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Page:Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave.djvu/44
20 quarrel among themselves about the relative goodness of their masters, each contending for the superior goodness of his own over that of the others. At the very same time, they mutually execrate their masters when viewed separately. It was so on our plantation. When Colonel Lloyd's slaves met the slaves of Jacob Jepson, they seldom parted without a quarrel about their masters; Colonel Lloyd's slaves contending that he was the richest, and Mr. Jepson's slaves that he was the smartest, and most of a man. Colonel Lloyd's slaves would boast his ability to buy and sell Jacob Jepson. Mr. Jepson's slaves would boast his ability to whip Colonel Lloyd. These quarrels would almost always end in a fight between the parties, and those that whipped were supposed to have gained the point at issue. They seemed to think that the greatness of their masters was transferable to themselves. It was considered as being bad enough to be a slave; but to be a poor man's slave was deemed a disgrace indeed!
remained but a short time in the office of overseer. Why his career was so short, I do not know, but suppose he lacked the necessary severity to suit Colonel Lloyd. Mr. Hopkins was succeeded by Mr. Austin Gore, a man possessing, in an eminent degree, all those traits of character indispensable to
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WIKI
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Display a JList with a Background Image
Ever wanted to use an image as a background of your JList component? Unfortunately the Swing library does not provide a simple method to set a image as a background. In order to do so, you are force to do some custom painting inside the paintComponent method. In the case of a JList, our custom painting has to be performed inside a custom implementation of a ListCellRenderer. Check out the video below to see it in action.
A Custom ListCellRenderer
As stated before, we need to create a custom ListCellRenderer implementation and perform our own painting of the background image. Since ListCellRenderer only paints each element of a list, we need to perform a trick in order to make the background image appear stationary even when you are scrolling the list.
The trick
The trick to making the background image stationary is to dynamically calculate the offset of the image relative to the renderer and draw a portion of the image that will appear under the renderer.
The complete working code below is ready to use in your programs.
public class BackgroundImageListCellRenderer extends DefaultListCellRenderer {
int row = -1;
private JList list;
private final Image image;
private JScrollPane scrollPane;
public BackgroundImageListCellRenderer(JScrollPane scrollPane, Image image) {
this.image = image;
this.scrollPane = scrollPane;
// must use SIMPLE_SCROLL_MODE to force scrollpane to redraw the whole JList,
// otherwise scrollpane will use 'cached' images
scrollPane.getViewport().setScrollMode(JViewport.SIMPLE_SCROLL_MODE);
// we will paint our own background
setOpaque(false);
}
public Component getListCellRendererComponent(JList list, Object value, int row, boolean isSelected, boolean cellHasFocus) {
this.list = list;
this.row = row;
return super.getListCellRendererComponent(list, value, row, isSelected, cellHasFocus);
}
@Override
protected void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D) g;
// compute the offset of the image we want to draw
Rectangle cellBounds = list.getCellBounds(row, row);
Point p = cellBounds.getLocation();
Point viewPosition = scrollPane.getViewport().getViewPosition();
p.x -= viewPosition.x;
p.y -= viewPosition.y;
// draw the image from the offset computed above
AffineTransform transform = AffineTransform.getTranslateInstance(-p.x, -p.y);
g2d.drawImage(image, transform, null);
// let the original renderer do its work
super.paintComponent(g);
}
}
Creating the demo
Below is the main program that I used to create the JList GUI in the demo video. I loaded the background image from a file and initialize the custom cell renderer with it.
public static void main(String args[]) {
JFrame f = new JFrame();
f.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
Image img = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage(ListWithImageBackground.class.getResource("Rocks.jpg"));
MediaTracker tracker = new MediaTracker(f);
tracker.addImage(img, 0);
try {
tracker.waitForAll();
} catch (InterruptedException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
}
final MyListModel listModel = new MyListModel();
for(int i=1; i <= 100; i++ ) {
listModel.addElement("Item " + i);
}
JList list = new JList(listModel);
list.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.BOLD, 36));
JScrollPane sp = new JScrollPane(list);
BackgroundImageListCellRenderer renderer = new BackgroundImageListCellRenderer(sp, img);
renderer.setHorizontalAlignment(JLabel.CENTER);
list.setCellRenderer(renderer);
f.add(sp, BorderLayout.CENTER);
f.setSize(640, 480);
f.setVisible(true);
}
Related posts:
1. How to add a Gradient Background to any JComponent
2. How to display line numbers in JTable
1. Hi Jim,really great work but i wonder if you know how to add image to each item in the jlist.As i have jlist carrying the name of clients and i want to add an image beside each name to determine whether the user is connected or disconnected.Any hints? Thanks in advance.
2. Fatema, take a look at this page. The key idea is in your getListCellRendererComponent(…) method of your ListCellRenderer implementation, you need to set the icon (which can be a image if you use ImageIcon). If all you need is to produce a image and text alongside it, then you can extend DefaultListCellRenderer. DefaultListCellRenderer uses JLabel to do the rendering and this is why you can set the icon image. If you want more complex layout, then you can create the JPanel with your preferred LayoutManager.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Carlos Solé
Carlos Solé (October 9, 1916 – May 9, 1975) was an Uruguayan sports journalist.
Biography
He was born on October 9, 1916, in Montevideo. On October 12, 1935, three days after his 18th birthday he debuted as a sportscaster on CX6 Radio SODRE, broadcasting the soccer game between Bella Vista and River Plate of Uruguay. This was not his radio debut as he had already worked on several stations as a weatherman. Solé earned his greatest interest from the public when he broadcast from Rio de Janeiro, the final match of the 1950 World Cup between Brazil and Uruguay. Uruguay beat Brazil 2-1 and thanks to this historic broadcast the Uruguayan population heard of this great accomplishment in soccer history. In the 1950s he was the most listened to sportscaster in Uruguay, according to the survey conducted by the agency Impetu. More than 70% of the Uruguayan people listened to his broadcasts. His spectacular broadcast of the 1954 World Cup held in Switzerland, and specially the match between Uruguay vs. Hungary was the highlight of his career. In 1966 he was invited to participate on a televisión show called Glorias Deportivas (Sports Glory). Due to his harsh and critical opinion of soccer coaches, calling them the “pimps” of soccer, he was sentenced without prison. From 1946 until his death on May 9, 1975, he worked for Radio Sarandí.
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WIKI
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Talk:Orange Mound, Memphis
Story of the name
This is a terrific article with a lot of potential. I have made some minor edits, within my ability. I have, however, heard a story of how Orange Mound got its name, which i can't remember. I wish someone would come up with the story: i think it would be a great addition to the history. Ragityman (talk) 12:37, 8 October 2010 (UTC)
Orange Mound Tower Citation Sources
I want to expand current contributions about Orange Mound, specifically focusing on Orange Mound Tower. To get started, I have put together a list of sources to assist in that. See below:
Williams, Charles. African American Life and Culture in Orange Mound : Case Study of a Black Community in Memphis, Tennessee, 1890-1980 / Charles Williams. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2013
Steimer, Jacob. “Developing in Orange Mound Isn’t Easy: Here’s Why Two Artists Are Trying.” MLK50: Justice Through Journalism, January 19, 2024. https://mlk 50.com/2021/08/24/developing-in-orange-mound-isnt-easy-heres-why-two-artists-are-trying/.
Berkman, Seth. “Revitalizing Black Neighborhoods by Preserving Their History.” The New York Times, November 23, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/23/business/black-neighborhoods-history-revitalization.html.
Millington, Nate. “Post-Industrial Imaginaries: Nature, Representation and Ruin in Detroit, Michigan .” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 37, no. 1 (January 2013): 279–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2012.01206.x. Harmonytheestudent (talk) 17:45, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
Outline of Orange Mound Tower
I am expanding on the section of Orange Mound Tower; here is my proposed outline.
Proposed Outline
* 1) Two Sentence Overview
* 2) Orange Mound Tower is a mixed-use property under construction in Orange Mound, Memphis, TN. It broke ground in June 2023 and is expected to be open by 2025.
* 3) History
* 4) This section will detail the history of the Orange Mound Tower that used to be the United Equipment Building which was a grass mill.
* 5) Construction
* 6) This section will detail specific constraints of the building including height, space, and etc. Will also focus on building materials.
* 7) Features
* 8) Community Center
* 9) Business Incubation
* 10) Cultural and Historical Exhibits
* 11) Green Spaces
* 12) Events
* 13) 1st Annual Juneteenth Celebration that also acted as the unveiling in June 2021
* 14) Second Annual Juneteenth Celebration which showed Memphis talent such as Duke Deuce, Lukah, Texas Warehouse, Talibah, Bodywerk, Mante, and Myai Drumline (6/19) 2022
* 15) Third Juneteenth Festival on June 19 2023
* 16) Controversies (Controversy)
* 17) Pro choice banner appeared on Orange Mound tower framed in the media as “vacant” from the group INCLINE as an act of protest.
* 18) Daily Memphian article: Orange Mound Tower owners say abortion-rights banner was unauthorized - Memphis Local, Sports, Business & Food News | Daily Memphian
The following was the owners denouncement of the banner placement: https://www.instagram.com/p/CgZcg1EO4LI/?igsh=c3Z2MGZwN2p1MHcx Harmonytheestudent (talk) 03:35, 7 March 2024 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Battle of the Bay of Biscay
The Battle of the Bay of Biscay, or Operation Bernau, was a naval action that took place on 28 December 1943 during World War II as part of the Atlantic campaign. The battle took place in the Bay of Biscay between two light cruisers of the British Royal Navy, and a destroyer and a torpedo boat flotilla of the German Kriegsmarine hoping to intercept and escort a blockade-runner. The battle was fought as part of the Allied Operation Stonewall, which was to intercept German blockade-runners off the west coast of France. In the confused action that followed the British cruisers HMS Enterprise (D52) and HMS Glasgow (C21) respectively sank T26, together with her sister ship T25 and the destroyer Z27.
Background
In late December 1943 a German Kriegsmarine destroyer flotilla, reinforced by six large Elbing-class torpedo boats, was ordered to the Bay of Biscay to escort into a French port the blockade runners Osorno and Alsterufer, which were carrying vital cargo from Japan (Operation Bernau). The blockade runner Osorno reached the Gironde on 26 December but struck a wreck in the estuary after being attacked by the RAF. She was beached and subsequently unloaded offshore. Alsterufer, carrying tungsten (Wolfram) and rubber, was en route.
Korvettenkapitän Franz Kohlauf sailed from Brest on the morning of 27 December with the torpedo boats T23, T24, GERMAN TORPEDO BOAT T26 and T22. The 8th Destroyer Flotilla (Kapitän zur See Hans Erdmenger) put out from the Gironde with destroyers GERMAN DESTROYER Z24, Z37, GERMAN DESTROYER Z32 and GERMAN DESTROYER Z27, accompanied by two torpedo boats, GERMAN TORPEDO BOAT T25 (Korvettenkapitän Wirich von Gartzen) and T27.
The Admiralty were also aware of the impending arrival of Alsterufer through the decryption of German Enigma messages at Bletchley Park and ordered the nearest ships in the area to intercept Alsterufer. The closest ship was the light cruiser HMS Glasgow (C21), which sailed from the Azores on 24 December; it was joined by HMS Enterprise (D52). HMS Mauritius (80) had been ordered from Gibraltar, HMS Penelope (97) steamed past Lisbon and HMNZS Gambia was in the Western Atlantic.
By 04:00 the next day the 4th Flotilla was 300 nmi due south of Cape Clear, the 8th Flotilla standing to the south, ready to meet Alsterufer. The German flotillas did not know that during the previous afternoon a B-24 Liberator bomber of 311 (Czechoslovak) Squadron had attacked and set Alsterufer on fire. Abandoned by her crew, the ship was finished off by Liberators of 86 Squadron. This released the Glasgow and Enterprise, who were about 300 nmi south-west of the German flotilla and were steaming eastwards along the 45th Parallel. Just after midday, the 8th Destroyer Flotilla sighted the 4th Flotilla to the east and the torpedo boats turned east, astern of the northernmost destroyers, taking station on their port side.
Battle
Allied aircraft had already reported the position of the German ships about 13:00. About the same time a German Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor sighted and attacked both cruisers but was deterred by anti-aircraft fire. The German aircrew immediately turned north-east, reporting the position of the British cruisers more than half an hour later to Erdmenger. Captain Charles Clark on Glasgow, assuming that he had been reported, turned north-east, working around the position of the German ships to intercept. The sea was becoming rougher and the wind had increased to 30 kn, making sailing difficult for the destroyers and torpedo boats.
Glasgow sighted the destroyers at 13:32 hours at a range of 16 nmi. The cruisers attacked at full speed and altered course to cut the German ships off from their base. Glasgow opened fire with its 6-inch 'A' and 'B' turrets using her Type 273 radar for ranging; Enterprise opened fire a few minutes later. The two leading German destroyers were not hit as shells missed by 100 –. Z23 launched six torpedoes, three from each bank of tubes, when the range was down to 17000 m but missed. Both destroyers commenced firing with their 15 cm guns and the fall of shot was 200 m over on Glasgow's port quarter. At about 14:05 hours, a German shell hit Glasgow, exploding in 'A' boiler room, killing two members of the port pom-pom crew and wounding six others; Enterprise was straddled by near misses.
By 14:18 hours all of the German ships had engaged; the 4th Torpedo Boat Flotilla attempted several torpedo attacks but was frustrated by the heavy seas. Z32 and Z37 turned towards the cruisers, closed to 12800 m, launching six and four torpedoes respectively. Glasgow to make an emergency turn to port as the track of one torpedo passed about 30 m from the port quarter and two more near the port side. Enterprise had separated from Glasgow and acted independently. After the torpedo attack, the destroyers laid smoke and retired towards the flotilla. The German ships were in line, Z32 followed by Z24, Z37, T23, T27, T26, T22, T25, Z27 and Z25; Z32 and Z37 were off to port during their torpedo attack.
The German force split and Glasgow reversed course at 14:35 hours to chase the northerly group of destroyers; Enterprise had already altered course to the west to head them off. The Germans launched another torpedo attack but shortly after Z27 had fired, it received a shell hit from Enterprise in the boiler room, passing through an oil bunker which caused a huge fire. Clouds of steam gushed from the forward funnel as its speed fell off. After being hit, Z27 fired a salvo of four torpedoes but all missed.
Glasgow concentrated on T25, which received hits near the aft torpedo tubes, the Flakvierling and the 3.7 cm flak platforms, which killed or wounded their crews. Another shell demolished the mast and the funnel. T25 was reduced to a sitting duck and requested T22 to take off her crew. Glasgow changed aim to T26, which was quickly bracketed by near misses. T22 had both cruisers on its port side, fired a full spread of torpedoes and gunfire. The torpedoes missed and as T22 turned to starboard towards T25, it was bracketed by near misses. T22 abandoned the rescue attempt after suffering another hit and made smoke, fired her guns and withdrew to the south-west. T26 was still under fire and was soon severely hit in the boiler room and as T22 made smoke to screen it, T26 signalled that she was sinking; T22 turned away northwards.
The cruisers reversed course, soon catching T26. Enterprise was ordered to sink it and Glasgow turned north again to search for damaged vessels, particularly T25. Glasgow soon came across Z27, drifting and silent. Closing to point-blank range, Glasgow hit the destroyer's magazines. A large explosion killed Erdmenger, his staff and the captain. Enterprise finished off T26 with a torpedo and then attacked T25, whose bridge and upper deck and aft superstructure were wrecked. Enterprise closed to 3000 m, firing guns and firing a torpedo; T25 was abandoned soon after, burning and sinking.
The cruisers converged and seeing no sign of the German squadron and after having sunk three ships for only minor damage, headed for Plymouth. The ships arrived on the evening of 29 December, low on fuel and ammunition. Glasgow had received a hit that killed two crew and wounded three; Enterprise had minor damage from shell splinters. T22 and Z23 headed for Saint-Jean-de-Luz near the Spanish border. The rest of the German ships returned to the Gironde.
Analysis
Morale in the Kriegsmarine was already depressed with the news that the battleship GERMAN BATTLESHIP Scharnhorst had been sunk at the Battle of the North Cape, two days before the losses in the Bay of Biscay. In daylight the stability of the larger cruisers as gun platforms in stormy seas, gave them an advantage and the long-range torpedo attacks of the Germans were ineffective. Osorno was the last blockade-runner to reach port, its cargo of rubber meeting German needs until November 1944. Three blockade-runners were sunk between 3 and 5 January 1944 by Allied patrols in the South Atlantic. The Germans abandoned surface blockade-running and turned to submarines, whose voyages became known as Yanagi missions.
Casualties
Two homebound and two outbound U-boats in the bay searched for survivors; the outbound Type IXc, GS U-505, found 34 men from T25 and turned back for France. The homebound GS U-618 picked up 21 survivors of Z27. Of the 672 men on the three lost ships, 93 were rescued from Z27, 100 from T25, 85 men being lost and 90 men from T26, three of the crew being lost. About 62 survivors were rescued by British minesweepers, 168 were rescued by a small Irish steamer, MV Kerlogue, and four were rescued by Spanish destroyers and interned.
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WIKI
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Tagvisualbasic
Get List of Files In a Directory
This example shows how to get a list of all executables in a specified directory. The System.IO reference must be imported.
Imports System.IO
Dim d As DirectoryInfo = New DirectoryInfo("C:\")
For Each File As FileInfo In d.GetFiles("*.exe")
Console.WriteLine(File.Name)
Next
TrimEnd & Like in VB.NET
This example illustrates trimming the “!” character from the end of the string
Dim str As String = "This is a string, with a comma!"
str = str.TrimEnd(CChar("!"))
MsgBox(str)
This example look for 4 numbers after 2 specific characters
Dim phoneNum As String = "CT8964"
If (phoneNum Like "CT####") Then
MsgBox("Found it")
Else
MsgBox("Nope")
End If
Compare Files
This example illustrates how to compare two files.
Imports System.IO
Imports System.Security.Cryptography
Public Class Form1
Private Sub Form1_Load(sender As System.Object, e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
If CompareFiles("C:\Temp\2filecopy.bat", "C:\Temp\4filecopy.bat") = True Then
MsgBox("The same")
Else
MsgBox("Different")
End If
End
End Sub
Public Function CompareFiles(ByVal FileFullPath1 As String, ByVal FileFullPath2 As String) As Boolean
'returns true if two files passed to is are identical, false otherwise
'does byte comparison; works for both text and binary files
'Throws exception on errors; you can change to just return
'false if you prefer
Dim objMD5 As New MD5CryptoServiceProvider()
Dim objEncoding As New System.Text.ASCIIEncoding()
Dim aFile1() As Byte, aFile2() As Byte
Dim strContents1, strContents2 As String
Dim objReader As StreamReader
Dim objFS As FileStream
Dim bAns As Boolean
'If Not File.Exists(FileFullPath1) Then _
' Throw New Exception(FileFullPath1 & " doesn't exist")
'If Not File.Exists(FileFullPath2) Then _
' Throw New Exception(FileFullPath2 & " doesn't exist")
If Not File.Exists(FileFullPath1) Or Not File.Exists(FileFullPath2) Then
Return False
Exit Function
End If
Try
objFS = New FileStream(FileFullPath1, FileMode.Open)
objReader = New StreamReader(objFS)
aFile1 = objEncoding.GetBytes(objReader.ReadToEnd)
strContents1 = _
objEncoding.GetString(objMD5.ComputeHash(aFile1))
objReader.Close()
objFS.Close()
objFS = New FileStream(FileFullPath2, FileMode.Open)
objReader = New StreamReader(objFS)
aFile2 = objEncoding.GetBytes(objReader.ReadToEnd)
strContents2 = _
objEncoding.GetString(objMD5.ComputeHash(aFile2))
bAns = strContents1 = strContents2
objReader.Close()
objFS.Close()
aFile1 = Nothing
aFile2 = Nothing
Catch ex As Exception
Throw ex
End Try
Return bAns
End Function
End Class
AutoTab to Next Field
Private Sub txtIP3_TextChanged(sender As Object, e As EventArgs)
Handles txtIP3.TextChanged
If txtIP3.Text.Length = txtIP3.MaxLength _
Then SelectNextControl(ActiveControl, True, True, True, True)
End Sub
Start/Stop/Query Service in VB.NET
Imports System.ServiceProcess
Public Class Form1
Private Sub btnQueryBES_Click(sender As System.Object, e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnQueryBES.Click
Dim txt As String = "besclient" & SC(txtIPAddress.Text, "besclient", "query")
End Sub
Private Sub btnStartBES_Click(sender As System.Object, e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnStartBES.Click
Dim txt As String = "besclient" & SC(txtIPAddress.Text, "besclient", "start")
End Sub
Private Sub btnStopBES_Click(sender As System.Object, e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnStopBES.Click
Dim txt As String = "besclient" & SC(txtIPAddress.Text, "besclient", "stop")
End Sub
Function SC(MachineName As String, ServiceName As String, cmd As String) As String
Dim txt As String = ""
Dim TermService As New System.ServiceProcess.ServiceController(ServiceName, MachineName)
Select Case LCase(cmd)
Case "start"
TermService.Start()
Case "stop"
TermService.Stop()
Case Else
End Select
Select Case LCase(TermService.Status)
Case "1"
txt = " stopped"
Case "2"
txt = " starting"
Case "3"
txt = " stop pending"
Case "4"
txt = " running"
Case Else
txt = " undetermined"
End Select
Return txt
End Function
End Class
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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A Look Ahead: This Week's ETFs to Watch
Last week was another fine one for U.S. stocks as the broader market fought off an array of data points that can only be considered mixed at best to again close higher. With last week's 1.4 percent pop, the S&P 500 is now up 0.8 percent this month and has soared 2.8 percent since April. Still, there are causes for concern as the often ominous month of May lurks around the corner.
On Friday, the Commerce Department said U.S. GDP grew 2.5 percent in the first quarter, missing the consensus estimate of 3% growth. The Thomson Reuters/University of Michigan Survey of consumer confidence fell 2.8 percent to 76.4 in April. That reading is the same as April 2012. Economists expected a reading of 73.5.
Then again, the earnings flow looks decent. Profit at S&P 500 companies gained 1.1 percent in the first three months of the year, according to analysts' projections compiled by Bloomberg . In the prior week, the projection called for a 1.1 percent drop.
Indeed, the week ahead has plenty to offer on the earnings front, but global central banks (who else?) will likely decide how markets perform this week. Here are a few of the ETFs to trade this week.
ProShares UltraShort Euro (NYSE: EUO ) The inclusion of the ProShares UltraShort Euro on this week's list is by no means a surprise and not just because the European Central Bank meets on May 2. Over the weekend, Iceland's center-right opposition party came out on top in the country's parliamentary elections, ousting rivals that pushed for European Union membership.
In other words, Icelanders just voted against the euro. Then there is the anti-euro party that is gaining strength in Germany, which is becoming a thorn in the side of Chancellor Angela Merkel. In advance of the ECB meeting Thursday, Eurozone unemployment data is due out Tuesday. Already at a record high of 12 percent, economists see no signs of early relief.
Despite all the negative factors, the euro has remained persistently strong, making it difficult for the region's export economies to mount a legitimate recovery. The ECB should lower interest rates. Whether or not that happens is a different story.
Health Care Select Sector SPDR (NYSE: XLV ) Of the 271 S&P 500 companies that have already delivered quarterly results, less than 44 percent have topped analysts' revenue forecasts, well below the 62 percent average since 2002 and the 52 percent rate for the last four quarters, according to Thomson Reuters .
That is relevant to XLV because Pfizer (NYSE: PFE ) and Merck (NYSE: MRK ) both step into the earnings confessional this week. The Dow components combine for nearly 20 percent of the weight in what has been one 2013's top-performing sector funds.
Also of relevance to XLV investors is news that Gilead Sciences (NASDAQ: GILD ) and Bristol-Myers (NYSE: BMY ) should be in play on reports that a combination of Gilead's sofosbuvir with Bristol's daclatasvir, hepatitis C drug cocktail, cured all 41 patients in a trial, Bloomberg reported .
The thing is Gilead wants to go it alone when it comes to hepatitis C treatments. Both stocks are top-10 XLV holdings.
PowerShares Dynamic Food & Beverage Portfolio (NYSE: PBJ ) The PowerShares Dynamic Food & Beverage Portfolios once toiled in obscurity, but now the ETF has $235 million in assets under management. PBJ has flourished this year for at least two reasons: Investors' thirst for defensive sectors and the theory that the ETF is home to Warren Buffett's next food industry takeover target.
Do not forget that PBJ is also chock full of high return on equity stocks . PBJ is up nearly eight percent since it was highlighted as an ideal way to get exposure to multiple Buffett targets. The good news is this ETF does not need takeovers to march higher. Investors have already shown a proclivity for defense names and that theme will continue to boost PBJ.
For more on ETFs, click here .
(c) 2013 Benzinga.com. Benzinga does not provide investment advice. All rights reserved.
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The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Talk:Loyola University School of Dentistry
Which Loyola University? T@nn (talk) 11:44, 15 February 2009 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Rate–distortion optimization
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Rate-distortion optimization (RDO) is a method of improving video quality in video compression. The name refers to the optimization of the amount of distortion (loss of video quality) against the amount of data required to encode the video, the rate. While it is primarily used by video encoders, rate-distortion optimization can be used to improve quality in any encoding situation (image, video, audio, or otherwise) where decisions have to be made that affect both file size and quality simultaneously.
Background[edit]
The classical method of making encoding decisions is for the video encoder to choose the result which yields the highest quality output image. However, this has the disadvantage that the choice it makes might require more bits while giving comparatively little quality benefit. One common example of this problem is in motion estimation, [1] and in particular regarding the use of quarter pixel-precision motion estimation. Adding the extra precision to the motion of a block during motion estimation might increase quality, but in some cases that extra quality isn't worth the extra bits necessary to encode the motion vector to a higher precision.
How it works[edit]
Rate-distortion optimization solves the aforementioned problem by acting as a video quality metric, measuring both the deviation from the source material and the bit cost for each possible decision outcome. The bits are mathematically measured by multiplying the bit cost by the Lagrangian, a value representing the relationship between bit cost and quality for a particular quality level. The deviation from the source is usually measured as the mean squared error, in order to maximize the PSNR video quality metric.
Calculating the bit cost is made more difficult by the entropy encoders in modern video codecs, requiring the rate-distortion optimization algorithm to pass each block of video to be tested to the entropy coder to measure its actual bit cost. In MPEG codecs, the full process consists of a discrete cosine transform, followed by quantization and entropy encoding. Because of this, rate-distortion optimization is much slower than most other block-matching metrics, such as the simple sum of absolute differences (SAD) and sum of absolute transformed differences (SATD). As such it is usually used only for the final steps of the motion estimation process, such as deciding between different partition types in H.264/AVC.
List of encoders that support RDO[edit]
References[edit]
1. ^ D. T. Hoang, P. M. Long, and Jeffrey Vitter, Rate-Distortion Optimizations for Motion Estimation in Low-Bitrate Video Coding, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 8(4), August 1998, 488-500. A shorter version appears in Proceedings of the Digital Video Compression Conference, IS&T/SPIE 1996 Symposium on Electronic Imaging: Science & Technology, 2668, San Jose, CA, January-February 1996, 18-27.
2. ^ http://ultravideo.cs.tut.fi/#encoder
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Jan Ostroróg
Jan Ostroróg (1436–1501) was a Polish political writer, voivode of Poznan and adviser to the Polish kings Casimir IV Jagiellon and John I Albert.
Ostroróg came from the old Polish nobility of the Ostroróg. He studied law at the universities of Erfurt and Bologna. He was a proponent of strong central authority of the monarchy, calling for reforms within the Roman Catholic Church and the law (he promoted equality of all classes before the law). In his work Memoriał o urządzeniu Rzeczypospolitej, written around 1475, he advocated fundamental reforms of the state, as well as the separation of state and church and the introduction of universal conscription.
His marriage to the Ratibor princess Helene, the daughter of Wenceslaus II, Duke of Opava-Ratibor, a direct descendant of Ottokar II of Bohemia, produced the sons Wacław and Stanisław Ostroróg.
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Fatter paychecks are spelling trouble for stocks: Fundstrat's Lee
Wage inflation is starting to hurt several groups in the S&P 500, according to Fundstrat head of research Thomas Lee. "For the past few years, no one thought about wage sensitivity because there's been slack in the labor market," Lee said Friday on CNBC's "Trading Nation. " "But since May, the companies which have the most wage exposure have under-performed those with the least by 1,600 basis points. That's a massive relative performance differential." He says restaurants, retailers, grocers and even trucking companies are most vulnerable to higher wages. That's because these areas generally have the lowest market value for their number of workers. "A company's value is comprised of the people assets, the hard assets and the intellectual property assets. When you take the market value of a business divided by the employees, you get a sense for how much other things are pulling the weight for that company," said Lee. "A company like Darden Restaurants has $50,000 of market cap per employee. There's going to be a real effect to shareholders if a company like Darden has to increase the benefits it pays to its employees. " The Employment Cost Index, which is considered the broadest measure of labor costs, grew by 0.6 percent in the third quarter. It may not seem like a significant number, but it points to a pickup in wage inflation. Plus, the latest figures from the Labor Department show hourly wages for private sector workers increased 2.6 percent in September versus a year earlier. Even though the figure was in line with estimates, it also supported the case that a growing wage trend is emerging. But just because fatter paychecks are bad for certain areas, Lee predicts the impact won't be enough to drag down the entire index. In fact, he's sticking with his year-end 2016 S&P target of 2,325 — a level that's nearly 9 percent higher than Friday's close. Lee said many companies are immune to the trend, particularly in technology. "Facebook has a $372 million market cap and 1,000 employees. That is a $30 million market cap per employee, " Lee said. "That actually means Facebook, if they had to suddenly treat their employees to free lunches and buy them a Lamborghini — it's not going to hurt shareholder value because you're dealing with $30 million in market cap per employee." Correction: This story was revised to correct the comparison period for the 2.6 percent increase in hourly wages for private sector workers in September. It was from a year earlier. Want to be a part of the Trading Nation? If you'd like to call into our live Wednesday show, email your name, number, and a question to TradingNation@cnbc.com
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Brachyglottis sciadophila
Brachyglottis sciadophila, commonly known as climbing groundsel, is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It has long stems with small green leaves and bright yellow flowers. It is the only climbing daisy (Asteraceae is the daisy family) which has yellow flowers that is endemic to New Zealand.
Description
Brachyglottis sciadophila is a flowering plant with 5 m long woody stems. It is a climber and can be usually found growing over plants or in mats along the ground. When young, the stems are hairy but as it matures they grow papery bark which easily peels off. The leaves are oval shaped 1.5–3 by 1.5–3 cm and have soft hairs on both sides. They are sharply toothed and grow from 2 cm long slender petioles. It has yellow flowers which have capitula that are less than 1 cm in diameter and come in small panicles. The pedicels are covered with many tiny hairs and the involucre are 5 mm long. Achenes are 1–5 mm long hispidulous (minutely hispid, meaning covered in tiny stiff hairs), and have 4 mm long pappus hairs.
Etymology
Brachyglottis comes from the two Greek words: brachys, meaning short, and glottis which is the vocal apparatus of the larynx. Sciadophila is made up of two Greek words: skia meaning shade, and philios meaning loving. Hence sciadophila means shade-loving.
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Talk:Statue of Jacob Leisler
Self-appointed Lieutenant Governor
Leisler took over power as acting Lt. Governor after his Leisler's Rebellion; he took over the city and then the province after the English Revolution of 1688. Parkwells (talk) 19:17, 13 November 2015 (UTC)
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Talk:Taikyo Proclamation
Requested move 12 March 2023
The result of the move request was: Page moved; per WP:RMNOMIN. (non-admin closure) Treetoes023 (talk) 15:57, 21 March 2023 (UTC)
– Emphasizing the connection of these groups to Shinto Taikyo. We might want to make an article on Taikyo too insted of just explaining it in Shinto Taikyo and Proclamation of the Great Doctrine.
* Proclamation of the Great Doctrine → Taikyo Proclamation
* Great Teaching Institute → Taikyo Institute
Current titles are the ones used by Kokugakuin University and seemingly the most common English language titles of these things. However they are confusing and can easily imply these institutions and events are much more unrelated than they actually are, and English sources are generally rare on all of these things.
We might want to do something about Kyodo Shoku too to make the relationship more obvious, but I don't know what. Immanuelle ❤️💚💙 (talk to the cutest Wikipedian) 19:16, 12 March 2023 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
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Cyber anti-virus programs are crucial to protect your personal computer from the many threats that your internet can cause. These malevolent code elements are known as malware, and they can damage your system and wipe out all your data if perhaps not removed quickly. Many viruses happen to be spread through e-mail attachments and untrusted internet for downloading. You should prevent opening unsolicited email-based attachments , nor install applications from mysterious sources.
The majority of antivirus software program uses a number of different methods of detection, including malware autographs and heuristics. Malware autographs are designed to distinguish existing infections, but they usually are very effective for detecting new malware. find A good cyber antivirus course will keep an eye on your pc’s system and software and alert you if anything at all isn’t correct.
You should function anti-virus scans on your pc regularly. The recommended occurrence is once a week. This will keep your computer protected from the latest threats. Also, install spam obstructing tools so you don’t receive unsolicited email parts. Viruses tend to be contained in unsolicited mail messages, so it’s important to preserve these emails to a minimum.
Cyber-attacks are becoming more sophisticated, and off-the-shelf antivirus applications are no longer enough to protect your personal computer from these kinds of attacks. Cyber-terrorist and harmful coders are skilled by evasive strategies, so the best way to protect your computer is to use a comprehensive endpoint security remedy that combines advanced hazard prevention applications and global risk intelligence. In this way, your computer will be protected via zero-day threats, as well as various other types of malware.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:BerthaLJorkinS/sandbox
Definitions
PPI is the proper term for lay involvement in healthcare research, though its translation to words varies significantly. For instance, we find “patients’ and public involvement” and “patient/public involvement” among five or six other versions. There is much confusion, some have argued intentional, about what specifically this term means: who is included, and how.
The 'patient' in PPI
The word “patients” appears explicitly because involving people with a specific health condition or care situation in research into that condition or situation demonstrably improves research. People who have recovered and are no longer patients still have valuable knowledge and understanding of that condition, so are included.
Therefore, “patients” has come to mean: patients, and ex-patients, as well as carers, ex-carers and relatives of patients.
In some cases 'potential patients' have been included, though how this group differs from 'public' is unclear.
Patient Voice
Democratic approaches to involvement
Democratic approaches to involvement are favoured by service users, and are founded on the basis of redistribution of power, seeing
Active participant not passive recipient.
Reclaiming power for previously disempowered and infantilised individuals, namely those with
Consumerist approaches to involvement
Consumerism is marked by managerialism, consultation
Effectiveness, Efficiency
Origins
In the UK, there has been a historic push towards public involvement in policy, particularly in the realm of health and social care which can be dated back to community development initiatives in the 1960s. During the 1990s, with the rise of neoliberal approaches to economics and social care,
Health social movements contributed heavily to the development and implementation of PPI, namely the psychiatric survivor movement, disability rights movement, HIV/AIDS movement, among others.
Alternative forms of involving service users in research
The Dutch have developed their own approach to service user involvement known as the Amsterdam Model
User-led research
Survivor research or user-controlled research
Organisations
NSUN
Service User Research Enterprise
INVOLVE
SureSearch
SURGE
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Sun Damage and pigmentation
Do you feel your skin lacks the glow of youth or is uneven, red and flushed? Are you fed up with sun spots and pigmentation? Our treatments can help reverse the signs of sun damage
Sun Damage and pigmentation Quick Facts
Sun damage and pigmentation can affect any skin type
Prevention is much easier than cure
Sun damage occurs long before it is evident in the mirror
Sun damage can occur at any time throughout the year even on cloudy days
Pigmentation caused by sun damage results from penetration of such things as UV rays and environmental pollution through the external skin barrier into the deeper layers of the skin. The skin’s defence mechanism then responds with several pathways of inflammation which triggers multiple responses, one of which is excitation of the melanocyte, the cell in the skin responsible for making melanin pigment that causes skin to go darker. Regardless of the type of pigmentation or its cause the treatment strategy should involve reversing and controlling these steps. Effectual and medical proven skincare has been shown to restore skin barrier function, dampen all pathways of chronic inflammation and reduce the production of melanin from the melanocyte.
Pigmentation can range from slightly over grown freckle like spots through to larger areas called sun or age spots. Some can be troubled with just one area whilst others can be extensively affected by multiple patches.
There is a very strong genetic element at play with a tendency to incur sun damage where our genes will closely affect our skin type and in turn the activity of our melanocytes. Fair skins such as types 1 and 2 are more vulnerable to UV damage so are more at risk of sun spots and patches of pigmentation which tend to stand out more. However, those with darker skin types also have to take care as some of the worst forms of unwanted pigmentation occur in those with skin of colour. This is because their melanocytes are extremely active and produce melanin after only slight UV stimulus. It is why we encourage everyone regardless of skin type to use a daily shield of protection to reflect UV and reduce the chance of triggering unwanted pigmentation.
A separate sub group is those who have a condition called melasma which is a hormone related condition and can involve large patches over the skin.
Melasma is a separate condition where large patches of pigmentation occur on the face often being triggered by hormonal changes such as starting the oral contraceptive or pregnancy. This condition tends to run in families
Unwanted skin pigmentation is a common condition and there are a wide range of options for removing or at least significantly reducing the appearance of this problem.
Testimonial
I researched treatment for pigmentation and came across Woodford Medical. After a thorough consultation I had a course of treatments and was astounded by the results!
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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função algébrica
Noun
* 1) algebraic function function that only uses the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and raising to a rational power
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The “dollar auction” theory can help explain the Kavanaugh chaos
This post is part of Polyarchy, an independent blog produced by the political reform program at New America, a Washington think tank devoted to developing new ideas and new voices. If you want to understand some of the logic of American politics right now, consider a simple but classic game theory experiment that you can try at home. It’s called the dollar auction, and it works like this: One person holds out a dollar bill and tells two friends, let’s call them Deborah and Roger, that she will auction off the dollar to the highest bidder, but with one big catch and one important limitation. Both the winning bidder and the second-highest bidder have to pay the price of their bid. And there is no communication between players allowed other than the bids. Deborah gamely offers a penny to start. Roger, seeing an opportunity, jumps in at two cents. What should Deborah do now? If she stands aside, she has lost a penny. If she bids up to three cents, she can still get a dollar for a bargain. But then Roger is in the same position. So he bids four cents. And so the escalation goes. They’re both in. And the only way is up. What happens when Deborah is up to 99 cents, and Roger is at $1.00? If Deborah walks away, she has lost 99 cents. If she bids $1.01, she loses only a penny. But when she bids $1.01. Roger is in the same situation. He bids $1.02. Now both are losers. They’ve overpaid for a dollar. Attracted by what looked at first like an easy bargain, neither player looked down the decision tree to the end. If you try this at home, you’ll see that there is a moment when both players realize what they’ve gotten themselves into, and how hard it is to get themselves out of it. The consistent result is that participants overpay considerably for the dollar they thought they were initially getting for a bargain. This is the problem of the game. You don’t realize the escalation trap until you’re stuck in it, because you don’t think enough about how the other side will respond. And once you’re in, your in. (Martin Shubik, who first described this game in a three-page 1971 paper, notes that “experience has indicated that the best time is during a party when spirits are high and the propensity to calculate does not settle in until at least two bids have been made”) It’s hard not to see Democrats and Republicans as trapped in a dollar auction-esque escalation game over the Supreme Court, though the prize is far greater than a single dollar. At this point, both sides have put in way more than a dollar. They’ve now riled up their bases so much that they will pay a big price in backlash and disappointment if they lose. But the escalation continues. And both sides are sure they are in the right. At a certain point, the value of the dollar is beside the point. It’s just a matter of winning, whatever the damage.
