it a go-to solution for most life problems – be it damaged hair ends, stress, or controlling hair fall. But what does oiling hair truly means?
Well, hair oiling is a lifestyle habit where one pours nutrition-rich oil onto hair, scrub and massage it into their scalp to achieve a shiny, healthy and lustrous hair. If you frequently wash your hair and now witness it getting slowly stripped apart, you’re most likely facing nutritional loss on hair.
This is where the practice of hair oiling comes to aid. Not only does this ancient Ayurvedic practice soften your hair, but also provides nutrition to keep the hair healthy and radiant. If you’re still unknown or unsure of the benefits of oiling hair, this article is for you.
Here, learn the importance of hair oiling, how it benefits, how to oil your hair, and more. So, let’s start.
Why Oiling Hair is So Important?
coconut oil
Image source: Image by Huyền Lương Ngọc: Pixabay
Nutrition and proper care are among the two crucial things that keep us alive. Not only are they a necessity for your body, but also for your optimal hair growth. The importance of routine hair oiling for fine hair may have perhaps been mentioned to us by our grandparents.
They used to say so because hair oiling shields your scalp against harmful outside elements to aid your hair growth. Moreover, regular and routine hair oiling keeps your scalp nourished and moisturized. The hair oil strengthens your hair follicles by penetrating deep into your scalp and ensures a thick, glossy and sleek hair appearance over time.
Hair oiling is still a crucial element of your regular hair care regimen even though shampooing and conditioning your locks are necessary for healthy hair growth. That’s because it supports your hair’s overall health and has a host of other advantages.
List of Benefits of Hair Oiling in Ayurveda
1. Adds Shine, Luster, & Moisture To Your Hair
The best way to get silky and shiny hair is to always keep it hydrated. According to a study, oils can significantly boost the moisture level in your body to revitalize your hair. Furthermore, a recent study revealed that coconut oil improves the strength and growth of hair follicles or fibers.
Today, hair oiling is considered an excellent therapeutic remedy for individuals with affected hair due to heat damage and intense styling. The oil fills the gaps with the much-needed moisture and keeps the hair shiny, lustrous, and smooth.
2. Promotes Visible Hair Growth
hair growth
Image source: Photo by Karolina Grabowska: pexels
Except for the benefits oils provide, the massage technique used while applying the hair oil also has many benefits. The hair oil massaging method stimulates or enhances the blood circulation to the scalp.
This ensures supplying the necessary nutrients to the scalp to always keep your hair well-nourished. Plus, the stress-relief factor is another factor that helps prevent hair loss. The fact that various oils include vitamins and minerals necessary for healthy hair is among the key advantages of oiling your hair every day.
While olive oil consists of Vitamin E, Vitamin K, Vitamin B3, B6, and B12, almond oil comes with Vitamin E, K, and B. They are all necessary for maintaining hair since exposure to the outdoors causes your hairline to deteriorate.
Also read:
• How to prevent Grey hair with a touch of Ayurveda?
• Simple steps to stop hair Thinning at home
• Henna benefits for hair Strength & Shine
3. Lowers Lice Risk
A dry, brittle scalp attracts lice. Furthermore, they are drawn to the germs because of your scalp's dead skin-induced bacterial growth.
Many oils stimulate the skin, eliminate dead skin cells, and alleviate skin dryness. Combining these elements can help stop the development of hair lice. Certain hair oils, such olive oil, also have antimicrobial characteristics.
4. Dandruff Prevention
Similar to lice, dandruff is lured to a visibly dry and perspirant scalp; however, since debris and pollutants can dry out the scalp, this may prove troublesome. The accumulation of dead skin cells, another cause of dandruff, can be avoided by using castor oil three times a week overnight.
5. Protects Fungal & Bacterial Infection
bacteria protection
Image source: Image by Silvia: Pixabay
Most oils contain antifungal qualities, just like they do with antibacterial ones. These characteristics prevent fungal growth and fungus diseases. It's crucial to keep in mind that fungal pathogens spread when there is an excess of moisture.
Regularly oiling and washing your hair and scalp can promote maintaining a healthy balance of moisture.
Today, most hair oils available in the market come with antibacterial properties. When someone applies these oils to the scalp, it helps them prevent bacterial infections on the hair.
This infection is usually caused when your hair is exposed to bad weather. The remaining germs on the dead skin and hair are another reason why bacterial infections occur on someone’s hair. The best solution to get rid of this is applying hair oils on the scalp.
6. Promotes Hair Root Strengthening & Prevents Premature Graying
Frequent hair oil application removes dead skin cells on your scalp and purges toxins that are bad for your hair. This greatly stimulates your roots and purges the bad germs from your hair shaft.
Using hair oil further restores nutrients that have been lost to your scalp and hair, thereby strengthening the hair strands.Another typical problem that most individuals deal with is early hair greying. It is primarily brought on by a shortage in vital vitamins or inadequate hydration of the scalp.
Frequent hair oiling assures that your scalp absorbs the essential nutrients and vitamins it needs, as well as the right nutrients. Hence, regularly oiling your hair may serve as your greatest weapon against early greying.
7. Excellent Stress Buster
stress buster
Image source: Photo by cottonbro studio: pexels
Till now, you’ve seen that hair oiling benefits us in many ways. However, a good old-fashioned hair oil massage is capable of relieving your stres and ensuring mind-body relaxation. The increased blood flow throughout the scalp due to the massaging technique provides a relaxing and calming sensation.
As a result, frequent hair oiling can effectively reduce tension. Although oiling your hair has a variety of advantages, the subject of "which oil is the finest for hair?" frequently causes confusion. In terms of hair lubrication, this might perhaps be the most frequently requested queries.
There may not be a clear-cut solution, but there are still several kinds of hair oils that provide advantages for your scalp and hair. These include almond oil, coconut oil, castor oil, and more.
Conclusion
The Ayurveda gave rise to the practice of hair oiling as a remedy for healthy hair. Frequent oiling could shield hair from pollutants and shampoo's harmful ingredients. Moreover, it might improve hydration, gloss, and luster in addition to possibly stopping hair loss.
Given the many benefits of hair oiling, it’s never too late to get started with your hair care regime and include the use of hair oil in it. With the best hair oil products, like the ones you get at the ZanduCare store, you will find it easy and cost-effective to begin with your hair care routine.
Explore the finest collection of hair oil products at ZanduCare and take a step towards better hair growth and development.
FAQs
Q. How To Use Oil In Your Hair?
To learn how to oil your hair, follow these steps:
• Step 1: Add oil to your scalp & gently massage it in a circular pattern with your fingertips.
• Step 2: If there’s any oil left in your palms, apply it too on your hair.
• Step 3: Cover the hair with a shower cap or towel and leave it like that the entire night.
• Step 4: When your hair will be dry the next day, shampoo and rinse it properly.
• Step 5: Condition your hair after shampooing like you usually do.
Q. What is the best time interval for applying oil in hair?
Although it may seem impractical to many people, Ayurveda recommends oiling your hair regularly without any skipping. It suggests people to adopt hair oil application as a part of their daily regimen (or dinacharya). According to experts, twice a week is the perfect routine for hair oil application. They usually suggest applying the hair oil the night before you intend on shampooing the hair.
Q. What are the best types of oils for hair oiling?
Although castor oil is the best type of hair oil, people can also use other types of oil for hair like coconut oil, thyme oil, rosemary oil, and olive oil. Most of these oils are rich in vitamins and minerals along with fatty acids. This ensures better, thicker, and faster hair growth.
Q. Is regular hair oiling beneficial?
Oiling is mostly done to prepare the scalp for conditioning. An oil massage stimulates the hair roots and improves blood flow to the scalp, both of which promote hair growth. Frequent oiling could shield hair from pollutants and shampoo's harmful ingredients. Moreover, it might improve hydration, gloss, and shine while also possibly halting hair loss.
Q. Will applying hair oil make my hair thick?
Oiling is a powerful approach to give hair more thickness, increase blood flow, and get a lovely shine. Moreover, it encourages hair development by stimulating hair follicles.
Q. Is it advisable to comb hair after applying hair oil?
It is normal to use your comb to reduce tangles immediately after rubbing oil into your hair. Yet since it's a typical blunder, you must stay away from it. When you get a decent oil massage, your scalp relaxes and becomes brittle; brushing your hair right away might lead to thinning hair and hair loss.
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Zandu Ayurvedic Team
Zandu Ayurvedic Team has a panel of over 10 BAMS (Ayurvedacharya), boasting a collective experience of over 50 years. With a deep-rooted understanding of Ayurveda, they are committed to sharing their expertise & knowledge through our blogs.
We use all kinds of Ayurvedic references in our content. Please use the contact form for any editorial queries.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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0
I ve to sort an array according to finish time and accordingly start time should be arranged, how can we do this using predefined function qsort. Both Start time and finish time, i ve considered it be in a structure ,
.here is the code..
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int compare (const void * a, const void * b)
{
return ( *(int*)a - *(int*)b );
}
struct time {
int start[100005];
int finish[100005];
}t;
int main() {
int n,i;
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d%d",&t.start[i],&t.finish[i]);
qsort(t.finish,n,sizeof(int),compare);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d %d\n",t.start[i],t.finish[i]);
return 0;
}
2
Contributors
2
Replies
5
Views
5 Years
Discussion Span
Last Post by cse.avinash
1
I'm not sure I understand the requirement. It looks like start and finish are related, in which case sorting by finish time would be more meaningful like this:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct ElapsedTime
{
int start, finish;
};
int compare_elapsed(void const* a, void const* b)
{
struct ElapsedTime const* pa = a;
struct ElapsedTime const* pb = b;
return pa->finish - pb->finish;
}
int main(void)
{
struct ElapsedTime times[] =
{
{1, 5},
{5, 11},
{3, 4},
{1, 2},
{5, 9},
};
int n = sizeof times / sizeof *times;
qsort(times, n, sizeof(times[0]), compare_elapsed);
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
{
printf("%d, %d\n", times[i].start, times[i].finish);
}
return 0;
}
The difference being that it's an array of structs where each struct has only a single pair of times, then the array is sorted according to the finish time. This design strikes me as more reasonable, but I am making an assumption based on experience rather than what your actual requirements are.
This question has already been answered. Start a new discussion instead.
Have something to contribute to this discussion? Please be thoughtful, detailed and courteous, and be sure to adhere to our posting rules.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Servotronics: Board Accepts Kenneth Trbovich's Resignation
(RTTNews) - Servotronics, Inc. (SVT) said Kenneth Trbovich has resigned as Chief Executive Officer and President and was removed as Chairman of the Board. This follows an internal investigation, authorized by the Board on June 8 when Trbovich was placed on administrative leave, one day after a then-employee filed a civil complaint making allegations regarding the executive's conduct. The company does not intend to renominate him for election to the Board at the annual meeting of shareholders.
Servotronics said the responsibilities of the CEO and President will continue to be carried out by other personnel, led by Chief Operating Officer James Takacs.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Draft:Jan Misali
Mitchell John Halley, known online as jan Misali or HBMmaster, is an American Youtuber and video essayist. He is most well known for his videos on linguistics, particularly the constructed language Toki Pona. He also creates music, some being his own original compositions and some being parodies, mashups, or remixes.
YouTube career
Halley's channel was originally named "HBMmaster". The "HBM" stands for "Happy Birthday Mario".
The username "jan Misali" comes from a translation of Halley's name into Toki Pona, jan meaning 'person' and Misali being a respelling of 'Mitch Halley' using the phonotactics of the language. The capitalization is intentional, as in Toki Pona the first word in a sentence is not capitalized by default, while proper nouns are.
Halley's first YouTube video was uploaded on June 28th, 2011.
His flagship series is Conlang Critic, in which he discusses constructed languages. Some of the conlangs he has covered are Lojban, aUI, Ithkuil, Esperanto, and— most notably— Toki Pona.
Personal life
Halley is non-binary and uses he/they pronouns, and is aromantic and asexual. He is autistic.
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WIKI
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Eating right and exercise can help
You need protein for your muscles and for your blood cellswhich bring nutrients and oxygen to your muscles. If you exercise continuously for 90 minutes or more, you might benefit from a sports drink that contains electrolytes and carbohydrates.
Maybe your doctor told you that you need to lose weight. Eating food that is as close as possible to the way nature made it can make a huge difference to the way you think, look, and feel. You only have to eat 3 oz of chocolate to get to 50 grams of carbs, while you Eating right and exercise can help to eat 1.
Pick up the phone or start a video chat. Sure playing on Difficult gives you less room for error, but it also hones your skills far more quickly and produces more impressive results. The widest part at the bottom is for things that Eating right and exercise can help most important.
It depends on the type of exercise. As well as leading to osteoporosis, not getting enough calcium in your diet can also contribute to anxiety, depression, and sleep difficulties. When you eat carbohydrates, they get converted to glucose sugar in your system, which is then used to provide energy for all sorts of body functions to take place.
You are not a slave to your taste buds. Instead of boiling or steaming these healthy sides, try grilling, roasting, or pan frying them with chili flakes, garlic, shallots, mushrooms, or onion.
Eating too little might not give you the energy to keep you feeling strong throughout your workout. You need adequate fluids before, during and after exercise to help prevent dehydration.
This is a HUGE part of our 1-on-1 Coaching Program — working closely with each person to see what their lives are like and guiding them to make slow changes to their diet so they actually stick!
The more junk food you eat, the more likely you are to feel uncomfortable, nauseous, or drained of energy. Want to know what I am a fan of? Gels are concentrated forms of carbs. Good post-workout food choices include: In essence, it means eating only as much food as your body needs.
So no more diets. Eat these about one to three hours before exercising. Instead of eating sugar-laden cereals made from refined grains, try oatmeal, oat bran, or other whole-grain cereals that are high in fiber. Lower your risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
You need to determine for yourself how likely you are to succeed depending on how many changes at once you can deal with: No clue what those things are? If you want to lose half a pound a week, knock calories out of your diet per day. Cooking ahead saves time and money, and it is gratifying to know that you have a home cooked meal waiting to be eaten.
If you drink plenty of fluids and eat regular meals that include carbohydrates, protein, and fat, you should have all the energy you need for your workout plan.
Finally, these quality grains have the vitamins and minerals you need to keep your body running at its best. Focus on how you feel after eating.
So does that half can of coke you found in your back seat cupholder from last June. Try to have a combination of items from all three of these food groups at each of your major meals, says Travis. Since they are so concentrated, you should wash them down with water to prevent stomach upset.
Healthy Eating
Liven up salad greens.What you eat could make your next workout better, whether you're just starting to exercise or you’re an athlete in training. Eating right can help energize your workout. Which foods are. I eat what makes me happy occasionally and then go right back to healthy eating because I want to become the best version of ME that’s possible.
So what other questions do you have about healthy eating? How else can I help you level up your life? Health is a reflection of our lifestyle. If you want to feel better and want some more.
A Beginner’s Guide to Healthy Eating
Exercise for Cancer Patients: Longer Life, Less Recurrence. There's abundant evidence that exercise and eating right can help prevent people from getting cancer. Eating foods high in dietary fiber (grains, fruit, vegetables, nuts, and beans) can help you stay regular and lower your risk for heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
It can also improve your skin and even help you to lose weight. Jun 16, · The New Health Care. To Lose Weight, Eating Less Is Far More Important Than Exercising More.
Eating right and exercising regularly can help you avoid excess weight gain and maintain a healthy weight. According to the Mayo Clinic .
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Eating right and exercise can help
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Terrigen Mist
The result was merge to Inhumans. Sandstein 22:01, 2 December 2020 (UTC)
Terrigen Mist
* – ( View AfD View log )
This fictional substance has received no significant coverage in reliable secondary sources, which aren't enough to meet the WP:GNG. Even what few passing mentions that can be found are only WP:PLOT details, but Wikipedia articles are WP:NOT plot summaries, and we can't write an encyclopedic article without coverage of its real world significance. Jontesta (talk) 19:13, 22 November 2020 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Fictional elements-related deletion discussions. Jontesta (talk) 19:13, 22 November 2020 (UTC)
* Comment - I haven't looked into sources on the Mist specifically yet, but at the very least, it seems it would be appropriate to Redirect to Inhumans, where it is already covered a bit. Rorshacma (talk) 20:42, 22 November 2020 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Comics and animation-related deletion discussions. Spiderone 21:12, 22 November 2020 (UTC)
* Keep Looking at the Google Books link, there appear to be 2 general Marvel Universe guidebooks, as well as a book on Agents of SHIELD season two which cover this in detail. Failing that, merging to the Inhumans article seems reasonable. Jclemens (talk) 03:41, 23 November 2020 (UTC)
* Keep or Merge with Inhumans - There is at least enough coverage for a merge.
https://screenrant.com/marvels-inhumans-the-terrigenesis-ritual-explained/
https://in.pcmag.com/marvel/119230/inhumans-nuhumans-and-the-terrigen-mist-a-list-of-all-a-marvel-fan-needs-to-read
https://www.cbr.com/marvel-terrigen-mist-facts-know/
https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-54369448
https://www.vox.com/2014/8/13/5997383/inhumans-explainer-marvel-movie
https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/x-men-death-of-x-reveals-first-mutant-death-by-terrigen/
https://comicsalliance.com/marvel-inhumans-movie/q+
https://www.gamesradar.com/amp/ms-marvel-set-photos-give-us-a-first-look-at-kamala-khans-live-action-debut/
https://www.denofgeek.com/games/marvels-avengers-ending-explained/
https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/amp/live-feed/agents-shield-simmons-fate-season-794933
* Dark knight 2149 21:02, 23 November 2020 (UTC)
* Keep per comments above or merge to Inhumans per WP:ATD and WP:PRESERVE. BOZ (talk) 03:30, 24 November 2020 (UTC)
* Redirect to Inhumans (TV series). All sources presented above are just plot summaries, only one mentions the topic in the heading (the CBR one) and it is a low quality listicle. Redirect is the best WP:ATD here, and that's being generous - this is pure WP:FANCRUFT with zero analysis/reception/significance. Do ping me if better sources are found. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 09:32, 24 November 2020 (UTC)
* You know is was a thing in the comics world and in Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. as well, right? That's the problem with trying to pick a redirect target for a fictional element that has appeared in multiple notable fictional settings. Jclemens (talk) 01:06, 25 November 2020 (UTC)
* The Terrigen Mist is primarily associated with the Inhumans. It appeared in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. because the Inhumans appeared in it. Dark knight 2149 05:47, 25 November 2020 (UTC)
* I don't have strong feelings about a redirect target, and I think I intended to link to inhumans (comics) rather than Inhumans (TV series) anyway, so I am fine with that being the preferred target. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 08:49, 25 November 2020 (UTC)
* Redirect or delete - The above are a bunch of plot explanation articles or trivial mentions with no commentary in sight, so they're useless. This fails WP:GNG. TTN (talk) 18:26, 25 November 2020 (UTC)
* Redirect or merge in the interest of consensus, with most !votes mentioning one or the other option. I don't see any sources that provide anything more than trivial mentions or plot details, which means there isn't enough to meet the WP:GNG. But even some amount of primary material can be WP:PRESERVED in the context of another notable article (with inhumans (comics) being a logical choice with established notability), with an appropriate level of merging achieved through the editing process. Shooterwalker (talk) 20:13, 25 November 2020 (UTC)
* Redirect to Inhumans: Fails notability. Sources in article are all primary and the content is OR / SYNTH / PLOT so there is nothing appropriate to merge. // Timothy :: talk 01:55, 26 November 2020 (UTC)
* Merge or redirect - there is some information here to WP:PRESERVE and it would fit nicely at the Inhumans article. Archrogue (talk) 00:25, 30 November 2020 (UTC)
* Keep - the other option would be to merge since this either belongs in Inhumans or in a separate article, former approach seems best to me to avoid crowding. Artw (talk) 17:23, 30 November 2020 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Page:Essays in Historical Criticism.djvu/273
LEOPOLD VON RANKE 253
the Popes — was more completely based on the Relations than any of his other works save the Ottoman and Spanish Mon- archies. He himself realized the influence upon his work of his materials. "Der Stoff brachte die Form mit sich," he writes in his autobiography. ^
But Ranke's work was epoch-making, not only in the development of criticism and in the revelation of sources, but also in teaching. He was t he grea test of historical teachers, although never a very popular lecturer. 2 He pos- sessed, however, in a rare degree the faculty of stimulating and drawing out the native powers of his pupils. Through the influence of his teaching and writing, and the influence of his pupils and their pupils unto the third and fourth generation, the study and teaching of history have been transformed and vivified to an extraordinary degree. What historical teacher has ever been able like him, at 88 years of age, to say of his early work so truthfully that one feels no sense of boasting : " What we then began (i, e., in his early seminar), the seed which we planted, is now grown to be a great tree, so that the birds of the heaven lodge in its branches. "3
The most distinctive and valuable contribution of Ranke to advanced historical teaching was the development of the seminary or practice work. Ranke founded the seminary method in the teaching of history in much the same sense that he discovered the Venetian Relations. Although not in either case wholly a pioneer, he was practically such.* While
1 Page 70. Compare the remark in the preface of the Gesch. der rom. und germ. Volker, 7, " Aus Absicht und Stoff entsteht die Form." His explanation of the fact that his German History during the Reformation was less attractive in style than the History of the Popes was that the German History was based, to a considerable degree, on crabbed reports of the proceedings of Diets and other material much cruder in form than Venetian Relations.
2 As a lecturer he preferred subjects in general history and to cover a long period. The largest attendance he ever had was in the winter of 1841-42, when he lectured on recent history; the maximum attendance then was 153. Dove, art. " Ranke," in Allgemeine deutsche Biog., 258.
8 Page 469.
* "Wilken, for example, the historian of the Crusades, had a seminary in
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WIKI
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High Energy Particle Physics
A Relativistic QFT Basis for Spin-0 Boson Mass Differences in CMS and Atlas
Authors: Nige Cook
CERN’s Large Hadron Collider detected a possible difference in masses between the CMS detector channels for electromagnetic decay (h→γγ) and ATLAS’s weak boson decay chain detector (h→ZZ→4l); ATLAS gave 123.5 GeV for weak decay chain h→ZZ→4l, while CMS gave 126.5 GeV for h→γγ. We argue that if this mass difference is real (rather than a systematic detector miscalibration of some kind), it indicates a statistical relativistic effect: the Lorentz contraction in the direction of motion affects self-interactions of a moving spin-0 massless boson with its own field quanta, affecting weak and electromagnetic decays to a differing extent. So in a spectrum of massive spin-0 boson velocities produced by an LHC collision, the fastest moving massive spin-0 bosons could be more likely than expected to decay by double gamma emission; the slower ones might be expected to be more likely than expected to undergo weak decays and four lepton emissions. The higher the speed, the greater the slowing due to time-dilation on massive Z boson decay processes, whereas there is no time-dilation velocity effect for massless gammas (which go at light velocity in regardless).
Comments: 2 Pages.
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[v1] 2012-11-21 08:32:25
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:Federal Reporter, 1st Series, Volume 4.djvu/146
133 FEDEBAIi BEFOETEB. �of -the partners, in whose name the stock had been regie- tered previous to the transler to Mr. Henry. The plaintiff requested the court to charge the jury as foUows : "If the jury find that the corporation defendant held the 450 shares of the capital stock of the First, National Bank of Allentown as collateral security for a loan to W. H. Blumer & Co. by transfer to «T. G. Henry, President,' and then by the defendant to its irresponsible employe, for the purpose of avoiding liability as stockholders, the verdict must be for the plaintiff." �The defendant's first point was as foUows: 1. That in order to recover in this case the plaintiff must establish as a fact that the corporation defendant became and was the holder of the 450 shares of the stock of "The First National Bank of Allentown," and that there is no evidence that the defendant was the holder of the said shares, and the verdict must be for the defendant. �The plaintifif's point was affirmed, subject to the judgment of the court thereafter on the defendant's first point, and charged the jury to find for the plaintiff. �The verdict was for the plaintiff for $10,026. Defendant filed motions for a new trial and for judgment non obstante veredicto on the point reserved. �Geo. Junkin and Richard C. McMurtrie, for the motion. �Preston K. Erdman and Edward Harvey, contra. �Butler, D. J., (orally.) The authorities upon the ques- tion raised by this case may be divided into three classes : First, where the pledgee of stock bas taken a transfer of the stock direetly to himself, and has had such transfer registered on the books of the corporation. It has been held that in such case the pledgee is liable for assessments. Second,-wheie the pledgee has sought to relieve himself by making a trans- fer of the stock to an irresponsible third person. In such case he is liable. Third, where no transfer is made to the pledgee, and his name is not registered as owner, but the owner of the stock puts it into the hands of a third person to hold for the benefit of the pledgor and pledgee. In such case the pledgee has never been held responsible. . ����
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WIKI
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Deep copy
Python deals with most data structures as objects. This includes lists. You have to be careful about how you refer to these objects. The "aliasing" problem can cause subtle bugs in your program.
Example: If you did these steps in the Python Shell
>>>mylist = [1,2,3]
>>>mylist
[1,2,3]
>>>newlist = mylist
>>>newlist
[1,2,3]
No surprises there, at least nothing obvious. But...
>>>newlist[1] = 7
>>>newlist
[1,7,3]
>>>mylist
[1,7,3]
BOTH lists seem to be changed! The reason for this behavior is the statement "newlist = mylist". It does NOT create another copy of the list known as mylist, and call it newlist. Instead it creates a new label "newlist" and makes it refer to the SAME list. Essentially you now have two variables which refer to the same place in memory. We say newlist is an "alias" of mylist. It is also said that newlist is a "shallow copy" of mylist.
For many programs, this is not a problem. But if you actually NEED a different, separate copy of the data structure, you have a problem.
There are (at least) two ways to fix this problem. One is "brute force". Create another data structure that is empty and copy everything from the original data structure to the new one.
>>> mylist = [1,2,3]
>>> newlist = []
>>> for i in range(len(mylist)):
newlist.append(mylist[i])
>>> newlist
[1, 2, 3]
>>> mylist
[1, 2, 3]
>>> newlist[1] = 8
>>> newlist
[1, 8, 3]
>>> mylist
[1, 2, 3]
>>>
This shows that there are two separate lists, mylist and newlist.
Another variation on this fix:
>>> mylist = [1,2,3]
>>> newlist = [0,0,0]
>>> for i in range(len(mylist)):
newlist[i] = mylist[i]
>>> newlist
[1, 2, 3]
>>> mylist
[1, 2, 3]
>>> newlist[1] = 8
>>> newlist
[1, 8, 3]
>>> mylist
[1, 2, 3]
>>>
If you know how large your original data structure is, you can create another one the same size and copy over each individual element.
This is a bit tedious and will take some time if the data structures are large. There is also the problem that if the elements of the data structure are not simple data items (like integers, floats, strings), then the copy of each element may have to be done in steps also. If the elements were lists themselves, for example, they would also have to be copied one piece at a time.
An easier way to fix this problem is to use a function "deepcopy" available in a library called "copy".
>>> mylist = [1,2,3]
>>> from copy import *
>>> newlist = deepcopy(mylist)
>>> newlist
[1, 2, 3]
>>> mylist
[1, 2, 3]
>>> mylist[0] = 5
>>> mylist
[5, 2, 3]
>>> newlist
[1, 2, 3]
>>>
Again, you can see that mylist and newlist are really separate lists. Changing one does not change the other.
"Deepcopy" is an actual term used in object-oriented programming. It means to make a completely separate copy of a data structure.
An analogy that might help: In Windows you can create a "shortcut" to a file. This shortcut is an icon you can double-click on and open / operate on / execute the actual file. The shortcut is NOT the file, it is just a pointer to the file. It takes up very little room, regardless of the size of the actual file. This is the same idea as a "shallow copy". Both the actual filename and the shortcut refer to the same place in storage. If the actual file is erased, the shortcut does not work any more. There is really only ONE copy of the data. In Windows you can right-click on a file and choose Copy from the menu and then choose Paste. This creates an actual different copy of the file. This would be making a "deep copy" of the file. One copy of the file could be erased; the other copy would still be there.
More references on deepcopy:
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Template talk:WikiProject Biography/Archive 3
* NB. Several displays of templates on this page have been inactivated using 'nowiki' tags to prevent this page appearing in categories. See the page history, specifically the archived version here for an idea of what the templates looked like, though subsequent changes to the template will also be shown. Carcharoth 22:14, 7 August 2007 (UTC)
Activepol
No offense to anyone, but... the activepol box is ugly. Why isn't this in a separate box like everything else? --Random832 04:21, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
* I agree it is a little ugly. We defiantly need the functionality on this template, and there is a seperate tempate: Activepolitician which looks like this
This page is about an active politician who is running for office, is in office and campaigning for re-election, or is involved in some political conflict or controversy.
Because of this, this article is at risk of biased editing, public relations manipulation, talk-page trolling, and simple vandalism.
Use only on talk pages, in conjunction with or blp. Danski14 01:22, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
* That one's very big. If we're to change it I'd prefer to just move the existing banner outside the main banner so it looks seperate. Is that what folks want? --kingboyk 18:21, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* Separate is fine. We don't want banners taking over, so the content should only be about three lines. We also might want it to appear above the BLP template. -- Jreferee 20:07, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* BLP has priority, as that is a very serious warning about policy. This one is more of a guidance message. --kingboyk 21:42, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
OK, that's done:
I'll do the new workgroup next, but as I'm getting tired I can't guarantee it will be finished tonight. --kingboyk 00:00, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
I wanted to do a bot run deprecating most of the Activepolitician templates, but so far they've all got a parameter describing why the page is tagged. Please see Template_talk:Activepolitician. Thoughts? --kingboyk 17:02, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
I would think that an active politician would have to be alive, so the case where activepol is selected but living is not selected does not make sense to me. - cgilbert(talk 18:28, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
* No, I agree, and already updated the instructions on that template. --kingboyk 20:34, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
This diff shows my plugin changing a reqphoto to a WPBio param, a Activepolitician to a WPBio param, converting an old importance= to priority=, and adding a listas=. I think it's pretty cool to find all 4 in one edit :) --kingboyk 20:34, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
pornstar-work-group
I think it's a good idea to integrate WikiProject Porn stars with the WPBiography template. In order to achieve that, a "pornstar-work-group" parameter that performs similarly to British-royalty and musician-work-group sounds like a good idea. Discuss. —Disavian (talk/contribs) 05:04, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
* That would be fine by me, welcomed in fact. Have you made any formal ties with the arts & entertainment work group? --kingboyk 10:03, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
* The more work groups we use in the WPBiography template and tag, the more likely the proper people will be aware of the article and improve it. -- Jreferee 18:33, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
* I think this isn't too controversial then and we should accede. Would you be willing to make the code changes Jreferee? If not, I'll put it on my todo list. --kingboyk 12:14, 10 March 2007 (UTC)
* On reflection, porn stars already are apart of Arts and Entertainment Work Group - Actors. If we WPBiography tag articles as following under "Actors", that sub-group can figure out how it wants to further parse actor articles. Using the WPBiography template to tag them porn might bring too much heat on the otherwise spectacular WPBiography template. -- Jreferee 16:49, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* Okay. I'll have to remember to tag 'em that way. I think that WP:PORNSTARS is going to turn into WP:PORN anyway. —Disavian (talk/contribs) 16:54, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* I'm not worried about the "controversy". However, what's the WP:PORN story? Are you going to expand scope to cover films etc? I'll hold off on this until we know what's happening. --kingboyk 18:09, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* (DING! Carrage return) Even if they went ahead with WP:PORN, WPBipgraphy template still may need to address porn stars. I just added the Porn stars category to A&E Actor categories. Now, lets assume we go ahead with the 10 or so fields under A&E. Under the Actor field, we could have sub-fields of Animal actors + Arab actors + Child actors + LGBT actors + Porn stars + Shakespearean actors. Kingboyk, if you do not think this too much, I would be for it. -- Jreferee 19:39, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* Well my position has always been that biographical projects and workgroups should share our template. If the WP:PORN folks are going to, or are willing to, maintain a pornstars workgroup which is a child project of this WikiProject then I'm willing to add the code. What I don't want to do is waste time working on this and adding unnecessary code bloat if they don't want it. So, I need to hear the final word from them. As for the other parameters, see below: the A&E work-group hasn't asked for them, I think we have enough complexity already. I'm willing to be persuaded otherwise but by more than one person :) --kingboyk 20:12, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* 50% of the Arts and Entertainment Work Group - Actors members desire the change and I probably could get the remaining 50%, but I understand what you are saying. : ) It a good idea for which there is not sufficient desire. I'll see if I can create a Wikiproject Actors group, recruit members, and then get a consensus for the field's addition. When you see this no longer red - WP:Actor - you'll know that we'll be coming for a parameter addition. And you are right, military, for example, shares the WPBiography template and not everything military is a biography. -- Jreferee 20:28, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
baronets-work-group
Please can baronets be included as royalty-work-group. - Kittybrewster 10:34, 10 March 2007 (UTC)
* No, Baronet was a title that was was created simply to raise funds.
* Only initially, by James 1st. There is no evidence of this under subsequent monarchs who bestowed the title as an honour the same way the monarch today bestows honours. <IP_ADDRESS> 15:51, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
The following is from the Baronet page "A baronetcy is unique in two ways:
* it is a hereditary honour but is not a peerage and has never entitled the holder to a seat in the House of Lords; and
* a baronet is styled 'Sir' but a baronetcy is not considered an order of knighthood. "
* At least the title of Baron gives that person a seat in the House of Lords (thankfully that is now being phased out also) but a Baronet meanings nothing except that one of his forefathers pumped a load of cash into the kings coffers - we already have WP:N and WP:BIO they should have to comply with that and not get automatic notability because a an inhertited minor title.--Vintagekits 12:08, 10 March 2007 (UTC)
* Possibly the most bigotted comment I have yet read on Wikipedia. Peers are not Royalty anyway. No title is "minor". Some are greater than others. Thats all <IP_ADDRESS> 15:51, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
* They probably shouldn't be part of the royalty group then, but since the WikiProject exists wouldn't it be best to allow the request in some form? Template sharing is good as it reduces talk page clutter; workgroups are good as they encourage co-operation. (imho). --kingboyk 12:14, 10 March 2007 (UTC)
* I have a really problem with giving people automatic notability because of an title especially an inherited title. Rulings like this would see this type of person gain automatic notability even though they never achieved anything of note nor were they ever involved in an incident of note they just happen to by the son of the son of the son of the son of someone who paid a load of cash to the king to buy a title - I find that absurd to be honest.--Vintagekits 12:24, 10 March 2007 (UTC)
* I see. I'm approaching it from a different angle: if we refuse, they'll probably make their own template anyway. I'm certainly not advocating any change in the notability guidelines or any endorsement, but I understand why you would think that doing this might appear to be an endorsement. Perhaps the best way forward would be to let the wider community decide, by nominating the project for deletion at WP:MFD. If their area of scope is non-notable, it shouldn't exist. If it stays, we perhaps ought to allow this? Just a suggestion, other suggestions welcome :) --kingboyk 12:28, 10 March 2007 (UTC)
* Agree with Kitty- Baronets are notable people in the United Kingdom- having a place in the Order of precedence in England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. They should be included in the royalty-work-group Astrotrain 12:29, 10 March 2007 (UTC)
* Baronets are not notable people in the United Kingdom what power does the title give, it means nothing. The Order of precedence is an outdated format for making a seating plan at a dinner party and does not in anyway confer any notability so I do not understand your point.--Vintagekits 12:34, 10 March 2007 (UTC)
* More open bigotry. Who is this Vintagekits fellow? Look, if you are announced at a function as Mr & Mrs Smith, no-one blinks an eyelid. If you are announced as Sir Roland and Lady Melon heads turn. Of course baronets are notable. You are trying to have your opinion override the facts. <IP_ADDRESS> 15:51, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
* My point is that we should include a line in WP:Biog fpr baronets-work-goup which would work in the same way that royalty-work-group does. It has nothing to do with establishing notability; it is to assist the b-w-g editors to monitor and improve and expand articles about which they have interest or knowledge. It seems to me a no-brainer. - Kittybrewster 12:55, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
* As long as it is clear that the title-holder is a notable person, who would've had an article anyway, then I don't see a problem -- Kimon talk 13:20, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
Consensus seems to be that we add it. We also need to add a param for the porn stars group. Is anyone offering to do it? --kingboyk 16:58, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* The requirements for adding a parameter to the WPBiography template are (1) the workgroup is shown to be active, (2) a spokesperson for the workgroup request the added parameter, and (3) a tech person OKs the additional code and complexity. The total number of baronetcies today is approximately 1,380. I'm all for using the WPBiography template to parse out the articles to the proper groups and with Outriggr's WPBiography tagging script, the fact that the extra parameter may only apply to 1,380 articles might not be a concern. Someone will have to make a request to Outriggr to modify his tagging script. As for the porn stars group, please see my comments above. As for anyone willing to develop the code, I don't know how to do it. -- Jreferee 17:59, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* Why are you quoting the "rules" to me? Somebody requested it, there was debate but with reasonable consensus to proceed, let's do it. I'll write the code myself since nobody else has volunteered (I wrote a lot of the old code but I'm a bit rusty :)). Doesn't matter how many articles there are provided it's being used, right? --kingboyk 18:06, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* Sorry. Most of my comment was not supposed to be directed to you but more in line with participating with the discussion. My : formatting created the lack of clarity. Also, I was trying to summarize everything in a concise statement for what I now see as a resolved discussion. Doh! No offense meant. -- Jreferee 18:21, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* Lol, no worries. Thanks. --kingboyk 18:23, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
I need more information from the requesting WikiProject before implementing this. I've also proposed that the entire peerage group should become a child project of WPBIO, necessitating two new parameters. Please see Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Baronetcies. --kingboyk 00:43, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
.PNG to .SVG replacement request
The old image used, Image:Crystal personal.png, hsa been replaced by Image:Crystal personal.svg, both on the commons. Is it possible to get the template to reflect this switch?--Vox Rationis (Talk | contribs) 15:14, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
* ✅ Done -- Harryboyles 10:33, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
Proposed Arts and Entertainment parameters
WikiProject Arts and Entertainment is very wide in scope and includes Actors • Architects • Artists • Illustrators • Painters • Photographers • Sculptors • Comic artists • Comedians • Dancers • Directors • Musicians • Poets • Writers and critics. Musicians have their own WPBiography parameter. I have been troubled WPBiography tagging articles as part of Arts and Entertainment when I could have easily tagged them as a painter, photographer, dancer, director, actor, etc. At present, people interested in poets have to comb through the Arts and Entertainment tagged articles to find the poet articles. This may have been addressed before, but U think it a good idea to increase WPBiography with a parameter for each of Actors • Architects • Artists • Illustrators • Painters • Photographers • Sculptors • Comic artists • Comedians • Dancers • Directors • Poets • Writers and critics. This way, everyone who is interested in poets, for example, would know about all poet articles tagged via WPBiography. Please post your thoughts below. -- Jreferee 16:35, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* Up until now we've added parameters upon workgroup request. If there's no customers for them there's no point adding yet more code and yet more complexity. I'd oppose adding these unless the workgroup is shown to be active and demands them. There's other ways of finding articles by topic (article categories for a start); the categories created by this bot are supposed to be for WP1 assessments only. Any extra benefit is just a bonus.
