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Article Abstract
Current protocols and outcomes of ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation based on a single-center experience
Authors: Masayoshi Okumi, Yoichi Kakuta, Kohei Unagami, Toshio Takagi, Junpei Iizuka, Masashi Inui, Hideki Ishida, Kazunari Tanabe
Abstract
ABO-incompatible living kidney transplantation (ABO-ILKT) is an effective option for increasing living kidney transplant opportunities. ABO-ILKT has been conducted in our institution since 1989 to widen the indication for living kidney transplantation. ABO-ILKT is considered to require extra treatment, and it has increased risks compared with ABO-compatible living kidney transplantation (ABO-CLKT). In the past two decades, some protocols have removed anti-blood-type antibodies to prevent the production of antibodies. Additionally, we have made considerable changes to our ABO-ILKT protocol as new immunosuppressive agents have been developed. Consequently, increased immunosuppression and immunological understanding have helped shape recent desensitization protocols. Herein, we review the history, therapeutic strategy, pathology, and future directions of ABO-ILKT. Our standard immunosuppressive regimen and desensitization protocol for ABO-ILKT recipients consist of low doses of tacrolimus (TAC), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and rituximab; several sessions of double filtration plasmapheresis; and basiliximab induction. We do not use thymoglobulin induction, intravenous immunoglobulin, or prophylactic post-transplant plasmapheresis. Recently, ABO-ILKT has been recognized as a useful alternative therapy for end-stage kidney disease with ABO-incompatibility, and its outcome is comparable to that of ABO-CLKT. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cursed Since Birth
The result was delete. v/r - TP 20:57, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
Cursed Since Birth
* – ( View AfD View log • Stats )
Non-notable audio release. No independent refs with indepth coverage. Peaking at 289 does not imply notability (and the ref supporting that claim is dead). PROD removed by IP. Stuartyeates (talk) 21:48, 21 August 2012 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Albums and songs-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 23:44, 21 August 2012 (UTC)
* Keep Cursed Since Birth should not be deleted - It's by a popular American Comedian and released on a mainstream label Island/Def Jam. The Release is as important as any comedy album released in 2012. Duran's other two are listed on Wikipedia and Cursed Since Birth should be included.
* I've included a couple additional refs and tagged it accordingly: How Embarrassing, Jeff “J.J. Star” Duran Is ‘Cursed Since Birth’ --JosephDann (talk • contribs) 21:49, 26 August 2012 (UTC)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
* Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, TheSpecialUser TSU 05:55, 28 August 2012 (UTC)
* Delete Lacks coverage in independent reliable sources. The farcical claim that "is as important as any comedy album released in 2012" is not supported by any evidence. duffbeerforme (talk) 12:43, 30 August 2012 (UTC)
* Comment Duffbeerformes reasons for this article being deleted doesn't come from a personal place.The later is a farcical claim, please don't delete because of Duffbeerforme's personal likes/dislikes in entertainment. The album is on a major label, the comedian is a twenty year legend, and it has made several best of 2012 album lists as provided in the refs. Somebody's personal hatred of this artist shouldn't be the deciding reason in this article's deletion. Please Don't Delete!--JosephDann (talk) 23:02, 31 August 2012 (UTC)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
* Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Wily D 05:31, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
* Delete - first, please see WP:MERCY and WP:ILIKEIT. Then have a read of WP:N and WP:V. I don't think this nom was created because of someone's "hatred" and suggesting as much is clearly not in the spirit of either WP:CIV or WP:FOC. There is a reference to the artist being listed as PeekYou's "most influential comic on the web" which I think is where the WP:ITSIMPORTANT assertion came from but this does not establish the notability of the album itself as notability is not inherited from the artist. There are no reviews of the album that I can find - certainly not from reliable, independent third parties. My view is that the subject fails WP:NALBUMS fairly clearly. It might be worth merging some of the content into the artist's article but a stand-alone article is not justified. Stalwart 111 (talk) 06:11, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
| WIKI |
More shots fired in Carl Icahn battle vs. Cigna-Express Scripts merger
The drama between Carl Icahn and the Cigna-Express Scripts camp is far from over. The bottom line: This is an entertaining fight among wealthy investors and health care conglomerates with a lot of money on the line. But we still don’t have any reasonably good idea of how much Cigna and Express Scripts customers would save on drug costs or premiums as a result of the deal. Fellow billionaire investor Larry Robbins split from Icahn and yesterday gave a full-throated endorsement to the Cigna-Express Scripts merger. Icahn then penned another letter that piled onto his earlier criticisms of Express Scripts. He said if Cigna goes through with the acquisition, it could “go down as one of the worst blunders in corporate history.” So Cigna then blasted out another release that said Icahn “continues to spread innuendos and false information about the transaction.” | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Wallace J. TREME et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. ST. LOUIS COUNTY, Missouri, Defendant-Respondent, and Grasso Brothers, Inc., Intervenor-Respondent.
No. 40523.
Missouri Court of Appeals, Eastern District, Division Four.
Oct. 14, 1980.
Motion for Rehearing and/or Transfer to Supreme Court Denied Dec. 12, 1980.
Husch, Eppenberger, Donohue, Elson & Cornfeld, Carroll J. Donohue, Sally E. Barker, St. Louis, for plaintiffs-appellants.
Steven W. Koslovsky, Robert H. Grant, Albert A. Michenfelder, Jr., Clayton, for defendant-respondent and intervenor-re-spondent.
SMITH, Presiding Judge.
Plaintiffs appeal from the judgment of the trial court upholding the constitutionality and validity of an ordinance of St. Louis County rezoning a tract of land from M-3 to C-8. Plaintiffs are the owners of residential property which abuts the tract. Grasso Bros., Inc., the owner of the tract and the party petitioning for the rezoning, intervened in the case.
The property is located at the southeast corner of Watson and Grant Roads in St. Louis County. The area is unincorporated, although across Watson is the incorporated city of Webster Groves and across Grant Road is the incorporated city of Crestwood. The tract is trapezoidal in shape and covers 18.1 acres. It extends approximately 1200 feet south of Watson Road on Grant and approximately the same distance east of Grant on Watson. It is unimproved except for one building which was formerly a residence and is now a commercial establishment. The preliminary development plan calls for a two building complex and extensive parking to house a shopping center. North across Watson from the tract the land is zoned commercial and the land in use is either commercial or institutional; west across Grant the land is zoned commercial and light industrial and is used for light industrial. The tract has been zoned M-3 (Planned Industrial District) since 1965. Several applications for a change of zoning to C-8 were made between 1965 and 1975 and were either withdrawn or denied. The present application was made in 1975 and was approved by the County Planning Commission by a 5-4 vote. The reasons for this approval were stated as follows:
“In summary and considering the extensive commercial land uses already existing along Watson Road, the absence of interest in industrial development of the subject site, the petitioner’s demonstrated concern for nearby residential property owners and the previous favorable recommendation for a similar request for the subject tract; the Planning Commission recommends approval of the subject request.”
In due course the County Council enacted Ordinance 7878 which approved the preliminary development plan and rezoned the tract to C-8. Plaintiffs sought a declaratory judgment in Circuit Court to declare the ordinance invalid and sought injunctive relief to prevent St. Louis County (through the Planning Commission) from proceeding to consider a final development plan for the property. From a judgment denying relief to plaintiffs and upholding the validity of the ordinance, plaintiffs appeal.
We must deal with one preliminary matter raised only peripherally by the parties. The court’s judgment consisted of five numbered paragraphs. Paragraph 1 held valid Ordinance 7878; paragraph 2 held valid Sec. 1003.145 (as amended) St. Louis County Zoning Ordinance, which established the C-8 district; paragraph 4 denied plaintiffs’ prayer for judgment and injunction; and paragraph 5 taxed the costs against plaintiffs. Paragraph 3 directed the County and the Intervenor “to forthwith cause and effect the amendment of Ordinance 7878, by appropriate means, so as to prohibit the construction of any part of any building on the real property described in Ordinance 7878 closer than 90 feet from the south line of said tract, .... ” This paragraph further recited that it was separable from the remainder of the paragraphs and that those paragraphs were not dependent upon the validity of paragraph 3, and that “if a reviewing court should hold that this court did not possess the power to enter that portion of this judgment contained in Section 3, then it is the intention of this Court that the balance of this judgment shall be in full force and effect and not be rendered invalid or in any way impaired by such finding or partial invalidity.”
Plaintiffs argue that this finding by the court renders the judgment inherently contradictory and demonstrates that Ordinance 7878 is not a reasonable exercise of the zoning power. We will deal with that argument later. The matter of immediate concern is whether paragraph 3 of the judgment is within the jurisdiction of the court. If not, it is void.
We are aware of no authority which permits a court to amend or require the amendment of a legislative enactment. Such authority would appear to run counter to the doctrine of separation of powers. Courts obviously have the power to declare a legislative enactment void or invalid as contrary to constitutional mandates. But ordering the amendment of an enactment is, in essence, legislating, which is not the function of a court. We do not, however, base any conclusion on that ground. Rather we hold that the court exceeded its jurisdiction in ordering amendment of the ordinance because it went beyond the issues presented and the relief sought in the pleadings. It is well established in this State that “a judgment which is based upon issues not made by the pleadings is coram non judice and void, at least in so far as the judgment goes beyond the issues presented and raised by the pleadings.” Riley v. LaFont, 174 S.W.2d 857, 859 (Mo.1943) [5, 6] quoting from Hecker v. Bleish, 319 Mo. 149, 3 S.W.2d 1008, 1019 (1927) [22]. See Weatherford v. Spiritual Christian Union Church, 163 S.W.2d 916, 918 (Mo.1942) [2-4]; Kennedy v. Boden, 241 Mo.App. 86, 231 S.W.2d 862, 865-866 (1950) [3, 4]; Poole v. Poole, 287 S.W.2d 372, 374 (Mo.App.1946) [3]; Masters v. Masters, 315 S.W.2d 870, 872 (Mo.App.1958) [1-4]. No party requested that the ordinance be amended. No issue was raised in the pleadings and no relief was ever requested which would authorize the court to make an order concerning the location of the buildings on the development site. The court exceeded its jurisdiction in ordering amendment of the ordinance.
It is also well established that where a portion of the judgment is void as beyond the pleadings, the remainder of the judgment remains valid if the void portion is separable. Kennedy v. Boden, supra; Poole v. Poole, supra. Unless the void section here is so contradictory of the remainder of the judgment as to render the entire judgment nugatory (which will be discussed later) section 3 appears to be separable. It was so delineated by the trial court. Paragraph 2 deals with the constitutionality of the enabling ordinance and nothing in paragraph 3 relates to that. Paragraph 1 upholds the validity of Ordinance 7878 and nothing in paragraph 3, on its face, deals with that determination. Paragraphs 4 and 5 simply effectuate the findings in 1 and 2. We hold paragraph 3 void but separable from the remainder of the judgment.
The next matter to be considered is plaintiffs’ attack on the validity of Sec. 1003.145, St. Louis County Zoning Code, which creates the C-8 classification. The C-8 Planned Commercial District Regulations create what is frequently referred to as a “floating zone.” Unlike most districts created by zoning ordinance it has no fixed location within the community. It is usually attached to a particular tract of land through rezoning of that land by the County Council upon petition by the landowner. Sec. 1003.145.1 specifically states that the purpose of the C-8 regulations is “to facilitate the establishment of combinations of developments and uses for which no provision is made in any other ‘C’ Commercial District or the establishment of developments and uses in locations where it would be appropriate to the area if it were to take place under approved site plans and conditions necessary to protect the general welfare.” A C-8 District may contain any use permitted in any “C” district but the specific ordinance creating the district on a particular tract of land may restrict the uses to be permitted on the tract. In establishing a particular C-8 district the Council is to determine “that any particular tracts or areas should be developed for commercial use, but because of potential conflicts with adjoining uses, existing or potential, a greater degree of control of the manner of development is necessary to protect the general welfare that (sic) is possible under the regulations of the other ‘C’ Commercial Districts.”
Sec. 1003.145 contains extensive provisions concerning the procedures to be followed in obtaining a C-8 rezoning and the extent of control of the development by the Council and the Planning-Commission. We need not set those out at length. We can summarize them by stating that they place upon the Planning Commission and ultimately the County Council virtually total control of the appearance and nature of the development.
We have found no cases in this State which have decided the validity of such “floating zones.” Plaintiffs attack Sec. 1003.145 on the bases that (1) it constitutes an improper delegation of the legislative function for failure to establish a uniform set of regulations capable of application to all property so zoned, (2) fails to define standards by which the approval or disapproval of a proposed C-8 project is to be determined, and (3) permits spot zoning. The question is whether Sec. 1003.145 is invalid because of any or all of these conditions.
St. Louis County is a county of the first class of the State of Missouri, operating under a home rule charter pursuant to Art. VI, Sec. 18(a) through (1) of the Missouri Constitution. Section 64.010 et seq. R.S.Mo. 1978 contains enabling legislation in the area of planning and zoning for first class charter counties. In Casper v. Hetlage, 359 S.W.2d 781, 790 (Mo.1962) [10] the court held that the zoning ordinances of the County took precedence over Sec. 64.140 R.S.Mo.1959 because in local matters the County derives its powers from the Art. VI; Sec. 18(c) of the Constitution and not from the statutory grant of power found in Sec. 64.010 et seq. See also State ex rel. City of Creve Coeur v. St Louis County, 369 S.W.2d 184, 187 (Mo.1963) [3]; Wiliiams v. White, 485 S.W.2d 622, 624 (Mo.App.1972) [3]; State ex rel. St. Louis County v. Campbell, 498 S.W.2d 833, 836 (Mo.App.1973) [4]. The County Charter, Art. II, Sec. 2.180(22) grants to the County Council “Pursuant to and in conformity with the constitution of Missouri ... legislative power pertaining to ... planning and zoning, in the part of the county outside incorporated cities .... ” In assessing the validity of Sec. 1003.145 we must determine whether it runs afoul of some constitutional limitation, not whether it comports with statutory authority.
The validity of zoning regulations was established in Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co., 272 U.S. 365, 47 S.Ct. 114, 71 L.Ed. 303 (1926). To a large extent that decision was based upon a recognition that modern urban life with its concentration of population requires certain restrictions in respect of the use and occupation of private lands. We do not read that case as mandating that zoning ordinances have rigidly fixed zones containing one type of use each. That was the scheme of the ordinance before the Court, but the Court’s approval of zoning legislation was not contingent on such a scheme. Rather it was based upon the proper exercise of the police power to control the development of a community for the general welfare. “Floating zones” have received court approval in several states against attacks identical to or similar to those leveled here. See Sheridan v. Planning Board of City of Stamford, 159 Conn. 1, 266 A.2d 396 (1969); Rudderow v. Township Committee of Tp. of Mt. Laurel, 121 N.J.Super. 409, 297 A.2d 583 (1972); Bigenho v. Montogmery County Council, 248 Md. 386, 237 A.2d 53 (1968); Bellemeade Company v. Priddle, 503 S.W.2d 734 (Ky.1974); Beall v. Montgomery County Council, 240 Md. 77, 212 A.2d 751 (1965); Huff v. Board of Zoning Appeals, 214 Md. 48, 133 A.2d 83 (1957); Rodgers v. Village of Tarrytown, 302 N.Y. 115, 96 N.E.2d 731 (1951); Lutz v. City of Longview, 83 Wash.2d 566, 520 P.2d 1374 (1974). They have also been found improper in several states. Eves v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment of Lower Gwyneddl Twp., 401 Pa. 211, 164 A.2d 7 (1960); (superseded by statute as stated in Russell v. Penn Township Planning Com., 22 Pa.Cmwlth. 198, 348 A.2d 499); Summerell v. Phillips, 282 So.2d 450 (La.1973); Hartnett v. Austin, 93 So.2d 86 (Fla.1956).
The Eves case, supra, was based upon the concept that the “floating zone” was contrary to the comprehensive plan required of zoning. But subsequent cases upheld such zones where they were created and immediately attached to the tract involved. See Donahue v. Zoning Board of Adjustment of Whitemarsh Twp., 412 Pa. 332, 194 A.2d 610 (1963); Cheney v. Village 2 at New Hope, Inc., 429 Pa. 626, 241 A.2d 81 (1968). Such an approach does no more than place a premium upon originality in finding new names for essentially the same zoning classification. It serves as a recognition that municipal legislative bodies need a certain flexibility in determining whether particular types of uses should be allowed within the environs of an area zoned for some other use where the newly allowed use can be made compatible with the existing uses. This same recognition is found in the cases approving the “floating zone” concept.
We find the reasoning of the cases which have upheld the “floating zone” to be persuasive. We find no constitutional restriction which precludes St. Louis County from the creation of the C-8 zone under its police power. There has been no delegation of legislative authority to rezone here. Rezoning to C-8 can be accomplished only by legislative act. The Council certainly has the power to amend its zoning ordinances, and rezoning to C-8 is an amendment of those ordinances. The regulation and restriction into districts must be reasonable, uniform or universal and nondiscriminatory, the restrictions having a fair tendency to accomplish or aid in the accomplishment of some purpose for which the city may exercise its power. Flora Realty and Investment Co. v. City of Ladue, 362 Mo. 1025, 246 S.W.2d 771 (banc 1952) [3]. The C-8 district created by each specific ordinance has uniform restrictions within that district. By definition in Sec. 1003.145 the development of the district must be under single ownership or management control. We do not interpret Flora Realty, supra, as requiring that all zones designated by the same number in the basic zoning ordinance have exactly the same regulations and restrictions, so long as the regulations and restrictions within the district when it is established in a specific area are uniform or universal. Otherwise we would be placing the same premium on imagination in name selection as has occurred under Eves, supra. Here there are certain mandatory requirements for uses within the zone which the Council is not free to expand. The regulations limit the uses, establish minimum performance standards and sign regulations. The Council may impose greater restrictions and is required to prescribe height restrictions, lot area and yard requirements, and off-street parking and loading requirements. Plaintiffs as abutting property owners, are in no position to complain that the Council may exercise its legislative judgment to impose more stringent requirements in one C-8 zone than it does in another.
We further find no objection to the fact that the ordinance does not spell out in detail the standards upon which a determination to rezone to C-8 is to be made. The section does provide for general standards which are to be considered by the legislative body. Rezoning cannot, by its very nature, be based upon precise and inflexible standards, for each plot of ground is different and the environment in which it lies is different. It must remain within the legislative judgment whether rezoning of a particular tract is within the purposes of the zoning ordinances and serves the general welfare. We have no basis for concluding that a zoning ordinance which allows flexibility to achieve proper development in an urban area is constitutionally infirm because of that flexibility. So long as the legislative determination is not arbitrary, capricious or unreasonable, landowners in the plaintiffs’ position have no cause to object because the determination made under the general standards of the ordinance produce different results on different tracts of land.
Plaintiffs also contend Sec. 1003.145 authorizes “spot zoning.” That is true, but then so does any zoning ordinance which allows for amendment, or for that matter allows zoning in the first place. The term “spot zoning” is frequently erroneously used as an opprobrium. The proper approach to charges of “spot zoning” is stated in Huff v. Board of Zoning Appeals, 214 Md. 48, 133 A.2d 83 (1957) as follows:
“When a zoning ordinance or an amendment puts a small area in a zone different from that of the surrounding area, we have what may be called ‘spot zoning,’ using the term in a descriptive sense. Such zoning may be invalid or valid. If it is an arbitrary and unreasonable devotion of the small area to a use inconsistent with the uses to which the rest of the district is restricted and made for the sole benefit of the private interests of the owner, it is invalid .... On the other hand, if the zoning of the small parcel is in accord and in harmony with the comprehensive zoning plan and is done for the public good-that is, to serve one or more of the purposes of the enabling statute, and so bears a substantial relationship to the public health, safety, morals and general welfare, it is valid.” [2], Accord: Numer v. Kansas City, 365 S.W.2d 753, 760[5] (Mo.App.1963).
The fact that a zoning ordinance may allow spot zoning (as virtually all zoning ordinances do) does not make the ordinance bad. The question is whether the particular zoning or rezoning is done for reasons other than the general welfare.
We find no error in the trial court’s finding upholding the validity of Sec. 1003.-145. In so finding we do not ignore the potential for abuse which is inherent in that section. We alluded to certain such potential abuses in Herman Glick Realty Co. v. St. Louis County, 545 S.W.2d 320, 325 (Mo.App.1976) [4]. As stated there, the utilization of C-8 to prevent competition is improper. So also would be the forcing upon a landowner of a particular development desired by the Planning Commission or the Council as the only alternative to a refusal to rezone from an unusable use to a clearly proper use other than C-8. This was, at least inferentially, the situation in Glick, supra. We have also mentioned the possibility of utilization of Sec. 1003.145 to effectuate improper spot zoning. But the potential for abuse does not make the ordinance invalid, and if abuses occur, which we do not presume they will, they can be corrected upon judicial review utilizing the established standards for such review.
We now turn to plaintiffs’ points that Ordinance 7878 is unconstitutional, unreasonable and arbitrary. This argument is based upon a series of contentions i. e.: (1) paragraph 3 of the trial court’s order was, in effect, a finding of unreasonableness because it contradicted implicitly the finding of reasonableness in paragraph 1, (2) the rezoning is not for the general welfare and will adversely affect the public roads and the value of nearby property, (3) there are no standards or criteria for approval of the final development plan, (4) the ordinance deviates from the general plan of St. Louis County and, (5) the rezoning is the product of contract and conditional zoning.
In reviewing these contentions we are bound by the standard of review set forth in Vatterott v. City of Florissant, 462 S.W.2d 711 (Mo.1971) l.c. 713 as follows:
“Whether the classification and enforcement of a zoning ordinance is reasonable and constitutional or whether it is arbitrary and unreasonable and therefore unconstitutional in its application to a specific property depends upon the evidence and the facts and circumstances of each case .... The legislative body has the duty to determine the use classification for any particular area. Unless it appears that the determination by that body is arbitrary and unreasonable, the court cannot substitute an opinion for the council’s determination. If the council’s action is fairly debatable, the court cannot substitute its opinion. The legislative body’s enactment is clothed with a presumption of validity, and he who would challenge the reasonableness of the ordinance as applied to specific property has the burden of proving unreasonableness .... These concepts apply equally to rezoning and refusal to rezone.”
We do not find that paragraph 3 of the court’s order is so contradictory of paragraph 1 of that order as to establish that Ordinance 7878 is unreasonable. The order makes it clear that the holding in paragraph 3 is not one of unreasonableness. It deals not with the rezoning of the land to C-8 but with approval of the particular development of that tract as it relates to only one thing-set back lines. We interpret paragraph 3 as nothing more than the trial court’s expression that had it been approving the development plan it would have required a greater set back between the buildings to be built and plaintiffs’ property. This is not a finding that the Council’s determination to rezone is not “fairly debatable.” We find no merit in this argument.
There was evidence from several experts concerning the reasonableness of the rezoning. All experts were agreed that a proper zoning for the area immediately adjacent to Watson Rd. is commercial. The dispute was whether the remainder of the tract should be multi-family residential, light industrial or commercial. The uses in the general area along Watson and Grant in the vicinity of the tract in question are predominately commercial or industrial. From Laclede Station Road to the east, to Sappington Road to the west, the area along Watson Road is heavily commercial with several shopping centers. No development to light industrial had occurred on the tract in question for the 10 years after it was zoned M-3 and there was no evidence of interest in residential development. There is no basis for concluding that it was contrary to the general welfare to rezone this property for a use clearly compatible with the nature of development along Watson Road.
There was conflicting evidence on the degree of damage to the property of plaintiffs from the development under C-8. That favorable to the Council’s determination was that the impact was slight and was the same as would occur had .the land been developed under the M-3 classification. The development plan calls for the use of berms, trees and landscaping to buffer the plaintiffs’ homes from the development. The fact that some loss will be sustained to adjoining landowners as a result of a rezoning is not controlling in determining whether the rezoning is so arbitrary and unreasonable as to be invalid. Strandberg v. Kansas City, 415 S.W.2d 737, 743 (Mo. banc 1967) [7, 8].
The evidence of adverse impact upon the public roads was also conflicting. That supportive of the Council’s action was that the impact was not substantial and that because of the completion of 1-44 since the zoning to M-3 the traffic on Watson is less now than in 1965. The ordinance requires the developer to improve the portion of Grant Road next to the development and to widen a one-lane bridge on Grant in close proximity to the development. It is at least fairly debatable that given the heavily commercial nature of Watson Road the rezoning to C-8 here would have no substantial adverse effect on traffic sufficient to warrant denying the rezoning on that ground. See Huttig v. City of Richmond Heights, 372 S.W.2d 833, 842-843 (Mo.1963) [5-8]; Herman Glick Realty Co. v. St. Louis County, supra.
The plaintiffs rely heavily upon the testimony of all the witnesses that each would have preferred a greater set back than the 55 foot minimum of the proposed buildings from the nearest of the plaintiffs’ lands, or would prefer some other location for trash and loading facilities. However, these preferences cannot rise to the level of making the development approved by the Council arbitrary and unreasonable. Presumptively every development plan is less than perfect but such lack of perfection does not make the rezoning invalid. We find no basis for concluding that the ordinance granting the rezoning is arbitrary or unreasonable.
As to the final development plan, we find • no lack of standards to be applied by the Planning Commission in granting final approval. Ordinance 7878 contains extensive conditions and requirements to be met by the developer and specifically requires the developer to adhere to the preliminary plan. The conditions and requirements are quite specific and adequately guide the Planning Commission. State ex rel. Continental Oil Co. v. Waddill, 318 S.W.2d 281 (Mo.1958). Matters such as the composition of the sight-proof fences and buffering required by the ordinance and compliance with County and State standards for traffic and water-runoff are properly left to the administrative body within the guidelines established by the Council.
Plaintiffs also attack Ordinance 7878 on the basis that it conflicts with the “General Plan for St. Louis County” adopted by the County Council in 1974. The map covering the area in which the Grasso tract is located, which accompanied that plan, designates the tract here involved as residential. The County Charter, unlike the state statute authorizing zoning, does not require zoning in accordance with a comprehensive plan. We will assume, however, that comprehensive planning is an inherent and essential element of legal zoning. See Plaas v. Lehr, 538 S.W.2d 919 (Mo.App.1976) [1] and authorities therein cited. Generally the comprehensive plan referred to in the decisions is the zoning ordinances and maps. Strandberg v. Kansas City, 415 S.W.2d 737 (Mo. banc 1967); Miller v. Kansas City, 358 S.W.2d 100 (Mo.App.1962). The County Charter does authorize the County Council to provide for a “. . . county plan for the physical development of the county including recommendations for the most desirable use of land within the county for residential, recreational, agricultural, commercial, industrial and other purposes; .... ” We will presume that the General Plan is the development plan authorized by the Charter and that it serves as a comprehensive plan for purpose of zoning. In approving the General Plan the Council specifically referred to the Plan as a “flexible guideline” and further stated “but no failure to explicitly modify the General Plan shall operate to deny or prejudice any person seeking rezoning or other development permission.” We, therefore, must conclude that the Plan is a general guideline to zoning within the County, but that it is “flexible” and is not intended to control zoning decisions on specific parcels of land. We note in this connection that no rezoning of this parcel from M-3 to residential was made by the Council after adoption of the Plan indicating that the Council did not regard the General Plan as a binding zoning determination. The rezoning to C-8 does not involve the creation of a new use in an area to which such use is a stranger. This is instead the extension of an existing business district, or more properly, a recognition that the land in question is suited for a use compatible with the area in which it is located. Such extension or recognition is not contrary to the General Plan nor at war with comprehensive planning. Miller v. Kansas City, supra. It must be noted that the land had lain undeveloped for ten years under its prior zoning. A reexamination of its zoning would appear to have been warranted in view of the development of the region proximate and the lack of development of the tract itself. Regional considerations, including development in neighboring governmental subdivisions are important in zoning decisions. Huttig v. City of Richmond Heights, 372 S.W.2d 833 (Mo. 1963); Wrigley Properties Inc. v. City of Ladue, 369 S.W.2d 397 (Mo.1963). Nor does the refusal of the Council to rezone the tract upon prior request establish that the present rezoning is in conflict with comprehensive planning.
“... [A] decision by a legislative body is not res judicata barring future consideration of the same question. If the Council can legislate in anticipation of the needs of the community, obviously it must have the power to change or amend action taken when shown the needs did or did not develop as anticipated.” Vatterott v. City of Florissant, supra, l.c. 715 quoting from Broadway Apartments, Inc. v. Longwell, 438 S.W.2d 451 (Mo.App.1968).
We find no invalidity in Ordinance 7878 because of the claimed variation from the General Plan.
Plaintiffs’ final attack is that Ordinance 7878 is invalid because it is the product of conditional and/or contract zoning. Conditional zoning, as here used, means that the rezoning is permitted upon condition that the land be developed in a particular way. See Hartnett v. Austin, 93 So.2d 86 (Fla.1956). Our previous holding that Sec. 1003.145 does not run afoul of constitutional restrictions serves to uphold Ordinance 7878 against this charge. A “floating zone” by its very nature is conditional.
The “contract zoning” charge arises from the requirement of Ordinance 7878 that the developer improve Grant Road next to the property and widen a one-lane bridge on Grant Road near, but not adjacent to, the property. It can be conceded that Grant Road was in need of improvement for many years before the enactment of Ordinance 7878, and that the County had recognized that need and intended to improve Grant Road when funds were available. It is also apparent that the development of a substantial commercial shopping center on the tract here involved would increase traffic on Grant Road and necessitate the immediate improvement of that road. “Contract zoning” involves a circumstance in which a county or municipality exercises its power to rezone in exchange for considerations given by or exacted from the developer. In State ex rel. Noland v. St. Louis County, 478 S.W.2d 363 (Mo.1972) the court dealt with this problem in the context of subdivision legislation. The test to be applied there was:
“From all of which, it may be concluded that the guidelines often used by this court in considering zoning cases properly apply as well in subdivision planning cases with the added element that there must be some ‘reasonable relationship’ between the proposed activity of the landowner and the exaction of government. Whether or not the conditions imposed are within or outside the area of the subdivision would be immaterial so long as they met such a standard.” l.c. 367.