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Addyston Pipe Steel Company v. United States/Opinion of the Court
This proceeding was commenced in behalf of the United States, under the so-called anti-trust act of Congress, passed July 2, 1890. 26 Stat. at L. 209, chap. 647. It was undertaken for the purpose of obtaining an injunction perpetually enjoining the six corporations, who were made defendants, and who were engaged in the manufacture, sale, and transportation of iron pipe at their respective places of business in the states of their residence, from further acting under or carrying on the combination alleged in the petition to have been entered into between them, and which was stated to be an illegal and unlawful one, under the act above mentioned, because it was in restraint of trade and commerce among the states, etc.
The trial court dismissed the petition (78 Fed. Rep. 712), but upon appeal to the circuit court of appeals the judgment of the court below was reversed, with instructions to enter a decree for the United States perpetually enjoining defendants from maintaining the combination in cast-iron pipe as described in the petition, and from doing any business under such combination. 54 U.S. App. 723, 85 Fed. Rep. 271, 29 C. C. A. 141, 46 L. R. A. 122. The six defendants are the Addyston Pipe & Steel Company, of Cincinnati, Ohio; Dennis Long & Company, of Louisville, Kentucky; the Howard-Harrison Iron Company, of Bessemer, Alabama; the Anniston Pipe & Foundry Company, of Anniston, ALABAMA; THE SOUTH PITTSBURG PIPE WORKS, of south pittsbUrg, tEnnessee; And tHe Chattanooga Foundry & Pipe Works, of Chattanooga, Tennessee; one company being in the state of Ohio, one in Kentucky, two in Alabama, and two in Tennessee.
The following are in substance the facts upon which the judgment of the circuit court of appeals rested, as stated in the record:
It was charged in the petition that on the 28th of December, 1894, the defendants entered into a combination and conspiracy among themselves, by which they agreed that there should be no competition between them in any of the states or territories mentioned in the agreement (comprising some thirty-six in all), in regard to the manufacture and sale of cast-iron pipe, and that in obedience to such agreement and combination, and to carry out the same, the defendants had since that time operated their shops and had been selling and shipping the pipe manufactured by them into other states and territories, under contracts for the manufacture and sale of such pipe with citizens of such other states and territories. There was to be a 'bonus' charged against the manufacture of the pipe, to the extent set forth in the agreements and to be paid as therein stated. The whole agreement was charged to have been entered into in order to enhance the price for the iron pipe dealt in by the defendants.
The petition prayed that all pipe sold and transported from one state to another, under the combination and conspiracy described therein, be forfeited to the petitioner and be seized and confiscated in the manner provided by law, and that a decree be entered dissolving the unlawful conspiracy of defendants and perpetually enjoining them from operating under the same and from selling said cast-iron pipe in accordance therewith to be transported from one state into another.
The defendants filed a joint and separate demurrer to the petition in so far as it prayed for the confiscation of goods in transit, on the ground that such proceedings under the anti-trust act are not to be had in a court of equity, but in a court of law. In addition to the demurrer, the defendants filed a joint and separate answer, in which they admitted the existence of an association between them for the purpose of avoiding the great losses they would otherwise sustain, due to ruinous competition between defendants, but denied that their association was in restraint of trade, state or interstate, or that it was organized to create a monopoly, and denied it was a violation of the antitrust act of Congress.
Testimony in the form of affidavits was submitted by petitioner and defendants, and by stipulation it was agreed that the final hearing might be had thereon.
From the minutes of the association, a copy of which was put in evidence by the petitioner, it appeared that, prior to December 28, 1894, the Anniston Company, the Howard-Harrison Company, the Chattanooga Company, and the South Pittsburg Company had been associated as the Southern Associated Pipe Works. Upon that date the Addyston Company and Dennis Long & Co. were admitted to membership, and the following plan was then adopted:
'First. The bonuses on the first 90,000 tons of pipe secured in any territory, 16" and smaller, shall be divided equally among six shops.
'Second. The bonuses on the next 75,000 tons, 30" and smaller, sizes to be divided among five shops, South Pittsburgh not participating.
'Third. The bonuses of the next 40,000 tons, 36" and smaller, sizes to be divided among four shops, Anniston and South Pittsburg not participating.
'Fourth. The bonus on the next 15,000 tons, consisting of all sizes of pipe, shall be divided among three shops, Chattanooga, South Pittsburg, and Anniston not participating.
'The above division is based on the following tonnage of capacity:
South Pittsburg............... 15,000 tons.
Anniston...................... 30,000 tons.
Chattanooga................... 40,000 tons.
Bessemer...................... 45,000 tons.
Louisville.................... 45,000 tons.
Cincinnati.................... 45,000 tons.
'When the 220,000 tons have been made and shipped and the bonuses divided as hereafter provided, the auditor shall set aside into a reserve fund all bonuses arising from the excess of shipments over 220,000 tons, and shall divide the same at the end of the year among the respective companies according to the percentage of the excess of tonnage they may have shipped (of the sizes made by them) either in pay or free territory. It is also the intention of this proposition that the bonuses on all pipe larger than 36 inches in diameter shall be divided equally between the Addyston Pipe & Steel Company, Dennis Long & Co., and the Howard-Harrison Company.
'It was thereupon resolved:
'First. That this agreement shall last for two years from the date of the signing of same, until December 31, 1896.
'Second. On any question coming before the association requiring a vote, it shall take five affirmative votes thereon to carry said question, each member of this association being entitled to but one vote.
'Third. The Addyston Pipe & Steel Company shall handle the business of the gas and water companies of Cincinnati, Ohio, Covington and Newport, Ky., and pay the bonus hereafter mentioned, and the balance of the parties to this agreement shall bid on such work such reasonable prices as they shall dictate.
'Fourth. Dennis Long & Company, of Louisville, Ky., shall handle Louisville, Ky., Jeffersonville, Ind., and New Albany, Ind., furnishing all the pipe for gas and water works in above-named cities.
'Fifth. The Anniston Pipe & Foundry Company shall handle Anniston, Ala., and Atlanta, Ga., furnishing all pipe for gas and water companies in above-named cities.
'Sixth. The Chattanooga Foundry & Pipe Works shall handle Chattanooga, Tenn., and New Orleans, La., furnishing all gas and water pipe in above-named cities.
'Seventh. The Howard-Harrison Iron Company shall handle Bessemer and Birmingham, Ala., and St. Louis, Mo., furnishing all pipe for gas and water companies in the above-named cities; extra bonus to be put on East St. Louis and Madison, Ill., so as to protect the prices named for St. Louis, Mo.
'Eighth. South Pittsburg Pipe Works shall handle Omaha, Neb., on all sizes required by that city during the year of 1895, conferring with the other companies and cooperating with them; thereafter they shall handle the gas and water companies of Omaha, Neb., on such sizes as they make.
'Note.-It is understood that all the shops who are members of this association shall handle the business of the gas and water companies of the cities set apart for them, including all sizes of pipe made by them.
'The following bonuses were adopted for the different states as named below: All railroad or culvert pipe or pipe for any drainage or sewerage purposes on 12" and larger sizes shipped into bonus territory shall pay a bonus of $1 per ton. On all sizes below 12" and shipped into 'bonus territory' for the purposes above named, there shall be a bonus of $2 per ton.
List of Bonuses.
provided..........2.
All other territory free.
'On motion of Mr. Llewellyn, the bonuses on all city work as specially reserved shall be $2 per ton.' The states for sale in which bonuses had to be paid into the association were called 'pay' territory as distinguished from 'free' territory in which defendants were at liberty to make sales without restriction and without paying any bonus.
The by-laws provided for an auditor of the association, whose duty it was to keep account of the business done by each shop both in pay and free territory. On the 1st and 16th of each month he was required to send to each shop 'a statement of all shipments reported in the previous half month, with a balance sheet showing the total amonut of the premiums on shipments, the division of the same, and debt credit balance of each company.'
The system of bonuses as a means of restricting competition and maintaining prices was not successful. A change was therefore made by which prices were to be fixed for each contract by the association, and except in reserved cities, the bidder was determined by competitive bidding of the members, the one agreeing to give the highest bonus for division among the others getting the contract. The plan was embodied in a resolution passed May 27, 1895, in the words following:
'Whereas, the system now in operation in this association of having a fixed bonus on the several states has not in its operation resulted in the advancement in the prices of pipe as was anticipated, except in reserved cities, and some further action is imperatively necessary in order to accomplish the ends for which this association was formed: Therefore, be it resolved, that from and after the first day of June, that all competition on the pipe lettings shall take place among the various pipe shops prior to the said letting. To accomplish this purpose it is proposed that the six competitive shops have a representative board located at some central city to whom all inquiries for pipe shall be referred, and said board shall fix the price at which said pipe shall be sold, and bids taken from the respective shops for the privilege of handling the order, and the party securing the order shall have the protection of all the other shops.'
In pursuance of the new plan it was further agreed 'that all parties to this association having quotations out shall notify their customers that the same will be withdrawn by June 1, 1895, if not previously accepted, and upon all business accepted on and after June 1st bonuses shall be fixed by the committee.'
At the meeting of December 19, 1895, it was moved and carried that upon all inquiries for prices from 'reserved cities' for pipe required during the year of 1896, prices and bonuses should be fixed at a regular or called meeting of the principals.
At the meeting of December 20, 1895, the plan for division of bonuses originally adopted was modified by making the basis the total amounts shipped into 'pay' territory rather than the totals shipped into 'pay' and 'free' territory.
To illustrate the mode of doing business the following excerpt from the minutes of the meetings of December 20, 1895, February 14, 1896, and March 13, 1896, is given:
'It was moved to sell the 519 pieces of 20" pipe from Omaha, Neb., for $23.40, delivered. Carried. It was moved that Anniston participate in the bonus and the job be sold over the table. Carried. Pursuant to the motion the 519 pieces of 20" pipe for Omaha was sold to Bessemer at a premium of $8.
'Moved that 'bonus' on Anniston's Atlanta water works contract be fixed at $7.10, provided freight is $1.60 a ton. Carried.'
An illustration of the manner in which 'reserved' cities were dealt with may be seen in the case of a public letting at St. Louis. On February 4, 1896, the water department of that city let bids for 2,800 tons of pipe. St. Louis was 'reserved' to the Howard-Harrison Company, of Bessemer, Ala. The price was fixed by the association at $24 a ton, and the bonus at $6.50. Before the letting the vice president of this company wrote to the other members of the association under date of January 24, 1896, as follows:
'I write to say that in view of the fact that I do not as yet know what the drayage will be on this pipe, I prefer that if any of you find it necessary to put in a bid without going to St. Louis, please bid not less than $27 for the pipe, and 2 3/4 cents per pound for the specials. I would also like to know as to which of you would find it convenient to have a representative at the letting. It will be necessary to have two outside bidders.'
The contract was let to the Howard-Harrison Company, of Bessemer, at $24, who allowed the Shickle, Harrison, & Howard Company, a pipe company of St. Louis not in the association, but having the same president as the Howard-Harrison Company, of Bessemer, to fill part of the order. The only other bidders were the Addyston Pipe & Steel Company and Dennis Long & Co., the former bidding $24.37 and the latter $24.57. The evidence shows that the Chattanooga foundry could have furnished this pipe, delivered in St. Louis, at from $17 to $18, and could have made a profit on it at that price. The record is full of instances of a similar kind, in which, after the successful bidder had been fixed by the 'auction pool,' or had been fixed by the arrangement as to reserve cities, the other defendants put in bids at the public letting as high as the selected bidder requested, in order to give the appearance of active competition between defendants.
In January, 1896, after the auction pool had been in operation for more than six months, the Chattanooga Company wrote a letter to its representative in the central committee. The letter is dated January 2, 1896, and is as follows:
'Dear Sir: Referring to our policy for 1896 in bidding on pipe, we have had this matter under consideration for some time past, and from the information obtained from Mr. Thornton's statement as to the amount of business done last year in pay territory, and from estimates that we have made for business that will come into that territory for 1896, we have been able to determine to what point we could bid on work and take contracts, and if bonus is forced above this point, let it go and take the bonus. We note from your letter of yesterday that you have sized up the situation in its essential points, and it agrees exactly with our ideas on the subject. It is useless to argue that Howard-Harrison Iron Co., Cincinnati, and other shops, who have been bidding bonuses of $6 or $8 per ton, can come out and make any money if they continue to bid such bonus. In the case of the Howard-Harrison Iron Co. people on Jacksonville, Fla. The truth of the business is they are losing money at the prices they bid for this work. If they take the contract at $19 delivered, it will only net $16 at the shop after they have paid back the bonus of $4.75; if they should continue to buy all the pipe that goes up to such figures as they have paid for Jacksonville and other points, they would wreck their shop in a few months. However, they of course calculate this bonus will be returned to them on work taken by other shops. We are very much pleased with the bonus that has been paid and we only hope they will keep it up as it is only money in our pockets. As long as there is no money to us let them make the pipe, as we shall continue to do so.
'For the present you will adopt the following basis:
'On 16" and under standard weights, $14.25 at shop.
'On 18" and 36" standard weights, $13.
'On 16" and under light weights, $14.50 to $14.75 at shop.
'That is, you will bid all over $13, $14.25 and $14.50 on work. If we get work at these prices it will be satisfactory. If the others run bonus above this point let them take it, as it will be more money to us to take the bonus.
'We note Mr. Thornton's report of average premiums from June 1st to December, that the average was $3.63. The average bonuses that are prevailing to-day are $7 to $8. We cannot expect this to continue, and we think your estimate of $6 ton average bonus is high, as we do not believe the premiums of '96 will average that price, unless there is a decided change for the better in business. We find there were sold and shipped into pay territory from January 1, 1895, to date, including the 40,000 tons of old business that did not pay a bonus, about 188,000 tons, and we think a very conservative estimate of shipments into this territory will amount to fully 200,000 this year; more than that, probably overrun 240,000 tons, from the fact that the city of Chicago and several other places that annually use large quantities of pipe were not in the market last year, or last season, from the fact that they were out of funds. On the basis as given you above, if the demand should reach 220,000 tons, which would give us our entire 40,000 tons, provided we old no business, then the association would pay us the average 'bonus,' which might be from $3.50 to $5 on our 40,000. If we cannot secure business in 'pay territory' at paying prices, we think we will be able to dispose of our output in 'free territory,' and of course make some profit on that.
'At the prices that Howard-Harrison people paid for Jacksonville, Des Plaines, and one or two other points, they are losing from $2.50 to $3 per ton, that is, provided 'bonuses' would not be returned to them. Therefore when business goes at a loss, we are willing that other shops make it.'
Another letter was written by the same company pending a trouble over a letting at Atlanta. The Anniston Company, to whom Atlanta had been 'reserved,' made its bid so high ($24) that a Philadelphia pipe firm, R. D. Wood & Co., had been able to underbid the Anniston Company in spite of difference in freights. All the bids had been rejected as too high, and upon a second letting Anniston's bid was $1.25 a ton less, and the job was awarded to it. The charge was then made by Atlanta persons that there was a 'trust' or 'combine.' This was vigorously denied. The letter of the Chattanooga Company evoked by this difficulty was dated February 25, 1896, and reads as follows:
'Gentlemen: We are in receipt of a carbon copy of your favor of the 24th instant to F. B. Nichols, V. P., in reference to Atlanta, Ga. We certainly regret that the matter has assumed its present shape, and that R. D. Wood & Company should make a lower bid by $1 a ton than the southern shops. You know we have always been opposed to special customers and reserved cities, we do not think that it is the right principle and we believe, if the present association continues, that all special customers and reserved cities should be wiped out; there is no good reason why we should be allowed to handle New Orleans, you Atlanta, Howard Harrison Iron Co. St. Louis, or South Pittsburg, Omaha. We are not in the business to award special privileges to any foundry, and we believe that the result would be more benefit to all concerned if all business was made competitive. It is hardly right, and we believe if you will think over the matter carefully you will concede it, for us to be put into a position of being unable to make prices or furnish pipe for the city of Atlanta, when we have always heretofore had a large share of their trade. We cannot explain our position to the Atlanta people and we consider it is detrimental to our business, and think no combination should have the power to force us into such a position. The same argument will apply with you as to New Orleans, St. Louis, and other places. We think this matter should be considered seriously and some action taken that will result in re-establishing ourselves (I mean the four southern shops) in the confidence of the Atlanta people. Wistar, R. D. Wood & Company's man, has no doubt told them all about our association, or as much as he could guess, and has worked up a very bitter feeling against us. The very fact that you have been protected and have had all their business for the past two years is proof to them that such a 'combination' exists, and they state that if they find out positively that we are working together, they will never recive a bid from any one of us again. We cannot afford to leave these people under that impression, and something ought to be done that would disprove Mr. Wistar's statement to them. We believe that all business ought to be competitive. The fact that certain shops have certain cities 'reserved' is all based upon mere sentiment, and no good reason exists why it should be so. We believe that, as a general thing, we have had our prices entirely too high, and especially do we believe this has been the case as to prices in reserved cities. The prices made at St. Louis and Atlanta are entirely out of all reason, and the result has been and always will be, when high prices are named, to create a bad feeling and an agitation against the combination. There is no reason why Atlanta, New Orleans, St. Louis, or Omaha should be made to pay higher prices for their pipe than other places near them, who do not use anything like the amount of pipe and whose trade is not as desirable for many other reasons. There is no sentiment existing with us in reference to Atlanta, as we would as soon sell our pipe anywhere else, only, as stated above, it is wrong in principle that we should be forced to give up Atlanta or any other point for no good reason that we know of.'
It appears quite clearly from the prices at which the Chattanooga and South Pittsburg Companies offered pipe in free territory that any price which would net them from $13 to $15 a ton at their foundries would give them a profit. Pipe was freely offered by the defendants in free territory more than 500 miles from their foundries at less prices than their representative boards fixed prices for jobs let in cities in pay territory nearer to defendant's foundries by 300 miles or more.
The defendants adduced many affidavits of a formal type, chiefly from persons who had been buying pipe from defendants and other companies, who testified in a general way that the prices at which the pipe had been offered by defendants all over the country had been reasonable, but in not one of the affidavits was any attempt made to give figures as to cost of production and freight, and in not a single case were the specific instances shown by the evidence for the petitioner disputed.
There was some evidence as to the capacity of the defendants' mills. The division of bonuses was based on an aggregate yearly output of 220,000 tons, but there are averments in the answer that indicate that this was not a statement of the actual limit of capacity, but was only taken as a standard of restricted output upon which to calculate an equitable division of bonuses. Nowhere in the large mass of affidavits is there any statement of the per diem capacity of the defendants' mills. Taking their aggregate capacity, however, as 220,000 tons, that of the other mills in the pay territory was 170,500 tons, and that of the mills in the free territory was 348,000 tons, according to the affidavit of the chief officer of one of the defendants. Of the nonassociation mills in the pay territory one was at Pueblo, Colo., another was in the state penitentiary at Waco, Texas, and a third in Oregon. Their aggregate annual capacity was 45,500 tons. Another nonassociation mill was the Shickle, Howard, Harrison mill, of St. Louis, Mo., with a capacity of 12,000 tons. John W. Harrison, who was president of this company, was also president of the Howard-Harrison mill at Bessemer, Ala., which was a member of the association, and it appears that an order taken by the Bessemer mill at St. Louis was partly filled by the St. Louis mill. The other mills in the pay territory were one at Columbus, Ohio, with an annual capacity of 30,000 tons, one at Cleveland, Ohio, of 69,000 tons, one at New Comerstown, in northeastern Ohio, of 8,000 tons, and one at Detroit, Mich., of 15,000 tons, and their aggregate annual capacity was 113,000 tons. In the free territory there was one mill in eastern Virginia with an annual capacity of 16,000 tons, four mills in eastern Pennsylvania with a capacity of 87,000 tons, three mills in New Jersey with a capacity of 210,000 tons, and two mills at New York, one at Utica and another at Buffalo, with an aggregate capacity of 35,000 tons.
The evidence was scanty as to rates of freight upon iron pipes, but enough appeared to show that the advantage in freight rates which the defendants had over the large pipe foundries in New York, eastern Pennsylvania, and New Jersey in bidding on contracts to deliver pipe in nearly all of the pay territory varied from $2 to $6 a ton, according to the location.
The defendants filed the affidavits of their managing officers, in which they stated generally that the object of their association was not to raise prices beyond what was reasonable, but only to prevent ruinous competition between defendants which would have carried prices far below a reasonable point; that the bonuses charged were not exorbitant profits and additions to a reasonable price, but they were deductions from a reasonable price in the nature of a penalty or burden intended to curb the natural disposition of each member to get all the business possible and more than his due proportion; that the prices fixed by the association were always reasonable and were always fixed, as they must have been, with reference to the very active competition of other pipe manufacturers for every job; that the reason why they sold pipe at so much cheaper rates in the free territory than in the pay territory was because they were willing to sell at a loss to keep their mills going rather than to stop them; that the prices at a city like St. Louis, in which the specifications were detailed and precise, were higher because pipe had to be made especially for the job and they could not use stock on hand.
Messrs. Frank Spurlock, John W. Warrington, and Foster V. Brown for appellants.
Mr. Solicitor General John K. Richards for appellee.
Mr. Justice Peckham, after stating the facts, delivered the opinion of the court:
The foregoing statement, which has been mainly taken from that preceding the opinion of Circuit Judge Taft, delivered in this case in the circuit court of appeals, comprises, as we think, all that is essential to the discussion of the questions arising in this case, and we believe the statement to be fully borne out as to the facts by the evidence set forth in the record.
Assuming, for the purpose of the argument, that the contract in question herein does directly and substantially operate as a restraint upon and as a regulation of interstate commerce, it is yet insisted by the appellants at the threshold of the inquiry that by the true construction of the Constitution, the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce is limited to its protection from acts of interference by state legislation or by means of regulations made under the authority of the state by some political subdivision thereof, including also congressional power over common carriers, elevator, gas, and water companies, for reasons stated to be peculiar to such carriers and companies, but that it does not include the general power to interfere with or prohibit private contracts between citizens, even though such contracts have interstate commerce for their object, and result in a direct and substantial obstruction to or regulation of that commerce.
This argument is founded upon the assertion that the reason for vesting in Congress the power to regulate commerce was to insure uniformity of regulation against conflicting and discriminating state legislation; and the further assertion that the Constitution guarantees liberty of private contract to the citizen, at least upon commercial subjects, and to that extent the guaranty operates as a limitation on the power of Congress to regulate commerce. Some remarks are quoted from the opinions of Chief Justice Marshall, in Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. 1, 6 L. ed. 23, and Brown v. Maryland, 12 Wheat. 419, 6 L. ed. 678; and from the opinions of other justices of this court in the cases of The State Freight Tax, 15 Wall. 275, ''sub nom. Philadelphia & R. R. Co. v. Pennsylvania'', 21 L. ed. 161; ''Dubuque & S.C.. R. Co. v. Richmond'', 19 Wall. 589, 22 L. ed. 176; Welton v. Missouri, 91 U.S. 280, 23 L. ed. 349; Mobile County v. Kimball, 102 U.S. 697, 26 L. ed. 239; and Kidd v. Pearson, 128 U.S. at 21, 32 L. ed. 350, 2 Inters. Com. Rep. 232, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 6, all of which are to the effect that the object of vesting in Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce was to insure uniformity of regulation against conflicting and discriminating state legislation. The further remark is quoted from ''Dubuque & S.C.. R. Co. v. Richmond'', 19 Wall. 589, 22 L. ed. 176, that the power of Congress to regulate commerce was never intended to be exercised so as to interfere with private contracts not designed at the time they were made to create impediments to such commerce. It is added that the proof herein shows that the contract in this case was not so designed.
It is undoubtedly true that among the reasons, if not the strongest reason, for placing the power in Congress to regulate interstate commerce, was that which is stated in the extracts from the opinions of the court in the cases above cited.
The reasons which may have caused the framers of the Constitution to repose the power to regulate interstate commerce in Congress do not, however, affect or limit the extent of the power itself.
In Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. 1, 6 L. ed. 23, the power was declared to be complete in itself, and to acknowledge no limitations other than are prescribed by the Constitution.
Under this grant of power to Congress, that body, in our judgment, may enact such legislation as shall declare void and prohibit the performance of any contract between individuals or corporations where the natural and direct effect of such a contract will be, when carried out, to directly, and not as a mere incident to other and innocent purposes, regulate to any substantial extent interstate commerce. (And when we speak of interstate we also include in our meaning foreign commerce.) We do not assent to the correctness of the proposition that the constitutional guaranty of liberty to the individual to enter into private contracts limits the power of Congress and prevents it from legislating upon the subject of contracts of the class mentioned.
The power to regulate interstate commerce is, as stated by Chief Justice Marshall, full and complete in Congress, and there is no limitation in the grant of the power which excludes private contracts of the nature in question from the jurisdiction of that body. Nor is any such limitation contained in that other clause of the Constitution which provides that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. It has been held that the word 'liberty,' as used in the Constitution, was not to be confined to the mere liberty of person, but included, among others, a right to enter into certain classes of contracts for the purpose of enabling the citizen to carry on his business. Allgeyer v. Louisiana, 165 U.S. 578, 41 L. ed. 832, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 427; United States v. Joint Traffic Asso. 171 U.S. 505, 572, 43 L. ed. 259, 288, 19 Sup. Ct. Rep. 25. But it has never been, and in our opinion ought not to be, held that the word included the right of an individual to enter into private contracts upon all subjects, no matter what their nature and wholly irrespective (among other things) of the fact that they would, if performed, result in the regulation of interstate commerce and in the violation of an act of Congress upon that subject. The provision in the Constitution does not, as we believe, exclude Congress from legislating with regard to contracts of the above nature while in the exercise of its constitutional right to regulate commerce among the states. On the contrary, we think the provision regarding the liberty of the citizen is, to some extent, limited by the commerce clause of the Constitution, and that the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce comprises the right to enact a law prohibiting the citizen from entering into those private contracts which directly and substantially, and not merely indirectly, remotely, incidentally, and collaterally, regulate to a greater or less degree commerce among the states.
We cannot so enlarge the scope of the language of the Constitution regarding the liberty of the citizen as to hold that it includes or that it was intended to include a right to make a contract which in fact restrained and regulated interstate commerce, notwithstanding Congress, proceeding under the constitutional provision giving to it the power to regulate that commerce, had prohibited such contracts.
While unfriendly or discriminating legislation of the several states may have been the chief cause for granting to Congress the sole power to regulate interstate commerce, yet we fail to find in the language of the grant any such limitation of that power as would exclude Congress from legislating on the subject and prohibiting those private contracts which would directly and substantially, and not as a mere incident, regulate interstate commerce.
If certain kinds of private contracts do directly, as already stated, limit or restrain, and hence regulate, interstate commerce, why should not the power of Congress reach those contracts just the same as if the legislation of some state had enacted the provisions contained in them? The private contracts may in truth be as far reaching in their effect upon interstate commerce as would the legislation of a single state of the same character.
In Re Debs, 158 U.S. 564, 39 L. ed. 1092, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 900, it was said by Mr. Justice Brewer, speaking for the court: 'It is curious to note the fact that in a large proportion of the cases in respect to interstate commerce brought to this court the question presented was of the validity of state legislation in its bearings upon interstate commerce, and the uniform course of decision has been to declare that it is not within the competency of a state to legislate in such a manner as to obstruct interstate commerce. If a state, with its recognized power of sovereignty, is impotent to obstruct interstate commerce, can it be that any mere voluntary association of individuals within the limits of that state has a power which the state itself does not possess?'
What sound reason can be given why Congress should have the power to interfere in the case of the state, and yet have none in the case of the individual? Commerce is the important subject of consideration, and anything which directly obstructs and thus regulates that commerce which is carried on among the states, whether it is state legislation or private contracts between individuals or corporations, should be subject to the power of Congress in the regulation of that commerce.
The power of Congress over this subject seems to us much more important and necessary than the liberty of the citizen to enter into contracts of the nature above mentioned, free from the control of Congress, because the direct results of such contracts might be the regulation of commerce among the states, possibly quite as effectually as if a state had passed a statute of like tenor as the contract.
The liberty of contract in such case would be nothing more than the liberty of doing that which would result in the regulation, to some extent, of a subject which, from its general and great importance, has been granted to Congress as the proper representative of the nation at large. Regulation, to any substantial extent, of such a subject by any other power than that of Congress, after Congress has itself acted thereon, even though such regulation is effected by means of private contracts between individuals or corporations, is illegal, and we are unaware of any reason why it is not as objectionable when attempted by individuals as by the state itself. In both cases it is an attempt to regulate a subject which, for the purpose of regulation, has been, with some exceptions, such as are stated in Mobile County v. Kimball, 102 U.S. 691, 697, 26 L. ed. 238, 239; Morgan's L. & T. R. & S. S.C.o. v. Louisiana, 118 U.S. 455, 465, 30 L. ed. 237, 242, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1114; Bowman v. Chicago & N. W. R. Co. 125 U.S. 465, 31 L. ed. 700, 1 Inters. Com. Rep. 823, 8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 689, 1062; ''Western U. Teleg. Co. v. James'', 162 U.S. 650, 655, 40 L. ed. 1105, 1106, 16 Sup. Ct. Rep. 934, exclusively granted to Congress, and it is essential to the proper execution of that power that Congress should have jurisdiction as much in the one case as in the other.
It is, indeed, urged that to include private contracts of this description within the grant of this power to Congress is to take from the states their own power over the subject, and to interfere with the liberty of the individual in a manner and to an extent never contemplated by the framers of the Constitution, and not fairly justified by any language used in that instrument. If Congress has not the power to legislate upon the subject of contracts of the kind mentioned, because the constitutional provision as to the liberty of the citizen limits, to that extent, its power to regulate interstate commerce, then it would seem to follow that the several states have that power, although such contracts relate to interstate commerce, and, more or less, regulate it. If neither Congress nor the state legislatures have such power, then we are brought to the somewhat extraordinary position that there is no authority, state or national, which can legislate upon the subject of or prohibit such contracts. This cannot be the case.
If it should be held that Congress has no power and the state legislatures have full and complete authority to thus far regulate interstate commerce by means of their control over private contracts between individuals or corporations, then the legislation of the different states might and probably would differ in regard to the matter, according to what each state might regard as its own particular interest. One state might condemn all kinds of contracts of the class described, while another might permit the making of all of them, while still another might permit some and prohibit others, and thus great confusion would ensue, and it would be difficult in many cases to know just what law was applicable to any particular contract regarding and regulating interstate commerce. At the same time contracts might be made between individuals or corporations of such extent and magnitude as to seriously affect commerce among the states. These consequences would seemingly necessarily follow if it were decided that the state legislatures had control over the subject to the extent mentioned.
It is true, so far as we are informed, that no state legislature has heretofore authorized by affirmative legislation the making of contracts upon the matter of interstate commerce of the nature now under discussion. Nor has it, in terms, condemned them. The reason why no state legislation upon the subject has been enacted has probably been because it was supposed to be a subject over which state legislatures had no jurisdiction. If it should be decided that they have, then the course of legislation of the different states on this subject would probably be as varied as we have already indicated.
On the other hand, if it be true that in no event could a state legislature enact a law affirmatively authorizing such contracts (even if Congress had no jurisdiction over the subject), because in so doing it would to a greater or less extent itself thereby, though indirectly, regulate interstate commerce, then the question whether such contracts were legal without legislative sanction would depend upon the decisions of the various state courts having jurisdiction in the cases, and, in that event, as the same question might arise in different states, there would be great probability of inconsistent and contradictory decisions among the courts of the different states, and that, too, upon questions of contracts amounting to the regulation of interstate commerce. It is true that under our system of government there are numerous subjects over which the states have exclusive jurisdiction, resulting in the enactment of different laws upon the same subject in various states, and also in varying and inconsistent judicial judgments in the different states upon the same subject. That condition has never been regarded as an end in itself desirable. It undoubtedly results in some confusion as to the law applicable to the particular case, and in many instances thereby increases the cost and renders doubtful the result of the litigation arising under such circumstances. They are results and the necessary accompaniment of the division of sovereignty between the states on the one hand and the Federal government on the other, and yet the enormous and inestimable benefits arising from the existence of separate, independent, and sovereign states have completely submerged the comparatively minor evils of inconsistent judgments and different laws upon many of the subjects over which the states have exclusive jurisdiction. But upon the matter of interstate and foreign commerce and the proper regulation thereof, the subject being not alone national but international in its character, the great importance of having but one source for the law which regulates that commerce throughout the length and breadth of the land cannot, in our opinion, be overestimated. Each state in that event would have complete jurisdiction over the commerce which was wholly within its own borders, while the jurisdiction of Congress, under the provisions of the Constitution, over interstate commerce would be paramount, and would include therein jurisdiction over contracts of the nature we have been discussing.
The remark in ''Dubuque & S.C.. R. Co. v. Richmond'', 19 Wall. 589, 22 L. ed. 176, that it was never intended that the power of Congress should be exercised so as to interfere with private contracts not designed at the time they were made to create impediments to interstate commerce, when read in connection with the facts stated in the report, is entirely sound. It therein appears that a contract had been made between the parties, as to the erection of an elevator and the business to be done by it, which contract was valid when made. Subsequently Congress passed acts relating to the construction of bridges over rivers and streams and authorizing railroads to carry passengers on their way from one state to another. The railroad company, becoming tired of its contract with the elevator company, desired to take advantage of this legislation, and contended that under it the contract which it had theretofore made with the elevator company became void as an obstacle to or a regulation of commerce. The court held that contracts which were valid when made continue valid and capable of enforcement so long, at least, as peace lasts between the governments of the contracting parties, notwithstanding a change in the condition of business which originally led to their creation. It was them added that it never was intended that the power of Congress should be exercised so as to interfere with private contracts not designed at the time they were made to create impediments to interstate commerce.
There is no intimation in this remark that Congress has no power to legislate regarding those contracts which do directly regulate and restrain interstate commerce. The inference is quite the reverse, and it is plain that the case assumes if private contracts when entered into do directly interfere with and regulate interstate commerce, Congress had power to condemn them. If the necessary, direct, and immediate effect of the contract be to violate an act of Congress and also to restrain and regulate interstate commerce, it is manifestly immaterial whether the design to so regulate was or was not in existence when the contract was entered into. In such case the design does not constitute the material thing. The fact of a direct and substantial regulation is the important part of the contract, and, that regulation existing, it is unimportant that it was not designed.
Where the contract affects interstate commerce only incidentally, and not directly, the fact that it was not designed or intended to affect such commerce is simply an additional reason for holding the contract valid and not touched by the act of Congress. Otherwise the design prompting the execution of a contract pertaining to and directly affecting, and more or less regulating, interstate commerce, is of no importance. We conclude that the plain language of the grant to Congress of power to regulate commerce among the several states includes power to legislate upon the subject of those contracts in respect to interstate or foreign commerce which directly affect and regulate that commerce, and we can find no reasonable ground for asserting that the constitutional provision as to the liberty of the individual limits the extent of that power, as claimed by the appellants. We therefore think the appellants have failed in their contention upon this branch of the subject.
We are thus brought to the question whether the contract or combination proved in this case is one which is either a direct restraint or a regulation of commerce among the several states or with foreign nations contrary to the act of Congress. It is objected on the part of the appellants that even if it affected interstate commerce the contract or combination was only a reasonable restraint upon a ruinous competition among themselves, and was formed only for the purpose of protecting the parties thereto in securing prices for their product that were fair and reasonable to themselves and the public. It is further objected that the agreement does not come within the act because it is not one which amounts to a regulation of interstate commerce, as it has no direct bearing upon or relation to that commerce, but that, on the contrary, the case herein involves the same principles which were under consideration in United States v. E. C. Knight Co. 156 U.S. 1, 39 L. ed. 325, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 249, and, in accordance with that decision, the bill should be dismissed.
Referring to the first of these objections to the maintenance of this proceeding, we are of opinion that the agreement or combination was not one which simply secured for its members fair and reasonable prices for the article dealt in by them. Even if the objection thus set up would, if well founded in fact, constitute a defense, we agree with the circuit court of appeals in its statement of the special facts upon this branch of the case and with its opinion thereon as set forth by Circuit Judge Taft, as follows:
'The defendants, being manufacturers and vendors of cast-iron pipe, entered into a combination to raise the prices for pipe for all the states west and south of New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia, constituting considerably more than three quarters of the territory of the United States and significantly called by the associates 'pay' territory. Their joint annual output was 220,000 tons. The total capacity of all the other cast-iron pipe manufacturers in the pay territory was 170,500 tons. Of this, 45,000 tons was the capacity of mills in Texas, Colorado, and Oregon, so far removed from that part of the pay territory where the demand was considerable that necessary freight rates excluded them from the possibility of competing, and 12,000 tons was the possible annual capacity of a mill at St. Louis, which was practically under the same management as that of one of the defendants' mills. Of the remainder of the mills in pay territory and outside of the combination, one was at Columbus, Ohio, two in northern Ohio, and one in Michigan. Their aggregate possible annual capacity was about one half the usual annual output of the defendants' mills. They were, it will be observed, at the extreme northern end of the pay territory, while the defendants' mills at Cincinnati, Louisville, Chattanooga and South Pittsburg, and Anniston and Bessemer were grouped much nearer to the center of the pay territory. The freight upon cast-iron pipe amounts to a considerable percentage of the price at which manufacturers can deliver it at any great distance from the place of manufacture. Within the margin of the freight per ton which eastern manufacturers would have to pay to deliver pipe in pay territory the defendants, by controlling two thirds of the output in pay territory, were practically able to fix prices. The competition of the Ohio and Michigan mills of course somewhat affected their power in this respect in the northern part of the pay territory, but the further south the place of lelivery was to be the more complete the monopoly over the trade which the defendants were able to exercise within the limits already described. Much evidence is adduced upon affidavit to prove that defendants had no power arbitrarily to fix prices and that they were always obliged to meet competition. To the extent that they could not impose prices on the public in excess of the cost price of pipe with freight from the Atlantic seaboard added this is true, but within that limit they could fix prices as they chose. The most cogent evidence that they had this power is the fact everywhere apparent in the record that they exercised it. The details of the way in which it was maintained are somewhat obscured by the manner in which the proof was adduced in the court below, upon affidavits solely and without the clarifying effect of cross-examination, but quite enough appears to leave no doubt of the ultimate fact.
'The defendants were by their combination therefore able to deprive the public in a large territory of the advantages otherwise accruing to them from the proximity of defendants' pipe factories, and, by keeping prices just low enough to prevent competition by eastern manufacturers, to compel the public to pay an increase over what the price would have been if fixed by competition between the defendants, nearly equal to the advantage in freight rates enjoyed by defendants over eastern competitors. The defendants acquired this power by voluntarily agreeing to sell only at prices fixed by their committee, and by allowing the highest bidder at the secret auction pool to become the lowest bidder of them at the public letting. Now the restraint thus imposed on themselves was only partial, it did not cover the United States, there was not a complete monopoly. It was tempered by the fear of competition and it affected only a part of the price. But this certainly does not take the contract of association out of the annulling effect of the rule against monopolies. In United States v. E. E. Knight Co. 156 U.S. 1, 16, 39 L. ed. 325, 330, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 249, Chief Justice Fuller, in speaking for the court, said: 'Again, all the authorities agree that in order to vitiate a contract or combination it is not essential that its result should be a complete monopoly; it is sufficient if it really tends to that end and to deprive the public of the advantages which flow from free competition.'