* On a related note, you might want to take a look at this: WikiProject_Mathematics/Table. It's pretty smart; maybe that WikiProject can tell us how they do it and let us share their bot? (Better still, that bot's code could be given to Oleg for inclusion in the official WP1 bot). --kingboyk 16:57, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* It looks like WikiProject_Mathematics used a field parameter (e.g., ) for their Math template to get all the sub items of math. For that to work on WPBiography template, perhaps we could have a new WikiProject Arts and Entertainment field parameter where Actors • Architects • Artists • Illustrators • Painters • Photographers • Sculptors • Comic artists • Comedians • Dancers • Directors • Poets • Writers and critics are the potential entries. The other WPBiography template work groups might want their own field parameter, too (which could be difficult). For a lot of articles, WPBiography template is the first clue of the existence of the article to those who did not contribute the article since many articles do not have categories or do not have adequate categories. The demand for changing the Arts and Entertainment portion of the WPBiography template should come from Arts and Entertainment. I posted a note about this thread on the Arts and Entertainment talk page. Hopefully, we can generate some more discussion on this. -- Jreferee 17:28, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* Sounds good. Having a field= would as you say allow for some more detailed breakdown of stats without creating new workgroups. --kingboyk 18:07, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* OK, here's where my knowledge is a little fuzzy on the down stream process. Suppose we create a "Arts and Entertainment Work Group - Actors" field and I tag as such. What happens? Does the article talk page appear in Category:Actors, does the article page appear in Category:Actors? -- Jreferee 18:30, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* No, there's no relation at all between talk page templates and article categories. They're totally and utterly seperate. As to the second point, also no, talk pages don't appear in main article categories. Articles appear in main categories, talk pages go into wikiproject categories and the like (but we shouldn't be overdoing this). As for what WP Maths do, I don't know as I haven't looked yet :) --kingboyk 18:43, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* (Ding! Carrage return) When someone put a&e-work-group=yes for the WPBiography template, that appears to put the talk page for that article in Category:Arts and entertainment work group articles. Math does not put field identified article talk pages into a category. Thus, if we create a "Arts and Entertainment Work Group - Actors" field, would may not want to create a Category:Arts and Entertainment Work Group - Actors category. Math has a Number theory field. Talk:Fermat's Last Theorem is a talk page that has a Number theory field. I tried to figure out how to find all tagged math articles having a Number theory field but could not. If we locate that set of articles, we might have a better idea on where to direct the Arts and Entertainment Work Group - Actors field. (Once we come up with a plan on how a&e-work-group fields would work, I'll run it by the Arts and Entertainment Work Group for approval). -- Jreferee 19:21, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* After looking over the members on the Arts and Entertainment Work Group and seeing little to no response on that groups discussion page, I think the Arts and Entertainment Work Group is not really being contributed to by anyone. -- Jreferee 19:48, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* Yeah, I don't think there's much activity there which is why I wasn't exactly excited by the idea of giving them more parameters :) Anyway, right, I'll try and get the baronets param done now. Would you look at the thread above re activepol please? --kingboyk 19:59, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* The new fields will bypass the relatively inactive Arts and Entertainment Work Group and categorize the articles in fields that people are interested in. In view of the Sinbad problem, I think we should start with WPBiography templating the Arts and Entertainment Work Group - Actors (which I am one of the two members). I plan to do some heavy recruiting for the Arts and Entertainment Work Group - Actors and it would be nice if the WPBiography tagging included an Actors field parameter. -- Jreferee 20:04, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* ✅ Resolution: Need to generate concensus interest for each field parameter. -- Jreferee 20:34, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
Comment If allowed to seperate WikiProject Film Biography covering actors and directors etc it would have large following like films. I'd imagine it would use the Biogrpahy banner with the film bio insertion into it e.g {filmbio|director=yes|class=start|importance=high} or {filmbio|editor=yes|class=stub|importance=low etc. I feel it is important to find a project that unites all characters associated with cinema. THis would be major project if seperated as the Arts and Entertainment is FAR! too broad and needs to split into areas of more specific concentration. However the template would naturally put it in the broader arts and entertainment/bio categories as a whole ♦ Sir Blofeld ♦ "I've been expecting you" 13:13, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
* Interesting idea. Collaboration with and support of WP Films would be a good idea if this were to be implemented, I think. --kingboyk 17:00, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
Template changes
* 1) Move activepol to a seperate box per and remove some old crud.
* 2) Although I really don't encourage folks to tag this way, I thought it would be neat if activepol=yes had the same affect as politician-work-group=yes. At the same time, I've let these parameters accept "Yes" as well as "yes". Perhaps we should do the same for all params? This was quite a technical change; it checked out in my sandbox but if there's any problems please let me know here.
* 3) Next I will add workgroups for peerage and baronetcies per and Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Baronetcies. --kingboyk 20:48, 24 March 2007 (UTC)
* 4) Added peerage-work-group add baronets-work-group. Fixed an old unnoticed bug where a WP Musicians article with a /Comments page didn't get an entry in Category:Biography (musicians) articles with comments. As I write, that category has 9 articles in it thanks to WPBeatles; that number ought to go up a little now as the job queue works it way down to zero. --kingboyk 21:46, 24 March 2007 (UTC)
* Woot! Over 200 in the cat now. --kingboyk 09:34, 25 March 2007 (UTC)
Redirects to this template
Please don't create redirects to this template without telling me about it. This is very important: my plugin needs to know what names it may encounter WPBiography under; the result - if there are alternative names it doesn't know about - is double tagging like this. Given that my bot can process thousands of pages a day, and other folks might be using it too, the end result could be one hell of a mess. --kingboyk 19:28, 27 March 2007 (UTC)
Deprecating listas= parameter
I'd like to renew Kingboyk's call for deprecating the "listas=" parmeter. DEFAULTSORT already does this job, and is part of the software now. Doing the same thing with template code is a waste of time for both users and the servers. See Talk:Vilmos Foldes for an example. Note that DEFAULTSORT goes at the top, so both the WP:CUE and WP:BIO talk page headers inherit its value. — SMcCandlish [talk] [contrib] ツ 22:08, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
* I don't believe that WP:CUE should have it's own template, but that's a different argument :)
* I just want to say that I agree that listas= isn't really needed, but with caveats: 1) I believe that the current implementation is a vast improvement on the old one that I removed (less code bloat). 2) It would have to be deprecated like importance= is rather than removed, because a lot of folks have already used it to bring some order to our maintenance categories. --kingboyk 22:13, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
* No biggie on the separate template issue; I saw your generic project templates page and will integrate everything it wants. That page of yours should be linked to prominently at the right places at WikiProject Council. Most of us are doing these things rather blindly. The talk header for WP:CUE was based on that of WP:SNOOKER, which was based on who knows what at all... That standardized code even exists is invisible to many of us. :-) Also, agreed with your caveats. — SMcCandlish [talk] [contrib] ツ 02:11, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
* The "generic template" feature is just a way for my code to support WikiProject templates without any special programming. By specifying some standard parameters these templates can all use the same code in my plugin. It might indeed be a standard suitable for wider application across the wiki, but that's something I actually hadn't thought of. It was merely a coding issue when I "invented" it :)
* The reason I think WP:CUE shouldn't have a seperate template is because it is wholly a subdivision of sports. That makes it suitable to be a workgroup of the Sports WikiProject, sharing their template, in the same way that many other WikiProjects and workgroups share this one. This also makes it different from, say, WP:BEATLES, which isn't a clear child of any project - it crosses scope with WP:MUSICIANS, WP:WPBIO, WP:ALBUMS, WP:SONGS and so on, or indeed from WP:SPORTS itself, which has some unique scope as well as some cross-coverage with this project. This, of course, is a debate which belongs elsewhere though :) (and is just my opinion, something which often turns out to be useless) --kingboyk 11:17, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
Persondata
I'd like to suggest that [ Needs-Persondata = yes / no ] be included in the WP:Biography template. --Camptown 20:25, 1 April 2007 (UTC)
* I second it per this post. -- Jreferee 06:10, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
* strong support. Articles with proper metadata have many important advantages. And the bigger Wikipedia gets, the more important it is to index article in a userfriendly way. Bondkaka 13:06, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
Succession box
''Moved from User talk:Kingboyk. --kingboyk 14:34, 2 April 2007 (UTC)''
Please can WPBiography include a tag needs-succession-box=yes as needs-infobox. - Kittybrewster (talk) 14:32, 2 April 2007 (UTC)
* Bump! Could somebody do this? (somebody other than me that is!) --kingboyk 23:30, 10 April 2007 (UTC)
Request for comments - living=no
I've added a "Deceased persons" option to my plugin, so that when tagging dead people categories we can ensure there are no stray living=yes tags.
What I want feedback on is whether I should be just removing living=yes, or whether all dead people will get an explicit living=no. The benefits and drawbacks to writing living=no as I see it:
* Plus: It's clear that the living parameter has been taken care of
* Plus: It's a little easier to code
* Minus: It could result in lots of trivial edits, like this, where the only change is adding living=no. --kingboyk 21:46, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
* I support living=no, because that makes the differentiation explicit, as opposed to implied. — pd_THOR undefined | 21:50, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
* Support living=no,which is explicit, whereas undefined is ambiguous - cgilbert(talk 03:20, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
* Support living=no per this discussion. - Jreferee 06:06, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
Great, thanks. living=no it is then. I'm also turning off listas= generation in bot mode, as I've been getting too many complaints about mis-sorted Asian names and so on. --kingboyk 11:40, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
I suppose another point in favour of living=no is that we could if we ever wanted use living=no to create a category containing dead people (whereas living= or living= not present would be excluded). --kingboyk 14:21, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
needs-photo=yes and living no/yes
A question/comment if I may. I brought this up before (Template talk:WPBiography/Archive 2), and I'll ask again here in case anybody can help. Can we adjust the template so that needs-photo=yes is subjective based upon living=yes/no? If yes and yes, then use reqfreephoto (with respect to WP:FUC), but if yes and no use the more genericized reqphoto. — pd_THOR undefined | 14:24, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
* Somebody just made an edit putting a load of spiel onto the template (which I'm going to trim just a little, as I think it's a tad excessive).
* We don't actually use reqphoto or any other template - we have our own text, and we put articles into Category:Wikipedia requested photographs of people (and similar but more specific categories for some of the workgroups). I've just had a look at the various templates and there doesn't seem to currently be any different categories we can use for free image requests. If they get created, or I missed them, we can add them later. --kingboyk 16:57, 7 April 2007 (UTC)
small=yes and living=yes
editprotected There seems to be a problem with the template. See below. - miketm - 03:26, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
* This seems to be due to a recent edit by Kingboyk . You should ask that editor why it was changed. Presumably he/she can change it back if consensus goes that way. CMummert · talk 03:42, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
* That was unintentional. I didn't know the template supported small. --kingboyk 11:00, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
* Although it might have been a "good mistake" because I really think the BLP warning shouldn't be small. It's just about the most important template on any talk page... --kingboyk 11:02, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
* It seems to me that the BLP warning should be a different template than the wikiproject banner. They have conceptually different purposes. CMummert · talk 13:06, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
* It is available as a seperate banner, but having it available here too - as the preferred usage - has, I would argue, been beneficial to both Wikipedia in general (the tag has been propogated to just about every living person's talk page) and this WikiProject (folks routinely add our banner). Also, the status of WP Biography as "custodians" of biographies and biographical policy seems to have met with widespread consensus or, at least, I've not seen it challenged yet. --kingboyk 13:39, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
Actors and filmmakers workgroup
editprotected Please add an actors and filmmakers workgroup to the template for the new child project setup for film-related biographies. Our project image is. --PhantomS 19:04, 8 April 2007 (UTC)
* This would be easier if someone from your project would write and test the necessary template code and provide a link to it here. The best practice is to copy this whole template to a sandbox, make the additions, test them, and then provide a link here to the completed new template. CMummert · talk 12:12, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
* I have made the changes at User:PhantomS/sandbox. --PhantomS 01:20, 10 April 2007 (UTC)
* This better work. ;P Cbrown1023 talk 23:09, 10 April 2007 (UTC)
* ✅ but it will take a long while to update the database. Cbrown1023 talk 23:12, 10 April 2007 (UTC)
* Just noticed some category sections I forgot to add the new workgroup to. Could you please update the template with User:PhantomS/sandbox3? --PhantomS 02:27, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
* It's been ✅ Cbrown1023 talk 02:33, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
I'm not sure if this was intentional but the recent edits to the WPBiography banner have picked up at least one strange behavior, when the musician-work-group flag is selected, both musician-work-group and a&e workgroup appear in the banner despite the a&e workgroup flag not being selected. - cgilbert(talk 04:05, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
* This is intentional behavior. The code was already there for a&e to be selected when a sub-workgroup was selected. However, the code was done incorrectly, causing a&e not to show up. I fixed this when I added the actors and filmmakers workgroup to the template. --PhantomS 05:42, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
* In that case, no, you didn't fix it, you broke it :) Those two workgroups are mutually exclusive (I should know, I wrote it!). i.e. "if musician=true then a&e=false" even if a&e is selected. --kingboyk 11:15, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
* Ok. Try User:PhantomS/sandbox, which reverses it to the "proper" logic. Note however that this does not handle sections in the template where both were not set as mutually exclusive in the original code. The lack of mutual exclusivity elsewhere is what confused me. --PhantomS 14:02, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
* No worries, thank you for fixing it. I ran a few sample transclusions before committing and it seemed fine. --kingboyk 14:13, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
* Sections that were never given mutual exclusivity: "Biography (arts and entertainment) articles with comments", "Category:Automatically assessed biography (arts and entertainment) articles". --PhantomS 14:21, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
* They don't matter, as the WP1 bot won't pick them up if they're not in the class categories too. --kingboyk 14:24, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
There are some artists who have acted in films and also have worked in other a&e media, but I can't seem to get filmbio-work-group=yes|a&e-work-group=yes to behave as expected. I would expect both to be visible; instead only the first-listed is visible. Listing other combinations of two workgroups is possible, e.g. s&a-work-group=yes|military-work-group=yes does the right thing. Are my expectations wrong for the filmbio-work-group=yes|a&e-work-group=yes combination? (sdsds - talk) 04:10, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
Please complete comments section of evaluation
Moved to Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Biography/Assessment --kingboyk 11:20, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
Request for comments - line break between parameters when tagging with bot
Until now, I've always had my bot put the template parameters onto seperate lines. I think it looks neater. However, 2 people have asked me to put it all the same line. I'm therefore inviting opinions. Please note I will only change if there's clear consensus; if folks aren't too bothered I may as well do it the way I like it ;)
Possible solutions:
* Always put the template call and parameters onto one line
* Always put the parameters onto seperate lines
* Put the parameters onto seperate lines only if they number more than or equal to "x", where "x" might be, say, 5? (I think this could be done without too much trouble, but because of the architecture of my program - which supports other templates too - the best way to find out would be to test it.
Example of a fairly large template call from Talk:Napoleon I of France:
--kingboyk 14:50, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
* I prefer the one-liner. Otherwise the talk page becomes too large when you try to edit it. Er rab ee 19:34, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
* I prefer the multi-liner, as it's easier to browse and adjust when necessary. But then I also always use the little "+" tab at the top of a talk page to start a new topic, and the edit links beside the topic name to contribute to an existing topic, so I never see the source for the templatecruft at the top unless I'm explicitly trying to edit it. Xtifr tälk 10:52, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
* Likewise. Maybe that's the difference? --kingboyk 10:55, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
* I also prefer the one-line version. This is the most used version on higher class biography articles. Also, some articles use the WikiProjectBanners template which organizes multiple banners into one template for better use of space on the talk page (look to the AC/DC talk page for an example of its usage). Having each banner limited to one line makes makes editing of multiple banners easier. Thank you for requesting comments on this issue. - cgilbert(talk 14:08, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
* I won't consider the template containers issue when determining what to do, because my code doesn't support those containers. When the container issue has consensus at wiki level (hopefully soon) I'll make a decision then. I do however note your preference for one line. --kingboyk 14:12, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
British Royalty excluded from biography categories?
If the british-royalty parameter is set to yes, the template does not add the article to the relevant biography categories. This seems odd to me, as it is the only work-group that exhibits this behaviour. I propose adding the relevant biography categories for british royalty biographies. Er rab ee 15:00, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
* Don't really hold an opinion either way at the moment, but would default to agreeing with you unless somebody can remind me of a reason why we coded it that way in the first place :)
* Certainly, BRoy articles should not be on the main bio lists if they are tagged with non-bio=yes. Such articles might be on things like royal titles or residences, which may be within BRoy scope but not WPBIO. Such articles are, of course, a very small minority, and template logic could take care of that. --kingboyk 15:07, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
What's happened to the template? The background color doesn't look right (used to be blue) and the text "style="background: #E5E5FF; border: 1px solid #8888AA;" is showing on some of the talk pages (evidently displaced from the template). DrKiernan 13:34, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
* Looks like SatyrTN's new code must have broken it. It seems to be more trouble than it's worth so I've rolled back. --kingboyk 13:40, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
* Sorry about that! Y'all have so many parameters! I've made the change to fix the royalty box. Looks kinda neat: Wikipedia_talk:Sandbox/blp1 :) -- SatyrTN (talk | contribs) 14:36, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
* Yes we do, but I think MILHIST has more. I like the colour scheme of the BRoy template a lot... Anyway, I've pasted in your new version. This had better work or you might find the natives revolting :P --kingboyk 14:42, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
Smaller font on /Comments note
Please put ... or CSS equivalent around the "If you rated..." passage, to slightly reduce the amount of talk page real estate consumed by this template.
* Looks small already to me... ? --kingboyk 19:18, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
Suggested change for "removal" output
I suggest we make the following change. Regards, Ben Aveling 21:23, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
* The subject of this article has requested that they not be included in Wikipedia. While Wikipedia does not honor these requests, this article should be monitored for controversial or unsourced material.
* The subject of this article has requested that they not be included in Wikipedia. Wikipedia does not currently honor these requests. As with all biographies of living people, this article should be monitored especially closely for controversial or unsourced material.
Fine by me. Anybody else care to comment? --kingboyk 22:44, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
Problems with needs-photo
The (unnecessarily longwinded) output of needs-photo=yes appears cites WP:NFCC. This sub-template reads, in part, 'Note: Wikipedia's fair use policy almost never permits the use of "fair use" images (such as promotional photos, press photos, screenshots, book covers and similar) to merely show what a living person looks like.' I've just read NFCC from top to bottom and there is no verbiage at that policy which appears to support this assertion. Rather, there is such material at Non-free content. So: — SMcCandlish [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 19:18, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
* Fix non-free content policy link to go to Non-free content.
* There used to be a link there to foundation:Resolution:Licensing policy, with explicitly mention photos of living people, but it was aparently removed as redundant. --Sherool (talk) 08:58, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
Furthermore, WPBiography already takes up far, far too much room in its typical fully-specified application. I would suggest removing that entire chunk of code and replacing it with a simple transclusion of Reqphoto if the needs-photo=yes condition is met. If there is a consensus that Reqphoto needs policy warnings, then that template should be modified to include them, and cite by #id precisely what in NFCC pertains to what the template is warning about. (No editprotected req.; just a proposal for discussion on this issue.) — SMcCandlish [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 19:18, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
* No to that. WPBiography is only so large because it replaces many other templates. If reqphoto were transcluded it would still be large, but we'd lose functionality.
* Also, the fair use stuff was added at outside request because of the current FU drive. I have no objections to trimming but there's nothing to be gained by moving to transclusion of reqphoto. --kingboyk 19:28, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
* What functionality would we lose? If we need FU stuff in there, it should be in Reqphoto first and foremost. Transcluding it would make maintenance easier, reduce the complexity of this template, and get rid of the reqphoto vs. needs-photo consistency problem. I don't see the lost functionality. I'm not saying get rid of needs-photo, rather have it call up reqphoto instead of its own custom reqphoto variant. If there's something special about that variant, I think it would be better to upgrade reqphoto to support a parameter of its own that would do what is wanted, and then have this template call that one with that parameter if needs-photo=yes. — SMcCandlish [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 07:33, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
* Well we would loose the "small=yes" functionality that makes the thing take up less space for one. You may want to consider using that if you think it's too big. Besides what would we gain exactly by removing the custum code, add it to reqphoto instead and then transclude it anyway? This way we can fine tune the wording to be relevant only to biographies. Seeing as it's a fairly big problem that people keep uploading non-free images to ilustrate living people it seems prudent to explain the rules in some detail in the photo request up front rater than leave people scratching theyr heads and cursing the "deletionist admins" after theyr non-free uploads get deleted. --Sherool (talk) 08:58, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
* Small: Trivial coding fix. If Reqphoto has no such parameter it should, and when it does, just pass it that parameter. What we'd gain is consistency and maintainability. I don't, generally, believe in having two templates when one will do, especially if a Policy (copyright in this case) matter is involved. Too much potential for something to change and one template to be updated to reflect that change without the other being updated, too. Object-oriented programming exists for a reason. :-) There's no compelling need to fine tune the wording for bios HERE, when the Reqphoto template can do that (from what I can see, it already has a lot of code for customization/specificity, and either already handles the desired case or can be made to do so very easily). The non-free rules: Those do not just apply to bios, so I repeat that if there's a broadly perceived need to spell this out in such templates (which I disagree with, but for the sake of argument...) it shouldn't just be for bios. And I'm skeptical that it needs to be even half as long as it is even if there is such a need. — SMcCandlish [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 02:18, 4 May 2007 (UTC)
<-- Adding the fair use blurb wasn't my idea so I can't be expected to defend it :) Using reqphoto would lose our special categories for photo needed, and it would add some 350,000 transclusion links to the reqphoto template.
What we do with BLP is transclude some boilerplate text that blp also transcludes. If what you're getting it as that both templates - WPBio and reqphoto - need to have the same text message, we could do that.
Otherwise, if the text needs to be trimmed feel free. It was even more verbose before I took a knife to it. --kingboyk 11:04, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
* Special cat: Easy to implement in Reqphoto; it does lots of that kind of stuff already, for much more than bios (like cars and all sorts of other specific things). I don't see any difference between translcluding a "piece" in both templates hundreds of thousands of times and simply transcluding the other template, with some twiddles to make it work as desired. It's just code bloat from what I can tell. If I'm just being dense, I guess having WPBiography and Reqphoto have the same message (hopefully a transcluded one) would help somewhat, yes, but I just don't see any point at all in having two entire blobs of code drawing what should be the exact same box (with text and cat. effects differing where necessary with parameters being passed.) If I write a function to, say, generate a PDF file from a web page, I'm not going to write another function to do that just because this page is green and the other one was red, if you see what I mean. I'm not meaning to be tendentious here, I'm just saying I think the entire thing could be overhauled to use one block of code for both templates (for needs-a-picture code), with relative ease, including small=, special categorization for WPBiography, and so forth. — SMcCandlish [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 02:18, 4 May 2007 (UTC)
In the interim, the bloat of WPBiography can be slightly reduced by making the policy note smaller in font-size.
* Apply or CSS equivalent if preferred, to the policy note in the same needs-photo subtemplate.
— SMcCandlish [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 19:18, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
Redundant photo request category?
If both "needs-photo=yes" and "sports-work-group=yes" are included then the page gets put into Category:Wikipedia requested photographs of sportspeople and also Category:Wikipedia requested photographs of people. As the first category is already a subcategory of the second, it seems to me that inclusion in Category:Wikipedia requested photographs of people is unnecessary. For an example of what I mean, see Talk:Alan Dennison.
Install page protection notice template
As this page is fully protected seemingly permanently, it needs one of the standard templates that says so. Don't care which, even the small lock icon version would be fine. — SMcCandlish [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 19:18, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
* Please place the modified template with the protection notice you want, the "free content policy link" you want, and the CSS changes you want, into a sandbox (my sandbox is fine) and place another protected edit request. If it all looks fine, which I'm sure it will, I'll oblige. --kingboyk 19:32, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
* While you're here, what do you think of this request? Template_talk:WPBiography --kingboyk 19:34, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
Image replacement request
Please change the use of image Image:Nuvola apps kcontrol.png to Image:Icon tools.png. Thanks. Siebrand 19:54, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
✅ --kingboyk 20:01, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
* Thanks. Siebrand 21:28, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
Category with all the articles in it
Would it be possible to add something like Category:Biographical articles to this template, and thus produce a category that allows people to browse all the biographical articles? This would be a big load on the servers, as the warning says, so this would need to be discussed here first. Carcharoth 01:40, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
* Possible, yes, but impractical. There's simply too many to make it useful to humans. Bots can get a complete list by adding together our various categories. You can also get a complete list by browsing to the template and selecting "what links here" (and looking at articles which are marked "transclusion"; AWB can build a list this way too). --kingboyk 16:06, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
* In case anyone is interested I fired up AWB and churned out a list (took a good while). The template is currently transcluded on 376274 main namespace talk pages. The full list is a little over 10Mb in size though tried posting it to a user subpage but I think I went over some limit because when my browser finaly unfroze and finished uploading all I got was a blank page. --Sherool (talk) 20:44, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
* As a new AWB dev I'm happy to hear that AWB coped OK with a list that large :) I'll pass the good news on. (10MB is way too big for a wiki page btw, as u discovered). --kingboyk 21:45, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
* Yeah it worked ok. May want to consider wasting a couple of CPU sycles on some kind of progres indicator for very big build/filter operations though. A lot of people might just asume it's crashed when the application screen just go white and stop responding for half an hour while it does it's thing ;) --Sherool (talk) 22:01, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
Brilliant. 376,274 is the number I was looking for. Now, is there any way of making that list of 376,274 articles available? The advantage of a category is that people can use largeCategoryTOC to go to the point they want to start browsing from. You can't do that with the "what links here" list. Have a look at Category:Unassessed biography articles for that TOC system in operation. I think creating a super-category to contain all biographical articles (just like the proposal I saw for Category:Wikipedia articles), is the way to go. That would go a large step towards replacing LoPbN, at least once pipe-sorting is applied uniformly, or the DEFAULTSORT magic key used uniformly. Carcharoth 23:17, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
* Well it certainly can be done. If one or two other folks speak up, I'll add the category for you. I probably wouldn't use it, but that doesn't make it bad :) --kingboyk 23:38, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
* Thanks. Using 'Fry' as an example, have a look at the Fs section of Category:Living people, click back one, and you will see a list of 21 living Fry's (some may not be on the list mentioned at the MfD). Abi Fry, Adam Fry, Arthur Fry, Barry Fry, Bertha Fry, Chance Fry, Charles Fry, Colin Fry, Hayden Fry, Hedy Fry, Jordan Fry, Ken Fry, Nick Fry, Nina Fry, Peter Fry, Russell Fry, Ryan Fry, Scott Fry, Shirley Fry, Stephen Fry, Taylor Fry.
* This is exactly the sort of thing I want to be able to do for all Fry's, hence the need for a category covering all biographical articles. Given that demonstration of how it would work, do I still need to find some other people to support this proposal? Carcharoth 00:09, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
* Using the category intex to find such things only work as long as the sort key is properly set though, this is not always the case. Not that it would hurt to have such a cat though. Anyway that list of Fry's you asked for can be found here (not including things like "Frydenlund" and what not. --Sherool (talk) 10:07, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
* By the way I uploaded the full list. Had to convert it to OpenOffice.org format though, plain text is not accepted, and SXW format is complressed so this way it's only 3.4Mb in size. File is here: Image:Bio list.sxw. --Sherool (talk) 11:04, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
* I think this is an excellent first step towards indexing what we've got. That's important for a lot of reasons: Wikiproject tagging, categorization in general, disambiguation, and the ultimate goal (at least in my mind) of replacing LoPbN with a more robust category-based approach. Unfortunately... even AWB's template-searching magic is going to miss a lot. Last night, I spent quite a bit of time brute-forcing Wikipedia via Special page searches and increasingly labyrinthine Google queries to build this Fry surname page. It seems I caught all the articles this AWB search found (except those with a middle name Fry, who I ignored anyway; and except again the two Chilean presidents due to Latin American naming convention), plus a lot more. The problem is that bio articles are probably the most likely to be created by inexperienced editors. Many lack the WPBio template on Talk. Some lacked any meaningful categorization at all — maybe a stub tag, sorted by the stub sorting volunteers. Those are going to be the most challenging articles to find. I don't know how to automate the process, either, which makes me gibber insanely when I think about trying to search Smith, Jones, Chan, etc. Serpent's Choice 02:18, 21 May 2007 (UTC)
* Wow. Another method for finding such things. This is very instructive. I'd like to try and list all the methods used so far, and their relative success levels. To some extent, finding all the articles is not needed, if only because the worst-formatted articles should be left for tidying and screened for notability (and sent to AfD or PRODded if not notable) before even being put in this proposed system. But that list is good. I think the methods used so far are:
* LoPbN (human maintained - often out-of-date)
* Existing disambiguation pages (human maintained - often out-of-date)
* Using indexes of relevant categories (automagically generated, requires human use and maintenance of category tags and pipe-sorting)
* Transclusion list of WPBiography (more difficult to generate, requires humans to identify biographical articles for tagging)
* Brute force, extended Google searches (requires human ingenuity to construct search terms)
* Have I missed any? Carcharoth 11:13, 21 May 2007 (UTC)
* See also Wikipedia talk:Miscellany for deletion/List of people by name. Carcharoth 11:13, 21 May 2007 (UTC)
Restarting discussion
Is no-one interested in this? Have a look at the revised proposal at Wikipedia talk:Miscellany for deletion/List of people by name and the new discussion there. Also, see the test compact index for living people I've created at User:Carcharoth/List of living people compact index. That is identical to the URLs used by largeCategoryTOC, but using the same layout as at Template:List of people by name compact page-index. I would like to do the same for all biographical articles, but at the moment there is no super-category for that. What is the best way to get approval for a bot to populate and maintain such a category? Carcharoth 23:01, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
* And following up Serpent's Choice's gibbering over Jones, Smith and Chan, follow the links to see the articles we currently have on living people by those names (only where they are correctly pipe-sorted, of course). Carcharoth 23:01, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
Redundant wording
I think the phrase, "Controversial material of any kind that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous." is longer than it needs to be. First it says that controversial material of any kind that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, then adds especially if potentially libelous. It already must be removed according to the lead clause. Can we shorten this sentence? Sancho 21:14, 20 May 2007 (UTC)
* Possibly this sort of change, if not essential, could be done at the same time as another change (one is being discussed above). Would that reduce server load? On the other hand, the discussion above might take a long time, so if others support this, I'd agree with a sentence like: "Controversial material of any kind that is unsourced, poorly sourced, or potentially libellous, must be removed immediately." It is possibly the longer wording was used for a reason though. Check the talk page archives or the template history if you want to be certain you aren't disturbing a carefully designed sentence. Carcharoth 11:17, 21 May 2007 (UTC)
* Material that someone might consider libelous but is sourced to really RSs is not usually deleted, except by Office action. Suggest
""Controversial material of any kind that is unsourced, poorly sourced, must be removed immediately." Take special care with potentially libelous material"DGG 18:22, 21 May 2007 (UTC)
Please fix line 16
I've started working with WikiProjectBannerShell, and have noticed that WPBiography template has a small error in its implementation of nesting. In the 16th line, instead of ! colspan="2" it should say ! colspan="3" (rest of the line should remain unchanged, I have quoted only the start of the line)
As noted on Template talk:WikiProjectBannerShell, templates that have a Portal need its colspan increased to 3. Example: Talk:Hitoshi Doi
Shinhan 15:32, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
* To further explain the error. When a WPBio is use within a BannerShell, WPBio is automatically hidden. If I click on "show", it will be normally shown, but the "hide" button will be moved to the left because of the Biography portal. Shinhan 14:38, 26 May 2007 (UTC)
editprotected
* This is not urgent but I dont understand why was this uncontroversial error-fix ignored during the last template update. Shinhan 14:56, 16 June 2007 (UTC)
* It's not line 16 for me. Can you give me a code excerpt so I can find the right spot? — Carl (CBM · talk) 21:09, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
* Contact me and I'll be glad to fix it. — Carl (CBM · talk) 16:23, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
editprotected
Im sorry for requesting the same fix for the third time. CBM introduced this fix in revision 139246148, BUT then he undid this fix with his next edit in revision 139914083. Im not calling for undoing of everything CBM did, just for reintroducing the fix he undid (colspan=3). CBM is away for the next 2 weeks so I cant ask him... — Shinhan <  talk  > 14:02, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
* ✅ Done, I think. Can you check to make sure I've got it right? --ais523 14:06, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
* Yes, it works now. Hopefully it wont get undone again. Thanks. — Shinhan <  talk  > 06:21, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
Queue of changes
There are now at least three proposed changes above. If needed, should they all be implemented in one edit to avoiding flooding the job queue? Carcharoth 11:26, 26 May 2007 (UTC)
* Meh. Just do one today, another tomorrow, etc. There's no major hurry, and a general coding principle is to make a change then test it, not make a bunch of changes and test the mass result and then be confused and at a loss as to where the problem is when something (or worse yet two or more somethings) broke, and what code change is responsible for the problem is a needle in a haystack. :-) — SMcCandlish [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 22:06, 4 June 2007 (UTC)
Best banner ever
Hi, I've benn analizing this and noticed is the most implemented here, I have been improving template:PeruProjectBanner (without work-groups boxes) but I think we need some advice, wonder if could help me. There's an issue I wanna clarify about the importance box, should it be shown allways, or only if the importance is specified with a value; and things like that. thanks -- Andersmusician $ 17:10, 28 May 2007 (UTC)
Nesting and living
Hi. I've noticed that when nesting, the message about this being an article about a living person is also hidden. Is that what you want?
-- TimNelson 04:01, 30 May 2007 (UTC)
* That is why WikiProjectBannerShell has blp=yes option in it, to show that warning above the nested collection. On the other hand, it is not possible to have BLP warning outside the box with WikiProjectBanners. Thats why BannerShell is better, but it does require more work. Come and join us at Template:WikiProjectBannerShell. Shinhan 09:09, 30 May 2007 (UTC)
* While Shinhan is absolutely correct, I think all this fretting about the BLP banner is a bit much. Way too many people get lathered up over something so trivial. I think most of us can read and think pretty clearly; the absence of a death date, the presence of Category living people, and the use of present tense in the article, etc., etc., are plenty of indication. I'm not opposed to the talk page BLP banners, I simply don't think there is any consequence of any kind to whether one appears or not. Just for the record, because I'm a little tired of people treating its appearance (and it appearance first no matter what — insert numerous exclaimation points here) as if it were a WP:POLICY matter, which it is not: WP:BLP states "Blp may be added to the talk pages of articles with living persons mentioned in the article. It also may be added to the talk pages of biographies of living persons so that editors and readers, including subjects, are alerted to this policy. Alternatively, if a WPBiography template is present, you can add living=yes to the template parameters." (Emphasis added). Note "may" and "can", not "must". And there is certainly no policy that this banner "must" appear before all others. One of the good things about WikiProjectBannerShell (though as of this writing WPBiography is only about half-compatible with it; see immediately below) is that its "blp=yes" feature allows one to put the WP:BIO banner at the bottom where it belongs (being generic and not particularly conducive to gathering people to work on articles), below more specific ones, e.g. for the baseball or Spain or whatever WikiProjects. (end rant) — SMcCandlish [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 22:25, 4 June 2007 (UTC)
WikiProjectBannerShell & WPBiography major incompatibility
WPBiography needs more conditional code, to nest the photo/infobox sub-banners when nested=yes, or it renders WikiProjectBannerShell pretty much useless. — SMcCandlish [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 05:26, 4 June 2007 (UTC)
Actors and Filmmakers image
I wonder if the Actors and Filmmakers WikiProject could be changed from "Image:Fratelli Lumiere.jpg" to "Image:Applications-multimedia.svg". The Luminere photo is rather difficult to make out at such a small size whereas the cartoon clapperboard will work. Discussion on which image to use died out on the project's talk page some months ago—I forgot about it too—so I'm defaulting to my suggestion. Thanks, Doctor Sunshine talk 21:28, 4 June 2007 (UTC)
* Looks like a good bet. — SMcCandlish [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 22:03, 4 June 2007 (UTC)
List-class articles
They're currently under unassessed articles when assessed as "list". Could a list category be added in to the template so we don't have this problem?-- Wizardman 01:21, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
Asian names & listas
A number of editors have been using scripts to automatically add the "listas" component to talk pages, and are consistently getting Asian names wrong. I recognize that this is the action of the script and not of the editor acting directly, but please please please take some care with this. This has, as far as I am aware, only become a problem within the last few weeks, but as more and more articles are automatically tagged in this manner, the problem becomes larger and larger. Something has to be done to cut it off. Please. LordAmeth 05:15, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
* Simple solution: Get rid of "listas". We've had the magicword DEFAULTSORT since ca. Dec. 2006 for this. There is a quirk, though (seems to be a MediaWiki bug) - the DEFAULTSORT must come after the project banners, or it won't work (at all, not even for maint categories that come after it); if placed after the banners, it works for both the banners that precede it, and categories that follow it. Go figure. This won't stop people from mis-sorting Asian names, but at least that will be a broader issue (MOS? VP? BOT?) and not one buried on a WikiProject template's talk page. :-) — SMcCandlish [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 05:43, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
* Please do not get rid of listas. In fact, listas accomplishes its function by using DEFAULTSORT. If the problem lies with a bot, fix the bot, not the listas parameter. Listas functions as it should. It is the bot that is dysfunctional. - cgilbert(talk 20:23, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
* Agreed that the bot is broken, but listas is redundant. It serves no purpose; if you want surname sorting, simply add DEFAULTSORT, since that sorting needs to be done for categories added by other WikiProjects too. — SMcCandlish [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 21:01, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
* Ah. Now, I have a question about automatically adding DEFAULTSORT. Well, it's a bit more ambitious than that. I want to do the following, and would appreciate any advice on the best way to implement each step:
* Get a list of article talk page that transclude this template (someone did this a few weeks ago, it is long list).