In City of Bellefontaine Neighbors v. J. J. Kelley R & B Co., 460 S.W.2d 298 (Mo.App.1970), we upheld the validity of a road improvement promise by the subdivision developer as a condition to development of the subdivision. We recognized that such power could arise from a zoning or street development plan, and in that case the city had acted under a provision of its zoning ordinance.
The test applied in State ex rel. Noland v. St. Louis County, supra, has been applied in other jurisdictions. State ex rel. Myhre v. City of Spokane, 70 Wash.2d 207, 422 P.2d 790 (1967); City of Knoxville v. Ambrister, 196 Tenn. 1, 263 S.W.2d 528 (1953). It is a proper test to be applied to rezoning of the kind contemplated in Sec. 1003.145. Where the offer made or the exaction demanded for the rezoning bears no reasonable relationship to the activities of the developer the action of the county or municipality in rezoning the property in exchange for such offer or exaction is the contracting away of the police power, which is forbidden. Art. XI, Sec. 3, Mo.Const.; Kansas City Power and Light Co. v. Midland Realty Co., 338 Mo. 1141, 93 S.W.2d 954 (1936) affirmed, Midland Realty Co. v. Kansas City Power and Light Co., 300 U.S. 109, 57 S.Ct. 345, 81 L.Ed. 540, reh. den. 300 U.S. 687, 57 S.Ct. 504, 81 L.Ed. 888 (1937). Where, on the other hand, the development increases the needs of the county or municipality the cost of meeting those needs may reasonably be required of the developer. Home Builders Association of Greater Kansas City v. City of Kansas City, 555 S.W.2d 832 (Mo. banc 1977) [1-3].
The burden of establishing unreasonableness is upon the plaintiffs. Home Builders Association of Greater Kansas City v. Kansas City, supra, [4, 5]. We are unable to conclude that they have carried the burden of establishing the absence of a reasonable relationship between the proposed activity of the developer and the improvements to Grant Road required by the ordinance. That Grant Road was in need of improvement before the development does not make it unreasonable to require an improvement made imperative by the development. We find no illegal contract zoning.
Paragraph 3 of the order of the trial court is ordered stricken; in all other respects the judgment is affirmed.
SATZ and SIMON, JJ., concur.
.M-3 is a planned industrial district which authorizes any industrial usage permitted under the zoning code for any other industrial district plus those commercial uses related to the industrial activity or complex. C-8 is a planned commercial district and will be discussed more fully hereafter. Both districts are “floating zones” (see infra) available only after a preliminary development plan is approved by the County Council and usually require an application for a change of zoning.
. Actually a small portion of land directly on the corner is occupied by a commercial establishment and is not a part of the tract.
. This statement refers to a 7-1 approval by the Planning Commission in 1971 of a petition to rezone to C-8. The County Council denied the 1971 petition.
. We can only speculate that this testimony was the producing cause of paragraph 3 of the trial court’s order.
. It is not clear what distinction the court was drawing between zoning and subdivision cases. We doubt the court meant that in zoning the relationship could be unreasonable. Because there were no cases in Missouri involving zoning conditioned upon a particular performance the court may have been distinguishing zoning and subdivision control for that reason.
| CASELAW |
User:SivArt
This user's goal is for Wikipedia to be as authentic and truthful as possible while keeping up-to-date, unbiased, and grammatically correct. Although new to wikis, this user is dedicated to cleaning up Wikipedia, keeping trivia and references relevant, and maintaining information in a timeless manner. Just because Family Guy references something doesn't mean that reference is historically important! More information coming soon... | WIKI |
Schwann (record label)
Schwann was a German classical music record label based in Düsseldorf and originally connected with the Verlag Schwann publishing house. One of the first records in 1962 was an LP of musical examples to accompany a book on medieval music. The book publishing business of Verlag Schwann is now part of Cornelsen Verlag.
The record company made a number of recordings in cooperation with Abbot Carl de Nys, and the Schwann Musica Mundi series with Musique en Wallonie. Director Dieter Heuler was the director of Schwann both as part of Verlag Schwann, and also after its acquisition by Koch International in 1988 when it was renamed Koch-Schwann. In 2002 Universal Classics acquired Koch-Schwann's catalogue and some of the Schwann and Koch-Schwann recordings began to reappear on Deutsche Grammophon's budget Eloquence imprint. Heuler retained Schwann's VMS signature, and several uncompleted projects. | WIKI |
Yamaha TZ750
The Yamaha TZ750 is a series production two-stroke race motorcycle built by Yamaha to compete in the Formula 750 class in the 1970s. Motorcyclist called it "the most notorious and successful roadracing motorcycle of the 1970s". Another journal called it the dominant motorcycle of the era, noting its nine consecutive Daytona 200 wins, starting in 1974.
Another triumph of note was when Joey Dunlop rode to victory in the 1980 Classic TT during the process of which he upped the lap record on the Snaefell Mountain Course to an average speed of 115.22 mph. This is also the fastest recorded lap of the Mountain Course by a Yamaha 750cc two-stroke machine.
It was rated by journalist Kevin Cameron as one of the five most influential motorcycle designs: its monoshock suspension, high-strength frame and wide tires were necessary to handle the high engine output, and became standard for sportbikes.
Twin TZ750 engines powered the Silver Bird motorcycle land-speed record setting streamliner motorcycle, the first to break 300 mph.
Museum examples
A 1974 example is displayed in the Communication Plaza at the corporate headquarters of the Yamaha Motor Company in Iwata, Shizuoka, Japan. Another 1974 TZ750A is at the Barber Vintage Motorsports Museum in Alabama. | WIKI |
In reading, I have introduced the literary term perspective. We practiced this concept by thinking of items for which someone or something else may be thankful. Look at some of the examples below:
George said, “If I were a football player, I would be thankful for the touchdown zone, my football, my pads, my mouthpiece, my eyes, and my feet.”
Cailin stated, “If I were a horse, I would be thankful for hay, grass, water, trainers, riders, and friends.”
Makena said, “If I were a rock star, I would be thankful for music, microphones, the stage, my fans, my voice, and radios.”
Aaron wrote, “If I were Olly, my guinea pig, I would be thankful for hay, Aaron, water, a cage, bedding, fur, oxygen, and a lock.”
Hudson explained, “If I were a policeman, I would be thankful for my gun, my police car, my partner, my chief, and my computer.”
We went to the Computer Lab and played some Thanksgiving games last Thursday. The children practiced logging in, locating a web site, using the mouse, and shutting down. These games were good for developing problem solving and language arts skills.
The children wanted me to share this link. Please monitor because there are some advertisements, but I have had no problems when I’ve used this site.
This week we were privileged to take part in a presentation on bullying by two talented actors. We learned that bullying is repeated behavior that is done on purpose with the intent to harm. There are two types of bullying: physical and verbal. We also identified three types of bystanders- one who encourages the bully, one who just watches, and the other pretends not to see or hear anything. At the end, we all repeated a pledge against bullying. After we all sign the poster, it will be displayed in the hall. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 117.djvu/2192
PUBLIC LAW 108–173—DEC. 8, 2003
117 STAT. 2173
(B) ensure that funding provided under the grant is expended only for the purposes for which it is made. (4) AUDIT.—The Secretary shall conduct appropriate audits of grants under this section. (5) MATCHING REQUIREMENT.—The applicant for a grant under this section shall agree, with respect to the costs to be incurred by the applicant in implementing an electronic prescription drug program, to make available (directly or through donations from public or private entities) non-Federal contributions toward such costs in an amount that is not less than 50 percent of such costs. Non-Federal contributions under the previous sentence may be in cash or in kind, fairly evaluated, including plant, equipment, or services. Amounts provided by the Federal Government, or services assisted or subsidized to any significant extent by the Federal Government, may not be included in determining the amount of such contributions. (d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2007 and such sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2008 and 2009. SEC. 109. EXPANDING THE WORK OF MEDICARE QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ORGANIZATIONS TO INCLUDE PARTS C AND D.
(a) APPLICATION TO MEDICARE MANAGED CARE AND PRESCRIPTION DRUG COVERAGE.—Section 1154(a)(1) (42 U.S.C. 1320c–3(a)(1)) is amended by inserting ‘‘, to Medicare Advantage organizations pursuant to contracts under part C, and to prescription drug sponsors pursuant to contracts under part D’’ after ‘‘under section 1876’’. (b) PRESCRIPTION DRUG THERAPY QUALITY IMPROVEMENT.—Section 1154(a) (42 U.S.C. 1320c–3(a)) is amended by adding at the end the following new paragraph: ‘‘(17) The organization shall execute its responsibilities under subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (1) by offering to providers, practitioners, Medicare Advantage organizations offering Medicare Advantage plans under part C, and prescription drug sponsors offering prescription drug plans under part D quality improvement assistance pertaining to prescription drug therapy. For purposes of this part and title XVIII, the functions described in this paragraph shall be treated as a review function.’’. (c) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by this section shall apply on and after January 1, 2004. (d) IOM STUDY OF QIOS.— (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall request the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences to conduct an evaluation of the program under part B of title XI of the Social Security Act. The study shall include a review of the following: (A) An overview of the program under such part. (B) The duties of organizations with contracts with the Secretary under such part. (C) The extent to which quality improvement organizations improve the quality of care for medicare beneficiaries. (D) The extent to which other entities could perform such quality improvement functions as well as, or better than, quality improvement organizations.
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Rear Oxygen Sensor Replacement
Over time, oxygen sensors become "lazy," and their output signal deteriorate. An engine that burns oil or has a blown head gasket (which allows antifreeze into the exhaust system) may contribute to the failure of the sensor. Modern sensors have an electrical heating circuit built into them, which is prone to failure over time.
To replace an oxygen sensor, its electrical connection is disconnected, the sensor is removed from the exhaust system, and the new sensor is installed
Mechanics Corner: More Technical Detail
Oxygen sensors constantly monitor the oxygen content in the exhaust gases and sends this information to the engine management computer 10 or more times per second.
The first oxygen sensors were mounted only in front of the catalytic converter, but as of 1996, an oxygen sensor is mounted before and after each catalytic converter.
• The purpose of the front oxygen sensor, which is mounted before the catalytic converter, is to measure how rich or lean the gases are as the gases exit the combustion chambers. Depending upon whether the exhaust gas is lean (high in oxygen content) or rich (low in oxygen content), the amount of fuel entering the engine is adjusted by the engine management computer to try and maintain an ideal mixture that produces the lowest emissions output from the catalytic converter.
• The purpose of the rear oxygen sensor is to monitor the oxygen content of the exhaust gases leaving the catalytic converter. This gives the emission system a way to monitor the operation and efficiency of the catalytic converters. The rear oxygen sensor checks several things in the post–catalytic converter gases. It measures the amount of oxygen, or peak threshold, in the exhaust gases and follows how fast the amount of oxygen changes. On some vehicles, the rear oxygen sensor is mounted midway in the catalytic converter to measure how efficiently the reduction bed convertes NOx by checking the amount of oxygen that is released back into the exhaust flow.
With each new model year, manufacturers are adding more oxygen sensors to better manage engine operation. Some high-performance engines have an oxygen sensor for each cylinder as well as one for the rear of each catalytic converter: for an 8-cylinder engine, that can mean 10 oxygen sensors.
Replacing the front oxygen sensor varies from vehicle to vehicle. Some vehicles have only one front oxygen sensor and are as easy to replace as a single spark plug. Other vehicles have one or more oxygen sensors per bank, or group, of cylinders, and can be very difficult to access. The front oxygen sensor is usually on or near the exhaust manifold but in front of the catalytic converters. Usually, the electrical connector is first disconnected and then the sensor is unscrewed from the exhaust system. These initial steps can be rather tricky because some vehicles have oxygen sensor wiring that enters the passenger compartment, so disconnecting and removing then can take half an hour or more to complete.
The performance of any oxygen sensor deteriorates over time: the amount of the signal change, or bandwidth, as well as the speed, or frequency, of signal change decreass. The engine management computer is constantly monitoring this performance, and when the programmed envelope of acceptable oxygen sensor performance has been breached, the computer will set a fault code and illuminate the check engine light.
• In some cases, the oxygen sensor is contaminated by something in the exhaust gases, such as coolant from a leaking head gasket or oil from a worn engine. Even the wrong type of gasket sealer with silicone can contaminate, or foul, an oxygen sensor. If the sensor has any noticeable coloring from a leaking substance, the source of the substance must be located and repaired or any new oxygen sensor will be ruined in short order.
• Another common reason for oxygen sensor failure is failure of the heating element. Most oxygen sensors have a heating element to rapidly bring the sensor up to the high (400 to 600 degrees Fahrenheit) operating temperature it needs. This heating element is a bit like the element in a hair dryer that glows when it is hot. Over time, the punishment dealt by the exhaust gases to the oxygen sensor will damage the heating element. This condition will set a check engine code that necessitates the replacement of the oxygen sensor.
• There can be oxygen sensor problems that aren’t related to a faulty sensor. If there is an exhaust system leak that allows false, or unaccounted for, outside air to reach the sensor, it will produce false readings that are sent back to the engine computer. This may cause a false compensation to the air/fuel mixture that will produce dirtier vehicle emissions.
• An engine misfire can pulse excessive amounts of oxygen to the oxygen sensor and set an oxygen sensor code when there isn’t a problem with the sensor itself.
Always have a trained emissions diagnostic technician inspect and determine why the oxygen sensor needs attention so that only the proper repair is performed. It is recommended to always use a factory-quality oxygen sensor with the proper connector. The use of a universal oxygen sensor can cause poor emissions system performance. This is due to the fact that since 1990, the operating tolerance allowed by engine computer programming gets more rigorous each model year. Universal oxygen sensors have thus become outmoded because their operating tolerance is too generic. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Double Take (1998 film)
Double Take is a 1998 thriller film directed by Mark L. Lester. It follows a writer who believes he helped wrongly convict a man in an assassination, pulling him into a world of espionage and murder.
Cast
* Craig Sheffer as Connor McEwan
* Costas Mandylor as Hector
* Brigitte Bako as Nikki Capelli
* Dan Lett as Detective Hardaway
* Torri Higginson as Peggy
* Maurice Godin as Fritz
* Peter Keleghan as Robert Mead
* Frank Pellegrino as Frankie
Reception
Chris Parry of eFilmCritic.com wrote: "If you catch this late at night on TV, you may be tempted to watch til the end just to see how awful it can get. Do yourself a favor, fight that urge." | WIKI |
Clarke County Courthouse
Clarke County Courthouse may refer to:
* Clarke County Courthouse (Alabama), part of the Grove Hill Courthouse Square Historic District, Grove Hill, Alabama
* Clarke County Courthouse (Georgia), Athens, Georgia
* Clarke County Courthouse (Iowa), Osceola, Iowa
* Old Clarke County Courthouse (Virginia), Berryville, Virginia | WIKI |
Scolopsis curite
Scolopsis curite, the whitecheek monocle bream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nemipteridae, the threadfin breams. This fish is found in the Indian Ocean.
Taxonomy
Scolopsis curite was first formally described in 1815 by the French zoologist Georges Cuvier following a figure drawn by Patrick Russell of a fish given the name Kurite in Visakhapatnam, India. This taxon was regarded as a synonyms of S. vosmeri but S. vosmerii has been shown to be a species complex of three species in 2022. S. curite in the Indian Ocean, S. vosmeri in the northern Indian Ocean and Indonesia and S. japonica in the Western Pacific Ocean. S. curite and S. japonica are closely related sister species which replace each other geographically. The type species of the genus Scolopsis is Scolopsis sayanus but this is a synonym of the pirate perch (Aphredoderus sayanus) which is not a member of, or closely related to, the genus Scolopsis. As S. curite is now considered to be a valid species it should be designated the type species of the genus Scolopsis. In 2022 a neotype was designated for this species and its type locality is Puducherry in Tamil Nadu. The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies the genus Scolopsis within the family Nemipteridae which it places in the order Spariformes.
Description
Scolopsis curite is very similar to S. vosmeri but it has a wedge shape black spot on the upper pectoral fin base, has no white band underneath the lateral line and in having greenish yellow, rather than black spots on the bases of the scales on the body. The colour of the pelvic and anal fins also differing being yellow rather than reddish brown, the caudal peduncle being yellowish rather than white and the caudal fin being yellow rather than greyish. S. curite is not easy to tell apart from S. japonica as they have very similar colours and patterns, however, in S. japonica the margin of the preoperculum is serrated or has a spiny edge while the preoperculum of S. curite is more robust and rough with a bony margin which has one or two rows of short blunt spines along its whole length.
Distribution and habitat
Scolopsis curite is only found in the Indian Ocean where it occurs along the eastern coast of Africa from KwaZulu Natal and Madagascar north to the Red Sea, although absent from the far northern Red Sea, it occurs in the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea east to the Andaman Sea. It is found in turbid waters at depths between 1 and 45 m over areas of seabed made up of sand and mud close to reefs, or in clear sandy area. Typically found in pairs or singly. | WIKI |
Allow access to BCC property in office-js Message Read mode
Allow access to BCC property in office-js Message Read mode
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Currently, we can only access the `bcc` property of a Mailbox Item if we are in the Message Compose context. This usually makes sense, since when we're in Message Read mode, we're probably reading emails sent to the user, so the user naturally shouldn't see BCC addresses. However, in the Sent folder, we should be able to access the `bcc` properties of the messages there, as they themselves should have set them.
In our use case, our Addin would surface additional useful information to the user contingent on all of the recipients they've sent a message to (`to`, `cc`, _and_ `bcc`). I don't believe there is any known workaround for developers to access the `bcc` property of a Message while in the Sent folder. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
2005 Atlantic hurricane season
The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active year on record until surpassed by 2020. It featured 28 tropical or subtropical storms. The United States National Hurricane Center named 27 storms, exhausting the annual pre-designated list, requiring the use of six Greek letter names, and adding an additional unnamed storm during a post-season re-analysis. A record 15 storms attained hurricane status, with maximum sustained winds of at least 74 mph. Of those, a record seven became major hurricanes, rated Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Four storms of this season became Category 5 hurricanes, the highest ranking.
The four Category 5 hurricanes during the season were: Emily, Katrina, Rita, and Wilma. In July, Emily reached peak intensity in the Caribbean Sea, becoming the first Category 5 hurricane of the season, later weakening and striking Mexico twice. In August, Katrina reached peak winds in the Gulf of Mexico but weakened by the time it struck the U.S. states of Louisiana and Mississippi. The most devastating effects of the season were felt on the Gulf Coast of the United States, where Katrina's storm surge crippled New Orleans, Louisiana, for weeks and devastated the Mississippi coastline. Katrina became the costliest U.S. hurricane, leaving $125 billion in damage and 1,392 deaths. Rita followed in September, reaching peak intensity in the Gulf of Mexico before weakening and hitting near the border of Texas and Louisiana. The season's strongest hurricane, Wilma, became the most intense Atlantic hurricane on record, as measured by barometric pressure. Lasting for ten days in October, Wilma moved over Cozumel, the Yucatán Peninsula, and Florida, causing over $22 billion in damage and 52 deaths.
The season's impact was widespread and catastrophic. Its storms caused an estimated 3,468 deaths and approximately $172.3 billion in damage. It was the costliest season on record at the time, until its record was surpassed 12 years later. It also produced the second-highest accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) in the Atlantic basin, surpassed only by the 1933 season. The season officially began on June 1, 2005, and the first storm – Arlene – developed on June 8. Hurricane Dennis in July inflicted heavy damage to Cuba. Hurricane Stan in October was part of a broader weather system that killed 1,668 people and caused $3.96 billion in damage to eastern Mexico and Central America, with Guatemala hit the hardest. The final storm – Zeta – formed in late December and lasted until January 6, 2006.
Seasonal forecasts
Ahead of the formal start of the season, various groups issued forecasts for the number of named storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes in the upcoming season, including Colorado State University (CSU), the Cuban Institute of Meteorology (InsMet), Tropical Storm Risk (TSR), and the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Some forecasts predicted how many tropical cyclones would affect a particular country or territory.
Pre-season forecasts
The first of these forecasts was issued by CSU, which predicted on December 5, 2004 that the season would be above average and feature 11 named storms, 6 hurricanes and 3 intense hurricanes. They also noted that the Caribbean and the entire United States coastline faced an increased risk of a major hurricane making landfall. TSR issued its first forecast a few days later and predicted that the season would feature 9.6 tropical storms, 5.7 hurricanes, 3.3 major hurricanes, and predicted that the accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating would be 145.
During January 2005, TSR increased its forecast to 13.9 tropical storms, 7.8 hurricanes, 3.6 major hurricanes, and predicted that the ACE rating would be 157. CSU issued its first updated forecast on April 1, increasing their prediction to 13 tropical storms, 7 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes, with a continued risk of a major hurricane landfall in the Caribbean or United States. The increase was based on the Atlantic continuing to warm and a strong belief that El Niño conditions would not persist into the hurricane season. On May 2, the Cuban Institute of Meteorology (InsMet) issued their seasonal forecast, which predicted that the season would feature 13 tropical storms and 7 hurricanes. This was followed on May 16 by NOAA, who predicted a 70% chance of above normal activity, with 12–15 tropical storms, 7–9 hurricanes, and 3–5 major hurricanes. CSU issued its second forecast update on May 31, revising its forecast to 15 named storms, 8 hurricanes and 4 major hurricanes; by this point, the group believed El Niño conditions were unlikely.
Midseason outlooks
In their July forecast update, TSR anticipated that the season would be exceptionally active and well above average; the group increased their forecast to 15.3 tropical storms, 8.8 hurricanes, and 4.1 major hurricanes, with an ACE rating of 190. By the end of July, seven tropical storms and two major hurricanes had developed within the basin, which prompted CSU, InsMet, NOAA and TSR to significantly increase their seasonal forecasts at the start of August. In their August 5 update, CSU predicted that 13 more storms would form, with seven more hurricanes and three more major hurricanes. At the start of September, CSU updated their forecasts and predicted that eight more storms would form, with six more hurricanes and three major hurricanes. By the end of September, 17 named storms had developed, of which nine had developed into hurricanes and four had become major hurricanes. Within their final update for the year, CSU predicted that October would feature three named storms, two hurricanes and one major hurricane.
Seasonal summary
With 28 storms (27 named storms and one unnamed), the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season set a new single-year record for most storms, surpassing the total of 20 from 1933. This record stood until surpassed by the 2020 season, which had 30 storms. A total of 7 named storms formed before August 1, which exceeded the record of 5 set in 1997; this record stood until 2020. The fourth named storm developed at a then-record early date, surpassed in 2012. The fifth though eleventh and the thirteenth and onward named storms developed at then-record early dates that were later surpassed in 2020. Further, the months of July and November set records for number of named storms, with 5 and 3, respectively. The 2005 season featured 15 hurricanes, surpassing the previous record of 12, set in 1969. Of the 15 hurricanes, 5 formed in September, with the season becoming only the sixth to feature 5 in that month. The 2005 season also featured a record seven major hurricanes, one more than the previous record, set in 1926, 1933, 1950, 1996, and 2004. The four Category 5 hurricanes were also a record. The season's activity was reflected with an ACE rating of 250, the second-highest value on record in the Atlantic basin, after the 1933 season.
The extremely active 2005 hurricane season was a continuation of an extended sequence of active years for tropical activity in the Atlantic. Tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic Ocean between 1995 and 2004 was more active than any other decade in reliable record. With the exception of two years in which El Niño conditions were prevalent (1997 and 2002), all hurricane seasons were individually above average. This was associated with an active phase of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO), with a similar period of elevated tropical activity occurring between 1950 and 1969. The anomalously frequent formation of tropical storms and hurricanes reflected the emergence of unusually warm sea surface temperatures across the tropical Atlantic. The Climate Prediction Center (CPC) predicted in May 2005 that the conditions associated with this active multi-decadal signal would continue into the 2005 hurricane season, providing favorable conditions for tropical cyclogenesis in the tropical Atlantic.
Record activity
Chylek and Lesins (2008) determined that the likelihood of a season generating as much tropical activity as 2005 was less than 1 percent. The consecutive occurrence of hurricane seasons as active as 2004 and 2005 in the Atlantic was unprecedented. While environmental conditions favorable for the development of tropical cyclones were analogous to other active seasons, they were more pronounced and encompassed larger areas in 2005. The CPC determined that this environmental enhancement was primarily driven by four factors: the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation, the reduction of atmospheric convection in the tropical Pacific, record-high sea surface temperatures in the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean, and conducive wind and pressure patterns across the western Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. The multidecadal oscillation increased the potency of conducive environmental factors for tropical development, including the increased strength of subtropical ridges in the northern and southern Atlantic and the eastern Pacific. This amplified the African easterly jet and enhanced upper-level easterlies, attenuating wind shear detrimental to tropical cyclogenesis across the central tropical Atlantic and the Caribbean. Frequent lulls in convection over the tropical Pacific also contributed to the strength of these ridges, focusing hurricane activity in the Atlantic. Most of the tropical storms and all major hurricanes in the Atlantic in 2005 formed when a lack of convection was present near the International Dateline, while a brief uptick in storms near the International Dateline led to a lull in tropical cyclogenesis in the Atlantic for the first half of August.
The Gulf of Mexico saw record levels of tropical activity in 2005, with 11 named storms entering the basin. The unusual activity was attributed to a persistent high pressure area over the Southeastern United States, the northeastward displacement and amplification of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) over the eastern Pacific, and above average sea surface temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico. These factors reduced vertical wind shear and favored cyclonic flow, creating an environment highly supportive of tropical development. The high pressure area also steered incoming storms into the Gulf of Mexico. In addition, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was in a neutral phase, lowering the likelihood of storms making landfall on the East Coast of the United States and leading to a concentration of impacts farther west. This focusing mechanism led to a complementary reduction in storms developing close to Cape Verde. During the peak of the 2005 season, the Loop Current – an ocean current that transports warm water from the Caribbean Sea northward into the Gulf of Mexico and offshore the U.S. East Coast – propagated northward, reaching its most poleward point in advance of Hurricane Katrina. This protrusion detached into a warm core ring, or a small region of warm waters to an abnormally deep depth, and began to drift southwest as Hurricane Rita traversed the region. By mid-October, the Loop Current returned to its typical position in the Yucatán Peninsula. This evolution provided enhanced ocean heat content to both hurricanes and was partially responsible for the extreme intensities attained by those cyclones.
In addition to the unusually high amount of tropical activity, the 2005 season also featured an abnormally high amount of storms in the typically inactive early and latter parts of the season. Lowered sea-level atmospheric pressures in the late spring and early summer of 2005 curtailed the strength of trade winds, resulting in a reduction of latent heat loss from the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean. This allowed the persistence of the anomalously warm sea surface temperatures that had contributed to the active 2004 hurricane season; this warmth remained until November 2005. The activity in later parts of the 2005 season was elevated by the unusual development of four tropical cyclones from non-tropical origins over the eastern Atlantic.
In the wake of the season, questions arose regarding the potential impact of global warming on Atlantic hurricane activity. Hurricane experts noted that establishing a conclusive relationship would be difficult given the significant role that natural variability plays on hurricane formation and significantly improved tropical cyclone detection methods compared to decades past. A series of international workshops were established after 2005. After five years of analysis, researchers were unable to confirm whether the recent increase in tropical cyclone activity could be attributed more to climate change than natural variability. Models developed within the workshops projected that the number of tropical cyclones under Category 3 intensity would fall over the 21st century, while the number of intense Category 4–5 hurricanes would increase significantly. One potential hypothesis for these findings was a projected increase in vertical wind shear contradicted by warmer ocean temperatures for hurricanes to utilize. The team also concluded that the amount of precipitation produced by tropical cyclones would increase over the next century. In May 2020, researchers at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the University of Wisconsin at Madison built upon this research and, for the first time, established a statistically significant global trend toward more intense tropical cyclones, particularly in the Atlantic basin. The research not only reaffirmed a trend toward stronger, wetter tropical cyclones, but it also identified a trend toward increased rapid intensification events and a general slowing of tropical cyclones' forward motion near land.
Impacts
The storms of the season were extraordinarily damaging and were responsible for significant loss of life. Total damage is estimated to be about US$171.7 billion, and the seasons' storms contributed to the deaths of 3,912 people. There were a record 15 storms making landfall, including seven storms that struck the United States.
The hardest-hit area was the United States Gulf Coast from eastern Texas to Florida, affected to varying degrees by Arlene, Cindy, Dennis, Katrina, Ophelia, Rita, Tammy, and Wilma. Dennis left $2.23 billion in damage along the Florida Panhandle. Katrina caused catastrophic damage to the Gulf Coast, devastating a long stretch of coast along Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama with a 30 ft storm surge. Wind damage was reported well inland, slowing down recovery efforts. Storm surge also breached levees in the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, flooding about 80% of the city. Total damage has been estimated at $125 billion, making Katrina the costliest hurricane in U.S. history, surpassing Andrew in 1992 and tying Harvey in 2017. At least 1,392 people were killed by the storm, making it the deadliest hurricane in the U.S. since 1928. Southeastern North Carolina suffered some damage from the slow-moving Ophelia. Rita struck near the border of Louisiana and Texas. The hurricane re-flooded New Orleans (though to a far less degree than Katrina), and caused about $18.5 billion in damage. Wilma caused about $19 billion in damage when it moved across southern Florida in October. The hurricane contributed to 30 deaths, five of whom were killed directly by the storm.