'It has been earnestly pressed upon us that the prices at which the cast-iron pipe was sold in pay territory were reasonable. A great many affidavits of purchasers of pipe in pay territory, all drawn by the same hand or from the same model, are produced, in which the affiants say that the their opinion the prices at which pipe has been sold by the defendants have been reasonable. We do not think the issue an important one, because, as already stated, we do not think that at common law there is any question of reasonableness open to the courts with reference to such a contract. Its tendency was certainly to give to the defendants the power to charge unreasonable prices, had they chosen to do so. But if it were important we should unhesitatingly find that the prices charged in the instances which were in evidence were unreasonable. The letters from the manager of the Chattanooga foundry, written to the other defendants and discussing the prices fixed by the association, do not leave the slightest doubt upon this point, and outweigh the perfunctory affidavits produced by the defendants. The cost of producing pipe at Chattanooga, together with a reasonable profit, did not exceed $15 a ton. It could have been delivered at Atlanta at $17 to $18 a ton, and yet the lowest price which that foundry was permitted by the rules of the association to bid was $24.25. The same thing was true all through pay territory to a greater or less degree, and especially at reserved cities.' 54 U.S. App. 723, 85 Fed. Rep. 271, 29 C. C. A. 141, 46 L. R. A. 122.
The facts thus set forth show conclusively that the effect of the combination was to enhance prices beyond a sum which was reasonable, and therefore the first objection above set forth need not be further noticed.
We are also of opinion that the direct effect of the agreement or combination is to regulate interstate commerce, and the case is therefore not covered by that of United States v. E. C. Knight Co. 156 U.S. 1, 39 L. ed. 325, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 249. It was there held that although the American Sugar Refining Company, by means of the combination referred to, had obtained a practical monopoly of the business of manufacturing sugar, yet the act of Congress did not touch the case, because the combination only related to manufacture, and not to commerce among the states or with foreign nations. The plain distinction between manufacture and commerce was pointed out, and it was observed that a contract or combination which directly related to manufacture only was not brought within the purview of the act, although, as an indirect and incidental result of such combination, commerce among the states might be thereafter somewhat affected. Mr. Chief Justice Fuller, in delivering the opinion of the court, spoke of the distinction between the two subjects, and said:
'The argument is that the power to control the manufacture of refined sugar is a monopoly over a necessity of life, to the enjoyment of which by a large part of the population of the United States interstate commerce is indispensable, and that therefore the general government, in the exercise of the power to regulate commerce, may repress such monopoly directly and set aside the instruments which have created it.
'Doubtless, the power to control the manufacture of a given thing involves in a certain sense the control of its disposition, but this is a secondary and not the primary sense; and although the exercise of that power may result in bringing the operation of commerce into play, it does not control it, and affects it only incidentally and indirectly. Commerce succeeds to manufacture and is not a part of it.
* * * * *
'It will be perceived how far-reaching the proposition is that the power of dealing with a monopoly directly may be exercised by the general government whenever interstate or international commerce may be ultimately affected. The regulation of commerce applies to the subjects of commerce, and not to matters of internal police. Contracts to buy, sell, or exchange goods to be transported among the several states, the transportation and its instrumentalities, and articles bought, sold, or exchanged for the purposes of such transit among the states, or put in the way of transit, may be regulated, but this is because they form part of interstate trade or commerce. The fact that an article is manufactured for export to another state does not of itself make it an article of interstate commerce, and the intent of the manufacturer does not determine the time when the article or product passes from the control of the state and belongs to commerce.
* * * * *
'There was nothing in the proofs to indicate any intention to put a restraint upon trade or commerce, and the fact, as we have seen, that trade or commerce might be indirectly affected, was not enough to entitle complainants to a decree.'
The direct purpose of the combination in the Knight case was the control of the manufacture of sugar. There was no combination or agreement, in terms, regarding the future disposition of the manufactured article; nothing looking to a transaction in the nature of interstate commerce. The probable intention on the part of the manufacturer of the sugar to thereafter dispose of it by sending it to some market in another state was held to be immaterial and not to alter the character of the combination. The various cases which had been decided in this court relating to the subject of interstate commerce, and to the difference between that and the manufacture of commodities, and also the police power of the states as affected by the commerce clause of the Constitution, were adverted to, and the case was decided upon the principle that a combination simply to control manufacture was not a violation of the act of Congress, because such a contract or combination did not directly control or affect interstate commerce, but that contracts for the sale and transportation to other states of specific articles were proper subjects for regulation because they did form part of such commerce.
We think the case now before us involves contracts of the nature last above mentioned, not incidentally or collaterally, but as a direct and immediate result of the combination engaged in by the defendants.
While no particular contract regarding the furnishing of pipe and the price for which it should be furnished was in the contemplation of the parties to the combination at the time of its formation, yet it was their intention, as it was the purpose of the combination, to directly and by means of such combination increase the price for which all contracts for the delivery of pipe within the territory above described should be made, and the latter result was to be achieved by abolishing all competition between the parties to the combination. The direct and immediate result of the combination was therefore necessarily a restraint upon interstate commerce in respect of articles manufactured by any of the parties to it to be transported beyond the state in which they were made. The defendants by reason of this combination and agreement could only send their goods out of the state in which they were manufactured for sale and delivery in another state, upon the terms and pursuant to the provisions of such combination. As pertinently asked by the court below, Was not this a direct restraint upon interstate commerce in those goods?
If dealers in any commodity agreed among themselves that any particular territory bounded by state lines should be furnished with such commodity by certain members only of the combination, and the others would abstain from business in that territory, would not such agreement be regarded as one in restraint of interstate trade? If the price of the commodity were thereby enhanced (as it naturally would be), the character of the agreement would be still more clearly one in restraint of trade. Is there any substantial difference where by agreement among themselves the parties choose one of their number to make a bid for the supply of the pipe for delivery in another state, and agree that all other bids shall be for a larger sum, thus practically restricting all but the member agreed upon from any attempt to supply the demand for the pipe or to enter into competition for the business? Does not an agreement or combination of that kind restrain interstate trade, and when Congress has acted by the passage of a statute like the one under consideration, does not such a contract clearly violate that statute?
As has frequently been said, interstate commerce consists of intercourse and traffic between the citizens or inhabitants of different states, and includes not only the transportation of persons and property and the navigation of public waters for that purpose, but also the purchase, sale, and exchange of commodities. Gloucester Ferry Co. v. Pennsylvania, 114 U.S. 196-203, 29 L. ed. 158-161, 1 Inters. Com. Rep. 382, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 826; Kidd v. Pearson, 128 U.S. 1, 20, 32 L. ed. 346, 350, 2 Inters. Com. Rep. 232, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 6. If, therefore, an agreement or combination directly restrains not alone the manufacture, but the purchase, sale, or exchange of the manufactured commodity among the several states, it is brought within the provisions of the statute. The power to regulate such commerce, that is, the power to prescribe the rules by which it shall be governed, is vested in Congress, and when Congress has enacted a statute such as the one in question, any agreement or combination which directly operates, not alone upon the manufacture, but upon the sale, transportation, and delivery of an article of interstate commerce, by preventing or restricting its sale, etc., thereby regulates interstate commerce to that extent, and to the same extent trenches upon the power of the national legislature and violates the statute. We think it plain that this contract or combination effects that result.
The defendants allege, and it is true, that their business is not like a factory manufacturing an article of a certain kind for which there is at all times a demand, and which is manufactured without any regard to a particular sale or for a particular customer. In this respect as in many others the business differs radically from the sugar refiners. The business of defendants is carried on by obtaining particular contracts for the sale, transportation, and delivery of iron pipe of a certain description, quality, and strength, differing in different contracts as the intended use may differ. These contracts are, generally speaking, obtained at a public letting, at which there are many competitors, and the contract bid for includes, in its terms, the sale of the pipe and its delivery at the place desired, the cost of transportation being included in the purchase price of the pipe. The contract is one for the sale and delivery of a certain kind of pipe, and it is not generally essential to its performance that it should be manufactured for that particular contract, although sometimes it may be.
If the successful bidder had on hand iron pipe of the kind specified, or if he could procure it by purchase, he could in most cases deliver such pipe in fulfilment of his contract just the same as if he manufactured the pipe subsequently to the making of the contract and for the specific purpose of its performance. It is the sale and delivery of a certain kind and quality of pipe, and not the manufacture, which is the material portion of the contract, and a sale for delivery beyond the state makes the transaction a part of interstate commerce. Municipal corporations and gas, railroad, and water companies are among the chief customers for the pipe, and when they desire the article they give notice of the kind and quality, size, strength, and purpose for which the pipe is desired, and announce they will receive proposals for furnishing the same at the place indicated by them. Into this contest (and irrespective of the reserved cities) the defendants enter, not in truth as competitors, but under an agreement or combination among themselves which eliminates all competition between them for the contract, and permits one of their number to make his own bid and requires the others to bid over him. In certain sections of the country the defendants would have, by reason of their situation, such an advantage over all other competitors that there would practically be no chance for any other than one of their number to obtain the contract, unless the price bid was so exorbitant as to give others not so favorably situated an opportunity to snatch it from their hands. Under these circumstances, the agreement or combination of the defendants, entered into for that express purpose and to directly obtain that desired result, would inevitably and necessarily give to the defendant, who was agreed upon among themselves to make the lowest bid, the contract desired and at a higher price than otherwise would have been obtained, and all the other parties to the combination would, by virtue of its terms, be restricted from an attempt to obtain the contract.
The combination thus had a direct, immediate, and intended relation to and effect upon the subsequent contract to sell and deliver the pipe. It was to obtain that particular and specific result that the combination was formed, and but for the restriction the resulting high prices for the pipe would not have been obtained. It is useless for the defendants to say they did not intend to regulate or affect interstate commerce. They intended to make the very combination and agreement which they in fact did make, and they must be held to have intended (if in such case intention is of the least importance the necessary and direct result of their agreement.
The cases of Hopkins v. United States and Anderson v. United States, 171 U.S. 578, 43 L. ed. 290, 19 Sup. Ct. Rep. 40, and 171 U.S. 604, 43 L. ed. 300, 19 Sup. Ct. Rep. 50, are not relevant. In the Hopkins Case it was held that the business of the members of the Kansas City Live Stock Exchange was not interstate commerce, and hence the act of Congress did not affect them; while in the Anderson Case it was held that whether the members of the Traders' Live Stock Exchange were or were not engaged in the business of interstate commerce was immaterial, as the agreement proved was not in restraint of trade and did not regulate such commerce. It was said that when it is seen that the agreement entered into does not directly relate to and act upon and embrace interstate commerce, and that it was executed for another and entirely different purpose, and that it was calculated to attain it, the agreement would be upheld, if its effect upon that commerce were only indirect and incidental. The agreement involved in that case was held to be of such a character. The case we have here is of an entirely different nature, and is not covered or affected by the decisions cited.
It is also urged that as but one contract would be awarded for the work proposed at any place, and therefore only one person would secure it by virtue of being the lowest bidder, the selection by defendants of one of their number to make the lowest bid as among themselves could not operate as any restraint of trade; that the combination or agreement operated only to make a selection of that one who should have the contract by being the lowest bidder, and it did not in the most remote degree itself limit the number or extent of contracts, and therefore could not operate to restrain interstate trade. This takes no heed of the purpose and effect of the combination to restrain the action of the parties to it so that there shall be no competition among them to obtain the contract for themselves.
We have no doubt that where the direct and immediate effect of a contract or combination among particular dealers in a commodity is to destroy competition between them and others, so that the parties to the contract or combination may obtain increased prices for themselves, such contract or combination amounts to a restraint of trade in the commodity, even though contracts to buy such commodity at the enhanced price are continually being made. Total suppression of the trade in the commodity is not necessary in order to render the combination one in restraint of trade. It is the effect of the combination in limiting and restricting the right of each of the members to transact business in the ordinary way, as well as its effect upon the volume or extent of the dealing in the commodity, that is regarded. All the facts and circumstances are, however, to be considered in order to determine the fundamental question whether the necessary effect of the combination is to restrain interstate commerce.
If iron pipe cost $100 a ton instead of the prices which the record shows were paid for it, no one, we think, would contend that the trade in it would amount to as much as if the lower prices prevailed. The higher price would operate as a direct restraint upon the trade, and therefore any contract or combination which enhanced the price might in some degree restrain the trade in the article. It is not material that the combination did not prevent the letting of any particular contract. Such was not its purpose. On the contrary, the more contracts to be let the better for the combination. It was formed not for the object of preventing the letting of contracts, but to restrain the parties to it from competing for contracts, and thereby to enhance the prices to be obtained for the pipe dealt in by those parties. And when by reason of the combination a particular contract may have been obtained for one of the parties thereto, but at a higher price than would otherwise have been paid, the charge that the combination was one in restraint of trade is not answered by the statement that the particular contract was in truth obtained and not prevented. The parties to such a combination might realize more profit by the higher prices they would secure than they could earn by doing more work at a much less price. The question is as to the effect of such combination upon the trade in the article, and if that effect be to destroy competition and thus advance the price, the combination is one in restraint of trade.
Decisions regarding the validity of taxation by or under state authority, involving sometimes the question of the point of time that an article intended for transportation beyond the state ceases to be governed exclusively by the domestic law and begins to be governed and protected by the national law of commercial regulation, are not of very close application here. The commodity may not have commenced its journey, and so may still be completely within the jurisdiction of the state for purposes of state taxation, and yet at that same time the commodity may have been sold for delivery in another state. Any combination among dealers in that kind of commodity, which in its direct and immediate effect forecloses all competition and enhances the purchase price for which such commodity would otherwise be delivered at its destination in another state, would, in our opinion, be one in restraint of trade or commerce among the states, even though the article to be transported and delivered in another state were still taxable at its place of manufacture.
It is said that a particular business must be distinguished from its mere subjects, and from the instruments by which the business is carried on; that in most cases of a large manufacturing company it could only be carried on by shipping products from one state to another, and that the business of such an establishment would be related to interstate commerce only incidentally and indirectly. This proposition we are not called upon to deny. It is not, however, relevant. Where the contract is for the sale of the article and for its delivery in another state, the transaction is one of interstate commerce, although the vendor may have also agreed to manufacture it in order to fulfil his contract of sale. In such case a combination of this character would be properly called a combination in restraint of interstate commerce, and not one relating only to manufacture.
It is almost needless to add that we do not hold that every private enterprise which may be carried on chiefly or in part by means of interstate shipments is therefore to be regarded as so related to interstate commerce as to come within the regulating power of Congress. Such enterprises may be of the same nature as the manufacturing of refined sugar in the Knight Case-that is, the parties may be engaged as manufacturers of a commodity which they thereafter intend at some time to sell, and possibly to sell in another state; but such sale we have already held is an incident to and not the direct result of the manufacture, and so is not a regulation of or an illegal interference with interstate commerce. That principle is not affected by anything herein decided.
The views above expressed lead generally to an affirmance of the judgment of the court of appeals. In one aspect, however, that judgment is too broad in its terms-the injunction is too absolute in its directions-as it may be construed as applying equally to commerce wholly within a state as well as to that which is interstate or international only. This was probably an inadvertence merely. Although the jurisdiction of Congress over commerce among the states is full and complete, it is not questioned that it has none over that which is wholly within a state, and therefore none over combinations or agreements so far as they relate to a restraint of such trade or commerce. It does not acquire any jurisdiction over that part of a combination or agreement which relates to commerce wholly within a state, by reason of the fact that the combination also covers and regulates commerce which is interstate. The latter it can regulate, while the former is subject alone to the jurisdiction of the state. The combination herein described covers both commerce which is wholly within a state and also that which is interstate.
In regard to such of these defendants as might reside and carry on business in the same state where the pipe provided for in any particular contract was to be delivered, the sale, transportation, and delivery of the pipe by them under that contract would be a transaction wholly within the state, and the statute would not be applicable to them in that case. They might make any combination they chose with reference to the proposed contract, although it should happen that some nonresident of the state eventually obtained it.
The fact that the proposal called for the delivery of pipe in the same state where some of the defendants resided and carried on their business would be sufficient, so far as the act of Congress is concerned, to permit those defendants to combine as they might choose, in regard to the proposed contract for the delivery of the pipe, and that right would not be affected by the fact that the contract might be subsequently awarded to someone outside of the state as the lowest bidder. In brief, their right to combine in regard to a proposal for pipe deliverable in their own state could not be reached by the Federal power derived from the commerce clause in the Constitution.
To the extent that the present decree includes in its scope the enjoining of defendants thus situated from combining in regard to contracts for selling pipe in their own state, it is modified and limited to that portion of the combination or agreement which is interstate in its character. As thus modified the decree is affirmed.
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WIKI
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511 S.E.2d 854
Orville ARNOLD and Maxine Arnold Plaintiffs, v. UNITED COMPANIES LENDING CORPORATION, a corporation, and Michael T. Searls, an individual, Defendants.
No. 25053.
Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia.
Submitted Sept. 16, 1998.
Decided Dec. 11, 1998.
Daniel F. Hedges, Esq., Mountain State Justice, Inc., Charleston, West Virginia, Attorney for Plaintiffs.
W. Michael Moore, Esq., Rita Massie Bis-er, Esq., Kay, Casto, Chaney, Love & Wise, Charleston, West Virginia, Attorneys for Defendant United Companies Lending Corporation.
McCUSKEY, Justice:
This Court is presented with three certified questions from the Circuit Court of Lincoln County. In the action before the circuit court, the plaintiffs, Orville Arnold and Maxine Arnold, seek declaratory and other relief against the defendants, United Companies Lending Corporation (hereinafter “United Lending”) and Michael Searls. The Arnolds contend that an arbitration agreement, which they signed as part of a loan transaction, is void and unenforceable on several grounds. The relevant issues concern the validity of an arbitration agreement in the context of a consumer loan and the duties of loan brokers to prospective borrowers. Specifically, the certified questions state:
1. Whether a circuit court, upon being presented with a consumer credit contract requiring compulsory arbitration, should bifurcate the proceedings or otherwise make an initial determination as to the validity of the compulsory arbitration clause prior to proceeding with the remainder of the underlying substantive issues in the case.
2. Whether this compulsory arbitration clause in the context of a form document signed by a consumer in a consumer credit context which contains substantial waiver of substantive rights while preserving to the creditor a judicial forum is so one-sided as to be void as a matter of law.
3.Whether a loan broker owes a fiduciary duty to prospective borrowers (a) to provide a written agreement describing the services and agreements between them, (b) to give them an opportunity to consider and cancel the agreement, (c) to inform them of the cost of the broker’s services, (d) to disclose the loan options and risks available to them, and (e) to act as an agent of the borrower and not of the lender.
The circuit court answered each of these questions in the affirmative.
I.
Factual and Procedural Background
On September 17, 1996, Michael Searls came to the residence of Orville and Maxine Arnold, an elderly couple living in Lincoln County, West Virginia. Searls offered to arrange a loan for the Arnolds, acting as a loan broker. At the conclusion of this encounter, the Arnolds paid Searls $50.00 to begin processing their loan.
Thereafter, Searls procured a loan for the Arnolds from United Lending, and on October 18, 1996, the loan closing occurred. Out of the loan proceeds, a mortgage broker fee of $940.00 was paid to Searls and/or Accent Financial Services, with which Searls is affiliated.
At the loan closing, United Lending had the benefit of legal counsel, while the Arnolds apparently did not. During the course of the transaction, the Arnolds were presented with more than twenty-five documents to sign. Among these documents were a promissory note, reflecting a principal sum of $19,300.00 and a yearly interest rate of 12.990%; a Deed of Trust, giving United Lending a security interest in the Arnolds’ real estate; and a two-page form labeled “Acknowledgment and Agreement to Mediate or Arbitrate.” It is this arbitration agreement that is at the center of the parties’ dispute.
The arbitration agreement stated, in ordinary type, that “all ... legal controversies [that are not resolved by mediation] ... relating to the extension of credit (the ‘Loan’) by Lender to Borrower ... including ... the validity and construction of this arbitration provision shall be resolved solely and exclusively by arbitration.” “In addition, the agreement conspicuously stated in all capital letters:
THE ARBITRATION WILL TAKE THE PLACE OF ANY COURT PROCEEDING INCLUDING A TRIAL BEFORE A JUDGE AND JURY DAMAGES SHALL BE LIMITED TO ACTUAL AND DIRECT DAMAGES AND SHALL IN NO EVENT INCLUDE CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY OR TREBLE DAMAGES AS TO WHICH BORROWER AND LENDER EXPRESSLY WAIVE ANY RIGHT TO CLAIM TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW.
Returning to regular type, the agreement continued: “The award rendered by the arbitration shall be final,' nonappealable and judgment may be entered upon it ... in any court having jurisdiction,” and the “arbitration proceedings are confidential.” However, application of the agreement was expressly limited by the following language:
[T]his Agreement to ... arbitrate shall not apply with respect to either (i) the Lender’s right ... to submit and to pursue in a court of law any actions related to the collection of the debt; (ii) foreclosure proceedings ..., proceedings pursuant to which Lender seeks a deficiency judgment, or any comparable procedures allowed under applicable law pursuant to which a lien holder may acquire title to the Property which is security for this loan and any related personal property ... upon a default by the Borrower under the mortgage loan documents; or (iii) an application by or on behalf of the Borrower for relief under the federal bankruptcy laws of [sic] any other similar laws of general application for the relief of debtors ....
Sometime between January and May of 1997, the Arnolds paid off their loan from United Lending. Although this Court is cognizant of the seeming inconsistency between the Arnolds’ repayment of that loan and their maintenance of a lawsuit against United Lending, this matter is before us upon only a limited record for the resolution of certified questions. Thus, we must presume, despite the fact that the loan has been repaid, that some controversy remains before the circuit court.
On July 10, 1997, the Arnolds filed suit against United Lending and Searls, seeking, inter alia, a declaratory judgment adjudging the arbitration agreement to be void and unenforceable. On August 11, 1997, United Lending moved to dismiss the entire action, with prejudice, on the basis of the compulsory arbitration agreement. On September 19, 1997, United Lending filed a notice of withdrawal of its motion to dismiss. On or about September 22, 1997, the Arnolds moved for partial summary judgment against United Lending, seeking a declaratory judgment that the “arbitration clause” is void and unenforceable. As result of United Lending’s motion to dismiss and the Arnolds’ motion for partial summary judgment, the circuit court certified the above questions to this Court. See W. Va.Code § 58-5-2 (1998).
II.
Standard of Review
In Syllabus Point 1 of Gallapoo v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 197 W.Va. 172, 475 S.E.2d 172 (1996), this Court held: “The appellate standard of review of questions of law answered and certified by a circuit court is de novo.” Accord King v. Lens Creek Ltd. Partnership, 199 W.Va. 136, 140, 483 S.E.2d 265, 269 (1996).
III.
Discussion
A.
Certified Question One
Certified question one, as formulated by the circuit court, presents the following query:
Whether a circuit court, upon being presented with a consumer credit contract requiring compulsory arbitration, should bifurcate the proceedings or otherwise make an initial determination as to the validity of the compulsory arbitration clause prior to proceeding with the remainder of the underlying substantive issues in the case.
After careful review and deliberation, this Court concludes that certified question one, as formulated by the circuit court, is unnecessary to the decision of this case. To the extent that certified question one involves the issue of the validity of the arbitration agreement, that issue is fully addressed by certified question two, which we answer below. “ ‘In a certified case, this Court will not consider certified questions not necessary to a decision of the case.’ Syllabus Point 6, West Virginia Water Serv. Co. v. Cunningham, 143 W.Va. 1, 98 S.E.2d 891 (1957), Syllabus Point 7, Shell v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 181 W.Va. 16, 380 S.E.2d 183 (1989).” Syl. pt. 5, Anderson v. Moulder, 183 W.Va. 77, 394 S.E.2d 61 (1990). Therefore, we dispense with certified question one without further discussion.
B.
Certified Question Two
In considering certified question two, this Court finds it necessary to reframe the issue, at the outset, so that we can fully address the law that is involved. We reformulate the question as follows:
Whether an arbitration agreement entered into as part of a consumer loan transaction containing a substantial waiver of the consumer’s rights, including access to the courts, while preserving for all practical purposes the lender’s right to a judicial forum, is void as a matter of law.
The Arnolds argue that the arbitration agreement is void as a matter of law on the grounds that it is (1) unconscionable, (2) a contract of adhesion, and (3) contravenes public policy. For its counterargument, United Lending avers, in essence, that the waiver and reservation of rights which the agreement purports to effect are lawful and do not render the agreement unconscionable nor legally void.
“Unconscionability” is a general contract law principle, based in equity, which is deeply ingrained in both the statutory and deci-sional law of West Virginia. Of particular importance to this case are the provisions contained in the West Virginia Consumer Credit and Protection Act, W. Va.Code § I6A-1-101 et seq. (hereinafter “CCPA”), which were specifically designed to eradicate unconscionability in consumer transactions. W. Va.Code § 46A-2-121 (1996) of the CCPA provides, in relevant part:
(1) With respect to a transaction which is or gives rise to a consumer credit sale, consumer lease or consumer loan, if the court as a matter of law finds:
(a) The agreement or transaction to have been unconscionable at the time it was made, or to have been induced by unconscionable conduct, the court may refuse to enforce the agreement, or
(b) Any term or part of the agreement or transaction to have been unconscionable at the time it was made, the court may refuse to enforce the agreement, or may enforce the remainder of the agreement without the unconscionable term or part, or may so limit the application of any unconscionable term or part as to avoid any unconscionable result.
The Arnolds invoke the CCPA, asserting that the arbitration agreement is unconscionable, in violation of W. Va.Code § 46A-2-121(l)(b), because it is manifestly unfair to consumers. The inequity, say the Arnolds, emanates from the terms of the agreement, which bind the consumer to relinquish his or her right to a day in court and virtually all substantive rights, while the lender retains the right to a judicial forum for purposes of collection and foreclosure proceedings, deficiency judgments, and all other procedures which the lender may pursue to acquire title to the borrower’s real or personal property. For the reasons set forth below, we agree.
“ ‘The legislature in enacting the West Virginia Consumer Credit and Protection Act, W.Va.Code, 46A-1-101, et seq., in 1974, sought to eliminate the practice of including unconscionable terms in consumer agreements covered by the Act. To further this purpose the legislature, by the express language of W.Va.Code, 46A-5-101(l), created a cause of action for consumers and imposed civil liability on creditors who include unconscionable terms that violate W.Va. Code, 46A-2-121 in consumer agreements.’ Syl. pt. 2, U.S. Life Credit Corp. v. Wilson, 171 W.Va. 538, 301 S.E.2d 169 (1982).” Syl. pt. 1, Orlando v. Finance One of West Virginia, Inc., 179 W.Va. 447, 369 S.E.2d 882 (1988). Although the CCPA contains no definition of “unconscionable,” this Court has previously looked to the definition furnished by the drafters of the Uniform Consumer Credit Code, which contains provisions concerning unconscionability that are identical to W. Va.Code § 46A-2-121(l)(a), (b) (1996):
The drafters of the Uniform Consumer Credit Code explained that the principle of unconscionability “is one of the prevention of oppression and unfair surprise and not the disturbance of reasonable allocation of risks or reasonable advantage because of superior bargaining power or position.” See Uniform Consumer Credit Code, § 5.108 comment 3, 7A U.L.A. 170 (1974). The drafters stated:
The basic test is whether, in the light of the background and setting of the market, the needs of the particular trade or case, and the condition of the particular parties to the conduct or contract, the conduct involved is, or the contract or clauses involved are so one sided as to be unconscionable under the circumstances existing at the time the conduct occurs or is threatened or at the time of the making of the contract.
Id. The drafters explained further that “[t]he particular facts involved in each ease are of utmost importance since certain conduct, contracts or contractual provisions may be unconscionable in some situations but not in others.” Id.
Orlando, 179 W.Va. at 450, 369 S.E.2d at 885.
The parameters. of the defense of uncon-scionability are further illuminated by this passage from Troy Mining Corp. v. Itmann Coal Co., 176 W.Va. 599, 346 S.E.2d 749 (1986), where this Court quoted the Restatement (Second) of Contracts:
A bargain is not unconscionable merely because the parties to it are unequal in bargaining position, nor even because the inequality results in allocation of risks to the weaker party. But gross inadequacy in bargaining power, together with terms unreasonably favorable to the stronger party, may confirm indications that the transaction involved elements of deception or compulsion or may show that the weaker party had no meaningful, no real alternative, or did not in fact assent or appear to assent to the unfair terms.
Id. at 604, 346 S.E.2d at 753 (emphasis omitted).
Moreover, in Syllabus Point 3 of Board of Educ. of Berkeley County v. W. Harley Miller, Inc., 160 W.Va. 473, 236 S.E.2d 439 (1977), this Court stated:
[Wjhere a party alleges that the arbitration provision was unconscionable, or was thrust upon him because he was unwary and taken advantage of, or that the contract was one of adhesion, the question of whether an arbitration provision was bargained for and valid is a matter of law for the court to determine by reference to the entire contract, the nature of the contracting parties, and the nature of the undertakings covered by the contract.
Syl. pt. 1, Art’s Flower Shop, Inc. v. Chesapeake and Potomac Tel. Co., 186 W.Va. 613, 413 S.E.2d 670 (1991) (“limitation of liability” clause held void for unconscionability).
Based on these precepts, this Court held in Syllabus Point 4 of Art’s Flower Shop, supra, that “[a] determination of unconscionability must focus on the relative positions of the parties, the adequacy of the bargaining position, the meaningful alternatives available to the plaintiff, and ‘the existence of unfair terms in the contract.’ ”
Applying the rale announced in Art’s Flower Shop, supra, leads us to the inescapable conclusion that the arbitration agreement between the Arnolds and United Lending is “void for unconscionability” as a matter of law. See id. at 618, 413 S.E.2d at 675. Indeed, the kind of agreement here at issue was aptly caricatured by this Court in Miller, supra, as “the contract between the rabbits and foxes.” The Miller Court stated:
In real life we can envisage arbitration provisions being imposed upon consumers in contract situations where consumers are totally ignorant of the implications of what they are signing, and where consumers bargain away many of the protections which have been secured for them with such difficulty at common law.
160 W.Va. at 486, 236 S.E.2d at 447. The scenario envisioned in Miller is now before us. The relative positions of the parties, a national corporate lender on one side and elderly, unsophisticated consumers on the other, were “grossly unequal.” See Art’s Flower Shop, 186 W.Va. at 618, 413 S.E.2d at 675. In addition, there is no evidence that the loan broker made any other loan option available to the Arnolds. In fact, the record does not indicate that the Arnolds were seeking a loan, but rather were solicited by defendant Searls. Thus, the element of “a comparable, meaningful alternative” to the loan from United Lending is lacking. See id. Because the Arnolds had no meaningful alternative to obtaining the loan from United Lending, and also did not have the benefit of legal counsel during the transaction, their bargaining position was clearly inadequate when compared to that of United Lending.
Given the nature of this arbitration agreement, combined with the great disparity in bargaining power, one can safely infer that the terms were not bargained for and that allowing such a one-sided agreement to stand would unfairly defeat the Arnolds’ legitimate expectations.
Finally, the terms of the agreement are “unreasonably favorable” to United Lending. Id. United Lending’s acts or omissions could seriously damage the Arnolds, yet the Ar-nolds’ only recourse would be to submit the matter to binding arbitration. At the same time, United Lending’s access to the courts is wholly preserved in every conceivable situation where United Lending would want to secure judicial relief against the Arnolds. Like the “rabbits and foxes situation,” discussed in Miller, supra, the wholesale waiver of the Arnolds’ rights together with the com-píete preservation of United Lending’s rights “is inherently inequitable and unconscionable because in a way it nullifies all the other provisions of the contract.” 160 W.Va. at 480, 236 S.E.2d at 443.
Accordingly, under the circumstances of this action, we hold that where an arbitration agreement entered into as part of a consumer loan transaction contains a substantial waiver of the borrower’s rights, including access to the courts, while preserving the lender’s right to a judicial forum, the agreement is unconscionable and, therefore, void and unenforceable as a matter of law.
C.
Certified Question Three
The third and final question certified to this Court concerns the legal duties of loan brokers relative to prospective borrowers. As set forth previously, the third certified question submitted by the circuit court is as follows:
Whether a loan broker owes a fiduciary duty to prospective borrowers (a) to provide a written agreement describing the services and agreements between them, (b) to give them an opportunity to consider and cancel the agreement, (c) to inform them of the cost of the broker’s services, (d) to disclose the loan options and risks available to them, and (e) to act as an agent of the borrower and not of the lender.
Because the form of this question does not lend itself to a complete analysis of the legal issues involved, we utilize our power to reformulate certified questions. As reframed, certified question three presents these issues:
Whether a loan broker owes a duty to prospective borrowers: (a) to provide a written contract containing a description of the services to be performed, (b) to give them an opportunity to consider and cancel the agreement, (c) to inform them of the cost of the broker’s services, and (d) to disclose the loan options and risks available to them.
Whether a loan broker acts as an agent of prospective borrowers.
Both the Arnolds and United Lending recognize that the Legislature has imposed certain duties upon a loan broker in relation to prospective borrowers. Indeed, the West Virginia Consumer Credit and Protection Act contains an entire article pertaining to “credit services organizations,” and as defined in that article, the term “credit services organizations” includes loan brokers. See W. Va.Code § 46A-6C-1 et seq. (1991). Pursuant to W. Va.Code § 46A-6C-6 (1991), before executing a contract with a buyer, or receiving money or other valuable consideration, a credit services organization must furnish the buyer with a written statement containing “[a] complete and detailed description of the services to be performed by the credit services organization for the buyer and the total cost of the services.” W. Va. Code § 46A-6C-6(a)(l) (1991). Moreover, W. Va.Code § 46A-6C-7 (1991) mandates a written contract for the services of a credit sendees organization and prescribes the contractual form and terms, including a conspicuous statement informing the consumer of his or her right to cancel the contract for up to three days after the date of the transaction. See W. Va.Code § 46A-6C-7(a)(l) (1991). The contract must also contain “[a] full and detailed description of the services to be performed” and “[t]he terms and conditions of payment, including the total of all payments to be made by the buyer, whether to the credit services organization or to another person.” W. Va.Code § 46A-6C-7(a)(2)-(3) (1991).
In Syllabus Point 3, in part, of West Virginia Health Care Cost Review Auth. v. Boone Mem. Hosp., 196 W.Va. 326, 472 S.E.2d 411 (1996), this Court held: “If the language of an enactment is clear and within the constitutional authority of the lawmaking body which passed it, courts must read the relevant law according to its unvarnished meaning, without any judicial embroidery.”
The duties referenced in subparts (a), (b), and (c) of the certified question, as reframed by this Court, are clearly delineated by the foregoing statutory provisions. The constitutional authority of the Legislature in enacting these statutes is not in dispute. It is, therefore, incumbent upon this Court to read the relevant statutory language according to its “unvarnished meaning.” Thus, we find that W. Va.Code § 46A-6C1 et seq. (1991) imposes various duties upon a loan broker in his or her dealings with prospective borrowers, including the duty to provide a written contract which meets the contractual requirements set forth in W. Va.Code § 46A-6C-7 (1991). Pursuant to W. Va.Code § 46A-6C-7 (1991), such a contract must contain, among other things, a full and detailed description of the services to be performed, a conspicuous statement informing the borrower of his or her right to cancel the contract for up to three days after the date of the transaction, and the terms and conditions of payment, including the total of all payments to be made by the borrower, whether to the loan broker or to another person. Thus, we answer subparts (a), (b), and (c) of the certified question in the affirmative.
Subpart (d) of certified question three, as modified, presents an issue not addressed by statutory law: Does a loan broker owe a duty to prospective borrowers to disclose the loan options and risks available to them? The answer to this question turns upon whether the loan broker is acting as a true “broker” or merely as a “middleman” with respect to the subject transaction, a distinction that is well established under the common law. The determination of this issue requires a thorough examination of the pertinent facts. Ultimately, if a loan broker is acting as a “broker” in the strictest sense, the duty of disclosure exists. But if a loan broker acts as a mere “middleman,” the law imposes no duty of disclosure. Having given this short answer to subpart (d) of the certified question, we now proceed to discuss more fully the legal principles involved.
The term “broker” has been variously defined. In Moore v. Turner, 137 W.Va. 299, 71 S.E.2d 342 (1952), this Court recited the following definitions of a “broker:”
“A broker is one who is engaged for others, on a commission, in negotiating contracts relative to property with the custody of which he has no concern; * * 12 C.J.S., Brokers, Section 1. “Every person whose business it is to negotiate purchases and sales of property with the custody of which he has no concern, neither with the original possession nor the delivery, is a broker.” Lawrence Gas Company v. Hawkeye Oil Company, 182 Iowa 179, 165 N.W. 445, 8 A.L.R. 192. “A broker is a fiduciary required to exercise fidelity and good faith toward his principal in all matters within the scope of his employment.” 8 Am.Jur., Brokers, Section 86. Some additional definitions of a broker are: “A person employed to sell property for another * * *.” Abraham v. Wasaff, 111 Okla. 165, 239 P. 138; a person “whose business it is to bring buyer and seller together.” Keys v. Johnson, 68 Pa. 42; and “ * * * a middleman whose business it is to bring seller and buyer together.” Ryan v. Walker, 35 Cal.App. 116, 169 P. 417.
Id. at 31, 71 S.E.2d at 349-50.
Significantly, this Court noted in Moore that “there is a well defined distinction between a middleman and a broker,” and ‘“a middleman is not subject to the rules governing brokers.’ ” Id. at 312-13, 71 S.E.2d at 350. This Court described “ ‘ “a broker employed as a mere middleman,” ’ ” as “ ‘ “one engaged not to negotiate a sale or purchase, but simply to bring two parties together and permit them to make their own bargain.” ’ ” Id. at 314, 71 S.E.2d at 350. Expounding upon the distinction between a “broker” from a “middleman,” we stated:
“ A broker is simply a middleman ... when he has no duty to perform but to bring the parties together, leaving them to negotiate and come to an agreement themselves without any aid from him. If he takes, or contracts to take, any part in the negotiations, however, he cannot be regarded a mere middleman, no matter how slight a part it may be.’ ”
Id. at 314, 71 S.E.2d at 350 (emphasis in original).
Having distinguished a mere middleman from a true broker, this Court articulated a rule in Syllabus Point 2 of Moore, supra, imposing a duty of disclosure on brokers:
A broker must act with the utmost good faith towards his principal and is under a legal obligation to disclose to his principal all facts within his knowledge which are or may be material to the transaction in which he is employed or which might influence the action of his principal in relation to such transaction.
Since a middleman is not bound by the rules governing brokers, it follows that this duty of disclosure applies only where a true broker, and not just a middleman, is involved. Applying these principles to the facts of the instant case, we find that where a loan broker acts as a true broker, and not a mere middleman, the broker is under a legal obligation fíe., a duty) to disclose to the prospective borrowers all facts within his knowledge which are or may be material to the transaction for which he is employed or which might influence their action in relation to such transaction.
The final issue confronting this Court, as part of certified question three, is whether a loan broker acts as an agent of prospective borrowers. Like the duty of disclosure, the answer to this question is fact dependent; one must examine the facts of a particular case to determine whether an agency relationship exists. But “ ‘[p]roof of an express contract of agency is not essential to the establishment of the relation. It may be inferred from facts and circumstances, including conduct.’ ” General Elec. Credit Corp. v. Fields, 148 W.Va. 176, 181, 133 S.E.2d 780, 783 (1963). In Syllabus Point 2 of Thomson v. McGinnis, 195 W.Va. 465, 465 S.E.2d 922 (1995), this Court stated:
“One of the essential elements of an agency relationship is the existence of some degree of control by the principal over the conduct and activities of the agent.” Syl. Pt. 3, Teter v. Old Colony Co., 190 W.Va. 711, 441 S.E.2d 728 (1994).