* Examine that list for "listas" parameters and "DEFAULTSORT" parameters, and put those parameters (as DEFAULTSORT) on the article page as well as the talk page.
* (This is the human stage) Examine the list of biographical pages that lack DEFAULTSORT and mark those that are obvious "first name, last name" construction, and manually create a list of the correct construction for the rest of them.
* Use a bot to add the correct DEFAULTSORT parameter to the article and the talk pages.
* This would then allow the use of a category on the biographical article pages to have a category alphabetically sorting all biographical articles. Can anyone advice on how feasible the above steps are? Carcharoth 16:29, 10 June 2007 (UTC)
* LordAmeth, one of the scripts you mention has been changed to always look for the sort key in the article's categories, rather than making assumptions about first and last name order. I hope this calms your nerves!
* I'd support DEFAULTSORT on talk pages as well, but the chances of it being generally adopted don't seem good.
* Finally, scripts don't do anything until the results are saved. (Not sure what "bot" is referring to above.) If an editor chooses not to review a semi-automated edit, it is perhaps more accurate to call the editor broken. – Outriggr § 04:30, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* Thanks. I apologize if I came across as confrontational ... it's just that since it affects so many articles, so quickly, I felt that something had to be done fairly quickly. We'll see how this develops, and in the meantime, I'll keep my eye out for pages that are mis-sorted. Cheers. LordAmeth 09:54, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
Why the /Comments place?
Why does the template ask people to make comments at /Comments (eg Talk:Edward Connellan/Comments) rather than on the talk page? I have seen a few anon. and new users get confused and ask questions on the /Comments page, I always wondered where they got the idea not to use the normal talk page.--Commander Keane 19:29, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
* An answer (I'm sure other editors have their own take), the /Comments pages are basically a special archive of sorts, of material relating (exclusively) to improving the article to B/GA/A/FA levels. Having this material lost in regular talk page articles (or hard to find in a talk page that remains really long and unarchived, as many do) makes it harder to maintain the article. Also, the natures of the comments differs. An article's talk page is for any commentary, questions, problem reports, disputes, etc., etc. raised by any editor (or even any encyclopedia reader with no interest in being an editor). The direction and indeed the "quality" of such commentary varies quite widely. The /Comments page is for editors who are consciously and hopefully conscientiously and "wikieducatedly" acting as article assessors. They are not there to present a topical point-of-view on the article subject, or to argue over finer points of this or that, but rather to examine the article as objectively as posssible with regard to the applicable article assessment criteria, the Manual of Style, and other "official" benchmarks.
* Another nice thing about the /Comments pages is that they can be tagged by a project (e.g. with a Class=NA or whatever), or categorized in a way that the project tag would have done, providing the project with a nice means of quickly identifying every article in their scope that has been assessed in some way with comments left for improvement. It's a quick way to ID articles that are likely raisable to GA (or A or whatever the next assessment level is) with some focused short-term work. (One problem here, though, is that a few editors think they know better than everyone else and go around removing such tags or categories from /Comments pages. I've had to dissuade people from doing this on at least 5 occasions. Hasn't happened to any of my watchlisted pages in the last month, though, so I guess the point is getting across.)
* If some people get confused and post random issues or questions on the /Comments page (or for that matter post an assessment on the main talk page) simply refactor the material to the proper location (and leave the writer a note on their talk page about the difference between Talk:Foo and Talk:Foo/Comments).
* The only real problems I see, to date, with /Comments are a) Too many editors will rate (or even demote from A) an article to B class without leaving any comments at all about what steps might be taken to get it to GA or A class, and far more seriously b) several WikiProject banners actually inline (transclude) the entire contents of the /Comments page in the banner template itself (I mean without making it hidden by default with a hide/show button), resulting sometimes in project banners that are 4 screens long. Those project banners need to be fixed immediately to stop doing that. Unfortunately, the piece of paper I'd written several of their names down on has somehow disappeared, so unless someone else has built a list of offenders in this regard, it's an all-new bug hunt from scratch. — SMcCandlish [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 01:15, 8 June 2007 (UTC)
* An additional advantage is that /Comments subpages can be transcluded on other pages: see my comments in the section immediately following this one. Geometry guy 11:34, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
Proposed template change
editprotected Here is where it is being worked on: User:The Psychless/WPBiography
And what it will look like...
The changes: 1. The [FAQ] link has been changed to a small [FAQ] link
2. Comments, I really think it's unnecessary for the template to ask for comments. Not only does it confuse people, thinking we should be leaving comments on every assessment we do, it makes the template look messy when there aren't any. It's also pointless for a complete page for comments.
* Do we really need comments for our assessments? No. Most assessments done don't have comments and here's why. It simply takes too much time, we won't make any progress if we have to leave comments on every article. If an article is Stub or Start class it will be very obvious how to improve it. If it is B class, giving comments on how to improve it to GA class will have to be a peer review to be useful at all. We aren't giving peer reviews, we're simply assessing articles so we know which ones need improvement.
* "I still want to give comments though." Ok, but I really don't see why they need a complete page to themselves. If the page is active enough that they might get -- Psych less 21:41, 21 June 2007 (UTC)archived or lost in all the messages, someone will see and apply them before then.
Cleaning up all the /Comments pages... Someone (not me, I have no scripting skills) will need to make a bot that generates a list of all the /Comments pages, then create a new section in their respective main talk page titled: Biography Assessment Comments. The bot puts the comments in that section, then blanks the /Comments page. Somehow we'll figure something out with MfD and we can get all those pages deleted. Please comment on this and I'll try to address your concerns as well as I possibly can. Also, if we can reach consensus on this an administrator needs to make the change for me. -- Psych less Type words! 04:51, 12 June 2007 (UTC)
* Support Works for me. Removes some of the unncessary/unused fields {i.e. the Comments subpage). --Ozgod 18:40, 12 June 2007 (UTC)
* Looks good. Is User:The Psychless/WPBiography all ready for me to copy it in? Mr.Z-man talk ¢ 23:32, 12 June 2007 (UTC)
* ✅ As for a bot, try WP:BOTREQ. Mr.Z-man talk <i style="color:navy; font-family:cursive;">¢</i> 23:40, 12 June 2007 (UTC)
* Um. The bot run to deal with the Comments pages should have been done first. How do you now propose to find those pages where Comments have been added. It's not a trick question. Think about it. Carcharoth 00:33, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* If we're going to deprecate the /comments pages, there's very simple code that can be used to generate a Category full of the pages where a comments page exists. . Then, all a bot would have to do is look in the category and move the comments to the main talk page. Once the comments are moved, the bot could speedy-tag the articles (WP:CSD) and admins could quickly delete them. You'll just need to give admins a heads-up before flooding CAT:CSD. Cheers. --MZMcBride 00:42, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* I didn't realise we had Category:Biography articles with comments. That should be sufficient. I think your code would pick up articles with comments from other WikiProjects than just WPBiography. In fact, the comments left on Biography articles may have been left after assessment by another WikiProject. What happens then? Carcharoth 01:28, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* I support this change, as adding comments on all biography articles is almost impossible. OhanaUnited Talk page 03:28, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
(outdent) There's a problem with having a bot tackle this task based on Category:Biography articles with comments, and it may be that this task should not be tackled at all. As Carcharoth noted, other WikiProjects use Comments subpages, as does the WikiProject 1.0 Editorial Team. For more information, please see WP:BOTREQ.
Thanks! — Madman bum and angel (talk – desk) 04:29, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
As noted above and elsewhere, there have been problems with this. Please, revert back to the status quo and wait a bit longer (say, a week) for more input to the disucssion before going ahead with this. What is needed now is to repopulate the category of pages with comments, and find out how many biographical articles have comments - if it is too many to copy by hand, another solution may be needed. I would suggest finding the people who originally implemented the comments subpage system and talk to them about it. Carcharoth 10:07, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* This proposal has not been thought through. It is a big step backwards, and the arguments for doing it ("No one has time to leave comments" and "Comments don't need a whole page to themselves") are weak. Comments and /Comments pages are useful for many reasons:
* Whenever a rating is added or changed, it is helpful to sign and date it. This allows others to identify the assessor, and when the last assessment was made, without having to trawl through the edit history. Everyone should have time to type four tildes on the /Comments page.
* Separating the comments from the article means that they will not be seen in context, will be missed by many editors, and will go out of date more easily.
* A separate subpage for comments is useful because it can be transcluded on other pages.
* /Comments pages are used by several WikiProjects and facilitate communication. In particular they should not be blanked or deleted unilaterally by one project.
* If you want to see the potential /Comments pages have, visit WikiProject Mathematics/Wikipedia 1.0/A-Class mathematics articles and related pages. Here the comments are listed with articles and ratings, so that editors can find articles needing their attention in a number of different ways. These pages are automatically generated, and comments are transcluded from /Comments pages. If you are willing to wait about 10 seconds for a long page to load, why not also check out WikiProject Mathematics/Wikipedia 1.0/Mathematicians, which is a list of all mathematician articles which have been assessed by the Mathematics WikiProject. This list is also automatically generated, and by using a further /Data subpage, the tables are sortable by date and surname, as well as Class and Priority.
* The Mathematics WikiProject switched to using /Comments pages a couple of months ago. Before that, some editors left comments on the article talk page, others tried to compile lists by hand. If you are not yet convinced by /Comments, take a look at the state of these lists before /Comments and automation were introduced and imagine trying to maintain these pages. This is a page from April which has not been updated since January. Geometry guy 11:27, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* Your arguments convince me. Again, I would like the status quo to be restored until this issue has been discussed at more length. The only caveat is that the WPBiography project is so big (nearly 400,000 pages are tagged by it) that changes to the template really do noticeably affect the job queue at the servers. To those who went ahead with this change, please, please discuss things for more than just 19 hours and three people before making changes like this. Carcharoth 12:49, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
And again, it is the scale thing at work. WPBiography are trying to do a "quick and dirty" assessment of tens of thousands of articles. That may, ultimately, be a waste of time, as more careful assessment, though it takes longer, is probably more productive, and needs to be done later in any case. To take an example, say a mathematician's article gets hastily assessed as start by WPBiography, and then not looked at for a year or so. During that time, a member of WikiProject Mathematics comes along and carefully assesses the article, adds comments, others come to work on the article, and the article is improved to B-class, and eventually, another year later, reaches FA-class. What did the WPBiography's assessment as start contribute to that process? Carcharoth 12:56, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* Careful assessment is definitely better than the "quick and dirty" approach, but the latter has some value, because it puts articles on the map for others to assess more carefully. From that point of view, a complete but inaccurate assessment is better than a blank one, because any editors watching the page are more likely object to an inaccuracy and update it.
* I have some experience with the "rough and ready" approach (as I prefer to call it!). I find it can be done surprisingly quickly using AWB. Here's how to fill in blank ratings.
* In AWB get a list of all talk pages in Category:Unassessed biography articles or Category:Unknown-priority biography articles and save it as a text file.
* In a text editor with search-and-replace, replace Talk:foo by foo Talk:foo Talk:foo/Comments .
* Load this list back into AWB, switch off all options (do not skip non-existing pages), and ask AWB to present the preview not the changes.
* Now start the process. You will first be presented with the article. Scan through it, form a "quick and dirty" or "rough and ready" opinion. Click ignore. You will next be presented with the article talk page: fill in any blanks in the template with your opinion. Click save. Finally you will be presented with the article /Comments page. Add four tildes, perhaps with a comment if one occurs to you. Click save. Go on to the next article.
* A similar procedure can be used to add ratings to pages without a template. (At Mathematics we made a conscious decision that blank templates are pointless, so Category:Unassessed quality mathematics articles and Category:Unassessed importance mathematics articles are empty most of the time.) The first stage above needs to be replaced by the following three:
* Get a list of all talk pages which transclude the ratings template and save it.
* Get a list of all articles within the scope of the project. For mathematics, this can be obtained from the List of mathematics articles (which is automatically updated using the List of mathematics categories). Convert this to a list of talk pages.
* Form the list difference with 1, and save it. This is now the list of all relevant articles with no template.
* Do the search-and-replace as before, but then program AWB to prepend a blank template such as . This will not be saved to the article if you click ignore. Fill it in on the talk page and save. Replace it by four tildes on the /Comments page. I find I can do 1-2 articles per minute in this way, and have assessed about 1500 so far. Geometry guy 15:15, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
Ok, we won't deprecate the /Comments page. I still don't think the template should ask for comments. My idea is to transclude the comments into the show/hide More information bar section. I would like the comments to look like they do in Template:WP1.0. For an example of the More information bar thing see here. I've been trying all morning to get the template to work but it just won't. I have very little experience in templates, so it would be greatly appreciated if someone with more experience could get it to work. I think it's fine to leave comments but the template shouldn't ask for them. It would be ideal if all of our articles have comments, but realistically, it isn't going to happen. -- Psy c h less 17:01, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* The problem is in the code that decides whether the More information bar should be there or not. If you include one of the parameters like: |attention=yes or |past-collaboration=yes then it will show the comments. Somehow this needs to be fixed, and the background of things under that bar need to be the same color as the rest of the template. Could someone please help here? -- Psy c h less 21:14, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* I'm frankly amazed you can make head or tail of the code. Secretly I'm very impressed. Is it trial and error, or are you really learning how templates work (I gave up on that long ago). :-) Carcharoth 22:31, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* Templates in general are not so hard. Templates mixed with wikitables (like this one) are painful. The main problem is a conflict between the wiki use of | in tables with its use as a parameter separator in templates: is provided as a way around this, but it does tend to make the template unreadable. An additional problem is the fact that wikitable syntax is sensitive to whitespace, especially newlines, so you have to be careful in a table-generating template to put whitespace in thr right space, and eliminate it where it is not needed. This also tends to make the template unreadable. After much work, I roughly understand (and this one is broadly similar), but still I need to use trial and error when I edit a subtle point.
* I'm not exactly sure what you are trying to achieve, otherwise I might be able to help more easily. Maybe I will try to implement a show/hide feature on maths rating comments to learn about the issues... Geometry guy 23:14, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* Mainly trial and error. Geometry guy, I'm going to try one last thing then I'll try to explain it on your talk page. -- Psy c h less 00:44, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
Comment: Apologies in coming to this discussion late, but I, for one, find myself irritated that I can no longer readily get at the 'Comments' subpage. Apparently, I've been among what seems a distinct minority of editors who actually used the comments link on the few biographies to which I've contributed. I argue that there is an advantage in having a distinct area to comment on the editorial issues of a biography, a place that doesn't get lost in the noise of some (not all) biography talk pages. These are the sorts of comment pages I've been maintaining on the few articles I've taken under wing, both for my own and other editors' benefit: It's the sort of activity I would encourage other editors to do, and now I am a bit chargined that the mechanism to do so has been compromised. I am also chargined by the cavalier implementation of this scheme. How is it, when we place so much emphasis on verification in the main space, that we throw the standard by the wayside in maintenence spaces? By what means has it been established that links to comments confuses people? Who has measured the extent of this confusion? Where are the results published? I feel I had a pretty good understanding of what comment links were for the first time I saw the facility in this template and never felt any confusion whatsoever. Insofar as taking too much time, is concerned, the last time I checked, I'm not being paid for contributions I make to Wikipedia, so nobody can set deadlines and expect me to adhere to them. Therefore, I can take all the time I need for full exercise of editorial craft. This includes using specialized facilities to note structural deficiencies in biographies, write links to promising reference materials and the like. Facilities such as these /Comments pages do suffer from a Catch-22 problem, I think: they are not useful if they are not used, and they won't be used until useful. I prefer the WikiGnome approach of using the facility whenever I can, thereby eroding this vicious circle a little at a time, rather than seeing the facility unceremoniously pulled. I agree with Geometry guy that the reasoning behind this proposal is specious. I feel that the case for /Comments pages raised by SMcCandlish in Why the /Comments place? have not been adequately addressed by the proponents of this change. I object that this discussion was not first aired at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Biography so that it could have been seen by a wider group of people. Please revert and do not proceed again until there are in the offing more compelling arguments than they take too much time or people are really confused. Diligent editors take whatever time is necessary to communicate with colleagues using every available channel at their disposal, and I fail to see any evidence of confusion paralyzing the Wikipedia community. Take care — Gosgood 01:04, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
* Soanya Ahmad
* Reid Stowe
* James S. T. Stranahan
* Ok, I apologize for not properly keeping everyone updated on this topic. I've made some other changes to the template that should be made shortly. The newest version of the template will transclude the comments in a show/hide section in the template. The code for it can be found here and an example of it in use can be found here. We are not going to deprecate the /Comments page. You may still leave comments on the article, and no /Comments pages will be deleted. However, there will be no sentence asking you to leave comments. The purpose of this change, now, is to make the template not imply that you should be leaving comments. If this was a wikiproject that had 1000 articles under it's scope it would be perfectly reasonable to ask for comments on every assessment. With our wikiproject, with almost 400,000 articles under it's scope, it is not reasonable. I will be happy to discuss this further with you if you believe that the changes that will soon be implemented are not sufficient enough. Psych less 03:39, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
* I think that's a reasonable compromise even though I don't like the /Comments subpage and think all Wikiprojects should stop using it. 1. I dislike the fact that the comments are actually transcluded and shown on the template. This can sometime take up a lot of space and makes the banner area look messy. 2. I think all comments about ways to improve the articles should be in the one centralized place (and that's on the talk page). Currently it's all over the place - on the talk page, on a subpage at Peer review, on a subpage at Featured article candidates, on a /comments page, or even a /todo list. This means editors have to look all over the place for comments. - kollision 14:30, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
* Thank you. There is, however, disadvantages to both ways. On busy talk pages, the comments, peer reviews, etc. could get archived very quickly. Going through all the archives would be about as much trouble. Anyways, I don't think the change will take up that much extra space. It only shows the comments if you click show, and they are automatically hidden by default. -- Psych less 16:00, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
* With all due respect, I disagree with kollision. The issues kollision raise are one of wiki page organization that any editor who cares about input from colleagues should address, to wit: cross-link the peer, good article, featured article, project comment areas to a talk page table of contents so that all interested parties can find relevant commentary: the day-to-day diligence of a WikiGnome who is mentoring an article toward GA or FA addresses that issue.
* Insofar as how this template should behave in this community, I hope that the template change proponents please, please do a Use case first to figure out how editors are to interact with it, which may differ considerably with how one might think editors ought to interact with it. Do not proceed until there is consensus among a decent range of editors that the work flow is usefully modeled. In that effort of gaining consensus, be wary of the offhand remark, both positive and negative, for neither does you service. "That's great! Go ahead!!!" is as useless as "That stinks. Go soak your head." because neither offer guidance on how to model interaction. In light of this, read carefully those editors who have left you more than an up or down vote. They have raised concerns, I believe, that change proponents have not yet adequately addressed.
* In that light, here are my own particular opinions:
* Consider that, among use case actors, there is at least one incorrigible old editor who likes to explain to colleagues his reasoning on how he's dealt with an article; the action sits well with his queer, old-fashioned notions of collaboration and consensus building. He's a minority case. He may represent, say, less than one in a thousand editors. But we're not counting votes here; we're evaluating inputs to a work flow, and when it comes to quality input, that one editor is offering a higher dimensioned input than stub/start/B/GA/A/FA. That editor is writing about further sources of references, factual holes in a current biography, potentially libelous aspects in a person's life, or rationale behind what might seem an unfair assessment. That is input you should be encouraging for it is blessedly hard to come by and easy to chase away.
* In light of that, removing the link to the /Comment page is hardly an invitation to leaving higher dimensioned input. Instead, it lends to the further isolation of the /Comments page, inhibiting its use and driving it to uselessness — out of sight, out of mind.
* If the objection with the /Comment link is visual clutter, then please consider a Hide/show mechanism as in . I wouldn't like it; I would object to it (out of sight, out of mind, again) but if the dominant opinion among a decent range of editors is that it is impossible to cleanly lay out the template any other way, then I could grumpily abide by the consensus. I'm not convinced, at the present, that this impossibility of a clean layout prevails.
* If the objection with the /Comment link is that it obliges project members to put "something" on 400,000+ pages, then I think the project team has got to re-think it's work flow. I would suggest a work flow change that places an editor who is rating a Biography article under no obligation to express the reasoning behind her assessment and is under no obligation to furnish collaborative information for other editors. That is how the work flow appears to be going now in any case. I would suggest rewriting the invitation: "Please rate this article; it has not yet been assessed on the project's quality scale. If you wish, make additional comments here about the article's strengths or weaknesses, or the basis of your assessment. [ FAQ ] . Again, if 999 out of a thousand editors choose not to leave comments, so be it. 999 editors are providing a one-dimensioned, scalar assessment and one editor is giving bonus dimensions. You should not be hampering that one editor for her input is rare; you should be thinking in terms of providing such editors one-click capture, not making it harder to comment.
* Observing a red link to the /Comments page in the template was, in itself, useful information; it flagged that the assessment was possibly a 'first-pass' rough effort, and should not be held in the same regard as a 'second-pass' detailed assessment where an editor has left comments or an assessment rationale. That red/blue link indicator constituted a not entirely useless 'assessment of the assessment' that has now sadly gone away. I would very much prefer to see it return.
* My revert suggestion is unchanged. The functionality of the template has, I feel, been compromised.
* I find the reasoning behind removing the /Comment link specious. The fact that it is not used much does not drive one to the conclusion that it is useless, for I claim that when it is used, and used well, it furnishes a high order, valuable input to the project that would impossible to get any other way.
* The reasoning that the link 'obligates' people to furnish input to 400,000+ pages is also specious. In fact, most editors happily ignore the link now; one may as well change the wording to reflect that it is entirely optional input. Indeed, if the template is to be changed at all it ought to be changed to encourage such optional input, not discourage it.
* In my opinion, the assessment of 400,000+ articles is an internal, process issue that is orthogonal to the template's job of gathering assessment input. To my mind, the problem does not lie with the template; the problem lies with 400,000+ assessments. To that end, I think Geometry guy is on the better track when he outlined how he uses AWB to batch-assess articles. I would be one hundred percent pleased if template WPBiography would just revert back to the 12 May 2007 state and, functionally, stay there, and that the development effort move from the front end to the middle ware, where assessment automation is sorely needed. Good luck to all of you. Take care. — Gosgood 16:38, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
(Unindent) There seems to be a misunderstanding here. The original proposal did involve removing links to /Comments and even deprecating /Comments (!!), and there was an unacceptably hasty attempt to begin to implement it. However several editors (including myself) vigorously objected to this idea, citing exactly the kinds of reasons that you list above, and the plans have been radically altered. Furthermore, the group appears to have learnt a lesson in patience and is proceeding more slowly with the consultation and possible implementation.
If you check out the proposed template at User_talk:The_Psychless/WPBiography, you will see that it does link to the /Comments page. So, in fact most of your concerns (which I share) have been accommodated already. The main difference is that the link is in a show/hide box. Since comments can be rather long, and can be transcluded into several project banners, the use of a show/hide box seems sensible to me. Indeed, as a result of this discussion, I have implemented the same idea at the template.
There is another proposed change which I believe has generated the confusions: The Psychless and others do not want the template to instruct editors to add comments. You may disagree with them, and so do I, at least in part: the maths rating template invites the addition of comments if there are none, and asks editors to update the comments if there are some. However, this is a relatively minor point, and the current proposal seems to be a reasonable compromise to me. Geometry guy 17:12, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
Addendum: I guess I should link to the maths rating template in action, lest anyone get the wrong impression from the template page. For an example of an article with comments, see Talk:Subset. For an article without comments, see Talk:Power set. Geometry guy 17:20, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
* Here are my counter opinions:
* Helping other editors improve articles is valuable. However, I do not believe that is the purpose of assessment. Assessment, in my opinion, is a way to help editors find which articles need attention more than others. It also helps us see the progress we are making. If an editor needs comments on an article, they can go directly to our project's peer review department, where they will recieve detailed and helpful comments. Some articles will not be improved for months, maybe even years, those comments will serve no purpose until then. Our efforts are better spent trying to improve Wikipedia right now.
* I would be more than happy to rewrite the invitation. I believe that is a suitable compromise. Editors who are going to leave comments will use the link and editors who will not will leave the link alone. If comments are not left the template will no longer insist that you should, which is how it should be.
* Now, instead of a red link/blue link indicator, it's a no comments transcluded/comments transcluded indicator. If you want to leave comments on an article after it's assessed then you simply type /Comments after the url. That likely takes two seconds longer than clicking a link.
* I have never said that comments are useless. The input from them are not impossible to get any other way. You can simply go to peer review or use your own judgement.
I've changed my version of the template again. Gosgood, please take a look at it here and decide if this a sufficient compromise. Psych less 21:41, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
* I could live with this. Good work. Grammar pickiness:
* Please rate the article and, if you wish, leave comments here on the basis of your assessment or the strengths and weaknesses of the article.
* I don't think 'on' is the best preposition for this phrase. It may be cleaner to say:
* Please rate the article and, if you wish, leave comments here regarding your assessment or the strengths and weaknesses of the article.
* Take care — Gosgood 13:03, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
* Just a suggestion: in my experience with ratings, it is more helpful for the comments to suggest improvements rather than comment on current strengths and weaknessess of an article. Geometry guy 15:13, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
/Comments is part of the Wikipedia 1.0 assessments scheme and their bot. Please don't go changing it without at least understanding that and any consequences. That said, if it's not working you're entitled to ditch it! --kingboyk 16:25, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
editprotected Whoever would like to flood the job queue over grammar, ;), can change on the basis of to regarding. Thanks for compromising Gosgood. Regards, Psych less 18:34, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
* I edited this once already today; just suggest the grammar change the next time another change needs done, or in a few days otherwise, and I'll do it then. — Carl (CBM · talk) 20:55, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
* Actually, the job queue was too small for my taste, so I made the change. — Carl (CBM · talk) 21:21, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
Astronaut bios
There are currently over 500 articles in the main namespace that link to Template:Infobox Astronaut. A WPBiography banner makes sense for all of these, as does a WPSpace banner linking to WikiProject Space exploration. Could the two be combined, e.g. with a "space-work-group" switch to WPBiography? Or does it make more sense to just go ahead and have double banners on them all? (sdsds - talk) 19:43, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
As I understood it, astronaut bios were being dealt with by WikiProject Space travellers. Maybe astronaut bios should have their banner instead, and the project be slaved to both WP Human spaceflight and WP Biography? Colds7ream 19:56, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
The template is ready
Go here to see how it will look when there are comments: User_talk:The_Psychless/WPBiography.
Here's how it will look normally, well with a class of NA:
Now I'll let everyone discuss it for a while before asking an administrator to make the change.. -- Psych less 20:01, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
"Let everyone discuss it for a while." I wonder where that came from... :-) Looks good to me. Carcharoth 17:23, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
* Since no disagreements have been brought up yet let's change it! Whichever administrator this may involve, just copy and paste the code at User:The Psychless/WPBiography.
* Looks good to me. ludahai 魯大海 10:09, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
editprotected -- Psych less 18:09, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
* You have left it one day for discussion? Have you brought it up at the biography wikiproject talk page also? SGGH speak! 20:47, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
* Yes. Two people disagreed with my action last time: one helped me make this change, one has already supported this change. I suppose I can let it wait a few more days. -- Psych less 21:25, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
* Could someone please make this change... Psych less 18:28, 20 June 2007 (UTC)
* done. — Carl (CBM · talk) 15:34, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
* hehe you copied the commentbox idea from WP:PERU, right? user:andersmusician --<IP_ADDRESS> 05:57, 24 June 2007 (UTC)
* Actually, I copied it from Wikipedia Version 1.0 Editorial Team. :) Psych less 02:18, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Talk:Trento
Famous natives I
Some natural history and wildlife inventory would be nice. They have brown bears, that's notable. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:03, 27 May 2020 (UTC)
Perhaps it would be wise to move the list of famous natives to the Province of Trento page? It would beef it up a bit, not to mention that many names on the list aren't strictly natives of the town proper. What do you think? --Tridentinus 22:02, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
Name in English
Shouldn't this be at the English name "Trent", such as Council of Trent for example? Gryffindor 15:13, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
* Through Trent is an English word for Trento, it isn't common English usage. I'm assuming good faith here that you aren't simply trying to stir the pot Gryffindor. Taalo 16:50, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
It very definitely IS common English usage. Mike Hayes (talk) 06:45, 23 July 2014 (UTC)
* It’s never too early to start making the Christmas pudding! (Which reminds me that my grandmother and her sister discovered that if you tip a pudding out its bowl, slice the top off and put it back, noone will notice. And that you can repeat the operation several times without anyone noticing. Or not until Christmas Day, when they got good hiding each.)
* But seriously, I think contemporary English usage is for Lazio, Livorno and Trento rather than Latium, Leghorn and Trent. Which is a shame, because Leghorn is a wonderfully comic name for a place to have, and the younger generations of English speakers are missing out on a spot of fun. But that�’s the way the language has moved. —Ian Spackman 21:16, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
* I would suggest that Trent be included in this article, not changing the article name as Gryffindor has suggested. If not simply to help people who might have learned the name Trent associate it with Trento, for the purpose of improving the academic quality. Specifically, I would like to see a bit near the languages in parenthesis—traditional English: Trent. Onomastics is an important field, which provides us with a fuller understanding of history. Agentxp22 (talk) 16:35, 23 February 2013 (UTC)
Name in German
Ah, more stirring of the pot. :} We should discuss here if the page needs the German name Trient before starting another edit war. Trento was under Austria-Hungary, but there are essentially no Germans in this region. Is it really necessary to include the German name? Do we need to go all over Wikipedia and include the names of former occupiers? Seems a bit unnecessary. Would like English-speakers input rather than Italian or Germans. thanks. Taalo 16:50, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
* Well, last summer the Val di Susa article looked like this, so there would be a precedent! —Ian Spackman 21:22, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
* ROFLOL! Hey, I remember Eugene_van_der_Pijll voting on the TA-AA/ST issue before..hah. Man, oh man... o_O Taalo 21:33, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
* To be fair it wasn’t Eugene who introduced that oddity: he was just the last editor to fail to spot it. In fact, of course, it’s a good sign of there being a bit of multi-lingualism around. Someone, I guess, came accross what was a micro-stub of an English article, spotted that there was a better one in German and translated it in just that bit too much of a hurry! But we are allowed to make those sorts of mistakes on wikis: they correct themselves. (Eventually. Perhaps.) —Ian Spackman 22:04, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
* For sure it is nicer to see honest mistakes. I'm still all for Zugen-TreniItalia though. Taalo 22:07, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
Ah, but Trenitalia is just Trenitalia from Trento to Trapani. This is the Trento page. ON the topic at hand, just like cities that changed hands usually have a list of historical official names (See, for example, Lvov), and Trento was Austrian for more than a century, what's the problem having it? I'd even have no qualms with "Welschtirol", if the page was called Trentino instead of Province of Trento - a post-WWI creation. Tridentinus 13:23, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
* I don't really have problems with Welschtirol or Trient myself. They are part of the history. I think including these names somewhere in the body of the history section makes a lot of sense. Having them in the first line, well, I'm not so sure. Anyway, in the end every name is just an invention. My feeling is that Italy has provinces now and those should have pages, just as all 50 states of the US have pages. Some of those 50 states are recent inventions as well. Taalo 17:43, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
* Welschtirol is historik, Trient is actual (for me the Capital of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol is called Trient). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Emes (talk • contribs) 09:16, 17 March 2007 (UTC).
* Not sure whether it is better to be actual or historic. I think that in term of an an encyclopedia the latter is more important: today decays much faster than yesterday! And that is precisely the reason why people are voting for the historical term South Tyrol, as against the contemporary Province of Bolzano! —Ian Spackman 11:11, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
* Historic official names are commonplace in Wikipedia at the start of an article. See Lviv, Kaliningrad, Nice. Not to mention that Trento was part of the Holy Roman Empire, and at one point had a sizeable German population (30% at least); Goethe coming to Italy, and arriving in the German district, still heard enough German to write he didn't really feel he was in Italy yet. For all these reasons I feel that the German name should be in. Tridentinus 16:38, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
* Ok, sounds good, especially your point of Historic official names are commonplace in Wikipedia at the start of an article. Do you think we need Latin in the start of the article too? I guess it could be kind of interesting for pages in Italy. Taalo 22:47, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
Famous natives II
I removed two entries from the famous natives. Googling for Mr Palermo awards no result opinting at his even national notoriety, and Trasmonti only resulted in pages sourced from this article. In short, it's vandalism. Tridentinus 22:54, 31 May 2007 (UTC)
Removal category request
Remove from category:Major Cities in Italy. Trento is not one of Italian Major cities i.e. it in not in the list of the ten biggest cities for population. --EH101 (talk) 15:38, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
Province of Trento
I deleted the template Province of Trento because it caused problems in the languages box, making appear links with the page of "Province of Trento" in some languages that couldn't be removed. The italian one connected even with an empty template page! Daviboz (talk) 01:54, 30 October 2008 (UTC)
* Thanks for spotting that problem, which will have affected all the articles on the communes in this province. I have fixed the template (which a bot edit had messed up in September) and restored it to this page. —Ian Spackman (talk) 10:27, 30 October 2008 (UTC)
Name in local language
"Trento (...local language: Trènt...)" — Which local language is that? Thanks. Jim (talk) 19:23, 10 February 2009 (UTC)
* According to the Italian Wikipedia it’s the it:Dialetto trentino, which we have no article on. Ian Spackman (talk) 18:06, 11 February 2009 (UTC)
Hi there - This might seem like being pernickety but a question mark over the following: "Trento (...local language: Trènt...)" using the term 'local language' is more than a little misleading and is technically incorrect. It would be much better written as 'local dialect' as Trentino (or Trèntin, as they say) is a dialect of Italian & not recognised (anywhere as far as I know) as a stand alone language like, for example Furlan (from Friuli), Sardo (Sardinia), or Ladin (quite literally from just up the road from Trento). There are political movements (namely Lega Nord) who are actively pursuing a policy of recognition for the dialects of northern Italy (eg Veneto dialect), tho this has little to do with linguistic categorisation and more to do with creating a northern identity seperate from southern Italy. Hope I'm not being a fly in the ointment. Cheers, P —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:00, 9 February 2010 (UTC)
Trent
When I think of the Council of Trent, an "o" on the end sounds silly and wrong. As this is English-language Wikipedia, I think the name of the article should be the English-language name. We have an article about the city of Rome, not Roma, so why is the article called Trento when historically the city is called Trent in English? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:16, 25 October 2011 (UTC)
* I agree with you. See my post above under the Name section with a suggested compromise. We could add the name Trent in the language section as Traditional English. Agentxp22 (talk) 16:38, 23 February 2013 (UTC)
Trident
It seems obvious to me that the Latin name Tridentum is a reference to Neptune's trident. But a quick search does not give me any backing for this. I'm just inquiring. Is this just my imagination, has it occurred to others, is it deserving of mention either for confirmation or denial, or should it just be forgotten? TomS TDotO (talk) 14:56, 13 May 2013 (UTC)
* [[Image:Trento-aquila_con_motto_di_fra_Bartolomeo.jpg|left|100px]] There is some claims on a raetic origin of the name, but is generally accepted that Tridentum ("tree-tooth") was referred to three nearby hills: Doss Trento, Dosso di San Rocco and Dosso Sant'Agata. The Trident was associated only thanks to the assonance; so first came the name "Tree-Tooth" and only later the association with Neptune. In fact the inscription on the old town hall in via Belenzani says: "Montes argentvm mihi dant nomeno Tridentum (The mountains and the silver give me the name of Tridentum)". --Pippo skaio (talk) 16:00, 13 May 2013 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 2 external links on Trento. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://archive.is/20130218104345/http://www.trentoinfo.it/TrentoInforma.aspx?ID=35 to http://www.trentoinfo.it/TrentoInforma.aspx?ID=35
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110905083415/http://isig.fbk.eu/it/home to http://isig.fbk.eu/it/home
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Comments on the article
I read the article and I have a few comments.
1. "Most served on the Galician front".
I supposed this refers to Galicia, the northwestern region of Spain. If it is, please add a link so it's clear. It's not obvious.
2. "The aim of this festival is to put economic terminology across to everyone."
This sentence is vague and awkward.
3. "Ianeselli, a former trade unionist, was elected as a left-leaning independent with the support of a wide coalition of parties. These parties ranged from the left (as in the case of Europa Verde) to the Catholic centre (including Partito Autonomista Trentino Tirolese, and Insieme per Trento). When determining the composition of his Giunta (the equivalent of a City Cabinet), Ianeselli selected seven members of the City Council: Monica Baggia, Elisabetta Bozzarelli, Mariachiara Franzoia, Chiara Maule, Salvatore Panetta, Roberto Stanchina, and Paolo Zanella. However, in late November 2020 Paolo Zanella announced he would leave his position as a member of the Giunta, in order to fill a vacancy in one of the 35 seats of the legislative assembly of the Trentino province, upon the resignation of member Paolo Ghezzi. Shortly after, mayor Ianeselli announced Ezio Facchin as Zanella's successor."
This is not important and it does not add any value for the reader.
4. Palazzo delle Albere (Palace of the Trees). It's not clear to me how the translation came about. The Italian version of the article talks about trees which, in Italian, are "alberi". How the word "alberi" became "albere", which is not a word in Italian, is unclear. If anybody knows please explain it to me.
5. The "Culture" section of this article says nothing about the culture of the city. It's just a collection and a misnomer.