Three hurricanes struck Mexico – Emily, Stan, and Wilma. Emily struck Quintana Roo and Tamaulipas as a major hurricane, causing US$343 million ($3.4 billion MXN) in damage. Stan killed 80 people in Mexico, and damage in the county was estimated at US$1.2 billion ($13.2 billion MXN). Stan was part of a broader weather system across Central America that killed 1,513 people in Guatemala, where damage was estimated at US$996 million. Wilma dropped historic rainfall while drifting across the Yucatán peninsula. It killed four people in the country and left US$454 million ($4.8 billion MXN) in damage.
In the Caribbean, Cuba suffered the effects of Dennis and Wilma. The former killed 16 people and left US$1.4 billion in damage when it struck Cuba twice. Later, Wilma flooded parts of western Cuba, leaving US$704 million in damage. The island of Hispaniola experienced Dennis in July, which killed 56 people in Haiti. Emily killed one person and left US$111 million in damage when it struck Grenada, and later it killed five people on Jamaica. Collectively, Dennis and Emily caused about US$96 million (J$6 billion) in damage to Jamaica. Wilma killed 12 people in Haiti and one in Jamaica. Alpha killed 26 people in the Caribbean. In Central America, Beta killed nine people and caused US$11.5 million in damage when it struck Nicaragua in October. In November, Tropical Storm Gamma killed two people in Bequia in the Grenadines, 34 people in Honduras, and 3 in Belize.
Unusual impacts were felt in Europe and nearby islands. The remnants of Maria caused a landslide in Norway that killed three people. The unnamed subtropical storm in October moved through the Azores. Also in October, Vince became the first recorded tropical cyclone to strike Spain, making landfall at tropical depression intensity. In November, the extratropical remnants of Delta struck the Canary Islands, causing 7 fatalities, with 12 people missing.
Tropical Storm Arlene
The season's first tropical depression developed north of Honduras on June 8 from the interaction of the ITCZ and a series of tropical waves. A day later it intensified into Tropical Storm Arlene while taking a northward track. On June 10, Arlene struck western Cuba. The storm intensified further in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, reaching winds of 70 mph early on June 11. Later that day, the storm moved ashore just west of Pensacola, Florida. Over the next two days, Arlene continued northward through the United States, dissipating over southeastern Canada on June 14.
In western Cuba, Arlene produced wind gusts of 49 mph at Punta del Este and 6.81 in of rainfall in the city of Pinar del Río. Arlene left mostly minor damage throughout the United States, estimated at $11.8 million. Storm surge damaged coastal roads in the Florida Panhandle and Alabama. In Miami Beach, Florida, a student died when she was caught in a rip current. Rainfall in the United States peaked at 9.84 in in Lake Toxaway, North Carolina. The remnants of Arlene dropped approximately 6 to 7 in of rainfall in Warren County, New York, in just two hours, washing out several roadways and flooding numerous homes.
Tropical Storm Bret
Between June 24 and June 27, a tropical wave and weak low-pressure area moved in tandem across Central America and eastern Mexico. The system then reached the Bay of Campeche early on June 28 and quickly organized into a tropical depression that day around 18:00 UTC. Six hours later, at 00:00 UTC on June 29, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Bret and peaked with sustained winds of 40 mph. Bret moved ashore northeastern Mexico near Tuxpan, Veracruz, around 12:00 UTC, dissipating early on June 30 over San Luis Potosí.
Bret brought heavy rainfall across Mexico, reaching at least 10.47 in in El Raudal, Veracruz. One person drowned in Cerro Azul, while another death occurred in Naranjos due to cardiac arrest. The floods forced the evacuation of approximately 2,800 people, damaged around 3,000 houses, isolated 66 villages, and caused about $100 million (MXN, US$9.2 million) in damage.
Hurricane Cindy
A tropical depression formed on July 3 in the western Caribbean Sea from a tropical wave that moved off Africa nine days prior. The depression crossed the Yucatán Peninsula and dropped rainfall, reaching 71 mm in Cancún. The system entered the Gulf of Mexico, strengthening into Tropical Storm Cindy early on July 5. Cindy intensified further into a minimal hurricane early on July 6, with peak winds of 75 mph. The hurricane struck southeastern Louisiana and later southern Mississippi. Cindy continued across the southeastern United States and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on July 7 over The Carolinas; it eventually dissipated over the Gulf of St. Lawrence on July 12.
Across the United States, the hurricane caused $320 million in damage and three fatalities – one in Georgia from flooding, and two in Maryland from a car crash. Across Louisiana, the hurricane left 280,000 people without power. Rainfall in the United States peaked at 9.50 in in Saint Bernard, Louisiana. Cindy spawned a large tornado outbreak, including an F2 tornado near Hampton, Georgia, that caused over $40 million in damage at the Atlanta Motor Speedway alone. The same tornado inflicted severe damage to 11 planes and 5 vintage helicopters at Tara Field and impacted hundreds of homes to some degree.
Hurricane Dennis
A tropical wave led to the development of Tropical Depression Four in the southeastern Caribbean late on July 4 and further strengthened into Tropical Storm Dennis early the next day. The storm moved west-northwestward, strengthening into a hurricane on July 6 to the south of Hispaniola. On the next day, Dennis rapidly intensified into a Category 4 hurricane while moving between Jamaica and Haiti. Early on July 8, the hurricane briefly moved over Granma Province in southeastern Cuba. After briefly weakening, Dennis restrengthened to attain peak winds of 150 mph in the Gulf of Guacanayabo, making it the strongest Atlantic hurricane before August; its record was broken eight days later by Hurricane Emily. Later on July 8, Dennis moved ashore again in Matanzas Province. The hurricane crossed Cuba entered the Gulf of Mexico on July 9 as a weakened hurricane. Dennis re-intensified to a secondary peak of 145 mph on July 10, only to weaken prior to its final landfall later that day near Pensacola, Florida. Dennis weakened and moved through the southeastern United States, the Ohio Valley, and eventually dissipating on July 18 over Ontario.
The outer rainbands of Dennis produced widespread flooding and landslides in Haiti, killing at least 56 people and leaving US$50 million in damage. Dennis brought torrential rain to Jamaica, reaching 24.54 in in Mavis Bank. One person died in Jamaica, and damage was estimated at US$31.7 million. The storm's heaviest rainfall occurred in Cuba, reaching 1092 mm, making Dennis the wettest storm for the island since Hurricane Flora of 1963. Across the island, Dennis killed 16 people, and left US$1.4 billion in damage, affecting agriculture, tourist areas, infrastructure, and houses. Dennis moved ashore Florida near where Hurricane Ivan struck ten months prior. Damage from Dennis in the United States totaled $2.545 billion, and there were 15 deaths in the country, all but one in Florida. Rainfall in the United States reached 12.80 in near Camden, Alabama.
Hurricane Emily
On July 11, a tropical wave spawned a tropical depression east of the Lesser Antilles which quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Emily. Moving westward, Emily strengthened into a minimal hurricane and struck Grenada at that intensity on July 14. Continuing across the Caribbean Sea, Emily eventually strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane on July 16 to the southwest of Jamaica, reaching peak winds of 160 mph. Emily broke the record set by Dennis for the strongest Atlantic hurricane before August. Emily weakened after its peak intensity, striking the northeastern Yucatán Peninsula on July 18 with winds of 135 mph. Emily emerged into the Gulf of Mexico and restrengthened, making another landfall in Mexico on July 18 in Tamaulipas with winds of 125 mph. A day later, Emily dissipated over land.
In Grenada, Emily killed one person and caused US$111 million in damage, with thousands of roofs damaged. The hurricane's large circulation also damaged houses in other nearby islands. Heavy rainfall from Emily affected Haiti, killing five people. In Jamaica, Emily produced 15.43 in of rainfall; associated flooding killed five people on the island. Collectively, Emily and earlier Hurricane Dennis left about US$96 million (J$6 billion) in damage to Jamaica. In Honduras, a man drowned in a river swollen by rains from Emily. Damage was heaviest where Emily made its two landfalls in Mexico, with damage in the country estimated at US$343 million ($3.4 billion MXN). Two helicopter pilots were killed when their aircraft crashed while evacuating offshore oil platforms operated by Pemex. A man in Playa del Carmen was electrocuted to death while preparing for the hurricane. The outskirts of Emily dropped heavy rainfall in southern Texas, damaging about $4.7 million worth of cotton.
Tropical Storm Franklin
Tropical Depression Six formed northeast of the Bahamas on July 21, originating from a tropical wave that exited the coast of Africa on July 10. The depression quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Franklin, but wind shear disrupted the storm's initial development. As the storm moved to the north and northeast, it intensified; on July 23, Franklin attained peak winds of 70 mph. Three days later the storm passed west of Bermuda. An approaching trough turned Franklin to the northwest and weakened Franklin to a minimal tropical storm. Franklin restrengthened slightly as it accelerated northeastward. On July 30, the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone south of Nova Scotia, and a day later it was absorbed by a larger extratropical storm near Newfoundland. Franklin held the record for the earliest sixth named storm until it was broken by Tropical Storm Fay in 2020.
On July 26, Bermuda recorded wind gusts of 37 mph while the storm made its closest approach. The storm brought light rainfall to Newfoundland.
Tropical Storm Gert
A tropical wave, the same that spawned Tropical Storm Franklin, moved off Africa on July 10. It tracked west-northwest into the Bay of Campeche on July 23, where it contributed to the development of a tropical depression later that day. As convection increased near the center, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Gert early on July 24. The cyclone did not persist long over water, instead moving ashore north of Cabo Rojo, Mexico, with 45 mph winds early on July 25. It continued inland, affecting the same areas impacted by Hurricane Emily just days prior, and quickly dissipated over high terrain at the end of that day.
Gert dropped heavy rainfall, reaching 214.9 mm in San Luis Potosí. Gert caused about US$6 million ($60 million 2005 MXN) in damage, and resulted in one fatality in Nuevo León. Gert was the earliest seventh named storm until it was surpassed by Tropical Storm Gonzalo in 2020.
Tropical Storm Harvey
Tropical Depression Eight formed on August 2 southwest of Bermuda from a tropical wave that left the African coast on July 22. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Harvey on August 3 while moving northeastward. Due to strong wind shear, Harvey initially exhibited subtropical characteristics. On August 4, Harvey passed 45 mi south of Bermuda. After moving away from the island, Harvey attained peak winds of 65 mph late on August 4 and continued northeastward for a few days, transitioning into an extratropical storm on August 9. The storm gradually weakened and eventually dissipated northwest of the Azores on August 14. Harvey was the earliest eighth named storm on record before being surpassed by Hurricane Hanna during the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season.
On Bermuda, Harvey dropped 5.02 in of rainfall at Bermuda International Airport, flooding some roads. Sustained winds on the island reached 45 mph.
Hurricane Irene
A high-latitude tropical wave led to the genesis of Tropical Depression Nine west of Cabo Verde on August 4. It moved to the northwest without much initial development. On August 7, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Irene, only to weaken into a tropical depression again the next day. Irene turned to the west, and later resumed its northwest track. It re-intensified into a tropical storm on August 11. On August 15, the storm turned to the north, passing between Bermuda and North Carolina. On the next day, it strengthened into a hurricane. Irene intensified further after turning to the northeast and later east. Late on August 16, the cyclone attained peak winds of 105 mph. An approaching trough weakened Irene and caused it to accelerate northeastward. On August 18, Irene weakened into a tropical storm, and later that day was absorbed by a larger extratropical storm to the southeast of Newfoundland. Rip currents near Long Beach, New York killed a 16-year-old boy. Irene was the earliest ninth named storm on record before being surpassed by Hurricane Isaias in 2020.
Tropical Depression Ten
Tropical Depression Ten formed between the Lesser Antilles and Cape Verde on August 13 from a tropical wave that entered the Atlantic five days earlier. The depression moved slowly westward in an environment of strong vertical shear. Some weather models predicted relaxing shear and intensification of the system; however, the hostile conditions ripped the system apart, causing the depression to degenerate into a remnant low, and the NHC discontinued advisories on August 14, when no organized deep convection remained. The remnants of Tropical Depression Ten continued drifting northwestward, before degenerating further into a tropical wave north of the Leeward Islands, on August 18. Soon afterward, the low-level and mid-level circulations split, with the mid-level circulation lagging behind to the east. The remnant low-level circulation continued westward, before dissipating near Cuba on August 21. Producing occasional bursts of convection, the mid-level remnant circulation eventually merged with another tropical wave approaching from the east, on August 19. This new system would become Tropical Depression Twelve over the Bahamas and, eventually, Hurricane Katrina.
Tropical Storm Jose
A tropical wave, plausibly the same that spawned Tropical Depression Ten nine days earlier, led to the formation of Tropical Depression Eleven over the Bay of Campeche on August 22. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Jose later that day and achieved a maximum strength of 60 mph. Jose made landfall in the Mexican state of Veracruz near the Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Station on August 23. The cyclone became more organized two hours before making landfall and was forming an eye, but its winds remained under hurricane strength. Jose rapidly weakened and soon dissipated as it moved inland over Mexico. Jose was the earliest 10th named storm until surpassed by Tropical Storm Josephine in 2020.
While drenching Mexico's Gulf coast, Jose forced some 25,000 residents from their homes in Veracruz state and damaged at least 16,000 homes in the state. Jose killed 11 people in Veracruz and 5 in Oaxaca. Damage in Mexico totaled roughly $45 million.
Hurricane Katrina
A tropical depression developed on August 23 from the complex interaction of a tropical wave, the mid-level remnants of Tropical Depression Ten, and a nearby upper-level trough. The depression became a tropical storm on August 24 and a hurricane on August 25, making landfall as a Category 1 hurricane in southeastern Florida. Katrina imparted about $500 million in crop and infrastructure damage to the state. The hurricane quickly crossed Florida and emerged into the Gulf of Mexico. Katrina rapidly intensified to Category 5 status early on August 28, becoming the seventh most intense Atlantic hurricane. Turning northward, the hurricane weakened as it approached the northern Gulf Coast. On August 29 at 11:10 UTC, Katrina made landfall in southeastern Louisiana as a Category 3 hurricane, with 125 mph winds, and a barometric pressure of 920 mbar; it was the third lowest pressure for a landfalling United States hurricane at the time, and fourth as of 2018. Katrina then crossed the Breton Sound, making a third and final landfall with 120 mph winds near Pearlington, Mississippi. The cyclone quickly weakened after moving inland and became extratropical over Kentucky on August 30.
On August 28, the New Orleans National Weather Service issued an urgent weather bulletin describing potentially catastrophic impacts, comparing Katrina to Hurricane Camille of 1969. That same day, New Orleans mayor Ray Nagin issued the city's first-ever mandatory evacuation. About 80% of the city and 83% of neighboring Jefferson Parish evacuated ahead of the storm. The hurricane left catastrophic damage across southern Louisiana, with more than 300,000 houses damaged or destroyed; most of these were in Orleans Parish. In New Orleans, storm surge breached the levees along the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway and 17th Street and London Avenue Canals, flooding about 80% of the city. Portions of the city remained underwater for 43 days. The Mississippi and Alabama coastlines also suffered catastrophic damage from the storm's 30 ft storm surge, with very few structures remaining on the coast of the former. Across the region, the hurricane flooded and ruined about 350,000 vehicles. About 2.4 million people lost access to clean drinking water. Katrina also spawned an outbreak of 62 tornadoes across the eight states in the eastern United States.
Hurricane Katrina imparted catastrophic damage in portions of Louisiana and Mississippi, with overall damage estimated at $173 billion; this makes Katrina the costliest natural disaster in U.S. history. Throughout the United States, Katrina killed 1,392 people, making it one of the deadliest hurricanes in the United States, and the deadliest American hurricane since 1928. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) managed the aftermath of the hurricane, and faced criticism for its response time, lack of coordination with state agencies, supply shortages, and insufficient housing for federal workers. Tens of thousands of people lost their jobs following the hurricane. Residents across the New Orleans area suffered health effects, including rashes and respiratory problems, from polluted water and air following the hurricane. Katrina forced about 800,000 people to move temporarily, which was the greatest number of displaced people in the country since the Dust Bowl. The United States federal government spent $110.6 billion in relief, recovery and rebuilding efforts, including $16 billion toward rebuilding houses, which was the nation's largest ever housing recovery project. Within a year of the storm, most of the levees were largely repaired. Various countries and international agencies sent supplies or financial aid to assist in the hurricane response.
Tropical Storm Lee
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 24. It developed into Tropical Depression Thirteen on August 28 while 960 mi east of the Lesser Antilles. Strong wind shear prevented much organization, and the depression degenerated into a low pressure area late on August 29. The remnants moved to the north and northeast, steered by a larger non-tropical system to the north. The convection increased on August 31; that day the system regenerated into a tropical depression, which strengthened further into Tropical Storm Lee. The storm attained peak winds of 40 mph while located between Bermuda and the Azores. After 12 hours as a tropical storm, Lee weakened back to a tropical depression as it turned to the northwest, steered by the larger non-tropical storm. On September 2, the depression degenerated into a remnant low, which was absorbed by a cold front two days later.
Hurricane Maria
A strong tropical wave entered the eastern Atlantic on August 27. The broad disturbance was initially hindered by strong wind shear but eventually organized into a tropical depression about halfway between the Leeward Islands and Cabo Verde early on September 1. The tropical cyclone moved northwest and steadily organized as upper-level winds became more conducive. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Maria on September 2 and eventually became the sixth hurricane of the season early on September 4. As the cyclone developed a well-defined eye, Maria reached peak winds of 115 mph, Category 3 strength, early on September 6. Around the time of its peak, Maria turned to the north and northeast, moving around the subtropical ridge as it gradually weakened. Maria fell to tropical storm intensity on September 9 and became extratropical a day later between Newfoundland and the Azores. The former hurricane re-intensified over the northern Atlantic Ocean, only to weaken before passing near southern Iceland. On September 14, the extratropical storm that was once Maria merged with another extratropical storm while approaching Norway.
The remnants of Maria brought resulted in heavy rainfall to Norway, triggering a landslide in Bergen that killed three people and injured seven others.
Hurricane Nate
A tropical wave left Africa on August 30 and moved into the southwestern Atlantic, where subsequent interaction with an upper-level low led to the genesis of a tropical depression south-southwest of Bermuda on September 5. This depression quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Nate, which moved slowly northeastward. On September 7, Nate intensified into the seventh hurricane of the season. A day later, the hurricane passed southeast of Bermuda, where it produced wind gusts of 50 mph. Early on September 9, Nate attained peak winds of 90 mph as it accelerated northeastward ahead of a trough. The same trough created unfavorable conditions, causing Nate to weaken quickly back to tropical storm status. On September 10, Nate transitioned into an extratropical storm which was absorbed by a larger extratropical storm near the Azores on September 13.
Canadian Navy ships headed to the U.S. Gulf Coast to help in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina were slowed down trying to avoid Nate and Ophelia. Rip currents caused by hurricanes Nate and Maria killed one person in New Jersey and severely injured another person.
Hurricane Ophelia
The interplay of a cold front and a trough led to the development of Tropical Depression Sixteen over the northern Bahamas on September 6. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Ophelia on September 7 and briefly into a hurricane on September 9 while stalled off the east coast of Florida. Ophelia fluctuated between hurricane and tropical storm intensity for the next week as it meandered off the southeastern United States. Twice it attained peak winds of 85 mph. On September 14, the northern eyewall moved over the North Carolina coast from Wilmington to Morehead City. After moving away from the state, Ophelia weakened to tropical storm status for a fourth and final time due to stronger wind shear and dry air. The storm accelerated northeastward and passed southeast of Cape Cod. Ophelia transitioned into an extratropical storm on September 18 and subsequently crossed Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, eventually dissipating on September 23 north of the Scandinavian Peninsula.
Ophelia caused significant coastal erosion from the churning waves. The hurricane caused extensive damage in the Outer Banks and around Cape Fear. Damage in the United States was estimated at $70 million. The storm's remnants produced strong winds and heavy rain over Atlantic Canada. Ophelia killed three people – a drowning in Florida from high surf, a traffic fatality in North Carolina, and a death from a fall in Nova Scotia.
Hurricane Philippe
On September 17, Tropical Depression Seventeen formed from a tropical wave about 350 mi east of Barbados. It quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Philippe while taking a track to the north-northwest. Early on September 19, Philippe attained hurricane status and reached peak winds of 80 mph a day later. Wind shear from an upper-level low caused the hurricane to weaken back to a tropical storm, exposing the center from the convection. On September 21, Philippe accelerated to the north and began moving around the upper-level low, which had extended to the surface and developed into a non-tropical cyclone. The storm briefly threatened Bermuda as it turned to the northwest and began a counterclockwise loop. On September 23, Philippe weakened to a tropical depression and later a remnant low; it was absorbed by the larger non-tropical cyclone a day later.
Philippe brought gusty winds and moisture to Bermuda, with 0.15 in of precipitation reported on September 23. The circulation that absorbed Philippe dropped light rainfall on the island, and was responsible for the lowest barometric pressure during the month. When Philippe formed in September 17, Philippe became the earliest 16th named storm on record until the record was broken by 2020's Hurricane Paulette by 10 days.
Hurricane Rita
In mid-September, the southern extent of a stationary front devolved into a trough north of the Leeward Islands. A tropical wave interacted with this feature to form a tropical depression near the Turks and Caicos Islands on September 18. It organized into Tropical Storm Rita later that day. Moving to the west-northwest, the storm's intensification attenuated over the Bahamas before resuming thereafter, becoming a hurricane on September 20 between Cuba and Florida. Rapid intensification ensued as Rita moved into the Gulf of Mexico. Late on September 21, Rita strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane, and the next day it attained peak winds of 180 mph. Its minimum pressure of 895 mbar was the lowest of any storm in the Gulf of Mexico on record. The hurricane weakened as it approached the northwest Gulf Coast. On September 24, Rita made landfall near the Texas–Louisiana border with sustained winds of 115 mph. It rapidly weakened over land as it turned to the north and northeast, and was later absorbed by an approaching cold front on September 26 over Illinois.
Across the United States, Rita imparted $18.5 billion in damage and killed 120 people, although only seven deaths were directly related to the hurricane. Early in its evolution, Rita flooded houses in northern Cuba and the Florida Keys. Rita's approach to the U.S. Gulf Coast prompted one of the largest mass evacuations in the country's history, with an estimated 3.7 million people fleeing the Texas coast between Corpus Christi and Beaumont. Due in part to high temperatures preceding Rita's landfall and elderly susceptibility to excessive heat, at least 80 people died during the mass evacuation; a coach fire en route to Dallas claimed 23 lives. Rita generated a 15 ft storm surge that devastated parts of Cameron Parish in Louisiana, destroying most structures in towns like Cameron and Holly Beach. Storm surge also damaged homes in adjoining Jefferson County in Texas. In New Orleans, Rita produced additional flooding and overtopped levees that had been repaired after Hurricane Katrina a month earlier. Impacts from heavy rainfall, gusty winds, and tornadoes associated with Rita affected much of the lower Mississippi River Valley, and over a million electricity customers lost power.
A third of Cameron Parish's population left the parish following the devastation wrought by Rita. FEMA granted over $1.3 billion to Louisiana to support recovery efforts; $668.8 million was allocated in the form of public assistance grants for initial recovery measures, and $523.5 million was sent to individuals as part of the agency's Individuals and Households program. Over $1 billion in federal assistance was also disbursed to Texas. Texas' Community Development Block Grant Disaster Recovery Program aided 1.85 million people in addition to supporting longer-term infrastructure repairs.
Tropical Depression Nineteen
On September 30, a tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Nineteen to the west of Cabo Verde. The newly formed cyclone exhibited deep convection in the southern semicircle, but its cloud pattern quickly deteriorated under the influence of strong wind shear. The system moved northwestward and failed to intensify beyond winds of 35 mph, instead dissipating on October 2 without affecting land.
Hurricane Stan
A tropical wave emerged from Africa on September 17 and moved across the central Atlantic, hampered by north-northeasterly wind shear. The disturbance eventually traveled into the western Caribbean Sea, where it organized into a tropical depression southeast of Cozumel around 12:00 UTC on October 1. High pressure directed the cyclone toward the west-northwest, and the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Stan shortly before making landfall along the eastern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula. Stan briefly weakened to a tropical depression as it crossed over land, but it regained tropical storm strength over the Bay of Campeche on October 3, when ridging further intensified and forced the storm west-southwest. Rapid intensification ensued, allowing Stan to become a Category 1 hurricane before its second landfall east-southeast of Veracruz early on October 4. Once inland, the system rapidly unraveled over the mountainous terrain of Mexico, dissipating in the state of Oaxaca just after 06:00 UTC on October 5.
Stan killed 80 people in Mexico, and damage in the county was estimated at US$1.2 billion ($13.2 billion MXN). Stan was associated with a larger weather system across eastern Mexico and Central America. Torrential rainfall across this region killed 1,513 people in Guatemala, making it the deadliest natural disaster in the country's history. Damage in Guatemala was estimated at US$996 million. El Salvador's Santa Ana Volcano erupted on October 1, occurring simultaneous to the flooding. The flooding killed 69 people in the country, and damage from the two disasters was estimated at US$355.6 million. In Honduras, the weather system killed seven people and left US$100 million in damage. There were also three deaths in Nicaragua and one in Costa Rica. Road damage in Costa Rica from Stan and earlier Hurricane Rita was estimated at US$57 million (₡28 billion (CRC).
Unnamed subtropical storm
In the post-season analysis, the National Hurricane Center identified an additional subtropical storm that had gone unclassified during the course of the season. In late September, an upper-level low formed west of the Canary Islands and moved westward, organizing into a subtropical depression early on October 4. It quickly intensified into a subtropical storm while curving northeast ahead of an approaching cold front. The storm attained peak winds of 50 mph as it moved through the eastern Azores, where Santa Maria Island reported sustained winds up to 40 mph. Early on October 5, the storm merged with the cold front; later that day, its remains were absorbed by a non-tropical low. The low that absorbed the storm would eventually become Hurricane Vince.
Tropical Storm Tammy
On October 5, Tropical Storm Tammy developed east of Florida following the interaction of a tropical wave and an upper-level trough. That day, it strengthened to reach peak winds of 50 mph and made landfall near Jacksonville, Florida. Tammy weakened as it moved inland, crossing southern Georgia and Alabama. It was absorbed by a larger extratropical storm on October 6. Tammy dropped locally heavy rainfall along its path, causing minor damage. The frontal system that absorbed Tammy was a partial cause for severe flooding in New York, New Jersey and New England that killed 10 people in mid-October.
Subtropical Depression Twenty-Two
Subtropical Depression Twenty-Two formed from a non-tropical low 450 mi southeast of Bermuda on October 8. The system encountered unfavorable conditions as it turned westward and degenerated into a remnant low on October 10, before becoming extratropical on the following day. The NHC continued to monitor the remnant as it headed towards the East Coast of the United States. The extratropical system transported tropical moisture northward, and was, along with Tropical Storm Tammy, a partial cause of severe flooding in New York, New Jersey and New England during early-to-mid-October. The flooding killed 10 people after 6 to 10 in of precipitation fell in some locales.
Hurricane Vince
Subtropical Storm Vince formed in the eastern Atlantic near Madeira on October 8 from the same non-tropical low that absorbed the unnamed subtropical storm. Vince transitioned into a tropical storm on the following day and was upgraded to a hurricane shortly thereafter. Although Vince was a very small and short-lived storm that only briefly reached hurricane strength, it was notable for developing in the northeastern Atlantic, well away from where hurricanes usually form. Vince made landfall on the Iberian Peninsula near Huelva, Spain, on October 11 just after weakening to a tropical depression. Vince was the first tropical cyclone on record to make landfall in Spain. The storm left minor flooding in some areas.
Hurricane Wilma
An upper-level low over the southwestern Atlantic helped facilitate the formation of a large, monsoon-like gyre over the Caribbean Sea in middle October. A series of tropical waves moved into this area of disturbed weather and helped form a low-pressure system that developed into Tropical Depression Twenty-Four southwest of Jamaica on October 15. It intensified into Tropical Storm Wilma two days later. Wilma moved slowly through the warm waters of the western Caribbean Sea and began a period of rapid deepening on October 18 that lasted into the following day. This culminated in the cyclone attaining Category 5 hurricane status, reaching peak winds of 185 mph and setting a record for the lowest barometric pressure in an Atlantic hurricane; at 12:00 UTC on October 19, hurricane hunters recorded a pressure of 882 mbar in the center of the tiny, well-defined eye of Wilma. Wilma weakened to Category 4 intensity by the time it made landfall on Cozumel on October 21. It later crossed the northeastern Yucatán Peninsula and emerged into the Gulf of Mexico, turning northeast. On October 24, Wilma made landfall in southwestern Florida at Cape Romano with winds of 120 mph. The hurricane quickly crossed the state and continued across the western Atlantic Ocean. Wilma transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 26, which was absorbed by a larger extratropical storm a day later over Atlantic Canada.
In its formative stages, Wilma's large circulation spread across much of the western Caribbean Sea, killing 12 people in Haiti and one in Jamaica. Wilma set a record in Mexico, and for the entire Western Hemisphere, for the highest 24 hour rainfall total, with 1633.98 mm recorded at Isla Mujeres. There were four deaths in Mexico, and nationwide damage was estimated at US$454 million ($4.8 billion MXN). Local and federal troops quelled looting and rioting in Cancún. Cancún's airport was closed to the public in the days after the storm, forcing stranded visitors to fly out of Mérida, Yucatán, the region's closest functioning airport. On November 28, Mexico declared a disaster area for 9 of Quintana Roo's 11 municipalities. Mexico's development bank – Nacional Financiera – provided financial assistance for businesses affected by Wilma and Stan through a $400 million fund (MXN, US$38 million).