See Peters v. Riley, 73 W.Va. 785, 791, 81 S.E. 530, 532 (1914) (no agency found where “[a]ll the essential elements of the contract remained in the sole and exclusive control of the defendant”); see also Wright & Souza, Inc. v. DM Properties, 1 Neb.App. 822, 510 N.W.2d 413 (1993) (prospective borrower failed to establish that loan broker acted as borrower’s agent where borrower had no control over broker). This Court further stated in Thomson that a principal denying agency must show that the principal neither controlled, nor had the right to control, the work, and “where factual conflict exists regarding the degree of control exercised and the nature of the relationship thereby created, jury resolution is warranted.” 195 W.Va. at 470, 465 S.E.2d at 927. Thus, in answer to the last part of certified question three, we emphasize that the existence of an agency relationship between a loan broker and prospective borrowers is fact dependent, and absent proof that the borrowers had the right to, or did, exert some degree of control over the conduct of the broker, no agency can be found to exist.
Certified Questions Answered.
Chief Justice DAVIS and Justices WORKMAN, STARCHER, and MAYNARD joined in the Opinion of the Court.
Justice McGRAW did not participate in the decision of this case.
. A "Service Contract Agreement,” dated September 17, 1996, and attached to the Amended Complaint, contains handwritten markings which substantiate the fact that Searls received a $50.00 "application fee” from the Arnolds.
. Virtually this same language was set forth in paragraph 26 of the Deed of Trust, which the record indicates was signed by the Arnolds at the loan closing.
.This Court’s authority to modify a certified question was addressed in Syllabus Point 3 of Kincaid v. Mangum, 189 W.Va. 404, 432 S.E.2d 74 (1963):
When a certified question is not framed so that this Court is able to fully address the law which is involved in the question, then this Court retains the power to reformulate questions certified to it under both the Uniform Certification of Questions of Law Act found in ~W.Va.Code, 51-1A-1, et. seq.
. Both parties raise the issue of whether the arbitration agreement is governed by tire Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. § et. seq. Resolution of that issue is not necessary in the matter before us.
. As stated in Syllabus Point 1 of Troy Mining Corp. v. Itmann Coal Co., 176 W.Va. 599, 346 S.E.2d 749 (1986), "[ujnconscionability is an equitable principle, and the determination of whether a contract or a provision therein is unconscionable should be made by the court.”
. We want to dispel the notion, which appears to have arisen in this case, that there are two distinct issues termed “procedural unconscionability” and "substantive unconscionability,” either one of which can invalidate a contract. This Court addressed the same misperception in Troy Mining Corp., supra, stating:
V & R also argues on appeal that the circumstances in which the 1979 contract were executed raise a separate issue of "procedural unconscionability," or overall unconscionability based on unfairness or inequities in the bargaining process .... [W]e do not see it as an entirely separate “second bite" at the un-conscionability apple. Whether a particular term in a contract is unconscionable often depends on the circumstances in which the contract was executed or the fairness of the contract as a whole, and therefore our analysis necessarily includes an inquiry beyond the face of the contract .... [T]he question of "procedural unconscionability” is an essential part of any determination of whether a particular clause or contract is unconscionable. A finding that the transaction was flawed, however, still depends on the existence of unfair terms in the contract. A litigant who complains that he was forced to enter into a fair agreement will find no relief on grounds of unconsciona-bility.
176 W.Va. at 603-04, 346 S.E.2d at 753.
. According to the pleadings, Mr. Arnold is 69 years old with a fifth grade education, and Mrs. Arnold is 63 years old with an eighth grade education.
. See footnote 3, supra.
. A “credit services organization” is defined, in relevant part, as “a person who, with respect to the extension of credit by others and in return for the payment of money or other valuable consideration, ... provides, or represents that the person can or will provide, any of the following services: ... (2) Obtaining an extension of credit for a buyer.” W. Va.Code § 46A-6C-2 (1991).
. The term "buyer” is defined in Article 6C as "an individual who is solicited to purchase or who purchases the services of a credit services organization.” W. Va.Code § 46A-6C-1 (1991). We find that this definition includes "prospective borrowers.”
. W. Va.Code § 46A-6C-7 (1991) provides:
(a) Each contract between the buyer and a credit services organization for the purchase of the services of the credit services organization must be in writing, dated, signed by the buyer, and must include:
(1) A statement in type that is boldfaced, capitalized, underlined, or otherwise set out from surrounding written materials so as to be conspicuous, in immediate proximity to the space reserved for the signature of the buyer, as follows: "You, the buyer, may cancel this contract at any time before midnight of the third day after the date of the transaction. See the attached notice of cancellation form for an explanation of this right”;
(2) The terms and conditions of payment, including the total of all payments to be made by the buyer, whether to the credit services organization or to another person;
(3) A full and detailed description of the services to be performed by the credit services organization for the buyer, including all guarantees and all promises of full or partial refunds, and the estimated length of time, not to exceed one hundred eighty days, for performing the services; and
(4) The address of the credit services organization's principal place of business and the name and address of its agent in the state authorized to receive service or process.
(b) The contract must have attached two easily detachable copies of a notice of cancellation. The notice must be in boldfaced type and in the following form:
"Notice of Cancellation
You may cancel this contract, without any penalty or obligation, within three days after the date the contract is signed.
If you cancel, any payment made by you under this contract will be returned within ten days after the date of receipt by the seller of your cancellation notice.
To cancel this contract, mail or deliver a signed dated copy of this cancellation notice, or other written notice to: (name of seller) at (address of seller) (place of business) not later than midnight (date)
I hereby cancel this transaction.
(date)
(purchaser’s signature)”
(c) The credit services organization shall give to the buyer a copy of the completed contract and all other documents the credit services organization requires the buyer to sign at the time they are signed.
. See also State ex rel. Riffle v. Ranson, 195 W.Va. 121, 126, 464 S.E.2d 763, 768 (1995) (“Once the Legislature indicates its preference by the enactment of a statute, the Court’s role is limited. Our duty is to interpret the statute, not to expand or enlarge upon it.”); State ex rel. Frazier v. Meadows, 193 W.Va. 20, 24, 454 S.E.2d 65, 69 (1994) ("Courts are not free to read into the language what is not there, but rather should apply the statute as written.”).
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CASELAW
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Yves Demaria
Yves Demaria (born 22 January 1972) is a French former professional motocross racer. He is a three-time FIM Motocross World Champion in the MX3-GP class for motorcycles displacing 650cc.
Biography
Born in Marseille, France, Demaria won his first MX3 world championship in 2004, following with two more crowns in 2006 and 2007. He has also won Grands Prix races in the MX1-GP and MX2-GP classes. Demaria was a member of the victorious French 2001 Motocross des Nations team that included David Vuillemin and Luigi Séguy.
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WIKI
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I am new to OutSystems... Is there a recommended way to store and manage end-user passwords securely using the OutSystems platform for both Web and Mobile?
Hi Minyan Mensch,
To store password securely you can use Salted Password Hashing (Always hash on the server)
To Store a Password
1. Generate a long random salt (Here salt is a random string with any combination).
2. Prepend the salt to the password and hash it with a standard password hashing function (https://success.outsystems.com/Documentation/10/Reference/OutSystems_APIs/PlatformPasswordUtils_API)
3. Save both the salt and the hash in the user's database record.
To Validate a Password
1. Retrieve the user's salt and hash from the database.
2. Prepend the salt to the given password and hash it using the same hash function.
3. Compare the hash of the given password with the hash from the database. If they match, the password is correct. Otherwise, the password is incorrect.
Thanks,
Amit
Hi Minyan Mensch,
Like Amit mentions, the typical way of storing and validating user passwords in a database is by storing a salted hash of the password. This makes it a lot harder for someone that manage to get access to your database to be able to determine what are the passwords. The platform implements this mechanism for User creation (through the Users application) and User login.
If you want you can add a reference to the EncryptPassword function/action of the Users module, it receives a username and password and will return the salted hash for that password. This is the same encryption algorithm that is used by the User_Login action used on the Login screen of your applications
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Template:Humor editnotice/doc
Usage
{ "params": { "expiry": { "description": "Date the editnotice expires", "type": "date" }, "addendum": { "description": "Additional text that appears in the notice at the end", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "header": { "description": "Optional header text for the editnotice", "type": "line" }, "frame": { "description": "Brief description of the page's satirical frame, which is added in a parenthetical", "suggested": true, "example": "that Wikipedia admins are a cabal plotting to suppress business owners", "type": "line" } }, "description": "This is an editnotice for satirical humor pages on Wikipedia." }
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WIKI
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SupremeA SupremeA - 1 year ago 89
Ruby Question
Regex for Name in Ruby
I know this question has been asked a lot but I need a RegEx for a name validator.
The only requirements are letters are okay, No numbers, and no special characters other than 2 and the spaces cannot be at the beginning or end, the "-" and "`" are allowed also. Everything else would be invalid.
All the other answers seem to ask for a lot more and seem to get too complicated.
Currently I am using
/^([^\d\W]|[-])*$/
But this fails with the space
Sample data
Pass:
Susan Johnson,
Stephanie Le'Sean,
John Pierre'-Frank
Fail:
Ricky2Good,
Jean,stewie,
Mike@dude,
Jim. McNeil
Answer Source
I've assumed that for a string to be valid, it may contain only uppercase and lowercase letters, apostrophes, dashes and at most two spaces, provided the spaces are not at the beginning or end of the string.
STR= "-a-z'"
r = /
\A # match beginning of string
(?: # begin non-capture group
[#{STR}]+ # match 1+ letters, "-" or "'"
| # or
[#{STR}]+\s[#{STR}]*\s?[#{STR}]+
# match 1+ letters, "-" or "'", space, 0+ letters, "-" or "'",
# optional space, 1+ letters, "-" or "'"
) # end non-capture group
\z # match end of string
/ix # case-indifferent and free-spacing regex definition modes
#=> /
\A # match beginning of string
(?: # begin non-capture group
[-a-z']+ # match 1+ letters, "-" or "'"
| # or
[-a-z']+\s[-a-z']*\s?[-a-z']+
# match 1+ letters, "-" or "'", space, 0+ letters, "-" or "'",
# optional space, 1+ letters, "-" or "'"
) # end non-capture group
\z # match end of string
/ix
If I did not use free-spacing mode to define the regex it would look like this:
r = /\A(?:[-a-z']+|[-a-z']+\s[-a-z']*\s?[-a-z']+)\z/i
"a B-' v" =~ r #=> 0
"aB-'v" =~ r #=> 0
"aB-'1v" =~ r #=> nil
"a B-'1 v" =~ r #=> nil
" a B-1v" =~ r #=> nil
The question asks for a regex to validate names. Using a regex may be the best, but it's not the only way. If the question is really how to validate names--using a regex or otherwise--it should be stated in a way that doesn't stipulate a particular approach. Here's one way to validate without using a regex.
GOOD_CHARS = ('a'..'z').to_a.join << '`-'
#=> "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
def validate(str)
return false if str.empty? || (str[0]==' ' || str[-1]==' ')
nbr_spaces = str.count(' ')
return false if nbr_spaces > 2
str.downcase.count(GOOD_CHARS) + nbr_spaces == str.size
end
validate "a B-` v" #=> true
validate "aB-`v" #=> true
validate "aB-`1v" #=> false
validate "a B-`1 v" #=> false
validate " a B-`1v" #=> false
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Proclamation 5756
By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation
National Skiing Day gives all Americans the opportunity to celebrate the continuing role of skiing in recreation, sports, and our economy, as well as its place in American life and lore.
Many Americans first discovered both the potential uses and the attractions of skiing from reports of the achievements of an early skier, pioneer mail carrier John A. "Snowshoe" Thompson, who transported letters and parcels in a backpack as he covered his 90-mile territory through the Sierra Nevada. During his two decades of devoted service, 1856–1876, he won a well-earned reputation for heroism and faithfulness as he traversed the mountains, first on his large, handmade skis and later by sleigh, to keep frontier communication open between Nevada and California.
Since then, other dedicated Americans have employed skiing in the defense of our country, in rescue operations, and in similar activities.
Through the years, skiing has experienced revolutions in equipment, technique, and participation. Wood skis were replaced by metal ones, which then gave way to fiberglass, and bindings have improved greatly. Today some 15 million Americans engage in Alpine or Nordic skiing, and highly skilled and dedicated skiers and biathletes vie for coveted positions on America's Winter Olympics squads.
Skiing, of course, offers many benefits. In the areas of health and fitness, Alpine skiing's courses improve strength and flexibility, and Nordic skiing's cross-country trails build endurance. Skiing helps people improve coordination as they attain or maintain good physical condition. Skiing provides enjoyment for spectators as well as participants, fosters appreciation for the outdoors, and affords the opportunity to enjoy winter and its splendors. Skiing also increases the recreational uses of national forests and provides winter employment and income for residents of rural communities.
In recognition of skiing and its benefits, the Congress, by Public Law 100-189, has designated January 8, 1988, as "National Skiing Day" and has authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation in observance of that day.
Now, Therefore, I, Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim January 8, 1988, as National Skiing Day. I call upon the people of the United States to observe this day with appropriate ceremonies and activities.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-third day of December, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and twelfth.
RONALD REAGAN
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 9:28 a.m., December 24, 1987]
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WIKI
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#!/bin/bash ################################################################### # # # Parse a DCD Trajectory # # Requires: 1) dcd 2) psf # # # ################################################################### PS3="Your choice: " QUIT="QUIT THIS PROGRAM!" echo " " echo "Which DCD Trajectory?" echo " " touch "$QUIT" select dcd in *.dcd QUIT*; do case $dcd in "$QUIT") rm QUIT* echo "Exiting." exit ;; *) rm QUIT* echo "You picked $dcd ($REPLY)" ;; esac break done echo " " echo "Which PSF?" echo " " touch "$QUIT" select psf in *.psf QUIT*; do case $psf in "$QUIT") rm QUIT* echo "Exiting." exit ;; *) rm QUIT* echo "You picked $psf ($REPLY)" ;; esac break done natom=`cat $psf | grep NATOM | awk '{print $1}'` cat $psf | sed -n '/NATOM/,/NBOND/p' | grep -v "NATOM\|NBOND" | grep -v '^$' | awk '{print $3, $4, $7, $8}' > info ln -s $dcd tmp.dcd cat < inp1.f ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c program readdcd character*4 header integer control(20) integer i,j,ntitle,natom character*80 title(4) c open input trajectory file open(unit=56,file="tmp.dcd",status='old',form='unformatted') c READ IN HEADER AND CONTROL INFO read(56) header,control write (*,*) " " write (*,*) " " write (*,*) " " write (*,*) " " write (*,*) " " write (*,*) " " write (*,*) " " write (*,*) " " write (*,*) " " write (*,*) " " write (*,*) "TRAJECTORY INFORMATION" write (*,*) " " write (*,*) "Number of Frames: ",control(1) write (*,*) "Number of Previous Dynamic Steps: ",control(2) write (*,*) "Skip Frequency: ",control(3) write (*,*) "Number of Dynamics Steps: ",control(4) c read in the number of title lines read(56) ntitle,(title(j),j=1,ntitle) c read in the number of atoms read(56) natom write (*,*) "Number of Atoms: ",natom write (*,*) " " write (*,*) " " write (*,*) " " write (*,*) " " write (*,*) " " write (*,*) " " close(56) end program c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc HERE g77 inp1.f -o a1.out ./a1.out echo "Enter First Frame" echo " " read bframe echo "Enter Last Frame" echo " " read eframe echo "Enter Skip" echo " " read skip cat < inp2.f ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c program readdcd character*4 header character*4 resname($natom) integer control(20),resnum($natom) integer i,j,ntitle,natom character*80 title(4) real*4 x($natom) real*4 y($natom) real*4 z($natom) double precision xyz($natom,3),xyz_avg(3) double precision m($natom),ch($natom) double precision com(3),moi(3),rgy c OPEN INFO FILE open(unit=55,file='info',status='old') do i=1,$natom read(55,*) resnum(i),resname(i),ch(i),m(i) enddo close(55) c OPEN TRAJECTORY FILE open(unit=56,file="tmp.dcd",status='old',form='unformatted') c READ IN HEADER AND CONTROL INFO read(56) header,control c READ IN THE TITLE LINES read(56) ntitle,(title(j),j=1,ntitle) c READ IN NUMBER OF ATOMS read(56) natom c READ IN COORDINATES AND CONVERT TO DOUBLE PRECISION do i=1,$eframe read(56) x read(56) y read(56) z if (mod(i,$skip).eq.0) then do j=1,natom xyz(j,1)=x(j) xyz(j,2)=x(j) xyz(j,3)=x(j) enddo c CALCULATE PHYSICAL QUANTITIES call mean_position(natom,xyz,xyz_avg) write (*,*) " Mean Position: ",xyz_avg call center_of_mass(natom,m,xyz,com) write (*,*) " Center of Mass: ",com call moment_of_inertia(natom,m,xyz,moi) write (*,*) "Moment of Inertia: ",moi call radius_of_gyration(natom,xyz,xyz_avg,rgy) write (*,*) "Radius of Gyration: ",rgy write (*,*) " " endif enddo close(56) end program subroutine mean_position(natom,xyz,xyz_avg) integer i,natom double precision xyz(natom,3),xyz_avg(3) xyz_avg(1)=0 xyz_avg(2)=0 xyz_avg(3)=0 do i=1,natom xyz_avg(1)=xyz_avg(1)+xyz(i,1) xyz_avg(2)=xyz_avg(1)+xyz(i,2) xyz_avg(3)=xyz_avg(1)+xyz(i,3) enddo xyz_avg(1)=xyz_avg(1)/natom xyz_avg(2)=xyz_avg(2)/natom xyz_avg(3)=xyz_avg(3)/natom end subroutine subroutine center_of_mass(natom,m,xyz,com) integer i,natom double precision m(natom),com(3),mtot double precision xyz(natom,3) mtot=0 com(1)=0 com(2)=0 com(3)=0 do i=1,natom mtot=mtot+m(i) com(1)=com(1)+m(i)*xyz(i,1) com(2)=com(2)+m(i)*xyz(i,2) com(3)=com(3)+m(i)*xyz(i,3) enddo com(1)=com(1)/mtot com(2)=com(2)/mtot com(3)=com(3)/mtot end subroutine subroutine moment_of_inertia(natom,m,xyz,moi) integer i double precision m(natom),moi(3) double precision xyz(natom,3) moi(1)=0 moi(2)=0 moi(3)=0 do i=1,natom moi(1) = moi(1) + m(i) * (xyz(i,2)**2+xyz(i,3)**2) moi(2) = moi(2) + m(i) * (xyz(i,1)**2+xyz(i,3)**2) moi(3) = moi(3) + m(i) * (xyz(i,1)**2+xyz(i,2)**2) enddo end subroutine subroutine radius_of_gyration(natom,xyz,xyz_avg,rgy) integer i,natom double precision xyz(natom,3),xyz_avg(3) double precision r,rmean,rgy,rgy2 rgy=0 rgy2=0 rmean=(xyz_avg(1)**2+xyz_avg(2)**2+xyz_avg(3)**2)**0.5 do i=1,natom r=(xyz(i,1)**2+xyz(i,2)**2+xyz(i,3)**2)**0.5 rgy2=rgy2+(r-rmean)**2 enddo rgy2=rgy2/natom rgy=rgy2**0.5 end subroutine c c c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc HERE g77 inp2.f -o a2.out ./a2.out rm inp1.f rm inp2.f rm a1.out rm a2.out rm info rm tmp.dcd exit
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Wikipedia:Graphics Lab/Map workshop/Archive/Feb 2020
Kuala Lumpur
* Article(s):
* Kuala Lumpur
* Request:
* I would like to ask somebody to do a favor to update Kuala Lumpur constituencies boundary based on this file (Only the BIGGER one) in svg version. angys (Talk Talk) 05:45, 15 February 2020 (UTC)
* Graphist opinion(s):
SVG Morocco-WS included subdivised location map
* Article(s):
*
* Request:
* Hello, I am requesting two maps:
* First: an SVG Morocco-WS included subdivised map. I did my best to make a png version (File1) based on (File2) & (File3). You can also make the svg subdivised map using (File4).
* Second: a relief version based on (File5) & (File6). I don't know, but I think it's hard to make an SVG version for this one, so a JPG version is sufficeint.
Thank you in advance.--SADIQUI (talk) 08:55, 9 January 2020 (UTC)
* What to consider?
* Geographic limits of the maps because they are supposed to work with Module:Location map/data/Morocco (top, bottom, right, left), you can see the description page of (File1) for a basic example or the description page of (File2) & (File3) for a better example.
* Algeria & Mauitania frontiers
* Canari & Madeira Islands
* A scale (e.g 1:4,000,000 (precision: 1,000 m)), see (File2) & (File3)'s description page for an example.
* Discussion:
* Hi. Using File 2 and 3 to create File 1 won’t work because the center of projection for each map is different and it won’t result in a good location map, which is its purpose. To create a Morocco + W. S. map you have to start over from raw unprojected (Lat/Lon) data. Furthermore, because the N-S extension of the new map is around 15º, I would recommend using a conic projection in order to preserve the shape of the area. See for example the difference in the shapes between File:Canada_Quebec_location_map-conic_proj.svg and File:Canada_Quebec_location_map.svg. But I didn’t check if this type of projection is well supported in geolocation templates here on WP-en (it is on WP-fr).
* I’m traveling right now and won’t be at home (where I have these data) before one or two months. Sting (talk) 10:38, 18 February 2020 (UTC)
* , great good news! You're the expert, conic projection is supported here also. Have a good trip.-SADIQUI (talk) 13:53, 18 February 2020 (UTC)
* You're right, it's supported but much less used than its equirectangular counterpart. Sting (talk) 19:56, 18 February 2020 (UTC)
local level units
* Article(s):
* Darchula District, Mahakali, Darchula, Shailyashikhar, Malikarjun, Naugadh, Byans (rural municipality), Apihimal, duhun, marma, lekam
* Request:
* UN map of local level units is given above which shows previous VDCs, in 2015 all those VDCs grouped into 9 local level units. Can you make a map which will show only new created 9 local level unis? Here is the reference map http://<IP_ADDRESS>/gis/images/District_Map/Darchula.jpg -- 👤 Raju 💌 07:08, 22 February 2020 (UTC)
* Discussion:
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WIKI
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Discuss Scratch
bharvey
Scratcher
1000+ posts
Snap! user discussion
frodewin wrote:
Are there any news on the social-media site?
Yes, sadly, we need another round of back end development, it turns out. So, it's still going to happen, but probably not until the fall some time.
Some other time constraints: Jens is almost ready with a complete sprite OOP implementation, but not quite. He expects to finish this month. If so, he will publish a “release candidate” that people can and should poke at, and try to break. But then, like the rest of Europe, he goes on vacation for August, so even if it seems totally ready, he's not going to make it the official release until after he gets back. He said he was planning a September official release, but I vetoed that on behalf of all American school teachers, who have a million other crises to contend with in September without an unfamiliar Snap!, plus it'd be really hard for us to separate out genuine bug reports from the slew of user errors that always happen in September. So the official 4.1 (although Jens says it's amazing enough that we should call it 5.0) is tentatively planned for October.
And we don't want to introduce the new back end at the same time as OOP, because otherwise Jens and Miosoft will end up pointing fingers at each other about any reported bugs; it'll be much cleaner to have two separate big changes. So we are now looking at November, supposing all goes smoothly.
Yeah, none of us like this either; we were all hoping to have everything ready in the summer. Sorry!
(You asked at just the right moment; I'm just back in my hotel room after a summit meeting in the beautiful pedestrian-street area of Bordeaux with Jens and Bernat (and John Maloney, because before I got there it was a GP summit meeting). (John paid for my Coke Zero along with everyone else's drinks so I promised not to bug him about lambda in GP this week.)
andre_ani
New to Scratch
2 posts
Snap! user discussion
Hello,
I would like to know if it's possible to add a new scripting language to Snap. I'm interesting to OpenSim and the scripting language OSL/LSL.
Is there a documentation or tuto about this please ? I've not find anything on the net…
Thanks a lot,
Cordially,
Andre_Ani
andre_ani
New to Scratch
2 posts
Snap! user discussion
Hello,
I'm not sure to post in the good place, so excuse me.
I'm searching tuto or documentation on how to add scripting language in Snap, for OpenSim for exemple.
If you could help me, perhaps ?
Thanks,
Have a nice day,
Andre_Ani
bharvey
Scratcher
1000+ posts
Snap! user discussion
andre_ani wrote:
I'm searching tuto or documentation on how to add scripting language in Snap, for OpenSim for example.
I'm not sure I understand the question. Snap! is its own scripting language. Do you want to use another language to modify Snap!? Since it runs in a browser, it's written in Javascript; if you wanted to use another language you'd have to provide a JS-based interpreter for that language, I think.
blob8108
Scratcher
1000+ posts
Snap! user discussion
bharvey wrote:
I'm not sure I understand the question.
Presumably they’re asking about codification?
tosh · slowly becoming a grown-up adult and very confused about it
bonob0h
New to Scratch
1 post
Snap! user discussion
bharvey wrote:
andre_ani wrote:
I'm searching tuto or documentation on how to add scripting language in Snap, for OpenSim for example.
I'm not sure I understand the question. Snap! is its own scripting language. Do you want to use another language to modify Snap!? Since it runs in a browser, it's written in Javascript; if you wanted to use another language you'd have to provide a JS-based interpreter for that language, I think.
I think it means programming a language with snap. Like programming in arduino with snap
Jonathan50
Scratcher
1000+ posts
Snap! user discussion
Ihaveexpectations wrote:
bharvey wrote:
saofan123 wrote:
why is it licensed under the agpl instead of the gpl?
The AGPL is for web services, such as Snap!. The notion of “distribution” in the plain GPL is about letting you download a copy of the executable program to your computer, so it says you have to distribute the source in the same way that you distribute the executable. For a web service there is typically no distribution of executable code, so the language is different.
Isn't Snap! a web application not a web service?
^^ Snap! being AGPL doesn't really make a difference because when somebody uses Snap! it is downloaded to your computer and ran there, so the GPL already prevents you from modifying Snap! and putting it on a server with the modified version only in minified/obfuscated/compiled form.
bharvey
Scratcher
1000+ posts
Snap! user discussion
Oh, Well, if that's true, it's AGPL so that people who are iffy on the distinction between a web service and a web application will know that it's free software.
bharvey
Scratcher
1000+ posts
Snap! user discussion
Ihaveexpectations wrote:
How does it being AGPL instead of GPL make it more obvious to people that it's free software?
Oh lord don't you know it never works to explain a joke?
You guys started this discussion of web app vs. web service, which I had never thought about, I just figured Snap! lives on the web, not on your computer, so AGPL. The “people iffy on the distinction” means me, and maybe other old people like me.
BookOwl
Scratcher
1000+ posts
Snap! user discussion
bharvey wrote:
Ihaveexpectations wrote:
How does it being AGPL instead of GPL make it more obvious to people that it's free software?
Oh lord don't you know it never works to explain a joke?
You guys started this discussion of web app vs. web service, which I had never thought about, I just figured Snap! lives on the web, not on your computer, so AGPL. The “people iffy on the distinction” means me, and maybe other old people like me.
OR you could just use the Unlicense and free yourself and your code from petty GPL restrictions.
who needs signatures
djdolphin
Scratcher
1000+ posts
Snap! user discussion
BookOwl wrote:
OR you could just use the Unlicense and free yourself and your code from petty GPL restrictions.
Those “petty” restrictions are sort of the point, aren't they? To ensure that improvements to Snap! are shared?
bharvey
Scratcher
1000+ posts
Snap! user discussion
djdolphin wrote:
BookOwl wrote:
OR you could just use the Unlicense and free yourself and your code from petty GPL restrictions.
Those “petty” restrictions are sort of the point, aren't they? To ensure that improvements to Snap! are shared?
Indeed. Really, Snap! is unlikely ever to be a plausible money-maker for a hypothetical encloser, so in my view GPLing it is an exercise in movement-building. (It was my idea; Jens would more readily agree with BookOwl.) But if gcc or the Linux kernel were unlicensed you can be sure that it would have been enclosed by now.
So far, we haven't had any proposed uses of Snap! that would be forbidden by the license. The main commercial uses have been (1) hardware manufacturers who want to control their hardware from Snap!, who make their money selling hardware, not software, and can happily live with GPLing the little bit of software they have to write to make it work; (2) people who want to include Snap! projects in a collection of educational software; and, least common, (3) people who want to sell proprietary Snap! projects, which is frowned upon but not ruled out unless they want to distribute them by way of the Snap! cloud.
On BookOwl's side of the argument, we have occasionally had people contact us because they were timid about potential licensing issues even though their proposed use was perfectly okay. It could be argued that perhaps other timid people just gave up without contacting us.
On djdolphin's side of the argument (note in passing how I have rhetorically positioned myself as above the argument by phrasing it that way), to describe as “petty” the whole issue of copyright protection handwaves away the question of how society can support artistic and technical creators. It's a complicated question. “Support” doesn't necessarily mean money; for Stallman it has meant ensuring that his work doesn't end up enclosed by some future Microsoft. That's what he needs to be willing to put his time and effort into creating software. (It's a little ironic, I think, that I, with a guaranteed lifetime income from the State of California, am the one on the side of protective free licensing, while Jens, who works in the private sector and therefore always has to worry about putting food on the table, is the one who is willing simply to put his work in the public domain.)
djdolphin
Scratcher
1000+ posts
Snap! user discussion
Thought I'd link this here: https://scratch.mit.edu/discuss/topic/271892/
Edit - Another one: https://scratch.mit.edu/discuss/topic/271896/
Last edited by djdolphin (July 29, 2017 19:21:38)
Dale_Mahalko
New to Scratch
66 posts
Snap! user discussion
In the future I will put aliases to my “outside” threads in here. I want my discussions to be searchable and browseable in a normal manner like in a normal forum. Not lost in this single unmanaged mess of messages.
Scratch forum » Advanced Topics » Snap!: Doesn't have its own forum? It's not even pinned here?
https://scratch.mit.edu/discuss/topic/271892/
Scratch forum » Advanced Topics » Snap!: Bad characters in account signup?
https://scratch.mit.edu/discuss/topic/271896/
Dale_Mahalko
New to Scratch
66 posts
Snap! user discussion
Discussion Forums » Advanced Topics » Snap!: Lack of cursor / object coordinate reporting?
https://scratch.mit.edu/discuss/topic/271901
bharvey
Scratcher
1000+ posts
Snap! user discussion
Dale_Mahalko wrote:
Discussion Forums » Advanced Topics » Snap!: Lack of cursor / object coordinate reporting?
Both sprite x/y coordinate reporters and mouse x/y ditto have checkboxes in the palette to put watchers onstage. As for the screen coordinates, I find it useful to import the “xy-grid” costume (File>Costumes) during program development.
About your other problem, if Snap! crashed altogether, please file a bug report on Github. If you are requesting an enhancement that will leave the account-creation dialog open following that error, that's best done on Github too. (https://github.com/jmoenig/Snap–Build-Your-Own-Blocks/issues) Please make it clear which this is.
Hardmath123
Scratcher
1000+ posts
Snap! user discussion
Brian, to be clear, I think Dale's account-creation-dialog problem is the following. (By the way, I've encountered this before as well.)
1) When you choose your username, certain reasonable-sounding characters — presumably “underscore”, in this case — cause an error dialog, which crucially does not say which character is bad.
2) This error dialog destroys the signup form, so to try again, a user must re-enter all of the information. This can be frustrating because you aren't quite sure what to change this time.
From a user-interface point of view, I think these are both reasonable complaints — possibly not worth Jens' time to deal with, but perhaps someone on the dev forum can contribute a patch? Number 2 at least should be easy: since the error originates server-side, and afaik the server is closed-source, number 1 is harder for one of us to solve without guessing at the valid character set.
bharvey
Scratcher
1000+ posts
Snap! user discussion
Ah. Feel free to create a PR (against dev) for not closing the original dialog box after the error.
As for the other part, we can ask Miosoft what characters are allowed! If we were really clever, maybe we could just not echo those characters when typed into that field.
michael971
Scratcher
13 posts
Snap! user discussion
Question on creating a predicate function block. How do I define “true” and “False” in the return values of the block?
bharvey
Scratcher
1000+ posts
Snap! user discussion
michael971 wrote:
Question on creating a predicate function block. How do I define “true” and “False” in the return values of the block?
Hi. In the Operators menu, just after AND, OR, and NOT, you'll find a True block; if you click on the slider thingy it turns into a False block.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Supplements and Diet for Constipation
Highlight fiber. “You do not see much constipation in nations rich in-fiber diets,” observes Marion Nestle, Ph.D., chairperson of diet and food studies at New You are able to College in New You are able to City. “The thing is it in nations such as the U . s . States, where lots of people consume a low-fiber diet.”
To improve your fiber intake, Dr. Nestle recommends eating whole grain products, beans, fruits, or veggies at each meal so that as snacks. Wheat bran, the key constipation preventive, is definitely an component in a large number of cereals for example All-Bran and Bran Buds. Popcorn constitutes a satisfying high-fiber snack. Enjoy bean sauces and bean burritos, or munch on low-fat tortilla chips with bean dip. Prunes, raisins, broccoli, carrots, figs, and dried apricots also contain generous levels of fiber.
supplement do
Banish the folders. Some meals are binding, and therefore they lead to constipation, Dr. Simons states. Restricting your use of bananas, cheeses, white-colored grain, applesauce, and meals created using white-colored flour can keep you regular.
Quaff coffee. Lots of people have observed that coffee includes a laxative impact on them. The caffeine in coffee helps relieve constipation by stimulating peristalsis. If you are not really a coffee drinker, tea, cacao, and cola might also supply enough caffeine to obtain your bowels moving.
Supplements
Cure constipation with C. “High doses of ascorbic acid cause loose stools,” Dr. Brauer states. “While that is one problem for those vulnerable to diarrhea, it can benefit individuals who’re constipated.” He recommends taking 1,000 milligrams of ascorbic acid every 2 waking hrs until you are in a position to use the bathroom.
supplement dos
Find relief in folate. One study discovered that ladies who experienced issues with constipation had low quantity of a B vitamin folate within their bloodstream. Once the women started taking folate supplements, all their signs and symptoms gone away. Try taking on to five,000 micrograms each day before the condition subsides, recommends clinical nutritionist Shari Lieberman, Ph.D. But seek advice from your physician first, since dosages of folate over 1,000 micrograms must only be used under medical supervision.
Get a push from pantothenic acidity. A couple of research has recommended that taking supplements from the B vitamin pantothenic acidity might help relieve constipation. Melvyn R. Werbach, M.D., assistant clinical professor in the College of California, La, Med school, recommends getting 250 milligrams of pantothenic acidity each day.
Offer the digestive process. Naturopaths frequently prescribe supplemental stomach acidity and digestive support enzymes for seniors with constipation. Dr. Pizzorno indicates trying among the following: bromelain, an enzyme in pineapple (250 to 500 milligrams with foods) papain, an enzyme in papaya (500 to at least one,000 milligrams with foods) or pancreatin, an enzyme secreted through the pancreas (2 to 4 capsules of 4X potency or one or two capsules of 8X potency). Supplements of three enzymes can be found in most nutrition stores.
May Capobianco
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Battle of OtaviThe Battle of Otavi fought between the militaries of the Union of South Africa and German Southwest Africa on 1 July 1915 was the final battle of the South West Africa Campaign of World War I. The battle, fought between Otavi mountain and Otavifontein, was a delaying action led by the German Major Hermann Ritter. Ritter's forces intended to buy the main German force at Tsombe several days so as they could harden their positions there. In the end, Botha's forces were able to rout Ritter's troops, leading to an overall breakdown in the German lines that brought the campaign to an end.
BackgroundBy mid 1915 the South African advance in German Southwest Africa had gained considerable ground and efforts at negotiating a ceasefire had failed. Rather than seek a decisive battle, the German commander Victor Franke had decided to resort to keeping his army as intact as possible so as to maintain a German claim to the territory after the end of the war. Rather than resort to guerrilla warfare or attempt to break out of German Southwest Africa, Franke decided to retreat along the railway and build up defenses around Tsombe. With the South African army under Louis Botha rapidly approaching, Franke decided to leave a delaying force under his second in command Major Hermann Ritter at Otavifontein. The delaying force was tasked with holding up Botha for as long as possible so that the main force at Tsombe could concentrate its forces and solidify its defenses there.
Botha began his advance on June 18, learning from intercepted communications that the Germans were retreating up the railway but would not retreat farther than Namutoni. Botha split his 13,000 troops into four columns with one on each flank and two under his personal command driving up along the railway. With a swift advance, the South Africans began to surround the German positions and Botha's central columns managed to reach Otavi by July 1. The Germans thought that Botha's advance would be hampered by a lack of water and rough terrain, and were ill-prepared for the looming South African attack. At his disposal Botha had 3,500 cavalry compared to Ritter's 1,000 infantry and ten machine guns. Although heavily outnumbered, Ritter's forces did have the advantage of the high ground, as the territory they defended was quite mountainous. Despite this advantage, Ritter feared that his force would become surrounded and spread his forces out to lengthen his line of defense.
BattleBecause Ritter's line of defense was so long, his flanks were unable to support each other. That, combined with his lack of forces to man such a wide perimeter adequately, caused his left flank to falter when the South African forces advanced upon it. Fearful his lines would break, Ritter pulled back to the hills of Otavifontein and to Otavi mountain. Despite the fact that these new positions held the high ground, the Germans had not prepared any fortifications there. With no artillery and no solid defensive positions, the German force easily broke into a general retreat when pressed by Botha's troops. By 1pm the battle had ended, with Ritter pulling back to positions near Gaub and leaving Botha with a clear path to the main German body at Tsombe.