ICE77 (talk) 05:30, 22 September 2023 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy reveals the influence of charged sensitizing quantum dots on the electron dynamics in ZnO
Research output: Contribution to journalArticle
Bibtex
@article{2c3834477ded4871be200915b73a39f5,
title = "Time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy reveals the influence of charged sensitizing quantum dots on the electron dynamics in ZnO",
abstract = "Photoinitiated charge carrier dynamics in ZnO nanoparticles sensitized by CdSe quantum dots is studied using transient absorption spectroscopy and time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy. The evolution of the transient spectra shows that electron injection occurs in a two-step process, where the formation of a charge transfer state (occurring in several picoseconds) is followed by its dissociation within tens of picoseconds. The photoconductivity of electrons injected into the ZnO nanoparticles is lower than that of charges photogenerated directly in ZnO. We conclude that the motion of injected electrons in ZnO nanoparticles is strongly influenced by their interaction with positive charges left in the sensitizing quantum dots.",
author = "Sesha Bamini and Hynek N{\v e}mec and Karel Zidek and Mohamed Abdellah and Al-Marri, {Mohammed J.} and Pavel Ch{\'a}bera and Carlito Ponseca and Kaibo Zheng and T{\"o}nu Pullerits",
year = "2017",
doi = "10.1039/c6cp07509f",
language = "English",
volume = "19",
pages = "6006--6012",
journal = "Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP",
issn = "1463-9084",
publisher = "Royal Society of Chemistry",
number = "8",
}
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Haunted Hero (Ghost Whisperer episode)
The result was Delete all. Keilana talk(recall) 23:57, 29 December 2007 (UTC)
Haunted Hero (Ghost Whisperer episode)
* – (View AfD) (View log)
Fails WP:EPISODE. Hasn't "received significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the subject." Article also got tagged with a "copyvio" tag. Author removed to the tag and rewrote it, but the rewrite, IMO, is poor. brew crewer (yada, yada) 08:41, 23 December 2007 (UTC)
I am also nominating the following related page for basically the same reason.
* - added by User:Sgeureka after Lankiveil's !vote
* - added by User:Sgeureka after Lankiveil's !vote
* "Matt, Jim's friend, return from Iraq after his unit dies. His memory loss, Melinda help him to do clarity thank to ghosts of privates". Most informative! Neither article, to quote from WP:NOT, "offer(s) detail on a work's achievements, impact or historical significance". Therefore, I suggest that we Delete All. Lankiveil (talk) 08:48, 23 December 2007 (UTC).
* Delete all (I have added The Underneath (Ghost Whisperer episode) to the nomination because it has the same problem). The articles don't demonstrate any notability, and I guess there isn't any to begin with. – sgeureka t•c 11:14, 23 December 2007 (UTC)
* Delete all three I would like to see the "significant coverage in reliable sources" test applied to all TV episode articles. There are some television episodes that are remembered by everyone-- Master of Your Domain, Who Shot J.R., Vitametavegamin, The Trouble With Tribbles --- but the vast majority of TV episodes are not worthy of an encylopedia article. Because there is no secondary coverage, it's ALL original research. The only positive point that can be made about a TV episode article is that it gets someone off the couch and lets them hone their writing skills... but these things should be taken down after a month. Somehow, this is even worse than o.r., taken straight from imdb.com or the show's website, which is wrong on even more levels. Mandsford (talk) 14:03, 23 December 2007 (UTC)
* Delete Agree with above sentiment. This fails to assert even the potential for independent notability and should therefore be removed per WP:NOT.
* Keep, notable. Everyking (talk) 08:03, 24 December 2007 (UTC)
* Delete All Three — Not notable. I also agree with Mandsford's WP:OR argument, and offer thanks for it. --Jack Merridew 09:46, 24 December 2007 (UTC)
* Delete All nothing notable about these episodes. Ridernyc (talk) 11:50, 24 December 2007 (UTC)
* Keep all as it is a notable show and episodes seen by millions of viewers are inherently notable and verifiable. Sincerely, -- Le Grand Roi des Citrouilles Tally-ho! 21:26, 24 December 2007 (UTC)
* see WP:NOTINHERITED --Jack Merridew 07:03, 25 December 2007 (UTC)
* Delete all three, they are not worthy entries in an encyclopedia. Greswik (talk) 17:31, 28 December 2007 (UTC)
* Redirect to List of Ghost Whisperer episodes, per WP:EPISODE. Why does it seem that certain people who decide to enforce WP:EPISODE stop reading before they get to the section "Dealing with problem articles"? The guideline says specifically to "consider merging or redirecting" and to "avoid listing episodes for AfD", yet I see no attempts by the nominator or anyone else to merge or redirect in the articles' histories, and the discussion pages are nonexistent. By the way, there are secondary reliable sources, e.g. The Toronto Star, though the coverage might not be enough to establish notability for separate articles. Consider my recommendation changed to a "keep" if more significant coverage in reliable sources can be found. DHowell (talk) 05:04, 29 December 2007 (UTC)
* because if you redirect without going through AFD you end up at ARBCOM. Ridernyc (talk) 18:58, 29 December 2007 (UTC)
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WIKI
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In re WASHINGTON PUBLIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM SECURITIES LITIGATION. CLASS PLAINTIFFS; Chemical Bank, in its representative capacity as Trustee for Bondholders, Plaintiffs, and Bernstein, Litowitz, Berger & Grossman; Milberg, Weiss, Bershad, Specthrie & Lerach; Molloy, Jones & Donahue, P.C.; et al., Appellants, v. CITY OF SEATTLE; Oregon Public Entities, Benton Rural Electric Association, Washington; Washington Public Power Supply System; R.W. Beck and Associates; Ebasco Services Incorporated; United Engineers & Constructors, Inc.; Director Defendants, Participants’ Committee Defendants; Public Utility District No. 1, of Klickitat County; United States of America, on Behalf of Itself and its Agency, The Bonneville Power Administration; State of Washington; Bonneville Power Administration, Defendants-Appellees. CLASS PLAINTIFFS, Plaintiff, and Lawrence Laub, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CONTINENTAL ASSURANCE COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CITY OF SEATTLE; Oregon Public Entities, Benton Rural Electric Association, Washington; Washington Public Power Supply System; R.W. Beck and Associates; Ebasco Services Incorporated; United Engineers & Constructors, Inc.; Director Defendants, Participants’ Committee Defendants; Public Utility District No. 1, of Klickitat County; United States of America, on Behalf of Itself and its Agency, The Bonneville Power Administration; State of Washington; Bonneville Power Administration, Defendants-Appellees. CLASS PLAINTIFFS, Plaintiff, and Continental Assurance Company, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. BERGER & MONTAGUE, P.A., Appellant, v. CITY OF SEATTLE; Oregon Public Entities, Benton Rural Electric Association, Washington; Washington Public Power Supply System; R.W. Beck and Associates; Ebasco Services Incorporated; United Engineers & Constructors, Inc.; Director Defendants, Participants’ Committee Defendants; Public Utility District No. 1, of Klickitat County; United States of America, on Behalf of Itself and its Agency, The Bonneville Power Administration; State of Washington; Bonneville Power Administration, Defendants-Appellees.
Nos. 91-16669, 91-16685 and 91-16687.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted June 14, 1993.
Decided March 23, 1994.
Arthur R. Miller, Cambridge, MA. Edward A. Grossman, Bernstein Litowitz Berger & Grossman, New York City. Michael J. Meehan, Molloy Jones & Donahue, Tucson, AZ. Leonard B. Simon, Melvyn I. Weiss, William S. Lerach, Milberg Weiss Bershad Specthrie & Lerach, San Diego, CA, and New York City, for appellants in No. 91-16669.
James E. Spiotto, Ann Acker, Wendy A. Grossman, Rosanne Ciambrone, Chapman and Cutler, Chicago, IL, for appellees.
David B. Gold, Paul F. Bennett, Alan R. Plutzik, San Francisco, CA, for appellants in No. 91-16685.
David Berger, Jay Robert Stiefel, William Appleby-Kellett, Berger & Montague, Philadelphia, PA. Michael J. Meehan, Molloy Jones & Donahue, Tucson, AZ, for appellants in No. 91-16687.
Before: NORRIS, WIGGINS, and LEAVY, Circuit Judges.
WILLIAM A. NORRIS, Circuit Judge:
Appellants are 25 law firms (“Class Counsel”) who represented bondholders (“Class Plaintiffs”) in the largest municipal bond default in history. From 1977 to 1983, the Washington Public Power Supply System (‘WPPSS”) sold bonds with a face value of $2.25 billion to finance construction of two nuclear power plants. The plants were never completed and WPPSS defaulted on its bond payments. In 1983, purchasers of the bonds filed a class action against WPPSS and nearly 200 other defendants alleging violations of state and federal securities laws in the sale of the bonds. The claims of class members totalled almost $1.47 billion. The ease was ultimately resolved through 22 separate settlement agreements, which created a settlement fund of $687 million.
Class Counsel requested attorneys’ fees totalling $103 million from the settlement fund, which they asserted was a reasonable fee under either the percentage-of-the-fund method or the lodestar/multiplier approach. See In re Washington Pub. Pow er Supply Sys. Sec. Litig., 779 F.Supp. 1063, 1084 (D.Ariz.1990) [hereinafter WPPSS II]. Under the lodestar approach, Class Counsel reached their $103 million figure by enhancing a lodestar of nearly $33 million by various multipliers which, in the aggregate, constituted a “blended” multiplier of 3.1. In the alternative, Class Counsel claimed that their $103 million lodestar figure would be reasonable under the percentage method because it represented only 13.6 percent of the settlement fund. Id. at 1081.
Employing the lodestar rather than the percentage method, the district court made certain reductions from Class Counsel’s $103 million figure, ultimately arriving at a lodestar of $27 million. The court denied most of Class Counsel’s requests for multipliers, but enhanced the awards to eleven individual attorneys for the exceptional quality of their representation. These individual enhancements resulted in a blended multiplier of 1.2, which yielded a final award of $32 million.
Class Counsel moved for reconsideration of the fee award, stating that their “principal assertion ... is that larger multipliers should be awarded.” Reply Memorandum of Class Counsel in Support of Reconsideration on Attorneys’ Fee Order at 7. They also explained that they were arguing “for a percentage as an alternative method, as a way to test the Kerr [lodestar/multiplier] analysis and to confirm the reasonableness of the proposed multipliers.” Id. After reconsidering Class Counsel’s arguments, the district court refused to increase its initial fee award of $32 million. In re Washington Pub. Power Supply Sys. Sec. Litig., 779 F.Supp. 1056, 1063 (D.Ariz.1991) [hereinafter WPPSS III ]. Class Counsel appeal this award as unreasonably low. Their principal argument on appeal is that the district court neglected to enhance the lodestar for two of the Kerr factors — risk of nonpayment and results obtained — when calculating their fee. See Kerr v. Screen Extras Guild, Inc., 526 F.2d 67, 70 (9th Cir.1975).
I
Is the Percentage Method Required in Common Fund Cases?
At the outset, Class Counsel urge us to follow the Eleventh Circuit’s lead in mandating the use of the percentage method in common fund cases. See Camden I Condominium Ass’n v. Dunkle, 946 F.2d 768, 774 (11th Cir.1991). Because the law in our circuit is settled on this issue, we are not at liberty to follow the Eleventh Circuit. We instead apply the law of our circuit that the district court has discretion to use either method in common fund cases.
In Florida v. Dunne, where we approved the district court’s use of the lodestar method to award fees in a common fund case, we explained:
Despite the recent ground swell of support for mandating a percentage-of-the-fund approach in common fund cases, however, we require only that fee awards in common fund cases be reasonable under the circumstances. Accordingly, either the lodestar or the percentage-of-the-fund approach “may, depending upon the circumstances, have its place in determining what would be reasonable compensation for creating a common fund.
915 F.2d 542, 545 (9th Cir.1990) (quoting Paul, Johnson, Alston & Hunt v. Graulty, 886 F.2d 268, 272 (9th Cir.1989) (emphasis added)). In so holding, Dunne relied on two previous cases in which we approved use of the percentage method in a common fund context, but made it clear that either the percentage or the lodestar method may be appropriate depending on the circumstances. See Six Mexican Workers v. Arizona Citrus Growers, 904 F.2d 1301, 1311 (9th Cir.1990) (“the choice between lodestar and percentage calculation depends on the circumstances”); Graulty, 886 F.2d at 272 (same).
Although Class Counsel ultimately acknowledge, as they must, that we have “not yet adopted Camden’s rale that the percentage method is mandatory,” they make the further argument that Ninth Circuit law mandates use of the percentage method in common fund cases unless the district court finds “special considerations” that warrant use of the lodestar method. Appellants’ Opening Br. at 70. Thus, they contend that the district court erred as a matter of law in choosing the lodestar method without first identifying “any 'special circumstances’ that would overcome the presumption in favor of the percentage method.” Appellants’ Reply Br. at 37.
As authority for their argument, Class Counsel seize upon our statement in Six Mexican Workers that “[although statutory awards of attorneys’ fees are subject to ‘lodestar’ calculation procedures, a reasonable fee under the common- fund doctrine is calculated as a percentage of the recovery.” 904. F.2d at 1311 (citing Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 900 n. 16, 104 S.Ct. 1541, 1550 n. 16, 79 L.Ed.2d 891 (1984)). We went on to say that a percentage award “should be adjusted, or replaced ... when special circumstances indicate that the percentage recovery would be either too small or too large in light of the hours devoted to the case or other relevant factors.” Id. Class Counsel read too much into these two passages from Six Mexican Workers. Whatever uncertainty in our law these passages may have created, it was resolved in the remainder of the paragraph when we reaffirmed our settled rule that either the lodestar or percentage method may “‘have its place in determining what would be reasonable compensation for creating a common fund,’ ” id. (quoting Graulty, 886 F.2d at 272), and that “the choice between lodestar and percentage calculation depends on the circumstances.” Id. This clarification of our law was sharpened by Dunne, where we approved the district court’s use of the lodestar method even though the case involved no special circumstances that might have made the percentage method inappropriate. 915 F.2d at 545. Given this clear circuit precedent, we reject appellants’ argument that the district court’s refusal to use the percentage method constitutes an error of law. This was not a ease, like Graulty, where “it was impractical, if not impossible, to use the lodestar approach.” Id. at 545-46. Here, no such complexity exists to make the calculation of the lodestar impractical. Accordingly, we restate the law of our circuit that, in common fund cases, no presumption in favor of either the percentage or the lodestar method encumbers the district court’s discretion to choose one or the other. As always, when determining attorneys’ fees, the district court should be guided by the fundamental principle that fee awards out of common funds be “reasonable under the circumstances.” Id. at 545 (emphasis added).
II
Did the District Court Abuse Its Discretion in Applying the Lodestar Method Instead of the Percentage Method?
Class Counsel contend that even if the district court had the discretion to choose between the lodestar and percentage methods, it abused that discretion by choosing the lodestar method instead of the percentage method in this particular case. We review the district court’s award of attorneys’ fees, including its choice of methods, for abuse of discretion. Drucker v. O’Brien’s Moving & Storage, Inc., 963 F.2d 1171, 1172 (9th Cir.1992).
Class Counsel’s basic contention is that the district court erred, in considering the size of the fund ($687 million) when deciding which method was more appropriate in this case. They argue that the district court should have awarded them 13.6 percent of the fund, regardless of its size, because that figure was lower than both our circuit’s 25 percent “benchmark” figure, see Graulty, 886 F.2d at 272, and the 20-30 percent awards “typical” in common fund cases. Appellants’ Opening Br. at 9-10, 57, 73. We are unpérsuaded.
In explaining its decision to use the lodestar method, the district court first observed that “the immense size of the settlement fund in this action far exceeds the amount of settlement funds in virtually all similar cases” reviewed by the court. WPPSS II, 779 F.Supp. at 1085. Because of this, the court concluded that the size of the fund magnified beyond all reasonable limits the margin of error inherent in a percentage fee award. Id. at 1084-85. The court acknowledged Class Counsel’s central proposition that a fee in the range of 20-40 percent is typical in many common fund cases, but concluded that the size of the fund here precluded a meaningful analysis of a percentage fee award in terms of comparisons with awards in other reported cases. Id. at 1085. The court’s review of relevant cases showed that in many eases awards fall outside the “typical” range and that the percentage of an award generally decreases as the amount of the fund increases. Id. In light of this, the court stated that “[g]iven the variances in the sizes of settlement funds, Class counsels’ data, intended to demonstrate that the percentage they request is far less than the norm, aptly demonstrate the virtually impossible task of setting any particular percentage as a 'proper one.” Id. (emphasis in original). Thus, the court found no rational basis for Class Counsel’s request for 13.6 percent of the fund, concluding that the figure was “arbitrary” because Class Counsel could just as easily have requested 3.6 percent or 36.1 percent. Id.; see also In re Superior Beverage/Glass Container Consol. Pretrial, 133 F.R.D. 119, 125 (N.D.Ill.1990) (“There is no necessary logical connection between percentages and reasonable compensation. At best, percentages are simply a rough and ready way of estimating contingency plus effort.”). Even after reconsidering Class Counsel’s arguments, the district court refused to “retreat from its lodestar analysis,” which it believed would provide the fairest, most reasonable fee award. WPPSS III, 779 F.Supp. at 1060.
We agree with the district court that there is no necessary correlation between any particular percentage and a reasonable fee. With a fund this large, picking a percentage without reference to all the circumstances of the case, including the size of the fund, would be like picking a number out of the air. As the district court, in the context of rejecting a results multiplier, explained:
[i]n determining fee awards in class actions, it is especially important that judges not be unduly influenced by the monetary size of the settlement. A sizable settlement can reflect a number of factors in addition to the prestige, skill and vigor of Class counsel. Thus, it is imperative that the amount of th[e] settlement ... be viewed from the proper perspective and in the context of all relevant circumstances.
WPPSS II, 779 F.Supp. at 1097-98 (citations omitted). Because a court must consider the fund’s size in light of the circumstances of the particular case, we agree with the district court that the 25 percent “benchmark” is of little assistance in a case such as this.
In fact, the reasonableness of the district court’s choice of the lodestar approach is attested to by the methodology used by Class Counsel in their own fee petition. Class Counsel requested a fee of $103 million based upon a lodestar enhanced by a 3.1 blended multiplier. They then defended the reasonableness of the $103 million request by pointing out that it represented only 13.6 percent of the settlement fund- of $687 million. In other words, they did not base their fee request on a percentage-of-the-fund calculation, but argued that their enhanced lodestar fee of $103 million was necessarily reasonable because it represented only half the fee that would be awarded if the “benchmark” of 25 percent were applied. Not only does this type of circular reasoning point up the danger of applying percentages indiscriminately in awarding fees, it also highlights the disparity between Class Counsel’s fee petition, where they relied primarily on the lodestar approach, and their appellate brief, where they contend the district court abused its discretion in using the lodestar rather than the percentage approach.
It is not difficult to demonstrate why courts cannot rationally apply any particular percentage — whether 13.6 percent, 25 percent or any other number — in the abstract, without reference to all the circumstances of the case. To illustrate the point, we need only assume that the WPPSS bond issue was $4.5 billion instead of $2.25 billion, and that the settlement fund was $1.4 billion rather than roughly $700 million. Assume as well that all other variables remained constant— the merits of plaintiffs’ case on the facts and the law, the skill and time of counsel required to develop the merits of the case in the litigation process, and counsel’s hourly rates. Would Class Counsel still contend that 13.6 percent was a reasonable figure? An award of 13.6 percent of the fund would give Class Counsel a fee of $200 million, double the fee they actually seek for their effort in this case. Plainly, a fee of $200 million for the same effort by counsel with the same level of skill would be a windfall rather than a reasonable fee. In sum, the district court was correct that there is nothing inherently reasonable about an award of 13.6 percent of a fund regardless of its size. Accordingly, we hold that the district court acted well within the bounds of its discretion in considering the size of the fund in choosing where the lodestar rather than the percentage approach to arrive at a reasonable fee.
Ill
Did the District Court Err in Reducing the Lodestar Hours ?
Class Counsel make various arguments challenging the district court’s reduction of their submitted billable hours from 157,000 to 137,000. First, they argue that the district court’s reductions in their lodestar hours for a variety of reasons, including duplicative work and vague time sheet entries, were arbitrary. They are particularly critical of the reductions in the hours of Messrs. Schulman, Berman, and Klafter, who were “key lieutenants” of lead counsel who “lived and breathed this case,” often working 14-16 hour days. Appellants’ Opening Br. at 96-97. After carefully scrutinizing Class Counsel’s time records, the district court cut the lodestar hours to reflect its finding that some work was duplicative and that excessive time was spent on certain activities. As for Messrs. Schulman, Berman, and Klafter in particular, the court provided specific examples to justify its 12-15 percent cuts in their hours. See WPPSS II, 779 F.Supp. at 1105-06 (Klafter), 1106 (Berman), 1114-16 (Schul-man). We hold that the district court acted within the bounds of its discretion in reducing the lodestar for unnecessary and duplica-tive work.
Second, Class Counsel challenge the reductions in Mr. Weiss’ teleconference hours as arbitrary. However, the court reduced Mr. Weiss’ teleconference hours from 1000 to 900 because he did not adequately document the substance of his calls and repeatedly rounded his time upward. Id. at 1113-14. These reductions were not an abuse of discretion.
Third, Class Counsel contend that the district court unjustifiably halved the travel time of all attorneys. They argue that “[t]he court’s presumption that these activities were not necessary or beneficial to the Class is grossly unfair” and finds no support in the record. Appellants’ Opening Br. at 97. In addition, they stress that extensive travel, especially by lead counsel, is an inevitable consequence of this type of lawsuit. Id. at 98. The district court reduced attorney travel time after finding that the attorneys generally billed the entire duration of time spent in transit. See In re “Agent Orange” Prod. Liab. Litig., 818 F.2d 226, 237-38 (2d Cir.1987) (finding appropriate across the board percentage cuts to “trim[] fat from a fee application” where fee petitions were voluminous). The court reasoned that the distractions associated with travel, especially after a full day of work, likely reduced the attorneys’ effectiveness while en route. WPPSS II, 779 F.Supp. at 1094-95. We hold that the court did not abuse its discretion in reducing attorney travel time for the reasons given.
Finally, Class Counsel argue that they should be compensated for time spent attempting to obtain a reasonable fee because “the interests of this and future classes will be served if counsel are compensated adequately for their services.” Appellants’ Reply Br. at 44 n. 49. The district court held that charges for time spent preparing fee petitions “are inappropriate in common fund cases” because such an undertaking “eon-fer[s] no benefit on the Class.” WPPSS II, 779 F.Supp. at 1096. We agree. Time spent obtaining an attorneys’ fee in common fund cases is not compensable because it does not benefit the plaintiff class. See City of Detroit v. Grinnell Corp., 560 F.2d 1093, 1102 (2d Cir.1977); Lindy Bros. Builders, Inc. v. American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp., 540 F.2d 102, 110-11 (3d Cir.1976) (en banc); In re Nucorp Energy, Inc., 764 F.2d 655, 661 (9th Cir.1985) (citing Grinnell with approval in dicta).
IV
Did the District Court Have Discretion to Apply a Risk Multiplier in a ■Common Fund Case?
Next we address Class Counsel’s argument that the district court abused its discretion in refusing to enhance the lodestar for taking the risk of losing and coming up empty-handed for their services. Class Plaintiffs-Appellees counter that City of Burlington v. Dague, — U.S. -, 112 S.Ct. 2638, 120 L.Ed.2d 449 (1992), which proscribed contingency enhancements in statutory fee-shifting cases, should be extended to proscribe contingency enhancements in common fund cases. We agree with Class Counsel, however, that Dague’s rationale for barring risk multipliers in statutory fee cases does not operate to bar risk multipliers in common fund cases.
It is an established practice in the private legal market to reward attorneys for taking the risk of non-payment by paying them a premium over their normal hourly rates for winning contingency cases. See Richard Posner, Economic Analysis of Law § 21.9, at 534-35 (3d ed. 1986). Contingent fees that may far exceed the market value of the services if rendered 'on a non-contingent basis are accepted in the legal profession as a legitimate way of assuring competent representation for plaintiffs who could not afford to pay on an hourly basis regardless whether they win or lose. See Model Rules ofProfes- sional Conduct Rule 1.5(a)(8) (1992); Model Code of Professional Responsibility DR 2-106(B)(8) (1980); Canons of Ethics § 12, 33 A.B.A.Rep. 575, 578 (1908). As the court observed in Behrens v. Wometco Enter., Inc., 118 F.R.D. 534, 548 (S.D.Fla.1988), aff'd, 899 F.2d 21 (11th Cir.1990), “[i]f this ‘bonus’ methodology did not exist, very few lawyers could take on the representation of a class client given the investment of substantial time, effort, and money, especially in light of the risks of recovering nothing.” And in In re Union Carbide Corp. Consumer Prods. Business Sec. Litig., 724 F.Supp. 160, 169 (S.D.N.Y.1989), the court addressed the negative impact the proscription of risk multipliers might have on the important goal of furthering the purposes of federal securities laws:
[I]ndividuals damaged by violations of the federal securities laws should have reasonable access to counsel with the ability and experience necessary to analyze and litigate complex eases.... A large segment of the public might be denied a remedy for violations of the securities laws if contingent fees awarded by the courts did not fairly compensate counsel for the services provided and the risks undertaken.
For these reasons, courts have routinely enhanced the lodestar to reflect the risk of nonpayment in common fund cases.
In Dague, the Court held that the private market’s model of paying premiums for the risk of non-payment was inapplicable in statutory fee-shifting cases. For a variety of reasons, the Court concluded that the private market practice of rewarding attorneys for taking cases on a contingency basis would unduly burden losing parties who are required by statute to pay no more than a “reasonable” fee for the services rendered by the winning party’s attorneys in that particular case. Dague, — U.S. at -, 112 S.Ct. at 2641. For example, the Court reasoned that it would be incompatible with fee-shifting statutes to burden losing parties with a contingency enhancement that has the effect of compensating the winning attorneys for time gambled away in the contingency eases they lose:
An attorney operating on a contingency-fee basis pools the risks presented by his various cases: cases that turn out to be successful pay for the time he gambled on those that did not. To award a contingency enhancement under a fee-shifting statute would in effect pay for the attorney’s time (or anticipated time) in cases where his client does not prevail.
Id. at-, 112 S.Ct. at 2643 (emphasis in original). This concern, along with concern over the complexity and cost of administering a system of contingency enhancements in the statutory fee context, drove the Court to the conclusion that “[i]t is neither necessary nor even possible for application of the fee-shifting statutes to mimic the intricacies of the fee-paying market in every respect.” Id.
As we read Dague, the concerns that drove the Court to reject contingency enhancements in the statutory fee context apply with much less force in common fund cases. Unlike statutory fee-shifting cases, where the winner’s attorneys’ fees are paid by the losing party, attorneys’ fees in common fund cases are not paid by the losing defendant, but by members of the plaintiff class, who shoulder the burden of paying their own counsel out of the common fund. See Boeing Co. v. Van Gemert, 444 U.S. 472, 478-79, 100 S.Ct. 745, 749, 62 L.Ed.2d 676 (1980); Vincent v. Hughes Air West, Inc., 557 F.2d 759, 769-70 (9th Cir.1977). There is nothing unfair about contingency enhancements in common fund cases because of the equitable notion that those who benefit from the creation of the fund should share the wealth with the lawyers whose skill and effort helped create it. Boeing, 444 U.S. at 478, 100 S.Ct. at 749; Graulty, 886 F.2d at 271. As the Seventh Circuit observed in Skelton v. General Motors Corp., 860 F.2d 250, 254 (7th Cir.1988), “in the common fund context, attorneys whose compensation depends on their winning the case, must make up in compensation in the cases they win for the lack of compensation in the cases they lose.”
Thus, the concerns expressed in Pague about unduly burdening losing parties in statutory fee cases are not present in common fund cases where .fees are paid out of the settlement fund. How the fund is divided between, members of the class and class counsel is of no concern whatsoever to the defendants who contributed to the fund. “In a common fund case, where there is no direct or immediate danger of unduly burdening the defendant, a court has more latitude in exercising its equitable powers to determine whether the plaintiff class should compensate its attorneys for their risk of nonpayment.” Skelton, 860 F.2d at 254. Accordingly, because we find Dague’s reasoning inapposite in the common fund context, we hold that district courts have discretion to use risk multipliers to enhance the lodestar in common fund cases.
V
Did the District Court Abuse Its Discretion in Refusing to Award a Risk Multiplier in This Case?
Having determined that the district court had discretion to award a risk multiplier-in this common fund case, we must now decide whether, as Class Counsel contend, the court abused its discretion in refusing to award a risk multiplier in this ease. We hold that it did, and remand for reconsideration of the risk multiplier issue.
The district court twice determined that it had discretion to award a risk multiplier, but each time it refused to do so. In its initial fee decision, the court stated that its discretion to award a multiplier was “restricted” to only those cases in which the plaintiffs faced “substantial difficulties in finding counsel in the local or other relevant market without an enhancement for risk.” WPPSS II, 7.79 F.Supp. at 1090. The court declined to award a risk multiplier after finding that Class Plaintiffs had little difficulty obtaining counsel. Id. at 1090, 1101.
On reconsideration, the district court again stated that it “had at its disposal the necessary discretion to apply multipliers,” although it disapproved its earlier language that its discretion was “restricted.” WPPSS III, 779 F.Supp. at 1061. The district court again denied a risk multiplier, however, reasoning that law firms showed no reluctance to take the case and that the firms’- high hourly rates already reflected some of the risk in the case:
Although the risk was high, it was not so high that firms were reluctant to take the case. Indeed, the opposite is true. The Court is not persuaded that a multiplier expectancy acted as a great incentive. That claim rings hollow in light of the high hourly fees customarily charged in these cases. Surely, risk is reflected, at least in part, by the hourly fees charged.
Id. (footnote omitted).
We find no basis in the record to support the district court’s finding that Class Counsel’s decision to represent the class was not driven, at least in part, by an expectancy that their fee would be enhanced if they were successful. We also find no basis in the record for the court’s statement that the fees charged by Class Counsel reflected, in part, the risk of non-payment. In fact, uncontro-verted affidavits submitted by Class Counsel are to the contrary.
First, the affidavits show that many firms sought to represent Class Plaintiffs based on an expectation that a substantial multiplier (or percentage fee) would be awarded for a favorable result. See, e.g., Irwin Aff. ¶ 6; Pym Decl. ¶¶ 5-6; Meehan Aff. ¶ 5; Molloy Aff. ¶¶ 3-4; Weiss Decl. ¶¶ 5, 8, 14; see also Cotchett Decl. ¶¶ 6-10; Byrnes Aff. ¶¶ 5-7; Faucher Decl. ¶ 5; Reasoner Decl. ¶ 5; Burke Aff. ¶ 2. Even though some of these firms customarily do little contingent fee work, they took the risk of representing Class Plaintiffs in this case because of an expectation that a favorable result would produce an enhanced fee. See Irwin Aff. ¶¶ 3-6; Pym Decl. ¶¶ 3-6; Meehan Aff. ¶¶ 5, 7. Two firms turned down opportunities to represent defendants in this case because of their expectation that, although representing Class Plaintiffs had its risks, it also offered the potential of a substantially enhanced fee. Without the expectation of enhancement for risk, the firms would have chosen to represent defendants on an hourly basis. See Pym Decl. ¶¶3-6; Meehan Aff. ¶¶4-7. These expectations appear to have been reasonable, especially given the common practice in the 1980s for courts to award multipliers in common fund cases. See, e.g., In re Activision Sec. Litig., 723 F.Supp. 1373, 1377-78 (N.D.Cal.1989) (documenting common fund cases where fees were enhanced through use of multiplier or percentage method); Behrens, 118 F.R.D. at 549 (same).
Second, Class Counsel’s affidavits show that the hourly rates charged by many of the firms did not reflect the risk of non-payment. For example, Mr. Weiss stated that the rates billed in his firm’s lodestar submission were the same as its “market rates when performing its legal services on a risk-free, non-contingent basis.” Weiss Decl. ¶ 2. Similarly, Mr. Meehan declared that his firm “utilized billing rates ... which were established for purposes of charging fees to clients that pay on a monthly, non-contingent basis. The payment of the lodestar at these hourly rates represents no more than what my firm would have received” had it accepted an offer to represent a defendant on a non-contingent basis. Meehan Aff. ¶ 6; see also Pym Decl. ¶ 6.
The district court several times acknowledged the riskiness of this case. See WPPSS I, 720 F.Supp. at 1391 (the case was “fraught with risk and recovery was far from certain”); WPPSS II, 779 F.Supp. at 1091 (noting that Class Counsel prosecuted this “rare and exceptional” case in “the face of uncertain victory” and “with absolutely no guaranty of payment”); WPPSS III, 779 F.Supp. at 1061 (stating that the risk was “high”). We find no evidence in the record as it now exists that supports the district court’s reasoning in denying a risk multiplier. Accordingly, we hold that the district court abused its discretion in denying a risk multiplier. We vacate the fee award and remand for further consideration of the issue.
We recognize that as the record now stands, Class Counsel’s affidavits are uncontroverted. The explanation may be that Class Plaintiffs were not represented by counsel in the fee-setting proceedings before the district court. Because in common fund cases the relationship between plaintiffs and their attorneys turns adversarial at the fee-setting stage, courts have stressed that when awarding attorneys’ fees from a common fund, the district court must assume the role of fiduciary for the class plaintiffs. See Skelton, 860 F.2d at 253; Grinnell, 560 F.2d at 1099. As the district court here correctly observed, at the fee-setting stage, “[p]lain-tiffs’ counsel, otherwise a fiduciary for the class, has become a claimant against the fund created for the benefit of the class. It is obligatory, therefore, for the trial court judge to act with ‘a jealous regard to the rights of those who are interested in the fund’ in determining what a proper fee award is.” WPPSS II, 779 F.Supp. at 1083 (citing Trustees v. Greenough, 105 U.S. 527, 536, 26 L.Ed. 1157 (1882)). Thus, on remand, the district court here need not be limited to the existing evidentiary record on the risk multiplier issue; it has the discretion to take steps to develop the record more fully before deciding the issue, including the discretion to appoint counsel to represent Class Plaintiffs for this limited purpose.
VI
Did the District Court Abuse Its Discretion in Denying a Results Multiplier?
Class Counsel argue that the district court abused its discretion in rejecting their request for a lodestar enhancement for the “extraordinary” and “excellent” results they achieved in this case. Appellants’ Opening Br. at 90-91. Their claim that the results were “extraordinary” and “excellent” is based primarily on the size of the settlement fund. Appellants’ Reply Br. at 28-32; Appellants’ Opening Br. at 91-93. They stress that the fund of $687 million represents the largest recovery ever in a securities class action. Appellants’ Reply Br. at 30. Moreover, they contend that “a recovery of at least 40 cents on the dollar in a difficult and risky securities fraud case such as this is superlative,” and warrants a substantial enhancement for result. Id. at 31 (footnote omitted). Thus, Class Counsel contend that the district court erred by refusing to enhance the award for results as part of their requested blended multiplier of 3.1, or by simply awarding them 13.6 percent of the fund (which equals their enhanced lodestar of $103 million). Once again, Class Counsel stress that both their blended multiplier and percentage figure fall within, or below, the normal ranges in other common fund cases.
In rejecting the request for a results multiplier, the district court refused to consider the size of the fund in isolation. The court heeded the oft-repeated warning in Grinnell that “[i]n determining awards in class actions, it is especially important that judges not be unduly influenced by the monetary size of the settlement” and stated that it would view the size of the fund “in the context of all relevant circumstances.” WPPSS II, 779 F.Supp. at 1097-98 (citing Grinnell, 560 F.2d at 1099).
First, the district court acknowledged that the settlement amount was “enormous.” Id. at 1098. The court explained, however, that the money actually available for distribution to Class Plaintiffs was somewhat less than the settlement fund’s stated value of $687 million. After factoring in deductions for certain non-class parties, including the indenture trustee, Chemical Bank, the court said that “a fairer statement may be that ... the amount available to Class members and to counsel for their fees and expenses [] is approximately $590 million plus some interest.” Id. (footnote omitted).
Even more important to the district court was the reality that, while the fund amount was extremely high, so too were the losses suffered by Class Plaintiffs — almost $1.47 billion on principal exclusive of lost interest. “Because the bonds were purchased for the interest they promised, this [figure] gravely understates the monetary devastation that many Class members feel.” Id. Thus, despite the undeniably large' size of the fund, the district court was “faced with the inescapable fact that the extraordinary amount appears far more modest when viewed in relation to the injuries sustained by Class members, particularly those many individuals who invested their life savings.” Id.
On reconsideration, the district court elaborated on its reasoning by pointing out that the quality of the Class Counsel created an expectation of “excellent results.” WPPSS III, 779 F.Supp. at 10.61. The court described Class Counsel as representing “the highest echelon in the securities’ litigation bar,” and that “[e]ommensurate with their skill, and reputation comes an expectancy of results that exceed average levels. Counsel demand and receive the highest fees because they obtain extraordinary results. Those very fees formed the basis of this Court’s lodestar calculation_” Id. at 1062. In considering the totality of the circumstances, the district court concluded that the results in this ease did not “exceed the extraordinary.” Id.
We agree with the district court that the large size of the settlement fund obtained by Class Counsel relative to recoveries in other cases does not, ipso facto, mean that it is an extraordinary result. Accordingly, we hold that the district court did not exceed the bounds of its discretion in denying a results multiplier after concluding that the results in this case, when viewed in the context of all relevant circumstances, did not “exceed the extraordinary.” Id.
While Class Counsel argue that the result obtained is “extraordinary” because of its size, they also appear to quarrel with the district court’s use of the “exceptional success” standard articulated in the statutory fee case Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 900-01, 104 S.Ct. 1541, 1549-50, 79 L.Ed.2d 891 (1984) (holding that in a statutory fee case the results obtained factor was already “subsumed” in the lodestar and that results multipliers should be awarded only in some “cases of exceptional success”); see also Stewart v. Gates, 987 F.2d 1450, 1458 (9th Cir.1993) (statutory fee case holding similarly). Their argument vaguely asserts that the district court erred by relying on a handful of statutory fee eases to support its use of this demanding standard. Appellants’ Opening Br. at 90. Once again, as they did with the district court’s refusal to award a risk multiplier, Class Counsel view the district court’s application of legal principles developed in the statutory fee context to a common fund case as its “central legal error.” Id. at 59, 90-91. Yet they offer no cogent argument why courts should not selectively apply legal principles developed in statutory fee cases if those principles also happen to be logically applicable to the task of arriving at a reasonable fee in a common fund case. They also fail to provide an alternative standard for the court to use in common fund cases other than that “[a]n excellent result should support a larger fee.” Id. at 91. That very well may be true, but only so long as the fee would be reasonable under the circumstances of the particular case.