A significant storm surge flooded areas of western Cuba, leaving US$704 million in damage. In Florida, Wilma caused $19 billion in damage and killed 30 people; five of the deaths were caused directly by the hurricane. Wilma's storm surge caused the worst flooding in the Florida Keys since Hurricane Betsy in 1965. Wilma inflicted a multi-billion dollar disaster in the Miami metropolitan area, including $2.9 billion in damage in Palm Beach County, $2 billion in Miami-Dade County, and $1.2 billion in Broward County. Numerous homes and businesses experienced some degree of impact, with over 55,000 dwellings and 3,600 workplaces damaged in Palm Beach County alone. On October 24, 2005, the same day Wilma made landfall in Florida, President George W. Bush approved a disaster declaration for 13 Florida counties. FEMA expended $342.5 million to the 227,321 approved applicants. Additionally, public assistance from FEMA totaled over $1.4 billion and grants for hazard mitigation projects exceeded $141.5 million. After leaving Florida, Wilma killed one person and left US$6.4 million in damage to the Bahamas, when it passed northwest of the country. On Bermuda, Hurricane Wilma produced wind gusts of 51 mph.
Tropical Storm Alpha
A tropical wave organized into Tropical Depression Twenty-Five in the eastern Caribbean on October 22. Later that day, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Alpha as it moved west-northwestward. Around 10:00 UTC on October 23, Alpha made landfall near Barahona, Dominican Republic, with winds of 50 mph. Alpha weakened to a tropical depression over Hispaniola's steep mountains. The cyclone emerged into the Atlantic Ocean, where it was absorbed by Hurricane Wilma on October 24. Alpha was the 22nd named system in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, breaking the 1933 season's record, and became the first tropical storm to be named using the Greek Alphabet. The storm claimed 26 lives, with more than half of them in Haiti. Alpha destroyed 43 homes and damaged 191 others in Haiti.
Hurricane Beta
Late on October 26, the same tropical wave that spawned Tropical Storm Alpha led to the formation of Tropical Depression Twenty-Six over the southwestern Caribbean Sea. Early the next day, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Beta. The storm strengthened into a hurricane on October 29 and reached major hurricane intensity on October 30, with sustained winds around 115 mph. That brought the total number of major hurricanes in the 2005 season to seven, a record breaking achievement. However, Beta weakened to a Category 2 prior to landfall in Nicaragua. The storm rapidly weakened inland and dissipated on October 31.
The Colombian island of Providencia was subjected to hurricane-force winds for several hours as the center of the storm moved very slowly by the island. Reports indicate extensive damage to homes and a loss of communications with the islanders. In Honduras and Nicaragua, over 1,000 structures were damaged by the storm, hundreds of which were destroyed. Overall, Beta caused nine fatalities and more than $15.5 million in damage across four countries.
Tropical Storm Gamma
Late on November 13, Tropical Depression Twenty-Seven formed from a tropical wave about 115 mi west-southwest of St. Lucia. While passing through the Lesser Antilles, the heavy rainfall caused mudslides, killing two people on Bequia. The cyclone briefly attained tropical storm status, but wind shear prevented further development of the system, and advisories were discontinued on November 16 as it lost its closed circulation about 305 mi southeast of Kingston, Jamaica. The remnants of the depression continued westward and moved along the northern shore of Honduras, merging with parts of a larger low pressure system. It is uncertain whether the remnants of Gamma absorbed the low pressure system or vice versa. The storm strengthened and a closed circulation formed on November 18, making Gamma a tropical storm for the second time. After regeneration, and after making landfall over northern Honduras, floods from Gamma killed 34 people in Honduras. Three people died in Belize related to the storm. Gamma meandered in the Caribbean Sea for a short time, until slowly weakening and eventually disintegrating into a remnant low late on November 20. The storm caused 39 deaths in total.
Tropical Storm Delta
Delta originated from a broad and non-tropical low-pressure area that arose 1,380 mi southwest of the Azores on November 19, initially moving northeast along the trailing fringes of a passing cold front. Convection developed atop the center of the nascent disturbance two days later, and satellite data suggested that it was acquiring thermodynamic characteristics exhibited by tropical cyclones. On November 22, the NHC classified the low-pressure system as a subtropical storm with the name Delta. Delta took a south-southwestward course and further coalesced its associated showers, leading to its re-designation as a tropical storm on November 23. It stalled 1,320 mi west-southwest of the Canary Islands and attained peak winds of 70 mph on November 24. Delta moved erratically over the next two days and weakened to a low-end tropical storm in response to increasing wind shear. A strengthening trough over western Europe accelerated Delta towards the east-northeast on November 27, concurrent with the brief emergence of an eye and a period of intensification. Delta's tropical characteristics later succumbed to wind shear and cold air, resulting in its extratropical transition on November 28 while 250 mi west-northwest of the western Canary Islands; as an extratropical system, Delta tracked east, passing north of the Canary Islands before moving into Morocco and Algeria on November 29, where it dissipated.
Delta caused severe damage in the Canary Islands and claimed at least seven lives, including six who drowned after boats overturned; there were 12 people missing from the overturned boat. El Dedo de Dios, a geological feature which had been pointing towards the sky for over a millennium and an important landmark for the Canary Islands, was toppled during the storm. Damage throughout the Canary Islands was estimated at €312 million ($364 million 2005 US dollars). Delta also caused power outages, leaving some 200,000 people without power and forcing airports to close down. The remnants of Delta later moved into Morocco, bringing needed rain.
Hurricane Epsilon
A surface low attached to a stationary front formed underneath an upper-level low east of Bermuda on November 27. The surface low detached from the frontal zone and acquired tropical characteristics as deep convection wrapped around its center, leading to the development of Tropical Storm Epsilon early on November 29. The NHC consistently forecast that the storm would weaken; however, Epsilon gradually intensified as it moved westward and later looped to the northeast. The storm attained hurricane status on December 2 as the track shifted to the east. Neither Epsilon's structure or strength changed appreciably over the next few days, and it attained peak winds of 85 mph on December 5. A building ridge turned Epsilon to the southwest on December 6, and it maintained its intensity due to low wind shear. Epsilon remained a hurricane until December 7, its fifth hurricane day, the longest for a for any Atlantic tropical cyclone in December. Epsilon degenerated into a remnant low on December 8; the circulation dissipated two days later.
Tropical Storm Zeta
Towards the end of December, an upper-level low interacted with a cold front, which produced an area of low-pressure by December 28, about 750 mi to the west-northwest of Cabo Verde. Over the next couple of days, the system developed a low-level circulation and atmospheric convection increased as it moved north-westwards, before the NHC classified it as Tropical Storm Zeta during December 30. As a result, Zeta became the second latest-forming tropical cyclone in the Atlantic on record behind Alice of December 1954. Over the next couple of days, the system gradually intensified further in a region of favorable anticyclonic outflow, as it slowly moved west-northwest in response to a mid-level low to the southwest. During January 1, Zeta became only the second tropical storm on record to exist in two calendar years, while it peaked with 1-minute sustained winds of 65 mph. It weakened on January 2, only to re-intensify to its peak intensity on January 3. Zeta weakened again as it turned westward, degenerating into a remnant low on January 6; the circulation dissipated on the next day to the southeast of Bermuda. Zeta affected the 2005 Atlantic Rowing Race by producing high swells that moved boats off course.
Storm names
The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2005. This was the same list used for the 1999 season, with the exceptions of Franklin and Lee, which replaced Floyd and Lenny. The names Franklin, Lee, Maria, Nate, Ophelia, Philippe, Rita, Stan, Tammy, Vince and Wilma from the regular list were used for the first time in 2005, as were the auxiliary list Greek letters Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon and Zeta. This was the first Atlantic hurricane season to exhaust the designated list of 21 storm names, and the first to utilize the auxiliary list.
Retirement
In the spring of 2006, the hurricane committee of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) retired five names: Dennis, Katrina, Rita, Stan, and Wilma, from the Atlantic hurricane name lists. They were replaced with Don, Katia, Rina, Sean and Whitney for the 2011 season. This set a new record for the number of storm names retired from a single season, surpassing the previous record of four names, held by the 1955, 1995, 2004 seasons.
There was considerable discussion at that time on the usage of the Greek alphabet. The committee agreed that the usage of the Greek alphabet had a "major important political, economic and social impact globally, which might not have happened if a secondary or circular list of names had been used", and that the Greek alphabet would be used again if the traditional naming list was exhausted. It was also decided that it was not practical to retire a Greek letter. Storms named with Greek letters that would otherwise be eligible for retirement would appear in the retired name list, but have a notation affixed with the circumstances. However, when faced with retiring Eta and Iota following the 2020 season, when the Greek alphabet was next utilized, the WMO decided to discontinue its further use altogether. A new auxiliary list of given names was implemented, making any retirements less problematic.
Season effects
This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2005 USD. | WIKI |
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When the 'Read' button is clicked the user will be asked to open a text file (using a dialog box) that contains comma delimited float/double type data and read the data. The file will contain multiple lines of data with each line containing comma-delimited data ending in a carriage-return/linefeed (Enter Key Pushed).
When the 'Write' Button is clicked, the user will be asked to save the data to a new text file (using a Dialog Box). The saved file will contain the same data in the same format as the file read using the 'Read' button. In addition, the last line of the saved file will contain three data items: Minimum, Maximum and the Average of the number in the file, separated by commas. The user can choose any file names for the files read and written (the two files names will be different). Your program should show messages if the file is not found and also capture any errors using the appropriate Exception handling.
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Last Post by caKus
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I confirm that such a program can be easily written in C#. Try to do it. If you have problem, we will be pleased to help.
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Thank you. I am still trying to adjust to this. I got the buttons down, but what's next?
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In order to select a file for reading, see the class OpenFileDialog
See MSDN at msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.windows.forms.openfiledialog(VS.80).aspx
Edited by caKus: error
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I got the read and write up to this part with opening a text file and saving it as well, what's next?
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Sorry, Robby, I cannot write the program for you. If you have a specific question, somebody will be pleased to help, but "what's next ?" sounds a little vague, doesn't it ?
This topic has been dead for over six months. Start a new discussion instead.
Have something to contribute to this discussion? Please be thoughtful, detailed and courteous, and be sure to adhere to our posting rules. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
# Maintainer: Alexey Pavlov _realname=dlfcn pkgbase=mingw-w64-${_realname} pkgname="${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-${_realname}" pkgver=1.3.0 pkgrel=2 pkgdesc="A wrapper for dlfcn to the Win32 API (mingw-w64)" arch=('any') mingw_arch=('mingw32' 'mingw64' 'ucrt64' 'clang64' 'clang32') url="https://github.com/dlfcn-win32/dlfcn-win32" license=('MIT') makedepends=("${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-cmake" "${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-ninja") options=('strip' 'staticlibs') source=(${_realname}-${pkgver}.tar.gz::https://github.com/dlfcn-win32/dlfcn-win32/archive/v${pkgver}.tar.gz) sha256sums=('24c69d43ddc9243fd2639a07495a7e0714278e8d3d0e124afdbab892dbb4a92d') prepare() { cd "${srcdir}/dlfcn-win32-${pkgver}" } build() { for SHARED in YES NO; do [[ -d "${srcdir}/build-${MSYSTEM}-${SHARED}" ]] && rm -rf "${srcdir}/build-${MSYSTEM}-${SHARED}" mkdir -p "${srcdir}/build-${MSYSTEM}-${SHARED}" && cd "${srcdir}/build-${MSYSTEM}-${SHARED}" declare -a extra_config if check_option "debug" "n"; then extra_config+=("-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release") else extra_config+=("-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug") fi MSYS2_ARG_CONV_EXCL="-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=" \ ${MINGW_PREFIX}/bin/cmake.exe \ -GNinja \ -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=${SHARED} \ -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="${MINGW_PREFIX}" \ -DBUILD_TESTS=ON \ ../${_realname}-win32-${pkgver} ${MINGW_PREFIX}/bin/cmake.exe --build . done } check() { for SHARED in YES NO; do msg "Test: Mingw host: ${MINGW_CHOST}" msg "Test: MSYSTEM variable: ${MSYSTEM}" msg "Test: Shared version: ${SHARED}" cd "${srcdir}/build-${MSYSTEM}-${SHARED}" cmake --build . --target test done } package() { for SHARED in YES NO; do cd "${srcdir}/build-${MSYSTEM}-${SHARED}" DESTDIR="${pkgdir}" ${MINGW_PREFIX}/bin/cmake.exe --install . done cd ${srcdir}/dlfcn-win32-${pkgver} install -Dm644 README.md "${pkgdir}${MINGW_PREFIX}/share/doc/${_realname}/README.md" install -Dm644 COPYING "${pkgdir}${MINGW_PREFIX}/share/licenses/${_realname}/LICENSE" # We do not want transitive dependencies on libdll.dll so remove it # We installed static last so the CMake files pertain to a static # build already. rm -f ${pkgdir}${MINGW_PREFIX}/bin/libdl.dll rm -f ${pkgdir}${MINGW_PREFIX}/lib/libdl.dll.a } | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
PLANNED PARENTHOOD OF SOUTHERN ARIZONA, and its corporate chapter, Arizona Women's Clinic, Inc.; Planned Parenthood of Central and Northern Arizona, Inc.; Frederic N. Stimmell, MD, individually and on behalf of his minor patients, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Barbara LAWALL, as County Attorney for the County of Pima, and as representative for all other prosecuting attorneys similarly situated throughout the State of Arizona, including without limitation City Attorneys; Cochise County; City of Williams, Gary Verberg as City Attorney of City of Williams; Gila County Attorney, Defendants-Appellants, and Janet Napolitano, Arizona Attorney General, Defendant-Intervenor-Appellant.
No. 98-15862.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted March 9, 1999.
Filed June 9, 1999.
John N. Iurino, Lewis and Roca, Tucson, Arizona, for the plaintiffs-appellees.
Paula S. Bickett, Assistant Attorney General, Phoenix, Arizona, for the defendant-intervenor-appellant.
Before: CHOY and TASHIMA, Circuit Judges, and RESTANI, Court of International Trade Judge.
Janet Napolitano, in her official capacity as Attorney General of the State of Arizona, is substituted in the place and stead of her predecessor, Grant Woods, pursuant to Fed. R.App. P. 43(c)(2).
The Honorable Jane A. Restani, Judge of the United States Court of International Trade, sitting by designation.
TASHIMA, Circuit Judge:
We must decide whether the Arizona parental consent statute, which contains an indeterminate judicial bypass provision, and an open-ended medical emergency provision is constitutional. We hold that it is not. Planned Parenthood of Southern Arizona and its corporate chapter, Arizona Women’s Clinic, Inc., Planned Parenthood of Central and Northern Arizona, Inc., and Frederic N. Stimmell, MD, individually and on behalf of his minor patients (collectively “Planned Parenthood”) challenges the facial validity of the statute. The district court permanently enjoined the statute’s enforcement, holding that the statute was unconstitutional due to the lack of specific time limits in its judicial bypass provision and the vagueness of its medical emergency provision. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.
I.
In 1989, the Arizona legislature adopted A.R.S. § 36-2152, a parental consent law. The district court held that the 1989 statute was unconstitutionally vague and entered a permanent injunction. See Planned Parenthood v. Neely, 804 F.Supp. 1210 (D.Ariz.1992). The State did not appeal.
In 1996, the Arizona Legislature repealed A.R.S. § 36-2152 (1989), and enacted a new parental consent statute, A.R.S. § 36-2152 (1996), effective July 20, 1996. The statute contains a judicial bypass provision and a medical emergency bypass provision, both of which provide general time frames for expedited proceedings, but no specific time requirements. See A.R.S. §§ 36-2152(D), (E), and (F).
Planned Parenthood filed a motion, which the district court granted, for leave to file a supplemental complaint in the 1989 case, challenging the constitutionality of the new statute. The district court again enjoined enforcement of Arizona’s parental consent law. See Planned Parenthood v. Neely, 942 F.Supp. 1578 (D.Ariz.1996). We reversed without reaching the merits, holding that it was error for the district court to grant leave to file a supplemental complaint in that closed action. See Planned Parenthood v. Neely, 130 F.3d 400 (9th Cir.1997). We remanded the case and directed the district court to dismiss it for lack of jurisdiction. See id. at 401.
Planned Parenthood then filed a new action challenging the facial validity of § 36-2152. The district court issued a permanent injunction against enforcement of the statute. Defendants (collectively the “State”) appeal.
II. Standard for Reviewing Facial Challenges to Abortion Statutes
We must first resolve the threshold issue of the proper standard for reviewing facial challenges to statutes regulating abortion. The State argues for application of the test set out in United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 107 S.Ct. 2095, 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987), while Planned Parenthood advocates application of the analysis in Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 112 S.Ct. 2791, 120 L.Ed.2d 674 (1992). This is an open question in our circuit.
In Salerno, the Supreme Court explained that:
A facial challenge to a legislative act is, of course, the most difficult challenge to mount successfully, since the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the. Act would be valid. The fact that [an act] might operate unconstitutionally under some conceivable set of circumstances is insufficient to render it wholly invalid, since we have not recognized an “over-breadth” doctrine outside the limited context of the First Amendment.
Salerno, 481 U.S. at 745, 107 S.Ct. 2095. Thus, under Salerno, a facial challenge to a statute will fail if the statute has any constitutional application. The Supreme Court has previously applied Salerno’s “no set of circumstances” test in a few pre-Casey cases involving abortion statutes. See Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173, 183, 111 S.Ct. 1759, 114 L.Ed.2d 233 (1991); Ohio v. Akron Ctr. for Reproductive Health, 497 U.S. 502, 514, 110 S.Ct. 2972, 111 L.Ed.2d 405 (1990) (plurality opinion) (“Akron II”).
In Casey, however, the Court held that an abortion law is unconstitutional on its face if, “in a large fraction of the cases in which [the statute] is relevant, it will operate as a substantial obstacle to a woman’s choice to undergo an abortion.” Casey, 505 U.S. at 895, 112 S.Ct. 2791. Although Casey did not expressly overrule Salerno, it is inconsistent with Salerno. Under Salerno, no factual showing of unconstitutional applications can render a law unconstitutional if it has any constitutional application. Under Casey, a factual showing of unconstitutional application in “a large fraction of the cases” where the law applies can , render a law unconstitutional, even if it has some constitutional applications.
There is much debate over the meaning of Casey. Although the Court has yet to address the conflict between Casey and Salerno in a majority decision, members of the Court have offered their opinions in memoranda denying petitions for certiorari and - applications for stays and injunctions pending appeals. In a memorandum respecting the denial of the petition for certiorari in Janklow v. Planned Parenthood, 517 U.S. 1174, 116 S.Ct. 1582, 134 L.Ed.2d 679 (1996), Justice Stevens opined that certiorari was unnecessary because Salerno’s “no set of circumstances” rule was dictum and unsupported by law. Justice Stevens cited Casey and non-abortion cases as support for his proposition that “Salerno’s rigid and unwise dictum has been properly ignored in subsequent cases even outside the abortion context.” See id. at 1175 & n. 1, 116 S.Ct. 1582.
Justices O’Connor and Souter have agreed with Justice Stevens. In Fargo Women’s Health Org. v. Schafer, 507 U.S. 1013, 113 S.Ct. 1668, 123 L.Ed.2d 285 (1993), Justice O’Connor, joined by Justice Souter, explained the Casey decision:
In striking down Pennsylvania’s spousal-notice provision, we did not require petitioners to show that the provision would be invalid in all circumstances. Rather, we made clear that a law restricting abortions constitutes an undue burden, and hence is invalid, if, “in a large fraction of the cases in which [the law] is relevant, it will operate as a substantial obstacle to a woman’s choice to undergo an abortion.”
Id. at 1014, 113 S.Ct. 1668 (O’Connor, J., concurring in denial of application for stay and injunction pending appeals) (quoting Casey, 505 U.S. at 895, 112 S.Ct. 2791) (emphasis in original).
Other members of the Court, however, disagree with this interpretation of Casey. Justice Scalia, joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justice Thomas, has asserted that the question of whether Salerno still applies in the abortion context is a “question that virtually cries out for our review.” Janklow, 517 U.S. at 1178, 116 S.Ct. 1582. (Scalia, J., dissenting from the denial of cert.). Additionally, Justice Scalia, joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justice White, has also suggested that the only exception to the Salerno rule is for First Amendment cases, and “[t]he Court did not purport to change this well-established rule in [Casey.]” Ada v. Guam Soc’y of Obstetricians & Gynecologists, 506 U.S. 1011, 1012-13, 113 S.Ct. 633, 121 L.Ed.2d 564 (1992) (Scalia, J., dissenting from the denial of cert.).
Since Casey, many lower courts have held that Casey displaces Salerno in the abortion context. See, e.g., Women’s Med. Prof’l Corp. v. Voinovich, 130 F.3d 187, 193-94 (6th Cir.1997) (concluding that Salerno is inapplicable to facial challenges to abortion regulations and applying Casey’s undue burden standard), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 118 S.Ct. 1347, 140 L.Ed.2d 496 (1998); Jane L. v. Bangerter, 102 F.3d 1112, 1116 (10th Cir.1996) (noting the difference between Casey and Salerno and applying Casey’s undue burden standard to facial abortion challenge); Planned Parenthood v. Miller, 63 F.3d 1452, 1458 (8th Cir.1995) (choosing to follow “what the Supreme Court actually did-rather than what it failed to say-and apply the undue-burden test” to facial abortion challenge); Casey v. Planned Parenthood, 14 F.3d 848, 863 n. 21 (3d Cir.1994) (noting that Supreme Court “set a new standard for facial challenges to pre-viability abortion laws” under Casey); Hope Clinic v. Ryan, 995 F.Supp. 847, 859-60 (N.D.Ill.1998) (rejecting Salerno rule in light of Casey’s subsequent analysis, and applying undue burden standard); A Woman’s Choice-E. Side Women’s Clinic v. Newman, 904 F.Supp. 1434, 1447-48 (S.D.Ind.1995) (“[T]his court believes that Casey effectively displaced Salerno’s application to abortion laws.”) Thus far, only the Fifth Circuit continues to apply the Salerno test to facial abortion challenges after Casey. See Barnes v. Moore, 970 F.2d 12, 14 (5th Cir.1992).
We have previously suggested that we would apply the Casey rule to facial challenges of abortion regulations. In Compassion in Dying v. Washington, 79 F.3d 790 (9th Cir.1996) (en banc), rev’d on other grounds sub nom., Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 117 S.Ct. 2258, 138 L.Ed.2d 772 (1997), we indicated that Casey overruled Salerno: “[N]ot only is there strong evidence that the Court does not generally apply the Salerno test, but it is clear that it has applied a different test for judging the constitutionality of statutes restricting a woman’s rights to secure an abortion.” Id. at 798 n. 9 (citations omitted). In light of our previous suggestion, combined with the great weight of circuit authority holding that Casey has overruled Salerno in the context of facial challenges to abortion statutes, we apply Casey’s undue burden standard in determining the facial constitutionality of § 36-2152.
III. Judicial Bypass Provision
A district court’s grant of permanent injunctive relief is reviewed for an abuse of discretion or application of erroneous legal standards. See Easyriders Freedom F.I.G.H.T. v. Hannigan, 92 F.3d 1486, 1493 (9th Cir.1996). The interpretation and construction of a statute is a question of law reviewed de novo. See Alexander v. Glickman, 139 F.3d 733, 735 (9th Cir.1998).
Planned Parenthood first challenges the judicial bypass provision of § 36-2152, which provides, in pertinent part:
D. Proceedings in the court under this section are confidential and have precedence over other pending matters. The court shall reach the decision promptly and without delay to serve the best interests of a pregnant minor. A judge who conducts proceedings under this section shall make in writing specific factual findings and legal conclusions supporting the decision and shall order a confidential record of the evidence to be maintained including the judge’s own findings and conclusions.
E. An expedited confidential appeal is available to a pregnant minor for whom the court denies an order authorizing an abortion without parental consent ... Access to the trial court for the purposes of a petition or motion, and access to the appellate courts for purposes of making an appeal from denial of the petition or motion is available twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week.
Planned Parenthood argues that the lack of any specific time frame or deadlines in the bypass provision is fatal to the statute’s constitutionality, since the general, nonspecific requirement that judicial action be prompt does not guarantee a sufficiently expeditious procedure for obtaining an abortion via the bypass provision. The State counters that the lack of specific time limits in the state trial courts do not operate as a substantial obstacle to a minor’s choice to undergo an abortion because of the statute’s directive to the Arizona courts to act “promptly and without delay.”
Both sides rely on Bellotti v. Baird, 443 U.S. 622, 643-44, 99 S.Ct. 3035, 61 L.Ed.2d 797 (1979) (plurality) (“Bellotti II”), to support their opposing claims. In Bellotti II, the Supreme Court held that if a state decides to require a pregnant minor to obtain one or both parents’ consent to an abortion, the state also must provide an alternative procedure under which authorization for the abortion can be obtained. See id. at 643, 99 S.Ct. 3035. A pregnant minor is entitled in such a proceeding to show that either: (1) she is mature enough and well-informed enough to make her abortion decision, in consultation with her physician, independently of her parents’ wishes; or (2) even if she is not able to make this decision independently, the desired abortion would be in her best interests. See id. The proceeding in which this showing is made must assure that a resolution of the issue, and any appeals that may follow, will be completed with sufficient expedition to provide an effective opportunity for an abortion to be obtained. See id.
In subsequent cases, the Court has repeatedly affirmed Bellotti II’s holding. See Lambert v. Wicklund, 520 U.S. 292, 295, 117 S.Ct. 1169, 137 L.Ed.2d 464 (1997); Akron II, 497 U.S. at 510, 110 5.Ct. 2972 (1990); Hodgson v. Minnesota, 497 U.S. 417, 461, 110 S.Ct. 2926, 111 L.Ed.2d 344 (1990) (plurality opinion); Planned Parenthood Ass’n v. Ashcroft, 462 U.S. 476, 491 n. 16, 103 S.Ct. 2517, 76 L.Ed.2d 733 (1983). The Court has never considered, however, a facial challenge to a judicial bypass provision containing only a general directive to the courts to proceed expeditiously. Instead, all previous judicial bypass provisions considered by the Court have been those in which the bypass provision either contained specific time limits or had already been narrowed by the state courts’ interpretations and application. For example, both Wicklund and Akron II involved parental notice statutes which had specific time limits: Wicklund involved a Montana statute which required the youth court to rule within 48 hours of the time that the petition was filed, see 520 U.S. at 293-94, 117 S.Ct. 1169, and Akron II concerned an Ohio statute which required the juvenile court to hold a hearing not later than the fifth business day after the complaint was filed, see 497 U.S. at 508, 110 S.Ct. 2972.
Like Wicklund and Akron II, Ashcroft involved a Missouri parental consent statute with a judicial bypass provision containing specific time limits for the trial courts. The Missouri statute required the trial court to hold a hearing on the merits within five days of the filing of petition. The Ashcroft plurality did hold that the Missouri judicial bypass provision was consistent with the Bellotti II requirements. However, the Court never discussed the statute’s time limits for the trial court, but noted only the constitutionality of the appellate review procedures. See id. at 491 n. 16, 103 S.Ct. 2517 (stating that general directive for expedition provides an effective framework for appellate review in the absence of any other contrary evidence). Section 36-2152(E) provides a directive for appellate expediency similar to Ashcroft’s. Therefore, under Ashcroft, Subsection (E), standing on its own, is not unconstitutionally vague.
This interpretation of Subsection (E), however, does not help save Subsection (D). For a judicial bypass provision to avoid fatal vagueness under Bellotti II, the trial court’s review of a minor’s application must be performed within specific, determinate time limits. “[A bypass provision] must assure that a resolution of the issue, and any appeals that may follow, will be completed with ... sufficient expedition to provide an effective opportunity for an abortion to be obtained.” Bellotti II, 443 U.S. at 644, 99 S.Ct. 3035 (emphasis added). A lack of specific time limits at the trial court level hinders any effective opportunity for obtaining an abortion, because the trial court could delay the bypass procedure for a sufficient period to render it practically unavailable. The constitutionality of the appellate court review in a judicial bypass procedure is closely linked to the constitutionality of the trial court’s review period. An open-ended initial review period for the trial courts necessarily hinders any possible expediency for the appellate courts, because there would be no way to ensure a tbsaely appeal if the trial-level review was not confined to a certain time limit. Unlike the Arizona statute at issue here, the Missouri statute in Ashcroft contained a judicial bypass provision which imposed a specific time constraint on the district court’s review of a minor’s petition. Accordingly, Ashcroft cannot support § 36-2152(D)’s constitutionality.
The Court has also found constitutional judicial bypass procedures without trial court time limits where the record demonstrated that the statute had been applied by state courts in a timely fashion to afford minors prompt and expeditious hearings. In Hodgson, the plurality held that a judicial bypass procedure which had no specific time limits in a two-parent notification statute was constitutional because the Minnesota state courts had previously operated a judicial bypass provision, and could provide real evidence of their timely processing of bypass applications. See 497 U.S. at 440-42, 110 S.Ct. 2926.
Like the Court’s decision in Ashcroft, however, there was little to no discussion in Hodgson regarding the adequacy of the statutory bypass provision for the trial courts. Instead, the Court merely affirmed its four-part test as articulated in Bellotti II:
[TJhis Court has explicitly approved judicial bypass as a means of tailoring a parental consent provision so as to avoid unduly burdening the minor’s limited right to obtain an abortion.... Subdivision 6 passes constitutional muster because the interference with the internal operation of the family required by subr division 2 simply does not exist where the minor can avoid notifying one or both parents by use of the bypass procedure.