Eugen Mansfeld, who was present at the battle as a Reserve Leutnant in the German forces, laid the blame for German defeat squarely on Franke. Mansfeld stated that Major Ritter had occupied an excellent defensive position at Otavifontein, but that on the morning of 28 June 1915 Franke arrived with his staff officer and ordered a redisposition of Ritter's forces south of the original position, separating Ritter's three artillery batteries and leaving the companies of troops widely dispersed in no logical order. Mansfeld suggested that if the Germans had kept to Ritter's original plan, the South African forces—who were unable to transport water by railway—would have been forced to retreat to the nearest water station, with severe losses to their horses as a result.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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Detailed explanation of the most popular food spoi
2022-08-17
• Detail
Detailed explanation of food spoilage and its control technology (I)
1 Food corruption and deterioration
microorganisms are widely distributed in nature. Food will inevitably be polluted by a certain type and number of microorganisms. When environmental conditions are suitable, they will grow and reproduce rapidly, causing food corruption and deterioration, which not only reduces the nutritional and hygienic quality of food, but also may endanger human health
food spoilage refers to the process in which food is affected by various internal and external factors, resulting in changes in its original chemical or physical properties, reducing or losing its nutritional value and commodity value. Such as the putrefaction of fish, the rancidity of oil, the decay of fruits and vegetables, and the mildew of grain
there are many reasons for food spoilage, including physical, chemical and biological factors, such as the role of enzymes in animal and plant food tissues, and the pollution of insects, parasites and microorganisms. Among them, food spoilage caused by microbial contamination is the most important and common, so the sample: 50mm wide, 300mm long, 20 pieces in radial and latitudinal directions. This chapter only discusses the problem of food spoilage caused by microorganisms
1.1 basic conditions of food deterioration caused by microorganisms
food processing 15. Automatic storage: experimental conditions, test results, test curves and data can be automatically stored before the raw materials always contain a certain number of microorganisms; During and after processing, the finished products are inevitably exposed to microorganisms in the environment. Therefore, there are many kinds and quantities of microorganisms in the food, from general-purpose fixtures to special fixtures for wire rod test pieces, as shown in the photos. However, whether microbial contamination of food can lead to food corruption and deterioration, and the degree and nature of deterioration are affected by many factors. Generally speaking, food spoilage is closely related to the nature of the food itself, the type and quantity of polluting microorganisms and the environment in which the food is located, and the three factors interact and influence each other
1.1.1 matrix characteristics of food
⑴ nutritional components of food
food contains rich nutritional components such as protein, sugar, fat, inorganic salt, vitamins and water, which is a good culture medium for microorganisms. Therefore, microorganisms can easily grow and reproduce rapidly after contaminating food, resulting in food deterioration. However, in different foods, the proportion of the above ingredients varies greatly, and the ability of various microorganisms to decompose various nutrients is different, which leads to different microbial groups causing different food corruption, such as meat, fish and other protein rich foods, which are prone to be contaminated by Proteus, Penicillium and other microorganisms with strong ability to decompose protein and cause corruption; Rice and other foods with high sugar content are easy to be polluted by Aspergillus, Rhizopus, lactic acid bacteria, beer yeast and other microorganisms with strong ability to decompose carbohydrates; However, foods with high fat content are prone to rancidity and deterioration due to contamination by microorganisms with strong fat decomposition ability such as Aspergillus flavus and Pseudomonas
⑵ hydrogen ion concentration of food
all kinds of food have a certain hydrogen ion concentration. According to the characteristics of the pH range of food, food can be divided into two categories: acidic food and non acidic food. Generally, those whose pH value is above 4.5 belong to non acidic food; Those with pH value below 4.5 are acidic foods. For example, the pH value of animal food is generally between 5 and 7, and the pH value of vegetables is between 5 and 6. They are generally non acidic food; The pH value of fruit is between 2 and 5, which is generally acidic food
all kinds of microorganisms have their most suitable pH range. The concentration of hydrogen ions in food can affect the nature of the charge on the cell membrane. When the charge properties on the microbial cell membrane are changed by the concentration of hydrogen ions in food, the absorption mechanism of some substances by microorganisms will change, which will affect the normal metabolic activities of cells and the role of enzymes. Therefore, the pH value of food is one of the important factors that restrict the growth of microorganisms and affect the spoilage of food
the most suitable pH for the growth of most bacteria is about 7.0, and the pH range for the growth of yeast and mold is wide, so non acidic food is suitable for the growth of most bacteria, yeast and mold; The lower limit of bacterial growth is generally about 4.5, and only a few acid tolerant bacteria, such as Lactobacillus, can grow when the pH value is below 3.3 ~ 4.0. Therefore, the spoilage of acidic food is mainly the growth of yeast and mold
in addition, the pH value of food will also change due to the growth and reproduction of microorganisms. When microorganisms grow in the food matrix containing sugar and protein, microorganisms first decompose sugar to produce acid, which will reduce the pH value of food; When the sugar is insufficient, the protein is broken down and the pH value rises again. Due to the activities of microorganisms, the pH value of food substrate changes greatly. When the acid or alkali accumulates to a certain amount, it will in turn inhibit the continued activities of microorganisms
⑶ water in food
water is a necessary condition for microbial life activities. Microbial cells are indispensable to water. Water is the solvent for all kinds of biochemical reactions in cells. In the environment of water shortage, the metabolism of microorganisms is blocked, and even die. However, the water content required by the growth and reproduction of various microorganisms is different. Therefore, the water content in food determines the types of growing microorganisms. Generally speaking, food containing more water is easy for bacteria to multiply; Molds and yeasts are easy to reproduce in foods with less water
water in food exists in two forms: free water and bound water. When microorganisms grow and propagate on food, the available water is free water. Therefore, the water required for the growth and propagation of microorganisms in food does not depend on the total water content (%), but on the water activity (AW, also known as water activity). Because part of the water is combined with protein, carbohydrate and some soluble substances, such as amino acids, sugar, salt, etc., this kind of combined water is useless for microorganisms. Therefore, water activity is usually used to express the water that can be used by microorganisms in food
water activity (AW) refers to the ratio of water vapor pressure (P) and pure water vapor pressure (P0) of food in a closed container, that is, aw=p/p0. Aw of pure water = 1; The aw of anhydrous food is equal to 0, which shows that the aw value of food is between. Table 1 gives the range of the lowest aw value for the growth of different microbial groups. From the table, it can be seen that if the aw value of food is below 0.60, it is considered that microorganisms cannot grow. It is generally believed that the aw value of food is below 0.64, which is the mould proof water content for safe storage of food
table the minimum aw value range of the growth of major microbial groups in food
the minimum aw value range of microbial groups
most bacteria 0.99 ~ 0.90 halophilic bacteria 0.75
most yeast 0.94 ~ 0.88 hypertonic yeast 0.60
most mold 0.94 ~ 0.73 dry mold 0.65
fresh food raw materials, such as fish, meat, fruits, vegetables, etc., contain more water, The aw value is generally 0.98 ~ 0.99, which is suitable for the growth of most microorganisms. If it is not treated in time, it is easy to deteriorate. In order to prevent food deterioration, the most commonly used method is to reduce the water content of food and reduce the aw value below 0.70, so that it can be preserved for a long time. Many studies have reported that foods with aw values between o.80 and O.85 can only be preserved for a few days; Foods with aw value of about 0.72 can be stored for 2 to 3 months; If aw is below 0.65, it can be stored for 1 to 3 years
in practice, for convenience, the percentage of water content is often used to express the water content of food, and it is used as a measurement index to control the growth of microorganisms. For example, in order to achieve the purpose of preservation as a key link, the moisture content of milk powder should be less than 8%, that of rice should be about 13%, that of beans should be less than 15%, and that of dehydrated vegetables should be between 14 and 20%. Although the water content percentage of these substances is different, their aw value is about below 0.70
⑷ osmotic pressure of food
osmotic pressure has a certain relationship with the life activities of microorganisms. If the microorganism is placed in a low permeability solution, the bacteria will absorb water and expand, or even rupture; If placed in hypertonic solution, the bacteria will dehydrate or even die. Generally speaking, microorganisms have certain resistance in foods with low osmotic pressure and are easy to grow, while in foods with high osmotic pressure, microorganisms often die due to dehydration. Of course, different microbial species have different tolerance to osmotic pressure
most bacteria cannot grow in foods with high osmotic pressure, and only a few species can grow in hypertonic environments. For example, some species of Halobacillus can live in foods with 20 ~ 30% salt concentration; Leuconostoc mesenteroides can tolerate high concentrations of sugar. Yeasts and molds can generally tolerate high osmotic pressure, such as Hansenula anomala, Saccharomyces rouxii, Pichia membranafaciens, which can tolerate high sugar and often cause the deterioration of high sugar foods such as syrup, jam, fruit juice, etc. Among the molds, the prominent representatives are Aspergillus glaucus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, etc
salt and sugar are the main substances that form different osmotic pressures. Adding different amounts of sugar or salt to food can form different osmotic pressures. The more sugar or salt added, the higher the concentration, the greater the osmotic pressure, and the smaller the aw value of food. In order to prevent food from spoilage, salt and sugar are often used to preserve food for a long time
existing state of food
food in good condition is generally not prone to corruption, such as potatoes, apples, etc. without crushing and wounds, which can be stored for a long time. If the food tissue breaks down or the cell membrane breaks, it is easy to be contaminated by microorganisms and deteriorate
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15
Copyright © 2011 JIN SHI
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Install React file manager
React file manager is based on the Flmngr NPM package. At this moment it just reexports everything from the original package, but in the future will add specific features related to React.
We recommend you start with this derivative package if you need to implement a file manager in your React app.
Get the NPM package
The first step is to download the NPM package into your app. Go into your project and run there in the console:
Using NPM:
npm i --save @flmngr/flmngr-react
Using Yarn:
yarn add @flmngr/flmngr-react
Install the backend
You also need to install file manager backend somewhere on your server.
Call Flmngr from your code
Now you can import Flmngr namespace (default namespace of the package) and use it:
import Flmngr from "@flmngr/flmngr-react";
import * as React from "react";
export class MyButton extends React.Component {
render() {
return <button
onClick={() => {
Flmngr.open({
apiKey: "FLMNFLMN", // default free key
urlFileManager: 'https://fm.flmngr.com/fileManager', // demo server
urlFiles: 'https://fm.flmngr.com/files', // demo file storage
isMultiple: false, // let selecting a single file
acceptExtensions: ["png", "jpg", "jpeg", "gif", "webp"],
onFinish: (files) => {
console.log("User picked:");
console.log(files);
}
});
}}
>
Open file manager
</button>
}
}
This is the sample of just one case - when you need to open the file manager and wait until the user picks some file and receive these files in a callback after the dialog is closed. Flmngr.open({params}) is used for this.
There are many other different available methods described in the API reference section. Live code samples are provided.
Sample
There is also a live demo on our website:
Optimization
The Flmngr NPM package loads a minimal part of Flmngr. Most of its components (file manager and image editor) will be automatically loaded from the official CDN on the first call of some method.
In order to have no delay on a such first call, please consider preloading Flmngr using Flmngr.load({params}).
This load will not only preload the file manager and image editor from CDN, but also preconfigure them. After passing some parameters into this function you should not include these parameters in any other calls until wish to override them.
We strongly recommend you use this preload call and include to there these parameters:
• apiKey - your API key (or FLMNFLMN if you use a free version). The only really required parameter, is not overridable.
• urlFileManager - URL of your PHP backend of the file manager. Recommended, can be overridden in future calls.
• urlFiles - URL of where your files are located. Recommended, can be overridden in future calls.
So the optimized code will be:
import Flmngr from "@flmngr/flmngr-react";
import * as React from "react";
// Starts async loading Flmngr code from CDN (this is non-blocking action)
Flmngr.load({
apiKey: "FLMNFLMN", // default free key
urlFileManager: 'https://fm.flmngr.com/fileManager', // demo server
urlFiles: 'https://fm.flmngr.com/files', // demo file storage
});
export class MyButton extends React.Component {
render() {
return <button
onClick={() => {
Flmngr.open({
// Do not specify parameters already passed into Flmngr.load(...) before.
// The same for other methods like Flmngr.upload(...), Flmngr.edit(...), etc.
isMultiple: false, // let selecting a single file
acceptExtensions: ["png", "jpg", "jpeg", "gif", "webp"],
onFinish: (files) => {
console.log("User picked:");
console.log(files);
}
});
}}
>
Open file manager
</button>
}
}
We experience problems with Zendesk, our ticket system, mail sent there won't be delivered. Please write us directly to support@flmngr.com until the problem is resolved.
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1 Reply Latest reply on Mar 10, 2005 2:44 PM by ryan.campbell
build.xml deprecated?
mazz Master
I'm looking at the new build system stuff and have a question.
Looking at the "microkernel" module as the example, I see there is a build.xml in addition to the jbossbuild.xml.
It looks like the build.xml still uses build magic. I assume it is there so you can build this module using the old build system right? I figure "build.xml" is going to be deprecated since it really isn't going to be used when building using the new way.
jbossbuild.xml - that's the main build file I really need to look at when I want to see what's going on right?
• 1. Re: build.xml deprecated?
ryan.campbell Expert
Yes, we have parallel builds until jbossbuild reliably builds the entire project. Once we do, jbossbuild.xml will become build.xml and we will be back to one build file.
To see what's going on:
1. look at jbossbuild.xml
2. type ant -f jbossbuild.xml -projecthelp to see all the generated targets.
3. type ant -f jbossbuild.xml show -Dshow=targetname to see how jbossbuild will implement that target.
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Samenvatting
This paper investigates a fully integrated and packaged single CMOS low noise amplifier (LNA) in gap-waveguide structure. The bare die LNA operating in 60 GHz band is implemented in a 40 nm digital CMOS technology. The connection between on-chip ground-signal-ground (GSG) pads and coplanar waveguide (CPW) on RO4350B PCB is achieved by using wire-bonding. The electromagnetic fields are then coupled between a microstrip patch built on the PCB and a ridge waveguide via an off-chip stub section. Field blocking pins are used to provide a resonance free packaging for the chip and to stop any possible radiation from the open-ended coupling stubs. The measurement result show that the system is stable with an average loss of 2.5 dB compared to the on-probe measurement result over the band 57-65 GHz.
Originele taal-2Engels
TijdschriftIEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters
StatusIn voorbereiding - 21 jun 2021
Vingerafdruk
Duik in de onderzoeksthema's van 'A 60~GHz 40 nm CMOS LNA Integrated and Packaged in Gap-waveguide Technology'. Samen vormen ze een unieke vingerafdruk.
Citeer dit
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Page:Notes and Queries - Series 9 - Volume 11.djvu/523
9? S. XI. JUNE 27, 1903.] NOTES AND QUERIES.
515
of Amaryllidacese receives from the Chinese another unhappy name, " Pu-i-tsan," or un- dutiful herb" oecause its leaves and flowers appear at different seasons and never accom- pany each other.
AraiHakuseki (1657-1725), in his 'Toga, 3 Brit. Mus. Or. MSS. 39, relates a folk- story that the so-called woman's flower (Uminaeshi\ or Patrinia scabioscefolia, Lin one ot the seven autumnal flowers celebrated m the Japanese anthology, took its rise from the grave of a young woman who had died of love-sickness KUMAGUSU MINAKATA.
Mount Nachi, Kii, Japan.
BEDFORDSHIRE : LORD LIEUTENANCY (9 th S. xi. 449). A very full list of the topographical works relating to this county has already been given in 7 th S. xii. 49, 132, 233, 332, from which your correspondent may be able to obtain the information he requires.
EVERARD HOME COLEMAN. 71, Brecknock Road.
Earl of Upper Ossory, Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire 1771-1818 (G. E. C.'s 'Complete Peerage'). W. D. MACRAY.
According to Haydn's ' Book of Dignities ' John, Earl of Upper Ossory, was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire on 24 Jan., 1771, his successor being Thomas Philip, Lord Grantham, on 13 Feb., 1818. His predecessor, John, Duke of Bedford, died on 15 Jan., 1771. WM. NORMAN.
6, St. James's Place, Plumstead.
DE LA MARCHE (9 th S. xi. 428). A large engraved portrait, 22 in. by 16 in., of this emigre was published in 1797, entitled "John Francis Lamarche, Bishop and Count of Leon ; born in Lower Britanny, County of Cornwall, landed in England 28th Feby., 1791," in which he is represented in the act of writing many letters soliciting assistance for French Royalists who were stranded impecu- nious in England, having fled from France under the Reign of Terror. A. I.
Torquay.
" PEACE, RETRENCHMENT, AND REFORM " (9 th S. x. 348, 412, 496; xi. 176). The point is entirely lost by the mention at the last reference. Mr. Titmouse was the successful (not unsuccessful) candidate for the borough of Yatton in the first reformed Parliament, owing to a great amount of bribery and corruption, when the " Bill for giving Every- body Everything" became law. Of course by this measure is meant the Reform Bill of 1832. The graphic description of the election is written in ' Ten Thousand a Year,' pub- lished originally in filackwood's Magazine in
1840, m twenty parts, and afterwards re- printed in three vols. My copy, published by Blackwood, is dated 1845, and the account of the Yatton election is recorded in vol. iii. chap. i.
Mr. Gammon is recorded to have received the following laconic epistle, stimulating him to great exertions in the forthcoming election :
I he election must be won. You will hear from E. by this post. Don't address any note to me.-B. and B. This is from Mr. Quick- silver, now Lord Blossom and Box, the Lord Chancellor, an old friend of Mr. Gammon's. JOHN PICKFORD, M.A.
[MR. ADRIAN WHEELER described Titmouse ante, p. 176, as the successful candidate.]
ENGLISH ACCENTUATION (9 th S. xi. 408). The tendency of English is to throw the stress towards the beginning of the word. Foreign words adopted into the language retain their foreign accent until they become popularized, when they fall under the English rule. In Byron's 'Childe Harold,' canto ii. st. xl., written in 1810, we find :
Oft did he mark the scenes of vanish'd war,
Actium, Lepanto, fatal Trafalgar ; and canto iv. st. clxxxi. :
They melt into thy yeast of waves which mar
Alike the Armada's pride and spoils of Trafalgar ; but in Braham's song (1811) 'The Death of Nelson,'
'Twas in Trafalgar's Bay. Byron wrote out of England and kept the Spanish accent, while no doubt "Trafalgar Square " had popularized the name at home Again, balcony \ from the Italian bale-one, retained its foreign accent, balcdny, according to the 'H.E.D.,' until 1825; but 1 remember that the pronunciation was still unsettled in 1850. In Cowper's 'John Gilpin (1782) are the lines :
At Edmonton his loving wife
From the balcony spied Her tender husband, wondering much
To see how he did ride. Many other instances might be adduced. If the decimal system is ever adopted, no doubt such words as kilometer, &c., will receive the English stress, kilometer, like barometer, gas-meter. A. D. JONES.
As I suggested in a former note with regard to a similar query (9 th S. vi. 52), it is evidently not only the requirements of euphony that govern the accentuation of English. The other guiding principle seems to be con- venience, that is, a convenience dictated by the necessity for differentiating the accent and sound in, for instance, such a word as gallant, meaning high-spirited, and gallant.
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Texas church shooter's family is grieving, father says
(CNN)The family of Texas church shooter Devin Kelley is mourning, his father says, as a list of potential warning signs about the perpetrator of Sunday's massacre grows. "We we are grieving. Our family is grieving," Michael Kelley told ABC News on Wednesday at his home in New Braunfels, about 35 miles north of Sutherland Springs, where police say his son stormed the First Baptist Church on Sunday morning, killing 25 people and an unborn child. This was Michael Kelley's first public statement since the massacre. Police say his son -- after being shot by a local resident as he left the church, and then fleeing in a car -- had called his father to say he didn't think he was going to make it. Devin Kelley then shot himself and was found dead in that car, police say. Michael Kelley said the family had nothing else to say for the moment. "I don't want our lives, our grandchildren's lives, destroyed by this media circus," he said. Fellow airman: Gunman claimed he bought animals for target practice Meanwhile, the number of potential red flags in Devin Kelley's past continues to rise. Kelley once claimed that he bought animals off Craigslist with the purpose of killing them, and praised the gunman who killed nine people at a South Carolina church two years ago, a former Air Force colleague told CNN. Jessika Edwards, who says she worked with Kelley at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico from 2010 to 2012, said Kelley told her -- after they were both out of the service -- that he was "using the dogs as target practice." Edwards said the claim was part of a series of Facebook messages that the two exchanged starting in 2014, after both had left the Air Force. She said he initially had reached out to her on Facebook, asking her to be a job reference. Though Edwards didn't know whether Kelley was telling the truth about the animals, she said the claim was enough for her to stop communicating with him. She said she wrote the experience off as Kelley "talking weird like he always did." She said their post-Air Force conversations on Facebook made her increasingly uncomfortable. She said Kelley once praised Dylann Roof, the man who entered a church in Charleston, South Carolina, and killed nine people during a bible study in 2015. "He would say, 'Isn't it cool? Did you watch the news?'" Edwards said. "He would say he wished he had the nerve to do it, but all he would be able to do is kill animals." She said she deleted the messages; it wasn't immediately clear when exactly Kelley is alleged to have made the animals claim. She said she also told the FBI about the messages, hoping they could be recovered. Troubled past Kelley had a troubled past and was prone to domestic violence and animal cruelty, according to public records and those who knew him. As an airman in New Mexico, he was convicted in military court in 2012 of assaulting his then-wife and stepson. While he was awaiting that military trial, he escaped from a New Mexico mental health facility where he had been confined. Police officers who were called to find him were warned that he had sneaked firearms onto the the base and threatened his commanders, police documents show. The Air Force acknowledged it did not appropriately relay Kelley's court martial conviction for domestic assault to civilian law enforcement, as required, preventing the conviction from showing up in a federal database that licensed gun dealers must check before someone can buy a firearm. After his assault conviction and a "bad conduct" discharge, Kelley moved to an RV park in Colorado, where he was accused in 2014 of punching a dog. He initially pleaded guilty to animal cruelty and was forced to surrender the husky, but the case was dismissed after he paid fines, court documents show. He moved to New Braunfels, and posted on social media about his rifle and his affinity for mass shootings. A neighbor of his says that in the week before the shooting, he heard gunshots coming from Kelley's property every morning. Kelley had an ongoing dispute with his in-laws from his current marriage, who attended the Sutherland Springs church, police say. Kelley's grandmother-in-law was among those killed. And police say Kelley had a history of texting threats to his mother-in-law, who was not inside the church during Sunday's shooting. Official blasts companies over access to shooter's phone The FBI says that encryption has so far prevented it from gleaning data from Kelley's cell phone, prompting the Justice Department's No. 2 official to take a fresh swipe at technology companies that he says are stopping investigators from accessing information in thousands of cases. "When you shoot dozens of innocent American citizens, we want law enforcement to investigate your communications and stored data. We expect police and prosecutors to investigate such horrendous crimes," US Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein said Thursday at a BWI Business Partnership meeting near Baltimore. Rosenstein, who has raised similar criticisms before, accused some companies Thursday -- without naming them -- of "updating their encryption to stay a step ahead of law enforcement." The issue became prominent after a couple killed 14 people at a gathering in San Bernardino, California, in December 2015. The killers died in a shootout with police, and the FBI initially was unable to access the encrypted iPhone of gunman Syed Farook. After Apple refused to unlock Farook's phone, the FBI accessed the phone after purchasing a "tool" from a private company -- a work-around Rosenstein has called time-consuming and not practical. Authorities haven't said which company made Kelley's phone. But Apple said this week that it has offered to help the FBI access the device. "We were shocked and saddened by the violence in Texas last Sunday, and we join the world in grieving for the families and community that lost so many loved ones," Apple said in a statement released this week. "Our team immediately reached out to the FBI after learning from their press conference on Tuesday that investigators were trying to access a mobile phone. "We offered assistance and said we would expedite our response to any legal process they send us," the statement continued. "We work with law enforcement every day. We offer training to thousands of agents so they understand our devices and how they can quickly request information from Apple." Church services will continue Despite losing half its congregation in the shooting, which likely damaged the church beyond repair, First Baptist Church will host a service this Sunday at a community center next door. Its members, often clad in T-shirts and jeans, have long been a stalwart of the community -- helping feed the needy and clean up neighbors' property after storms. "They don't have a lot of money, but they are always willing to give," said Mike Clements, who pastors a nearby church. Now, ministers from neighboring communities are teaming up to help organize First Baptist's upcoming service. CNN's Holly Yan, Nicole Chavez, AnneClaire Stapleton, Samantha Kelly, Tammy Kupperman, David Shortell, and Doug Criss contributed to this report.
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Site iconChimCanh.Vn
Blue-headed fantail
Rhipidura cyaniceps
Photo by Pamela Rasmussen (Avian Vocalizations Center)
Common name:
blue-headed fantail (en); cauda-de-leque-de-cabeça-azul (pt); rhipidure à tête bleue (fr); abanico cabeciazul (es); blaukopf-fächerschwanz (de)
Taxonomy:
Order Passeriformes
Family Rhipiduridae
Range:
This species is endemic to The Philippines, being found in Luzon, Catanduanes, Negros, Panay, Masbate and some nearby smaller islands.
Size:
These birds are 18 cm long and weigh 13-15 g.
Habitat:
The blue-headed fantail is mostly found in lowland rainforests, but also uses mountain rainforests and degraded patches of former forest.
Diet:
They hunt insects in flight.
Breeding:
There is no available information regarding the reproduction of this species.
Conservation:
IUCN status – LC (Least Concern)
This species has a large breeding range and is described as common in most of this range. The population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats.
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Droplet Features
DigitalOcean Droplets are Linux-based virtual machines (VMs) that run on top of virtualized hardware. Each Droplet you create is a new server you can use, either standalone or as part of a larger, cloud-based infrastructure.
Linux Distributions
We support the following Linux distributions:
Ubuntu Debian CentOS AlmaLinux Rocky Linux Fedora
22.10 x64
22.04 (LTS) x64
20.04 (LTS) x64
18.04.3 (LTS) x64
11.0 x64
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8.6
9
8 x64
9 x64
38 x64
37 x64
36 x64
Tags
Tags are custom labels you apply to Droplets that have multiple uses:
• Filtering. Tagging multiple Droplets with the same label lets you organize your resources and view a filtered list of Droplets that share that particular tag.
• Automatic inclusion in firewall rules and load balancer backend pools. Automatically include Droplets in a firewall or load balancer configuration by tag, minimizing administration overhead when adding new Droplets to your infrastructure.
• API call execution on multiple Droplets at once. Initiate an action across all Droplets with the same tag using the DigitalOcean API. Identifying groups of Droplets and administering all of them at once reduces the time required to manage resources.
Reserved IPs
DigitalOcean Reserved IPs are publicly-accessible static IP addresses that you can assign to Droplets. A reserved IP provides an additional static address you can use to access a Droplet without replacing or changing the Droplet’s original public IP address.
Volumes Block Storage
DigitalOcean Volumes Block Storage is a flexible, convenient way of managing additional storage (in units called volumes) for your Droplets. Volumes are independent resources that you can move between Droplets within the same region. You can increase the size of a volume without powering down the Droplet it’s attached to. They’re most useful when you need more storage space but don’t need the additional processing power or memory that a larger Droplet would provide.
Firewalls
DigitalOcean Cloud Firewalls are a free, network-based, stateful firewall service for your DigitalOcean Droplets. They block all traffic that isn’t expressly permitted by a rule. You can define the Droplets protected by a firewall individually or by using tags.
Load Balancers
DigitalOcean Load Balancers are a fully-managed, highly available load balancing service. Load balancers distribute traffic to groups of Droplets, which decouples the overall health of a backend service from the health of a single server to ensure that your services stay online.
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Talk:Valle de Guadalupe
History Section
The following two paragraphs that were in the history section seem to have been cribbed (with inadequate, trivial edits) from http://www.chiff.com/a/wine-baja.htm (which is an external link for this page). I have removed them for now.
-- One of the most important activities in the mission was wine production but in 1857, when the Mexican government stripped the Catholic Church of its land holdings the small wineries formerly tended to by missionaries were eventually abandoned. In 1888 the government sold the former lands of the nearby Santo Tomás Mission to a private group, which established the first large-scale winery in Mexico.
In 1904, the region received an influx of Russian Molokan immigrants, a religious group which opposed war and fled Russia so its men would not be drafted by the Czarist army. In Mexico they found freedom of creed and acquired about 0.4 km² (100 acres) of land to harvest grapes for wine. --
Celsius1414 (talk) 17:47, 24 July 2013 (UTC)
Untitled
This article centers on the town, but the term "Valle de Guadalupe" is meant to refer to the Wine producing valley, not the town. Thus a correction is in order.
And Guadalupe is a name that always should be written with a capital G, not guadalupe, that is not proper. amclaussen, a wikipedian in Mexico. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:57, 8 July 2011 (UTC)
Also needs to be classified to include another category, like "Wine producing places of Mexico" due to the importance of its wine, which has won a number of international awards. The geographic and climatic characteristics of the valley are quite favorable to the production of good quality wines. Valle de Guadalupe importance is in considered in Mexico comparable to the importance and relevance of Napa Valley in USA, in reference to the wine it produces. amclaussen. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:07, 8 July 2011 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified one external link on Guadalupe, Baja California. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130502025339/http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223 to http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 20:51, 25 March 2017 (UTC)
Moved
See Talk:Valle de Guadalupe (disambiguation). Andrewa (talk) 04:54, 21 August 2017 (UTC)
Doin' the thing that i never would know treal me like Don't get me dirte love love on me love love on love on me
Sing <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:40, 10 August 2023 (UTC)
Major revision. Additions and corrections welcome
I made a major revision of this page. Additions and corrections are welcome.   (talk) 23:05, 27 June 2024 (UTC)
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Kamala Harris hits Trump on Fourth of July tweet: 'It’s America’s birthday, not his birthday' | TheHill
2020 presidential hopeful Sen. Kamala HarrisKamala Devi HarrisEight Democratic presidential hopefuls to appear in CNN climate town hall Biden, Buttigieg bypassing Democratic delegate meeting: report The Hill's Morning Report - Trump on defense over economic jitters MORE (D-Calif.) on Sunday hit President TrumpDonald John TrumpTrump pushes back on recent polling data, says internal numbers are 'strongest we've had so far' Illinois state lawmaker apologizes for photos depicting mock assassination of Trump Scaramucci assembling team of former Cabinet members to speak out against Trump MORE for his tweet on proposed July Fourth plans at the National Mall this year. "I think the President needs to realize it’s America’s birthday, not his birthday,” she said Sunday while at a campaign event in Iowa. Here’s @KamalaHarris’ response to my question in her Iowa press gaggle to @realDonaldTrump’s tweet announcing a parade & fireworks July 4 in DC. She smiled widely, laughed and said, “I think the President needs to realize it’s America’s birthday, not his birthday.” #2020Elections https://t.co/zKgB4Dn0ls Trump on Sunday urged Americans to "hold the date" on Independence Day — which is already a federal holiday — for "one of the biggest gatherings in the history of Washington, D.C." "It will be called 'A Salute To America' and will be held at the Lincoln Memorial," Trump tweeted. "Major fireworks display, entertainment and an address by your favorite President, me!" The nation's capital already has a range of annual festivities on the Fourth of July, including a fireworks show at the National Mall, a free concert and a parade down Constitution Avenue. Trump first floated the idea for a Fourth of July celebration earlier this month when he brought it up during a Cabinet meeting. It is unclear how Trump's proposed idea would coexist with the existing D.C. Fourth of July celebrations. Harris joined a number of Democratic lawmakers who poked fun at Trump's proposal on Sunday, noting that the nation's capital already holds a number of Independence Day events. "If this goes well, I think we should follow it with a big party in Times Square the night before New Year’s Day," Rep. Eric SwalwellEric Michael SwalwellHickenlooper ends presidential bid Scenes from Iowa State Fair: Surging Warren, Harris draw big crowds Nadler hits gas on impeachment MORE (D-Calif.), who is said to be mulling a 2020 presidential bid, tweeted. View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc.
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Category:Rhodesian Queen's Counsel
This category is for articles about Rhodesian lawyers who were appointed King's Counsel or Queen's Counsel prior to 1970.
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1998–99 Irish League Cup
The 1998–99 Irish League Cup (known as the Coca-Cola League Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the 13th edition of the Irish League Cup, Northern Ireland's secondary football knock-out cup competition. It concluded on 4 May 1999 with the final.
Linfield were the defending champions after their fourth League Cup win last season; a 1–0 victory over Glentoran in the previous final. This season they became the first club ever to successfully defend the trophy. In a repeat of the previous final, Linfield once again came out on top with a 2–1 extra time victory against Glentoran in the final, lifting the cup for the fifth time and condemning the Glens to defeat in the final for the third season running, which is a record for successive final defeats in the competition that still stands.
The competition was re-structured this season, allowing only the 10 top-flight clubs and the 8 second-tier clubs to enter. This reduced the number of clubs taking part from 32 down to 18.
Preliminary round
* }
First round
* }
Quarter-finals
* }
Semi-finals
* }
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Spin down the hard drive when idle
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
(Redirected from Articles/DebianNoflushd)
Jump to: navigation, search
noflushd
Bar.png
This information is not complete! The primary function of noflushd is to use the linux kernel's delayed write mechanisms to buffer file system writes as long as possible. BUT: With ext3/reiser/xfs the linux kernel forces writes to their journals, so noflushd is essentially on our LinkStation setup (we use ext3, to prevent file system checks which would interfere with the watchdog) totally worthless. Hdparm set on boot would do the same job!
First of all, you should think hard about whether your setup actually allows you to spin down the hard drive. As the box to the right points out, ext3 writes regularly to disk, preventing a useful spindown. There are other programs known to write regularly on disk, such as ntp, exim and various logging daemons. Some workarounds have been posted on various places around the web, detailing how to prevent each of these from doing these regular disk writes. However, they have not (especially as regards the ext3 filesystem) been well tested on the LinkStation, and may cause problems.
Furthermore, you should note that a spindown must be done only for a long period if it is not to damage the disk, since the spin down/up cycle causes considerable wear. Desktop drives are not built for too many spin downs/ups. Laptop drives, are designed to some 500,000 spin downs/ups in compared to the sub 40,000 of a desktop drive. According to one estimate, if a disk spins up/down every 10 minutes, it will break within one year.
Nevertheless, below is documentation on how to install two different tools (not to be intalled both at the same time), meant to allow spindown.
Noflush Daemon
1. Install the Noflush daemon. Noflushd will automatically spin down the LinkStation hard drive after a defined period of inactivity. Use the command:
apt-get install noflushd
2. You will be prompted to enter a spin down time. The default timeout is 5 minutes (which is probably too low for most people).
3. You may modify /etc/default/noflushd if you wish to change the spin down time.
4. An alternate method for spinning down the hard drive is documented at Articles/DebianHdparm.
Laptop Mode Tools
This might not be a good idea, I may be crazy, but...
Using laptop-mode-tools i have been able to keep my HDHG Linkstation hard drive spun down for hours. I wanted to do this as i want my linkstaion powered on all the time, but expect it will only be accessed every few days at the most. My desire to spindown is related mostly to noise, somewhat to wear, somewhat to power, and somewhat irrational.
Using Hdparm or NoFlushd did not work for me because of the ext3 filesystem, as I understand it. Other people seem to have been successful with hdparm which confuses me.
Firstly, using laptop mode to keep your harddrive from spinning up for extended periods (6hrs in my case) risks data loss as the disk writes are kept cached in RAM untill RAM is too full, or 6hrs, or spinup for read access. If power is interupted etc you lose any cached writes. I am not as concerned about this as i have a battery backup. I do, however, wonder what it is about the ext3 filesystem that accesses the drive so regulary, and what would be lost (other than my actual data) if the system crashed. If the ext3 filesystem loses 6hrs of it's housekeeping, what is it losing and how much damage will be done.
I believe if someone accesses my drive (visits my site) the drive will spin up to read data to send them, so any activity they have will be written during their visit. That is my theory. Only ext3 house keeping will remain unwritten for long periods.
I have changed the stock settings to 6hrs max without writing, 5MB max unwritten data. I am still evaluating if 5MB is too low for long spindowns, but i would like a write for sure for large amount of data (greater than 5MB).
If this 'solution' isn't totally stupid i will post details. If it is totally stupid please let me know. If there is a better solution also please let me know...
...
From what i have read at http://www.xs4all.nl/~bsamwel/laptop_mode/index.html and its referenced article laptop-mode is built into the 2.6 kernel. If you "ls /proc/sys/vm" you will see 'laptop_mode' already there. If you "cat /proc/sys/vm/laptop_mode" it should be "0" as it is turned off. Once installed and configured this value changed to "2" for me.
Laptop-mode-tools can be installed "apt-get install laptop-mode-tools" (v1.05 stable, 1.31 unstable - i have installed 1.31 installed from the above website)
Once installed you must edit "/etc/laptop-mode/laptop-mode.conf" . The conf file is very well documented and verbose. The list of settings is quite long, here are listed ones I changed (comments are mine) :
1. these to ensure the linkstation is always in 'laptop-mode'. I am not sure if the LID_CLOSED is necessary
ENABLE_LAPTOP_MODE_ON_AC=1 ENABLE_LAPTOP_MODE_WHEN_LID_CLOSED=1
HD="/dev/hda"
1. these to set a max 6hrs of storing unwritten writes before forcing a write
LM_BATT_MAX_LOST_WORK_SECONDS=21600 LM_AC_MAX_LOST_WORK_SECONDS=21600
1. I am not sure if this one was necessary
CONTROL_NOATIME=1
1. laptop-mode will set the hfparm settings
LM_AC_HD_IDLE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS=5 LM_BATT_HD_IDLE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS=5 NOLM_HD_IDLE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS=5
1. if unrwritten pages exceeds this percent of memory a write will be triggered
2. I tried 10 but it did not seem to sleep long enough from me. More experimenting needed
LM_DIRTY_RATIO=30
You may need to reboot, i did. Execute "cat /proc/sys/vm/laptop_mode" to ensure you are in laptop mode. Wait patiently for your drive to sleep - mine takes a few minutes despite the 5 sec sleep setting, but then sleeps for hours. I am curious about what people with more linux knowledge think about this. It may be worth a wiki article, which i will definitely do, but after comment of mentioned knowledgable people.
Originally by frontalot and edited by Thorongil from linkstationwiki.org
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Dow tanks as trade war escalates – four experts weigh in
Stocks are plummeting again as the U.S. China trade war escalated even further to begin the week. China shot the latest salvo after levying tariffs on $60 billion in U.S. imports, beginning June 1. That follows the U.S.'s own increased tariffs on Chinese goods late last week. Jim Cramer, host of CNBC's "Mad Money," says the markets should calm down once investors realize they are unfairly punishing stocks unaffected by the trade conflict. "It's very obvious that people are saying it's restricted to a bunch of companies that do a lot of business in China and they include Xilinx, they include Caterpillar and you get Apple and you get Boeing and then people come to their senses and saying why are we selling Darden, Olive Garden. It really doesn't make any sense to sell Verizon. Why are we selling AT&T other than the fact that maybe they're losing subs? Why are we selling a lot of retailers that do no business in China and the answer is because the market is tanking, it's the futures. The futures don't know any better. The market will stabilize once we see Apple stabilize." Neel Kashkari, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, says the economy remains in good shape despite the trade hit. "So far there's been a lot of bluster on both sides about trade over the past couple of years. We haven't seen much evidence that is showing up in the aggregate economic statistics … Both China and the U.S. have far more to lose and I'm hopeful that cooler heads will prevail and this won't go down a very nasty path. Obviously if it's the worst case scenario and it's ever increasing tariffs for an extended period of time, that could change things, that could have a real effect on U.S. GDP growth but right now I'm not seeing it so for one I'm in wait and see mode." Krishna Memani, chief investment officer at Oppenheimer Funds, says economic policy should continue to support markets over the longer term. "I think the trend for the markets overall from a long-term perspective is still up. The two things in the last 10 years that have mattered the most is the Fed's support of the U.S. economy and the Chinese support of the Chinese economy through stimulus. Both of those things stand. So the right model for dealing with the trade deal is the way Europe has dealt with Brexit which is it's a gift that keeps on giving and it's probably going to be the case for a reasonable amount of time. Underneath that though, we will have continued policy support and probably the economy continues to grow." Anastasia Amoroso, global investment strategist at JPMorgan Private Bank, says market confidence that a trade deal will be reached concerns her. "We will have to acknowledge that the market is not prepared for the deal to fall apart here because if you ask most people they would tell you that there's 80% odds that the deal is going to get done mid-May and that is not the case so that's what worries me a little bit near term. And also, if you look at valuation of assets, we are slightly overvalued relative to where the economic data is. But then on the other hand, I look at positioning and it's certainly not where it was stretched back to late 2018 levels so for that reason I think the downside could be shallower and certainly not 20% but maybe in the 10% range." Selling over the past week has hit the three major benchmark indexes hard. The and Dow Jones Industrial Average have fallen nearly 5% this month.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Greenheart
Greenheart or greenhart may refer to:
Company
* Greenheart Group, an international forestry company listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange
Plants
* Chlorocardium rodiei (family Lauraceae), a tree native to Guyana in northern South America
* Colubrina arborescens (family Rhamnaceae), a shrub native to Florida and the Caribbean
* Lignum vitae, the heartwood of a tree of the genus Guaiacum
* Warburgia ugandensis, also known as Uganda greenheart
* Intsia bijuga, also known as Borneo teak
Other uses
* Groene Hart (English: Green Heart), a region of Holland
* Greenheart phones, a range of cell phones by Sony Ericsson
* The Greenheart Project, a Japanese environmental project
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WIKI
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Andrei Gorcea
Andrei Cristian Gorcea (born 2 August 2001) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Liga I club Universitatea Cluj.
Club career
Gorcea made his Liga I debut for Universitatea Cluj on 17 July 2022, in a 1–1 draw to FCSB.
International career
In June 2023, Gorcea was selected by Romania under-21 for the 2023 UEFA European Championship.