We fail to grasp the logic of Class Counsel’s mantra-like argument that principles applicable in statutory fee cases are necessarily inapplicable in common fund cases. Whether a legal principle used in one context (a statutory fee ease) is logically applicable in a different context (a common fund case) depends on whether the principle makes sense in the new context. It would defy common sense to adopt a per se rule, as Class Counsel would have us do, that principles' developed in statutory fee cases are, ipso facto, inapplicable in common fund cases. This ease is illustrative. For example, we agree with Class Counsel that Da-gue’s proscription of risk multipliers in statutory fee cases should not be extended to common fund cases. See Part IV supra. However, we disagree with Class Counsel’s contention that the district court erred by using in this common fund case the “exceptional success” standard developed for results multipliers in statutory fee cases. The district court itself acknowledged that Blum and other cases which used the “exceptional success” standard were statutory fee cases. WPPSS II, 779 F.Supp. at 1089. Nevertheless, the court found the decisions helpful “insofar as they address the reasonableness of a fee award” in the common fund context. Id. Specifically, the court implicitly found that the reasoning in the statutory fee cases supported its own conclusion that Class Counsel’s hourly rates, used to calculate the lodestar, already reflected an expectancy of “excellent” or “extraordinary” results. WPPSS III, 779 F.Supp. at 1061-62; see pages 1303-1304 supra. Accordingly, we hold that the district court’s application of the “exceptional success” standard in this case was not an abuse of discretion.
VII
Did the District Court Abuse Its Discretion in Awarding Quality of Representation Multipliers to Individual Attorneys Rather Than to Their Firms?
Class Counsel argue that the district court erred by awarding quality of representation multipliers to 11 of the 291 attorneys who represented Class Plaintiffs for their exceptional efforts. Instead, Class Counsel contend that multipliers should be awarded to entire firms, not to individual attorneys, although they offer no authority for this proposition. Appellants’ Opening Br. at 94-95.
The authority that does exist on the issue is contrary to Class Counsel’s position. The practice of awarding quality of representation multipliers to individual attorneys has been approved of in several cases. See, e.g., In re ‘Agent Orange”, 818 F.2d at 234-35; In re Equity Funding Corp. Sec. Litig., 438 F.Supp. 1303, 1337 (C.D.Cal.1977) (stating that the court must “analyze the quality of the performance of the various lawyers individually” and awarding a range of multipliers (from three to one) to individual attorneys with different levels of involvement in the case). We do not find this practice problematic, and hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in awarding quality of representation multipliers to individual attorneys rather than to firms.
VIII
Did the District Court Abuse Its Discretion by Failing to Compensate Adequately the Gold Firm for Delay in the Payment of Its Fees?
The Gold firm argues that the district court did not adequately compensate it for the seven year delay in payment of its fees. The district court has discretion to compensate delay in payment in one of two ways: (1) by applying the attorneys’ current rates to all hours billed during the course of the litigation; or (2) by using the attorneys’ historical rates and adding a prime rate enhancement. Skelton, 860 F.2d at 255 n. 5. In this ease, the court appeared to use the current rate method, applying current hourly rates to all hours spent on the litigation by attorneys still at the Gold firm when the fee petition was filed. WPPSS II, 779 F.Supp. at 1099-1100, 1145-49. However, the court did not use the current rate method for attorneys who had left the firm prior to the filing of the fee petition. Instead, it applied the last hourly rates those attorneys charged before leaving without adding a prime rate enhancement to compensate for the delay in payment. Id.
We agree with the Gold firm that this hybrid method is paradoxical, and hold that its use constituted an abuse of discretion. Accordingly, we vacate the Gold firm’s fee award and remand for recalculation. The district court’s use of current rates for attorneys still at the firm was not improper. But the last rates charged by attorneys who left prior to the fee petition, without a prime rate enhancement, inadequately compensate the firm for the delay in receiving its fees. The time value of money lost by the firm is only partially recouped. Full compensation requires charging current rates for all work done during the litigation, or by using historical rates enhanced by an interest factor. When recalculating the hourly rates for attorneys who left the firm on remand, the district court is, of course, free to use either current rates for attorneys of Comparable ability and experience or historical rates coupled with a prime rate enhancement.
IX
Did the District Court Abuse Its Discretion in Reducing the Berger Firm’s Fees Because Its Time Records Were Deficient?
In support of its fee application, the Berger firm attached computer generated summaries of all hours expended on this litigation. In its initial fee decision, the district court found these records “remarkably deficient,” describing the information contained therein as “indefinite, non-specific, uninformative and generally inadequate.” WPPSS II, 779 F.Supp. at 1140. Accordingly, the court reduced the number of hours submitted by the firm, which resulted in a lodestar for the firm significantly below the requested amount. Id. at 1140-44.
The Berger firm contends that the court abused its discretion in reducing the firm’s lodestar because the court never specified how detailed it expected the supporting documents to be. The Berger firm also argues that the district court erred by not requesting more detailed records after becoming dissatisfied with the computer summaries. Finally, the firm contends that, even if the court did not err initially in reducing the lodestar, it abused its discretion by refusing to reconsider its earlier decision in light of more complete daily time sheets provided by the firm.
The party petitioning for attorneys’ fees “bears the burden of submitting detailed time records justifying the hours claimed to have been expended.” Chalmers v. City of Los Angeles, 796 F.2d 1205, 1210 (9th Cir.1986). Thus, the Berger firm bore the risk of failing to provide adequate back-up documentation for its fee request. As the Supreme Court has said, “[w]here the documentation of hours is inadequate, the district court may reduce the award accordingly.” Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 438, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 1939, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983). It also follows that the district court was neither obligated to explain what type of records should be submitted, nor to request additional information. The burden of presenting the appropriate fee documentation rests squarely on the shoulders of the attorneys seeking the award. Accordingly, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in initially reducing the Berger firm’s lodestar.
However, we believe the court did abuse its discretion in refusing to reconsider its initial decision in light of additional documentation, including five photocopied volumes of handwritten daily time logs, provided by the Berger firm in support of its motion for reconsideration. In denying the motion, the district court said:
The records originally received were computer print outs of daily time records. The newly presented records are the handwritten reports from which those computer records were made. Thus, there is little room for variance. The Court doubts that the new records could be helpful.
WPPSS III, 779 F.Supp. at 1062 (emphasis in original). We believe the court was mistaken in its characterization of the records presented in support of the original petition. The records do not appear to be computer printouts of daily time records, but rather computer printouts of summaries of daily time records. The Berger firm explained this difference to the court in an affidavit attached to its motion for reconsideration, see Berger ER, Tab 4155, at 2-5, and in the hearing on the motion for reconsideration, see Berger ER, Tab 4203, at 43. The district court seems to have been mistaken in believing that the daily time logs offered with the motion for reconsideration were just the handwritten versions of the printed summaries provided with the original petition. It seems to us that the handwritten time logs provide more detailed information than the printed summaries.
Because we believe the district court abused its discretion in failing to reconsider its initial fee decision in light of the new handwritten time logs provided by the Berger firm, we vacate the firm’s fee award and remand for reconsideration of its fee request. Our holding that the district court abused its discretion is based only on the narrow ground that it erroneously believed that the new handwritten records provided no new information. We take no position on whether, or in what amount, the district court should alter its fee award to the Berger firm after reviewing the handwritten records on remand.
X
Conclusion
In sum, we vacate the fee award and remand for reconsideration of three elements in Class Counsel’s fee request: (1) Class Counsel’s request for a risk multiplier to enhance the lodestar; (2) the Gold firm’s request for compensation for delay in payment of fees for attorneys who left the firm before the fee request was filed; and (3) the Berger firm’s request that its fee award be reconsidered in light of the handwritten time logs it supplied with its motion for reconsideration.
. The history of this litigation is recounted in In re Washington Pub. Power Supply Sys. Sec. Litig., 720 F.Supp. 1379 (D.Ariz.1989) [hereinafter WPPSS 7] and In re Washington Pub. Power Supply Sys. Sec.Litig., 779 F.Supp. 1063 (D.Ariz.1990).
. Under the lodestar/multiplier method, the district court first calculates the "lodestar" by multiplying the reasonable hours expended by a reasonable hourly rate. Pennsylvania v. Delaware Valley Citizens' Council for Clean Air, 478 U.S. 546, 565, 106 S.Ct. 3088, 3098, 92 L.Ed.2d 439 (1986). The court may then enhance the lodestar with a "multiplier,” if necessary, to arrive at a reasonable fee. Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 888, 104 S.Ct. 1541, 1543, 79 L.Ed.2d 891 (1984). Under the percentage method, the court simply awards the attorneys a percentage of the fund sufficient to provide plaintiffs’ attorneys with a reasonable fee. Paul, Johnson, Alston & Hunt v. Graulty, 886 F.2d 268, 272 (9th Cir.1989). Whether a court applies the lodestar or the percentage method, "we require only that fee awards in common fund cases be reasonable under the circumstances.” Florida v. Dunne, 915 F.2d 542, 545 (9th Cir.1990) (emphasis added). Because a reasonable fee award is the hallmark of common fund cases, and because arbitrary, and thus unreasonable, fee awards are to be avoided, neither method should be applied in a formulaic or mechanical fashion.
. The D.C. Circuit also requires the use of the percentage method in common fund cases. See Swedish Hosp. Corp. v. Shalala, 1 F.3d 1261, 1271 (D.C.Cir.1993). However, other circuits leave it to the discretion of the district court to choose between the lodestar and percentage methods in common fund cases. See, e.g., Rawlings v. Prudential-Bache Properties, Inc., 9 F.3d 513, 516 (6th Cir.1993); Longden v. Sunderman, 979 F.2d 1095, 1099 (5th Cir.1992); Harman v. Lyphomed, Inc., 945 F.2d 969, 975 (7th Cir.1991); Brown v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 838 F.2d 451, 454 (10th Cir.1988); In re "Agent Orange" Prod.Liab.Litig., 818 F.2d 226, 232 (2d Cir.1987).
. The attorneys in Graulty had a contingent fee arrangement with some of the plaintiffs (the estates receiving 30 percent of the common fund), but had no fee arrangement with the plaintiffs receiving the remaining 70 percent of the fund. 886 F.2d at 269-70. Because the attorneys’ efforts benefitted both groups of plaintiffs simultaneously, it would have been nearly impossible to allot the hours spent working on behalf of each group. Id. at 272.
. While the task of calculating the lodestar in this case was immense, it plainly did not tax the district court beyond its limits. In fact, the district court provided an extraordinarily comprehensive and detailed explanation of its lodestar award in its exhaustive 167-page order. See WPPSS II, 779 F.Supp. at 1063-1230.
. On reconsideration, Class Counsel stated that their fee calculation under the "alternative” percentage method was intended to "test the Kerr [lodestar/multiplier] analysis and to confirm the reasonableness of the proposed multipliers.” Reply Memorandum of Class Counsel in Support of Reconsideration on Attorneys’ Fee Order at 7.
. Because Dague was decided in 1992, well after the district court's two 1990 attorneys' fee rulings, the district court had no opportunity to consider the effect of Dague on the use of risk multipliers in common fund cases.
. As yet, there is no consensus whether Dague applies to common fund cases, although most courts have refused to extend Dague's rationale to common fund cases. Compare Edelman v. PSI Assocs. II, Inc., 147 F.R.D. 217, 219 (C.D.Cal.1993) {“Dague and the line of decisions preceding it, by their terms, apply only to 'fee shifting’ cases”) (emphasis added); Rawlings, 9 F.3d at 517 (post-Dague case stating that, in the Sixth Circuit, contingency risk is one factor that is "the focus of a district court’s analysis when determining whether to utilize a multiplier"); Longden v. Sunderman, 979 F.2d 1095, 1099 (5th Cir.1992) (post-Dague case noting that Fifth Circuit still uses multipliers, including for risk, to adjust the lodestar amount); Gottlieb v. Wiles, 150 F.R.D. 174, 185 & n. 6 (D.Colo.1993) (rejecting argument that Dague precludes use of risk multiplier in common fund cases); In re Avon Prods., Inc. Sec. Litig. [1992 Transfer Binder] Fed.Sec.L.Rep. (CCH) ¶ 97,061, at 94, 701, 1992 WL 349768 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 5, 1992) (post-Dague decision using percentage method, but stating that risk multiplier of 2 to 3 would be appropriate under lodestar method), with Nensel v. Peoples Heritage Fin. Group, Inc., 815 F.Supp. 26, 30 (D.Me.1993) (holding that Dague's proscription of the use of risk multipliers applies to common fund cases); In re Bolar Pharmaceutical Co. Sec-Litig., 800 F.Supp. 1091, 1095 (E.D.N.Y.1992) (same); In re Nineteen Appeals Arising Out of San Juan Dupont Plaza Hotel Fire Litig., 982 F.2d 603, 619 (1st Cir.1992) (Lay, J., concurring) (same).
. See, e.g., Harman, 945 F.2d at 975-76; Brown, 838 F.2d at 454-56; In re “Agent Orange", 818 F.2d at 234 n. 2, 236 (characterizing "the risk-of-success factor as 'perhaps the foremost' factor to be considered” when calculating a reasonable fee in common fund cases).
. In Skelton, the Seventh Circuit also dispelled a related concern, not mentioned explicitly in Dague, about awarding risk multipliers in fee-shifting cases: that "risk multipliers tend to penalize the parties with the strongest defenses. The stronger the defense, the higher the risk involved in bringing the suit and the greater the multiplier necessary to compensate plaintiff's attorney for bringing the action. Thus, defendants with better cases pay higher plaintiffs attorney fees." 860 F.2d at 253. Again, this is not a concern in common fund cases since the burden of compensating class counsel falls on the plaintiff class, not the defendants. Id.
. The abuse of discretion standard "applies not only to the basic fee but also to multipliers.” Chalmers v. City of Los Angeles, 796 F.2d 1205, 1210 (9th Cir.1986) (internal quotation marks omitted).
. The district court itself acknowledged in its initial fee decision that the lodestar rates were "the customary fees charged to fee paying clients.” WPPSS II, 779 F.Supp. at 1099.
. These enhancements increased the overall lodestar from $27 million to $32.46 million, yielding a "blended” multiplier of 1.2.
. This is significant given that over 36 percent of the hours expended by the Gold firm are attributable to attorneys who had left-prior to the filing of the fee petition. Gold Firm’s Opening Br. at 6 n. 5.
. The Berger firm also offered to provide the court with a typed copy of the handwritten records if the court found them illegible. See Berger ER, Tab 4155, at 7.
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Talk:Guangzhou F.C.
Fair use rationale for Image:Sunraycave.gif
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Fair use rationale for Image:Guangzhou Pharmaceutical FC.jpg
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Requested move 22 January 2021
The result of the move request was: Moved (t · c) buidhe 08:55, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao F.C. → Guangzhou F.C. – New official name (广州足球俱乐部) due to new regulation to disallow sponsored name or the name of the owner appears in the football club name. Also, Guangzhou F.C. already a common name (one of) and a former name already. Other Chinese article are all moved to new official name so consistency is also needed. Matthew hk (talk) 12:36, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in WikiProject Football's list of association football-related page moves. GiantSnowman 12:39, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
* Support per nom - we avoid sponsored names where possible in any event. GiantSnowman 12:39, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
* Support per nom.--Ortizesp (talk) 15:17, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
* Support, but move it to Guangzhou FC instead of Guangzhou F.C. per sources (1, 2, 3, 4), the team is branded like that with "FC" which is not just an abbreviation, just like FC Seoul. Snowflake91 (talk) 13:28, 27 January 2021 (UTC)
You should state another RM that move all Chinese football club article to drop the dots or not. Matthew hk (talk) 10:48, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
* It should be on the club-by-club basis, some of them might actually use "F.C.", I wont check for all 100 clubs which version is their common name; there doesnt needs to be consistency like "one club has FC = all Chinese clubs needs FC", it should be simply based on the English sources for each club. Snowflake91 (talk) 11:02, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
Requested move 30 January 2021
The result of the move request was: Not moved (t · c) buidhe 11:56, 6 February 2021 (UTC)
Guangzhou F.C. → Guangzhou FC – Per Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Football/Archive 78 and WP:COMMONNAME, version without dots is used in every single source. If English clubs have F.C. its because this is just the abbreviation for "Football Club", while Asian clubs are branded like this, its just "Guangzhou FC", and "FC" doesnt necessary means "football club". There are tons of clubs like that outside of Europe, like Vancouver Whitecaps FC, Sydney FC, Auckland City FC, FC Seoul, FC Tokyo, Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors FC and many many others, which all uses WP:COMMONNAME, and not this "Premier League style" namings.
Sources that confirms commonname: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 etc., while "F.C." is literally not used anywhere. Snowflake91 (talk) 10:57, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
* Snowflake91, read WP:criteria (criterion Consistency) Either all Chinese football club use F.C., or all Chinese football club use FC. Oppose to change Guangzhou F.C. only. Matthew hk (talk) 11:15, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
* This is not meant for minor things like removing two dots, it is meant for the whole naming pattern, for example to use "Arsenal F.C." and not "Arsenal Football Club", which would not be a similar pattern compared to other articles. It also says "These should be seen as goals, not as rules", so it is not mandatory to use exactly the same pattern for every single article, instead the common sense should be used, i.e. if every single source uses "Guangzhou FC" we should use "Guangzhou FC" regardless of how the other 100 articles are named. Snowflake91 (talk) 12:19, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
* This is also covered by WP:NCST. Also see Talk:FC Porto, it was easily moved to the commonly-used name, "FC Porto", even though ALL other Portuguese clubs uses F.C., as you can see at Category:Football clubs in Portugal. Snowflake91 (talk) 12:36, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
* Oppose - naming convention for Chinese clubs is to use 'F.C.' and not 'FC' as clearly shown by . GiantSnowman 14:38, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
* Yes, and ironically you supported move to "FC Porto" on link provided above, even though clearly shows that naming convention for Portugal is "F.C."...double standards again, and now they will bring up WP:OTHERSTUFF. Basically you are saying that just because one article has the wrong name, all articles should have a made-up "F.C." name which is not supported neither by the sources neither by the club itself neither by WP:NCST, and it is forbidden to fix the name for one club without also fixing the names of 150 other clubs. Its like saying "hey you cannot update stats for Cristiano Ronaldo unless you will also update the stats for all other Serie A players at the same time, for consistency". Snowflake91 (talk) 15:28, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
* Quoting an AFD from over 6 years ago? Cool! You are aware consensus/opinions can change, right? GiantSnowman 15:03, 5 February 2021 (UTC)
Has Evergrande liquidated it's ownership share in Guangzhou F.C.?
Considering that Evergrande went bankrupt, have their liquidated their assets, including Guangzhou FC ownership, yet? Alexysun (talk) 02:50, 16 June 2024 (UTC)
* The club should still be "owned" by the Evergrande group as there hasn't been a reported ownership "change" yet. However, from my understanding (which may be incorrect), the club now operates independently of the Evergrande group, other than the remaining debts to former players and staff which they may owe. Someone with better knowledge of the club than me should add onto/correct what I have said though. IDontHaveSkype (talk) 04:50, 16 June 2024 (UTC)
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WIKI
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User:Itsjohnthronton
A student by profession and an article writer, contributor to Wikipedia by passion. My name is John. I love to contribute to the world's biggest and one of the most accurate encyclopedia, The Wikipedia
My usual routine includes studying, playing golf, having some fun with friends and family and putting my end of efforts in Wikipedia contribution.
Apart from giving my time on Wikipedia and correcting information which is surely useful to millions of people online and to me too, I am also running an online [Https://www.perfumehop.com Perfume] store.
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WIKI
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Talk:Dhuan (short story collection)
Requested move 15 October 2021
* The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.
Dhuan (Smoke) → Dhuan (short story collection) – The present parentheses simply mean that "dhuan" means "smoke" in Hindi. That's not how Wikipedia uses parentheses. We don't need an explanation in the article title, that's what the text itself is for. This article could otherwise be moved to Dhuan, but that title is already taken by an unrelated film. The parentheses should disambiguate, not explain. If "short story collection" is too wordy, feel free to suggest a better title. J I P | Talk 02:26, 15 October 2021 (UTC)
* Move to Dhuan (short stories). On current |Dhuan page views, the Hindi film (1981) seems a bit more popular than the Urdu book (1941), I think it would be difficult to argue which has more long-term significance. The book article was created on 29 September and was not hatnoted at the film (I've done that with ), so few readers may have been aware of its existence. The proposed disambiguating phrase is explicitly given in WP:BOOKDAB, but I agree seems overlong when we only have two articles named "Dhuan"... if "(short stories)" is not good enough then Dhuan (anthology) or Dhuan (book) (which is discouraged)? I can see the argument that "short stories" is plural, but these stories were published separately before being compiled into an anthology, as the article makes clear. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:21, 15 October 2021 (UTC) WP:SOCKSTRIKE -- Tamzin [ cetacean needed ] (she/they) 03:18, 16 October 2021 (UTC)
* I note the article says An identical collection under the title Kali Salwar (Black Trouser) was also published in Lahore in the same year. Kali Salwar is a film, so I've . I note one says "Pants" and the other "Trouser" (should it be "Trousers"?) but I don't know which is more common in Indian English. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:54, 15 October 2021 (UTC) WP:SOCKSTRIKE -- Tamzin [ cetacean needed ] (she/they) 03:18, 16 October 2021 (UTC)
* I was the creator of the article. (Short story collection) is the proper disambiguating phrase applied here as the collection takes it name from the eponymous short story present in the collection.DEFCON5 (talk) 09:13, 15 October 2021 (UTC)
* Support. Note that "short story collection" is consistent with other article disambiguators as documented in this RM. BilledMammal (talk) 04:17, 16 October 2021 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Relationship between altered knee kinematics and subchondral bone remodeling in a clinically translational model of ACL injury
December 09, 2020
McKenzie S. White (1), Ross J. Brancati (1), Lindsey K. Lepley (1)
Journal of Orthopaedic Research, December 2020. DOI: 10.1002/jor.24943
Keywords
Anterior cruciate ligament, Post-traumatic Osteoarthritis, Animal model, Knee injury
Abstract
Abnormal joint kinematics are commonly reported in the acute and chronic stages of recovery after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and have long been mechanistically implicated as a primary driver in the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Though strongly theorized, it is unclear to what extent biomechanical adaptations after ACL injury culminate in the development of PTOA, as data that directly connects these factors does not exist. Using a pre-clinical, non-invasive ACL injury rodent model, our objective was to explore the direct effect of an isolated ACL injury on joint kinematics and the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the development of PTOA. Thirty-two, sixteen-week-old Long-Evans rats were exposed to a non-invasive ACL injury. Marker-less deep learning software (DeepLabCut) was used to track animal movement for sagittal-plane kinematic analyses and micro computed tomography was used to evaluate subchondral bone architecture at days 7, 14, 28 and 56 following injury. There was a significant decrease in peak knee flexion during walking (p<0.05), which had a moderate-to-strong negative correlation (r=-.59 to r=-.71, p<0.001) with subchondral bone plate porosity in all load bearing regions of the femur and tibia. Additional comprehensive analyses of knee flexion profiles revealed dramatic alterations throughout the step cycle. This occurred alongside considerable loss of epiphyseal trabecular bone and substantial changes in anatomical orientation. Knee flexion angle and subchondral bone microarchitecture are severely impacted after ACL injury. Reductions in peak knee flexion angle after ACL injury are directly associated with subchondral bone plate remodeling.
How Our Software Was Used
Dragonfly was used to analyze CT-scan data.
Author Affiliation
(1) School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:Silver Shoal Light.djvu/87
Rh now," said Jim, shaking his damp hair; "I've been feeling rather like a fogger. How do you expect me to row and sing?"
"You always do," said Garth. "Sing the one about 'It's westward, ho, for Trinidad, and eastward, ho, for Spain!' and 'Round the world if need be, and round the world again, with a lame duck a-lagging all the way.' That's rather like me," he added suddenly, "only it meant a ship, of course. She was always so far behind the rest of the fleet!"
"But she didn't give up!" said Jim. "She came in with the best of 'em, in the end."
"Yes," said Garth thoughtfully. "Please sing, Fogger."
So Pemberley settled to his stroke and sang in a fine deep voice.
"Sing the Barbary one, Jim," Elspeth suggested, when he had finished.
Garth bounced joyously in the stern-sheets.
"Oh, do!" he cried.
"Very well," agreed his father. "But please remember that you're supposed to be steering this boat. We went two points off our course then."
Garth gave heed to the yoke-lines, and Jim struck up:
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WIKI
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Data Transformation: Clean, Enrich, and Transform
Learn about data cleaning, enrichment, and transformation techniques to prepare your data for accurate and reliable analysis.
By
Jatin Solanki
Updated on
June 7, 2024
Data transformation is a complex process of converting raw data into a suitable format for analysis. This involves several steps, including data cleaning, data enrichment, and data transformation. But why? And do we? need to transform data in the first place? Data in its raw form is complex and confusing, but once transformed, it plays a major role in the analysis as it helps in identifying patterns, trends, and insights that might not be apparently visible in raw data. However, once the data is transformed, it may serve as the most important asset to any organization.
IBM research says that the yearly cost of poor data quality in the United States is $3.1 trillion. And, unless the data is analyzed, it is difficult to identify the error, and by then, the cost per client rises due to the lower conversion rate.
In today’s blog, let us see how to carry out this task of transforming the data at hand for better analysis that directly impacts revenue.
Jump to:
Enriching your data
Converting your data
Tools and Technologies
Importance of Data
Understanding data cleaning and Best practices for data cleaning:
It is critical to clean any impurities from the data before placing it on the worksheet. Data cleaning is an essential step in the data transformation process. It is about finding and correcting errors, inconsistencies, and inaccuracies in raw data to ensure that the data is reliable and accurate for analysis. So how can you clean the data that can help you achieve more accurate results? Let's see:
Data profiling:
Data profiling is analyzing and reviewing data to gain a better understanding of its quality and structure. It helps to identify issues in the data, such as missing values, inconsistent data types, and duplicates. Data profiling can be done using various tools such as Excel or Python. For example, if you have a dataset with client information, data profiling can help you identify if there are any missing phone numbers or email addresses.
Data auditing:
Data auditing is verifying and reviewing the accuracy and completeness of the data. It helps to identify data that is incorrect, incomplete, or inconsistent. Auditing can be done manually or using automated tools. For instance, you can audit a dataset of sales transactions to ensure that all transactions have been recorded accurately.
Data documentation:
Data documentation is creating a record of the data and its characteristics which includes information such as the source of the data, the way it was collected, and any transformations or cleaning that was done. Documentation ensures that the data is consistent and can be easily understood by others who are analyzing the data. Let’s say you create a dataset of customer feedback that includes the date of collection, survey questions, and response options. This is nothing but documentation.
Data validation:
Data validation is checking the accuracy and completeness of the data against predefined rules. Validation helps to ensure that the data is consistent and that it meets the required standards. Data validation can be done using automated tools or manually. For instance, you can validate a dataset of employee records by checking that all employees have a valid email address and id number.
Data monitoring:
Data monitoring is continually checking the data for any changes or errors. This helps to ensure that the data remains accurate and updated. Data monitoring can be done manually or using automated tools. For instance, you can monitor a dataset of social media traffic to ensure that the data is being recorded correctly and that there are no sudden spikes or drops in traffic.
Data cleaning ensures that your data is trustworthy and correct for analysis which can help to improve the quality of your analysis and ensure that your results are meaningful and actionable.
Enriching your data: How to add more value to your dataset and Techniques for data enrichment:
Data enrichment is like adding that additional ingredient to amp up the dish. It is the process in which additional information is added to your dataset to make it more informative and valuable for analysis. The objective is to provide a richer and more comprehensive view of the data so that it can reveal deeper insights and patterns. Some techniques for data enrichment are:
Data augmentation:
Data augmentation involves adding new data to your dataset that is related to the existing data. This dataset can include adding new variables, such as demographic information or observations. Let's say you have a dataset of client transactions; you can augment this data by adding customer demographic information such as age, gender, and location.
Data integration:
Data integration combines data from multiple sources to create a more comprehensive dataset. This integration can be done manually or using automated tools. For example, if you have a dataset of customer transactions from a point-of-sale system, you can integrate it with data from a CRM system to get a complete view of the customer.
Data normalization:
Data normalization involves organizing data into a consistent format to make it easier to analyze. This normalization can include standardizing data formats, converting units of measurement, or removing inconsistencies. Let’s say you have a dataset of sales revenue from different countries that have different currencies; you can normalize the data by converting all the values to a common currency.
Data categorization:
Data categorization involves grouping data into categories based on common characteristics. Categorization can simplify complex datasets and make them easier to analyze. For example, if you have a dataset of customer feedback, you can categorize the feedback into different topics such as product quality, customer service, and delivery.
These enriching techniques can help you to uncover insights that were not visible before and make better decisions based on your analysis.
Data transformation: Converting your data into a suitable format for analysis:
Data transformation is converting your raw data into a format that is suitable for analysis. The goal of data transformation is to make data more organized, consistent, and manageable to be easily analyzed and interpreted. Here are some techniques for data transformation:
Data filtering:
Data filtering involves removing unnecessary data from your dataset to focus on the relevant information. Filtering can include removing outliers, duplicates, or incomplete records. For example, if you have a dataset of client reviews, you can filter out irrelevant or duplicate records to focus on the most important reviews.
Data aggregation:
Data aggregation involves summarizing your data by grouping it into categories or applying mathematical functions. Aggregation helps to simplify complex datasets and make them easier to analyze. For example, if you have a dataset of daily sales transactions, you can average the data into monthly or quarterly sales figures to identify trends and patterns.
Data normalization:
Data normalization involves standardizing your data into a consistent format to make it easier to analyze. This can include converting units of measurement or scaling data to a common range. For instance, if you have data on client ratings on a scale of 0 to 5, you can normalize this data by converting the ratings to a scale of 0 to 1.
Data transformation with machine learning:
Data transformation with machine learning involves using algorithms to transform your data automatically. This can include techniques such as dimensionality reduction, feature selection, or feature engineering. Let’s say you have a dataset of client sales transactions; you can use machine learning algorithms to identify the most important variables or reasons that influence their behavior. Thus transforming your data using these techniques, you can convert your raw data into a format suitable for analysis which can help you extract insights and improve the performance of your machine learning models.
Data transformation focuses on improving the quality and usability of data, while data enrichment focuses on expanding the breadth and depth of data. Both processes are important in preparing data for analysis and can complement each other to achieve more accurate and meaningful insights.
Tools and technologies for data transformation:
As data continue to grow, so are tools and technologies for data transformation, ranging from simple spreadsheets to advanced programming languages and platforms. Let us take a glance through some common tools and technologies for data transformation:
Spreadsheets:
Spreadsheets such as Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets are the simplest and most commonly used for data transformation tasks such as filtering, sorting, and aggregating data. These tools provide a user-friendly interface for manipulating data and can handle smaller datasets.
Data integration software:
Data integration software such as Talend or Informatica can merge data from different sources, transform the data, and load it into a target system. These tools are often used for complex data integration tasks involving large data volumes.
Programming languages:
Programming languages such as Python or R are popular for data transformation because they provide many libraries and functions for manipulating data. These languages allow for more complex transformations and can be used to automate data transformation tasks.
ETL tools:
ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) tools such as Apache NiFi, Airbyte, Hevodata or Microsoft SQL Server Integration Services can automate data transformation processes, especially for large and complex datasets. These tools provide a visual interface for designing and executing data transformation workflows.
Cloud-based platforms:
Cloud-based platforms such as AWS Glue or Google Cloud Dataprep can be used for data transformation in a distributed and scalable environment. These platforms provide built-in tools for data cleaning, normalization, enrichment, and integrations with other data processing and analytics tools.
These tools and technologies can automate and pave your data transformation processes, reduce manual errors, and improve the efficiency and accuracy of your data analysis. The choice as we saw, depends on the size and complexity of your data, as well as your particular needs and budget.
Importance of data transformation for accurate analysis:
Data Transformation can change the way you look at data and it is essential for anyone who works with data, Be it a data analyst, a data scientist, or a researcher. It allows you to turn raw data into valuable data assets, make informed decisions, and gain a competitive edge in your industry.
Therefore, next time rather than asking, is your data reliable? Ask, Is your data transformed? And you will get your answer. Once your data is transformed, its time to deploy data observability - Signup for 30 days free trial with Decube
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Talk:Cirio
Characteristics
what are they 2001:B07:AC9:D466:A4E6:3E70:476F:A755 (talk) 18:14, 22 March 2023 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Chelymorpha cassidea
Chelymorpha cassidea, known generally as the Argus tortoise beetle or milkweed tortoise beetle, is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in the Caribbean and North America.
Adult
The beetle is 9 to 12 mm long and is yellow to bright red with black spots. It is one of the largest leaf beetles native to North America. The name Argus comes from the mythical Greek giant Argus Panoptes, who was sometimes depicted with 100 eyes, because the beetle is able to stretch out its red head beyond its pronotum, as if it were a single red eye. The species resembles a small turtle and is similar to a ladybug.
Egg, larva, and pupa
The Argus tortoise beetle lays eggs on leaves, in clusters of 15 to 30. The eggs hatch within 10 days. Its larvae are yellowish-green or orange-yellow. The larvae feed on leaves until they are fully grown, then they drop to the soil to pupate, overwintering as pupae before emerging as adults in the middle of summer. It takes them almost three weeks to become pupae.
Habitat
The beetle can be found throughout North America in meadows and roadsides. It can also be found in the Caribbean. It feeds on the foliage of plants, including milkweed, raspberry, maize, and sweet potato. It can defoliate entire plants. One plant that it feeds on is the morning glory, which has leaves that are protected by alkaloids. Some alkaloids can poison nerves and can be deadly to people and animals. It is possible that the beetle stores the alkaloids in its body to protect itself from predators.
Predators
Predators of the beetle include the hymenopteran egg parasite Emersonella niveipes, the tachinid larval parasite Masicera exilis, and the predatory stink bug Apateticus bracteatus.
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WIKI
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Bug 1424160 part 2. Add infrastructure for defining @@toStringTag on Web IDL prototypes. r=qdot
authorBoris Zbarsky <bzbarsky@mit.edu>
Thu, 17 May 2018 23:45:35 -0400
changeset 418801 b0d319aaafbe
parent 418800 973e3a16f6dc
child 418802 e5e68461d391
push id34013
push userdluca@mozilla.com
push date2018-05-18 09:56 +0000
treeherdermozilla-central@11ee70f24ea5 [default view] [failures only]
perfherder[talos] [build metrics] [platform microbench] (compared to previous push)
reviewersqdot
bugs1424160
milestone62.0a1
first release with
nightly linux32
nightly linux64
nightly mac
nightly win32
nightly win64
last release without
nightly linux32
nightly linux64
nightly mac
nightly win32
nightly win64
Bug 1424160 part 2. Add infrastructure for defining @@toStringTag on Web IDL prototypes. r=qdot
dom/bindings/BindingUtils.cpp
dom/bindings/BindingUtils.h
dom/bindings/Codegen.py
dom/bindings/parser/WebIDL.py
--- a/dom/bindings/BindingUtils.cpp
+++ b/dom/bindings/BindingUtils.cpp
@@ -877,16 +877,17 @@ CreateInterfaceObject(JSContext* cx, JS:
static JSObject*
CreateInterfacePrototypeObject(JSContext* cx, JS::Handle<JSObject*> global,
JS::Handle<JSObject*> parentProto,
const js::Class* protoClass,
const NativeProperties* properties,
const NativeProperties* chromeOnlyProperties,
const char* const* unscopableNames,
+ const char* toStringTag,
bool isGlobal)
{
JS::Rooted<JSObject*> ourProto(cx,
JS_NewObjectWithUniqueType(cx, Jsvalify(protoClass), parentProto));
if (!ourProto ||
// We don't try to define properties on the global's prototype; those
// properties go on the global itself.
(!isGlobal &&
@@ -912,16 +913,31 @@ CreateInterfacePrototypeObject(JSContext
SYMBOL_TO_JSID(JS::GetWellKnownSymbol(cx, JS::SymbolCode::unscopables)));
// Readonly and non-enumerable to match Array.prototype.
if (!JS_DefinePropertyById(cx, ourProto, unscopableId, unscopableObj,
JSPROP_READONLY)) {
return nullptr;
}
}
+ if (toStringTag) {
+ JS::Rooted<JSString*> toStringTagStr(cx,
+ JS_NewStringCopyZ(cx, toStringTag));
+ if (!toStringTagStr) {
+ return nullptr;
+ }
+
+ JS::Rooted<jsid> toStringTagId(cx,
+ SYMBOL_TO_JSID(JS::GetWellKnownSymbol(cx, JS::SymbolCode::toStringTag)));
+ if (!JS_DefinePropertyById(cx, ourProto, toStringTagId, toStringTagStr,
+ JSPROP_READONLY)) {
+ return nullptr;
+ }
+ }
+
return ourProto;
}
bool
DefineProperties(JSContext* cx, JS::Handle<JSObject*> obj,
const NativeProperties* properties,
const NativeProperties* chromeOnlyProperties)
{
@@ -961,16 +977,17 @@ DefineProperties(JSContext* cx, JS::Hand
return true;
}
void
CreateInterfaceObjects(JSContext* cx, JS::Handle<JSObject*> global,
JS::Handle<JSObject*> protoProto,
const js::Class* protoClass, JS::Heap<JSObject*>* protoCache,
+ const char* toStringTag,
JS::Handle<JSObject*> constructorProto,
const js::Class* constructorClass,
unsigned ctorNargs, const NamedConstructor* namedConstructors,
JS::Heap<JSObject*>* constructorCache,
const NativeProperties* properties,
const NativeProperties* chromeOnlyProperties,
const char* name, bool defineOnGlobal,
const char* const* unscopableNames,
@@ -998,26 +1015,28 @@ CreateInterfaceObjects(JSContext* cx, JS
"If, and only if, there is an interface prototype object we need "
"to cache it");
MOZ_ASSERT(bool(constructorClass) == bool(constructorCache),
"If, and only if, there is an interface object we need to cache "
"it");
MOZ_ASSERT(constructorProto || !constructorClass,
"Must have a constructor proto if we plan to create a constructor "
"object");
+ MOZ_ASSERT(protoClass || !toStringTag,
+ "Must have a prototype object if we have a @@toStringTag");
bool isChrome = nsContentUtils::ThreadsafeIsSystemCaller(cx);
JS::Rooted<JSObject*> proto(cx);
if (protoClass) {
proto =
CreateInterfacePrototypeObject(cx, global, protoProto, protoClass,
properties,
isChrome ? chromeOnlyProperties : nullptr,
- unscopableNames, isGlobal);
+ unscopableNames, toStringTag, isGlobal);
if (!proto) {
return;
}
*protoCache = proto;
}
else {
MOZ_ASSERT(!proto);
--- a/dom/bindings/BindingUtils.h
+++ b/dom/bindings/BindingUtils.h
@@ -698,16 +698,18 @@ struct NamedConstructor
* null if both constructorClass and constructor are null (as in,
* if we're not creating an interface object at all).