Hodgson, 497 U.S. at 461, 110 S.Ct. 2926 (O’Connor, concurring in the judgment). Accordingly, as the State has provided no evidence of the timely processing of bypass applications by its trial courts, Hodgson has little bearing on the status of § 36-2152(D).
In Glick v. McKay, 937 F.2d 434 (9th Cir.1991), we determined the constitutionality of a bypass procedure in a Nevada parental notification statute. The Nevada statute provided a multi-tiered judicial bypass procedure, but did not, on its face, provide a time frame within which a minor’s bypass application was to be decided. See id. at 437-38. We found the lack of a time limit on the period for the district court’s review of the minor’s petition fatal to the statute’s constitutionality, as the district court could delay the bypass procedure indefinitely. See id. at 440. We there held:
Because time is such a critical factor, relating both to a woman’s health and the exercise of her constitutional right to an abortion, we conclude that the [ ] bypass procedure, which does not contain a time period within which the state district court must rule on a minor’s [ ] petition and thus may delay her right to implement the bypass procedure, possibly indefinitely, does not sufficiently protect a pregnant minor’s constitutional right to an abortion.
Id. at 442.
Likewise, the Fifth Circuit struck down as unconstitutional a Louisiana judicial bypass procedure with indefinite time limits. In Ieyoub, the court found that the statute’s bypass provisions did not provide for an expeditious resolution of a minor’s bypass application. See 109 F.3d at 1110. The bypass procedures at issue, which provided for proceedings in a “summary manner,” was determined to be too open-ended to survive constitutional scrutiny under Bellotti II:
[The bypass provision] provides that in a summary proceeding, “[t]he court shall render its decision as soon as practicable after the conclusion of the trial of a summary proceeding and, whenever practicable, without taking the matter under advisement.” Such an open-ended bypass procedure has never been approved. We should not, as the Supreme Court has suggested, “invalidate [a bypass] statute on a facial challenge based upon a worst-case analysis that may never occur.” ... An indefinite period, however, has been rejected.... [The bypass procedures] plainly conflict with Bellotti II because the juvenile court is not required to rule on the minor’s application within any specified time nor are state counselors required to report back to the juvenile court within any specified time. We hold that “whenever practicable” does not satisfy constitutional standards of expediency. There is no fallback (or constructive authorization) provision within [the bypass procedure] that deems a minor’s application granted in the event the juvenile court does not act within a particular time frame. Thus, not only do [the bypass procedures] fail to provide any specific time within which a minor’s application will be decided, but they give no assurances (assurances required by Bellotti II) that the proceedings will conclude expeditiously.
Id. at 1110-11 (citations omitted) (emphasis in original). Like §§ 36-2152(D) and (E), the bypass provision at issue in Iey-oub provided a general directive to process a minor’s application expeditiously, but failed to specify any specific time limits.
Open-ended bypass provisions engender substantial possibilities of delay for minors seeking abortions. Such risks of delay are of particular concern with respect to minors. Many teenagers put off their abortion decision until late in the first trimester. See American College of Obstetricians v. Thornburgh, 656 F.Supp. 879, 887 (E.D.Pa.1987). Minors typically wait longer than adult women to seek an abortion for a variety of factors: because they are unable to recognize that they are pregnant due to irregular menstrual periods; because they face problems in arranging to have the abortion at a time that does not arouse the suspicion of parents, friends, or others; and because they have difficulty in raising the funds for an abortion. Thus, time is of particular significance in the case of a minor female in that with delay, the procedure becomes less safe, more expensive, and less available. See Memphis Planned Parenthood, Inc. v. Sundquist, 175 F.3d 456, 479-80 (6th Cir.1999) (Keith, J., dissenting). Arizona’s open-ended judicial bypass provision, with only a vague, general directive that the proceedings “have precedence over other pending matters” and that decisions should be made “promptly and without delay,” can only exacerbate the risks to minors arising from delay.
Minors seeking judicial authorization for abortions will compete in Arizona’s courts with numerous other cases which have also been granted statutory priority, since § 36-2152 is not the first Arizona statute to grant priority to a favored class of plaintiffs. See, e.g., A.R.S. § 8-236 (appeals of juvenile court decisions given “precedence over all other actions except extraordinary writs or special actions”); A.R.S. § 12-931 (appeal from proceedings regarding constitutionality of state statute or administrative order “shall be given precedence, and expedited in every way, and shall be assigned for hearing at the earliest practicable day”); A.R.S. § 16-351 (action challenging candidate nominating petition must be heard and decided by trial court within ten days after filing; such actions appealable only to Arizona Supreme Court, which “shall hear and render a decision on the appeal promptly”); A.R.S. § 16-676 (court shall hear election contest not later than ten days after filing); A.R.S. § 36-546.01 (appeal from order of court-ordered mental health treatment “shall be entitled to preference”); A.R.S. § 45-1223 (appeals of decisions of Director of Water Resources have precedence, in every court, over all other civil proceedings); A.R.S. § 49-321 (water quality appeals have precedence, in every court, over all other civil proceedings); A.R.S. §§ 49-443, 49-497 (appeals of decisions of State and County Air Pollution Controls Boards shall be given precedence over matters that do not affect public health and welfare); Ariz. R.Crim. P. 31.14 (criminal appeals shall have precedence over all other appeals except those from juvenile actions or where otherwise provided by law; appeals where defendant sentenced to death shall have precedence over all other appeals).
Moreover, the statute, unlike the 1989 version, has no requirement that the Arizona Supreme Court promulgate appropriate procedural rules for its implementation. Without such implementing rules, each trial court will be on its own to prioritize these cases, consistent with the demands of its own caseload and its understanding of the constitutional standards attending judicial bypass provisions. Case loads will obviously vary, and as demonstrated by the cases discussed here, the law is complex and subject to various interpretations.
Finally, the judicial bypass provision ignores the realities of the judicial process. As the district court concluded:
The statutory requirement that minors shall have access to the trial and appellate courts 24 hours a day, 7 days a week is meaningless.... [B]y local rule the trial courts are open only during regular business hours. Even if courts have 24 hour drop boxes for 24 hour filing of documents, this is not around the clock access to courts. Judges, law clerks, court reporters, and others, necessary for judicial action are not available on a 24 hour basis, seven days a week. This provision, therefore, assures nothing by way of expedition [and] the ambiguity leaves the trial and appellate courts guessing at legislative intent.
(Dist. Ct. Order of Mar. 31, 1998 at 18).
The statute’s lack of specific time limits for the Arizona trial courts ultimately means there is no assurance that the bypass mechanism will provide an expeditious alternative to obtaining parental consent, and therefore comprises a substantial obstacle to abortion in a large fraction of cases in which the statute applies. The procedures for a judicial bypass, taken as a whole, do not provide an appropriate framework for a constitutionally sufficient means for expedited judicial resolution of any petitions. Accordingly, we hold that, because of its indefinite time periods, Arizona’s judicial bypass provision fails to meet the Bellotti II expediency criterion.
IV. Adequacy of Exception for Emergency Abortion
The medical emergency provision, § 36-2152(F), provides:
Parental consent or judicial authorization is not required under this section if the attending physician certifies in the pregnant minor’s medical record that, on the basis of the physician’s good faith clinical judgment, the pregnant minor has a condition that so complicates her medical condition as to necessitate the immediate abortion of her pregnancy to avert her death or for which a delay will create serious risk of substantial and irreversible impairment of major bodily function and there is insufficient time to obtain the required parental consent or judicial authorization.
Planned Parenthood argues that the medical emergency provision precludes doctors from having information they need to gauge whether the time required to obtain a bypass will put the minor at risk. The State counters that the statute’s emergency provision is adequate to allow a physician to exercise a good faith clinical judgment to forgo consent and proceed with an abortion.
The district court found that the failure to include a time frame within which the judicial bypass provision operates was fatal to the medical emergency provision’s constitutionality:
To rely on the medical bypass provision, a doctor must know how long it will take to obtain judicial authorization. For example, if the bypass procedure takes approximately three days, the abortion might be delayed without severe medical consequences, whereas, waiting five, six, or more days, might impose serious medical risks. Doctors must be able to make the assessment within some designated time frame or be forced to determine the emergency of the situation on a daily or perhaps hourly basis. Doctors will be inclined to wait until the last minute before utilizing the medical bypass procedure to ensure their protection under the statute when performing an abortion on a minor without parental consent or judicial authorization. This is an impractical and an unacceptable medical risk.
(Dist. Ct. Order of Mar. 31,1998 at 20).
There is little case law on the adequacy of a medical emergency provision. Although the Eighth Circuit, in Fargo Women’s Health Org., considered a North Dakota statute with a similar medical emergency provision, that court never addressed the time frame of the provision, but instead focused its analysis on the definitions of such terms as “major bodily function,” “immediate” and “grave.” See 18 F.3d at 534. Additionally, the North Dakota statute was an informed consent statute, not a parental consent statute, and therefore had no judicial bypass provision upon which the medical emergency provision depended.
Hodgson also involved a medical emergency provision, although the Court did not discuss it. See 497 U.S. at 426, 110 S.Ct. 2926. The State contends that the similarity of the Arizona statute to the Minnesota statute supports the Arizona emergency provision’s constitutionality, since the Minnesota emergency exception was not struck down by the Supreme Court. As we noted above, however, the Minnesota courts had previously operated a judicial bypass system and were able to provide evidence of expedient processing of minors through the court system. See id. at 440-42, 110 S.Ct. 2926. Therefore, Minnesota’s medical emergency provision, relying as it did on the bypass provision, was found to be constitutional. Here, the State has provided no such evidence of prior expedient processing; thus, it cannot rely on Hodgson to support its emergency provision’s constitutionality.
By failing to provide any deadlines by which the bypass petition must be decided, the Arizona statute hinders the doctor from making the necessary informed judgments. An Arizona doctor cannot determine whether or not there is insufficient time to obtain a judicial waiver of the consent requirement because there is no way of knowing in advance how long that process will take, or even of making a reasonably accurate estimate. The doctor must reach a decision without critical facts, yet faces criminal exposure for noncompliance with the parental consent statute. See § 36-2152(G). Even if we assume that words of expedition alone are sufficient for the judicial bypass provision to pass constitutional muster, the doctor still does not know how long the bypass procedure will take. The statute is simply too vague to give the doctor notice of the criminal conduct prohibited by Subsection (G). See Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408 U.S. 104, 108-09, 92 S.Ct. 2294, 33 L.Ed.2d 222 (1972).
Under Casey, statutes regulating abortions must permit doctors to perform immediate abortions when necessary to avert significant health risks to the woman. See Casey, 505 U.S. at 880, 112 S.Ct. 2791. The lack of specific time limits in the statute’s judicial bypass provision renders the medical emergency provision unconstitutionally vague, making it a substantial obstacle to abortion in a large fraction of cases in which it applies. Accordingly, we hold that the statute’s medical emergency provision is unconstitutional.
V. Conclusion
As a result of the indefinite time limits of the judicial bypass provision and the vagueness of the medical emergency provision, we hold § 36-2152 to be unconstitutional. Accordingly, the district court’s injunction permanently enjoining the State from implementing or enforcing the provisions of A.R.S. § 36-2152 in any manner is
AFFIRMED.
. This new version of the parental consent statute will hereafter be referred to as " § 36-2152” or the “statute,” unless otherwise noted.
. Although the State contends that § 36-2152 is constitutional, it alternatively requests certification of the statute to the Arizona Supreme Court for a clarifying construction, in the event that we find the statute unconstitutionally vague. We are mindful of the Supreme Court's admonition that we should respect the role of certification in constitutional adjudication. See generally Arizonans for Official English v. Arizona, 520 U.S. 43, 75-80, 117 S.Ct. 1055, 137 L.Ed.2d 170 (1997). We find this case unsuitable for certification, however, because, unlike the situation in Arizonans for Official English, see id. at 52, 117 S.Ct. 1055, the State has proffered no possible narrowing construction of the statute that would avoid the vagueness issue. We see no way that the statute can be construed to avoid the constitutional vagueness problem short of rewriting it. In this regard, we distinguish between the Arizona Supreme Court's role as interpreter of the meaning of the laws of the State of Arizona and its role as a rule-making body.
. We note that intermittent statements accompanying denials of certiorari or denials of stays pending appeal do not amount to intervening changes of law. See, e.g., Causeway
Med. Suite v. Ieyoub, 109 F.3d 1096, 1103 (5th Cir.1997). Accordingly, the comments of individual justices regarding the meaning of Casey are useful only to the extent they help illuminate the current divide in interpretation.
. The Eighth Circuit is itself divided regarding the proper standard of review for facial challenges to abortion. Compare Miller with Fargo Women’s Health Org. v. Schafer, 18 F.3d 526, 529 (1994) (deciding to analyze facial challenge to abortion regulation under both Salerno and Casey tests).
. The Fourth Circuit has indicated in dicta that it does not believe Casey overrules Salerno, but ultimately declined to reach the issue. See Manning v. Hunt, 119 F.3d 254, 268 n. 4 (4th Cir.1997).
. The State relies on Akron II to support its contention that Arizona’s judicial bypass procedure is constitutional. The Akron II Court held that a procedural delay of up to 22 days, in a worst case scenario, was constitutional. See id. at 514, 110 S.Ct. 2972. The Arizona statute, however, unlike the Akron II bypass provision, has no definitive time frame at all. Thus Akron II, to the extent it supports a procedural delay of up to 22 days, does not control the constitutionality of the Arizona statute.
. Mo.Rev.Stat. § 188.028 provided, in relevant part, that “[a] hearing on the merits of the petition, to be held on the record, shall be held as soon as possible within five days of the filing of the parties.” See Ashcroft, 462 U.S. at 479 n. 4, 103 S.Ct. 2517.
. The evidence in the lower court was as follows: (1) the majority of the bypass petitions were filed in three metropolitan counties, where courts scheduled bypass hearings on a regular basis and had procedures in place for hearing emergency petitions; (2) the courts in non-metropolitan areas were acquainted with the statute and, for the most part, applied it conscientiously; and (3) typically, a minor waited only two or three days to schedule a petition hearing. See id.
. The Supreme Court has disapproved the analysis in Glick, in which we held unconstitutional a bypass procedure which allowed a minor to have an abortion if parental notification, and not the abortion itself, was not in the minor’s best interests. See Wicklund, 520 U.S. at 297-99, 117 S.Ct. 1169. Nothing in Wicklund, however, affects Glick's holding regarding Bellotti II’s expediency requirement.
. The State argues that the mere fact that there are many matters requiring expedited attention by the courts does not mean that superior court judges will not understand that they must act quickly to avoid delaying the abortion decision to the detriment of the interests of the pregnant minor. We do not intend to portray state court judges as individuals who would intentionally violate Bellotti II. Rather, we merely recognize that the statute does not require that the state trial court conduct its review within any bounded time period, therefore denying a minor an effective opportunity to obtain an abortion. See Ieyoub, 109 F.3d at 1111 (concluding same).
. In the 1989 version, A.R.S. § 36-2152 was accompanied by a procedural statute, A.R.S. § 36-2153, which identified procedural measures for confidentiality and expediency, and required the Arizona Supreme Court to adopt rules providing for expedited appellate review of bypass cases. Such a rule, Rule 102, was adopted. In 1992, after the district court enjoined enforcement of A.R.S. § 36-2152 (1989), Rule 102 was never implemented, and never became operational in Arizona's courts. In 1996, when § 36-2152 was enacted in its current form, A.R.S. § 36-2153 was repealed, and Rule 102 became meaningless.
. The North Dakota medical emergency provision eliminated any waiting period if there was "grave peril of immediate and irreversible loss of major bodily function.” See 18 F.3d at 534.
. The Minnesota statute's medical emergency provision provided that no notice is required if:
(a)The attending physician certifies in the pregnant woman's medical record that the abortion is necessary to prevent the woman's death and there is insufficient time to provide the required notice; or
(b) The abortion is authorized in writing by the person or persons who are entitled to notice; or
(c) The pregnant minor woman declares that she is a victim of sexual abuse, neglect, or physical abuse.
See 497 U.S. at 426 n. 7, 110 S.Ct. 2926.
. Section 36-2152(G) provides:
A person who performs an abortion in violation of this section is guilty of a class 1 misdemeanor and is subject to a civil action by a person who was wrongfully denied the right to consent. A person is not subject to civil or criminal liability under this section if the person establishes by written evidence that the person relied on evidence sufficient to convince a careful and prudent person that the representations of the pregnant minor regarding information necessary to comply with this section are true.
| CASELAW |
Python
Date Operations in MongoDB
As with most database technologies, MongoDB has support for a Date-type object. Writing up operations on date fields in MongoDB can be a little tricky, mostly due to the fact that while the date operators are fairly straightforward, they won’t work in normal find() queries, meaning you need to use the aggregation syntax for anything complicated.
Booleans & NAs
Missing values are inevitable in data science, and handling them is a constant issue. In the case of Boolean logic, it can behave fairly differently depending on the order of arguments and exactly how it is set up, unlike a lot of other data types. Whether this is useful or not depends on the scenario, but the behavior is something to keep in mind.
Hangman and Conditional Probability
A while ago, I heard an episode of Freakonomics Radio which discussed games and strategies for playing them. It stuck to pretty simple games, so there were no excursions into game theory or such, but the part about Hangman caught my interest. Discussions in that part largely amounted to the use of conditional probability – since you know something about the word you’re trying to guess, you might be able to come up with a better strategy than blind guessing or just guessing based on the frequency of letters in the English language.
Code for this was written in Python.
Partial Regression Plots in Julia, Python, and R
Partial regression plots – also called added variable plots, among other things – are a type of diagnostic plot for multivariate linear regression models. More specifically, they attempt to show the effect of adding a new variable to an existing model by controlling for the effect of the predictors already in use. They’re useful for spotting points with high influence or leverage, as well as seeing the partial correlation between the response and the new predictor.
PySpark + MySQL Tutorial
This post is meant as a short tutorial on how to set up PySpark to access a MySQL database and run a quick machine learning algorithm with it. Both PySpark and MySQL are locally installed onto a computer running Kubuntu 20.04 in this example, so this can be done without any external resources.
Wikipedia & Benford's Law
Benford’s law is the tendency for small digits to be more common than large ones when looking at the first non-zero digits in a large, heterogenous collection of numbers. These frequencies range from about 30% for a leading 1 down to about 4.6% for a leading 9, as opposed to the constant 11.1% you would get if they all appeared at the same rate.
Since I recently wrote about unpacking the pages from a dump of the English Wikipedia, I thought would see if Benford’s law manifested in the text of Wikipedia, as it seems like it fits the idea of a “large, heterogenous collection of numbers” quite well.
The notebook containing the full code is here.
Hotelling's T^2 in Julia, Python, and R
The t-test is a common, reliable way to check for differences between two samples. When dealing with multivariate data, one can simply run t-tests on each variable and see if there are differences. This could lead to scenarios where individual t-tests suggest that there is no difference, although looking at all variables jointly will show a difference. When a multivariate test is preferred, the obvious choice is the Hotelling’s \(T^2\) test.
Hotelling’s test has the same overall flexibility that the t-test does, in that it can also work on paired data, or even a single dataset, though this example will only cover the two-sample case.
How To Read A Wikipedia Dump
If you want a large amount of text data, it’s hard to beat the dump of the English Wikipedia. Even when compressed, the text-only dumps will take up close to 20 gigabytes, and it’ll expand by a factor of 5 to 10 when uncompressed. Effectively handling all of this data can be done on a personal machine, though, due to a combination of two factors – the fact that you can access the data without decompressing it, thanks to the properties of BZ2 files, and the fact that it’s stored as XML data.
I’m going to focus purely on accessing the contents of the pages contained in the September 1, 2020 dump, not any of the multitude of supporting files that come with each dump, including – and especially – the complete page edit histories for each page, which are nearly a terabyte even while compressed. More complete information is on Wikipedia itself, with this page being a good starting point.
Stock Correlation Versus LSTM Prediction Error
When trying to look at examples of LSTMs in Keras, I’ve found a lot that focus on using them to predict stock prices in the future. Most are pretty bare-bones though, consisting of little more than a basic LSTM network and a quick plot of the prediction. Though I think the utility of these models is a little questionable, it brought a question into my head: how accurate are the predictions made by a model trained on one stock if it’s predicting on another stock?
The full code can be found here.
Market Prediction with ETFs & Convolutional Networks
Convolutional networks are most prominently used for image analysis or on data with multiple spatial dimensions. Of course, since the inputs to the CNNs are all just numbers, you can feed in other data that has some a relationship encoded into the dimensions of the array. This post involves feeding data for historical returns from exchange traded funds (ETFs) into a CNN, and using it to try to predict the direction of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) some time in the future. I’ll be using Keras to code the neural network. The Jupyter notebook used to develop this code is here.
As with all posts of this nature, this shouldn’t be taken as advice on what to do with your money. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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Calculate the distance between two coordinate points
1. function distance(lat1,lon1,lat2,lon2) {
2. var R = 6371; // km (change this constant to get miles)
3. var dLat = (lat2-lat1) * Math.PI / 180;
4. var dLon = (lon2-lon1) * Math.PI / 180;
5. var a = Math.sin(dLat/2) * Math.sin(dLat/2) +
6. Math.cos(lat1 * Math.PI / 180 ) * Math.cos(lat2 * Math.PI / 180 ) *
7. Math.sin(dLon/2) * Math.sin(dLon/2);
8. var c = 2 * Math.atan2(Math.sqrt(a), Math.sqrt(1-a));
9. var d = R * c;
10. if (d>1) return Math.round(d)+"km";
11. else if (d<=1) return Math.round(d*1000)+"m";
12. return d;
13. } | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Jason Pierre-Paul Stays With Giants on One-Year Deal
N.F.L. Roundup Late last summer, a month after a Fourth of July fireworks accident had seriously damaged his right hand, defensive end Jason Pierre-Paul and the Giants were at a strained standoff. With scant information about the condition of his hand and with no sense of what Pierre-Paul’s football future held because he would not contact the Giants, the team’s leaders routinely shook their heads in exasperation when asked about Pierre-Paul, the linchpin player of their defense. Pierre-Paul, though inhibited by his still healing injury, eventually rejoined the team for the final half of the 2015 season. The reunion went better than the summer impasse would have presaged, as Pierre-Paul was genially welcomed back by management and his teammates. That nurtured kinship will be extended at least one more year. Pierre-Paul spurned the offers of other teams — some of them lucrative — and agreed to a one-year contract with the Giants on Tuesday. Pierre-Paul was without a contract for next season, and he attracted interest from several teams, most notably the ascending Arizona Cardinals. But he chose to stay for a contract that could earn him as much as $10 million if he achieves a host of incentives, according to a report on ESPN.com. For Pierre-Paul to earn that much, he would probably have to play at an elite level and meet several substantial performance standards. Still, Pierre-Paul could have signed for more guaranteed money with another team than he will receive from the Giants, according to people with knowledge of the negotiations. The length of Pierre-Paul’s new deal is also a compromise that suits both sides. The Giants did not have to commit to a multiyear contract on a player whose future is uncertain, since he is missing his right index finger and parts of his right thumb and middle finger. Now the team gets to see if the recent surgery that Pierre-Paul had on his right hand, which was intended to improve his grip, will help him regain a semblance of his old form. Pierre-Paul, meanwhile, will have a year in an environment comfortable to him to prove he is once again a premier pass rusher and run stopper. Pierre-Paul will be a free agent again after the 2016 season, unless he signs an extension with the Giants before then. He will be 28 years old after the season. In eight games of the 2015 season, Pierre-Paul played with a weighty, cumbersome, clublike wrap around his right hand. It limited his ability to wage the kind of hand-to-hand combat that is typical on the line of scrimmage but he was nonetheless a disruptive force in opposing backfields. He repeatedly hurried — and harried — quarterbacks even if he recorded just one sack. “I would like to thank each and every organization that reached out to my agent during this process especially the Arizona Cardinals,” Pierre-Paul wrote on his Instagram account. “It was hard to decide, but me and my family decided that it’s best for me to stay in New York.” Pierre-Paul continued: “Now with that said I have some unfinished business to take care of in New York!!! Giants FANS! Let’s get to work for the 2016 season because your boy is back and I am not going anywhere!” Pierre-Paul was a 2010 first-round draft pick who blossomed into a Pro Bowl player in 2011 and 2012, totaling 23 sacks over the two seasons. Injuries diminished Pierre-Paul’s effectiveness the next two seasons. He had 12 ½ sacks in 2014, although most of those came late in the season against lesser opponents. With ample salary-cap space remaining, the Giants are probably not done adding pieces to their defense, which was among the worst in the N.F.L. last season. INCOGNITO STAYS WITH BILLS Despite fielding offers from other teams, guard Richie Incognito has elected to stay in Buffalo and repay the Bills for giving him a second chance at football. Incognito acknowledged he accepted a little less money in forgoing free agency and agreeing to a three-year, $15 million contract with Buffalo. Incognito’s future had been uncertain before he signed a one-year contract with Buffalo in January 2015. It came after he spent 15 months out of football for being a central figure in the Miami Dolphins’ bullying scandal in 2013. Incognito, entering his 11th season, emerged as a key member of an offensive line that helped the Bills lead the league with 2,432 yards rushing. (AP) OLDEST PLAYER SIGNS Kicker Adam Vinatieri, the N.F.L.’s oldest player, has agreed to terms to remain with the Colts. Vinatieri, 43, has been with the Colts for 10 seasons, including their 2006 championship season. He also won three Super Bowls with the Patriots. Vinatieri is one of three kickers with 500 career field goals, and he ranks third in total points (2,253). (AP) DOLPHINS SIGN WILLIAMS Defensive end Mario Williams, who was released by the Buffalo Bills a week ago, signed a two-year, $16 million contract with the Miami Dolphins, who now have an abundance of pass rushers — for the moment, at least. The Dolphins sought reinforcement because they may lose defensive end Olivier Vernon in free agency, and the four-time Pro Bowl end Cameron Wake, 34, is coming off a torn Achilles’ tendon. Miami has been negotiating in vain to reduce his $9.8 million salary cap hit. (AP) COLTS WAIVE A TOP PICK The Indianapolis Colts have waived linebacker Bjoern Werner less than three years after drafting him in the first round. He had just six and a half sacks in 38 games since being drafted 24th over all by Indianapolis in 2013. (AP) BRAIN DONATED The family of the former Kansas City Chiefs safety Caesar Belser will donate his brain to research into a degenerative brain condition. Belser’s children said he died over the weekend of lung cancer. He played for the Chiefs from 1968 to 1971. The Kansas City Star reported that Belser’s children said he had several neurological problems late in life. (AP) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Middle Aged Love Stories (IA middleagedlove00bacorich).djvu/116
stopped and looked questioningly at the older woman.
But the German assistant smiled at her. “Yes,” she said, “it is. And when you have been teaching seven years the difference becomes very apparent.” She gathered up her books, still smiling in a reminiscent way. And as she went out of the door, she looked back at the glaring, sunny room as if already it were far behind her, as if already she felt the house-mother’s kiss, and heard the ’cello, and saw Klara’s tiny daughter standing by the door, throwing kisses, calling, “Da ist sie, ja!”
Lost in the dream, her eyes fixed absently, she stumbled against her fellow-assistant, who was making for the room she had just left.
“I beg your pardon—I wasn’t looking. Oh, it’s you!” she murmured vaguely. Her fellow-assistant had a headache, and forty-five written papers to correct. She had just heard, too, a | WIKI |
Abidin Ismail
Abidin bin Ismail (born 7 December 1968) is a Malaysian politician and businessman who has served as Member of the Penang State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Sungai Bakap since July 2024. He is a member, Vice Division Chief of Nibong Tebal, Director of the Sungai Bakap State Legislative Assembly Elections Department (JPrD) and Head of the Workers and Consumerism Committee of Nibong Tebal of the Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), a component party of the Perikatan Nasional (PN) coalition. He previously served as Logistics Executive of the USG Sendirian Berhad, Special Officer to Sungai Bakap MLA Nor Zamri Latiff as well as Head of the Publicity Committee of Nibong Tebal, Branch Chief of Sungai Duri and Branch Secretary of Sungai Duri of PAS.
Member of the Penang State Legislative Assembly (since 2024)
In the 2024 Sungai Bakap by-election held on 6 July 2024 as a result of the death of incumbent MLA Nor Zamri due to his inflammation of stomach on 24 May 2024, Abidin made his electoral debut after being nominated by PN to contest in the election. Abidin won the Sungai Bakap state seat and was elected to the Penang State Legislative Assembly as the Sungai Bakap MLA after defeating Joohari Ariffin of Pakatan Harapan (PH) by a significantly increased majority of 4,267 votes compared to the one won by his predecessor Nor Zamri in the 2023 Penang state election.
Other careers
Abidin also holds and held a variety of roles in Sungai Duri and Nibong Tebal. He is the Chairman of the Jamek Mosque of Sungai Duri, Advisor to the Lama Mosque of Masjid Jamek, Chairman of the Ibnu Sina Resources Education Center Sungai Duri and AJK of Khidmat Malaysia of Nibong Tebal. He was also Committee Member (AJK) of the Village Development and Security Committee (JKKK) of Sungai Duri, deputy chairman and AJK of the Jamek Mosque of Sungai Duri. | WIKI |
Talk:Torpoint/Archive 1
Untitled
I seriously dispute that the origin of the name Torpoint came from the local dialect as a "nickname given by workers, torpoint meaning prominent/rocky point in dialect."