Honours
Universitatea Cluj
* Cupa României runner-up: 2022–23
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WIKI
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Rating changes for last rounds are temporarily rolled back. They will be returned soon. ×
D. Legacy
time limit per test
2 seconds
memory limit per test
256 megabytes
input
standard input
output
standard output
Rick and his co-workers have made a new radioactive formula and a lot of bad guys are after them. So Rick wants to give his legacy to Morty before bad guys catch them.
There are n planets in their universe numbered from 1 to n. Rick is in planet number s (the earth) and he doesn't know where Morty is. As we all know, Rick owns a portal gun. With this gun he can open one-way portal from a planet he is in to any other planet (including that planet). But there are limits on this gun because he's still using its free trial.
By default he can not open any portal by this gun. There are q plans in the website that sells these guns. Every time you purchase a plan you can only use it once but you can purchase it again if you want to use it more.
Plans on the website have three types:
1. With a plan of this type you can open a portal from planet v to planet u.
2. With a plan of this type you can open a portal from planet v to any planet with index in range [l, r].
3. With a plan of this type you can open a portal from any planet with index in range [l, r] to planet v.
Rick doesn't known where Morty is, but Unity is going to inform him and he wants to be prepared for when he finds and start his journey immediately. So for each planet (including earth itself) he wants to know the minimum amount of money he needs to get from earth to that planet.
Input
The first line of input contains three integers n, q and s (1 ≤ n, q ≤ 105, 1 ≤ s ≤ n) — number of planets, number of plans and index of earth respectively.
The next q lines contain the plans. Each line starts with a number t, type of that plan (1 ≤ t ≤ 3). If t = 1 then it is followed by three integers v, u and w where w is the cost of that plan (1 ≤ v, u ≤ n, 1 ≤ w ≤ 109). Otherwise it is followed by four integers v, l, r and w where w is the cost of that plan (1 ≤ v ≤ n, 1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ n, 1 ≤ w ≤ 109).
Output
In the first and only line of output print n integers separated by spaces. i-th of them should be minimum money to get from earth to i-th planet, or - 1 if it's impossible to get to that planet.
Examples
Input
3 5 1
2 3 2 3 17
2 3 2 2 16
2 2 2 3 3
3 3 1 1 12
1 3 3 17
Output
0 28 12
Input
4 3 1
3 4 1 3 12
2 2 3 4 10
1 2 4 16
Output
0 -1 -1 12
Note
In the first sample testcase, Rick can purchase 4th plan once and then 2nd plan in order to get to get to planet number 2.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zafar Mahmud
The result was keep. The subject certainly appears to meet our standards; thanks to User:Phil Bridger for providing confirmation that the sources are all talking about the same chappy, delete !votes based on the "he doesn't pass WP:BIO" concerns are mooted. Ironholds (talk) 11:14, 5 July 2011 (UTC)
Zafar Mahmud
* – ( View AfD View log )
Wide search found no references at all apart from Wikipedia mirrors. Philafrenzy (talk) 06:13, 27 June 2011 (UTC)
* Delete no references in the article Softdevusa (talk) 19:38, 27 June 2011 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Pakistan-related deletion discussions. — • Gene93k (talk) 00:23, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Military-related deletion discussions. — • Gene93k (talk) 00:23, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Politicians-related deletion discussions. — • Gene93k (talk) 00:23, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
* Keep. Appears to have reached the rank of air commodore. Since this is a general officer-equivalent rank he meets the requirements of WP:SOLDIER, which while not official is a good indicator of notability. -- Necrothesp (talk) 16:40, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
* But without any verifiable sources there is no evidence anything in the article is even true. Philafrenzy (talk) 19:30, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
* What like this do you mean? Took me thirty seconds! -- Necrothesp (talk) 09:52, 30 June 2011 (UTC)
* Just out of interest, how do you know it is the same man? I will grant you it may be, but the year of birth is different and I think that combination of names is not that unusual in Pakistan/India? If there are reliable sources to verify rank and ambassador status then I am all in favour of keeping the article. Philafrenzy (talk) 11:46, 30 June 2011 (UTC)
* Keep He also appears to have been an ambassador/diplomat. Mar4d (talk) 10:21, 30 June 2011 (UTC)
* Strong Delete per WP:V & WP:N. no citations to RS that provide any info that the air commodore and diplomat were the same person. even the solitary reference from database of IAF officers provided by Necrothesp does not establish notability. Zafar Mahmud is a common enough name in the subcontinent. Also this is a WP:BLP where standards are higher--Wikireader41 (talk) 02:11, 1 July 2011 (UTC)
* Comment. This confirms that the Zafar Mahmud who assisted the Hamoodur Rehman Commission, as described in our article, was an air commodore. Phil Bridger (talk) 11:13, 1 July 2011 (UTC)
* Keep. The two references appear to relate to the correct person and provide evidence of notability. Philafrenzy (talk) 21:59, 1 July 2011 (UTC)
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Nike's breakup with golf equipment could mean business for this brand
Nike's getting out of golf equipment. Adidas is trying to offload TaylorMade. That could mean big business for Callaway. Nike's golf business rang up $706 million last year. While that figure includes apparel and footwear sales, it presents a big opportunity for Callaway, a brand that's rooted in the sport. Golf balls and clubs are the brand's bread and butter, and accounted for some three-fourths of its $844 million in revenue last year. TaylorMade is also due for a shakeup. Though there aren't plans to shutter the brand, Adidas will not aggressively compete for marketshare as it tries to find a buyer, Jefferies analyst Randal Konik said. The company has already cut back on sponsorships, which is likely a way to boost its profitability ahead of a sale, Konik noted. Adidas on Thursday reported a 4 percent lift in TaylorMade sales during the first half. Callaway is already No. 1 in U.S. market share for clubs, Konik said. But TaylorMade is ahead in drivers and woods. Golf participation has been on the decline, contributing to an 8 percent sales drop at Nike last year. Nike's golf business has been contracting since its peak of $792 million in 2013. But those figures are starting to stabilize, with the number of rounds played this year edging slightly higher, according to Golf Datatech. "Interesting that Adidas, Nike and [Under Armour], which are all great overall brands that we have a lot of respect for, appear to have moved to the same strategy, " Callaway CEO Chip Brewer told CNBC. "For those of us with commitment, momentum and specialist focus in the equipment space, we see it as an opportunity. We remain humble and hungry though!" —CNBC's Dominic Chu contributed to this report
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Page:Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule.djvu/54
attacking the very institutions which we have hitherto considered to be good.
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User:Waldichter/new article name here
On Mozart: A Paean for Wolfgang, Being a Celestial Colloquy, an Opera Libretto, a Film Script, a Schizophrenic Dialogue, a Bewildered Rumination, a Stendhalian Transcription, and a Heartfelt Homage upon the Bicentenary of the Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is a 1991 literary homage by Anthony Burgess to commemorate the bicentennial of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's death.
This paean opens with a prologue called a celestal colloquy by the author, but it is an imaginary dialogue among Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Prokofiev, Arthur Bliss, and Wagner. This introduction is followed by the first act of an opera in which Mozart argues with a majordomo and a secretary appointed to Prince Archbishop Hyeronymus Colleredo. The composer also has time to flirt with Aloysa Weber and with her soon-to-be wife, Constanze. The act finishes with a direct verbal confrontation between Mozart and Colleredo. The latter commands his majordomo to kick Mozart out, but boldly he kicks him first.
In the first interval another imaginary dialogue takes place. Now the speakers are Rossini, Stendhal and Berlioz.
This book is a supreme effort to place Mozart's music as a fostering guide into a more sympathetic future for humanity.
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Talk:Connect (TV series)
Poor English in the synopsis section
as the title says <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:01, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Use this URL to cite or link to this record in EThOS: http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.656017
Title: The development of a laser detonator system
Author: Bowden, Mike
ISNI: 0000 0004 5346 2479
Awarding Body: Cranfield University
Current Institution: Cranfield University
Date of Award: 2015
Availability of Full Text:
Access through EThOS:
Access through Institution:
Abstract:
Laser detonators offer several advantages over traditional electrical detonators, such as exploding bridgewire and slapper detonators, in terms of both safety and performance. Laser detonators remove the electrical conduction path to the energetic material, providing immunity from threats such as electrostatic discharge and lightning. A larger separation between the initiating energy source and the explosive devices is possible, up to several tens of metres, compared to a few metres for electrical slapper detonators. A laser detonator system has been developed, with laser-driven flyer plates used to shock initiate the explosive. All aspects of the system, including coupling into an optical fibre, used to transmit the laser energy to the detonator, the optical fibre, the flyer plate launch and acceleration and subsquent shock into the explosive, and the explosive initiation have been investigated, with an understanding of the underlying principles and processes developed. Shock initiation of two secondary explosives, hexanitrostilbene and pentaerythritol tetranitrate, has been studied at extremely high shock pressures, comparable to the detonation pressure, and the critical energy fluence required for initiation established. The laser detonator system is robust and optimised, with design tools developed to enable efficient design of future systems.
Supervisor: Akhavan, J.; Drake, R. C. Sponsor: Not available
Qualification Name: Thesis (Ph.D.) Qualification Level: Doctoral
EThOS ID: uk.bl.ethos.656017 DOI: Not available
Keywords: Laser detonation ; Detonators
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Pinyin/Earl Grey tea
Search Pinyin tea
Earl Grey tea is a kind of tea that has a bergamot flavor.
Earl Grey char shih 1-zhoong yoou bergamot weihdaoh d char.
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WIKI
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User:Ceosad/sandbox/Bactria
Eastern Greek coinage was produced by the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdom.
Themes and design
In addition to their own Attic standard coins, Greek kings thus started to issue bilingual Greek-Prakrit coins in the Indian standard, often taking over numerous symbols of the Post-Mauryan Gandhara coins, such as the arched-hill symbol and the tree-in-railing or Goddess Lakshmi at the beginning, and depictions of the bull and elephant later.
Some of the coins of Menander I and Menander II incorporate the Buddhist symbol of the eight-spoked wheel, associated with the Greek symbols of victory, either the palm of victory, or the victory wreath handed over by the goddess Nike. According to the Milinda Pañha, at the end of his reign Menander I became a Buddhist arhat, a fact also echoed by Plutarch, who explains that his relics were shared and enshrined.
The coins of the Indo-Greek king Menander I (reigned 160–135 BC), found from Afghanistan to central India, bear the inscription "Saviour King Menander" in Greek on the front. Several Indo-Greek kings after Menander, such as Zoilos I, Strato I, Heliokles II, Theophilos, Peukolaos, Menander II and Archebius display on their coins the title "Maharajasa Dharmika" (lit. "King of the Dharma") in Prakrit written in Kharoshthi.
Greco-Bactrian coinage is minted in a remarkably realistic detail. They are comparable to Pontic coinage, a Hellenistic state ruled by a Iranian dynasty, that has very fine portraits of their kings. It was customary to have more realistic coin portraits in the east.
Cupro-nickel coins
The Indo-Greek kings in Southern Asia issued the first known cupro-nickel coins, with Euthydemus II, dating from 180 to 170 BC, and his younger brothers Pantaleon and Agathocles around 170 BC. As only China was able to produce cupro-nickel at that time, and as the alloy ratios are exclusively similar, it has been suggested that the metal was the result of exchanges between China and Bactria.
An indirect testimony by the Chinese explorer Zhang Qian, who visited Bactria around 128 BC, suggests that intense trade with Southern China was going through northern India. Zhang Qian explains that he found Chinese products in the Bactrian markets, and that they were transiting through northwestern India, which he incidentally describes as a civilization similar to that of Bactria.
Monetary standards
The Indo-Greeks, following their invasion of the Indian subcontinent circa 185 BCE, in turn started to mint their own coins in the Indian standard (Indian weight, square shape, and less often round shape) with bilingual inscriptions, from the reign of Agathocles (190-180 BCE).
The abundance of their coins would tend to suggest large mining operations, particularly in the mountainous area of the Hindu-Kush, and an important monetary economy. The Indo-Greek did strike bilingual coins both in the Greek "round" standard and in the Indian "square" standard, suggesting that monetary circulation extended to all parts of society. The adoption of Indo-Greek monetary conventions by neighbouring kingdoms, such as the Kunindas to the east and the Satavahanas to the south, would also suggest that Indo-Greek coins were used extensively for cross-border trade.
Mints
Many Seleucid and Bactrian coins were found at Ai-Khanoum, as were ten blank planchets, indicating that there was a mint in the city. Ai-Khanoum apparently had a city symbol (a triangle within a circle, with various variations), which was found imprinted on bricks coming from the oldest buildings of the city.
The same symbol was used on various Seleucid eastern coins, suggesting that they were probably minted in Ai-Khanoum. Numerous Seleucid coins were thus reattributed to the Ai-Khanoum mint rather recently, with the conclusion that Ai-Khanoum was probably a larger minting center than even Bactra.
Successor states of the Macedonian Empire continued to mint coins with image of Alexander the Great. Such coins were widespread withing the Seleucid Empire, as all mints except the one in Bactra struck them. As early as during Seleucid rule the Bactra mint was an exception to this almost universal rule as it did not strike coins with the image of Alexander the Great. Seleucid regulations on coinage different from Achaemenid Persia on several aspects. Achaemenid rulers did not try to unify standards for the coinage, and they allowed local satraps to strike coins in their own name. While the Seleucids preserved the system of satraps, they banned local rulers from striking coins in their own name.
The coins found in Ai-Khanoum start with those of Seleucus, but end abruptly with those of Eucratides, suggesting that the city was conquered at the end of his rule.
List
* Ai-Khanoum
* Arachosia
* Bactra
* Several mints in Bactria
Greco-Bactria
Some of the Greco-Bactrian coins, and those of their successors the Indo-Greeks, are considered the finest examples of Greek numismatic art with "a nice blend of realism and idealization", including the largest coins to be minted in the Hellenistic world: the largest gold coin was minted by Eucratides (reigned 171–145 BC), the largest silver coin by the Indo-Greek king Amyntas Nikator (reigned c. 95–90 BC). The portraits "show a degree of individuality never matched by the often bland depictions of their royal contemporaries further West".
Indo-Greeks
Very little is known about the economy of the Indo-Greeks, although it seems to have been rather vibrant.
It would also seem that some of the coins emitted by the Indo-Greek kings, particularly those in the monolingual Attic standard, may have been used to pay some form of tribute to the Yuezhi tribes north of the Hindu-Kush. This is indicated by the coins finds of the Qunduz hoard in northern Afghanistan, which have yielded quantities of Indo-Greek coins in the Hellenistic standard (Greek weights, Greek language), although none of the kings represented in the hoard are known to have ruled so far north. Conversely, none of these coins have ever been found south of the Hindu-Kush.
Legacy
Indo-Greek coinage is rich and varied, and contains some of the best coins of antiquity. Its influence on Indian coinage was far-reaching. The Greek script became used extensively on coins for many centuries, as was the habit of depicting a ruler on the obverse, often in profile, and deities on the reverse. The Western Satrap, a western dynasty of foreign origin adopted Indo-Greek designs. The Kushans (1st to 4th century CE) used the Greek script and Greek deities on their coinage. Even as late as the Gupta Empire (4th-6th centuries CE), Kumaragupta I issued coins with an imitation of Greek script.
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Table of contents
CSS (ang. cascading style sheets) – is a style language that allows you to create the look of a page based on HTML or XML. CSS is one of the main technologies used to build websites and applications. CSS, HTML and JavaScript are the 3 most important languages that Frontend developers use.
CSS - what is it and what is it used for? | Up&More
CSS styles – what’s that?
CSS style is a term that refers to the definition of styles that are applied to HTML documents using css. This means that it defines how an element should look like. With CSS styles, you can manually create a new page layout.
What HTML element can be changed with CSS?
In CSS, the possibilities for change are many. We can change, for example:
• page layout – cascading style sheets allow us to change the layout of elements on a page, their position, size, spacing,
• color and background – enter properties for font, background or image colors,
• responsiveness of the page – CSS allows you to adjust the layout of the page to present it on different size devices, in a different orientation,
• visual effects – cascading style sheets allow you to create advanced effects, such as gradients, shadows, animations or transitions.
Font size (font size), text alignment (text align)and background color (background), etc. The language is being developed all the time, with new selectors and tags that are compatible with earlier versions.
How does the CSS code look like?
Example of code:
body {
background-color: white;
}
h1 {
color: red;
font-size: black;
margin-left: 20px;
text-align: center;
}
How to combine CSS with HTML?
1. External style sheets – CSS styles is a separate file that contains in one sheet a list of declarations about the appearance of the page. Such a file is linked in the HTML file.
2. Internal style sheets – style declaration is inserted inside the <style> element in the <head> section of the HTML document.
3. Inline styles – the appearance is defined directly in the style attributes to the selected HTML element.
Why CSS is important for SEO?
Cascading style sheets have a very big impact on SEO. It is important for several reasons:
• Page loading speed is one of Google’s main ranking factors. By optimizing the CSS code and resources, you can improve the page’s position in the browser,
• structure and semantics – keeping HTML code clean and clear is very important. Separating CSS allows search engine robots to better understand the page and index it.
• responsive site – cascading style sheets (CSS) allow you to create a responsive site that can display on different devices, with different dimensions (tablet, smartphone or computer). Google places a premium on sites that are responsive because they provide a better user experience, regardless of the device on which the site is displayed.
Let's talk!
Kamila Dębska
Kamila Dębska
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Shorthand and longhand are forms of writing, longhand is normal writing where each word is written out. Shorthand is a way of writing quickly, for example to write down what someone is saying in a speech. But it is not like normal writing, it is more like a code. Today it is not used much, but only a few decades ago most secretaries were trained in it, as were journalists. Shorthand is also a phrase, which means give me the quick or short version.
In politics we often use shorthand as a way of quickly explaining things or as a way of assessing something. When everyone understands that it is shorthand then everything is fine, but too often shorthand becomes regarded as longhand. Reading in shorthand is hard as we are meant to read in longhand, but shorthand has it's place. Both in writing and in politics.
The JQ is an example of where shorthand can be useful. If someone doesn't know about the JQ you know they are a normie. It allows you to see quickly how much someone knows. It also allows you to find out if someone has gone too far in their thinking. When someone uses the JQ as longhand, as a way explain the entire way the world works, it loses any value that it had. Some things should stay as shorthand.
Although I notice the opposite problem with Feminism. Hardly anyone calls themselves a Feminist, yet most people support Feminism. Using shorthand here leads to much confusion.
"Are you a Feminist?"
"No way, they are just man haters. I'm not like that!"
"So do you support women having professional jobs?"
What they say and what they believe are two different things. That doesn't mean that shorthand doesn't work, but it does mean that shorthand has it's limitations just as it has it's uses.
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Upon Hope Blog - A Traditionalist Future
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FINEWEB-EDU
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Talk:National Research Council (Italy)
Some of the sentances need re-writing to make them clearer. Rnt20 09:51, 7 March 2006 (UTC)
IRCCS
IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) should not be part of this list? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Targumferera (talk • contribs) 07:15, 11 April 2016 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Edakkattuvayal
Edakkattuvayal is a village in the Ernakulam district of Kerala, India. It is located in the Kanayannur taluk. Toc H Institute of Science and Technology, AP Varkky Mission Hospital and Chinmaya Mission are major institutions in the area.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census of India, Edakkattuvayal has 2966 households. The literacy rate of the village is 89.3%.
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User:MIDI/Watermill
The Watermill Theatre is a repertory theatre in Bagnor, Berkshire. It opened in 1967 in a converted watermill on the River Lambourn
History
The theatre is situated in Bagnor Mill, a former corn mill on the River Lambourn in Bagnor, Berkshire. It opened in 1967.
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UPDATE 1-German bond yields down, investors brace for risk-packed week
* Euro zone periphery govt bond yields http://tmsnrt.rs/2ii2Bqr (Adds details, graphic) LONDON, Dec 9 (Reuters) - German benchmark bond yields were lower on Monday, shrugging off unexpectedly strong trade data from Germany, before a week that includes U.S. Federal Reserve and European Central Bank meetings and a UK election. Yields on German 10-year yields held around -0.30%, down from around 0.24% at the end of 2018, as major central banks resumed policy stimulus this year. Caution before this week's central bank meetings and trade war uncertainty lifted sentiment towards safe-haven bonds at the start of the week. Ten-year bond yields in higher-rated euro zone states were down 1 to 2 basis points . Fund managers expect yields in Europe to edge lower next year. Mark Holman, a partner at TwentyFour Asset Management, expects 10 bps rate cut from the ECB next year, pushing German 10-year yields to -0.40% amid reluctance by euro zone banks to pass on negative rates to end-users. "We do think this reluctance will be questioned more and more the longer rates are below zero, but until negative rates are widely passed on, the ECBs effectiveness to deal with future downturns is materially weakened," Holman said. Markets took some unexpectedly strong German trade data in stride. Disappointing data last week, including weak industrial production, painted a mixed picture of the economy. "Markets are broadly in wait-and-watch mode before the events this week," said Daniel Lenz, a rates strategist at DZ Bank. New European Central Bank boss Christine Lagarde holds her first policy meeting on Thursday. She is expected to signal a commitment to the ECB's recent stimulus package, with no major policy changes. The Fed is also expected to hold fire on Wednesday. Futures markets foresee no change in policy interest rates. Germany's exports rose unexpectedly in October, a morale boost for Europe's largest economy. It has been on the brink of recession in recent quarters, but industrial output and PMI survey data last week showed an economy trying to gain traction. and Elsewhere, U.S. Treasury yields shed some of Friday's rise after data showed job growth increased by the most in 10 months in November. Benchmark U.S. Treasury yields dipped 2 basis points to around 1.82% after rising to 1.8640% on Friday, its highest level in nearly a month. Top White House economic adviser Larry Kudlow said on Friday that a Dec. 15 deadline is still in place to impose a new round of U.S. tariffs on Chinese consumer goods, but President Donald Trump likes where trade talks with China are going. (Reporting by Saikat Chatterjee; editing by Larry King)
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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File talk:Mobil uvnitr.png
Do you know all parts in the mobailphone go to Amababa.com you'll find it
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WIKI
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CMM scan 3D render of airfoil with 14 different points labeled
Long-established technology of Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) is today being challenged in myriad markets by fast-emerging, highly advanced science of blue light scanning
For over 50 years, the benchmark for accuracy in measuring solid objects, whether machined, molded, die cast, welded or forged, was the coordinate measuring machine. Using a solid granite base table typically, along with a vertical, horizontal, gantry or bridge-mounted arm and touch probe, measurements would be taken and compared in blocks to an engineering file, first as 2D drawings and today as CAD files hosted in the cloud.
During the last two decades, however, a “new kid in town” has arrived on the scene, with power, size, point capability and price value that are rapidly leaving the CMM technology in the dust.
Typical CMM probes a part’s external dimensions at a limited number of touch points
Typical CMM probes a part’s external dimensions at a limited number of touch points
3D laser scanning, plus the latest trend of industrial CT scanning, which is based on the same technology used for medical MRI, permit an array of points to be read, both external and now internal, on a wide variety of substrates and manufacturing techniques. 3D scans are made on many types of metals, composite, thermoplastic, elastomeric, wood, fiber and fabric materials, while CT scanning permits internal exploration of a thick aluminum casting, injection molded plastic or rubber part, even prepared foods, packaging, archaeological finds and fine art. The old joke is, with CT scanning, we would have known about Venus de Milo’s arm problems, long before they occurred. CT scanning can produce results for porosity, dimensional, failure analysis, volume and fiber orientation, all while leaving the part undamaged.
3D laser scan can capture millions of points, instantly comparing them to a CAD file or cloud-resident data
3D laser scan can capture millions of points, instantly comparing them to a CAD file or cloud-resident data
In contrast to conventional tactile CMM techniques, laser and especially CT scanning captures all surface points simultaneously, on even the most complex, convoluted surface areas. As an example, where a typical touch probe might capture 300 points of reference for comparison to a CAD overlay, the laser or CT will capture millions of points. Typical systems today can offer measurement accuracies to 4+L/100µm referring to the VDI 2630 metrology guideline.
CT scan enables the internal examination of a die cast, molded or other solid part, even food and packaging, to detect issues of porosity or void analysis without destruction of the object, as well as seal integrity
CT scan enables the internal examination of a die cast, molded or other solid part, even food and packaging, to detect issues of porosity or void analysis without destruction of the object, as well as seal integrity
A customer recently came to us with the following scenario. An engineer at his company was boasting of having produced the “perfect part,” based on CMM deviation points. Our contact had used our scanning services in the past. We performed a quick blue light 3D scan on the object and quickly determined the part was out of spec on several faces, as certain critical points had been missed in the CMM protocol. Our millions of scan data points were fit to the deviation map and the problem was tracked backed to the production source and rectified. Today, this company is a regular customer.
The above example does not indicate CMM technology has outlived its usefulness, by any means. We continue to use it in our operations for certain measurements in many applications.
One important point to note is that the same software that manipulates the data from the CMM can be used with 3D scanners and CT equipment alike. As there are substantial cost savings to be realized in the purchase of a 3D scanning device or the new generation of table top CT scanners, depending on the parts being examined, the transition from CMM to 3D or CT is more feasible today, economically. The driving factors for a company, when evaluating the service vs. purchase issue are two.
The easier factor is raw cost, where a 3D scanner is typically half the cost of a CMM for measuring comparable part sizes. The other is more complex, namely the talent of the personnel doing the work. Experienced technicians have the ability to scan and process large data sets on a wide variety of substrates, geometries and part sizes effectively. Coupled with the part volumes being processed and other factors, it is often more practical and profitable for a company to use a scanning service on an as-needed basis.
3D printing allows quick sampling of modified designs, as well as finished prototypes, producing parts directly from the scanned data
3D printing allows quick sampling of modified designs, as well as finished prototypes, producing parts directly from the scanned data
An additional point to note in evaluating CMM vs. scanning is the time involved. To derive those 300 touch points referenced above might take four hours, while the 2.5 million points derived from a 3D scan would take 30 minutes. Since Polyworks software can be used on a CMM or 3D laser scanner, the time and money savings quickly accumulate. Plus, in this manner, companies can develop something of a “universal metrology” scenario at their companies by augmenting the existing CMM technologies with 3D and even CT scanning capabilities, making their QC department more powerful from the outset. One practical note: We can train QC, R&D and production department personnel usually in three days or less to expand their capability from CMM to include 3D and CT scanning.
In terms of the data created, the 3D scanning produces color maps, inspections, first article inspections or other outputs. What you do with the data after completing the scanning is endless.
On the topic of substrates, it should be noted that CT scanning today offers the ability to evaluate a wide variety of dual thickness and dual density materials, with disparate examples ranging from an automotive firewall that might have differing thermoplastics or rubber and TPE materials co-molded to a candy bar with chocolate and nuts.
NOTE: The author welcomes all contact and questions regarding this article. In full disclosure, Exact Metrology performs 3D laser and CT scanning, plus sells, rents or leases the equipment to perform such scanning procedures.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Author:William Sandys
Works
* A History of Freemasonry (1829)
* Macaronic Poetry (1831)
* (ed.) Christmas Carols, Ancient and Modern (1833)
* I Saw Three Ships
* Specimens of Cornish Dialect (1846)
* Festive Songs for the Percy Society (1848)
* Christmastide, its history, festivities, and carols (1852)
* History of the Violin with Simon Andrew Forster
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WIKI
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Evgeny Zharikov
Evgeny Ilyich Zharikov (Евге́ний Ильи́ч Жа́риков; 26 February 1941 — 18 January 2012), also spelt Yevgeniy Ilich Zharikov and variants, was a Soviet and Russian film actor. He was awarded the USSR State Prize in 1978, and the title People's Artist of the RSFSR in 1989.
Early life and education
Zharikov was born on February 26, 1941, in Moscow as the sixth and last child of the Soviet writer Leonid Zharikov (Ilya Milahievich Zharikov). He had a sister called Nina. He spent his childhood in the Moscow suburbs, near Zagorsk (now Sergiev Posad), with his grandparents, and from the age of four rode horses and mastered crafts.
In 1959, he entered the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography and first appeared in a film in his second year of study.
Career
In 1964, after graduation, he went to East Germany, where for two years he starred in the title role in the local series Russian for You. After his return in 1966, he acted in theater, television, and film in Moscow. He became a member of the CPSU in 1970.
He came to fame appearing in the 1970s television series Born by the Revolution about the formation of the Soviet militia and its fight against crime in the 1920s. In 1970, at the height of his career, he was injured on the set of the film Death No, Guys! when he fell from a horse at full gallop, which injured his hip and caused a compression fracture of the spine.
From 1988 to 2000, he was President of the Guild of Actors of Soviet Cinema (Russian Film Actors Guild from 1991), and founded the Sozvezdie International Film Festival, organised by the Guild and called "Constellation" in English.
He appeared in nearly 70 films and participated in the dubbing of more than 200 films. He was sometimes compared to French actor Alain Delon, on account of his perceived attractiveness to women.
Awards
* USSR State Prize (1978)
* Honored Artist of RSFSR (1976)
* People's Artist of the RSFSR (1989)
* Order of Honour (1995)
* Order For Merit to the Fatherland 4th class (2001)
* Medal In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow
Later life and death
In 1999 he underwent two complex operations with prosthetics.
He died on 18 January 2012 of rectal cancer at the oncology center at Botkin Hospital in Moscow. He was buried on January 21 in the actors' section in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery.
Personal life
Zharikov's nickname was Zhenya.
His first marriage (1962-1974) was to figure skating coach Valentina Zotova, who was several years older than he was, but they only lived together for a year, and got divorced after 12 years. He had affairs with other women, and infected her with syphilis, which led to a hysterectomy.
He married actress Natalya Gvozdikova (who was married at the time) after they met on the set of the TV series Born by the Revolution (1974-1977). They had a son Fyodor (also spelt Fedor) Zharikov (born on 2 August 1976, who studied languages. Fyodor worked for a few years at an aircraft manufacturer, for social services, and later was appointed to a leadership position in the information security service.
From 1994 to 2001, Zharikov had an affair with journalist Tatyana Sekridova (born 1960), who in 1995 gave birth to his son Sergei and daughter Katya. After Sekridova went public with their relationship (reportedly having discovered the existence of a third woman in his life), Zharikov ended it, and Gvozdikova forgave her husband. Zharikov ceased contact with the children of this affair.
Selected filmography
* But What If This Is Love (Russian: А если это любовь, 1961) as Sergei
* Ivan's Childhood (Иваново детство, 1962) as Lt. Galtsev
* Three Plus Two (Три плюс два, 1962) as Vadim
* Sold by Air (Продавец воздуха, 1966) as Luke
* Snegurochka (Снегурочка, 1968) as Lel
* Signals — Adventures in Space (Russian:Сигналы — Приключения в космосе, Polish: Sygnały MMXX, Germann: Signale — Ein Weltraumabenteuer, 1970) as Pavel
* Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (Жизнь и удивительные приключения Робинзона Крузо, 1972) as ship captain
* Anvil or Hammer (Russian: Молот и наковальня, Bulgarian: Наковалня или чук, German: Amboss oder Hammer sein, 1972) as Igor
* Born by the Revolution (Рожденная революцией, 1974-77) as Nikolay Fomich Kondratiev
* It Can't Be! (Не может быть!, 1975) as Nikolay
* Long Road in the Dunes (Russian: Долгая дорога в дюнах, Latvian: Ilgais ceļš kāpās, 1980-81) as Otto Grünberg / Alexander Efimov
* Madame Wong Secrets (Тайны мадам Вонг, 1986) as ship captain
* Private Detective, or Operation Cooperation (Частный детектив, или Операция «Кооперация», 1989) as bootlegger
* The Gray Wolves (Серые волки, 1993) as Alexander Shelepin
* Midnight in Saint Petersburg (Полночь в Санкт-Петербурге, 1995) as Feodor Zavarzin
* The Aristocratic Peasant Girl (Барышня-крестьянка, 1995) as Roschin
* Bless the Woman (Благословите женщину, 2003) as passenger on the train
* I'm Staying (Я остаюсь, 2007) as doctor Oleg Saprunov
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WIKI
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Like a lot of medical conditions, early detection can either help to cure the problem, or it could help patients deal with the issue a lot earlier which can also help improve their overall quality of life. We’ve seen how some researchers are trying to find ways of detecting Alzheimer’s early, and now a new study has suggested that maybe a video game could actually do a much better job.
In a recent study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, it used a game called Sea Hero Quest to detect Alzheimer’s in patients. How they managed to detect the disease was by seeing how players navigated the game, where they had to use their thumbs to move a boat through a series of mazes.
Patients who might have a genetic risk at Alzheimer’s were found to take less efficient routes compared to those who had a lower risk. According to the researchers, the use of the game helped speed up their study where two minutes of game time was found to be equivalent of about five hours worth of lab researcher, meaning that researchers were getting information at a much, much faster rate.
According to lead researcher Michael Hornberger, “Current diagnosis of dementia is strongly based on memory symptoms, which we know now are occurring when the disease is quite advanced. Instead, emerging evidence shows that subtle spatial navigation and awareness deficits can precede memory symptoms by many years.”
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FINEWEB-EDU
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Emily B. Fox
Emily Beth Fox is an American data scientist and statistician, a professor of statistics at Stanford University, and an executive for drug discovery firm insitro. Her research applies Bayesian modeling of time series, Hierarchical Dirichlet processes, and Monte Carlo methods to problems in health and neuroscience.
Education and career
Fox majored in electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), graduating in 2004. She continued at MIT for a master's degree in 2005 and a Ph.D. in 2009, with the dissertation Bayesian Nonparametric Learning of Complex Dynamical Phenomena jointly supervised by Alan S. Willsky and John W. Fisher III.
After postdoctoral research at Duke University, she became an assistant professor of statistics in the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 2011. She moved to the University of Washington in 2012 as Amazon Machine Learning Assistant Professor in Statistics. She was promoted to associate professor and full professor in 2016 and 2020 respectively. From 2018 to 2021 she was also a distinguished engineer and lead of Health AI at Apple Inc.. In 2021 she moved to her present position as a professor of statistics at Stanford.
In 2024, drug discovery firm insitro announced that it had hired Fox to become senior vice president of AI/machine learning.
Recognition
Fox was a Sloan Fellow from 2015 to 2017, and was a 2017 recipient of a Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers.
In 2024 she was named as a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, "for broad-ranging and highly impactful seminal work on large-scale Bayesian dynamic modeling, sparse network models, and related development of efficient computational algorithms for Bayesian inference, and for applications in health and the study of biomedicine. algorithms for Bayesian inference".
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WIKI
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Use this URL to cite or link to this record in EThOS: http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292050
Title: A population biology of breeding redshanks (Tringa totanus L.)
Author: Yates, B. J.
Awarding Body: Liverpool Polytechnic
Current Institution: Liverpool John Moores University
Date of Award: 1982
Availability of Full Text:
Access through EThOS:
Access through Institution:
Abstract:
A breeding population of Redshanks was studied by trapping adults at the nest and individually marking them, over a period of nine years, on part of the extensive Ribble saltmarshes. Other aspects of breeding biology were investigated over three years. The capture-recapture analysis of the breeding adults revealed an overall annual survival rate, of both sexes, of 0.77, and a population of approximately 200 pairs in 1.04km? Mate fidelity was very high, with 71% of surviving pairs remaining faithful. Nest site fidelity was extremely strong for faithful pairs and males with new mates, but significantly weaker for females with new mates. A lower nest site fidelity of young birds was regarded as a major contributing factor to their lower recapture rates. The timing of both the onset and ending of the breeding seasons varied greatly, and was determined mainly by the rainfall. High rainfall delayed onset and hastened ending of breeding. Mithin a breeding season the older birds bred throughout, while the young ones were mostly not able to breed early. The substantial losses of nests due to cattle grazing on the marsh (45%) could easily be controlled by preventing the access of cattle to the main breeding area until after the end of the nesting season. Nest predation was rare (less than 4%) in most years, but increased in a year of short vegetation (to 25%). The production of pulli was estimated under varying environmental influences and ranged from 0.73 to 2.28 pulli. pair": The variation of egg size within the population was investigated and the significant influences of laying order (within a clutch) and maternal size demonstrated. Pullus size at hatching was positively correlated with egg size and also with maternal size. The growth and development of pulli were described for weight, bill length, tarsus length and postnatal moult. For three days after hatching the weight remained below the hatching value and then rapidly increased, whereas the bill and tarsus showed a linear increase in length A tentative model of the population dynamics was produced, despite the lack of good estimates of pre- and post-fledging mortality. This model indicated a high pre-fledging mortality of 0.67 and also further highlighted the impact on the population of cattle grazing during the nesting season.
Supervisor: Not available Sponsor: Not available
Qualification Name: Thesis (Ph.D.) Qualification Level: Doctoral
EThOS ID: uk.bl.ethos.292050 DOI: Not available
Keywords: GE Environmental Sciences ; QH301 Biology ; QL Zoology Ecology
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Lac St. Cyr (Alberta)
Lac St. Cyr is a lake in the County of St. Paul No. 19, Alberta. The lake is near the town of St. Paul and since 1951 has been used as a source of water. In 1978, seasonal pumping of water from the North Saskatchewan River into the lake was begun to address a fall in the water level.
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WIKI
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UNIX / Linux command-line interface.
Background for Course 1901 Capstone
Background: You need to know this
Easiest: 11.3
You need these running:
Server2012R2 (DNS/NFS/CIFS server, it's at 10.1.1.1),
11.3server (this is broken!)
We have an old application, written for an earlier version of Linux. It is stored on a central NFS server:
server2012r2:/exports/oldprogram
and there's also CIFS service if that's easier:
//server2012r2/smbshare
However, we have reformatted and upgraded our servers. Resulting problems:
Middle: 11.1
You need these running:
Server2012R2 (DNS server),
11.1client (use this for testing),
11.1server (this is broken!)
11.1client works fine.
Web site should be at:
http://artwork.course1901.local/
and artwork.course.1901.local should be at 10.1.1.111.
The genius has:
Hardest: 11.2
The server suffered a catastrophic power failure while writing to disk during a kernel upgrade. So:
Background: What you need to know
Hints: These can help you
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Relaxation is a crucial element to health. Many professionals brag about their capability to wait for hours on finish working on projects. Sure there can be instances when long hours are essential. But making it a habit can lead to severe consequences. A scarcity of sleep means being much less productive and fewer effective general. It’s better to offer your mind rest as an alternative of sporting it out early. Sleep is a solution to replenish the physique and make it stronger. A scarcity of sleep generally is a set off for high blood pressure or perhaps a heart assault. The body wants relaxation. It’d take some time to get back into a standard sleep pattern but that is imperative for better health.
If there is one thing extra of us living within the trendy western world might use, it’s a number of extra definitive digestive health guidelines. Depending on a household health practitioner is just too typically unhelpful so far as getting advise and real care as it pertains to natural and nutritional health.
Health Policy Research
To chop again on sugar, you should do the following
Your body needs 12 essential nutritional vitamins that work collectively to protect your body and maintain its metabolism alive. These nutritional vitamins are Vitamin A, Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin Ok, and folate. These vitamins are important in preserving our our bodies healthy and able to preventing a number of illnesses, including most cancers, heart illness, anemia, bone deformities, bleeding-related sicknesses, beginning defects, and loss of sight.
However the healthcare employee in query might wear medical uniforms as they deal with animals. Veterinary services are under the classification of healthcare as nicely. Nevertheless it actually doesn’t matter as a result of if you find yourself looking at healthcare facilities, (whether or not you are speaking folks or animals), the uniforms are just about the same.
You can not deal with any of these causes in isolation.
To place it merely, it’s an antioxidant compound that’s generally found in pink wine, pink grapes and grape seed extracts. With regard to crimson grapes, it is believed that probably the most highly effective antioxidant qualities are literally found in the skins. It is claimed to also be evident in berries, akin to mulberries and there are additionally small trace quantities in peanuts.