* protoClass is the JSClass to use for the interface prototype object.
* This is null if we should not create an interface prototype
* object.
* protoCache a pointer to a JSObject pointer where we should cache the
* interface prototype object. This must be null if protoClass is and
* vice versa.
+ * toStringTag if not null, a string to define as @@toStringTag on the prototype.
+ * Must be null if protoClass is.
* constructorClass is the JSClass to use for the interface object.
* This is null if we should not create an interface object or
* if it should be a function object.
* constructor holds the JSNative to back the interface object which should be a
* Function, unless constructorClass is non-null in which case it is
* ignored. If this is null and constructorClass is also null then
* we should not create an interface object at all.
* ctorNargs is the length of the constructor function; 0 if no constructor
@@ -736,16 +738,17 @@ struct NamedConstructor
* non-null. If constructorClass or constructor are non-null, the resulting
* interface object will be defined on the given global with property name
* |name|, which must also be non-null.
*/
void
CreateInterfaceObjects(JSContext* cx, JS::Handle<JSObject*> global,
JS::Handle<JSObject*> protoProto,
const js::Class* protoClass, JS::Heap<JSObject*>* protoCache,
+ const char* toStringTag,
JS::Handle<JSObject*> interfaceProto,
const js::Class* constructorClass,
unsigned ctorNargs, const NamedConstructor* namedConstructors,
JS::Heap<JSObject*>* constructorCache,
const NativeProperties* regularProperties,
const NativeProperties* chromeOnlyProperties,
const char* name, bool defineOnGlobal,
const char* const* unscopableNames,
--- a/dom/bindings/Codegen.py
+++ b/dom/bindings/Codegen.py
@@ -3058,33 +3058,41 @@ class CGCreateInterfaceObjectsMethod(CGA
properties = "sNativeProperties.Upcast()"
else:
properties = "nullptr"
if self.properties.hasChromeOnly():
chromeProperties = "sChromeOnlyNativeProperties.Upcast()"
else:
chromeProperties = "nullptr"
+ toStringTag = self.descriptor.interface.toStringTag
+ if toStringTag:
+ toStringTag = '"%s"' % toStringTag
+ else:
+ toStringTag = "nullptr"
+
call = fill(
"""
JS::Heap<JSObject*>* protoCache = ${protoCache};
JS::Heap<JSObject*>* interfaceCache = ${interfaceCache};
dom::CreateInterfaceObjects(aCx, aGlobal, ${parentProto},
${protoClass}, protoCache,
+ ${toStringTag},
${constructorProto}, ${interfaceClass}, ${constructArgs}, ${namedConstructors},
interfaceCache,
${properties},
${chromeProperties},
${name}, aDefineOnGlobal,
${unscopableNames},
${isGlobal});
""",
protoClass=protoClass,
parentProto=parentProto,
protoCache=protoCache,
+ toStringTag=toStringTag,
constructorProto=constructorProto,
interfaceClass=interfaceClass,
constructArgs=constructArgs,
namedConstructors=namedConstructors,
interfaceCache=interfaceCache,
properties=properties,
chromeProperties=chromeProperties,
name='"' + self.descriptor.interface.identifier.name + '"' if needInterfaceObject else "nullptr",
--- a/dom/bindings/parser/WebIDL.py
+++ b/dom/bindings/parser/WebIDL.py
@@ -679,17 +679,17 @@ def convertExposedAttrToGlobalNameSet(ex
def globalNameSetToExposureSet(globalScope, nameSet, exposureSet):
for name in nameSet:
exposureSet.update(globalScope.globalNameMapping[name])
class IDLInterfaceOrNamespace(IDLObjectWithScope, IDLExposureMixins):
def __init__(self, location, parentScope, name, parent, members,
- isKnownNonPartial):
+ isKnownNonPartial, toStringTag):
assert isinstance(parentScope, IDLScope)
assert isinstance(name, IDLUnresolvedIdentifier)
assert isKnownNonPartial or not parent
assert isKnownNonPartial or len(members) == 0
self.parent = None
self._callback = False
self._finished = False
@@ -717,16 +717,18 @@ class IDLInterfaceOrNamespace(IDLObjectW
# members and those of ancestor interfaces.
self.totalMembersInSlots = 0
# Tracking of the number of own own members we have in slots
self._ownMembersInSlots = 0
# If this is an iterator interface, we need to know what iterable
# interface we're iterating for in order to get its nativeType.
self.iterableInterface = None
+ self.toStringTag = toStringTag
+
IDLObjectWithScope.__init__(self, location, parentScope, name)
IDLExposureMixins.__init__(self, location)
if isKnownNonPartial:
self.setNonPartial(location, parent, members)
def ctor(self):
identifier = IDLUnresolvedIdentifier(self.location, "constructor",
@@ -1570,19 +1572,21 @@ class IDLInterfaceOrNamespace(IDLObjectW
conditionExtendedAttributes = [ "Pref", "ChromeOnly", "Func",
"SecureContext" ]
def isExposedConditionally(self, exclusions=[]):
return any(((not a in exclusions) and self.getExtendedAttribute(a)) for a in self.conditionExtendedAttributes)
class IDLInterface(IDLInterfaceOrNamespace):
def __init__(self, location, parentScope, name, parent, members,
- isKnownNonPartial, classNameOverride=None):
+ isKnownNonPartial, classNameOverride=None,
+ toStringTag=None):
IDLInterfaceOrNamespace.__init__(self, location, parentScope, name,
- parent, members, isKnownNonPartial)
+ parent, members, isKnownNonPartial,
+ toStringTag)
self.classNameOverride = classNameOverride
def __str__(self):
return "Interface '%s'" % self.identifier.name
def isInterface(self):
return True
@@ -1763,17 +1767,18 @@ class IDLInterface(IDLInterfaceOrNamespa
attrlist = attr.listValue()
self._extendedAttrDict[identifier] = attrlist if len(attrlist) else True
class IDLNamespace(IDLInterfaceOrNamespace):
def __init__(self, location, parentScope, name, members, isKnownNonPartial):
IDLInterfaceOrNamespace.__init__(self, location, parentScope, name,
- None, members, isKnownNonPartial)
+ None, members, isKnownNonPartial,
+ toStringTag=None)
def __str__(self):
return "Namespace '%s'" % self.identifier.name
def isNamespace(self):
return True
def addExtendedAttributes(self, attrs):
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Acupuncture and Cancer Treatments.
In the United States, acupuncture is used to treat a variety of symptoms and conditions associated with cancer treatment. Although acupuncture is not a cure, may be used to reduce the side effects of radiation and chemotherapy.
Acupuncture and radiation treatment
Patients who are undergoing radiation treatments suffer from different side effects such as nausea, fatigue, hot flashes, insomnia, vomiting, anxiety, depression and dry mouth. Acupuncture will help reduce these undesirable symptoms.
Acupuncture promotes immune and endocrine regulation, recent study show that acupuncture regulates the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Electroacupuncture induces serotonin release in the region of the upper brain stem and the hypothalamus stimulates the release of endogenous opioid (b-endorphin, enkephalin and dynorphin endomorphin) that relieves pain, while acupuncture regulates the immune system, in part by stimulating leukocytes, granulocytes and lymphocytes.
Acupuncture and chemotherapy treatment
Most patients who are undergoing chemotherapy treatment suffer from nausea and vomiting. Acupuncture may be an option to reduce more symptoms without having to rely on drugs. It will reduce pain, depression and improve sleep. It will help to improve fatigue and reduce physical stress.
conclusion
Acupuncture can treat multiple diseases in the body. It’s important to remnid our patiens the acupunture doesn’t reat cancer, but it helps to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and radiaction. In order to go through such intensive proces the patient needs to be strong and he or she needs to stay strong to fight the cancer.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Crime in Benin
Crime in Benin is high and especially targets visitors.
Robbery
Petty crime is common throughout Benin. Street robbery is a significant problem in Cotonou. Robbery and mugging occur along the Boulevard de France (the beach road by the Marina and Novotel Hotels) and on the beaches near hotels frequented by international visitors. Most of the reported incidents involve the use of force, often by armed persons, with occasional minor injury to the victim. Even in daylight hours, foreigners on the beach near Cotonou are frequent victims of robberies.
There has been a continued increase in the number of robberies and carjacking incidents after dark, both within metropolitan Cotonou and on highways and rural roads outside of major metropolitan areas. Overland travel to Nigeria is dangerous near the Benin/Nigeria border due to unofficial checkpoints and highway banditry.
Drug trafficking
Drug trafficking in Benin is increasing, due mainly to the porous borders and lack of government intervention of the illegal drug trafficking. While neighboring countries are making a concerted effort to fight the drug trade, the traffickers are using Benin to traffic drugs from South America into the United States and Europe. Drug use within Benin is low, with marijuana being the drug of choice. Marijuana is grown in the central region of Benin.
Fraud
There is a high rate of credit card and automated teller machine (ATM) fraud, largely targeting foreigners.
Corruption
In 2011, Transparency International ranked Benin as 100th of 182 countries on perceived corruption. Benin's score was 3 with 10 being the best possible score.
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WIKI
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John-Mary Kauzya
John-Mary Kauzya (born 1957) is a Ugandan diplomat known for his research and policy advice in the areas of governance and public administration.
Kauzya is the former (retired in 2022) Chief of the Public Service Innovation Branch of the Division for Public Institutions and Digital Government at the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
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WIKI
|
blob: 33c3294d5a276b3960c83106b13c1cf14482e0e8 [file] [log] [blame]
// Copyright 2022 The Fuchsia Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#include <fidl/fuchsia.process.lifecycle/cpp/fidl.h>
#include <lib/async-loop/cpp/loop.h>
#include <lib/component/incoming/cpp/protocol.h>
#include <lib/component/outgoing/cpp/outgoing_directory.h>
#include <lib/fdio/namespace.h>
#include <lib/fit/defer.h>
#include <lib/syslog/cpp/macros.h>
#include <zircon/process.h>
#include <zircon/processargs.h>
#include <unordered_set>
#include "src/lib/fxl/strings/join_strings.h"
int main(int argc, const char** argv) {
fidl::ServerEnd<fuchsia_process_lifecycle::Lifecycle> component_lifecycle_request(
zx::channel(zx_take_startup_handle(PA_LIFECYCLE)));
if (!component_lifecycle_request.is_valid()) {
FX_SLOG(FATAL, "No valid handle found for lifecycle events");
}
if (zx::result result = component::Connect(std::move(component_lifecycle_request),
"/svc/fuchsia.device.fs.lifecycle.Lifecycle");
result.is_error()) {
// TODO(https://fxbug.dev/42052807): Standardize status emission.
FX_SLOG(FATAL, "Failed to connect to fuchsia.device.fs.lifecycle",
FX_KV("status", result.status_string()));
}
async::Loop loop(&kAsyncLoopConfigNeverAttachToThread);
component::OutgoingDirectory outgoing(loop.dispatcher());
{
fdio_flat_namespace_t* ns;
if (zx_status_t status = fdio_ns_export_root(&ns); status != ZX_OK) {
// TODO(https://fxbug.dev/42052807): Standardize status emission.
FX_SLOG(FATAL, "Failed to export flat namespace",
FX_KV("status", zx_status_get_string(status)));
}
const fit::deferred_action cleanup = fit::defer([ns]() { fdio_ns_free_flat_ns(ns); });
// Expose expected entries and error if any remain unexposed.
std::unordered_set<std::string_view> expose = {"dev"};
for (size_t i = 0; i < ns->count; ++i) {
std::string_view path{ns->path[i]};
// Leading slashes are not allowed.
if (cpp20::starts_with(path, '/')) {
path.remove_prefix(1);
}
if (auto nh = expose.extract(path); nh.empty()) {
continue;
}
// Ensure the handle isn't closed when the namespace is freed.
zx_handle_t handle = std::exchange(ns->handle[i], ZX_HANDLE_INVALID);
fidl::ClientEnd<fuchsia_io::Directory> client_end{zx::channel{handle}};
if (zx::result result = outgoing.AddDirectory(std::move(client_end), path);
result.is_error()) {
// TODO(https://fxbug.dev/42052807): Standardize status emission.
FX_SLOG(FATAL, "Failed to expose", FX_KV("path", path),
FX_KV("status", result.status_string()));
}
}
if (!expose.empty()) {
const std::string missing = fxl::JoinStrings(expose, ",");
FX_SLOG(FATAL, "Failed to expose all entries", FX_KV("missing", missing));
}
}
if (zx::result result = outgoing.ServeFromStartupInfo(); result.is_error()) {
// TODO(https://fxbug.dev/42052807): Standardize status emission.
FX_SLOG(FATAL, "Failed to serve from startup info", FX_KV("status", result.status_string()));
}
FX_SLOG(DEBUG, "Initialized.");
if (zx_status_t status = loop.Run(); status != ZX_OK) {
// TODO(https://fxbug.dev/42052807): Standardize status emission.
FX_SLOG(FATAL, "Failed to run async loop", FX_KV("status", zx_status_get_string(status)));
}
return 0;
}
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:Kingstone93-cro
Hello! I'm from Croatia. I came to en.wiki because it has a lot of articles with Serbian propaganda.
Me on hr.wiki Kingstone93
---
---
hr:Suradnik:Kingstone93
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WIKI
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Talk:Northern Neck Proprietary
Hello everybody, please review my article and give me your opinions. Don't hesistate to make changes and corrections. Thank you.
Merge proposal
I recommend merging John Savage (surveyor) into the history section of the Northern Neck Proprietary page. Savage is only mentioned once in the article and it focuses more on the survey itself than on Savage, so I do not see the need for Savage to have his own page. Proposing a merge as I am not familiar with this topic. Puppies937 (talk) 05:05, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
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WIKI
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10 Responses to “Redis 3.2.6”
1. azur
Hi,
these was a php-redis release on 20.12. ( php7.0-redis_3.1.0-1~dotdeb+8.1_amd64.deb ) which is causing crash of Apache child processes on all of our servers. Can you, please, look at it? Thank you.
2. Guillaume Plessis
@Ricardo : it is compiled against jemalloc :
# redis-server --version
Redis server v=3.2.6 sha=00000000:0 malloc=jemalloc-4.0.3 bits=64 build=48e6494d0efed33
3. Jools
same problem with cphp7-fom crashing. had to go back to 3.0.0~rc1-1~dotdeb+8.2 last working package apt-cache said was available)
4. Jools
I noticed there was a 3.1.0-1~dotdeb+8.2 – unfortunately it is still crashing
traps: php-fpm7.0[2932] general protection ip:563f975a9b2b sp:7ffec88bdd80 error:0 in php-fpm7.0[563f97399000+45a000]
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Sustainable Boating From Hull Design to Electric Motors
The practice of sustainable boating, from hull design to electric motors, is gaining significant attention among outdoor enthusiasts. Explore the evolution of planing hull design, the dynamics of electric motors, and the sustainability benefits electric boat motors provide.
The Evolution of Planing Hull Design
The history of planing hull design dates back to the early 20th century. It was developed with the objective of increasing speed while reducing the energy required to propel the boat.
Unlike displacement hulls that push water aside as they move, planing hulls rise out of the water and glide on its surface when they reach a certain speed. This unique feature reduces drag and consequently saves energy, making it a more sustainable option for boating.
Understanding Electric Boat Motors
Electric boat motors have emerged as an eco-friendly alternative to gas-powered outboard motors. They come in three main types: electric outboard, electric inboard, and trolling motors, each with unique characteristics.
Electric Outboard Motors
Electric outboard motors are mounted on the exterior of the boat, usually at the stern. While they function similarly to their gasoline counterparts, they operate on battery power. These motors are renowned for their quiet operation, low maintenance, and zero emissions.
Electric Inboard Motors
Electric inboard motors, installed inside the hull of the boat, offer an even greater degree of quietness and efficiency. They are often used in larger boats where there is ample space for installation and battery storage. Like outboard motors, they produce no emissions, contributing to cleaner air and water, and they are significantly quieter than traditional diesel-powered engines.
Trolling Motors
Trolling motors, commonly used for precise maneuvering or slow-speed propulsion for fishing boats, are smaller and less powerful than electric outboard and inboard motors. They aren’t used as the primary propelling power of the boat; rather, they are used in conjunction with a separate primary motor and are battery powered, ensuring a quiet operation that boosts the chances of catching, rather than startling, fish.
Sustainability Benefits of Electric Boat Motors
Electric boat motors don’t release harmful emissions in the form of fumes in the air or fuel leaks in the water. Their quiet operation reduces noise pollution—an often-overlooked aspect of environmental conservation. Furthermore, electric motors are more energy efficient than traditional gasoline engines, conserving resources and reducing the boater’s carbon footprint. Along with modifications like bidets for boats that eliminate the need for toilet paper and prevent clogs, electric motors for propulsion bring sustainability to boating.Sustainable boating from energy-saving hull designs to the electric motors, are transforming the boating industry. These practices not only preserve the environment but also enhance the boating experience for outdoor enthusiasts.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Citizens' Trust Company Building
Citizens' Trust Company Building, also known as the Sycamore Building, is a historic office building located at Terre Haute, Vigo County, Indiana. It was designed in 1920 by the local firm of Johnson, Miller & Miller and built in 1921–1922, and is a 12-story, Chicago school style steel frame building sheathed in brick. It features stone and terra cotta detailing and Art Deco style design elements. The building was built to house the main office of the Citizens' Trust Company.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
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WIKI
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Talk:Emma Harrison (entrepreneur)/Archives/2013
Page Move
I moved the page from Emma harrison a4e per WP:NAME. If the article is to be developed into more than a resume-type article it seems appropriate to have a correct title for the article. delirious & lost ☯ TALK 06:18, 27 October 2009 (UTC)
Allegations Harrison is a "Poverty Pimp"
I think a link to web resources which allow participants of Ian Duncan Smith's apparent 'slave labour' training courses to describe their criticisms (such as ) would be useful to the general public who are trying to read around the subject of this lady's business, particularly taxpayers who are a) paying for the scheme and b) who face being displaced from their own jobs by unpaid 'trainees'. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:32, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
Whitewash?
You appear to be misrepresenting A4e press releases as fact. According to your entry, Emma herself started the investigation into fraud by her employees - you cite a BBC source, but this states that A4e told them they instigated the investigation (they would, wouldn't they?). Is it actually true? According to the Telegraph (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9099338/MP-requests-Serious-Fraud-Office-investigation-into-A4e.html),it was an MP (Fiona MacTagart: Slough) who contacted the Serious Fraud Office and reported the matter. The article should be edited to reflect this independent and impartial source, rather than citing what the BBC appear to have read on the A4e website. Harrison only set up an inquiry into a subcontractor AFTER she'd been reported herself. The way the matter is currently presented is very, very misleading.
* I've revised the article to reflect what the Telegraph reports. AndyTheGrump (talk) 00:49, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
Fined for Data Protection Act Breaches
Are there any precedents for a firm who have already been fined £60,000 by the ICO for failing to protect the personal data of trainees ever being awarded another government contract to help 'vulnerable people' like the mentally handicapped? Source of information is the Information Commissioner's Office itself(). It seems relevant to include this information - particularly as she is being held up as a female exemplar to the business community, and has been awarded a CBE.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:57, 24 February 2012 (UTC)BarbaraCastle<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:57, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
* Sorry, but 'Freedom' is unlikely to be considered a reliable source for this - see WP:RS. AndyTheGrump (talk) 00:51, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
You misread my post: anyway, here is a link from the ICO office itself: .<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:01, 24 February 2012 (UTC)BarbaraCartland01:01, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
Evidence of Fraud
Would this be an appropriate place for former trainees to cite actual acts of fraud which this lady and her company are being accused of committing? There are several blogs online, but none which allows former slave labourers to cite example 'fiddles' which they have been told or encouraged to practice, to help this lady accumulate her massive wealth and a CBE. Few members of the public who have not been forced onto these 'workfare' schemes actually understand what it is like to be told to forge a CV entry, or get your benefits cut off and risk eviction - background examples might help them understand why she has become such a hated figure, even amongst JobCentre staff.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:04, 24 February 2012 (UTC)BarbaraCastle<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:04, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
* Absolutely not - this isn't a blog. This talk page is for discussions relating to article content, and we have to rely on published reliable sources for this. Anything not relevant to our article may be deleted - and unsourced allegations of fraud etc will be. See WP:NOTFORUM for our policy on this. AndyTheGrump (talk) 00:29, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
* 'This lady' has not been accused of any wrong doing whatsoever, I am currently editing this BLP as it is so undue.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:59, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
* 'This lady' has been accused of many things - see the sources cited in the article. AndyTheGrump (talk) 15:06, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
* Accusations and allegations are not proof of wrong-doing and have no place in a BLP, cite me one source that alleges that Harrison has been investigated, charged or convicted of any crime and we can add it. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:25, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
She resigns
From the BBC:
* Emma Harrison has stepped down as chairman of her welfare-to-work firm A4e, she has said in a statement.
* It comes a day after she quit her role as the government's 'family champion' amid a police probe into irregularities at the Slough-based company.
Time for an update? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:48, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
* Done. AndyTheGrump (talk) 21:05, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
Reasons for A4e closing operations in Germany
A4e were, according to a blog written by Emma Harrison, highly successful in several EU countries, yet appears to have closed down its German operation before the UK fraud allegations were made:do any of the media stories indicate the fraud allegations include operations overseas? The firm appear to be beneficiaries of the EU Social Fund, I wondered if these were involved in the Police investigations?<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:16, 26 February 2012 (UTC)twl<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:16, 26 February 2012 (UTC)
Attempting to Tie In Harrison to Allegations of fraud is not on.
Attempting to tie in Harrison to fraud is completely unacceptable, I'll re-write the section to reflect that.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:02, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
* Please base your rewrite on reliable sources - and note that several newspapers have explicitly linked Harrison's resignation with fraud allegations. AndyTheGrump (talk) 15:05, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
* You mean like this: ''In February 2012 it was revealed that Harrison was paid a £8.6 million shares dividend in 2011, in addition to her £365,000 annual salary, with the majority of this funded by the taxpayer.' The cite makes no mention of any of that at all instead refers to the fraud allegations against four former employees.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:11, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
* How does that relate to allegations of fraud? It doesn't, and we don't say that it does. AndyTheGrump (talk) 15:13, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
* It's an example of incorrect cites and the fraud allegations are NOT against Harrison but former employees and as such have no place in her BLP.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:23, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
* That is nonsense. It is correctly cited for what it states. And by the way, the police have made it clear that not all their investigations concern these particular individuals anyway. AndyTheGrump (talk) 15:28, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
* And those cites do not state anywhere that Harrison has committed a crime, in fact anything to do with A4E belongs on the A4E page and not in her BLP.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:30, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
* Our article does not state that Harrison has committed a crime either. AndyTheGrump (talk) 15:49, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
* You mean wiki's article of course, but editors have made allegations and cited to material that doesn't reflect what was actually written about her. As I have stated in a different talk section any allegations of fraud by ex-A$E employees belongs on the A4E page not in someone else's BLP unless they themselves are directly connected.Twobells (talk) 15:52, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
* The sources we cite clearly link Harrison's resignation with the fraud allegations. They don't suggest that Harrison was involved in fraud, and neither does our article. The police are apparently still investigating, and it is clearly wrong to take unsubstantiated assertions by A4E that the only persons involved are 'former employees' as fact. We don't know one way or another. (And of course I mean Wikipedia's article - what else could I mean?) AndyTheGrump (talk) 15:57, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
* And the second paragraph clearly states that, it doesn't need it's own section for something not directly connected to the person concerned, again Harrison has not been investigated, charged or found guilty of anything nor has any rep source even alleged that she has, anything more is undue weight and insinuation. With respect anything else belongs (as I wrote previously) on the A4E page. ATwobells (talk) 16:01, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
Removal of all A4E allegations from BLP
Any criticisms of A4E and fraud by ex-employees belong on the A4E article not in the BLP a an ex-chairman. I suggest that the only mention is of her resignation and the reason why, that is neutral. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:32, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
* Given your repeated attempts to spin the article in Harrison's favour, I have to ask - are you connected with her in any way? If so, you should probably read WP:COI. In any case, I'd strongly advise you to stop editing the article, and instead discuss revisions on this talk page - you have probably already violated WP:3RR and are in danger of being blocked from editing. AndyTheGrump (talk) 15:34, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
* Your ideological bias is showing, I have no interest in Harrison one way or the other but was shocked and dismayed at the article's utter disregard for NPOV. The reality is that anything to do with A4E fraud belongs on A4E's wiki page, Harrison has been accused of no crime and from what I can gather not even an substantiated allegation of wrong-doing. The details of her resignation including cites are already right at the top of the article in the second paragraph, anything more is just undue weight.Twobells (talk) 15:39, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
* Please read WP:CIVIL. And how can we make clear why she resigned without referring to the allegations concerning the company she was chair of at the time? Harrison's notability relates to A4E, she resigned as a result of these allegations. This is going to be a rather strange article if we don't explain it. AndyTheGrump (talk) 15:48, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
* The second paragraph makes it quite clear that she resigned as a result of two issues, investigations of fraud by former employees and the dividends she received as chairman. BTW please read http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Central_aspects_of_BLP this is core BLP stuff. Twobells (talk) 15:56, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
* I think it's pretty clear that had there been no controversy she would not have resigned. I think it's fair to say she resigned following the controversies. Harry the Dog WOOF 16:02, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
* Given the edit-warring over this article, it is difficult to say anything much regarding a particular paragraph. As for the essay Twobells links, it is exactly that - an essay. And not a particularly useful one, in my opinion. AndyTheGrump (talk) 16:04, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
* Well you could add a controversy section but tbh I believe it would be removed as undue weight, remember wikipedia isn't a gossip column however, extreme controversy is allowed in context but it needs to be extremely exceptional. http://encyc.org/wiki/BLP#The_BLP_policy_on_Wikipedia.2C_as_it_exists_today Twobells (talk) 16:05, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
* Reporting that the police are investigating a company in relation to allegations of fraud isn't 'gossip'. Neither is pointing out that the subject of our article resigned as a result of these allegations. The only 'gossip' I've seen here that actually relates to article content is the claim that the fraud (if indeed it took place) was confined to 'former employees' - though I'd categorise this as spin rather than gossip. As for encyc.org, what the hell has that got to do with anything? AndyTheGrump (talk) 16:12, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
* I think that saying "On 24 February 2012, Harrison announced her resignation as Chairman of A4e following the controversy..." is perfectly factual, especially given her statement. It doesn't say that she was involved in any fraud or other wrongdoing. This is her article, not the company's. There is so far no indication that she was personally involved in any wrongdoing, so her BLP should not suggest that. It is covered on A4e's own article. Harry the Dog WOOF 16:15, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
Location of Derbyshire Mansion - Company Asset or Private Dwelling?
Her Derbyshire mansion is here - she has some 39 mortgaged properties listed at Companies House - does anyone know if Thornnbridge Hall is listed as part of A4e assets, or is privately owned? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:26, 2 March 2012 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Snoring vs. Sleep Apnea: Which is it?
Snoring vs. Sleep Apnea: Which is it?
Snoring occasionally is normal if you are suffering from a cold or had a few drinks before going to sleep. But what if you snore regularly at night like Americans?
Many Americans suffer from snoring activity during sleep. Half of them are simple snorers or primary snorers and another half may have a serious sleep disorder called obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Understand the difference between both conditions as they are often used interchangeably and treated incorrectly as a result.
Sleep Apnea and Snoring
Many people snore occasionally and one in four adults snore chronically. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is linked to a number of health issues including obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure.
The Difference between OSA and Snoring
Snoring and sleep apnea are often used as interchangeable. All untreated OSA sufferers snore but a few people who snore have sleep apnea.
Snoring is just a sound caused by vibration during breathing. The vibration is caused due to the partially blocked airway in the mouth, nose, or throat.
Snoring is a symptom of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep apnea occurs when a person has multiple pauses in breathing pattern during sleep. These can lead to other health issues, such as extreme daytime drowsiness, difficulty concentrating, depression, and anxiety.
Have a Sleep Study to Diagnose OSA
The most effective way to diagnose and treat both the conditions is to see a doctor. A doctor will look after all the symptoms before referring to a sleep specialist.
A sleep study is analysed on the basis both of how you sleep and how your body responds to issues related to sleep. These studies record your vital signs, the amount of oxygen in the blood, the air movement, brain activity, chest movements and snoring.
It will also determine the severity of your condition. The sleep study and the physical exam also consider extra-large tonsils or other obstructions.
Visit a doctor to understand your chronic snoring as effective treatments lead to improvements in health, whether snoring is caused by sleep apnea or not.
Call Book an Appointment
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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AJ Kanwar
Dr AJ Kanwar (born 29 June 1948) is an Indian Dermatologist. He has been Senior Professor and Head, Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology, PGI Chandigarh and currently practices in his hometown, New Delhi, India. Dr AJ Kanwar is the son of Late Shri Inder Singh and Smt Shanti Devi and was born on 29 June 1948. He attended school in New Delhi and graduated from the prestigious AIIMS, New Delhi in MBBS in 1969. He continued in AIIMS, New Delhi to obtain his post graduate degree (M.D.) in Dermatology and Venereology in 1975. After his senior residency in AIIMS, Dr Kanwar went on a foreign assignment in Benghazi, Libya. He also served a year in St John's Institute of Dermatology, London during a Commonwealth Medical Fellowship. He received a special training in Pediatric Dermatology during this year. To his credit are also time in National Institute of Health, Washington USA in 2006 for a Fellowship in AIDS, and a month in Kurume, Japan in 2010 for special training in Pemphigus. Dr Kanwar's foreign assignment in Libya, ended in 1987 when he returned to join PGI Chandigarh.
In 2020, based on an independent study done by scientists at Stanford University, he was ranked amongst the top 2% Indian Scientists. He was awarded Dr B.C. Roy National award, one of the highest recognition given in the field of medicine, by the President of India, on 1 July at the Rastrapati Bhawan. The Indian Medical Council gave him the Lala Ram Chand Kandhari Award to him, in 2010 for his outstanding work in Vitiligo. He was also the first in India to report efficacy of Rituximab for treatment of Pemphigus He was selected as a fellow of National Academy of Medical Sciences (FAMS) in 2008 and as a Fellow of Royal College of Physicians (FRCP) London in 2011.
He has more than 592 publications to his credit, in national and international Textbooks and Journals. In 2011, he was credited as first in India to report efficacy and safety of Rituximab for treatment of Pemphigus. He is co-author of Textbook of Surgical Management of Vitiligo published by Blackwell
Awards and recognition
* Ranked top 2% Indian Scientist in the world based on a 2020 Independent study done by Stanford University scientists.
* Awarded Dr. B. C. Roy Award (2010) for Eminent Medical Teacher in the field of Dermatology
* Awarded with Dr RV Rajam Oration (2013–2014) Annual Meeting of National Academy of Medical Science
* Received ICMR Lala Ram Chand Kandhari Award (2010) for his work on therapy and other aspects of vitiligo
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WIKI
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You asked: Can you get lip fillers while pregnant?
What happens if you get lip fillers while pregnant?
Hyaluronic acid, a chief ingredient found in injectable fillers like Juvederm, isn’t considered harmful since it’s something the body produces anyway, and some doctors even recommend it during pregnancy – dry skin is a common problem among pregnant women, and hyaluronic acid supplements help skin attract and retain …
Does filler affect pregnancy?
The reason pregnant and breastfeeding women shouldn’t get Botox or fillers (according to the FDA) is because of their fluctuating pregnancy hormones. It can cause issues with blood flow as well as swelling. In other words, it might cause issues for the mother—not the baby.
Can you get injectables while pregnant?
With safe beauty in mind, we typically recommend that patients refrain from injectables during pregnancy. While there have been no proven side effects linked to injectables, this is the safest course for women who wish to protect their babies.
Is it bad to get lip fillers?
When injected, these substances can cause allergic reactions, infections, and the death of skin cells. Another risk is that improper injection technique can lead not only to swelling and lumpiness, but also more serious side effects such as death of skin cells, and embolism leading to blindness.
IT IS IMPORTANT: Can you tell if your pregnant after 10 days?
Has anyone had Botox While pregnant?
If you just found out that you are expecting, and recently had Botox treatment to treat fine lines or wrinkles, do not worry. It is highly unlikely that Botox will affect your pregnancy or the baby.
Is tanning safe during pregnancy?
Is Tanning Safe During Pregnancy? There’s no clear evidence that tanning — either outside or in a tanning bed — will directly harm your baby-to-be. Whether you tan outside or inside, the ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the same, although in a tanning bed it’s more concentrated.
What symptoms do you feel when your pregnant?
The most common early signs and symptoms of pregnancy might include:
• Missed period. If you’re in your childbearing years and a week or more has passed without the start of an expected menstrual cycle, you might be pregnant. …
• Tender, swollen breasts. …
• Nausea with or without vomiting. …
• Increased urination. …
• Fatigue.
Can you get lip fillers at 16?
The FDA does not approve the use of fillers in patients who are under the age of 21, but it can still be used as an ‘off-label’ treatment. If they’re under the age of 18, patients would require the consent of their parent to have the procedure done.”
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Talk:DNF (software)
compatibility with yum
The article should say something about the compatibility of DNF with yum. In particular, the article should mention commands and repositories. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:09, 3 November 2015 (UTC)
what does it stand for?
Sometime tells me Dandified Packaging Tool wouldn't ordinarily be abbreviated DNF ... --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:10, 2 May 2018 (UTC)
* Duke Nukem Forever. Editor-1 (talk) 06:36, 3 May 2018 (UTC)
DNF does not stand for Dandified Packaging Tool (I have no idea how the editor came up with this). The Fedora Wiki as well as its Github repo, and the official docs have it stand for Dandified YUM
* <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:39, 21 May 2018 (UTC)
Future update for DNF5.
The gist is, DNF5 has given DNF a massive internal code rewrite. This includes a code rebase, new libraries, new internal resolution management and more. When DNF5 hits mainline (which is quite soon now), this page should be updated accordingly, as DNF5 is replacing DNF4. 2601:540:C700:42DF:76C8:5F43:53F1:5C95 (talk) 15:25, 13 August 2023 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Sorption hysteresis of benzene in charcoal particles
Publication Type:
Journal Article
Source:
Environ Sci Technol, Volume 37, Number 2, p.409-17 (2003)
ISBN:
0013-936X (Print)
Accession Number:
12564916
Keywords:
Adsorption, Benzene/ chemistry, Charcoal/ chemistry, Diffusion, Environmental Pollutants, Models, Chemical, Porosity, Solubility
Abstract:
Charcoal is found in water, soil, and sediment where it may act as a sorbent of organic pollutants. The sorption of organic compounds to natural solids often shows hysteresis. The purpose of this study was to determine the source of pronounced hysteresis that we found in the sorption of a hydrophobic compound (benzene) in water to a maple-wood charcoal prepared by oxygen-limited pyrolysis at 673 K. Gas adsorption (N2, Ar, CO2), 13C NMR, and FTIR show the charcoal to be a microporous solid composed primarily of elemental (aromatic) C and secondarily of carboxyl and phenolic C. Nonlocal density functional theory (N2, Ar) and Monte Carlo (CO2) calculations reveal a porosity of 0.15 cm3/g, specific surface area of 400 m2/g, and appreciable porosity in ultramicropores < 10 A. Benzene sorption-desorption conditions were chosen to eliminate artificial causes of hysteresis (rate-limiting diffusion, degradation, colloids effect). Charcoal sorbed up to its own weight of benzene at approximately 69% of benzene water solubility. Sorption was highly irreversible over most of the range tested (10(-4)-10(3) microg/mL). A dimensionless irreversibility index (/i) (0 < or = /i < or = 1) based on local slopes of adsorption and desorption branches was evaluated at numerous places along the isotherm. /i decreases as C increases, from 0.9-1 at low concentration to approximately 0 (approximately fully reversible) at the highest concentrations. Using sedimentation and volumetric displacement measurements, benzene is observed to cause pronounced swelling (up to > 2-fold) of the charcoal particles. It is proposed that hysteresis is due to pore deformation by the solute, which results in the pathway of sorption being different than the pathway of desorption and which leads to entrapment of some adsorbate as the polyaromatic scaffold collapses during desorption. It is suggested that intra-charcoal mass transport may be influenced by structural rearrangement of the solid, in addition to molecular diffusion.
Notes:
Using Smart Source ParsingJan 15
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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GMOs (genetically modified organisms) are organisms (plants and animals) that have had specific genes from a different species inserted into its own DNA. This results in the crop having new desirable features. Examples include papayas that are virus-resistant or corn that is herbicide-resistant. Our food has been genetically modified since the first GMO tomato (Flvr Svr) in the early 1990s. The acceptance of GMOs has varied between countries; the United States, Argentina, and Canada have quickly adopted GMOs while the EU countries have passed stricter legislation. There is a heated debate over whether GMOs are good or bad for our health, environment, world hunger, and the economy.
GMOs are goodShow moreShow less
GMOs have been extensively tested and have been proven safe for people to eat. GMOs are also good for the public because they are good for the environment, can help address world hunger, and can be a solution for growing amidst climate change. GMOs also lower the price of food.
GMOs have received more testing than any other food and have been found to be safe. There have also been no related health issues found over the decades that people have been consuming them. GMOs have been proven safe for people to eat.
GMOs have been proven safe through extensive research and decades of consumption. GMOs have been tested more than any other food. Over the last 30 years, there has been no evidence that GMOs are harmful to people. The safety of GMOs is widely agreed upon by the scientific community, with more than 275 global science organization coming to the same conclusion that GMOs are as safe as non-GMOs.
A common argument used to undermine the safety of GMOs is that the testing hasn’t been long enough. However, the public has been consuming GMOs since the 1990s which provides a far long enough time period to observe any health problems. These problems have not been seen. In fact, there have also been no reported health issues related to people eating GMO foods.
There has also been analysis to make sure that GMOs are not leading to higher rates of already occurring illnesses (such as cancer, kidney disease, and allergies). Countries that widely consumed GMO foods (such as the U.S. and Canada) were compared to places where GMOs had not been as widely consumed (such as the United Kingdom and Western Europe). No differences amongst health problems between these countries were found. GMOs have been extensively tested and analyzed (far more than the other foods we eat) and have been found safe.