Where in Torpoint is the prominent/rocky point?
Yes, a Tor (or Torr) is a rocky summit, but there are far more of those in the areas around Torpoint, such as Rame Head, than actually in Torpoint.
I would say that logically, Tar-point, is more likely...
Mark
Re above
This Information On the falsity of the 'tar-point' origin was taken from a book in torpoint Library so I shall replace it as it does come form a factual source rather than being a local myth.
The association of 'Tor' with a specific Geological feature is a later usage, 'Tor/torr' was originally a Brythonic word meaning Rock/rocky, I think, though I'm not sure that the name 'Tor' may have come from Cornwall and Devon in the first place.
Torpoint is built on a 'rocky point/corner of the river', so the name is pretty logical. I have heard the 'tar-point' story as I lived in torpoint, but apparently it was just a nickname given by dockyard workers.
Bill
Re Above
My information was also taken from a book on Torpoint, named "Torpoint - The Making of a Cornish Town" ISBN 0 903686 12 0 I also lived in Torpoint for 24 years and can't really think of any part of it that could be described as rocky. Mostly (i.e. the Lawns) gentle rolling grasses onto minor beaches which then evolve into the mud flats of the estuary. Now, if Torpoint was over by Mt. Edgcombe, i could see your point. Your point about it being named by the dockyard workers is correct as that was the industry which led to Torpoint growing. However, the Ballast Pond was part of the dockyard at the time.
Mark
From the book, a quote from 1760."The road leading from the village of Crafthole,by the guide post through the village or churchtown of Antony; and thence to Bullands' gate through Thanks lane to Tar point Passage."
Memorial
The picture of Torpoint does not show a war memorial.Currently Torpoint only has a Roll of Honour attached to St James Church. The picture depicts the Ellis Memorial erected by public subscription in 1898.On July 19th 1897 James Benjamin Ellis drowned near the Ballast Pond while saving the lives of three local boys. Source Torpoint Archives.The Council Chambers,3 Buller Road Torpoint Rosemary Pellew (Chairperson Torpoint Archives) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:38, 27 February 2011 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 2 external links on Torpoint. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140729194902/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/pdf/placename_masterlist.pdf to http://www.magakernow.org.uk/pdf/placename_masterlist.pdf
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090123053024/http://torpoint.org/ to http://www.torpoint.org/
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 16:23, 29 November 2017 (UTC) | WIKI |
Page:Vol 5 History of Mexico by H H Bancroft.djvu/424
404 raised in California without the shedding of blood. Unfortunately the arrogant conduct of a certain United States officer had alienated the kindly feelings of the inhabitants. An uncalled-for revolt of the American citizens against the authorities had further aggravated this antipathy, and thereby led to the only bloodshed that occurred in the acquisition of California. It gradually inflamed the spirits of the people, who some months later rose against the newly constituted power, and appealed to arms. Meanwhile the government at Washington had organized a land expedition against New Mexico and California. under General Kearny, who began his operations in August. Taking possession of the former territory, and establishing a provisional government, Kearny pressed forward to California, and arrived there just in time to aid in suppressing the rebellion. His operations, combined with those of the fleet, soon ended matters. Left to their own resources, the Californians offered but a feeble resistance, and their rich territory was lost to Mexico forever. It is unnecessary, however, to enter further into the particulars connected with the conquest of California and New Mexico, as they are fully narrated in other volumes of this history.
Besides the expedition against these provinces, another was planned about the same time against Chihuahua, with the object of furthering the scheme of cutting off the northern provinces of Mexico, as advocated by Taylor. This latter undertaking was, | WIKI |
To piggyback off this, the initial way to run IRIS under a certain user is to use setserviceusername:
https://docs.intersystems.com/iris20232/csp/docbook/DocBook.UI.Page.cls?KEY=GSA_using_windows#GSA_using_windows_nonadminperm_change
As far as I know you can then update the credentials from services as suggested above, but you may want to keep in mind using setserviceusername if you run into other credentials / Windows permission style issues.
Documentation shows that Java 8 and 11 are supported.
https://docs.intersystems.com/irislatest/csp/docbook/DocBook.UI.Page.cls?KEY=ISP_technologies#ISP_ejb
11 support was added briefly before Java 17 LTS was released (early 2021 I believe), but it seems InterSystems' Java support has not been updated in the past 2 years. This is something we are working on, however I don't know when that change might be released.
The garbage collector is somewhat an internal process which is why I believe it is sparsely documented. I'd echo Dmitry that understanding your concern would help.
I think what is documented generally covers a high level understanding - that being that there is a GARCOL process. And that blocks are marked freed after a large kill by this process, to be freed in the background.
"Deadlock" is too broad to describe any possibility that could cause the instance to hang. I would recommend reaching out to the WRC/support when that occurs so they can analyze the system with you.
FWIW the first place I would look would be the messages.log which would point to next investigative steps. Alexander's IRIShung suggestion is also a good one.
I agree with Lorenzo and Pietro as well! Since I believe you're looking to run tasks/code that has to do with your mirror failing over, I suppose it might be worth taking a higher level look at the scenarios you are hoping to address. Probably most of the things you want to do can be put in your ZMIRROR so that when your new primary takes over it can do whatever miscellaneous non-IRIS failover tasks you want.
What procedures do you need to be concerned about in a clean failover via shutting down the instance (triggering ZSTOP) vs in an unclean failover for whatever reason, in which case you would only expect your ZMIRROR to run? | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Boeing Yellowstone Project
The Boeing Yellowstone Project was a Boeing Commercial Airplanes project to replace its entire civil aircraft portfolio with advanced technology aircraft. New technologies to be introduced include composite aerostructures, more electrical systems (instead of hydraulic systems), and more fuel-efficient turbofan engines (such as the Pratt & Whitney PW1000G, General Electric GEnx, the CFM International CFM56, and the Rolls-Royce Trent 1000). The term "Yellowstone" refers to the technologies, while "Y1" through "Y3" refer to the actual aircraft.
The first of these projects, Y2, entered service as the Boeing 787. The second project, Y3, is expected to enter service as the Boeing 777X. The Y1 project was cancelled in favor of the re-engined Boeing 737 MAX.
Yellowstone projects
Yellowstone is divided into three projects:
* Boeing Y1, to replace the 737 and 757 product lines. The Y1 covers the 100- to 250-passenger market, and is expected to be the second Yellowstone Project aircraft to be developed. Boeing submitted a patent application in November 2009, that was released to the public in August 2010, that envisions an elliptical composite fuselage, and likely signals the company's planning for the 737 successor. In early 2011, Boeing outlined plans for a 737 replacement that would arrive in 2020. In August 2011, Boeing announced the 737 MAX, an updated and re-engined version of the 737, rather than progress with Y1 concepts.
* Boeing Y2, to replace the 767 product line. It covers the 250- to 350-passenger market, and was the first completed Yellowstone project, coming to fruition as the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. Y2 initially referred to the highly efficient, more conventional, baseline aircraft for the Sonic Cruiser, which was project "Glacier". The Dreamliner competes with the Airbus A330neo.
* Boeing Y3, to replace the 777 and 747 product lines. Y3 covers the 350–600+ passenger market. The Boeing 777X is largely considered the end result of the Y3 program, which was launched by Boeing on November 16, 2013. The 777X competes with the Airbus A350. | WIKI |
Jukka Hakala
Jukka Hakala (born 7 November 1977) is a Finnish former footballer who played as defender.
After several years away from Kokkola, at the age of 32, Hakala signed one-year deal with KPV in April 2010. | WIKI |
{ "formatVersion": "2.11", "exportDate": 1633427013095, "actionSequence": { "name": "Create Trello card", "description": "Create a card in Trello based on a TOPdesk call.", "structureName": "incident2", "configuration": { "variables": [ { "name": "TOPdeskUrl", "value": "" }, { "name": "TOPdeskUsername", "value": "" }, { "name": "TOPdeskApplicationPassword", "value": "" }, { "name": "TrelloToken", "value": "" }, { "name": "TrelloIdList", "value": "" }, { "name": "TrelloKey", "value": "" } ], "mappingDefinitions": [], "steps": [ { "name": "TrelloCreateCard", "method": "POST", "url": "https://api.trello.com/1/cards?idList=${_variables.TrelloIdList}&name=${korteomschrijving!}&desc=${actie}&key=${_variables.TrelloKey}&token=<@nolog>${_variables.TrelloToken}", "headers": [ { "name": "Content-Type", "value": "application/json" } ], "escapeBodyValues": true, "body": "", "executionCondition": "ONLY_WHEN_PREVIOUS_SUCCEEDED", "customExecutionCondition": "", "logRequestBody": false, "logResponseBody": true }, { "name": "TOPdeskUpdateExternalNumber", "method": "PUT", "url": "${_variables.TOPdeskUrl?no_esc}/tas/api/incidents/id/${unid}", "headers": [ { "name": "Content-Type", "value": "application/json" }, { "name": "Authorization", "value": "BASIC ${_base64(_variables.TOPdeskUsername + \":\" + _variables.TOPdeskApplicationPassword)}" } ], "escapeBodyValues": true, "body": "{\n \"externalNumber\": \"${_responses.TrelloCreateCard.body.shortUrl!}\",\n \"action\": \"Trello card created\\n${_responses.TrelloCreateCard.body.url!}\"\n}", "executionCondition": "ONLY_WHEN_PREVIOUS_SUCCEEDED", "customExecutionCondition": "", "logRequestBody": true, "logResponseBody": true } ] } } } | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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How to set up the Sonos Controller app on iPhone
You just got a new Sonos system, but don't want to be tied to your computer to control the music party? You also happen to have an iPhone or an iPod Touch? Fear not, Sonos has an app for that. This guide will show you how to set up the iPhone Sonos Controller app.
Sonos logo
Sonos puts together one heck of a multiroom music system, allowing you to stream music all over your house with relative ease. But what if you don't want to sit in front of your computer to make changes to your music queue, or you leave one zone and want to turn the music on for the zone you just entered? Wouldn't it be great if you could control your entire Sonos system directly from your iPhone or iPod Touch?
Well, you can. The Sonos Controller for the iPhone or iPod Touch allows you to take control of your Sonos system, and this guide will show you how easy it is to set up.
Screenshot by Jason Cipriani
The first thing you will need to do is download and install the Sonos Controller (iTunes link) app on either your iPhone or iPod Touch.
Screenshot by Jason Cipriani
The first time you run the app, it will recognize that you have not set up the Sonos Controller on your iPhone or iPod Touch yet. Tap on the button titled, "Set up your Sonos system now."
Screenshot by Jason Cipriani
You will see a screen that recommends that you have set up your Sonos system on your computer already. The app, as well as this post, assumes you have already set up your Sonos system and Sonos Desktop Controller on your computer.
Press Next.
Screenshot by Jason Cipriani
Once you press Next, the clock starts ticking. You only have 2 minutes to complete the next step, otherwise the app times out and you have to start over. If you have a ZoneBridge, you can press the single button located on top of the unit (the same button is pictured on the right in the app) to connect your iDevice to the system. If you have a ZonePlayer, you can connect your iDevice to the system by pressing the mute and volume-up (pictured left in app) keys at the same time.
In each instance, you should see alternating white and green lights start blinking once you have pressed the correct button(s).
Screenshot by Jason Cipriani
Almost instantly after pressing the button on the ZonePlayer or ZoneBridge, the application should move on to the next screen, revealing the Zone Menu.
Now that your iPhone or iPod Touch is set up as a Sonos controller, you can control basic playback, as well as more in-depth Sonos functions such as group your zones, set sleep timer and/or an alarm, and much more.
There is no limit to the amount of Sonos Controllers you can have set up at any given time. Simply repeat these steps if you have another iPhone or iPod Touch you would like to set up as a Sonos Controller. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Iamp/sandbox
Md.Israfil Alam
MD ISRAFIL ALAM is born on 13th of March 1966, in a distinguished and respected Muslim family of Village-Jhina, Post-Gona, Upazilla-raninagar, District-Naogaon, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
EDUCATION
ISRAFIL ALAM completed his SSC and HSC from Science group. He completed his Bachelors of Business Administration and Masters of Business Administration in Marketing. He also completed LLM and finally obtained his masters in human rights Law.
PROFESSIONAL CARRER
MD ISRAFIL ALAM`s professional career started at Titas Gas Transmission & Distribution Company Limited as a government employee. As a worker, he got exposed to the difficulties and hurdles, befalling the mass workers of that organization as well as other sectors of the country, and as such, he decided to contribute to the overall development of working-class people. His dedicated involvement and constructive role in Titas Gas Trade Union activities grabbed the public attention and he emerged with capable and effective leadership attributes within a short period of time.
POLITICAL CARRER
Since the embryonic stage of life, MD ISRAFIL ALAM he is a die-heart follower of the Father of the Nation, with his irresistible magnetism for the development strategies and progressive pro-people policy of the Bangladesh Awami League. He became affiliated with Bangladesh Chatra League (Student wing of awami League), working as an activist thereof. In service life, he joined Bangladesh Sromik League (labour wing of Awami League) and went into national politics. Later, he actively participated in the politics of Bangladesh Awami League and got an opportunity to lead the politics of the organization at the district level.
During college life in Naogaon government college, MD ISRAFIL ALAM worked for the movement to have a “Democrative Government” in the area of “Military rule”. He was involved in the several kinds of social, cultural, and charity activity in his college and the particular locality he belongs to. He threw the gauntlet against autocratic government of general HM Earshed under the leadership of SK Hasina.
MD. ISRAFIL ALAM served as the office secretary of Dhaka City Sromik league (Dhaka City labour wing of awami league) very successfully from 1987-1991. From 1991-1996, he served as the Member Secretary of the convening Committee of Dhaka Mahanagar Sromik League (Dhaka Metropolitan labour wing of Awami League) and at the same time he was also the acting office secretary of central Sromik League (National Labour wing of Awami League). He served as the secretary General of Dhaka City Sromik League (Dhaka City labour Wing of Awami League) from 1997-2012. He is the founder and advisor of Different Trade Unions of Bangladesh, encompassing basic union, sectorial union and National union.
From 2001 to 2011, MD ISRAFIL ALAM successfully worked to form the local committee of Sromik League in 25 Thana Committees (police Station) and 86 ward Committees under the direct supervision of Sheikh Hasina, the president of Bangladesh Awami League and the current Prime Minister of Bangladesh.
For his outstanding performance in serving Bangladesh Awami League, MD ISRAFIL ALAM obtained 1st nomination of party for the 8th National Parliament Election in 2001 for Bangladesh Electoral Constituency 51, Naogaon-6 (Atrai-Raninagar) and got 84 thousands vote, in the 9th National Parliament Election held in 2008, he was elected a Member of Parliament (MP). He elected MP for 2nd time in 10th national parliament election held in 2014 and is the current Member of Parliament (MP) from same Electoral Constituency of Bangladesh.
MD ISRAFIL ALAM was sent to jail several times by the opposition aggregating to 34 months for his bold voice and uncompromising stands against misruling, essential commodity price-hike, corruption, and also voting right and human right violation. He was declared “Innocent and Free” by the trail court for every charge brought against him, a particular fact which was politically motivated and intended to harass him. His family also underwent incalculable sufferings during that period as Law Enforcement Agencies raided his house often in search of him. During the caretaker Government rule in 2011, he was accused by the anti-Corruption Commission for the aforementioned reasons but they failed to prove any charges against him and they closed his file.
MD ISRAFIL ALAM represents the second generation of politicians in his family.
MD ISRAFIL ALAM raised his uncompromising voice in favor of the people of his constituency in Naogaon-6, Rajshahi. He is making all efforts to improve his constituency and people’s welfare in order to establish a sustainable development, peace and security.
MD ISRAFIL ALAM`s qualities are often backed by his skills, experiences, intelligence and integrity. He has several publications on current political social and Economic issues.
NATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS
MD ISRAFIL ALAM played a very important role in development and modernization of 3rd National Labour Policy of Bangladesh. He highly encouraged democratic practices in Labour organizations and established rights for the migrants. He geared up the means of promoting unorganized labours, health and safety rights for labours, and formulated a balanced wage structure for workers at the national level. An inference can be drawn that MD ISRAFIL ALAM holds the deserving position of leader under the supervision, direction and control of Sheikh Hasina, working towards expediting improvements in the life-style of every individual labour working in Bangladesh. His cultural and intellectual attributes to update Bangladesh National Labour law in 2013 is appreciated by all. On the other hand he is an established leader of agriculture based cooperative and rural development sector of Bangladesh. He is 2nd time elected chairman of Bangladesh co-operative federation for rural development under with 453 upazilla central co-operative associations are being governed in most of the regions of Bangladesh. It is not worthy that this is the only one democratic organization for co-operative farmers at the national level.
PUBLICATIONS, AFFILIATIONS & ACHIEVEMENTS
As an Author, MD ISRAFIL ALAM wrote “Begum Ziar Pach Bochor” (5 Years OF Begum Zia) and “Bangladesh: Rastro Rajniti, Sorkar o Songbidhan” (Bangladesh: Tate Politics, Government & Constitution). He is the Editor of “Rabindra Journal” and “Ajker Somobay” and “Sromic Kontho” (Co-operatives today and workers voice). Beside these some important books are awaiting to be published.
MD ISRAFIL ALAM served several National Committees and Commissions. He was:
• Former Chairman, Standing committee on labour & employement Ministry, Bangladesh National Parliament. • Former Member, Standing committee on Power, Energy and mineral Resource Ministry, Bangladesh National Parliament. • Member, standing committee on labour & employment Ministry, Bangladesh National Parliament. • Member, Ministry of Expatriates Welfare and Overseas Employment, Bangladesh National Parliament. • Former Member, Standing Committee on the ministry of information and Communication Technology Bangladesh National Parliament. • Chairman, All party parliamentary Group (APPG) on Extreme Poverty, Bangladesh Parliament. • Member, Parliamentarians for Global Action (PGA). • Chairman, Bangladesh national Co-operative Federation for Rural Development. • Member, Governing body, Bangladesh Rural Development Board( BRDB) • Member, Governing body, Bangladesh Rural Development Academy ( BRAB) • Life Member, Parliament Members Club, Bangladesh National Parliament. • Chairman, Board of trustees, Atish Dipankar Science and Technology University. • Member, Bangladesh National Tripartite Consultative Committee (NTCC). • Life Member, Bangladesh Institution of labour study (Bils). • Life member, Naogaon District Society. • Former Leader of collective Bargaining Agent (CBA) • General Sectary, Bangladesh Auto Tempo Drivers and workers Federation. • Chairman, Raninagar Women’s Degree College, Sher-E-Bangla, Raninagar, Naogaon. • Chairman, Mollah Azad Memorial Degree College, Atrai, Naogaon. • Former Chairman, Shahdana Shangshad. • Former Chairman, Shatabdi Study Cycle.
MD ISRAFIL ALAM received Scholarships / Fellowships for: • Advance Leadership Course at Singapore organized by ICFTU and Japan International labour Foundation. • Parliamentary Study Tour in Canada parliament organized by US-Aid.
MD ISRAFIL ALAM received several awards. Some of them are: • Tofazzal Hossain Manik Miah Sangshad Award. • Uttorio Award on 150th birth university of Robindranath Tagor. • Best labour Organizer Award
As a representative of Bangladesh, MD ISRAFIL ALAM visited: • Visited Denmark to attend 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference under the leadership of honorable Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. • Visited South Africa to attend 2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference. • Visited United States of America ( United Nations, Capitol Hill, House of Nations & White House) as a member of all Party parliamentary Group lead by the Hon`able Speaker of Bangladesh parliament. • Visited Canada for parliamentary Study Tour Organized by US-Aid. • Visited Philippines and Bangkok to attend regional conference, organized by Migrant Forum in Asia. • Visited Nepal to attend asian parliamentary conference on the rights and welfare of Scheduled Casts (Horijon/dalit) people. • Visited Switzerland to join International labour Conference as the leader of Bangladesh delegation in 2013. • Visited India, Malaysia, Singapore, Sweden, Italy, and France for various social & Political activities.
SOCIAL RESPONSIBLITY
MD ISRAFIL ALAM founded several Social & Cultural establishments. He is the founder of: • Bishow Kobi Rabindranath Agriculture & Technology Institute, Potisor, Atrai, Naogaon (Higher Secondary educational institute after the name of world-poet Rabindranath Tegore). • Azizur Rahman Memorial Academy, Raninagar, Naogaon.(Secondary Educational Institute) • Raninagar Cultural Academy, Raninagar, Naogaon. • Atrai Cultural Academy, Atrai, Naogaon. • Shotabdi Patchacra (Study Circle), Dhaka. • Robindra Shahito Parishad, Potishar, Atrai, Naogaon.
PERSONAL INFORMATION
MD ISRAFIL ALAM`s father is Late Azizur Rahman was a worthy contributor to social and political activities and also national agricultural cooperative sector. He served as advisor of Raninagar upazilla Awami League during death and his mother Eseda Rahman is house wife.
In personal life, MD ISRAFIL ALAM is married to Sultana Parvin (M.A. and Masters of Human right Law) who is working in a state-owned bank. He is the father of two daughters and a son.
CONTACT INFORMATION
Address: Permanent : Village: Jhina, Post: Gona, Upazilla: Raninagar, District: Naogaon, Division: Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
Present : Flat#703, Building#4, Parliament Members Apartment, Manikmiah Avenue, Bangladesh National Parliament, Sher-E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1027, Bangladesh.
Office : Block#2, Room#26, MP Hostel 1st Floor, Bangladesh National Parliament, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207.
Phone : Tel: +880 2 9128811
Mobile: +8801711848508
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
URL : israfilalammp | WIKI |
Super Simple, Super Cheap FPV Drone Tracking
What’s more disruptive to the drone first-person view (FPV) experience than dropouts in your video feed when you’re in the middle of a race? Probably nothing, and there’s probably also not much you can do about it. Or is there? Might a simple tracker based on RSSI help keep your video signal locked in?
Honestly, we’re not sure it would, but we think it’s pretty nifty to see [FlyerFpv]’s tracker following his drone around. The idea is simple and uses the full-diversity FPV receiver he already has. Diversity receivers constantly monitor signal strength from multiple antennas to determine which one to listen to, which improves reception quality. [FlyerFpv] sends the RSSI outputs to analog inputs on an Arduino which drives a servo to keep the signals as close to each other as possible. The Arduino and the DC-DC converter needed to power it fit nicely inside the receiver case with no modifications, which is a nice touch. With a 3D-printed servo mount and some fancy directional antennas, the setup keeps pretty good track of his drone now. See it in action below.
Sure, the response could be snappier, and we’d love to see another receiver and servo added to track pitch as well as yaw. For a first pass, we think it’s great, but [FlyerFpv] should enjoy it while he can in case AI takes over our flying fun soon.
20 thoughts on “Super Simple, Super Cheap FPV Drone Tracking
1. Okay I’ll bite…
You are a first class idiot.
Firstly Planes and quads get lost due to them hitting trees all the time, assuming it lands in one piece you’ll be still hoping you can recover it.
Also, if you’ve ever piloted these things you’d know that distractions occur all the time and taking your eyes off a remotely controlled device for even a moment can have it happily wander half a mile down range after a gust of wind moves it out of the flight path you expect.
As for distractions they can be anything from adjusting your eyewear, a dog running up to you, or a member of the public asking you the same questions. Even sunglare from a window in the distance can be that momentary distraction that you lose track.
2. Well the FlyerFpv is from Finland as am I also. In the video he has a spotter (requred by Finnish law) so there’s nothing wrong with this. The spotter said in video he can barely see the quad but he still sees it.
1. It’s also quite easy to have permission to fly BVLOS. Phone to nearest ATC and/or filing a form for air space reservation about two weeks before the flying. Longest allowed BVLOS flight I have been participated was about 5km.
We have quite drone friendly regulation in Finland for now, until the new stricter regulations by EU’s ruling start 2019.
1. I’m probably totally off the mark, but couldn’t he just add one servo to constantly rotate the antennas between horizontal and vertical (to measure inclination) and a second servo to actually move the rig up and down.
1. Hay agioj
Hi there. You got me thinking.
There are so many things that we all do that is illegal every day.
Some simple ones that kill to start. – Jay walking, going over the speed limit, Not doing a proper stop at a stop sine.
It just keeps on going. Do you chew gum? Do you spit it out onto the ground? And even spitting is illegal in some places.
OK I shut up now.
Still I like this project. Good job.. Again
2. I like the idea of using RSSI for tracking, but what if you sent the GPS coordinates from the drone back to the antenna tracker and compared it to the GPS location of the antenna tracker and used math to determine where to point azimuth and elevation? (I don’t fly drones so I don’t know if there is a product already out there that does this)
3. Doesn’t need to track faster, if the angular velocity is high, the drone is close so you need not point the antenna. Similar with pitch, if you need to pitch up, the drone is close. (Unless you’re flying from/to a mountain.)
4. In response to Agoij’s winning about upholding the laws that are made law…..
If I knew what country you live in, I would report you and your family to the local authorities for breaking the laws daily when you drive your cars I’m sure that you’re the Holy Grail of law-abiding citizen and or more likely if you drive like the gooks to around here you’re a hazard to everyone on the highway and Brake loss constantly in the process of operating a motor vehicle. All mightier than thou why don’t you get a life stop talking out your ass
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Hangouts Meet Audit Activity Events
This document lists the events and parameters for various types of Hangouts Meet Audit activity events. You can retrieve these events by calling Activities.list() with applicationName=meet.
Call event
A record describing a single Hangouts endpoint. Events of this type are returned with type=call.
Endpoint left
An event indicating that a Hangouts call has ended.
Event details
Event name call_ended
Parameters
audio_recv_packet_loss_max
integer
The maximum packet loss for received audio streams (percent).
audio_recv_packet_loss_mean
integer
The mean packet loss for received audio streams (percent).
audio_recv_seconds
integer
The duration during which the participant received any audio (seconds).
audio_send_bitrate_kbps_mean
integer
The mean bitrate of the sent audio stream (kbit/s).
audio_send_packet_loss_max
integer
The maximum packet loss for the sent audio stream (percent).
audio_send_packet_loss_mean
integer
The mean packet loss for the sent audio stream (percent).
audio_send_seconds
integer
The duration during which the participant sent audio (seconds).
calendar_event_id
string
The identifier of the Google Calendar event associated with the conference.
conference_id
string
The unique identifier of the conference.
device_type
string
The participant's device type. Possible values:
• android
Android.
• chromebase
Chromebase (Hangouts Meet hardware).
• chromebox
Chromebox (Hangouts Meet hardware).
• interop
Endpoint joining over the 3rd party system.
• ios
iOS.
• jamboard
Jamboard.
• other_client
Other device type.
• pstn_in
PSTN dial-in, that is, a participant using a telephone to call into the meeting.
• pstn_out
PSTN dial-out, that is, a telephone call from the meeting.
• web
Web browser.
display_name
string
Human readable name of the endpoint that is displayed in the meeting.
duration_seconds
integer
The duration for which the participant stayed in the meeting (seconds).
end_of_call_rating
integer
The call rating given by the participant at the end of the call, ranging from 1 to 5.
endpoint_id
string
The unique endpoint identifier for the current call. Joining the same conference twice generates two distinct endpoint IDs.
identifier
string
The unique participant identifier (for example, an email address, phone number, or device ID).
identifier_type
string
Indicates the type of the participant identifier. Possible values:
• device_id
The unique device identifier of the Hangouts Meet hardware.
• email_address
The participant's email address for in-domain participants.
• phone_number
The participant's telephone number.
ip_address
string
The participant's external IP address.
is_external
boolean
Indicates if the participant is external to your organization.
location_country
string
The country from which the participant joined.
location_region
string
The city or geographical region within a country from which the participant joined.
meeting_code
string
The meeting code for the Hangouts Meet conference (for example, 'abc-hexp-tqy'). Recurrent meetings have the same meeting code.
network_congestion
integer
The fraction of time where the network did not have enough bandwidth to send all the data to Google servers (percent).
network_estimated_download_kbps_mean
integer
The estimated bandwidth used by received media streams (kbps).
network_estimated_upload_kbps_mean
integer
The estimated bandwidth used by sent media streams (kbps).
network_recv_jitter_msec_max
integer
The maximum network jitter for received packets (milliseconds).
network_recv_jitter_msec_mean
integer
The mean network jitter for received packets (milliseconds).
network_rtt_msec_mean
integer
The mean network round-trip time (milliseconds).
network_send_jitter_msec_mean
integer
The mean network jitter for sent packets (milliseconds).
network_transport_protocol
string
The network protocol that was used. Possible values:
• multiple
Both TCP and UDP were used.
• tcp
TCP.
• udp
UDP.
• unknown
Unknown network protocol.
organizer_email
string
The email address of the meeting creator.
product_type
string
The type of meeting product (Classic Hangouts/Meet). Possible values:
• classic_hangouts
The Classic Hangouts meeting experience.
• meet
The product name for the new meeting experience.