To get one of the best outcomes, go for a pure supplement that incorporates all these herbs in the best proportions. Relying on your cat’s measurement, age, health condition, and preference, give an applicable dose of the complement daily. If you wish to get a better thought, consult your vet and ask her to prescribe the correct dose in your cat. A combination of fine weight-reduction plan, plenty of physical exercise, and a regular dose of cat herbal treatments can maintain your cat healthy for a very long time.
Conclusion
This is known as thermogenics. The research, conducted on the College of California, Los Angeles, discovered that consuming inexperienced and black sorts of teas has a big impact on the chance of stroke and cardiovascular disease. There are additionally indigent applications which you can avail if you qualify.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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2 Sides Open Fight Over Campaign Law
Special three-judge appeals court panel opens hearings on challenge to new campaign finance reform law with unusual all-day session; Roger M Witten, lawyer for Sens John McCain and Russell D Feingold, law's main sponsors, says law is designed to fix system brought to its knees by massive cheating and exploitation of soft-money loophole that let corporations, unions and wealthy donors buy access to lawmakers; Republican National Committee, challenging law, holds limits are ban on free speech; Floyd Abrams argues law's ban on certain ads paid for by corporations or unions within 60 days of general election violates free speech guarantee; Kenneth W Starr, former independent counsel for Whitewater probe, is on team of lawyers challenging law; photo (M)
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Computers become the essential thing in our life and it takes the important place in each and every person’s life. Every computer has the mother board and that is the heart of the computer without this it will not function which is also known as single board of the computer. The single board computer is abbreviated for SBC and it is used to integrate the functions of computer on single medium.This electronic card contains CPU, the electronic storage service, external communication, heart of each SBC and display and management of external devices of commuter. Here the single-board computer is the complete computer system.
Why single board computers are used in firms and industry?
Single board computers are used in many other applications such as mobile phones, scanners, fax machine and other electronic products. And most importantly single board computers are used widely in industrial process which is used to perform the complex process. By using this boards industry can perform the automation task and to attain that task there are specialized designs available to perform perfectly. If you use this single board in your computer then you will be definitely have some benefits from this. And there are various backplanes which is allow that computer to expand their capacity tremendously.
There are popular examples which are using this computer board and there are different types of models are using this single board. And i9t has the capacity to run the different flavors of Linux and also it has /programmed to perform the different kind of functions. Here these applications have been purchase to satisfy the different kind of needs. Some of the boards are comes with the I/O interfaces which is used for audio application, wireless application, network application and so on.
h-panel-pc-vesa-slimline-id70
Variation of single board application
There are different types of single board computers available so you can choose the board among that. These boards are designed to use the backplane connection. Some of the designs are include VXI, PXI and compact PCI types.
Here the backplanecomputers have the capacity to work with connections including PCI, PCXI and others. And the system host board meets PCIMG 1.3 specification. Here PCIMG version 1.2 provides the PCIX support. Previous version provides the support for IFA and PCI connection. Some single-board computer has the hard drives and some boards do not have that and that will not operate network.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wayne Logan (2nd nomination)
The result was keep. (non-admin closure) → TheSpecialUser TalkContributions* 01:07, 25 May 2012 (UTC)
Wayne Logan
AfDs for this article:
* – ( View AfD View log • Stats )
Was nominated previously, due to vandalous edits that weren't detected. As for now, the subject hardly meets WP:PROF, and the main contributor, User:FSUlawalumni is a likely COI. C(u)w(t)C(c) 12:59, 18 May 2012 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Academics and educators-related deletion discussions. ★☆ DUCK IS JAMMMY ☆★ 14:00, 18 May 2012 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Law-related deletion discussions. ★☆ DUCK IS JAMMMY ☆★ 14:00, 18 May 2012 (UTC)
* Keep He's a named professor (Gary & Sallyn Pajcic Professor), which seems to meet WP:ACADEMIC. His book Knowledge as Power has reviews in academic journal Punishment & Society and lawyers magazine Champion, and from various academics websites, indicating his ideas have some influence and imprtance. USLaw.com says he "has authored many of the most important articles about sex offender laws". --Colapeninsula (talk) 14:29, 18 May 2012 (UTC)
* Keep per Colapeninsula; in addition to the academic references xe cites, Logan and his work have also received coverage from nonacademic news sites as well such as . --Arxiloxos (talk)
* Keep: Significant coverage and significant recognition in reliable sources. SL93 (talk) 20:12, 18 May 2012 (UTC)
* Speedy Keep. No valid reason advanced for deletion. If the subject barely meets the SNG, it meets the SNG; some other substantive grounds would be required to delete (eg, lack of reliable sourcing, which clearly isn't a problem here.) Hullaballoo Wolfowitz (talk) 14:52, 19 May 2012 (UTC)
* Keep. Per Colapeninsula. -- Lord Roem (talk) 19:46, 20 May 2012 (UTC)
* Keep. per Colapeninsula -- named chair profs w/ reviewed books in substantial journals and citations outside are usually not even borderline by WP:PROF. The COI seems weak -- it's an alum of the same school, beyond that there's no evidence of a conflict. -- Michael Scott Cuthbert (talk) 20:33, 21 May 2012 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Will Oversized Tires Affect Gas Mileage?
A car tire’s diameter or size affects its fuel economy, braking, acceleration, and overall performance. But does it affect gas mileage, too? Let’s elaborate on the answer below.
Tire Size and Car Mileage
The quick answer is no, but a more detailed explanation is a little more complicated than a close-ended question. The reason being there are many situations where bigger tires do not increase gas efficiency. The rationales behind are the heavy weight and the larger diameter of the tire itself. The bigger and the heavier a tire is, the higher the rolling resistance, which means the engine and fuel have to work extra.
A car can gain or lose a good percentage of the gas economy by changing tire diameter. But various factors are affecting this, that’s why the answer to the central question in this post cannot be straightforward.
Gear
The gear keeps a car close to the peak torque RPM for maximum efficiency. Small tires cause the engine to spin faster to maintain speed, wasting fuel and power. On the other hand, large tires cause the engine to fall below its optimal efficiency range, needing more energy to stay running at peak RPM.
Torque
Torque refers to a car’s turning power, and it is the most significant factor in how tire size affects fuel economy. A vehicle with more torque will provide more power to the tires as they spin.
Vehicle Type
• Diesel trucks and other cars that produce more torque than they need to maintain speed benefit from large tire diameters.
• Tall tires raise a vehicle away from the ground, increasing its wind resistance and decreasing fuel efficiency.
• Large diameter tires have a wider contact patch on the ground, which increases the need for power and gas to maintain speed.
Choosing Your Car Tires
Larger diameter tires increase a car’s fuel mileage if it regularly travels at a constant speed of over 60 miles per hour. Simply put, if a car drives on the highway frequently, larger tires make an excellent option.
If you’re looking to achieve both fuel efficiency and bigger tires, you may need to do a lot of research and thinking on the tire you will be using in your car. The weight, type, size, thickness, and tread pattern of a car’s tires affect its gas mileage. On the same note, large diameter tires with low rolling resistance are more efficient than those with the opposite.
Driving habits are also a consideration when selecting care tires. Some off-road tires can be more gas efficient than all-season ones.
Final Thoughts
Will oversized tires affect gas mileage? As you’ve read, the answer is not as simple as a yes or a no. Small diameter tires aren’t always more fuel efficient than larger ones, and larger tires aren’t always less fuel economy. It all boils down to matching the tire size with your lifestyle, driving habit, vehicle type, frequency of use, and frequented type of road.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:The Swedenborg Library Vol 1.djvu/251
heaven, who would have been drawn to destruction with them. This is what the Lord foretold in Matthew xiii. 24-30, 37-40. The consummation of the Age [there mentioned] is the last time of the church; the tares are those who are inwardly evil; the wheat are those who are inwardly good; the gathering the tares together to burn, is the last judgment upon the evil; the care lest a separation before the last judgment should bring ruin upon the good, is meant by "lest in collecting the tares you root up also the wheat with them. Let both grow together till the harvest."
III. All enlightenment comes to man from the Lord through heaven, and enters by an internal way. So long as there were congregations of such spirits between heaven and the world, or between the Lord and the church, man could not be enlightened. It was as when a sunbeam is cut off by a black interposing cloud, or as when the sun is eclipsed and its light arrested by the interjacent moon. Therefore if anything had been then revealed by the Lord, either it would not have been understood, or if understood, it would not have been received; or if received, still it would afterwards have been suffocated. Now since all these interposing congregations were dissipated by the last judgment, it is plain (IV.), That the
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Health officials investigate measles outbreak in L.A. County | TheHill
Public health officials have confirmed a measles outbreak in Los Angeles County, citing at least five existing cases and the first cases of transmission in the county this year. None of the five cases are related to previous reports of four infected nonresidents traveling through the county, officials said Monday. “We will likely see additional measles cases in Los Angeles County, so it is important if you or someone you know has the symptoms of measles or has been exposed to measles to contact your healthcare provider by phone right away before seeking treatment,” L.A. County Health Officer Muntu Davis said in a statement. “The best way to protect yourself and to prevent the spread of measles is to get the measles immunization, with two doses of measles immunization being about 97% effective at preventing measles,” he added. Authorities said that the majority of cases were unvaccinated people. Officials believe exposure may have occurred at five locations in the county, including Los Angeles International Airport, University of California at Los Angeles’s (UCLA) Franz Hall and Boelter Hall; California State University, Los Angeles’s main library; and two local restaurants. The county noted that there is no known current measles risk existing in any of the locations, and said the public health department will continue monitoring for measles cases and identify anyone who may have come in contact with infected people. The U.S. is on track to break its record for number of confirmed measles cases this year, with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identifying at least 626 cases in 22 states, the highest number reported in the U.S. in the last five years. The worst year for the disease since measles was eliminated in 2000 was 2014, when there were 667 cases. View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc.
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The Original CBD On Siesta Key
HOW DOES CBD WORK?
HOW DOES CBD WORK?
TYPES OF CBD
Understanding that there are three types of CBD on the market will help you appreciate the confusion and difficulty if differentiating all of the brands. They are as follows:
1. Isolate – this is least expensive CBD and is made in a lab with no other phytochemicals, cannabinoids and usually not even the hemp plant. This is how the pharmaceutical companies make Epidiolex and Sativex and all the other brands that are in gas stations and head shops.
2. Broad Spectrum- CBD made from the hemp plant but without the legal amount of .03% Delta-9 THC. This is more expensive to make that the CBD Isolate as it has more of the other beneficial compounds found in the plant.
3. Full Spectrum-CBD made from the hemp plant but with the legal amount of Delta-9THC. This is usually the most expensive form of CBD as it requires more specific extraction techniques. Science is leaning towards this form being the most effective as the small amount of THC has been shown to help with the absorption and bioavailability of the CBD and other cannabinoids.
HOW DOES CBD WORK
Scientists had an rough idea in the 1960’s with people experiencing a ‘high’ after smoking marijuana, that there must be receptors in our brain that pick up the chemical that was responsible for this. In the early 1990’s it was discovered that almost every cell and organ in our bodies had natural ‘chemical receptors’ that interacted with two different endocannabinoids (or internal cannabinoids) that we naturally make. These receptors are found in our Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems, our Endocrine System and our Immune System. This interwoven and intercommunicating biological network was soon called the Endocannabinoid System. Phytocannabinoids (those cannabinoids coming from plants) were soon found to also interact with those Endocannabinoid receptors in our bodies (1).
The receptors in the Central Nervous System are called CB1 Receptors and have a high affinity for Delta-9 THC, resulting in the subsequent psychoactive effects, or ‘high’ experienced by individuals. The remaining body systems have receptors that are called CB2 receptors and they play a key role in the health of those other systems. CBD specifically interacts with the CB2 receptors.
Since its discovery, the Endocannabinoid System has been studied quite extensively in the last decade. Scientists now understand that it plays a great role in our memory, sleep, pain, cognitive abilities, immune response, appetite, energy balance and metabolism, insulin balance, stress response and muscle spasms. One system pulls from the other during times of extreme need, ignoring the system with fewer needs. When all of these systems are out of balance or harmony, as like during cancer or Crohn’s Disease, then homeostasis – or a ‘rebalancing’ is what is needed to start feeling better. This is what is referred to as “ Endocannabinoid Deficiency Syndrome”(2), coined by researchers back in 2004. Each system needs a boost in differing amounts and that is what a Full-Spectrum CBD supplement added to our diets can provide us with.
CURRENT RESEARCH
What has been studied most recently are the ‘combined interactive effects’ of all of the chemicals contained in the Hemp plant. These other compounds are called Terpenes and Flavinoids. Terpenes provide all plants in nature with their odors, (like lavender and eucalyptus) while Flavinoids provide plants with their unique flavors (like basil and cilantro). What has amazed researchers is that when these 100’s of different compounds are combined with different cannabinoids like CBD, CBC, CBG and CBN and in differing ratios, a myriad of great effects is the result. This combined effect is referred to as the “entourage effect”, whereby the “Whole is greater than the sum of its Parts”. So engineering a Full-Spectrum cannabinoid profile with special attention given to all of the other hemp plant compounds, is at the forefront of the latest research into the health benefits of CBD.
MyHomeostasis actually discovered all of this over the last few years, just by listening to our amazing customer feedback and talking with our farmers. And with your continued feedback and our dedication to engineering the most unique CBD extracts in the world, we will always be at the forefront of this health care revolution!
1-Mackie K. Cannabinoid receptors: where they are and what they do. J Neuroendocrinol. 2008;20 Suppl 1:10-14. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01671.x.
2-Dr. Ethan Russo, MD, first proposed the theory of clinical endocannabinoid deficiency in 2004 in a study published in Neuro Endocrinology Letters
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Microprocessor Design/Computer Architecture
Von Neumann Architecture
Early on in the days of computer science, computer programs were hard-wired, only using memory to store data. Reprogramming computers involved changing hardware switches manually, taking ridiculous amounts of time and having a high potential for coding errors. As a workaround to these problems, mathematician and computer scientist John von Neumann proposed what is now known as the von Neumann architecture, which stores programs in memory, thereby avoiding the need to hard-wire them.
Microprocessor Execution
In a von Neumann architecture, a circuit called a microprocessor is used to process program instructions and execute them. To execute a program, the microprocessor first fetches a programs' instructions from memory and the data necessary to run them. Then, the microprocessor decodes and separates the instructions and data and activates the necessary components and pathways needed to run the program. Finally, the microprocessor executes the program, running through the instructions, manipulating the data, and storing the results.
Control Units and Datapaths
This three-step process of fetching, decoding, and executing is typically implemented with two hardware components: a control unit and a datapath. If data is thought of as water, then the datapath acts as a canal with many branches, and the control unit acts as a series of locks. The control unit reads instructions fetched from memory and uses them to direct where data flows in the datapath. Along the way, different branches of the datapath will contain different mechanisms for modifying and transforming the data flowing through it. These mechanisms are termed Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs) (discussed in more depth later on), and they perform arithmetic operations (such as addition, subtraction, shifting, and inverting) and logic operations (such as AND and OR) on data flowing through the datapath.
A more nuanced discussion of control units and datapaths will be had in a later section, conveniently titled ../Control and Datapath/.
Harvard Architecture
In a Harvard Architecture machine, the computer system's memory is separated into two discrete parts: data and instructions. In a pure Harvard system, the two different memories occupy separate memory modules, and instructions can only be executed from the instruction memory.
Many DSPs are modified Harvard architectures, designed to simultaneously access three distinct memory areas: the program instructions, the signal data samples, and the filter coefficients (often called the P, X, and Y memories).
In theory, such three-way Harvard architectures can be three times as fast as a Von Neumann architecture that is forced to read the instruction, the data sample, and the filter coefficient, one at a time.
Modern Computers
Modern desktop computers, especially computers based on the Intel x86 ISA are not Harvard computers, although the newer variants have features that are "Harvard-Like". All information, program instructions, and data are stored in the same RAM areas. However, a modern feature called "paging" allows the physical memory to be segmented into large blocks of memory called "pages". Each page of memory can either be instructions or data, but not both.
Modern embedded computers, however, are typically based on a Harvard architecture. Instructions are stored in a different addressable memory block than the data is, and there is no way for the microprocessor to interchange data and instructions.
RISC and CISC and DSP
Historically, the first type of ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) was the complex instruction set computers (CISC), and the second type was the reduced instruction set computers (RISC). It is a common misunderstanding that RISC systems typically have a small ISA (fewer instructions) but make up for it with faster hardware. RISC system actually have "reduced instructions", in the sense that each instruction does so little that it takes very little time to execute it. It is a common misunderstanding that CISC systems have more instructions, but typically pay a steep performance penalty for the added versatility. CISC systems actually have "complex instructions", in the sense that at least one instruction takes a long time to execute -- for example, the "double indirect" addressing mode inherently requires two memory cycles to execute, and a few CPUs have a "string copy" instruction that may require hundreds of memory cycles to execute. MIPS and SPARC are examples of RISC computers. Intel x86 is an example of a CISC computer.
Some people group stack machines with the RISC machines; others group stack machines with the CISC machines; some people, describe stack machines as neither RISC nor CISC.
Other ISA types include DSPs, stack machines, VLIW machines, MISC machines, TTA architectures, massively parallel processor arrays, etc.
We will discuss these terms and concepts in more detail later.
Microprocessor Components
Some of the common components of a microprocessor are:
* Control Unit
* I/O Units
* Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
* Registers
* Cache
A brief introduction to these components is placed below.
Control processer Unit
The control processer unit, as described above, reads the instructions, and generates the necessary digital signals to operate the other components. An instruction to add two numbers together would cause the Control Unit to activate the addition module, for instance.
I/O Units
The processor needs to be able to communicate with the rest of the computer system. This communication occurs through the I/O ports. The I/O ports will interface with the system memory (RAM), and also the other peripherals of a computer.
ALU
The Arithmetic Logic Unit, or ALU is the part of the microprocessor that performs arithmetic operations. ALUs can typically add, subtract, divide, multiply, and perform the logical operations of two numbers (and, or, nor, not, etc).
ALU will be discussed in far more detail in a later chapter, ../ALU/.
Registers
There are different kinds of registers. Hopefully it will be obvious which kind of register we are talking about from the context.
The most general meaning is a "hardware register": anything that can be used to store bits of information, in a way that all the bits of the register can be written to or read out simultaneously. Since registers outside of a CPU are also outside the scope of the book, this book will only discuss processor registers, which are hardware registers that happen to be inside a CPU. But usually we will refer to a more specific kind of register.
Registers are mentioned in far more detail in a later chapter, ../Register File/.
programmer-visible registers
The programmer-visible registers, also called the user-accessible registers, also called the architectural registers, often simply called "the registers", are the registers that are directly encoded as part of at least one instruction in the instruction set.
The registers are the fastest accessible memory locations, and because they are so fast, there are typically very few of them. In most processors, there are fewer than 32 registers. The size of the registers defines the size of the computer. For instance, a "32 bit computer" has registers that are 32 bits long. The length of a register is known as the word length of the computer.
There are several factors limiting the number of registers, including:
* It is very convenient for a new CPU to be software-compatible with an old CPU. This requires the new chip to have exactly the same number of programmer-visible registers as the old chip.
* Doubling the number general-purpose registers requires adding another bit to each instruction that selects a particular register. Each 3-operand instruction (that specify 2 source operands and a destination operand) would expand by 3 bits. Modern chip manufacturing processes could put a million registers on a chip; that would make each and every 3-operand instruction require 60 bits just to select the registers, not counting the bits required to specify what to do with those operands.
* Adding more registers adds more wires to the critical path, adding capacitance, which reduces the maximum clock speed of the CPU.
* Historically, CPUs were designed with few registers, because each additional register increased the cost of the CPU significantly. But now that modern chip manufacturing can put tens of millions of bits of storage on a single commodity CPU chip, this is less of an issue.
Microprocessors typically contain a large number of registers, but only a small number of them are accessible by the programmer. The registers that can be used by the programmer to store arbitrary data, as needed, are called general purpose registers. Registers that cannot be accessed by the programmer directly are known as reserved registers.
Some computers have highly specialized registers -- memory addresses always came from the program counter or "the" index register or "the" stack pointer; one ALU input was always hooked to data coming from memory, the other ALU input was always hooked to "the" accumulator; etc.
Other computers have more general-purpose registers -- any instruction that access memory can use any address register as a index register or as a stack pointer; any instruction that uses the ALU can use any data register.
Other computers have completely general-purpose registers -- any register can be used as data or an address in any instruction, without restriction.
microarchitectural registers
Besides the programmer-visible registers, all CPUs have other registers that are not programmer-visible, called "microarchitectural registers" or "physical registers".
These registers include:
* memory address register
* memory data register
* instruction register
* microinstruction register
* microprogram counter
* pipeline registers
* extra physical registers to support register renaming
* the prefetch input queue
* writable control stores (We will discuss the control store in the Microprocessor Design/Control Unit and Microprocessor Design/Microcode)
* Some people consider on-chip cache to be part of the microarchitectural registers; others consider it "outside" the CPU.
There are a wide variety of ways to implement any one instruction set. The vast majority of these microarchitectural registers are technically not "necessary". A designer could choose to design a CPU that had almost no physical registers other than the programmer-visible registers. However, many designers choose to design a CPU with lots of physical registers, using them in ways that make the CPU execute the same given instruction set much faster than a CPU that lacks those registers.
Cache
Most CPUs manufactured do not have any cache.
Cache is memory that is located on the chip, but that is not considered registers. The cache is used because reading external memory is very slow (compared to the speed of the processor), and reading a local cache is much faster. In modern processors, the cache can take up as much as 50% or more of the total area of the chip. The following table shows the relationship between different types of memory:
Cache typically comes in 2 or 3 "levels", depending on the chip. Level 1 (L1) cache is smaller and faster than Level 2 (L2) cache, which is larger and slower. Some chips have Level 3 (L3) cache as well, which is larger still than the L2 cache (although L3 cache is still much faster than external RAM).
We discuss cache in far more detail in a later chapter, ../Cache/.
Endian
Different computers order their multi-byte data words (i.e., 16-, 32-, or 64-bit words) in different ways in RAM. Each individual byte in a multi-byte word is still separately addressable. Some computers order their data with the most significant byte of a word in the lowest address, while others order their data with the most significant byte of a word in the highest address. There is logic behind both approaches, and this was formerly a topic of heated debate.
This distinction is known as endianness. Computers that order data with the least significant byte in the lowest address are known as "Little Endian", and computers that order the data with the most significant byte in the lowest address are known as "Big Endian". It is easier for a human (typically a programmer) to view multi-word data dumped to a screen one byte at a time if it is ordered as Big Endian. However it makes more sense to others to store the LS data at the LS address.
When using a computer this distinction is typically transparent; that is that the user cannot tell the difference between computers that use the different formats. However, difficulty arises when different types of computers attempt to communicate with one another over a network.
With a big-endian 68K sort of machine, address increases > -- > data : 74 65 73 74 00 00 00 05 is the string "test" followed by the 32-bit integer 5. The little-endian x86 sort of machine would interpret the last part as the integer 0x0500_0000.
When communicating over a network composed of both big-endian and little-endian machines, the network hardware (should) apply the Address Invariance principle, to avoid scrambling text (avoiding the NUXI problem). High-level software (should) format packets of data to be transmitted over the network in Network Byte Order. High-level software (should) be written as "endian clean" -- always reading and writing 16 bit integers as whole 16 bit integers, 32 bit integers as whole 32 bit integers, etc. -- so no changes are needed to re-compile it for big-endian or little-endian machines. Software that is not "endian clean" -- software that writes integers, but then reads them out as 8 bit octets or integers of some other length -- usually fails when re-compiled for another computer.
A few computers -- including nearly all DSPs -- are "neither-endian". They always read and write complete aligned words, and don't have any hardware for dealing with individual bytes. Systems build on top of such computers often *do* have a particular endianness -- but that endianness is written into the software, and can be switched by re-compiling for the opposite endianness.
Stack
A stack is a block of memory that is used as a scratchpad area. The stack is a sequential set of memory locations that is set to act like a LIFO (last in, first out) buffer. Data is added to the top of the stack in a "push" operation, and the top data item is removed from the stack during a "pop" operation. Most computer architectures include at least a register that is usually reserved for the stack pointer.
Some microprocessors include a small hardware stack built into the CPU, independent from the rest of the RAM.
Some people claim that a processor must have a hardware stack in order to run C programs.
Most computer architectures have hardware support for a recursive "call" instruction in their ../Assembly Language/. Some architectures (such as the ARM, the Freescale RS08, etc.) implement "call" like this: Some architectures (such as the 6502, the x86, etc.) implement "call" like this: A few architectures (such as the PIC16, the RISC I processor, the Novix NC4016, many LISP machines, etc.) implement "call" like this:
* the "call" instruction pushes a return address into a link register and jumps to the subroutine. A separate instruction near the beginning of the subroutine pushes the contents of the link register to a stack in main memory, to free up the link register so that subroutine can then recursively call other subroutines.
* the "call" instruction pushes a return address onto the stack in main memory and jumps to the subroutine.
* The "call" instruction pushes a return address into a dedicated return stack, separate from main memory, and jumps to the subroutine.
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WIKI
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Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Examination
Examination, a process prescribed or assigned for testing qualification; an investigation, inquiry. Examinations are in use in parochial schools. Catholic academies, seminaries, and universities as tests of proficiency. Examinations or something equivalent must enter into all effectual instruction, for it is not sufficient that a book be placed in the hands of a pupil or that he be compelled to attend lectures, but it is necessary to see that he grasps the ideas conveyed. Such tests are widely in vogue in Catholic institutions, as they are in those not subject to the Church. Examinations, however, have other purposes, especially as tests of qualifications for offices or positions, and as investigations to arrive at the truth. It is particularly under these aspects that the question of examinations now presents itself.
Examination for Appointment to Parochial Benefices.—The Council of Trent, realizing that parishes should be ruled over by men of virtue and learning, decreed (Sess. XXIV, c. xviii, De ref.) that the cure of souls should be entrusted only to those who, in a competitive examination or concursus, have demonstrated their fitness. The purpose of this examination is not only to exclude unworthy candidates, but to secure the selection of the best. Clement XI and Benedict XIV determined the form of this examination (see Concursus; Synodal Examiners).
Examination for Promotion to Orders.—The Council of Trent (Sess. XXIII, c. vii, De ref.), repeating the legislation of previous councils, prescribes that a bishop promote no one to orders in the Church till priests and others prudent and learned, appointed by the bishop, pass upon the candidate's qualifications. This investigation is concerned with legitimate birth, baptism, confirmation, freedom from irregularity, age, title of ordination, morals, faith, and knowledge. In practice, however, the examination is confined to learning, as other requisites are investigated in advance and attested by proper documents, of the chancellor, pastor, rector of seminary, etc. The place, form, matter, number of examiners, and other details of the examination are left to the bishop. A prelate commissioned by another to ordain the latter's subject is free to submit the candidate to an examination or not, as he may deem proper, unless, for grave reasons, he suspect the unfitness of the candidate, notwithstanding a previous examination, or unless he be commissioned by the candidate's bishop to hold the examination. Members of religious orders are examined by their own superiors and likewise by the ordinary prelate, except the Jesuits and some others who by special privilege are exempt from examination by the ordinary prelate (see Apostolic Examiners).
Examination of Bishops-Elect.—In addition to the examination in the Roman Pontifical, Gregory XIV prescribed another for bishops-elect, while Clement VIII instituted a congregation of cardinals for this purpose. This examination, however, developed into little else than a ceremony, since bishops are not selected till assurance is given of their prudence, piety, and learning. The late reorganization of the Roman Curia puts this matter under the Consistorial Congregation. Cardinals who are to receive episcopal consecration are exempt from this examination.
Examination of Confessors.—The Council of Trent (Sess. XXIII, c. xv, De ref.) established the necessary requirements of episcopal approbation for all priests, both secular and regular, to hear confessions, advising an examination as a test of fitness, though bishops are free to approve, without such test, those priests who in their judgment are qualified for the work. Members of the regular clergy, without exception, may be obliged by the ordinary of the diocese to undergo this test, if they would hear the sacramental confessions of secular persons. Once approved, however, they are not to be subjected to another examination, unless some grave cause relating to confessions arise (see Apostolic Examiners).
Examination of Preachers.—The ordinary of a diocese may submit to an examination members of religious bodies who desire to preach in the diocese in churches other than those of their own order. Once, however, he has given his approbation, he may not insist on a second examination, though for just cause he may withdraw the permission given to preach. The bishop's successor in office may demand a reexamination.
Examination of Those Wishing to Contract Marriage—Before publishing the banns of marriage the pastor questions separately the contracting parties regarding their place of residence, to ascertain whether he has a right to unite them in matrimony. He inquires, likewise, whether they are acting with perfect freedom, or perhaps under duress, fear, or other motive which might invalidate the contract. He learns of any opposition on the part of parents to the proposed union, as well as of the possible existence of any matrimonial impediment. He must ascertain, moreover, whether the parties are sufficiently grounded in the rudiments of the Catholic religion and capable, consequently, of instructing their offspring. If the parties belong to different parishes, by whom is this investigation to be conducted? Local regulations and customs are to be observed, since there is neither positive universal legislation nor uniform practice in this matter.
Examination of Witnesses.—In ecclesiastical, as in civil, courts witnesses are examined under oath, administered by the auditor or judge, who should first call the witness's attention to the nature and binding effect of an oath and to his duty of telling the truth. The oath must be to the effect that the witness will tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. If thought advisable by the judge, the oath may also contain the promise of secrecy. A statement not sworn to does not constitute evidence. Witnesses are examined separately. In civil trials the interested parties have a right to be present when witnesses are deposing and may not be excluded except in rare cases approved by the judge. In criminal or other cases, where public rather than private interest is at stake, the practice is to exclude the plaintiff and defendant, as well as other witnesses. Here, also, in extreme cases an exception may be made. If, however, the defendant is not allowed to confront the witnesses cited by the plaintiff and vice versa, he is permitted to see the witnesses take the oath and may suggest interrogatories to be proposed.
Witnesses are to be asked or cited, but not necessarily in a formal manner, to appear in court and testify. He who offers his testimony unsolicited is suspected. The examination of witnesses is conducted by the judge. The interrogatories, which are general and special, should be clear and capable of a direct and definite answer. The general questions concern the name, residence, profession, age, and religion of the witness. His relations to plaintiff or defendant, his habits, prejudices, associations, motives, his physical defects, and, at times, his mental qualities, his means of knowledge, powers of discernment, and his memory may be relevant. The special queries are drawn from the crime or charge, and should be relevant or material to the fact at issue. The judge must ascertain how much of the deposition is of personal knowledge, or only hearsay evidence or rumor, or perhaps mere opinion or inference. Circumstances of place, persons, time, etc. may be pertinent. Leading or suggestive questions, which suggest the answer desired, are not permitted. The rules of competency of witnesses are reducible to two, a knowledge of the facts in the case and veracity. In weighing the evidence, however, the judge must consider not only the knowledge and credility of the witness, but also the quality of the deposition and its weight in comparison with that of other witnesses. While exception may be taken to a witness, if unsustained it does not disqualify him. The testimony is written down by the secretary or clerk and is read by him to the witness. Additions or corrections, if necessary, are made. The witness affixes his signature, or, if unable to write, he makes his mark, which must be attested by the clerk. If the witness refuses to subscribe, the fact and the reason thereof must be noted. Finally, both the judge and the clerk sign the document.
ANDREW B. MEEHAN
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WIKI
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Ascent Industries’ Transformation Recognized with Russell 2000 Index Inclusion
SCHAUMBURG, Ill., June 30, 2025--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Ascent Industries Co. (Nasdaq: ACNT) ("Ascent" or the "Company"), joined the Russell 2000® Index, effective upon the U.S. market open on June 30, 2025, as part of the 2025 Russell indexes reconstitution.
The annual reconstitution of the Russell US indexes captures the 4,000 largest US stocks as of April 30th, ranking them by total market capitalization. Membership in the Russell 3000® Index, which remains in place for one year, means automatic inclusion in the small-cap Russell 2000 Index as well as the appropriate growth and value style indexes. FTSE Russell determines membership for its Russell indexes primarily by objective, market-capitalization rankings and style attributes.
"Our inclusion in the Russell 2000 Index marks a meaningful milestone in what has been an extraordinary turnaround for Ascent," said Bryan Kitchen, Chief Executive Officer. "Over the past 18 months, we’ve reshaped the company—divesting legacy businesses, and building a more focused, profitable enterprise. This recognition underscores the progress we’ve made and increases our visibility with institutional investors as we continue driving long-term, durable growth."
Russell indexes are widely used by investment managers and institutional investors for index funds and as benchmarks for active investment strategies. According to data as of the end of June 2024, about $10.6 trillion in assets are benchmarked against the Russell US indexes, which belong to FTSE Russell, the global index provider.
For more information on the Russell 3000® Index and the Russell indexes reconstitution, go to the "Russell Reconstitution" section on the FTSE Russell website.
About Ascent Industries Co.
Ascent Industries Co. (Nasdaq: ACNT) is a company that engages in the production of specialty chemicals. For more information about Ascent, please visit its website at www.ascentco.com.
View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250630196090/en/
Contacts
Company Contact Ryan Kavalauskas Chief Financial Officer 1-630-884-9181
Investor Relations Ralf Esper Gateway Group, Inc. 1-949-574-3860 ACNT@gateway-grp.com
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Flashnux
GNU/Linux man pages
Livre :
Expressions régulières,
Syntaxe et mise en oeuvre :
ISBN : 978-2-7460-9712-4
EAN : 9782746097124
(Editions ENI)
GNU/Linux
CentOS 4.8
i386
personality(2)
PERSONALITY
PERSONALITY
NAME
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
RETURN VALUE
ERRORS
CONFORMING TO
NAME
personality − set the process execution domain
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/personality.h>
extern int personality (unsigned long persona);
DESCRIPTION
Linux supports different execution domains, or personalities, for each process. Among other things, execution domains tell Linux how to map signal numbers into signal actions. The execution domain system allows Linux to provide limited support for binaries compiled under other Unix-like operating systems.
This function will return the current personality when persona equals 0xffffffff. Otherwise, it will make the execution domain referenced by persona the new execution domain of the current process.
RETURN VALUE
On success, the previous persona is returned. On error, −1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately.
ERRORS
EINVAL
The kernel was unable to change the personality.
CONFORMING TO
personality is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs intended to be portable.
personality(2)
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Article
Tetraaquabis[4-(pyrazin-2-ylsulfanylmethyl-κN )benzoato]cobalt(II)
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, People's Republic of China.
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online (Impact Factor: 0.35). 10/2010; 66(Pt 10):m1323. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810037906
Source: PubMed
ABSTRACT
In the title compound, [Co(C(12)H(9)N(2)O(2)S)(2)(H(2)O)(4)], the Co(II) ion, lying on an inversion center, has an octa-hedral coordination involving two N atoms of two 4-(pyrazin-2-ylsulf-anylmeth-yl)benzoate ligands and four water mol-ecules. In the crystal, O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the coordinated water mol-ecules and uncoordinated carboxyl-ate O atoms, and weak π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distance = 4.105 (2) Å] between the benzene and pyrazine rings lead to a three-dimensional supra-molecular network.
This research doesn't cite any other publications.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Concerning the Speed of Light
(1999)
In science news, researchers have discovered how to slow light down to a speed which could be exceeded by a strong bicyclist.
This result was anticipated by Einstein and quantum physics. In case you want to try this at home, just use laser light to cool down a medium to near absolute zero. Boil off the warmer electrons, and iterate. Then send a laser beam through it at right angles, count one-mississippi, two-mississippi, three-mississippi, and watch it come out the other side.
The idea is that when you cool off the medium, the momentum of the atoms nears zero. But the uncertainty principle limits how accurately we can know the product of the momentum and the position. Since the momentum is known (near-zero), the position becomes very unknown — even to the atoms themselves, apparently, as they start to overlap and merge into kind of a super-atom sharing the same wave function. The result is a medium with an incredibly high index of refraction, which could be useful for those of us who would otherwise need extremely thick lenses.
The refractive index is about 100 trillion times greater than that of a glass optical fiber. At one point their system had approximately the transparency of lead. Then they tickled it with a probe laser and it laughed out about 25% of the light.
This reminds me of a short story I read a long time ago, "Light of Other Days" by Bob Shaw, about a house which had a picture window made of a kind of glass so dense that it took light fifty years or so to travel through it. The owner could look through the glass and see his wife when she was still alive, etc. This is just one of the many applications that are right around the corner. A more immediate effect on our daily lives is that cops can now pull you over whenever they please and say, "Did you know you were going faster than the speed of light?"
The discovery was made by Danish physicist Dr. Lene Vestergaard Hau. Other scientists hope to use this technology to make devices that up-shift infrared light into the visible range so they can watch her undressing at night.
Return with us now to the Museum of Conceptual Art
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Smart Drug Basics: Nootropics For Newbies
19. June 2016
smart drug basics
In simple terms, a nootropic is essentially a mind enhancing supplement you can take to boost mental performance, which specifically includes increasing focus, energy, pro-social behavior, and mood. Nootropics can also lower anxiety and inattention.
Similar to how you take a dietary supplement for muscle mass growth, you take nootropics to enhance your brain.
Nootropics are dietary supplements that ultimately keep your brain sharp and healthy. You will find various types of Nootropics used today and we will touch on their track record, which ones to obtain, how to combine them with each other for synergistic benefits, and who is most likely to benefit the most from using them.
The Origin Of Nootropics
We will begin with where the concept of Nootropics originated from:; Nootropics as a term was coined in 1972, by Dr. Conelius E. Girugea.
He took two Greek phrases nous and trepin which imply mind and bending respectfully, collectively each of those phrases imply: Change the mind's shape. Nootropics don't physically change the shape of your brain, but Dr. Girugea was on the right track in that Nootropics do enhance the mind.
He also established a list of recommended substances that should become labeled as nootropics. This was his criteria: they should maximize cognition and shield the brain from oxidative harm.
This is really all you need to know about the history behind nootropics. Let's focus on something more fun: How they can help you.
How Nootropics Function & Enhance The Human Brain
Nootropics are complex: different nootropics function differently.
For instance, Lions Mane Mushroom, acknowledged to increase brain-derived neurotrophic element, is a protein present in the brain and spinal twine that encourages the survival of nerve cells (neurons) by collaborating in a occupation throughout the routine maintenance from the cells.
In normal human language, this is a good thing. It help strengthen your neurons that are responsible for learning, memory formation, and mood.
All natural nootropics should be looked at as nutritional supplements. They don't instantly give you superhuman powers. Rather, they create powerful short-term benefits such an increase in focus and energy.
They also prevent the breakdown for key neurotransmitters which leads to increased long-term brain health. Compared to harsh prescription drugs, Nootropics have a more subtle effect on the brain and are considered much safer.
It is very important to monitor how you respond to different nootropics, since many of them can have different effects and functions.. It's crucial on your own to stay with a stack every day and also to log any results of that specific stack.
This can help you decide what is working, what isn't working, and which nootropic combinations are best for you.
Everyone's brain is different. You should keep track of stuff like your mood, relaxation, memory skills and other brain functions when you use nootropics. Depending on factors like your age, gender, occupation, demographic information etc. you will likely respond differently to different nootropics than other people might.
It is good practice to try combinations rather than just one specific ingredient. This leads us to...
Nootropic Stacks & Combinations
Numerous nootropic users like to stack these brain-enhancing dietary supplements collectively for a synergistic effect. In fact, stacking is done at least once by over 90% of Nootropic users.
For instance, caffeine and l-theanine are acknowledged as highly synergistic and is probably the most well-known nootropic stack among newbies and intermediate level users. That's because caffeine provides a steady stream of energy and mental power, whereas l-theanine works to remove the jitteriness & anxiety, leaving you much more relaxation yet still energetic.