The consensus amongst the scientific community has been exaggerated. The tests on GMOs have resulted in data that is not clear. Analysis of the research has resulted in different conclusions. Also, these tests have not been thorough enough because they have not studied long-term effects.
[P1] GMOs have received extensive research.
[P2] GMOs have been consumed for decades without causing health issues.
[P3] GMOs have been found safe to consume.
Rejecting the premises
[Rejecting P1] The research hasn't been long term.
[Rejecting P3] Different conclusions have been reached.
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Page:Notes and Queries - Series 10 - Volume 10.djvu/324
264
NOTES AND QUERIES. [10 s. x. OCT. 3,
following f ; m. 11 Feb., 1806,| Mary, dau. of Thomas Miller of Iford, in Essex (?), by Sarah his wife, dau. of John Bland. He d. at Acton, 5 June, 1815, || having had issue (with two daughters, Louisa Andrews And Ellen Theophila) a son, the Rev. Henry Cornelius Hart, curate of Charrington < ? Cherington), near Tetbury, in 1850. "The particulars of Capt. Hart's wife and the names of his chilclren are taken from vol. xxxviii. pp. 426-9, of the Harl. Soc. publications (1895). Only the date of his marriage to Miss Miller is given in his sister's diary.
1. Elizabeth Hart, b. 28 Aug., 1768, and bapt. 28 Sept. followingf ; m. 4 June, 1787f, John Griffiths, eldest surviving son of the Rev. John Griffiths, of Chiswick, Middlesex. She d. 16 April, 18244 leaving issue, and was buried at Charmouth, Dorset <M.L). Her husband, John Griffiths, sur- geon to the Queen's Household, 6 Dec., 1792-1818, and surgeon to St. George's Hospital, 1796-1822, was appointed surgeon to H.R.H. the Duke of Sussex, 11 Nov., 1814 (see the original account books of the Treasurers of Queen Charlotte, 1793-1817, preserved at the British Museum, and entries in his wife's diary). He d. 17 Sept., 1822, in his 68th year, and was buried at Char- mouth (M.I.).
2. Louisa Alexandrina Hart, b. 20 Dec., 1770, and bapt. 7 Jan. following! ; m. at Chichester, 25 June, 1793,|| George Lyon, sometime Lieut.-Col. llth Light Dragoons, who d. 1 Nov., 1823.|| She d. in London, 18 Oct., 1833,|| having had (with other issue, who d. young) two sons, (1) George Francis Lyon, b. at Chichester, 23 Jan., 1796J ; (2) John Lyon, b. at Chichester, 6 June, 1805.J The elder son, Capt. George Francis Lyon, R.N., the well-known traveller and navigator, m. at Thames Ditton, 5 Sept., 1825,|| Lucy Louisa, younger dau. of Lord Edward FitzGerald by Pamela his wife. He d. at sea, 8 Oct., 1832.^1
3. Sophia Hart, b. 11 Nov., 1773, and bapt. 13 Dec. followingf ; m. 14 Dec., 17954 Richard Newton Bennett. She d. in Ireland, Oct., 1833,J having had (with two daughters, Sophia and Elizabeth, and possibly other issue) "a son, Rich ard Francis Bennett, b. in Dublin, 18 Nov., 18 084
+ From the original diary of Elizabeth (nee Hart), wife of John Griffiths. After her death in 1824, the diary was continued for many years by one or other of her daughters.
il See Gent. Mag. and Mrs. Griffiths's diary.
IT Notices in Gent. Mao., April, 1833, and -D.N.B.'
4. Caroline Frances Hart, b. 1 Feb., 1775, and bapt. 2 March followingt ; m. 7 June, 1796,J at St. George's Church, Hanover Square, Charles Griffiths, third surviving son of the Rev. John Griffiths of Chiswick. She d. at Bristol, 19 Aug., 18214 leaving issue. Charles Griffiths (foster-brother to the Duke of York, 2nd son of George III.), a lieutenant-general in the army, and some- time Lieut.-Col. llth Regt. of Foot, was Captain of Yarmouth Castle, Isle of Wight, 25 May, 1820, until his death. He d. in London, 31 May, 1829, in his 66th year.
Sir William Neville Hart d. at Inverary Castle, Scotland, 23 Oct., 1804.||
FREDERICK COPLAND-GRIFFITHS.
" WHARF." The editors of the ' N.E.D.' will be glad, I think, of the following note.
The sole reference which Stratmann gives to prove the existence of the word wharf in Middle English is to Robert of Brunne's translation of Langtoft, ed. Hearne, p. 310. The passage contains a reference to ' 'Brother- ton on wherfe." I take it to be obvious that the reference is really to " Brotherton on the river Wharf e " in Yorkshire. As a fact, Brotherton is not on the Wharf e, but it is only some nine miles south of it, so that the indication of locality is practically sufficient.
This being so, away goes the sole reference, as indicated above. I beg leave to substitute for it the following instances. Three occur in the ' Liber Custumarum ' : at p. 62, " La rue de Thamise, ne le Wherf " ; at p. 150, " en Famise a Wodewharfe "; at p. 447, "Seint Botulph Wharf e" And at least two in the ' Liber Albus ' : at p. 690, " Fysshwharfe " : and at p. 730, " Wol- wharfe." WALTER W. SKEAT.
HUBERT A. HOLDEN : HENRY HOLDEN. In the life of Hubert Ashton Holden pub- lished in the ' D.N.B.' Supplement C. E. H. states that he published in collaboration with R. D. Archer - Hind the ' Sabrinse Corolla,' " 1850 ; 4th ed. 1890." Without following up all the errors packed into this statement, it is sufficient to point out that it was H. A, Holden's cousin, Henry Holden of Durham, an old Salopian, who edited the ' Sabrinse Corolla.' T. NICKLIN.
Rossail School, Fleetwood.
" SANTAPEE," GUIANA TERM. In the Demerara Daily Argosy of 2 August there is a long and exhaustive article (two columns) on the " santapee," which is the well-known term in British Guiana for the class known
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WIKI
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Elias Demetracopoulos, 87, Dies; Journalist Linked Greek Junta to Nixon
Elias Demetracopoulos, an enigmatic journalist who fled Greece after a military coup in 1967 and accused the ruling right-wing junta of illegally funneling a half-million dollars into Richard M. Nixon’s 1968 presidential campaign, died on Feb. 16 at a nursing home in Athens. He was 87. The cause was complications of Parkinson’s disease, his American biographer, James H. Barron, said. Mr. Demetracopoulos’s evidence of secret donations provided President Lyndon B. Johnson “with a chance to damage, if not sink, Nixon’s campaign,” Robert Dallek wrote in 1998 in “Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961-1973.” The evidence may even have been among the documents that burglars were seeking when they broke into the Democratic national headquarters at the Watergate office complex in 1972. During his self-imposed exile in Washington, Mr. Demetracopoulos lobbied Congress and the White House indefatigably to suspend support for the Greek military dictatorship, which the American government somewhat grudgingly viewed as a bulwark against encroaching Communism in southern Europe. The junta collapsed in 1974 after Turkey invaded Cyprus, and democracy was eventually restored. So was Mr. Demetracopoulos’s Greek citizenship. But he remained in Washington as a bon vivant. He returned to Athens last year. His ambiguous role as a journalist with a political agenda and his anomalous — and mutable — cadre of allies and enemies defined him as a cryptic character in the capital, where he never learned to drive and conducted business from a telephone-equipped table at the Jockey Club. According to Mr. Dallek and other sources, Mr. Demetracopoulos told Lawrence F. O’Brien Jr., who was managing Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey’s presidential campaign in 1968, that the Greek junta had pumped $549,000 (about $3.7 million in today’s dollars) into Nixon’s coffers and that Richard Helms, the director of central intelligence, could confirm the transaction. “O’Brien took the story to the president, but Johnson, according to what O’Brien told Demetracopoulos, refused to act on it,” Mr. Dallek wrote. “He would neither ask Helms to investigate the report nor consider leaking it to the press, should it prove to be true.” Mr. Dallek concluded that President Johnson had three reasons: that he considered Mr. Demetracopoulos a “troublemaker” to whom the State Department had originally hoped to deny asylum; that he was by then personally disinclined to help Humphrey; and that he did not want to further provoke Nixon, fearing, as he confided to the White House counsel without elaborating, that he might be prosecuted if Nixon became president. The State Department’s exasperation with Mr. Demetracopoulos boiled over again in 1977 when he was blamed for derailing the Carter administration’s nomination of William E. Schaufele as ambassador to Greece. Mr. Schaufele had questioned the territorial status of Greek islands off the Turkish coast. Also in 1977, an article in The New York Times, citing statements and records attributed to officials of the Central Intelligence Agency, cast doubt on Mr. Demetracopoulos’s insistence that he had been an underground resistance fighter against the Nazis in Greece in World War II. It also raised doubts about his assertion that he had volunteered his services to foreign intelligence agencies. To redeem his reputation, Mr. Demetracopoulos sued the C.I.A. In 1983, the agency concluded that nothing in its files substantiated the original allegations. Elias Panayotis Demetracopoulos was born in Athens on Dec. 1, 1928. His father, Panayotis, was an archaeological guide at the Acropolis. His mother was the former Panayota Bokolas. He and his wife, a former United States Information Service, divorced in 1953, a year after their marriage. He has no immediate survivors. He attended the Athens School of Economics and Business (now the Athens University of Economics and Business) and in 1950 became the political editor of the morning newspaper I Kathimerini, a post he held until 1958. Until 1967, he was a political and diplomatic editor for other Greek newspapers, a reporter for several magazines and a correspondent for the North American Newspaper Alliance and The New York Herald Tribune. When he moved to America, Mr. Demetracopoulos was a consultant for Brimberg & Company, a New York stockbroker, advising investors on foreign affairs. From 1979 until 1984 he also worked as a correspondent for the Greek newspapers Makedonia and Thessaloniki. “With doors closed to him as a journalist, he used his international and domestic connections to support himself as an information broker,” Mr. Barron wrote in his forthcoming biography, tentatively titled “The Greek Connection.” “He became a political intelligence gatherer, connecting friends from both parties with his Wall Street clients,” he continued, “but his primary focus remained the overthrow of the Greek dictatorship.” Mr. Barron wrote that Mr. Demetracopoulos was honored in 2008 by the Hellenic Republic as “a champion of freedom and democracy” who had performed “outstanding services to Greece.” An obituary on Feb. 29 about the journalist Elias Demetracopoulos misstated the year of his marriage. It was 1952, not 1953.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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“What’s in my bag?” Supermodel, philanthropist, UNFPA Goodwill Ambassador Natalia Vodianova unpacks a ‘dignity kit’ to raise awareness about women’s health
A $15 bag can make all the difference when crisis hits Natalia Vodianova with a UNFPA dignity kit Natalia Vodianova with a UNFPA dignity kit New York, May 28, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The Internet is awash in videos of celebrities sharing the contents of their luxury bags. Natalia Vodianova and UNFPA, the United Nations sexual and reproductive health agency, have teamed up to show off a different kind of bag: a ‘dignity kit’ for women and girls that contains the essential supplies they need to manage their menstrual health in crisis settings. This three-minute video, launched on Menstrual Hygiene Day, is filmed in a luxury consumer style, but with a twist. Rather than unpacking a designer handbag, Ms. Vodianova looks through a simple blue backpack, which contains items such as soap, washing powder, a comb, cotton underwear, and disposable and reusable menstrual pads. These are essential items easy to take for granted, but which often become unavailable when crises strike. “A girl who cannot manage her menstruation is denied her dignity. Making pads, tampons and cups accessible is essential to empower women and girls to regain that dignity and avoid terrible consequences to their mental and physical health," says Natalia Vodianova. "I am proud to work with UNFPA as their Goodwill Ambassador to remind the world that menstrual health is an inalienable right, no matter the circumstances. Let’s use Menstrual Hygiene Day to spread a message of human dignity for women, girls, and all those who menstruate." Menstruation is a monthly challenge for billions of people worldwide, with 800 million menstruating on any given day. They might face barriers to products, sanitation and health, heightened vulnerability, exclusion from public life, and even life-threatening neglect. Those challenges are multiplied in humanitarian crises. One 26-year-old refugee displaced by the ongoing conflict in Ethiopia’s Tigray region recently illustrated just how valuable a dignity kit can be: “The first day I arrived in this camp, I began menstruating. One day, I had to wear stained, bloody clothes all day. Then I sold my only valuable – my Android phone – to buy underwear, cotton and soap to deal with menstruation,” she told a UNFPA representative. A small price tag for a huge impact In 2020, UNFPA delivered 1.4 million dignity kits to women and girls in need across 58 countries. The items contained in a dignity kit vary depending on the location. Culturally appropriate clothing may be included, for example. But the essential ingredients are the same, and each kit costs about $15. Ending the stigma surrounding menstruation and women’s bodies and firmly establishing women’s reproductive and menstrual health as vital emergency health interventions are central to UNFPA’s mandate. In addition to providing women with menstrual supplies and safe sanitation facilities, UNFPA also works to improve education and information about menstruation and related human rights concerns for girls and boys, dispelling dangerous myths about periods. Natalia Vodianova was appointed as Goodwill Ambassador for UNFPA in February 2021. She is fiercely committed to empowering women and girls by tackling the stigma and taboos that surround their bodies and health and lead to pervasive discrimination and exclusion. With this video, she seeks to raise awareness of the challenges so many face managing their menstruation, and issue a call to action to donate what they can to make a real difference for women and girls around the world. Notes to journalists Watch Natalia Vodianova’s video here. Download the video, a “behind the scenes” interview with Natalia Vodianova and approved photos here. Find out more about the challenges facing women in relation to their periods and the vital work UNFPA does to support them here. Read stories about UNFPA’s work to distribute dignity kits: Women and girls affected by drought in Somalia Women and girls affected by floods in Timor-Leste Ethiopian refugees in Sudan Women and girls affected by the 2020 explosion in Beirut To donate to support UNFPA’s work distributing dignity kits, please click here. Attachments 0022 NYHQ Natalia Vodianova What's In a Bag Menstrual Hygiene Day Still 2 0022 NYHQ Natalia Vodianova What's In a Bag Menstrual Hygiene Day Still 1 CONTACT: Eddie Wright UNFPA +1 917 831 2074 ewright@unfpa.org
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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yammer – Metrics made easy – Part I
Metrics by yammer provides runtime metrics and statistics for all kind of apps you can imagine. A lot of stuff is directly useable out of the box, for example measuring request/response cycles of webapps and provide histograms of the measured values. So, lets try enabling a simple Java-Application built by maven.
First we add needed dependencies into our pom:
com.yammer.metrics
metrics-core
3.0.0-BETA1
After providing this, we are able to do something like that in our code:
static final MetricRegistry metrics = new MetricRegistry("Demonstration");
The MetricRegistry is not more and not less than a structural component for a couple of Metrics in you Application. Let’s imagine you’ve developed an application for remote number crunching, then it would be a good idea creating 2 MetricRegistry Instances like this:
static final MetricRegistry crunchMetrics = new MetricRegistry("CrunchMeasurement");
static final MetricRegistry requestMetrics = new MetricRegistry("RequestMeasurement");
You would use one of them for all measurement of the crunching component itself and the other for the little server you included to access your numbercruncher (possibly to measure request/response cycles too).
First step is done. We are now able to add some Metrics to a registry which is needed to expose them. But wait … what we should expose now?
Which possibilities do we have with metrics?
Well, there are 5 types of measurements included
• Gauge (instantaneous measurement of one value)
• Histogram (measurement of value variants)
• Timer (measurement of timings)
• Counter (measurement of atomic longs)
• Meter (measurement of ticks in a time range)
as well as some typically needed ones for special purposes like the
com.yammer.metrics.servlet.DefaultWebappMetricsFilter (we will discuss this later in the blog)
So for our example we should take two types of measurements: a Timer for measurement of request/response cycles and a second timer for measurement of the number crunching calculation.
Next step is to expose the measured values to a format you can use it. Metrics provides a lot of default exposements like:
* JMX
* JSON
* CSV
* log4j / slf4j
* logback
* ganglia
* graphite
* console
Of course you are able to create your own Reporters ‚cause its open source software 🙂 For our example it’s enough using one of the bundled reporters, e.G. the ConsoleReporter.
So, at a glance we need to do the following steps to enable a Java-Application with Metrics:
1.) Create and instantiate a MetricRegistry (i highly encourage you to inject them into your productive code!)
2.) Create Measurements to your needs (in our example the mentioned 2 timers)
3.) Create and instantiate a Reporter to your needs ( i highly encourage you to inject them into your productive code 🙂
Let’s show this with a very straightforward coded application
final MetricRegistry metrics = new MetricRegistry("Demonstration");
evictions = metrics.counter(MetricRegistry.name(HealthCheckDemo.class, "cache-evictions"));
request = metrics.timer(MetricRegistry.name(ArithmeticDemoOperation.class, "calculation-duration"));
reporter = ConsoleReporter.forRegistry(metrics).build();
jmxReporter = JmxReporter.forRegistry(metrics).build();
reporter.start(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES); // should expose values every minute
jmxReporter.start();
After running this application you should see a console output like this:
05.05.13 08:22:03 ==============================================================
-- Counters --------------------------------------------------------------------
org.synyx.demos.HealthCheckDemo.cache-evictions
count = 1
-- Timers ----------------------------------------------------------------------
org.synyx.demos.ArithmeticDemoOperation.calculation-duration
count = 1
mean rate = 0,02 calls/second
1-minute rate = 0,09 calls/second
5-minute rate = 0,17 calls/second
15-minute rate = 0,19 calls/second
min = 1250,28 milliseconds
max = 1250,28 milliseconds
mean = 1250,28 milliseconds
stddev = 0,00 milliseconds
median = 1250,28 milliseconds
75% <= 1250,28 milliseconds
95% <= 1250,28 milliseconds
98% <= 1250,28 milliseconds
99% <= 1250,28 milliseconds
99.9% <= 1250,28 milliseconds
05.05.13 08:23:03 ==============================================================
-- Counters --------------------------------------------------------------------
org.synyx.demos.HealthCheckDemo.cache-evictions
count = 1
-- Timers ----------------------------------------------------------------------
org.synyx.demos.ArithmeticDemoOperation.calculation-duration
count = 1
mean rate = 0,01 calls/second
1-minute rate = 0,03 calls/second
5-minute rate = 0,14 calls/second
15-minute rate = 0,18 calls/second
min = 1250,28 milliseconds
max = 1250,28 milliseconds
mean = 1250,28 milliseconds
stddev = 0,00 milliseconds
median = 1250,28 milliseconds
75% <= 1250,28 milliseconds
95% <= 1250,28 milliseconds
98% <= 1250,28 milliseconds
99% <= 1250,28 milliseconds
99.9% <= 1250,28 milliseconds
Furthermore, if you debug the demo application you are able to inspect our exposements via a jmx-client like jVisualVM of jConsole after connecting.
Bildschirmfoto 2013-09-02 um 12.08.02
SUCCESS!! \o/ As you can see you are able to expose the same values to different reporters if you want to. Isn’t that nice? Yes it is!
Next time we will enable a java-webapplication with some measurements, so stay tuned!
Kommentare
1. Hi Joachim , I have a question related to one minute rate count and five minute one. I am facing an issue that these values are exponential like this 4.2741534952513706E-213 which i can not display these numbers in my dashboard. any suggestions on how can i do that parsing with in metrics dropwizard to override these rate count ?
2. akh2ny@gmail.com
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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A More Perfect Cream Puff
On Dessert It has been years since my husband has even looked up when I announce that I’ve got a crush on a pastry chef — it happens too often — but when I proclaimed my affection for the designer Todd Oldham, he wanted to know why. Simple: his beautiful inner seams. I’d seen a video of the designer in his studio, surrounded by stacks of lush, intricately worked fabrics. As regal as the materials were, only some were destined to be seen; the rest were to become the flip sides of his creations, with hidden Cupid’s arrows of inner seams, stitched with a craftsman’s passion and a mathematician’s accuracy. It’s the kind of care that draws me to pastry chefs too. Pastries don’t truly have flip sides — all that’s important about a pastry is on view (or will be after the first bite) — but I consider dough an epicure’s inner seam. Pastry is an art of parts, and it’s dough that builds a pastry, sets its character, determines its structure and shape and contributes to its texture and taste. And yet it rarely gets its due: Everyone loves a filling, but not everyone appreciates the dough that holds it. Lately I’ve become a one-woman band beating the drum for desserts’ supporting cast: the sturdy pastry that hugs the apples in a dumpling, turnover or pie; the crust that holds a jiggly lemon cream; the slender finger of pâte à choux, the dough that contains the cream in an éclair, or the balloon of that same dough that hides the filling in a cream puff. Every time I make a dough, I think of a pianist practicing scales: The exercise is basic, done daily and known so deeply that the work could be left to the memory in our fingers, but repetition and intimacy reveal nuances. These days, the object of my admiration and borderline compulsion is pâte à choux, or what we call cream-puff dough. I’ve always thought the name shortchanged the dough, since pâte à choux is the key to a universe of pastries. It’s the base of the religieuse, a cream-puff snowman with a fondant ruff resembling a nun’s collar; gâteau St. Honoré, an elaborate homage to the patron saint of bakers and pastry chefs (its hallmark is chevrons of cream encircled by puffs sporting shiny caramel tops); croquembouche, a pyramid of cream-filled puffs in a spider’s web of caramel; éclairs, of course; beignets; churros; profiteroles (part ice-cream sandwich, part sundae); and more. Arriving in France with Catherine de Medici’s pastry chef, Popelini, the dough has been around for almost 500 years. The recipe relies on only four ingredients — water (or other liquid), butter, flour and eggs — is neither sweet nor salty and is cooked before it’s baked, making it a rarity in the pastry canon (the name pâte à choux evolved from the French for hot dough, pâte à chaud). Most remarkable, it comes into the 21st century little changed from when it was born. Over freshly baked cream puffs at Hen & Heifer, a tiny shop in Guilford, Conn., that sells pastries with flown-in-from-Paris looks, Whang Suh, the chef, told me he still uses the pâte à choux recipe he learned in culinary school. Pierre Hermé, the revered Parisian pastry chef, hangs on to the one he learned as an apprentice in 1976. And moi? I worked with Hermé and love his recipe. Everyone’s recipe for pâte à choux is almost like everyone else’s; still, looking closely at cream puffs — my standard for judging the dough — considering their give, pulling them open, inspecting their custardy interiors and then tasting them fresh and free of filling: each one is slightly different. Like kids required to wear school uniforms who find little ways to look a touch sassier and stand out, the best pastry chefs push the dough closer to their own vision of it. Requesting the counsel of two excellent ones, Suh and Neil Robertson, a master of technique from Crumble & Flake in Seattle, who spoke to me by phone at 5 a.m. after he’d already spent a few hours in the kitchen, I set about to do something I hadn’t done in decades: refine my cream-puff recipe. I swapped out one of the whole eggs in my dough for a white, to add strength and a modicum more crispness to the shell (merci, Robertson); I added an extra egg, so that the dough was softer, smoother and richer (thank you, Whang Suh); and I lowered the baking temperature (another hat-tip to Robertson). I added a spoonful of sugar to the dough, so it would be delicious without a filling and more compatible with the craquelin (the streusel-like cap that’s an ingenious modern-day addition to puffs); and I didn’t reach for my pastry bag to shape the puffs but grabbed a small cookie scoop — easy and automatically precise. In the end, I built a better cream puff. Did anyone who ate them notice the changes? Nope. Do I care? Not at all. Gazing at dozens of my roly-poly, quite adorable pastries, I’m as content as any couturier would be running her fingers along an elegantly constructed inner seam. That the puffs are better for the work I’ve done on them is a private pleasure: a baker’s secret. Recipe: Craquelin-Topped Cream Puffs cooking
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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RIS ID
145033
Publication Details
Jiang, X., Xia, G., Feng, Z. & Jiang, Z. (2021). H∞ delayed tracking protocol design of nonlinear singular multi-agent systems under Markovian switching topology. Information Sciences, 545 280-297.
Abstract
© 2020 Elsevier Inc. The consensus tracking of singular multi-agent systems (MASs) with Lipschitz-type nonlinearities and exogenous disturbances is researched in this paper. Governed by a Markov chain, the network interaction randomly switches in a directed graph set, where the directed spanning tree is not contained in each graph while exists in the union rooting at the leader node. By utilizing a collection of in-neighbors’ information that involves communication delay, the intention is to design a protocol such that the resultant consensus error system is stochastic admissible with an H∞ disturbance attenuation level. Based on algebraic graph theory, stochastic admissibility analysis and linear matrix inequality (LMI) technique, tracking consistency is first regulated in the concerned MAS by considering the case of completely known transition probabilities. Then, thanks to a group of free-connection weighting matrices, the obtained result is extended to the case that transition probabilities are partially known. Finally, the theoretical analysis is confirmed by some numerical examples.
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Link to publisher version (DOI)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2020.08.020
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:Pstevendactylus/workspace
Attempt to reorganize life cycle section from frog page
'''At the moment, subheadings are for me to keep this all straight. Plus, I'm not happy with it yet if I haven't put a comment up on the Talk:Frog page.'''
The life cycle of frogs, like other amphibians, consists of four main stages: egg, tadpole, metamorphosis, and adult.
Eggs
The life cycle of a frog starts with an egg. Eggs are generally laid in water, and an individual female may lay egg masses containing thousands of eggs. The eggs, however, are highly vulnerable to predation. Frogs have evolved many techniques to ensure the survival of the next generation. Most commonly, this involves synchronous reproduction. Many individuals will breed at the same time, overwhelming predators. The majority of the offspring will still die due to predation, but there is a greater chance some will survive than a laying of smaller numbers. Another way in which some species avoid the predation and pathogens eggs are exposed to in ponds is to lay eggs on leaves above the pond, with a gelatinous coating designed to retain moisture. In these species, the tadpoles drop into the water upon hatching. In some species, eggs laid out of water can detect vibrations of predaceous wasps or snakes approaching the eggs, and will hatch early to avoid being eaten. Some species, such as the Cane Toad (Bufo marinus), also possess poisonous eggs which prevent predation. While the length of the egg stage depends on the species and environmental conditions, aquatic eggs generally hatch within one week.
Tadpoles
Egg hatch to continue life as tadpoles (occasionally known as polliwogs). Tadpoles are aquatic, lack front or hind legs, have gills for respiration and tails with fins for swimming. Tadpoles are typically herbivorous, feeding mostly on algae, including diatoms that are filtered from the water through the gills. Some species are carnivorous at the tadpole stage, eating insects, smaller tadpoles or fish. Tadpoles are highly vulnerable to predation by fish, newts, predatory diving beetles, and birds such as kingfishers. Cannibalism has also been observed among tadpoles. Poisonous tadpoles are present in many species, such as Cane Toads. The tadpole stage may be as short as a week, or tadpoles may overwinter and metamorphosize the following year in some species, such as the midwife toad Alytes obstetricans and the Common Spadefoot (Pelobates fuscus).
Metamorphosis
At the end of the tadpole stage, frogs undergo metamorphosis in which they transition into adult form. Metamorphosis involves a dramatic transformation of morphology and physiology. In metamorphosis, tadpoles develop hind and then front legs, lose thier gills, and develop lungs. Their intestines shorten as they shift from a herbivirous to a carnivorous diet. The final stage of development from froglet to adult frog involves apoptosis (programmed cell death) of the tail.
Adults
After metamorphosis, young adults may leave water and disperse into terrestrial habitats, or continue to live in the aquatic habitat as adults. Almost all species of frogs are carnivores as adults, eating invertebrates such as insects, worms and spiders. A few of the larger species may eat larger prey, such as small mammals, fish and smaller frogs. Some frogs use their sticky tongues to catch fast-moving prey, while others capture their prey, and force it into their mouth with their hands. However, there are a very few species of frogs which primarily eat plants. Adult frogs are themselves predated by birds, large fish, snakes, otters, foxes, badgers, coatis, and other animals. Frogs are also eaten by people. Frog legs are a delicacy in China, France, and in many parts of the American South, especially Louisiana. The French custom of eating frog legs is the source of the English use of the derogatory nickname "frogs" for French people.
Reproduction
Once adult frogs have reached maturity, frogs will assemble at a water source such as a pond or stream to breed. The male frogs will then call to attract a mate, collectively becoming a chorus of frogs. The call is unique to the species, and will attract females of that species. Some species have satellite males who do not call but intercept females approaching one of the calling males.
The male and female frog will then undergo amplexus. This involves the male mounting the female and gripping her tightly. Fertilization is external because the egg and sperm meet outside of the body. The female releases her eggs, which the male frog covers with a sperm solution. The eggs will then swell, and form a protective coating. The eggs are typically brown or black, with a clear, gelatin-like, covering.
Most temperate species of frog reproduce in the period between late autumn to early spring. In the UK most common frog populations produce frogspawn in February although there is wide variation in timing. Water temperatures at this time of year are relatively low and typically between four and 10 degrees Celsius. Reproducing in these conditions helps the developing tadpoles because dissolved oxygen concentrations in the water are highest at cold temperatures. More importantly, reproducing early in the season ensures that appropriate food is available to the developing frogs at the right time.
Parental care
Although care of offspring is poorly known in frogs, it is estimated that up to 20% of amphibian species may care for their young in one way or another, and there is a great diversity of parental behaviours. Some species of poison dart frogs will lay eggs on the forest floor, and protect them until hatching. This protection involves guarding the eggs from predation, and keeping the eggs moist. The frog will urinate if they become too dry. After hatching, a parent (sex depending upon the species) will move them, on its back, to a water-holding bromeliad. The parent will then feed it through laying unfertilised eggs into the bromeliad, until the young have metamorphosed. Other frogs will carry the eggs and tadpoles on their hind legs or back (e.g. the midwife toads, Alytes spp.). Some frogs even protect their offspring inside their own body. The male Australian pouched frog (Assa darlingtoni) has pouches along its side in which the tadpoles will reside until metamorphosis. The female Gastric-brooding Frogs (genus: Rheobatrachus) from Australia swallows its tadpoles which develop in the stomach. To do this, the Gastric-brooding Frog must stop secreting stomach acid and suppress peristalsis (contractions of the stomach). Darwin's Frog (Rhinoderma darwinii) from Chile puts the tadpoles in its vocal sac for development.
* 1) Warkentin, K.M. 1995. Adaptive plasticity in hatching age: a response to predation risk trade-offs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 92:3507-3510.
* 2) Crump, M.L. 1996. Parental care among the Amphibia. Advances in the Study of Behavior 25:109-144.
Text I removed
"Some tadpoles will advertise their toxicity, usually poison dart frogs, to warn potential prey. Other poisonous species will not, such as the Cane Toad (Bufo marinus). Although the Cane Toad, and similar species, do not advertise their toxicity the offspring still survive in large numbers. They will lay the eggs en masse, and any predator within the region will die once they eat the egg or tadpole. This reduces the number of predators, and therefore increases the number of surviving offspring."
-Dendrobatid tadpoles, in my experience, are generally black until they start to metamorphosize and take on adult coloration. Plus, since toxins come from diet, and tadpoles don't eat ants, etc, I'm not sure that they're actually toxic at all (though I've never munched on one myself). I'm also not sure that cane toad eggs and tadpoles are so toxic as to kill predators. Generally, toxicity is just distasteful and not fatal. But I'm not sure here, is there a reference for this information?
* The dendrobatid info came from a book, which I do not have access to for about a week, so you can leave this entire paragraph until I find it. Cane toad eggs and tadpoles are definitely poisonous, as they are killing species of fish, birds, crocodiles etc. in Australia. I do not know if they are poisonous to animals where the toad naturally occurs. --liquidGhoul 00:42, 19 February 2006 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Malaysian poultry biz Leong Hup International seeks $600 mln listing by year-end -sources
KUALA LUMPUR, May 24 (Reuters) - Malaysian poultry producer Leong Hup International Sdn Bhd is looking to raise as much as $600 million in an initial public offering (IPO) and has hired three banks to kick off the process, two people familiar with the matter told Reuters.
Leong Hup has hired Malayan Banking Bhd (Maybank), Credit Suisse Group AG and JPMorgan Chase & Co for the IPO with an aim to list this year, the people said.
“The proceeds targeted is around $600 million but nothing is firmed up on valuation yet,” one of the people said.
The people declined to provide further details. They did not want to be identified as the talks are private.
Leong Hup could not be reached for comment while Maybank and Credit Suisse declined to comment. JP Morgan did not respond to an email query.
Last year, Leong Hup told local media it was planning a listing on the Bursa Malaysia stock exchange to raise funds for regional expansion, acquisitions as well as research and development.
The company, whose businesses include poultry farming and animal feed production, is majority owned by the founding Lau family. Private equity firm Affinity Equity Partners has owned a 23 percent stake in the business since 2014, showed Leong Hup’s website.
It has operations in Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Singapore and the Philippines. Its consumer brands include Ayam A1 and SunnyGold in Malaysia.
If Leong Hup succeeds in raising $600 million, it would be Malaysia’s biggest IPO since Lotte Chemical Titan Holding Bhd raised about $875 million in July last year.
Other Malaysian firms in the IPO pipeline include Malaysia’s largest fast-food operator QSR Brands, which is looking to raise about $500 million.
Reporting by A. Ananthalakshmi and Liz Lee Editing by Christopher Cushing
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Cyclone (Lakeside Amusement Park)
The Cyclone is a wooden roller coaster located at Lakeside Amusement Park in Lakeside, Colorado. Designed by Edward A. Vettel, the coaster opened in 1940. Following the closure of Blue Streak at Conneaut Lake Park, Cyclone is the last remaining roller coaster ever designed by Edward A. Vettel.
Ride experience
The coaster starts by turning right, then turning left before entering the lift hill. After turning left while dropping, the coaster goes up another hill and turns left before dropping again. After turning left over two different hills, the ride goes over a bunny hop which doubles as a near-miss moment for riders. The ride then does one airtime hill before turning around and doing 3 final bunny hops before turning right into the station. These sharp turns and fast paced speed intrigue people. The coaster's station braking system is operated by two sets of manual handbrakes, rather than a hydraulically-operated system found in most roller coasters.
Awards
Cyclone has been awarded the ACE Classic Coaster award, which is given to historical roller coasters by the American Coaster Enthusiasts.
2021 Lawsuit
In July 2021, a man reportedly injured his wrist after it struck a part of the track due to "a poor restraint system."
The lawsuit was filed on April 1, 2022 by 25 year old Florida resident Daniel DePaola, who was visiting Denver at the time of the incident
Lakeside has declined to respond publicly per policy to "not comment on pending litigation."
The Cyclone is currently Standing but not Operating. As of the end of the 2023 operating season, the park has not provided any information about a potential reopen date stating "the ride will stay closed indefinitely 'due to maintenance.'" Their official website states: "Cyclone Coaster and some other rides are currently Closed"
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WIKI
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Talk:à bas sa tête
RFV discussion: December 2018–April 2019
Unused. Per utramque cavernam 12:48, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
* The phrase can be found in print:, , . All a bit older; perhaps this is archaic or obsolescent. --Lambiam 23:08, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
* Archaic. Per utramque cavernam 15:16, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
* RFV passed. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 06:13, 7 April 2019 (UTC)
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WIKI
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The real reason Bob Woodward's book is so damaging for Trump
(CNN)Bob Woodward's new book -- "Fear: Trump in the White House" -- exploded onto the political scene on Tuesday morning. It included anecdotes like: President Donald Trump's aides purposely keeping information from him in order to protect the country; a failed mock-interview in preparation for a potential sit-down with special counsel Robert Mueller over Russia; and Trump lashing out at aides, most notably Jeff Sessions, referring to his attorney general as "mentally retarded." All of this is salacious. And makes for great headlines. But what's truly worrisome for President Trump and his administration is that the portrait Woodward paints of a chaotic, dysfunctional, ill-prepared White House is all strangely familiar. It's the same vision of the White House that Michael Wolff wrote way back in January in "Fire and Fury." It's the same picture that Omarosa Manigault-Newman constructed in her memoir of her year in the White House. It's the same story that White House reporters at CNN, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal and virtually every other mainstream media outlet has told of the Trump White House. Sure, Omarosa could be a disgruntled former aide trying to make money while exacting revenge on her enemies. Sure, Michael Wolff could have been misled by a few sources with scores to settle with Trump. Sure, reporters could get a detail or two wrong. Sure, Woodward could have cast a scene or two in ways that are less than favorable to Trump. But how could all -- and I mean all -- of the reporting on this White House reach a striking similar conclusion? The portraits of Trump drawn by Wolff, Omarosa and Woodward are all eerily similar to one another -- a man hopelessly out of his depth in the job, but entirely incapable of understanding how desperately out of depth he actually is. A man motivated almost entirely by personal grievance. A man willing to humiliate people who work for him, to play staffers against one another, to scapegoat underlings to keep blame off of himself. Someone who has so much self-belief that he rarely adequately prepares for situations involving international diplomacy and national security. Top aides who view that their jobs are primarily keeping Trump from causing serious harm, and grousing every step of the way about the man. And now Bob Woodward -- without question the preeminent political reporter and chronicler of the White House in the last four decades -- has written a book that confirms every bit of the portrayals we've seen about who Trump is, who he surrounds himself and how he conducts his business. The consistency in those storylines is virtually impossible to explain in any other way than this: It's true. To believe otherwise, you have to convince yourself that not only the entire daily media but also the likes of Wolff and Woodward all got together and agreed on how to portray Trump across tweets, stories and books. Which is, of course, beyond ridiculous. The Point: What Woodward's book does is confirm all of the negative stories we've already heard about Trump and his administration. This isn't the work of a reporter with credibility problems or a press-loving former aide. This is the story. This is the President and how he really acts and thinks.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Talk:Oxford University Library Services
OULS has today officially been renamed the 'Bodleian Libraries' (plural): I think it would be better to have a brief description of the other central libraries under Bodleian Library than to mimic the internal administrative setup. Addedentry (talk) 14:38, 2 March 2010 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Problem with query to display graph
I am trying to display temperature data converted from fahrenheit to celsius on dashboard grafana which is on production server, when I add math() function to query, graph does not display anything but when I try to display it in grafana which is on local server (laptop) graph displays the temperature data.
What is wrong and how to fix it?