• unknown_product
Other product type.
screencast_recv_bitrate_kbps_mean
integer
The mean bitrate of the received screencasts (kbit/s).
screencast_recv_fps_mean
integer
The mean frame rate of received screencasts (FPS).
screencast_recv_long_side_median_pixels
integer
The median of the long side of the received screencasts (pixels).
screencast_recv_packet_loss_max
integer
The maximum packet loss for received screencasts (percent).
screencast_recv_packet_loss_mean
integer
The mean packet loss for received screencasts (percent).
screencast_recv_seconds
integer
The duration during which the participant received any screencast (seconds).
screencast_recv_short_side_median_pixels
integer
The median of the short side of the received screencasts (pixels).
screencast_send_bitrate_kbps_mean
integer
The mean bitrate of sent screencasts (kbit/s).
screencast_send_fps_mean
integer
The mean frame rate of sent screencasts (FPS).
screencast_send_long_side_median_pixels
integer
The median of the long side of the sent screencasts (pixels).
screencast_send_packet_loss_max
integer
The maximum packet loss for sent screencasts (percent).
screencast_send_packet_loss_mean
integer
The mean packet loss for sent screencasts (percent).
screencast_send_seconds
integer
The duration during which the participant sent a screencast (seconds).
screencast_send_short_side_median_pixels
integer
The median of the short side of the sent screencasts (pixels).
start_timestamp_seconds
integer
The time when the participant joined the meeting (in epoch seconds).
video_recv_fps_mean
integer
The mean frame rate of received video streams (FPS).
video_recv_long_side_median_pixels
integer
The median of the long side of the received video streams (pixels).
video_recv_packet_loss_max
integer
The maximum packet loss for received video streams (percent).
video_recv_packet_loss_mean
integer
The mean packet loss for received video streams (percent).
video_recv_seconds
integer
The duration during which the participant received any video (seconds).
video_recv_short_side_median_pixels
integer
The median of the short side of the received video streams (pixels).
video_send_bitrate_kbps_mean
integer
The mean bitrate of the sent video stream (kbit/s).
video_send_fps_mean
integer
The mean frame rate of the sent video stream (FPS).
video_send_long_side_median_pixels
integer
The median of the long side of the sent video stream (pixels).
video_send_packet_loss_max
integer
The maximum packet loss for the sent video stream (percent).
video_send_packet_loss_mean
integer
The mean packet loss for the sent video stream (percent).
video_send_seconds
integer
The duration during which the participant sent video (seconds).
video_send_short_side_median_pixels
integer
The median of the short side of the sent video stream (pixels).
Sample request
GET https://www.googleapis.com/admin/reports/v1/activity/users/all/applications/meet?eventName=call_ended&maxResults=10&access_token=YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN
Admin Console message format
The endpoint left a video meeting
Livestream watched
An event indicating that a viewer watched a livestream in Meet.
Event details
Event name livestream_watched
Parameters
conference_id
string
The unique identifier of the conference.
device_type
string
The participant's device type. Possible values:
• android
Android.
• chromebase
Chromebase (Hangouts Meet hardware).
• chromebox
Chromebox (Hangouts Meet hardware).
• interop
Endpoint joining over the 3rd party system.
• ios
iOS.
• jamboard
Jamboard.
• other_client
Other device type.
• pstn_in
PSTN dial-in, that is, a participant using a telephone to call into the meeting.
• pstn_out
PSTN dial-out, that is, a telephone call from the meeting.
• web
Web browser.
display_name
string
Human readable name of the endpoint that is displayed in the meeting.
duration_seconds
integer
The duration for which the participant stayed in the meeting (seconds).
endpoint_id
string
The unique endpoint identifier for the current call. Joining the same conference twice generates two distinct endpoint IDs.
is_external
boolean
Indicates if the participant is external to your organization.
livestream_view_page_id
string
The id for the Meet conference livestream view page (for example, '678df2a2-1598-4754-8d3d-8b7b53868908'). Recurrent meetings have the same view page id.
meeting_code
string
The meeting code for the Hangouts Meet conference (for example, 'abc-hexp-tqy'). Recurrent meetings have the same meeting code.
organizer_email
string
The email address of the meeting creator.
product_type
string
The type of meeting product (Classic Hangouts/Meet). Possible values:
• classic_hangouts
The Classic Hangouts meeting experience.
• meet
The product name for the new meeting experience.
• unknown_product
Other product type.
Sample request
GET https://www.googleapis.com/admin/reports/v1/activity/users/all/applications/meet?eventName=livestream_watched&maxResults=10&access_token=YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN
Admin Console message format
The viewer watched a livestream of a meeting on view page.
Send feedback about...
Reports API
Reports API
Need help? Visit our support page. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Signs, Symptoms And Side Effects Of Sufenta Abuse
Sufenta Addiction Hotline
24/7, Toll-Free, Confidential
844-207-6576
Sufenta is a powerful prescription opioid, similar in many ways to the parent drug fentanyl. The active ingredient in Sufenta is sufentanil, and it is many times stronger than fentanyl and morphine. Sufenta is administered intravenously or via an epidural in specific situations. For example, it’s used during anesthesia and also following surgery to relieve pain in opioid-tolerant or opioid-dependent patients. Sufenta is not a medication prescribed for use outside a hospital or clinical setting, and it can only be given by a doctor with medical monitoring for side effects like respiratory depression. Despite the controlled environment Sufenta is supposed to be used in, misuse is possible. Misuse of Sufenta can occur if it’s illegally diverted from medical use. Sufenta misuse can also occur if someone purchases an illicitly manufactured version of this drug on the streets.
Signs, Symptoms And Side Effects Of Sufenta Abuse
Since the active ingredient in Sufenta is sufentanil, which is an opioid, it’s a highly addictive drug. Sufenta binds to opioid receptors when it’s used. This can trigger dopamine to flood the system of the patient. In some cases, since it is so potent, rather than euphoria, the primary effect is sedation. Other possible symptoms of Sufenta misuse can include general drowsiness, muscle rigidity, respiratory depression and nausea or vomiting. If someone is using Sufenta outside of a hospital or approved clinical setting, it’s considered misuse. Anytime a prescription medication or controlled substance is used outside of guidelines, it’s considered misuse. Behavioral symptoms of Sufenta misuse can include changes in mood or behavior, and isolation from friends, family and other activities.
There are two significant side effects of Sufenta misuse that can develop. The first side effect of Sufenta misuse is addiction. Addiction is a diagnosable disease of the brain that also affects the physical health and the lifestyle of the person. The longer someone misuses a drug like Sufenta, the more likely they are to become addicted. Addiction is out-of-control, compulsive use of Sufenta. Another side effect of Sufenta misuse is dependence. Dependence is a primarily physical situation. When someone uses a drug like Sufenta for an extended period, their brain and body become dependent on its effects. If someone is dependent on Sufenta and they stop using it suddenly, they may experience withdrawal symptoms. Side effects of Sufenta misuse can also be behavioral or psychological. For example, someone might seem to have an oddly elevated mood and then alternatively seem very depressed. Anxiety can also be a side effect of Sufenta misuse.
cocaine drug interaction
As was touched on, addiction is a specific, diagnosable disease. If someone is misusing Sufenta or other opioids, they’re not necessarily addicted. However, misuse is one of the main risk factors for addiction. Not only can addiction be diagnosed based on symptoms, but it can also be classified as mild, moderate or severe. The following are some of the signs and symptoms of Sufenta addiction:
• Out-of-control substance use
• Wanting to stop and feeling unable to
• Dependence to the drug
• Continuing to use Sufenta despite health problems
• Sacrificing in terms of social or recreational activities
• Focusing on obtaining more of the drug and constantly maintaining a supply
• Risk-taking
• Problems with family and relationships
• Declining school or work performance
• Obsessing over obtaining and using Sufenta
• Secrecy or denial
Opioids like Sufenta can have serious short-term and long-term effects. First, when someone has been taking Sufenta for a long time, they’re more likely to suffer an overdose. Due to the strength of Sufenta, overdoses can be and often are fatal. Due to the respiratory depression caused by Sufenta over time with continual use, a person may suffer brain damage and damage to other parts of the body because of oxygen deprival. Long-term use of opioids like Sufenta can cause damage to hormonal systems and can lead to infertility and sexual problems and dysfunction. It’s also more likely that someone will have new or worsening psychological symptoms the longer they use a drug like Sufenta.
Reach out to our team anytime at The Recovery Village. It’s confidential, and there’s no commitment. We’re here even if you just have questions about addiction or treatment you’d like to have answered. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Advanced Configuration and Power Interface, a standard for power management in operating systems.
learn more… | top users | synonyms
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what the thing the Gigabyte engineers were thinking about their BIOS? How to disable USB being powered while standby/off by button? If I do hard shutdown by button (not related to my another question ... | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Eduard Mörike
Eduard Friedrich Mörike (8 September 1804 – 4 June 1875) was a German Lutheran pastor who was also a Romantic poet and writer of novellas and novels. Many of his poems were set to music and became established folk songs, while others were used by composers Hugo Wolf and Ignaz Lachner in their symphonic works.
Biography
Mörike was born in Ludwigsburg. His father was Karl Friedrich Mörike (died 1817), a district medical councilor; his mother was Charlotte Bayer. After the death of his father, in 1817, he went to live with his uncle Eberhard Friedrich Georgii in Stuttgart, who intended his nephew to become a clergyman. Therefore, after one year at the Stuttgart Gymnasium illustre, Mörike joined the Evangelical Seminary Urach, a humanist grammar school, in 1818 and from 1822 to 1826 attended the Tübinger Stift. There, he scored low grades and failed the admission test to Urach Seminary, yet was accepted anyhow. At the Seminary he went on to study the classics, something that was to become a major influence on his writing, and he made the acquaintance of Wilhelm Hartlaub and Wilhelm Waiblinger. Afterwards he studied theology at the Seminary of Tübingen where he met Ludwig Bauer, David Friedrich Strauss and Friedrich Theodor Vischer. Many of these friendships were long-lasting. In Tübingen, with Bauer, he invented the fairyland Orplid – see the poem Song Weylas (You are Orplid) dating from 1831.
Mörike became a Lutheran pastor and, in 1834, he was appointed vicar of Cleversulzbach near Weinsberg. In the Autumn of 1843 he stayed for over half a year with his friend Pastor Wilhelm Hartlaub (1804–1885) in the village of Wermutshausen, situated in the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. During this time he produced a drawing of the Wermutshausen Petruskirche, dating from the early 1800s. This drawing is speculated, due to the perspective, to be from a top-floor room of a local brewery, distillery, and guesthouse at the edge of town, which remains in operation today as Gasthaus und Manufaktur Krone Wermutshausen. In town there is also a Museum commemorating this visit, in which guests can see the room in which Mörike lived. For reasons of health, Mörike retired quite early, and in 1851 became professor of German literature at the Katharinenstift in Stuttgart. This office he held until he retired in 1866. He continued to live in Stuttgart until his death.
Works
Mörike was a member of the so-called Swabian school of writers around Ludwig Uhland. His poems (Gedichte, 1838), are mostly lyrical, yet often humorous and written in simple and seemingly everyday German. His ballad "Schön Rotraut" – opening with the line "Wie heisst König Ringangs Töchterlein?" – became a popular favorite.
His first published work was the novel Maler Nolten ("The painter Nolten", 1832), a tale about the life of a painter, and which revealed his imaginative power; it became fairly popular. The novella Mozart auf der Reise nach Prag ("Mozart on the way to Prague", 1856) was a humorous examination of the problems of artists in a world uncongenial to art. It is frequently cited as his finest achievement. He also wrote a somewhat fantastic Idylle vom Bodensee, oder Fischer Martin und die Glockendiebe (1846), the fairy tale Das Stuttgarter Hutzelmännlein (1855), and published a collection of hymns, odes, elegies, and idylls of the Greeks and Romans, entitled Klassische Blumenlese (1840). He also translated Anacreon and Theocritus into German.
Mörike's Gesammelte Schriften ("Collected Writings") were first published posthumously in 1878 (4 vols.). Later editions are those edited by R. Krauss (6 vols., 1905), and the Volksausgabe ("Popular edition"), published by Göschen (4 vols., 1905). Selections from his literary estate were published by R. Krauss in Eduard Mörike als Gelegenheitsdichter (1895), and his correspondence with Hermann Kurz, Moritz von Schwind, and Theodor Storm, by J. Bachtold (1885–1891); an edition of Mörike's Ausgewählte Briefe ("Selected letters"), in 2 vols., appeared 1903–1904.
His work was greatly praised by the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein who recommended him to Bertrand Russell as "really a great poet and his poems are among the best things we have...the beauty of Mörike's work is very closely related to Goethe's."
Musical settings
Many of his lyrics were set to music by Hugo Wolf, Ludwig Hetsch, Didia Saint Georges, Elise Schmezer, Julie Waldburg-Wurzach, Pauline Volkstein, and Fritz Kauffmann. Ignaz Lachner set to music his opera Die Regenbrüder. Hugo Distler composed 48 settings of Mörike's poetry in his Mörike-Chorliederbuch. Many of his poems became established folksongs. Wilhelm Killmayer set several of his poems in his song cycle Mörike-Lieder in 2003.
As an artist
Mörike was also known to produce drawings in his time, though it is not the subject of much discussion. While staying in the town of Wermutshausen in the Autumn of 1843, Mörike produced a drawing of the Persuskirche, a small church built in the early 1800s. | WIKI |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 103 Part 3.djvu/384
103 STAT. 2452 PUBLIC LAW 101-239—DEC. 19, 1989 29 USC 1002 (i) EFPBCTIVB DATE.— Except as otherwise provided in this section, note. any amendment made by tnis section shall take effect as if origi- nally included in the provision of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 to which such amendment relates. TITLE VIII—HUMAN RESOURCE AND INCOME SECURITY PROVISIONS SEC. 8000. TABLE OF CONTENTS; AMENDMENT OF SOCIAL SECURITY ACT. (a) TABLE OF CONTENTS. — %•' Sec. 8000. Table of contents; amendment of Social Security Act. Sec. 8001. Extension of authority to transfer foster care funds to child welfare serv- ices. Sec. 8002. Extension of independent living initiatives pn^am. Sec. 8003. Permanent extension of medicaid eligibility extension due to collection of ^f: child or spousal support Sec. 8004. New AFDC quality control system. Sec. 8005. Emergency assistance and AFDC special needs. Sec. 8006. Increase in reimbursement for foster and adoptive parent training. Sec. 8007. Case plans to include health and education records and to be reviewed and updated at the time of each placement Sec. 8008. Establishment and conduct of outreach program for children. Sec. 8009. Eligibility for benefits of children of Armed Forces personnel residing overseas. Sec. 8010. Rule for deeming to children the income and resources of their parents waived for certain disabled children. Sec. 8011. Exclusion from income of domestic commercial transportation tickets re- ceived as gifts. Sec. 8012. Reduction in time during which income and resources of separated cou- ples must be treated as jointly available. Sec. 8013. Exclusion of accrued income with respect to purchase of certain burial spaces. Sec. 8014. Exclusionfrt>mresources of all income-producing property. Sec. 8015. Demonstration of effectiveness of Minnesota Family bivestment Plan. Sec. 8016. Increase in funding for title XX social services block grant. ^ (b) AMENDMENT OP SOCIAL SECURITY ACT.— Except as otherwise expressly provided, whenever in this title an amendment or repeal is expressed in terms of an amendment to, or repeal of, a section or other provision, the reference shall be considered to be made to a section or other provision of the Social Security Act. SEC. 8001. EXTENSION OF AUTHORITY TO TRANSFER FOSTER CARE FUNDS TO CHILD WELFARE SERVICES. (a) 3-YEAR EXTENSION.— Subsections (b)(D, (b)(2)(B), (b)(4)(B), (b)(5)(A), (b)(5)(A)(ii), (c)(D, and (c)(2) of section 474 (42 U.S.C. 674) are each amended by striking "1989" and inserting "1992". 42 USC 674 note. G>) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by subsection (a) shall take effect on October 1, 1989. SEC. 8002. EXTENSION OF INDEPENDENT UVING INITIATIVES PROGRAM. (a) PROGRAM EXTENDED FOR 3 YEARS.— Section 477 (42 U.S.C. 677) is amended— (1) in each of subsections (a)(1) and (e)(D, by striking ", 1988, and 1989" and inserting "through 1992"; and (2) in subsection (c), by striking "the fiscal year 1988 or 1989" and inserting "any of the fiscal years 1988 through 1992". (b) ENTITLEMENT INCREASED.— Section 477(e)(l) (42 U.S.C. 677(e)(l)) is amended— (1) by inserting "(A)" after "(1)";
� | WIKI |
Salih Šehović
Salih Šehović (11 May 1936 – 27 January 2022) was a Bosnian professional footballer who played as a forward and spent most of his career in FK Sarajevo.
He is the club's third ranked all time goalscorer, behind Dobrivoje Živkov and legendary Asim Ferhatović. He scored 75 goals in 181 official matches for them.
He died in Bern on 27 January 2022, at the age of 85. | WIKI |
OK math students, time for a lesson in combinatorics. This problem is usually stated "How many ways can we place P identical pigeons into H distinct holes?" However, I never liked that statement, because it displays a gross ignorance about pigeons. If you ever look at a flock of pigeons in the city, you can easily see that no two are identical. They have wildly varying colorization and behavior from bird to bird. Furthermore, how many pigeons can you really cram into one hole? Eventually, you're going to have to resort to a toilet plunger or something around your eighth bird. Whoever stated the pideonhole problem this way probably grew up in the country and never saw a real pigeon in his life. What I shall do, in keeping in the vein of some of my earlier nodes, is restate and solve the real pigeonhole problem:
How many ways can we drill H identical holes into P distinct pigeons? Anyone who has ever lived in the city will empathize with me on this one.
This problem is a cousin of a similar problem in combinatorics: How many ways can we arrange P unique pigeons in a line? The answer, of course, is P!.
From this, we can then answer the question: How many ways can we choose P unique pigeons out of a pool of N? We solve this by visualizing our N pigeons arranged in a line, with a partition intersecting the line at position P. All pigeons to the left of the partition are selected. Now, the number of ways we can arrange all N pigeons is N!. However, this is not the answer, because there is a certain number of ways in which we can select the same P pigeons to the left of our partition, although the order of the pigeons will be different. In other words, if P = 5, N! considers the arrangement P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 to be distinct from P1 P3 P5 P4 P3, when for our purposes, they are the same. What we need to do is divide N! by the number of permutations of P, or P!.
We're not done yet. If we accounted for the rearrangement of the pigeons to the left of the partition, we need to account for the permutations of pigeons on the right of the partition. This is just the factorial of the number of pigeons we are not choosing. So the final answer to the choosing problem is equal to N!/(P!*(N-P)!).
How does this help us? We want to distribute identical holes among our pigeons, not pick pigeons from a pack. The answer is to reduce the problem at hand to the one already solved.
Imagine that we are creating a schedule to plan out our pigeon-puncturing in a professional manner. We have a long board filled with a number of peg holes, and a number P of pegs, that correspond to our pigeons. What we will do is place our pigeon pegs into the holes on the board, and the number of holes to the left of each peg, but to the right of the previous peg, will be equal to the number of holes received by the corresponding pigeon. Since we don't want to double count, we will always put P1 into the leftmost position, P2 to the right of P1, P3 to the right of P2, etc. This implies that the last peg will always take up the last position on the board, as we aren't going to let any of our planned holes go un-drilled.
How many holes do we need on this board? We can't just say H holes, because it is possible that by providence, some lucky pigeons may go un-penetrated, while their pathetic peers are punctured with a plethora of holes. So we need to add as many holes as there are pegs, to take this into account. The size of the board now is H+P holes.
SO:
The number ways to distribute our H holes among our P pigeons is now a question of how many ways we can select our P peg positions from our board of H + P holes. But not quite! Since the last peg is always in the last hole, we are really trying to choose (P-1) holes from (H+P-1) positions. If you scroll up, you'll see that the formula for this is: (H+P-1)!/((P-1)!*(H+P-1 - (P-1))!), or
(H+P-1)!/((P-1)!*H!)
Or, for the more boring question of sticking the pigeons into the holes, it's (H+P-1)!/((H-1)!*P!).
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Tinnitus Awareness Week: Our Top Tinnitus Products
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Tinnitus is a chronic condition that can have intolerable impacts on those who suffer from it, and according to the British Tinnitus Association (BTA), more people are living with tinnitus than ever previously thought. Over recent years, they have increased their estimate from 10% (1 in 10) to 13.2% (more than 1 in 8) of the UK population thought to be suffering from tinnitus, and it has been further estimated that tinnitus affects 1 in 6 people worldwide.
Tinnitus Awareness Week is observed by the world during the first full week of February, and this year it took place from 7th-13th February. It seeks to educate the global population about the symptoms of tinnitus and how it affects people. Like most other chronic conditions, there is a mental health component to tinnitus. Tinnitus is often accompanied by stress, anxiety, irritability, and depression, and it is estimated that 75% of individuals with severe tinnitus suffer from one or more of these disorders according to the American Tinnitus Association (ATA). Tinnitus is also thought to be linked to suicide. In a study that surveyed 70,000 people to determine the connection between suicide and tinnitus, tinnitus symptoms were reported by 22.5% of participants; 9% of women with severe tinnitus had attempted suicide compared to 5.5% of men. Out of all the participants who reported that they experience tinnitus, only 2.1% had been diagnosed by a hearing specialist suggesting that many individuals affected by tinnitus may even suffer in silence.
Tinnitus occurs when any individual experiences ringing or other noises in one or both ears. These sounds range from ringing, buzzing, hissing, whistling, and pulsating noises and appear to be coming from inside the ear. These sounds can also vary in volume, consistency, and frequency. Although there has been some progress for treating tinnitus over recent years, it remains vastly under researched, yet affects an alarming portion of the world population. By providing a thorough discussion about the history, causes, types, and treatments for tinnitus, followed by our best-recommended products for tinnitus relief, we at Hearing Aid Accessories hope to further enlighten our readers about tinnitus and provide some effective solutions for easing symptoms.
History of Tinnitus
There are records that date back five thousand years that detail the lamenting of the Ancient Egyptians about ringing noises inside the ear. They referred to tinnitus as the “bewitched ear” and concocted various remedies in a dire plea to cure it. They would infuse oil, frankincense, herbs, tree sap, and soil before administering it into the ear using a reed stalk. The intolerable impacts that tinnitus had on their daily lives are encapsulated in “ear stelae” – the Egyptian art that detailed left and right ears alongside images of prized worshippers which they would then use to call to their Gods to cure them of their symptoms.
The early Greco-Romans were the first to treat tinnitus as a symptom rather than a disease, and treatments would depend on where they believed the tinnitus originated from. If the tinnitus was believed to be from a cold, they would clean the ear and hold their breath, and if it came from the head, they would exercise, and use rubbing and gargling to ease it. Further down the line, Greek physician, Hippocrates, and Greek philosopher, Aristotle, used “masking”; a technique that involved using countervailing noises to silence the tinnitus and drive it away. This technique has survived 2400 years as it is still widely regarded as an effective treatment for tinnitus. Nowadays, it is referred to as sound masking and involves using background noises (usually from sound and white noise machines) to drown out the tinnitus.
Fast forward to the Medieval period, and ear candling was invented. Tinnitus was believed to be caused by excess earwax and debris, so they would take a burning candle and put it up the ear to draw such substances out. They would also throw wet wood in fires to make the crackling and rustling sounds lull tinnitus sufferers to sleep.
The study of tinnitus would not be advanced until the 19th century. French physician, Jean Marie Gaspard Itard, associated tinnitus with hearing loss and described early versions of what we would now call “subjective” and “objective” tinnitus. Today, tinnitus is more manageable but is still vastly under-researched so there is still a long road ahead in terms of treatments and potential cures.
What can cause tinnitus?
Perhaps the most important fact about tinnitus is that it is a symptom – not a disease. Tinnitus usually indicates that there is an underlying health condition which requires attention.
The most common causes of tinnitus include hearing loss, ear infections/ blockages, head or neck injuries and using certain types of medications like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. However, there are other less common causes of tinnitus including Meniere’s disease, ear bone changes, muscle spasms in the inner ear, and blood vessel disorders. Conditions like diabetes, migraines, anaemia, and autoimmune disorders have also been associated with tinnitus.
Exposure to loud noises, such as attending a concert with no ear protection, can also cause tinnitus. Although the ringing may only be temporary, it is a sign that the individual’s hearing has been damaged. Prolonged exposure to loud noise makes it more likely that the tinnitus will become permanent.
What are the types of tinnitus?
• Subjective tinnitus is the most common form of tinnitus and is when only the individual can hear the sounds. This is usually caused by problems in either the outer, middle, or inner ear but in extreme cases, it may even be all three.
• Objective tinnitus is when the doctor can also hear the sounds when they inspect your ears. This is commonly caused by a problem with a blood vessel; however, it can also signal that there is an issue with your middle ear, bone, or muscle contractions.
• Bilateral tinnitus is a term used to describe tinnitus heard through both ears. It is another common form of tinnitus; one that usually indicates that there is no serious underlying health condition.
• Unilateral tinnitus is a term used to describe tinnitus only heard through one ear. It is an uncommon type of tinnitus and indicates that there could be a serious underlying health condition.
• Pulsatile tinnitus is a rhythmic tinnitus that is usually heard in beat with individual’s heart. It usually indicates a change in blood flow to the ear.
Is there a cure for tinnitus?
Tinnitus cannot be cured as such, but there are treatments to ease the symptoms. The first thing anyone living with tinnitus should do is rule out any underlying health conditions by visiting their local GP. If the tinnitus is diagnosed as bilateral or subjective, most of the time it will just be a case of managing symptoms.
What do Hearing Aid Accessories recommend for tinnitus relief?
SleepPhones Wireless Bluetooth Headband Headphones V7
SleepPhones Headband will help you to fall asleep faster and stay asleep for longer. Ideal for tinnitus sufferers and light sleepers – they are essentially pyjamas for your ears!
They are also great for travelling, listening to podcasts, audiobooks, or listening to nature sounds whilst drifting off into a deep sleep.
Sound Pillow for Tinnitus Relief
Sound Pillow aids troubled sleepers and relieves tinnitus by providing distracting sounds whilst falling asleep.
Enjoying soft music, relaxing sounds, or soothing background noises- all played directly to your Sound Pillow from your compatible device.
Sound Oasis Tinnitus Sound Therapy System
Sound Oasis is the cutting-edge tinnitus sound machine that gives you the ultimate selection of sounds developed specifically to help those with tinnitus cope with their condition.
By utilising a wide range of relaxing ambient sounds, you can lull yourself into a calm and blissful sleep. In addition, courtesy of its compact size and built-in clock and alarm settings, it’s perfect for use on the go wherever you are!
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Spellow railway station
Spellow railway station was located on County Road, Walton in Liverpool, England.
History
The station opened in September 1882 on the Canada Dock Branch, which ran from the docks north of Liverpool to Edge Hill.
The station building was at street level, with steps at the back leading down to the platforms which were situated in a deep rock cutting.
The station closed to passengers on 31 May 1948, but the line continued to be used by passenger trains running from Liverpool Lime Street to Southport Chapel Street. This ceased in 1977, but freight trains to and from Seaforth Dock still pass through the station site.
It was proposed that Spellow station would reopen to passengers in 1977 as part of the new Merseyrail network, along with other stations on the branch. Although this never happened it remains a possibility in the future if Merseyrail decides to extend their current network. It was announced in December 2019 that Liverpool City Council had commissioned a feasibility study to see about reopening the Canada Dock Branch to passenger traffic.
The station building still stands and is currently in use by a bookmaker. | WIKI |
Running Mastodon on FreeBSD
Update: On 2017-09-15 the FreeBSD Mastodon port, net-im/mastodon, was overhauled with version 1.6.0 to handle installation of Mastodon's node modules and assets. This installation guide has been updated to reflect those changes.
This guide describes how to to get Mastodon running on FreeBSD using the FreeBSD port/package. What follows is based on the official Mastodon production Guide.
Install the packages
# pkg install nginx postgresql95-server postgresql95-contrib mastodon
Enable and start required services
# sysrc redis_enable="YES"
# service redis start
# sysrc postgresql_enable="YES"
# service postgresql initdb
# service postgresql start
The Mastodon port ships with two sample nginx configuration files, a complete nginx.conf and nginx-include.conf, which mostly just includes the server block. If the web server is going to be dedicated to Mastodon, you can create a new nginx profile.
# sysrc nginx_profiles=mastodon
# sysrc nginx_mastodon_configfile="/usr/local/www/mastodon/nginx.conf"
If you prefer to continue using your current nginx.conf, you can add the line below to it. Make sure you put it inside the http block.
include /usr/local/www/mastodon/nginx-include.conf;
In either case, you need to customize nginx-include.conf. At minimum, you will have to change all instances of example.com. Once you are satisfied with its configuration, start nginx.
# sysrc nginx_enable="YES"
# service nginx start
Create mastodon database user
# psql -d template1 -U pgsql -c "CREATE USER mastodon CREATEDB;"
Switch to the mastodon user
# su - mastodon
Customize .env.production
Customize .env.production to suit your needs, but you must at least set values for LOCAL_DOMAIN and SMTP_FROM_ADDRESS. You also have to generate secrets for PAPERCLIP_SECRET, SECRET_KEY_BASE, and OTP_SECRET. Generate a different secret for each of these fields by running the command below three time. Save .env.production before moving on to the next step.
% RAILS_ENV=production rake secret
If you are installing version 1.5.0 or later, to enable Web Push notifications, you need to generate a few extra secrets and put them in .env.production.
% RAILS_ENV=production rake mastodon:webpush:generate_vapid_key
Set up the database for the first time
% RAILS_ENV=production rails db:setup
Start the Mastodon daemons
Run the following commands with root privileges.
# sysrc mastodon_web_enable="YES"
# sysrc mastodon_workers_enable="YES"
# sysrc mastodon_stream_enable="YES"
# service mastodon_web start
# service mastodon_workers start
# service mastodon_stream start
Give users administration rights
After the user alice has created an account through the web interface, you can give her administration rights by using the command below.