Nootropic stacks are often MUCH more complex (and to be blunt, more effective) than caffeine and L-theanine.
Stacks can in essence be seen as homemade concoctions to enhance your brain in a much more personalised way, and you'll find websites with thousands of users spending time discovering the perfect stack for their general wellness or for extremely specific goals.
In general, the ideal amount of ingredients in a Nootropic stack for most users is 6-9 ingredients. Any less is not optimally effective and too many ingredients dilutes the effectiveness of each individual one.
The second most widely used nootropic stack is the piracetam and choline stack which is one of the oldest and original nootropic stacks. Piracetam is documented to have an involvement in the activation of choline, which helps the mind take up oxygen and improve blood flow. (These are good things).
As choline might get depleted in the body while supplementing with piracetam, it truly is useful to health supplement with a choline source for instance: Alpha GPC. This truly is completed to avoid the headaches of choline depletion. However you may also obtain choline from food sources such as eggs, beef liver and cauliflower.
As you can already see from these three ingredients, different nootropics combine well together to drastically improve your brain function.
For those out there that think Nootropics are a scam and that the brain can't be improved by supplements in the same way that the body can: you're wrong.
Actual science shows that when it comes to physical overall performance, having an optimal brain-body connection allows us to complete both physical and mental tasks with increased precision.
Further, some nutritional dietary supplements which consist of Alpha GPC have an additional benefit of promoting human growth hormone.
Other dietary supplements that might also assist your mental and physical performance include creatine, caffeine, and oxiracetam.
Nootropics are no joke. They can have an enormous impact on both your brain and your body.
Who Benefits From Nootropics?
The truth is this: Anyone looking for a mental edge can benefit from Nootropics. Almost everyone responds well to them.
Nootropics are most frequently used by: students, athletes, professionals, entrepreneurs, entertainers, medical professionals, gamers, poker players, and scientists.
The overall rewards of nootropics are multi-faceted. They can help with memory, focus, mood, fatigue, reasoning, creativity and so much more.
However nootropics are just one piece of the puzzle. To get the most out of Nootropics, you need to also have discipline, a good diet, and avoid hard drugs (This should be a given).
Nootropics, like all dietary supplements, are there to complement your overall lifestyle and health. Nootropics are not magical miracle capsules.
With that said, Nootropics are potent short-term options for increasing focus, energy, motivation, pro-social ability, and mood for the times that you need to be at your best.
They also have numerous long-term health benefits for the human brain.
Where Can I Try Nootropics?
Important: You ABSOLUTELY need to only purchase Nootropics that...
1. Contain ultra high quality ingredients
2. Contain zero fillers or other junk
3. Have been formulated to include ALL of the effective ingredients
You want a nootropic that is safe and actually works.
Fortunately for you, we've been experimenting with nootropics for years.
We created our own nootropic super-stack that contains the 8 BEST ingredients, both individually and when combined together.
We've been using it for a long time and now we've started offering it to the public.
It's safe, it's produced in a top-flight FDA approved facility, and most importantly IT WORKS.
It's called LIMITLESS BRAIN, and you can learn all about it here.
Nootropics are cutting edge performance boosters and LIMITLESS BRAIN is the best formulation available.
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dark Beast
The result was Move to Dark Beast (Marvel Comics) and redirect to Beast (Marvel Comics)__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__. This is one of the more complicated closures I've handled but this seems to be the consensus view. Liz Read! Talk! 16:50, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
Dark Beast
* – ( View AfD View log | edits since nomination)
Minor comic book character, plot summary with next to no reception outside the "In 2018, CBR.com ranked Dark Beast 16th in their "Age Of Apocalypse: The 30 Strongest Characters In Marvel's Coolest Alternate World" list." listicle. WP:FANCRUFT that fails WP:GNG. Perhaps redirect to Beast (Marvel Comics)? Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 02:43, 2 August 2023 (UTC) Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Liz Read! Talk! 05:10, 9 August 2023 (UTC) Relisting comment: Sorry to relist when there hasn't been much commentary since the last relisting but there are several different proposals floating around in this discussion and none of them have a majority of participating editors supporting any specific one. Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Liz Read! Talk! 06:02, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the deletion sorting lists for the following topics: Fictional elements, Science fiction and fantasy, and Comics and animation. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 02:43, 2 August 2023 (UTC)
* Move to Dark Beast (Marvel Comics) and redirect to Beast (Marvel Comics). Does not seem notable and even if they were, it would need a complete rewrite. I suggest moving to create a disambiguation page as there are many characters known as "Dark Beast" or "Darkbeast" such as one form of Ganon. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 15:35, 2 August 2023 (UTC)
* Keep while retitling to "Dark Beast (Marvel Comics)" per the suggestion that was made by or merge with List of Marvel Comics characters: D in the spirit of WP:PRESERVE. --Rtkat3 (talk) 17:15, 2 August 2023 (UTC)
* Isn't this a Marvel Comics character? Pokelego999 (talk) 15:32, 3 August 2023 (UTC)
* Sorry, I got those pages mixed up. It has been corrected right now . --Rtkat3 (talk) 17:35, 3 August 2023 (UTC)
* No worries, just double checking. Pokelego999 (talk) 19:12, 3 August 2023 (UTC)
* Keep per improvements made and sources added to the article, or at worst merge per Rtkat3 and WP:PRESERVE, and noting the potential for further sources by BoomboxTestarossa below. BOZ (talk) 22:04, 3 August 2023 (UTC)
* @BOZ I respect you but neither you nor @Rtkat3 actually provided any rationale for keeping this. And sourcing by @BoomboxTestarossa seems to be rather theoretical at this point. I'd be happy to see this saved, as usual, if SIGCOV, non-plot coverage of the character were to be found. This hasn't happened yet. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 09:16, 12 August 2023 (UTC)
* I had also suggested the renaming if the disambiguation link is established and the merge to List of Marvel Comics characters: D in my part of the consensus. --Rtkat3 (talk) 21:02, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* Merge or redirect per Zxcvbnm. This article doesn't pass the WP:GNG. But there is a way to WP:PRESERVE it and even improve the coverage, if it's centralized in one article about the overall character. Shooterwalker (talk) 01:41, 5 August 2023 (UTC)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
* Comment 1994 issues of Wizard have some respectable coverage of Age of Apocalypse and 1996 of Onslaught, which IIRC were major stories that featured the Dark Beast in sizeable capacity. Issues are on the Internet Archive even through they probably shouldn't be. TCJ had I think gone full sneer by then but might have some catty reception. BoomboxTestarossa (talk) 08:38, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
* Move per ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ's suggestion.★Trekker (talk) 18:59, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Tom Metzger
Thomas Linton Metzger (April 9, 1938 – November 4, 2020) was an American white supremacist, neo-Nazi leader and Klansman. He founded White Aryan Resistance (WAR), a neo-Nazi organization, in 1983. He was a Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1970s. Metzger voiced strong opposition to immigration to the United States, and was an advocate of the Third Position. He was incarcerated in Los Angeles County, California, and Toronto, Ontario, and was the subject of several lawsuits and government inquiries. He, his son, and WAR were fined a total of $12.5 million as a result of the murder of Mulugeta Seraw, 28, an Ethiopian student, by skinheads in Portland, Oregon, affiliated with WAR.
Early life
Metzger was born and raised in Indiana. He served in the U.S. Army from 1961 until 1964 when he moved to Southern California to work in the electronics industry. For a short time, he was a member of the right-wing group the John Birch Society, and attended anti-Communist luncheon meetings sponsored by the Douglas Aircraft Corporation. However, he eventually left the group when it rejected his antisemitic views.
By 1968, Metzger had moved to Fallbrook, California, and he supported independent George C. Wallace for President. Metzger stopped paying taxes in the 1970s, and by 1972 his tax protest over the Vietnam War had destroyed his thriving television business but introduced him to other tax protesters who, he said, were "atheist racists, Christian Identity racists, Nazis, all kinds of people."
From 1971 to 1980, Metzger was the pastor of a Christian Identity church.
Ku Klux Klan
During the 1970s, Metzger joined the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, which was led by David Duke, and he eventually became the Grand Dragon of the State of California. In the summer of 1979, he organized a patrol, the Klan Border Watch, to capture illegal Mexican immigrants south of Fallbrook, California. Metzger's Klan organization also had a security force which was involved in confrontations with Communists and anti-Klan protesters.
Metzger's branch of the Klan split with Duke's organization in 1980 to form the California Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. Also in 1979, he took Greg Withrow of the White Student Union "under his wing", which later became the Aryan Youth Movement (AYM), for youth associated with White Aryan Resistance.
In 1985, Metzger attended a Nation of Islam rally in San Diego, led by Louis Farrakhan. During the rally, he compared America to a "rotting carcass" and praised Farrakhan for "understanding" that Jews are "living off the carcass" and called them "parasites."
Views
According to Steven Atkins, author of The Encyclopedia of Right-Wing Extremism in Modern American History, Metzger's ideology "differs from other white supremacists by rejecting the basic tenets of the Christian Identity movement because he considers himself to be the champion of the Third Position. The Third Position is a form of racism that is oriented towards attracting the white working class and it is also anti-capitalist in orientation. Metzger believed that the United States should be divided into designated areas for different racial groups except Asian Americans, who should be expelled from the United States." In 1988 Metzger recorded this message on his WAR Hotline: "'You have reached WAR Hotline. White Aryan Resistance. You ask: What is WAR? We are an openly white-racist movement—Skinheads, we welcome you into our ranks. The federal government is the number one enemy of our race. When was the last time you heard a politician speaking out in favor of white people? [...] You say the government is too big; we can’t organize. Well, by God, the SS did it in Germany, and if they did it in Germany in the thirties, we can do it right here in the streets of America. We need to cleanse this nation of all nonwhite mud-races for the survival of our own people and the generations of our children. '"
White Aryan Resistance
In 1982 Metzger left the Klan to found a new group, the White American Political Association, a group dedicated to promoting "prowhite" candidates for office. After losing the 1982 California Senate Democratic primary, Metzger abandoned the electoral route and reorganized WAPA as White American Resistance in 1983 and then reorganized it as White Aryan Resistance, to reflect a more "revolutionary" stance.
In 1985 Metzger attended a rally of the Nation of Islam. Despite Metzger's open racism towards blacks, he alleged the two groups had common ground based on their desire for racial separation and their hatred of Jewish people. Metzger and an NOI representative claim Metzger provided information on the alleged violent plans of the Jewish Defense League, a far-right extremist organization. Metzger donated $100 to the Nation of Islam, to which a Nation of Islam representative said, "''I don't think that when you give $100 you form an alliance."
Metzger made numerous television appearances in addition to hosting his own cable TV public-access television show, Race and Reason. In one of his first cable episodes, Metzger invited the gothic rock band Radio Werewolf onto the show, during which a confused Metzger was given an honorary membership in the band. In November 1988, his son John appeared on an episode of the Geraldo show in which a brawl broke out and Geraldo Rivera's nose was broken. Metzger also appeared on Wally George's Hot Seat show with Irv Rubin, the chairman of the Jewish Defense League, in what was a very contentious debate. The debate ended when Rubin threw water in the face of Metzger. Security intervened and the Anaheim police were called.
Oregon civil trial
The group was eventually bankrupted as the result of a civil lawsuit centered on its involvement in the 1988 murder of Mulugeta Seraw, an Ethiopian man who had moved to the United States to attend college. In 1988, white power skinheads affiliated with WAR were convicted of killing Seraw and sent to prison. Kenneth Mieske said he and the two others killed Seraw "because of his race." Metzger declared that they did a "civic duty" by killing Seraw. Morris Dees and the Southern Poverty Law Center filed a civil suit against him, arguing that WAR influenced Seraw's killers by encouraging their group East Side White Pride to commit violence.
Metzger's trial was held in October 1990. His decision to represent himself became the source of considerable civic derision through the legal incompetence which he displayed—never more so than when he accepted an option for a new trial judge during the initial stages of the trial in place of the interim appointed judge who he thought was Jewish; only after he had made his decision did he discover that the new judge, Ancer L. Haggerty, was African American.
At the trial, WAR national vice president Dave Mazzella testified about how the Metzgers instructed WAR members to commit violence against minorities. Tom and his son John Metzger were found civilly liable under the doctrine of vicarious liability, in which one can be liable for a tort committed by a subordinate or another person who is taking instructions. The jury returned the largest civil verdict in Oregon history at the time—$12.5 million—against Metzger and WAR. The Metzgers' house was seized, and most of WAR's profits go to paying off the judgment.
Post-Oregon trial
After the trial, Metzger's home was transferred to Seraw's estate for $121,500, while Metzger was allowed to keep $45,000 under California's Homestead Act. The Southern Poverty Law Center and the Anti-Defamation League came up with the $45,000 needed to pay Metzger for the home. Metzger was warned that any damages left in the house would result in a lawsuit, and while he left it in "a mess" with cracked windows, there was no serious damage. As a result of the sale of his home, he was forced to move into an apartment.
In May 1991, Metzger agreed to stop selling T-shirts of Bart Simpson in a Nazi uniform with the words "Pure Nazi Dude" and "Total Nazi Dude". In 1991, he was convicted of burning a cross in 1983, and sentenced to six months in prison and 300 hours of community service by working with minorities. Also convicted were Stanley Witek, the leader of a small local Neo-Nazi party, and Brad Kelly. Metzger was released from prison after 45 days so he could be with his critically ill wife. In 1992, Metzger and his son John violated a court order not to leave the country and entered Canada to speak to the Heritage Front. Soon afterwards, he was arrested for violating Canadian immigration laws by entering the country to "promote racial hatred". With his son John, Metzger was jailed for five days for breaking Canadian immigration laws as he had done so "to promote race hatred".
From the early 1990s, Metzger advocated the "lone wolf" method of organization, of which there are many, for white nationalist groups, which states that a person should not outwardly display his/her racist ideology, but must act covertly.
In 2003, Metzger appeared in Louis and the Nazis, a documentary made by Louis Theroux.
Metzger moved to Warsaw, Indiana at some point in the mid-2000s. In 2004, he was the subject in an online article from a San Diego-based periodical that outlined his love of karaoke, sparse white activist action, and bemused feelings over the state of his hoped-for white revolution. On June 2, 2009, agents of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms raided Metzger's home. No arrests were made and no information was released on what was found inside his house. Metzger was allowed to leave the premises during the search and stated that address books, compact discs, tapes and computers were seized in the raid. This was connected with two arrested brothers accused of a mail bomb attack injuring a diversity director in Arizona.
Metzger was mandated to make payments to Seraw's family for the remainder of his life. Metzger hosted an Internet radio talk show and by 2018 no longer resided in Indiana, having moved back to California.
Mainstream party politics
Metzger changed political parties several times and sometimes created his own. In 1980, he won the Democratic Party nomination for the U.S. House of Representatives with over 40,000 votes in a San Diego-area district. This led to the Democratic Party to disavow his candidacy, and take the unusual step of endorsing his opponent, Republican Clair Burgener. Metzger lost by over 200,000 votes in November 1980 to Burgener in a heavily Republican district.
In 1982 he sought the Democratic Party's senatorial nomination, running against then-Governor Jerry Brown and author Gore Vidal, winning only 76,000 votes (2.8% of the vote) in the primary.
In 2010, Metzger took out an advertisement in the Warsaw Times-Union, in order to announce his intention to challenge, as an independent, U.S. Representative Mark Souder, a Republican from Indiana's 3rd congressional district. "I'd go to Washington and get into Congress, and have a fistfight every day," Metzger told a local news station. Metzger did not make it onto the ballot for the election, which was ultimately won by Republican Marlin Stutzman.
Death
He died on November 4, 2020, of Parkinson's disease.
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WIKI
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Talk:Sutton Place, Hackney
Untitled
Article added to add to recorded'Grade II' listed buildings in London. This terrace is important, because the sixteen houses are listed as a group, and this is quite rare. Also intend to add Round Chapel. Recently did St Augustine Tower, Sutton House, Bromley Hall. Style might be a bit chatty for some, so editing welcomed. (Kbthompson 17:51, 11 August 2006 (UTC))
Somebody put it on sicklist, but didn't justify their reasons. It's important locally and historically. Kbthompson 22:58, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Leicester Silk Buckingham
Leicester Silk Buckingham (29 June 1825 – 15 July 1867) was an English dramatist, who achieved considerable popularity as a playwright, several of his free adaptations of French comedies being produced in London between 1860 and 1867.
Early life
Buckingham, the youngest son of James Silk Buckingham, the oriental traveller, and Elizabeth Jennings, was born at 11 Cornwall Terrace, Regent's Park, London, 29 June 1825. In his early life he was the companion of his father in visits made to America, France, and the East, and the experience thus acquired rendered his services valuable as a lecturer on several occasions.
When the Royal Panopticon (afterwards the Alhambra in Leicester Square) was originated in 1854 as a scientific institution, Buckingham was selected to write and deliver the explanatory description of the views of various countries, and later at the Egyptian Hall he was the lecturer engaged to illustrate Hamilton's Tour of Europe.
Connecting himself in early life with the stage he produced several light pieces at the Strand Theatre when that establishment was under Mr. J. Payne's direction in 1856–7, and for a short time undertook the responsibilities of management. Among the most successful comedies he afterwards wrote may be mentioned The Merry Widow, 1863; Silken Fetters, 1863; The Silver Lining, 1864; and Faces in the Fire, 1865.
Dramatist and writer
As a dramatist he borrowed from the French stage, and the majority of his pieces were founded on the works of Parisian writers. He was from 1857 to 1867 dramatic and musical critic of the Morning Star.
Buckingham commenced writing at the early age of nineteen, when he compiled for R. Bentley Memoir of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland, 1844. This was followed by ''Life and Times of Louis Philippe, by the Rev. G. N. Wright. Continued to the Revolution of 1848 by L. F. A. Buckingham,'' 1850. Belgium, the Rhine, Italy, Greece, and the Mediterranean, by the Rev. G. N. Wright and L. F. A. Buckingham, appeared in 1851, and in 1853 he published The Bible in the Middle Age, with Remarks on the Libraries, Schools, and Religious Aspects of Mediaeval Europe. He was also the author of upwards of thirty-five burlesques, comedies, and farces.
Personal life
On 5 April 1844, at the age of 18 he married at Gretna Green, under the name of L. S. F. Y. Buckingham, Caroline Sarah, fourth daughter of Captain Frederic White, of H.M.'s packet service Weymouth. This lady was afterwards a well-known and much respected actress, under the name of Mrs. Buckingham White. Few persons can have been known under a greater variety of Christian names than Buckingham was during his comparatively short life, the following being the names used by him on various occasions: Leicester, Leicester Ambrose, Leicester Silk, Leicester Forbes Ambrose, Leicester Stanhope, Leicester Stanhope Forbes, Leicester Stanhope Forbes Young, and Leicester Stanhope Forbes Young Ambrose. He also made use of the pseudonym Matthews & Co. when producing his first drama, called Aggravating Sam, in 1854.
He died at Margate 15 July 1867, a convert to the Roman Catholic faith. His copyrights passed to Thomas Hailes Lacy, theatrical publisher, who in September 1873 bequeathed them to the Royal General Theatrical Fund.
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WIKI
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Wikipedia:WikiCup/History/2024/Submissions/Hey man im josh
FL: 45 points
* 1) List of Jacksonville Jaguars seasons Featured list candidates/List of Jacksonville Jaguars seasons/archive1
* 2) Detroit Lions draft picks (1970–present) Featured list candidates/Detroit Lions draft picks (1970–present)/archive1
FACR: 5 points
* 1) List of soricines Featured list candidates/List of soricines/archive1
* 2) Peter Capaldi filmography Featured list candidates/Peter Capaldi filmography/archive1
* 3) List of Billboard Easy Listening number ones of 1967 Featured list candidates/List of Billboard Easy Listening number ones of 1967/archive1
* 4) List of World Heritage Sites in Tunisia Featured list candidates/List of World Heritage Sites in Tunisia/archive1
* 5) List of masters of Trinity College, Cambridge Featured list candidates/List of masters of Trinity College, Cambridge/archive1
* 6) List of Seattle Reign FC seasons Featured list candidates/List of Seattle Reign FC seasons/archive1
* 7) List of Green Bay Packers team records Featured list candidates/List of Green Bay Packers team records/archive1
* 8) List of Billboard Easy Listening number ones of 1968 Featured list candidates/List of Billboard Easy Listening number ones of 1968/archive1
* 9) List of constituencies of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Featured list candidates/List of constituencies of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly/archive1
* 10) List of presidents of Burundi Featured list candidates/List of presidents of Burundi/archive1
* 11) List of Mercedes-EQ vehicles Featured list candidates/List of Mercedes-EQ vehicles/archive1
* 12) 1924 Summer Olympics medal table Featured list candidates/1924 Summer Olympics medal table/archive1
DYK: 5 or 10 points
* 1) Detroit Lions draft history Template:Did you know nominations/Detroit Lions draft history
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WIKI
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Gun Control Group’s Report Card on U.S. Banks’ Firearms Ties Has Several Fs
Gun control activists have spent years trying to limit the number of assault-style firearms available to civilians: holding rallies, drafting proposed laws and backing campaigns by shareholders of publicly traded gun makers. Now, one advocacy group is focusing on a different pressure point: the consumer banks that provide loans and other financial support to the gun industry. The group, Guns Down America, which formed in 2016 after a mass shooting in Orlando, Fla., has created a ranking system that gives 15 banks letter grades based primarily on their ties to firearms makers and trade groups like the National Rifle Association. Six of the banks, including JPMorgan Chase and Wells Fargo, received failing grades. Citigroup earned the highest one, a B. Igor Volsky, Guns Down America’s founder and executive director, said he hoped the grading system would compel banks to be more publicly supportive of gun control measures, in the same way that many companies have taken positions on gay rights, immigration and other social issues. Part of the mission, he added, is stopping “the Wild Wild West of how gun manufacturers both produce military-style weapons and also how they can market those firearms.” “We’re not interested in shaming banks or running a campaign focused on how evil they are,” Mr. Volsky said. “Our end goal is to change the way banks make decisions when doing business with the gun industry.” The group used a 100-point scale that applied different weights to factors like a bank’s loans to and investments in gun makers; its public statements about gun safety; its support for lawmakers backed by the N.R.A.; and the discounts and deals it offers to N.R.A. members. The basis for the grades was publicly available information gathered from media reports, regulatory documents, campaign finance filings and other sources. Any undisclosed updates to gun-related deals, legal complications that might affect those arrangements and internal discussions were not reflected. Guns Down America said it had shared its methodology and individual grades with all 15 banks and was involved in continuing talks with some of them, but several banks contacted for comment said that they had not been consulted and that the group had relied on arbitrary metrics. In the last year, gun safety groups have begun looking more closely at the firearms industry’s corporate ties, with the scrutiny leading some businesses to make changes. After a mass shooting in Parkland, Fla., Delta Air Lines, Hertz and several other companies broke with the N.R.A., and retailers like Dick’s Sporting Goods made some guns harder to buy. Influential Wall Street figures like Laurence D. Fink, the chief executive of BlackRock, publicly embraced gun safety efforts. In March, estimated firearm sales in the United States slipped 12.6 percent from a year earlier, to nearly 1.4 million units, according to the research firm Small Arms Analytics & Forecasting. The financial industry’s connections to gun makers have drawn attention before. In December, The New York Times reported that many of the mass shootings in the last decade had been financed with credit cards. [Read out how banks unwittingly provide financing for mass shootings.] Some banks have already started to revise their policies and practices on firearms. Citigroup, which earned a score of 84 from Guns Down America, said in March 2018 that it would work only with clients that agreed to certain restrictions on firearm sales. A short time later, Bank of America said it would stop lending to companies that made military-inspired firearms for civilian use. It was subsequently criticized for its commitment to contribute $43.2 million in bankruptcy financing for Remington. Bank of America, which did not respond to a request for comment, got a C from Guns Down America. The six banks that received failing grades all had more than $200 million in recent financial arrangements with gun companies, according to Guns Down America. The group gave JPMorgan Chase a 48, finding that it had contributed $21,000 to politicians strongly supported by the N.R.A., and had a $273 million financing arrangement with Vista Outdoor. Guns Down America did not specify whether the money was directed only to Vista’s gun business, which the company had said it plans to sell. Marianne Lake, JPMorgan’s chief financial officer, said last year that the bank’s links to military-style firearms “have come down significantly and are pretty limited.” JPMorgan declined to comment on the Guns Down America grade. BB&T was last on the Guns Down America list. Its score of 20 was partly a result of its arranging $147 million in loans to the industry from 2012 to 2016 and partly a result of its recent involvement in a $78 million revolving credit line for Smith & Wesson, according to the gun control group. Brian Davis, a spokesman for BB&T, said the bank was “deeply concerned with the increasing amount of gun violence in our schools and communities,” and listened to “a wide range of opinions” on gun control. He said the bank did not comment publicly about its financial relationships. Guns Down America found that Wells Fargo, which fared slightly better at 25 points, had extended $471 million in loans and credit to gun makers since 2012, including a $40 million loan to Sturm Ruger last year. The N.R.A. also uses Wells Fargo, and the bank donated $92,000 to a group of lawmakers supported by the trade group, Guns Down America said. Trisha Schultz, a Wells Fargo spokeswoman, said in a statement that the bank planned to invest more than $10 million over three years in studying gun-violence prevention and in improving school safety. The bank, she said, has “a small and declining relationship with the N.R.A.” But Ms. Schultz added that “changes to gun laws and regulations should be determined through a legislative process that gives the American public an opportunity to participate and not be arbitrarily set by a bank.” “We do not believe that the American public wants banks to decide which legal products consumers can and cannot buy,” she said. Because of an editing error an earlier version of this article misidentified whose links to military-style firearms “have come down significantly and are pretty limited,” according to Marianne Lake, JPMorgan’s chief financial officer. Ms. Lake was referring to the bank’s links to such firearms, not Vista Outdoor’s links.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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./net/cidr, RFC 1878 subnet calculator / helper
[ CVSweb ] [ Homepage ] [ RSS ] [ Required by ] [ Add to tracker ]
Branch: pkgsrc-2009Q4, Version: 2.3.1, Package name: cidr-2.3.1, Maintainer: pkgsrc-users
cidr is a tiny command-line tool for determining network and broadcast
addresses a la RFC 1878. It takes an IP address and netmask and
outputs the network address, broadcast address, and total number of
addresses for the corresponding subnet. The IP can be in binary,
decimal, hex, or dotted quad. The mask can be in binary, decimal, hex,
dotted quad, or prefix.
Master sites:
SHA1: c543bec86e5786d19e59e262a8d3004d4aad0a71
RMD160: d889fb7d780cbf74eb5695f1debabd6a1747d3b1
Filesize: 16.502 KB
Version history: (Expand)
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Fractionalisation in spin-orbit coupled magnetic insulators
Student Name
Final Thesis Submission Date
2022-10-27
Abstract
Long-range entanglement in quantum-spin-liquids (QSLs) leads to novel gauge structures and excitations with fractionalised quantum numbers. However, experimental signatures of such fractionalisation are rare and require more theoretical frameworks to interpret the experimental outcomes. Here we present a theoretical study of possible spectroscopic signatures of fractionalisation via the coupling of spins to Raman-active phonons in candidate QSLs. In the QSL phase, such magnetoelastic interaction leads to coupling between the lattice and the emergent excitations, resulting into renormalisation of the frequency and linewidth of phonons with characteristic frequency and temperature dependence.
Furthermore, I will present a new kind of cooperative paramagnet, S=3/2 classical-spin-ice (CSI), hosted by the pyrochlore magnets with low-lying crystal field excitations. This model has a richer phase diagram and new kinds of excitations compared to the usual S=1/2 CSI. Interestingly, these models are more prone to fall out-of-equilibrium at low temperatures, even in absence of long-range interaction or disorder.
References :
1. Phys. Rev. B 104, 184420, 2021
2. Phys. Rev. B 106, 054507, 2022
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Crestonio, Texas
Crestonio is a ghost town in Duval County, Texas, United States, located twenty miles southwest of Benavides. It was a stop on the Texas Mexican Railway. The community stopped appearing on maps during the 1970s.
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WIKI
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Data-Driven pulsatile blood flow physics with dynamic mode decomposition
Milad Habibi, Scott T.M. Dawson, Amirhossein Arzani
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
19 Scopus citations
Abstract
Dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) is a purely data-driven and equation-free technique for reduced-order modeling of dynamical systems and fluid flow. DMD finds a best fit linear reduced-order model that represents any given spatiotemporal data. In DMD, each mode evolves with a fixed frequency and therefore DMD modes represent physically meaningful structures that are ranked based on their dynamics. The application of DMD to patient-specific cardiovascular flow data is challenging. First, the input flow rate is unsteady and pulsatile. Second, the flow topology can change significantly in different phases of the cardiac cycle. Finally, blood flow in patient-specific diseased arteries is complex and often chaotic. The objective of this study was to overcome these challenges using our proposed multistage dynamic mode decomposition with control (mDMDc) method and use this technique to study patient-specific blood flow physics. The inlet flow rate was considered as the controller input to the systems. Blood flow data were divided into different stages based on the inlet flow waveform and DMD with control was applied to each stage. The system was augmented to consider both velocity and wall shear stress (WSS) vector data, and therefore study the interaction between the coherent structures in velocity and near-wall coherent structures in WSS. First, it was shown that DMD modes can exactly represent the analytical Womersley solution for incompressible pulsatile flow in tubes. Next, our method was applied to image-based coronary artery stenosis and cerebral aneurysm models where complex blood flow patterns are anticipated. The flow patterns were studied using the mDMDc modes and the reconstruction errors were reported. Our augmented mDMDc framework could capture coherent structures in velocity and WSS with a fewer number of modes compared to the traditional DMD approach and demonstrated a close connection between the velocity and WSS modes.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Article numberA4
JournalFluids
Volume5
Issue number3
DOIs
StatePublished - Sep 2020
Keywords
• Coherent structures
• Data-driven modeling
• Hemodynamics
• Modal analysis
• Reduced-order modeling
• Wall shear stress
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Condensed Matter Physics
• Mechanical Engineering
• Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes
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User:Joshuacorpuz/sandbox
Pyoluteorin
Pyoluteorin is a natural product that is biosynthesized from a hybrid nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and polyketide synthetase (PKS) pathway. Pyoluteorin was first isolated in the 1950s from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains T359 and IFO 3455 and was found to be toxic against Oomycetes, bacteria, fungi, and against certain plants. Pyoluteorin is most notable for its toxicity against the Oomycete Pythium ultimum, which is a plant pathogen that causes a global loss in agriculture. Currently, pyoluteorin derivatives are being studied as an Mcl-1 antagonist in order to target cancers that have elevated Mcl-1 levels.
Pyoluteorin Biosynthesis
Pyoluteorin is synthesized from an NRPS/PKS hybrid pathway. The resorcinol ring is derived from a type I PKS while the dichloropyrrole moetiy is derived from a type II nonribosomal peptide synthetase. Pyoluteorin biosynthesis begins with the activation of L-proline to prolyl-AMP by the adenylation domain PltF. With prolyl-AMP still in the active site, the active form of the peptidyl carrier protein PltL binds to PltF. Then PltF catalyzes the aminoacylation of PltL by attaching L-proline to the thiol of the 4’phosphopantetheine arm of PltL. Next, the dehydrogenase PltE desaturates the prolyl moiety on PltL to create pyrrolyl-PltL. The halogenation domain PltA then dichlorinates the pyrrole moiety first at position 5 and then at position 4 in a FADH2 dependent manner. The dichloropyrroyl residue is then transferred to the type I PKS PltB and PltC, however, the mechanism of transfer is unknown. The addition of 3 malonyl-CoA monomers, cyclization, and release by the thioesterase PltG gives pyoluteorin.
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WIKI
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What sound does a cheetah make? Roars or other noises?
Very angry cheetah. Cheetahs produce a variety of different sounds including chirps, stutters, moans, hisses, growls, yelps and meows.
If you’re a lover of Africa, there’s no question about knowing the sounds of the wild. The distance roar and grumble of a lion are an iconic part of Africa. When it comes to the elephant, the rumbling and trumpeting are just as memorable.
The cheetah, on the other hand, stands out for different reasons. Its agile speed and spotted coat deem them an animal that’s recognized in all parts of the world. The one thing we don’t know so much about, however, are cheetah noises.
With an estimated running speed of 80-120 kph, do these nimble creatures need a voice box that powers their surroundings? Is a soft meow all these cats need to show their affection to one another? Or is a strong growl their sound of choice?
Let’s take a look at the sounds made by a cheetah.
A Cheetah Roaring: Will You Ever Hear It?
Cheetah leaping over body of water, Kruger park
The name ‘cheetah’ comes from the Sanskrit word ‘chitraka’, meaning the spotted one. These pretty cats have magnificent patterning and incredible speed, it would seem to be unfair to gift them with a powerful roar as well.
So the roar is one thing that the cheetahs miss out on.
Why can’t cheetahs roar?
Have you ever wondered why cats, who are part of the same family, might not always share the same traits?
Take roaring and purring for example.
Smaller cats, who love to purr, will never grow up and learn to roar. While a lion can never show their contentment with a gentle purr.
The cat family, Felidae, forms two subfamilies; Pantherinae, and Felinae. Those who can roar fit into the Pantherinae subfamily, while cats who can purr are part of Felinae.
In fact, there are only four big cat species that fall into the Pantherinae subfamily, jaguars, leopards, tigers, and lions.
The sound production all comes down to a tiny little bone situated near the larynx, the epihyal bone. This tiny bone allows cats, including the cheetah, to purr.
Big cats lack this bone, and instead, replace it with ligaments. These ligaments are so powerful that when stretched, they can produce loud roars that travel a couple of kilometers.
That little bone is also the reason why you will never hear a cheetah roar.
Cheetah Noises You Can Expect to Hear in the Wild
Angry wild cheetah
The roar isn’t the only useful sound out in the wild. Cheetahs produce a variety of different sounds to communicate with each other and to warn humans and other animals of their presence.
And when you compare them to other cats in their family, cheetahs are the most vocal.
Cheetah chirping
A chirp is similar to a bird’s chirp, it may even be mistaken for one. It’s usually produced between a mother and her cubs, as it is a useful sound for locating one another.
Stuttering: mating sounds
Researchers have learned that during the mating season, male cheetahs make a unique stuttering sound. Almost like a stuttered bark. The sound resembles a combination between a purr and a rumbling stomach.
What sound do cheetahs make when threatened?
Male cheetah hissing
You’ll automatically know when a cheetah feels like they are being threatened. As soon as they feel threatened, they’ll begin to slowly crouch and start moaning. This is then followed by hissing.
Cheetah growl
If the threat still remains, the cheetah will start growling and showing off their canines. If you’ve ever seen a domestic cat getting angry, you’ll know that one of their main defense tactics is spitting. The cheetah will spit just like them.
Cheetahs can also release an explosive yelp which is able to travel as far as 2 km. It is a lot more powerful than a warning growl.
Cheetahs meowing
Just like sharing the same purring trait, the cheetahs meows are also just as cute as a kitty. They may look imposing, with their exceptional hunting skills making them a fierce predator. However, their bark is definitely not as big as their bite.
Cheetahs produce a meow that is almost identical to our friendlier felines. This all relates back to their voice box. Because cheetahs have the same voice box as domestic cats, they’re free to meow as much as they please.
How do they mark their territory if they don’t roar?
Two male cheetah scent marking their territory, Masai Mara, Kenya
The lion’s roar travels as far as 5 km. This lets other lions know whose territory is whose. So if a lion guards their territory with a roar, what does the cheetah do?
While the cheetah also marks its territory with urine, they aren’t as dominant over territory as many of the other big cats. Therefore, they don’t need to warn off other animals, simple markings will suffice.
More Than Just Cheetah Sounds: Other Communication
Unlike lions, cheetahs don’t form large prides.
Rather, they like to surround themselves with close relatives, and it’s not uncommon to see them in groups of four to six cheetahs.
Or they’ll live a solitary life, and only mingle with others when it’s breeding season.
When greeting familiar faces, you’ll notice that they display similar behavior to friendly dog interactions. Cheek rubbing, sniffing, nuzzling, and licking are common displays of affection.
Cheetahs Can’t Roar, Though Their Meow is Even Better
Mother cheetah and cubs standing on a high vantage point, scanning the horizon for prey
There always seems to be an endless amount we can learn about the animals in Africa. And the cheetah proves it. Who would have thought they’re incapable of a roar? Or that their voice box produces a friendly purr.
These spotted big cats are a vulnerable species. And while there are plenty of chances to see them in captivity, seeing them in the wild is the only way we should be admiring these creatures.
Book yourself a tailor-made safari to hear the fascinating sounds of the cheetah in their natural habitat.
What Sounds Do Other Animals Make?
Well, now you officially know the usual cheetah sound effect. If you’re wondering what other strange noises the animals in Africa make, check out these intriguing animal sounds.
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University of Twente Student Theses
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Millimeter-Wave Connectivity in Real World Vehicle-To-Vehicle Network Scenarios
Blankestijn, Arjan (2022) Millimeter-Wave Connectivity in Real World Vehicle-To-Vehicle Network Scenarios.
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Abstract:Upcoming technologies like Millimeter-Wave (mmWave) communi- cation can facilitate Inter-Vehicular communication. These Vehicle-To-Vehicle (V2V) networks provide the potential for cooperative driving. However, obstacles in the Line-of-Sight (LoS) of transmitting and receiving vehicles can significantly impact the signal quality of mmWave transmission. Therefore, having a high availability of LoS is important when using mmWave communication. This paper investigates the real world availability of LoS and number of reachable vehicles with mmWave communication. Current research into the availability of LoS mostly utilizes simulations. This research is based on a large dataset of real world traffic situations, provided by the Waymo Open Dataset. By analyzing this data, it has been concluded that at relatively short distances, less than 15 meters, most vehicles are reachable with mmWave communications. Furthermore, it has been concluded that there is a higher availability of LoS and vehicles in mmWave communication range in highway environments.
Item Type:Essay (Bachelor)
Faculty:EEMCS: Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science
Subject:54 computer science
Programme:Computer Science BSc (56964)
Link to this item:https://purl.utwente.nl/essays/91736
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Calytrix brevifolia
Calytrix brevifolia is a species of flowering plant in the myrtle family Myrtaceae and is endemic to the west of Western Australia. It is a glabrous shrub with egg-shaped, linear, elliptic or more or less round leaves and clusters of pink to magenta flowers with about 40 to 90 yellow stamens in 4 rows.
Description
Calytrix brevifolia is a glabrous shrub that typically grows to a height of up to 2.5 m. Its leaves are egg-shaped, linear, elliptic or more or less round, 13–14 mm long, 0.8–1.5 mm wide and sessile or on a petiole up to 1.25 mm long. There are stipules up to 0.3 mm long at the base of the petioles. The floral tube is 12–23 mm long, fused to the style and has 10 ribs. The sepals are joined for up to 0.5 mm at the base, the lobes 1.5–3 mm long with an awn up to 29 mm long. The petals are pink to magenta with a yellow base, egg-shaped, lance-shaped or broadly elliptic, 8–11.5 mm long and 4.0–6.5 mm wide with 40 to 90 yellow stamens in 4 rows, each 2.5–8 mm long. Flowering usually occurs from September to November.
Taxonomy
This species was first formally described in 1857 by Carl Meissner who gave it the name Calycothrix brevifolia in Journal of the Proceeding of the Linnean Society, Botany from specimens collected by James Drummond. In 1867, George Bentham transferred the species to the genus Calytrix as C. brevifolia.
Distribution and habitat
This species of Calytrix is found from Shark Bay to the Geraldton-Mullewa district in the Avon Wheatbelt, Carnarvon, Geraldton Sandplains and Yalgoo bioregions of Western Australia. It grows in heath and woodland in sand on sandplains.
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