Thank you for your help…
Hi,
Are you using the same influxdb version and have the same/similar schemas/data in test and production?
Marcus
Thanks @mefraimsson
I’m using different influxdb version, but same schemas/data in test and production.
I do math() function in different query to calculate influxdb shard and it works.
How to solve this problem?
Okay. Please include the query that’s working local/not working prod.
Marcus
Thanks @mefraimsson
query that’s working at production to display database size :
SELECT sum(“diskBytes”) / 1024 / 1024 FROM “influxdb_shard” WHERE (“database” = ‘_internal’) AND $timeFilter GROUP BY time($__interval), “database”
query that’s not working at production to display temperature :
SELECT (“tempf” - 32 ) / 1.8 FROM “rawdata” WHERE (“ID” = ‘IBANDUNG4’) AND $timeFilter
But that’s two completely different queries.
Yes @mefraimsson that’s different.
am i writing the wrong query to display temperature?
I was meaning that you’re operating on two completely different metrics. The first one which working are using a sum and group by but the other doesn’t - maybe the reason?
Thanks @mefraimsson
The reason for the data I want to show is different. The first metric to display database size while the second metric to display the results of data conversion from fahrenheit to celcius.
Is there any other solution so I can display the converted data from fahrenheit to celcius?
Hi,
I just tried changing the first query in this panel to the following and it seems to work:
SELECT ("value" - 32) / 1.8 FROM "logins.count" WHERE ("hostname" = 'server1') AND $timeFilter
Marcus
1 Like
@mefraimsson i try and it still does not work :frowning_face:
Change time range to something where you know that you have data? Change unit to Celsius. Try changing display mode to points instead of lines.
If you still don’t see any data points, please refer to Using Grafana’s Query Inspector to troubleshoot issues
Marcus
thanks @mefraimsson
This result when i’m using Grafana’s Query Inspector to troubleshoot issue
How to enable to construct rhs transform iterator?
Looks to me like tempf field is a string data type. Correct?
Marcus
Yes @mefraimsson, tempf field is a string
Not sure you can cast it to float but look at influxdb documentation.
Best solution is probably to store the value as float data type.
Good luck
Marcus
Ok @mefraimsson, I read the influxdb documentation and i found this :
I also check tempf field in my database and i found data type of tempf field is float
display5
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Bertram Smythies
Bertram Evelyn (Bill) Smythies (11 July 1912 (Nainital, India) – 27 June 1999 (Redhill, England)) was a British forester and ornithologist.
Life
Bertram 'Bill' Smythies, the elder brother of John Raymond Smythies, was born in India in 1912. His father E. A. Smythies, was silviculturist of Uttar Pradesh (and, in the 1940s, Chief Conservator of Forest of Nepal), His mother Olive Smythies née Cripps was the author of The Tiger Lady. After school in the UK, Bill read botany and forestry at Balliol College, Oxford.
Bill's grandfather Arthur Smythies (1847- 1934 ) came to India in 1873 to join the Indian Forest Service and served until 1902 around Dehra Dun. Bill's father Evelyn (Arthur's son) had degrees in forestry and geology from Oxford and served in the Indian Forest Service from 1908 to 1940. Evelyn was based in Nainital, where Bill was born in 1912. He wrote: ... "started hill trekking at the age of six months, camping in tents in the hills of Kumaon... brought up within sight of Nanda Devi and Trisul - who could fail to have a love of mountains and natural history?"
Bill Smythies' father took up a contract post of Forest Advisor to the Maharaja of Nepal and moved to Kathmandu after 1940 and stayed on till 1947. During this time Bill used to visit his father in Nepal and had access to places that were normally out of bounds for foreigners. Bill Smythies joined the Burma Forest Service in 1934. During this time he explored the botany and ornithology of these Burmese regions with his Kachin guide and friend Sumdu Mai. He spoke fluent Burmese, Jingpo, Malay and Iban. He was a great fan of the British botanist and explorer Kingdon-Ward.
In January 1949 Bill was appointed to the Colonial Forest Service in Sarawak where he spent 15 years. At the age of 52, the day he left Sarawak. in 1964 he married Florence Mary (Jill) Rogers a noted botanical artist. The next fifteen years were spent in the Spanish Sierras, the mountains of Britain, the Alps and the Pyrenees before moving to England. In 1986, Bill Smythies endowed the Jill Smythies Award in honour of his wife whose career as a botanical artist had been cut short by an accident to her right hand. It has been given annually since 1988 by the Linnean Society of London "to a botanical artist in recognition of excellence in published illustrations, such as drawings or paintings, in aid of plant identification, with the emphasis on botanical accuracy and the accurate portrayal of diagnostic characteristics". The entry criteria specifies that the award is for botanical art that it 'an aid to identification and a portrayal of diagnostic characteristics' and excludes "flower paintings that are merely artistic" and "illustrations of cultivars of garden origin." Jill Smythies died in 1994. She was survived by Bill who would die in 1999.
Works
Bill Smythies wrote several major books and papers including:
* The Birds of Burma (first published 1940)
* Birds of Borneo
* Common Sarawak Trees
* Flowers of South-West Europe (with Oleg Polunin and Jill Smythies)
* Flowers of Greece
* Flora of Spain and the Balearic Islands. Englera 3: 1 – 88 (1984)
General References
* Davison, G.W.H. (1999). B.E. Smythies. (In: Smythies, B.E.; & Davison, G.W.H. The Birds of Borneo. 4th edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo): Kota Kinabalu). ISBN 983-812-028-6
* Wright, Belinda.(1999). Obituary: Bertram 'Bill' Smythies. OBC Bulletin 30 (Nov 1999): 7–8.
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WIKI
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Category talk:Kurdish settlements in Turkey
Untitled
Some pages does not say anything about kurdish populations. Please remove them and some are outside Kurdistan. Peacetowikied (talk) 03:49, 9 August 2020 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 38 Part 1.djvu/367
348 SIXTY-THIRD CONGRESS. Sess. II. Ch. 71. 1914. mfggfg ‘°* P*°‘ law; and no distinction shall be made between the Regular Army ’ the organized militia while in the military service of the United St;ftes,_and the vgllunteer forspss respect; tip promgglcén or gplsthe co errmgu no ceis ore te meno revetr me 0 honor, certiiildiites of merit or other rewards for distinguished service, nor in respect to the eligibility of any officer of said Army, militia, hmm or volunteexrglifitirces for service 1;pon_ anyT<;pu1r1:’-1gx1artial,_court 0; Lino aid si na] [Hq, OI' ary CO OD.: ’ 8 G O BHIZBUOH O ¤¤i*~¤· g all uumlyts of the line and of the signal troops of the v0Il§nteer forces shall be the same as that prescribed b law and r lations for the _m_¤j¤s¤¤¤¤» ¤iv¤<>¤¤» corresponding units of the Regular Xrmy: Pman% further, That when conditions so require the President may organize the land forces 0 the United States into brigades and divisions and such higher units as he may deem necessary, and the composition of units ¥·¤-*°¤*¤¤=*=¤¤¤¤*¤- higher than the izgihment shall be as he may prescribe: Provided further, That to e_ regment of Infantry, Cavalry, and Artillery and to each battalion of nggneers and Signal Corps troops organized under thisAct, there shall e attached the same personnel of the Medical Department as are attached to like organizations of the g,3,°§,,§"’“"°° °" gggulaf Alémy ¤ ¤‘0’¢·"id¢¤Z_(1fu;¢hi£;I1Thtgt th(§rganizationf4:i§11;hL(& (xm? eenses,o e-gun eac en,es hshmentso e e`ca gglpiirtrnent, rem01]?1t deppts, military té·ains,_se<iret·servti1i:e_agencief1, msons, es 0 communica on mc u eu- su depogyaiih of other adjuncts that ma be,necessai1-mln the prosldgii pionbof1war,S;.pJ<§ lthe o1§: o(p of whiclgrgs not oltherwise provided or y aw e as e 1 ent may m time to time direct. g§1u:,¤l<;•§¤th*:t1gr:;g; S;1to._5,di.l‘l:;)at excieptwali phthergise proyiided herginftlég Pgeesgdent is 4;, au orize an wi eavicean consen 0 e ate to Lim"- appoint all ydlugltegxii officesils lriequired bydthlis Act, ibut the nuniber an grade 0 suc officers a not excee e num er and ade of mS in m like officers provided for a like force of the Regular Army: Igrmvided, ¤.»-m,mnr¤z1m¤¤m1. That all appointments below the grade of brigadier general in the line of the volunteer forces shall by commission in an arm of the SBYVICG and not by comm1ssion in anye particular regiment; and officers in each atrm of the serv1ce shall assigned to o anizations of that arm, and transferred from one organization to andlgher in that arm, as the interests of the service may require by orders from the ¤b§$°m,Q)1;1g{{*¤*¤¤¤°= Secretary of War: Pr0*v2:dedg`ur·ther, That no oiisicer above the grade of colonel shall be appomte under the provisions of this Act. ncggluntccr san or- Sec. $3. That to provide the staff officers that will be necessary in Apbummmu M,- the various staff corps and departments in time of war or while war “*°“"°· is unmment, and that are not otherwise provided for in this Act, the President is authorized to appoint, by and with the advice and consent oihthe Sienlgteiasucp nizgibgriegfllvolgteer sta}-if officers of graesau orize wor e ar masema find g*g;*°;; mustn necessary for such cdrrps and departments: Provided, That thi? total mm. number of such staff officers so appointed, including all such officers of the orglamzed mrhtia called into the military service of the United States, s all not exceed_the ratio of one officer to two hundred stat; ;2a$2z&mt**.::t.v2;mt€mf.a¥ Orcé 2 zzwéaxo to number ximasa. e n1 a : u, the number of volunteer staff officersfgppointed in any grade in the various staff corps and departments sh not exceed H1 any staff cor s or department the proportionate strength of regular officers of) the vdmmm corresponging gradetas Fspibliihed lby xw for -’%1e;;L<ger;§spon7;die.7ng'g`f1aE corps or_ epar men 0 _ e egu ar _ rm : r iurt at the President may appoint by and with the advice add consent of the Senate, volunteer chaplams at the rate of one for each regiment of Volunteer Infantry, Cavalry, and F1eld Artillery, and one for every
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WIKI
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ProcessShutdownReason Enumeration
Provides enumerated values that indicate why a process has shut down.
Namespace: System.Web
Assembly: System.Web (in System.Web.dll)
type ProcessShutdownReason
Member nameDescription
DeadlockSuspected
Indicates that a deadlock was suspected because the response time limit was exceeded with requests in the queue.
IdleTimeout
Indicates that the process exceeded the allowable idle time.
MemoryLimitExceeded
Indicates that the process exceeded the per-process memory limit.
None
Indicates that the process has not shut down.
PingFailed
Indicates that the worker process did not respond to a ping from the Internet Information Services (IIS) process.
RequestQueueLimit
Indicates that requests assigned to the process exceeded the allowable number in the queue.
RequestsLimit
Indicates that requests executed by the process exceeded the allowable limit.
Timeout
Indicates that the process restarted because it was active longer than allowed.
Unexpected
Indicates that the process shut down unexpectedly.
.NET Framework
Available since 1.1
Return to top
Show:
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Medicare for all — use formula to replace ACA | TheHill
"Praying for health shouldn’t be the foundation of a modern healthcare system. But that’s where millions of uninsured Americans still find themselves,” wrote The Los Angeles Times columnist David Lazarus Jan. 6, quoting the fears of Los Angeles resident Madelyn Gilbreath about the expected vote by Congress to repeal the Affordable Care Act (ACA). “I just need to make it one more year and then I’m eligible for Medicare (like her husband who is on Medicare),” Gilbreath told Lazarus. “For my son, I’m just praying he stays healthy.” That’s a story nurses have heard before, including when a 64-year-old retired teacher asked an operating room nurse who was prepping him for heart surgery in San Diego, “can’t you wait one week until I turn to 65 and qualify for Medicare?” Why should anyone have to wait to qualify for Medicare, one of the most popular reforms in U.S. history? Expanding Medicare to cover everyone remains a rarely discussed alternative to the reopening of a national healthcare debate. Far fetched? Apparently not to the incoming President Donald TrumpDonald John TrumpTrump pushes back on recent polling data, says internal numbers are 'strongest we've had so far' Illinois state lawmaker apologizes for photos depicting mock assassination of Trump Scaramucci assembling team of former Cabinet members to speak out against Trump MORE. “As far as single payer, it works in Canada. It works incredibly well in Scotland. It could have worked in a different age, which is the age you’re talking about here,” said Trump in a Republican debate in August, 2015. That age should be the present time. In their haste to unravel a law that was, in fact, based on conservative, market based premises, and tried out first in Massachusetts under then Gov. Mitt Romney, a number of Republicans are discovering an inconvenient truth about their dubious repeal and replace strategy. Opinion polls consistently show some central elements of the ACA are quite popular, especially the coverage for those without prior insurance, mainly through the Medicaid expansion, and the crackdown on insurance abuses that permits people shut out by private insurers to now buy insurance. But two of the major critiques of the ACA, especially the high out of pocket costs, with steadily increasing premiums, deductibles, co-pays and prescription drug costs, and narrow insurance networks that limit patient choice of doctors and hospitals, are very real crisis for millions of Americans. Those are the very complaints, along with unexpected medical bills for out of network care, that working class supporters of Donald Trump enrolled in the ACA healthcare market exchanges cited in interviews with the Kaiser Family Foundation, as its President Drew Altman related in a New York Times commentary Jan. 5. But when presented with alternatives floated by the repeal and replace crowd, including a tax credit to reduce premium costs, health savings accounts, or catastrophic coverage through large risk pools, a number of these Trump voters “recoiled, calling such proposals ‘not insurance at all’,” Altman wrote. Exactly, they are not insurance, and they are not health coverage. But there’s an inconvenient truth for Democrats as well. By opting for the ACA, when Democrats, like Republicans today, owned majorities in the House and Senate as well as the White House, they abandoned an opportunity to push for a social insurance solution, updating Medicare and expanding it to cover all Americans, opting instead for an expanded insurance market plan. The Democrats’ caution did not exactly pay political dividends. In the past eight years, they lost some 900 federal and state elections in which opposition to the ACA was a factor. Further, they relied on the same market approach to healthcare, basing our health on ability to pay and profiting off the sick and vulnerable, that created the healthcare crisis in the first place. It’s why the Democratic Party, from Franklin Roosevelt to Harry Truman to Ted Kennedy all favored a national healthcare system, and why Lyndon Johnson, with broad popular support and a push from organized labor, succeeded in enacting a national system, Medicare for seniors and the disabled. “If these Trump voters could write a health plan,” Altman wrote, “it would, many said, focus on keeping their out-of-pocket costs low, control drug prices and improve access to cheaper drugs. It would also address consumer issues many had complained about loudly, including eliminating surprise medical bills for out-of-network care, assuring the adequacy of provider networks and making their insurance much more understandable.” There’s only one plan that accomplishes all that and more. Medicare for all would mean everybody in, automatic enrollment, complete choice of physician and hospital without insurance restrictions or surprise bills for “non-network” care, no co-pays or deductibles, and much lower administrative costs than private insurance. It would also make U.S. companies more competitive by not having high health coverage costs, the way most of the rest of the world operates. And it’s not a foreign concept; up to 70 percent of Californians for example are already covered by a publicly financed system, primarily Medicare and Medicaid. It’s also why the Democratic Party should not just adopt a strategy of defending the ACA, but fight for a comprehensive solution to our healthcare crisis once and for all. And they might just find one unexpected ally. “Everybody’s got to be covered.” Who said that? Not just Sen. Bernie SandersBernie SandersTop Sanders adviser: Warren isn't competing for 'same pool of voters' Eight Democratic presidential hopefuls to appear in CNN climate town hall Top aide Jeff Weaver lays out Sanders's path to victory MORE, who has advocated single payer/Medicare for all for years. It was candidate Donald Trump last year in a CBS 60 Minutes interview. Or in his book, The America We Deserve in 2000, "We must have universal healthcare. …We should not hear so many stories of families ruined by healthcare expenses... The Canadian (single payer) plan helps Canadians live longer and healthier than Americans. There are fewer medical lawsuits, less loss of labor to sickness, and lower costs to companies paying for the medical care of their employees.” And, as recently as January 2015, to David Letterman on The Late Show, “A friend of mine was in Scotland recently. He got very, very sick. They took him by ambulance and he was there for four days. He was really in trouble, and they released him and he said, ‘Where do I pay?’ And they said, ‘There’s no charge.’ Not only that, he said it was like great doctors, great care. I mean we could have a great system in this country.” That great system can be ours too. Medicare for all. RoseAnn DeMoro, executive director of National Nurses United, has emerged as one of the nation’s preeminent advocates for genuine healthcare reform and working people. Featured in profiles in The New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Los Angeles Times, and Businessweek DeMoro has also been named “America’s Best & Brightest by Esquire magazine, honored as among “America’s Most Influential Women” by MSN and one of only eight people to be cited among the “100 Most Powerful People in Healthcare” for the past 12 consecutive years by Modern Healthcare magazine. DeMoro also serves as national vice president and executive board member of the AFL-CIO. The views expressed by contributors are their own and not the views of The Hill. View the discussion thread. Contributor's Signup The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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St. David Catholic Secondary School
St. David Catholic Secondary School, established in 1965, is a Roman Catholic high school instructing students from grades 9 to 12. St. David CSS is located in Waterloo, Ontario and is a member of the Waterloo Catholic District School Board. Its building is the oldest secondary school building in the board. Historically, it served as a junior high school, instructing students from grades 7 to 10. In 1985, St. David received full funding from the Ontario Ministry of Education, due to the school changing its educational focus to students in grades 9 to OAC. Since the OAC year of secondary school was phased out of Ontario schools in the 2002-2003 school year, St. David CSS now teaches grades 9 through to 12. At present (2011) St. David educates 1045 students. St. David is named after St David, a 6th-century saint.
Staff and administration
The school's principal is David Jaeger.
The school has approximately 84 full-time teaching staff.
Uniform policy
As with the other secondary schools in the Waterloo Catholic District School Board, St. David requires all students to wear a uniform every day, excepting the occasional dress-down day (known to staff and students as "Civies Day").
Notable alumni
* Luca Congi, kicker/punter for the Saskatchewan Roughriders. Congi was a member of St. David's senior football team in 2000 and 2001, in which years the team won the Waterloo County high school senior football championships, the first senior football championships in the school's history.
* John Sullivan, safety for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers.
* Michael Latta, National Hockey League player.
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WIKI
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Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 42.djvu/145
Rh The indoor relief lacks humanity and the outdoor relief encourages improvidence. Mr. Booth therefore suggests a universal compulsory system of state aid supported by taxation—a sort of pension, beginning, at the age of sixty-five, at five shillings per week for the central class of English workingmen, which he computes at one fourth of the whole number. The vagueness of this demand is tacitly admitted by our author when he grants that such questions might be asked as, Have the people at large made any such demand? Have they any grievance on this subject which calls for redress? Would they be willing to be taxed to provide pensions for the old? We all know how thoroughly the social science associations of England have discussed all phases of the pauper question in the United Kingdom, and of the plans of relief past and present proposed. The name is legion. Rich and poor are now taxed to this end, indirectly if not directly; and it were extremely doubtful, if Mr. Booth's plans were not less direct than his well-known zeal and warmth of heart and interest in the cause of humanity, whether it would avail more for the subject he has at heart than this well-written, well-intentioned, but rather imperfect book.
object of this book is chiefly to seek the means of giving more accurate and adequate expression to our thoughts. In the discussion of many questions we come to points where we are at loss concerning the exact significance of the terms we use, or to find words clearly to mark our thought. This is because many important and necessary terms involve ambiguity, leaving, at the best, doubt as to the precise sense in which they are to be taken. One of the first things to ask is, what we shall mean by ambiguity. An ambiguous word may be roughly defined as a word with two or more meanings; it is not, however, the bare fact that a word has two or more meanings that makes it ambiguous in any effectual sense, but the fact that its two or more meanings are in practice confused. The author in his argument attempts, first, to discover the part that is actually played by ambiguity (or rough distinction) in confusing our judgment. In the process of getting to understand exactly the error that rough distinction creates, it becomes necessary to discuss the excuses that may sometimes be made for vagueness. At every level of our thought we are soon brought up against the difficulties that arise out of the attempt to define our words—or to draw sharp distinctions where the things distinguished shade off into one another—difficulties familiar to every one. Hence the author's purpose includes an attempt to find a more philosophical method of dealing with rough distinctions, in place of the happy-go-lucky tact that every one uses, more or less, by the light of Nature; and in connection with this a considerable number of questions arise, and suggest lines of further inquiry. Another interwoven subject is the everlasting struggle that language carries on against, difficulties of expression. A third incidental subject is the way in which language acts as a drag upon the progress of knowledge, doing this through "a certain over-conservative tendency in our thought" that keeps us more under the slavery of words than we need be.
Cathcarth's Literary Reader, compiled by George R. Cathcart, and first published eighteen years ago, now appears in a revised edition (American Book Company, $1.15). It combines the function of an advanced reading-book with that of a manual of English literature. Besides the selections from writers of the Elizabethan period, the Commonwealth and the Restoration, the eighteenth century, and the nineteenth century, the book contains introductory remarks on each epoch, biographical and critical information concerning the authors represented, explanatory foot-notes, and a large number of portraits. While poetry, oratory, and fiction make up the body of the selections, history and modern science are not ignored.
Ayers, Howard. The Ear of Man: its Past, its Present, and its Future. Pp. 44.—The Vertebrate Ear (Journal of Morphology for May, 1892). Pp. 354. with 9 Plates. Both Boston: Ginn & Co.
Benwell, J. Leon. The Religion of Humanity: a Philosophy of Life. Buffalo: H. L. Green. Pp.28.
Bennev, G. E. Induction Coils. New York · Macmillah & Co. Pp. 231. $1.
Burke, Charles G. Cosmography and the Cosmograph. New York: Peck & Snyder. Pp. 24.
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WIKI
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What is High Blood Sugar
High blood sugar is also medically referred to as hyperglycaemia and is common in people who have diabetes.
Hyperglycaemia can affect those who have:
Type 1 diabetes
• When the pancreas doesn’t produce insulin at all
• Insulin is a hormone which regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
• It encourages the absorption of glucose into fat, skeletal and muscle cells from the blood
Type 2 diabetes
• Pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin, or the cells don’t react to the insulin which is released
Gestational diabetes
• Occurs only in pregnant women
• High blood sugar during pregnancy which usually settles after birth
Normally, high blood sugar occurs in people with diabetes, however non-diabetic people can also have it. For example, people who have been ill particularly those who have recently experienced a stroke or a heart attack or those with a serious infection.
What are the symptoms of high blood sugar?
Hyperglycaemia occurs when there is a reduction in the effective action of insulin in the blood coinciding with an increase in counter-regulatory hormones such as glucagon, cortisol and growth hormones.
Because of the changes in hormones there is a greater production of glucose by the liver and kidneys and the body tissues are less likely to use glucose as their source of energy.
Hyperglycaemia therefore affects the body’s water balance and can result in a greater output of urine.
This means the body loses more water and important salts such as sodium and potassium than usual. These losses can lead to dehydration which can become progressively worse as the body’s hyperglycaemic state makes it harder to retain water.
If this situation gets worse the body can develop a condition known as hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS), which is caused when the body works harder to rid excess sugar.
In people who have diabetes, the symptoms of high blood glucose levels tend to emerge slowly over a period of week or months. The symptoms may include:
• An increase in thirst
• A dry mouth
• Needing to pass urine more often
• Blurred vision
• Recurrent infections
• Unintended weight loss
• Tiredness
Children who have type 1 diabetes have reported other adverse effects of high blood sugar including:
• Nausea
• Weakness
• Headaches
Symptoms such as these may not even occur until the person’s blood sugar is extremely high. If left untreated or undiagnosed then excessively high blood glucose can lead to permanent damage to organs and body tissues including:
• The eyes
• Kidneys
• Liver
• Blood vessels
• Nerve cells
Acute hyperglycaemia can have a detrimental impact on mental performance and mood.
Blood glucose and cognitive function
Experimental studies have explored the link between high blood glucose levels and cognitive function. Some have found some evidence to support the potential negative effect of acute high blood sugar levels.
To function appropriately, the brain requires a constant supply of glucose, its primary source of energy. If there is a continuous fluctuation in blood glucose level, the function of the brain can be affected.
In a study by Sommerfield et al., (2004), the effects of acute hyperglycaemia on brain function and mood in people who have type 2 diabetes were examined.
The results of the study confirmed that during periods of acute hyperglycaemia, cognitive function was impaired, and the subject’s moods worsened. The blood glucose level of the participants in the study was clamped at 16.5 mmol/l.
Individuals who were unaware of their blood glucose levels found their cognitive state became affected. Functions such as the speed in which they could process information, their memory and attention span were all affected. With regards to individual mood, many experienced increased agitation, and feelings of anxiety as well as tiredness and a decreased feeling of happiness.
A further study by Cox et al., also showed that hyperglycaemia affected cognitive function. In the study, participants were required to carry out some cognitive tests on a handheld computer before their blood glucose levels were measured.
The research showed that in individuals whose blood glucose level was above 15 mmol/l, verbal fluency and subtraction time was slower in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Whereas, individuals who had type 2 diabetes had a slowing in all of the cognitive tests they carried out.
Both studies show hyperglycaemia is associated with mild cognitive dysfunction alongside the other, more traditional symptoms. Yet, the link between impaired brain function in hyperglycaemic patients and their daily tasks is still not fully understood and more research needs to be carried out.
What level is high?
You can monitor your blood sugar levels at home with a blood glucose meter. If you do monitor your levels at home, then a normal blood glucose level before eating should be between 4 and 7 mmol/l and 2 hours after consuming a meal it should be under 9 mmol/l.
So, high blood sugar can be defined as:
• Glucose levels above 7 mmol/l when you haven’t eaten
• Glucose levels about 11 mmol/l 2 hours after a meal
What causes high blood sugar?
High blood sugar can be caused by a number of factors including:
Eating too much food
• Having too many snacks between meals
Stressful situations
• Work
• Family issues
• Bereavement
Illness
• Common cold
Not taking enough diabetic medication
• Incorrect dose
• Missing a dose
• Treating an episode of low blood sugar too much
Lack of exercise
• Lounging
Not drinking enough fluids
• You can become dehydrated
• During periods of illness you’re more likely to become dehydrated due to:
• Vomiting
• Diarrhoea
Preventing high blood glucose levels
Every now and again we all love a sugary treat or a carbohydrate laden meal and there is nothing wrong with this, we are all human after all and deserve a treat occasionally. But consuming foods like this too often can have harmful effects on our health.
There are a number of steps that can reduce the likelihood of developing hyperglycaemia:
Eating a healthy balanced diet
Try to keep snacking between meals to a minimum and be aware of the amount of sugar and carbohydrates you are consuming.
Getting more exercise
Exercise doesn’t have to mean join a gym and follow a rigorous regime. One great way to help lower blood sugar is in fact walking. Exercising strenuously can cause the body to produce a stress response which in turn cause blood glucose levels to rise.
Monitor your glucose levels
You can do this at home or you can get a test from your GP or some pharmacies also offer a free service.
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Having always been intrigued by how body’s work, both in their day to day functions and also when things go wrong, Leanne is pursuing her passion for health. By combining her undergraduate degree in Biomedical Science and a Masters in Science communication with her love for writing, she is passing on her knowledge to Health Hub readers. Leanne strongly believes that science and health are something that should be talked about more and she hopes her articles will enable such conversations.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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File:Toyamakanken.jpg
Summary
A photograph of Kanken Toyama who developed Shudokan karate.
Licensing
This image was taken from here, and adds significantly to the article specified because it depicts the most significant person in the history of this form of karate.
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WIKI
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Skip to main content
copy/paste for Mac OS X for rich text (HTML/RTF) rather than plain text
Project description
Rich text cut/copy/paste for Mac OS X.
Usage
from richxerox import *
print available() # what kind of data is on the clipboard?
print paste() # get data in the default format ('text')
print paste(format='text') # get text (Unicode)
print paste(format='rtf') # get RTF
print paste(format='html') # get HTML
print "ALL CONTENTS:\n", pasteall()
clear()
print "ALL CONTENTS AFTER CLEAR:\n", pasteall()
r = "{\\rtf1\\ansi\\ansicpg1252\\cocoartf1187\\cocoasubrtf390\n" \
"{\\fonttbl\\f0\\froman\\fcharset0 Times-Roman;}\n{\\colortbl;" \
"\\red255\\green255\\blue255;}\n\\deftab720\n\\pard\\pardeftab720" \
"\n\n\\f0\\fs24 \\cf0 This is \n\\b good\n\\b0 !}"
h = "this is <strong>good</strong>!"
copy(text="this is good!", html=h, rtf=r)
print "ALL CONTENTS AFTER COPY:\n", pasteall()
The API is modeled on that of xerox, with simple copy() and paste() operations.
Think of paste() as pasting into your program and copy() as copying from your program.
The main difference in the API is that, given the different formats used in rich text, one must specify the format provided or needed if it is not plain text. This is done through keyword-style arguments.
Alternative API
If you prefer an object-oriented API:
from richxerox import *
print pasteboard.get_contents(format='html') # paste
pasteboard.clear() # clear
pasteboard.set_contents(text="this is good!", # copy
html=h, rtf=r)
print pasteboard.get_all_contents() # pasteall
Background
I searched long and hard but couldn’t find a simple Python module that made copy and paste operations on Mac OS X easy and straightforward. xerox works well, but it only supports plain text. What about browsers and word processors that export rich text with hyperlinks, styles, and so on? How can you access that data?
After banging my head against this a few times, I eventually found code samples I could adapt and make work without understanding the entirety of Apple’s Foundation and AppKit. This module is the result.
Descent Into RTF
Even in this HTML-everywhere age, Apple and Mac OS X apps are unfortunately RTF-centric. I say unfortunately because:
• In my experience, RTF is often not robustly passed between applications. Different apps interpret or render the same RTF differently, so font sizes and other characteristics change.
• RTF is extremely verbose. Microsoft Word, for instance, emits 29,807 characters as the copy/cut representation of “This is good!” Microsoft is known for verbose exports, and RTF itself attempts to represent whole documents rather than individual snippets. Still, that’s roughly 1,000x (a.k.a. three decimal orders of magnitude) as verbose as HTML. Try copying existing text in some application, then running pasteall() to get your own taste of this madness.
• If you put multiple forms of text on the clipboard, you don’t have much if any control which one an application will use when you ask it to “paste” data. If you want a single format, better to just put that one format on the clipboard.
While Mac apps occasionally put HTML contents on the pasteboard, RTF seems to be the most common lingua franca. I’ve not found any particularly good, robust, or up-to-date Python tools for parsing and transforming RTF. The handy textutil tool will, however, convert an RTF file into quite clean HTML, like so:
textutil -convert html temp.rtf
yielding temp.html. This can be parsed and manipulated with lxml or your favorite HTML/XML library.
Notes
• Version 1.0.0 updates the testing matrix. Latest versions of 2.7, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, the new 3.6 (alpha 2) are confirmed working. Old, pre-[SemVer](http://semver.org/) versions have been removed from PyPI; they were causing some install problems. Python 3.2 has been withdrawn from support as both ancient and no longer being properly supported in my local test rig.)
• As of version 0.6, much more robust handling of Unicode characters. Better auto-install, including installing foundation pyobjc module if necessary. (pyobjc auto-install only works reliably on Python 2.7 and above, so official support for Python 2.6 has been withdrawn.)
• If the underlying pyobjc library needs to be installed, the process will take a long time. For example, 4 hours 7 minutes. Don’ty just get coffee while it’s installing. Take lunch. A long, languorous lunch. And then maybe have a nap.
• Version 0.5 had a mistake in Unicode handling. Even though it passed all tests, it over-quoted Unicode coming from real apps. Fixed.
• Code inspired by and/or based on Genba’s Reading URLs from OS X clipboard with PyObjC and Carl M. Johnson’s copy_paste.py
• See also NSPasteboard docs, a discussion on UTIs, and John Siracusa’s discussion of the evolution of Mac OS types
Installation
To install the latest version:
pip install -U richxerox
To easy_install under a specific Python version (3.3 in this example):
python3.3 -m easy_install --upgrade richxerox
(You may need to prefix these with “sudo “ to authorize installation.)
Project details
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Claude Alward Ridley
Claude Alward Ridley, (15 November 1897 – 27 June 1942) was a British aviator and military officer. During the First World War, he served as a fighter pilot and was decorated for home defence in southern England against German attacks from planes and Zeppelins. While a pilot with No. 60 Squadron, Ridley landed in occupied France and, despite being taken prisoner, he escaped and spent several weeks on the run before returning to England via the Netherlands.
Early life
Ridley was born in Sunderland on 15 November 1897, and was the youngest of seven children. He grew up in the suburb of Fulwell in the city, but by the age of 11, the family were living in Notting Hill in London.
First World War
At the start of the First World War, Ridley was offered a temporary commission into the Royal Flying Corps (RFC), but on being granted a full commission, he entered Sandhurst and passed out as an officer in the Royal Fusiliers. He did, however, keep up with his flying and was transferred into the RFC in July 1915.
After transferring from the Royal Fusiliers, Ridley was allocated to No. 3 Squadron and was wounded in action on the Western Front in 1916. His foot was injured and, as a result, he could not fly having to convalesce in England. He was awarded the Military Cross for his action in downing a Zeppelin in 1916 while flying from Joyce Green.
When No. 60 Squadron was formed in April 1916, Ridley was one of the initial pilots drafted to the squadron. While ferrying a spy into territory behind enemy lines to the French town of Douai in August 1916, the aircraft Ridley was flying broke down. As he and his passenger were trying to get the aircraft going, German military personnel heard them and detained them. They were questioned but managed to escape quite quickly.
Ridley hid whilst the spy brought him some civilian attire and then left Ridley to fend for himself. Whilst he was hiding, Ridley observed the German pilots flying their aircraft and even witnessed a British aircraft crash landing and its pilot and observer being marched off by the Germans for interrogation. Ridley managed to make his way across France and into Belgium before returning to England through the Netherlands. Whilst on his journey, he made notes and gathered intelligence about the German forces and delivered these to his superiors when he returned. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) and was mentioned in the London Gazette which said "For conspicuous gallantry and judgement in the execution of a special mission."
At the end of the war, an assessment of battle casualties on No. 60 Squadron determined that 115 pilots and observers had been either wounded, taken prisoner, were missing or had been killed. Ridley was the only one to escape captivity on the squadron and he is recorded as being back in Britain by the 13 October 2016, some two months after his aircraft failed on the field in France.
Due to his high-profile involvement in ferrying spies, it was decided to withdraw Ridley from active operations over the front line in case he had to land in occupied territory again and be shot as a spy. Instead he was sent to head up B-Flight from No. 37 Squadron at Stow Maries Aerodrome. At this point, Ridley was a 19-year old lieutenant in charge of a new squadron. Whilst there, he was among many who launched their fighters to defend the south and east of England against attack from Gotha bombers and Zeppelin raids. In one such event, British anti-aircraft batteries located along the Thames Estuary confused the 37 Squadron Sopwith Pups with enemy aircraft and opened fire upon them. Ridley, like many others, was hit and had his engine cowling blown off at 14,000 ft, and had to make an emergency landing at Rochford.
Ridley was particularly galled by this because only a day earlier, he had flown his aircraft over the batteries so that the artillery men could see the outline of his aircraft and hear the noise of his engine.
Ridley then took command of the newly formed No. 61 Squadron at Rochford in the summer of 1917, before taking command of No. 112 Squadron at Throwley in December of the same year. In the late stages of the war he commanded No. 28 Squadron at Grossa in Italy before returning to command No. 75 Squadron in England. When No. 75 Squadron was disbanded in 1919, Ridley became the commander of No. 39 Squadron.
Later life
Ridley was promoted to the rank of squadron leader in January 1925 and, in June of the same year, he married Lillias Elizabeth McAlpine, the daughter of Sir Robert McAlpine; they had three children together. He left the Air Force soon after and was on the retired list by 1928, although he was recalled in 1939 on the outbreak of the Second World War. During the Second World War, he served as a Wing Commander in various appointments including Leeds University Air Squadron.
Death
Ridley died in the Dorchester Hotel in Mayfair, London on 27 June 1942. His death was attributed to natural causes rather than a circumstance of the war. His wish to be buried near to Stow Maries aerodrome was granted, and like many others who had served at Stow Maries, his grave is located in the churchyard of St Mary and St Margaret's Church in the village.
Commemorations
The home that Ridley lived in during his family's time in Sunderland had a blue plaque affixed to the wall in 2016. Military Cadet organisations in the area of Essex around the former Stow Maries Aerodrome, compete in the Ridley Trophy competition annually by vying for timings on an assault course.
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WIKI
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Effect of mental stress on autonomic nervous function in young adults
Authors : Omkar N. Gopalakrishna, Santhosh Kumar Nune
DOI : 10.18231/2394-2126.2018.0012
Volume : 5
Issue : 1
Year : 0
Page No : 47-51
Introduction: Autonomic imbalance is one of the important pathways through which psychological stress contributes to cardiovascular diseases/sudden death. Stress is a normal physical response to events that make us feel threatened or upset our balance in some way. There is a major role of mental stress in provoking silent myocardial ischemia, cardiac arrhythmia, catecholamine induced increase in heart rate, increase in blood pressure that result in enhanced myocardial oxygen demand and sometimes sudden death. In this study an attempt is made to study the variations in electro cardiogram (ECG) after inducing mental stress in normal subjects.
Materials and Methods: The study included 50 healthy medical students in the age group of 18-25 studying in VIMS, Bellary. Following an explanation about the nature and purpose of the study, those subjects who are willing to participate were included after obtaining their consent. Blood pressure and ECG was recorded at rest in supine position. Then mental stress was induced on each by a no. of mental tasks and ECG was recorded in them immediately.
The stressed subjects were evaluated with Speilberger’s State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) score. Blood pressure and ECG results were evaluated for different parameters and the data collected was tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis.
Results: There was statistically significant increase in heart rate, systolic BP, diastolic BP, decrease in PR interval and QRS interval, increase in QTc interval, T wave pattern changes, ST segment depression found after inducing mental stress.
Conclusion: The study shows that there were varieties of ECG changes in mental stress that may affect the health of human beings.
Keywords: Blood pressure (BP), Electro cardiogram (ECG), Mental stress.
Citation Data
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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