# sudo su - mastodon
% RAILS_ENV=production rails mastodon:make_admin USERNAME=alice
Posted 2017-04-23 21:18 | Comments
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REFILE-Risk of contagion in India's financial sector rising - rating agencies
(Removes extraneous word in paragraph 2) MUMBAI, Oct 23 (Reuters) - There is rising risk of contagion in India’s banking sector with many finance companies having lost more than half of their equity value in the past year, rating agency Standard & Poor’s said on Wednesday. India’s non-banking finance companies, or more popularly “shadow banks”, went into a tailspin after the collapse of infrastructure lending behemoth Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services (IL&FS) in September last year. The financial companies in India are among the largest borrowers and a substantial part of their funding comes from banks. The Reserve Bank of India has been closely monitoring the top 50 non-banking finance companies to ascertain if there is any rising systemic risk with more such institutions having failed over the last year, including housing finance major Dewan Housing Finance Ltd. “The failure of any large non-banking financial company (NBFC) or housing finance company (HFC) may deliver a solvency shock to lenders,” S&P economists wrote in a research report. “Given the seriousness of such risks, we expect the Indian government to support systemically important institutions that get into trouble”. The rating agency, however, expects the government to support the banks directly rather than the finance companies. Other sectors such as real estate, small- to mid-sized banks with large exposure to these shadow banks and also some private banks who have bought portfolios from these finance companies looking to liquidate assets, could face increased challenges. S&P, however, said it does not expect contagion to affect state-run banks despite their weaknesses as people draw comfort from their state ownership and the repeated demonstrations of government support for these institutions mostly through regular capital infusions. Fitch Ratings in a separate research note also highlighted that the banking sector would be dealt a significant setback from the systemic stress being seen in the NBFCs. The tough market environment is likely to persist in the near term and test the resiliency of NBFCs, they said. “We estimate that the scenario would leave banks with an aggregate shortfall of $10 billion to meet regulatory minimums, and $50 billion below the level that we believe would provide an adequate buffer,” Fitch economists wrote in the note. Fitch estimates that the banking system’s gross non-performing loans ratio would rise to 11.6% by FYE21 from 9.3% at FYE19, compared with their baseline expectation of a decline to 8.2%. “We would expect the recovery process to become even more protracted in such a difficult environment, although banks would resort to writing off some of the legacy bad loans in order to manage their NPL stock,” Fitch added. Reporting by Swati Bhat
Editing by Jacqueline Wong | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
API with NestJS #41. Verifying phone numbers and sending SMS messages with Twilio
JavaScript NestJS TypeScript
This entry is part 41 of 126 in the API with NestJS
In our web applications, we often need to send messages to our users. Doing that through email is enough in a lot of cases, but we can also use SMS. In this article, we look into how we can use Twilio for verifying phone numbers provided by our users and sending messages.
Setting up Twilio
First, we need to create a Twilio account. It is a straightforward process that doesn’t require us to provide a credit card number.
After creating the Twilio account, we need to set up a service. In Twilio, a service acts as a set of common configurations used to perform phone number verification.
To define a service, we need to go to the services dashboard. When choosing a name for the service, remember that our users can see it.
The crucial part of the above process is the service id. We need to use it along with the account sid and auth token that we can find in the console.
app.module.ts
.env
Using Twilio with Node.js
To use Twilio with Node.js, we can use the official Twilio library. It comes with all necessary TypeScript declarations built-in.
Make sure to install the correct library. A few months ago a malicious package called was published that aimed to compromise the machines of people who downloaded it. If you want to know more, check out this article.
Let’s create the that uses the above library along with our environment variables.
sms.service.ts
Verifying phone numbers
For us, the first step in verifying phone numbers is adding additional fields in the entity.
user.entity.ts
It is crucial for the to be in the right format. The Twilio documentation suggests a regular expression that we can use.
register.dto.ts
If we would like to be more strict with the phone number validation, we could use the Lookup API that Twilio provides. With it, we can make a request to the Twilio API every time our users set a phone number and check if it is valid. Remember that every request we make to the Lookup API costs a little.
Initiating the SMS verification
Let’s add a function to our that can initiate SMS verification.
sms.service.ts
Let’s also create a that uses it.
sms.controller.ts
Requesting the above endpoint results in Twilio sending the SMS to the user.
Twilio figures out the language based on the country code in the phone number. We could override it by using the property:
Confirming the verification code
Now, we need to create a way for the users to send the verification code back to our API. To do that, let’s create an additional method in our :
sms.service.ts
You might notice that we use the method above. We first need to define it.
users.service.ts
The last step of implementing the code verification is adding it to the controller.
sms.controller.ts
Sending messages
The first step in sending messages through Twilio is choosing a phone number from the provided list.
We have an amount of money we can spend for free during the trial period in Twilio.
We also need to add the purchased number to our environment variables.
app.module.ts
.env
The last step is adding a new method to our :
Using the above method results in sending SMS to the provided phone number.
Summary
In this article, we’ve used Twilio for implementing SMS messages. This included both validating the phone numbers of our users and sending messages. Although the trial period in Twilio has some limitations, we are free to experiment with the API. Therefore, feel free to look into more of the built-in features and explore.
Series Navigation<< API with NestJS #40. Confirming the email addressAPI with NestJS #42. Authenticating users with Google >>
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Bhargav Gohil
Bhargav Gohil
1 year ago
can we do the same with using Sendgrid services ? | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
IR@PKUHSC > 北京大学第三临床医学院 > 肾内科
学科主题临床医学
Correlation between Pulse Wave Velocity and Fluid Distribution in Hemodialysis Patients
Zheng, Danxia; Cheng, Li-Tao; Zhuang, Zhen; Gu, Yue; Tang, Li-Jun; Wang, Tao
关键词Arterial stiffness Hemodialysis Hypertension Fluid overload Pulse wave velocity
刊名BLOOD PURIFICATION
2009
DOI10.1159/000199432
27期:3页:248-252
收录类别SCI
文章类型Article
WOS标题词Science & Technology
类目[WOS]Hematology ; Urology & Nephrology
研究领域[WOS]Hematology ; Urology & Nephrology
关键词[WOS]PERITONEAL-DIALYSIS PATIENTS ; STAGE RENAL-DISEASE ; ARTERIAL STIFFNESS ; AORTIC STIFFNESS ; BLOOD-PRESSURE ; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY ; SURVIVAL ; OVERLOAD ; IMPACT
英文摘要
Background: In this study, we focused on whether volume overload plays a role in the development of arterial stiffness. Methods: Seventy-three prevalent hemodialysis patients were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Arterial stiffness was assessed by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), and volume overload was assessed by bioimpedance analysis. Results: Patients were divided into a high PWV group and a low PWV group based on the median of PWV. Age, systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure (PP), extracellular water/total body water ratio (ECW/TBW), diabetic status (all p < 0.01), and history of cardiac events (p < 0.05) were significantly higher in the high PWV group (n = 37) than in the low PWV group. In the correlation analysis, PWV was positively associated with PP, systolic blood pressure, ECW/TBW, age, history of cardiac events, and diabetes (all p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that PWV was independently related to PP and ECW/TBW (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Volume overload plays an important role in the development of arterial stiffness in hemodialysis patients. Copyright (C) 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel
语种英语
WOS记录号WOS:000263914600005
引用统计
被引频次：17[WOS] [WOS记录] [WOS相关记录]
文献类型期刊论文
条目标识符http://ir.bjmu.edu.cn/handle/400002259/62595
专题北京大学第三临床医学院_肾内科
作者单位Peking Univ, Hosp 3, Dept Nephrol, Div Nephrol, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China
推荐引用方式
GB/T 7714
Zheng, Danxia,Cheng, Li-Tao,Zhuang, Zhen,et al. Correlation between Pulse Wave Velocity and Fluid Distribution in Hemodialysis Patients[J]. BLOOD PURIFICATION,2009,27(3):248-252.
APA Zheng, Danxia,Cheng, Li-Tao,Zhuang, Zhen,Gu, Yue,Tang, Li-Jun,&Wang, Tao.(2009).Correlation between Pulse Wave Velocity and Fluid Distribution in Hemodialysis Patients.BLOOD PURIFICATION,27(3),248-252.
MLA Zheng, Danxia,et al."Correlation between Pulse Wave Velocity and Fluid Distribution in Hemodialysis Patients".BLOOD PURIFICATION 27.3(2009):248-252.
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除非特别说明，本系统中所有内容都受版权保护，并保留所有权利。 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Date of Award
Summer 2024
Access Type
Thesis - Open Access
Degree Name
Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering
Department
Aerospace Engineering
Committee Chair
Mandar Kulkarni
First Committee Member
William Engblom
Second Committee Member
Vladimir V. Golubev
College Dean
James W. Gregory
Abstract
With a continuously growing demand for power, driven by the need to reduce our environmental footprint, this research provides an examination of the potential of energy harvesting with smart materials technology and its practical applications. The energy harvesting system considered here works on generating energy through vibrations of a piezoelectric material beam which will undergo sustained vibrations due to flow of air over its surface. It is assumed that sustained limit cycle oscillations of this system will occur at the flutter velocity. This research creates an optimization framework to obtain the best values of parameters that will result in the minimum flutter velocity for the system. Minimization of flutter velocity may lead to the use of the energy harvesting system at lower air speeds, thus increasing its applicability in multiple low-velocity vehicles/scenarios. The study begins with an in depth explanation of piezoelectricity, its fundamental concepts, operational mechanisms, and various applications. Next, the phenomenon of flutter is explained in detail as it is essential for identifying conditions where vibrations can be harnessed for energy generation. Two codes are developed to determine the flutter speed for both steady and unsteady flows, which are also verified against previous studies, ensuring their accuracy and reliability. Further, several codes are created to optimize the minimum flutter speed, initially focusing on a single parameter, then expanding to two parameters and finally optimizing all four parameters simultaneously. With the last case, the flutter velocity is reduced an 80% from its starting value. So far, to the author’s knowledge, there are not too many works that follow a detailed optimization process of the parameters involved in piezoelectric power generation. This optimization process is particularly significant as it lays a foundation for future studies, enabling a more comprehensive and efficient optimization of energy harvesting systems.
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Qbittorrent Host not found (authoritative) and timed out
First, just want to say thank you for all your work on these.
I’m running a combo of Gluetun + ProtonVPN + qBittorrent all in separate Docker containers on my QNAP. The problem I’m facing is torrent speeds on qBittorrent are incredibly slow and it appears to not find many trackers. Messages include host not found, timed out, and skipping tracker announce (unreachable). Not sure what else I need to configure or if I’ve misconfigured anything. Thank you very much!
Here’s everything I’ve tried:
1. I’ve tried various locations on ProtonVPN. Doesn’t appear to be related to locations.
2. The listening port on qBittorrent is 47576 and I’ve inserted that number in FIREWALL_VPN_INPUT_PORTS on Gluetun.
3. Network Interface on qBittorrent is set to tun0
4. Optional IP address to bind to All IPv4 on qBittorrent.
5. Disabled “Validate HTTPS tracker cert”
Here’s part of my Docker compose:
version: '3.9'
services:
vpn:
image: qmcgaw/gluetun
container_name: vpn
cap_add:
- NET_ADMIN
environment:
- VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=custom
- VPN_PORT_FORWARDING=on
- VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_PROVIDER=protonvpn
- VPN_TYPE=wireguard
- VPN_ENDPOINT_IP=redacted
- VPN_ENDPOINT_PORT=51820
- WIREGUARD_PUBLIC_KEY=redacted
- WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY=redacted
- WIREGUARD_PRESHARED_KEY=
- WIREGUARD_ADDRESSES=10.2.0.2/32
- DNS_ADDRESS=1.1.1.1
- FIREWALL_VPN_INPUT_PORTS=47576,6881
ports:
- 8888:8888/tcp # HTTP proxy
- 51820:51820 # VPN
- 8388:8388/udp # Shadowsocks
- 8388:8388/tcp # Shadowsocks
- 8282:8282/tcp # qbittorrent
- 6881:6881 # qbittorrent
- 6881:6881/udp # qbittorrent
- 47576:47576 #qbittorrent
qbittorrent:
image: lscr.io/linuxserver/qbittorrent:latest
container_name: qbittorrent
environment:
- PUID=1000
- PGID=1000
- TZ=America/New_York
- WEBUI_PORT=8282
volumes:
- /share/data/config/qbittorrent:/config
- /share/data/downloads:/downloads
network_mode: service:vpn
labels:
- autoheal=true
healthcheck:
test: curl google.com || exit 1
interval: 30s
timeout: 10s
retries: 3
depends_on:
- vpn
restart: unless-stopped | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Dizzykid
Sunderland have completed the signing of defender Anton Ferdinand from West Ham for a fee of about £8m.
The England under-21 centre-half has signed a four-year deal at the Stadium of Light, and becomes manager Roy Keane's ninth signing of the summer.
"We needed to strengthen our defence and Anton is a great signing," said Keane. "He'll bring in quality and competition for places, which we need."
Ferdinand, 23, added: "After meeting Roy I knew it was time for a change."
The signing follows those of Teemu Tainio, Steed Malbranque, Pascal Chimbonda, Nick Colgan, David Meyler, El-Hadji Diouf, David Healy and Djibril Cisse this summer.
"It was hard leaving West Ham because I have been there for 16 years," said Ferdinand.
606: DEBATE I don't think Curbishley is controlling who is going out the door. The finances are dictating things and the board are making all the decisions
The Great Tevez Escape "But this is great challenge for me and I feel it is an exciting time at Sunderland. I think the move will do me good."
Ferdinand will be in direct competition with Nyron Nosworthy, Danny Collins and Danny Higginbotham for a place in the centre of defence.
It is a position that Keane has been looking to strengthen over the summer, with Jonny Evans having returned to Manchester United after his loan ended.
And Keane also revealed that he is keen to make one more signing, saying: "I have one more player in mind and then that is the end of it for a few months at least.
"I will be delighted if I can get him and then we can concentrate on the season."
Ferdinand, the younger brother of Manchester United star Rio, is recovering from a hamstring strain and will therefore have to wait until the Wigan game on 13 September to make his Black Cats debut | WIKI |
In 1923, a decade before he became Germany’s chancellor, 34-year-old Adolf Hitler slipped into a beer hall in Munich, where he would make his first clumsy, fledgling grasps at power.
A crowd of around 3,000 had gathered at the Bürgerbräukeller beer hall to hear Gustav Ritter von Kahr, the Bavarian state commissioner, give a speech. As they listened, hundreds of members of Hitler’s SA, the paramilitary group known as the Brownshirts, surrounded the venue. Hitler—then the leader of the nascent Nazi Party—paced inside the foyer, waiting for his big moment.
It came at around 8:45 p.m. on November 8. He threw his beer glass to the floor and made a beeline for the stage, flanked by armed guards. Chaos reigned in the hall; to stifle it, Hitler climbed onto a chair and fired a pistol into the air, then scurried to the stage. “National revolution is underway!” he cried. He explained that 600 armed men now guarded the Bürgerbräukeller, and nobody could leave—not alive, anyway—without his permission. The Bavarian government had been deposed, he claimed, and a new government had risen in its place.
“All of this was, of course, a bluff, but he hoped that it would be true soon enough,” writes historian David King in The Trial of Adolf Hitler: The Beer Hall Putsch and the Rise of Nazi Germany. “He was sweating considerably. He looked crazy, drunk or both.”
The coup attempt—now known as the Beer Hall Putsch—would swiftly be quashed. Two days after the Bürgerbräukeller spectacle ended on November 9, Hitler was arrested. That winter, he was tried for high treason.
Onlookers predicted severe repercussions, certain Hitler would be jailed, deported or even executed. If the man himself wasn’t annihilated, surely any lingering political aspirations he harbored would be.
This month marks the 100th anniversary of Hitler’s failed coup. Contemporary historians emphasize how amateurish these early efforts were. Yet they also stress the lessons the future führer gleaned from his failure. If he couldn’t capture Weimar Germany by force, Hitler would convince the people to hand him the reins.
What led to the coup attempt?
By the time of the Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler was already accustomed to failure.
Born in 1889, he grew up near Linz, Austria, where he was a poor student and a high school dropout. Hoping to pursue a career as an artist, he applied to Vienna’s Academy of Fine Arts, receiving rejections two years in a row, in 1907 and 1908. He moved to Vienna anyway, spending several aimless years living in a homeless shelter (a social project funded by Jewish philanthropists) and trying to sell his art.
In 1913, Hitler moved to Munich, where he was eventually apprehended for failing to register for the draft back home. (Though he returned for a screening, he failed his physical. Officials deemed him “unsuitable for combat and support duty, too weak, incapable of firing weapons.”) Back in Munich, he requested—and was granted—permission to join the Bavarian Army. “After seven years of privations, disappointments and rejections, the 25-year-old loner finally thought he had found a way out of his disoriented, useless existence,” writes Volker Ullrich in Hitler: Ascent: 1889-1939.
History remembers conflicting accounts of Hitler’s military career. He expressed great pride in his service, later writing that receiving the Iron Cross Second Class was the “happiest day of my life” and that the war more broadly was the “most memorable period of my life.” More recent research, however, reveals that he was something of a loner among his fellow soldiers, some of whom shunned him as a “rear area pig,” based far from the front line. They noticed he spent considerable time in solitude, painting or reading political books.
Weeks before World War I’s end, Hitler was temporarily blinded in a mustard gas attack. As he recovered in a hospital, he learned of yet another failure: Germany’s humiliating defeat on the world stage. He was incensed by the armistice, which German officials signed on November 11, 1918, and later by the Treaty of Versailles, which blamed Germany for the war and forced it to pay billions of dollars in reparations, plunging the country into a financial crisis.
Hitler decided he would “save Germany.” Back in Munich, he attended a meeting of the German Workers’ Party, a far-right group founded by Anton Drexler that would eventually become the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, better known as the Nazi Party. At that meeting, Drexler gave Hitler a copy of his pamphlet “My Political Awakening,” which extolled antisemitic, anticapitalist ideas—ideas that Hitler was already partial to.
The party was then quite small, allowing Hitler, who had taken to making speeches at the group’s meetings, to rise quickly within it. On one occasion, he later recalled, “I talked for 30 minutes, and what I always had felt deep down in my heart, without being able to put it to the test, was here proved to be true: I could make a good speech. At the end of the 30 minutes, it was quite clear that all the people in the little hall had been profoundly impressed.”
In 1920, the Nazis publicized their 25-point platform, a haphazard mixture of antisemitism, nationalism and socialism, all tied to a furious rejection of the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler was elected as the party’s leader the following year.
As Germany struggled to pay the reparations it owed, the economy plummeted—and support for the Nazi Party swelled. Hyperinflation devastated the country, with German currency becoming increasingly worthless with every passing hour. Before World War I, 4 marks had been equivalent to one U.S. dollar. In the beginning of 1923, a dollar equaled 17,000 marks. By November of that year, one dollar equaled 2.2 trillion marks.
As historian Adam Bisno wrote for Smithsonian magazine earlier this year, “The greatest impact of the hyperinflation of 1923 may be the hardest to measure: how it turned Germans against each other, breeding the mistrust and animosity that made Nazism seem like such a good idea to so many people.”
That animosity is what led Hitler to a stage at the Bürgerbräukeller, where he would embark on his biggest failure yet.
What happened during the coup?
On that fateful November night, after Hitler fired his pistol and declared a national revolution, he brought Kahr and two other Bavarian officials—Hans Ritter von Seisser, head of the Bavarian police, and Otto von Lossow, a German general—into an adjoining room. He demanded that these men join his cause, promising them positions in his newly formed government. In Hitler’s vision of the future, the trio would support him as he led a march against the government in Berlin. He thought the coup would mirror Benito Mussolini’s rise to power in 1922, when the Italian dictator had led a march on Rome that culminated in his appointment as prime minister.
Kahr didn’t immediately acquiesce to these plans. Hitler returned to the beer hall, where the crowd was growing agitated. He assured them the coup wasn’t about Kahr, who he hoped would join the cause. Instead, he was acting in opposition to the “Berlin Jew government and the November criminals” who signed the armistice in 1918. Somehow, this speech won over the audience. “Hitler, who had seemed insane to most of the audience only a few minutes before, suddenly mastered the situation,” writes Ullrich. “In a short speech … Hitler completely turned the mood in the beer hall.”
Hitler went on to explain that Kahr and the others were wrestling with their decision. “Can I tell them that you stand behind them?” he asked. The crowd cried out in the affirmative.
The Bavarian leaders reappeared on the stage, where Kahr told the crowds that he had decided to join the uprising. Triumphant, Hitler proclaimed that he intended to “fulfill the promise I made myself five years ago to the day as a blind cripple in an army hospital: never to rest or relax until … a Germany of power and greatness, of freedom and majesty, has been resurrected on the ruins of Germany in its pathetic present-day state.”
That night, Hitler exited the beer hall, rushing to help his followers seize a set of military barracks and leaving the Bavarian leaders in the hands of his cronies. When he returned, he was furious to learn that the trio had been allowed to leave after promising to keep their word. Once free, they immediately turned on Hitler and crushed the coup. “The putsch was thus condemned to failure,” writes Ullrich, “since everything depended on getting the triumvirate behind the uprising.”
With no backup plan or clear destination in mind, Hitler’s supporters decided to stage a march through the city. As several thousand Brownshirts took to the streets, they encountered authorities. In the violence that ensued, 4 police officers and 16 Nazis were killed. A devastated Hitler, meanwhile, was whisked off in a getaway car. He spent the next two days hiding in a friend’s attic. On November 11, 1923, he was arrested and charged with high treason.
What consequences did Hitler face?
When Hitler’s trial began in early 1924, onlookers thought the courtroom drama would be the end of the Nazi Party. Instead, over the course of 24 days, Hitler got the opportunity to sell his extremist ideas to a receptive German public.
“Hitler had a chance to redefine himself as this national hero,” King told the Times of Israel in 2018. “The incident caused headlines all over the international press, and Hitler’s name became known thereafter. He could not have bought the kind of publicity he got at the trial even if he wanted to.”
On the first day of the trial, Hitler gave a speech that lasted over three hours. He spoke of his military service, “trying to show he had the character of a soldier, not a traitor,” writes King in his book. He also spoke of his aimless years in Vienna, when he was “forced to earn my own bread.” Per Hitler’s account—though scholars dispute the timeline—this period cemented his worldview. He left the Austrian city an “absolute antisemite.”
Hitler’s final speech during the trial lasted two hours. He blamed Germany’s decline on Jews and Marxists, reiterating that he had been called upon to restore the country to its former glory. The Beer Hall Putsch, he insisted, had not failed. Popular support for his vision was growing.
“You may pronounce us guilty a thousand times,” he told the judge, “but the goddess who presides over the eternal court of history will with a smile tear in pieces the charge of the public prosecutor and the verdict of this court. For she acquits us.”
On April 1, Hitler and several of his co-conspirators were found guilty of high treason. Despite the verdict, his sentence was astonishingly light: five years in prison, which would ultimately be shortened to just nine months.
During his imprisonment, as support for Nazism swelled, Hitler wrote the first volume of Mein Kampf, his autobiographical manifesto. The text presented a cohesive (though largely fabricated) narrative of his life and revealed the foundations of his worldview: that Germany’s defeat in World War I had come from within, with the “November criminals” stabbing it in the back. All of this, Hitler believed, was part of a larger conspiracy in which Jews were plotting to take power for themselves.
While historians debate precisely when Hitler’s antisemitic views crystallized, they were certainly strengthened during his stint in prison. As Ullrich writes, in Mein Kampf, “Hitler no longer spoke of deporting or driving out Jews: He now used words like ‘destruction’ and ‘eradication.’”
How did the Beer Hall Putsch herald Hitler’s rise to power?
When Hitler was released from prison in December 1924, he was banned from giving speeches in much of Germany. What’s more, the German economy had started to improve, weakening the Nazi leader’s appeal. Yet both of those limitations were short-lived: Hitler regained permission to make speeches by the late 1920s. When the Great Depression hit in 1929, the resulting devastation and desperation set the stage for the Nazis’ comeback.
This time, Hitler had learned from his failures.
“Hitler’s lesson from the failed putsch was that he needed to pursue revolution through ‘the politics of legality’ rather than storm Munich City Hall,” wrote historian Christopher R. Browning for the Atlantic in 2022. “The Nazis would use the electoral process of democracy to destroy democracy.”
By 1930, following a successful propaganda campaign concentrated on the government’s inability to improve economic conditions, the Nazis were the second-largest party in Germany. In 1932, Hitler ran for the presidency. While he lost the election, the campaign bolstered his reputation among the German public.
Due to the Nazis’ growing influence, German President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler his chancellor in 1933. In this position, Hitler began a surgical manipulation of the German political system, using the law to do away with a number of freedoms—speech, press, due process—and shore up his own powers.
The following year, Hindenburg died. Hitler, who had played his cards right, declared himself the führer. Nurtured under the guise of legality, Nazi Germany was born. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Lagoudakis
Lagoudakis (Λαγουδάκης) is a Greek family name which is derived from the Greek word λαγουδάκι (lagoudáki: diminutive of λαγός (lagós)) for "bunny." The genitive case form Lagoudakou (Λαγουδάκου) is applied to female name bearers. Notable people with this name include:
* Pavlos Lagoudakis, Greek physicist
* Sokratis Lagoudakis (1861–1944), Greek long-distance runner | WIKI |
Melvin WILNER, d/b/a Wilner Construction Company, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. The UNITED STATES, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 92-5161.
United States Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit.
May 24, 1993.
Rehearing Denied Aug. 2, 1993.
Order Accepting Rehearing In Banc and Vacating Judgment Aug. 2, 1993.
Matthew R. Rutherford, Atty., Law Offices of Matthew R. Rutherford, San Diego, CA, argued for plaintiff-appellee.
Brad Fagg, Commercial Litigation Branch, Dept, of Justice, Washington, DC, argued for defendant-appellant. With him on the brief were Stuart M. Gerson, Assistant Attorney General, David M. Cohen, Director, Sharon Y. Eubanks, Asst. Director and Mary Mit-chelson, Deputy Director.
Before NEWMAN, Circuit Judge, BENNETT, Senior Circuit Judge, and SCHALL, Circuit Judge.
BENNETT, Senior Circuit Judge.
The United States (government) appeals from a decision of the United States Claims Court (Claims Court). The Claims Court (1) altered the contracting officer’s calculations to increase the quantum of delay damages awarded to Melvin Wilner, d/b/a Wilner Construction Company (Wilner), by $26,-271.49 plus interest, (2) denied a claim for further delay compensation asserted by Wil-ner, and (3) rejected the government’s claims for repayment of $133,094.79 in delay compensation already paid to Wilner. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
Wilner was engaged by the government to construct an Operational Trainer Facility at Camp Pendleton, California, pursuant to Contract No. N62474-83-C-2280. The undertaking experienced delays which postponed the project’s completion by 447 days. Wilner then filed a claim with the Navy’s contracting officer, William Lindstrom, to recover the additional costs resulting from the project’s delays.
Wilner’s claim was principally directed to delay costs arising from: 1) the duct revision work; 2) the open web joist (OWJ) revision work; and 3) the smoke detector work. Wilner alleged that the delay had been caused by the government. Contracting Officer Lindstrom awarded Wilner compensation based upon 260 days of delay.
On review before the Claims Court, Wilner presented evidence relating to the critical path of the project. However, the court determined that the evidence presented by Wilner was inadequate to establish the project’s critical path. The court also heard the testimony of Contracting Officer Lindstrom who was called as a witness by the government.
The Claims Court found, based only on the evidence presented by Wilner, that: 1) the compensable critical path delay attributable to the Navy and arising from the duct revision work totaled only 91 days; and 2) the compensable critical path delay resulting from the OWJ and smoke detector revision work was unascertainable.
The court made clear throughout its decision that the best evidence to establish the government’s responsibility for delay beyond 91 days would be a critical path analysis. While no such analysis was ever presented, the court perceived more compensable delay than what Wilner had been able to establish. Accordingly, the court then went on to consider the next best available evidence presented at trial in an effort to ascertain the actual amount of delay.
First, the court considered the contracting officer’s decision to issue unilateral modifications. The contracting officer had issued unilateral contract modifications granting Wilner extensions of time. Wilner argued that these modifications constituted an admission by the contracting officer that the delays were the fault of the government. However, the Claims Court disagreed and gave no evidentiary weight to the contracting officer’s decision to issue unilateral modifications. The court next considered the trial testimony of the contracting officer.
Contracting Officer Lindstrom, who was called as a witness by the government, testified as to the factual basis or foundation behind his final decision. Specifically, Mr. Lindstrom testified that his final decision was based in part upon the results of a technical review performed by the Navy’s Engineering Construction Division as well as the opinions of a Navy “technical analyst, his consultant, and counsel who conducted a legal review of the technical analysis” each of whom thought compensation was due. Mr. Lindstrom also testified that he was convinced, after weighing the arguments of both parties equally, that 260 days of compensable delay had occurred.
Upon consideration, the Claims Court rejected Wilner’s claim for added delay compensation but altered the contracting officer’s delay calculations slightly to increase the quantum of delay damages already awarded, based upon 259, rather than 260 days of delay, by $26,271.49. The Claims Court also denied the government’s claim for reimbursement of the delay compensation already paid to Wilner. In so ruling, the court rejected the government’s contention that recovery was precluded by Wilner’s inadequate critical path analysis.
The government moved post-trial for leave to amend its answer and asserted another claim seeking repayment of $133,094.79 in delay-based compensation received by Wil-ner. However, the court held that it did not have jurisdiction to hear that claim. The government now appeals alleging that the Claims Court failed to make a proper de novo review of the contracting officer’s decision.
OPINION
I.
Where both parties to a contract contribute to delay, neither can recover damages, unless there is in the proof a clear apportionment of the delay and the expense attributable to each party. Blinderman Constr. Co. v. United States, 695 F.2d 552, 559 (Fed.Cir.1982) (quoting Coath & Goss, Inc. v. United States, 101 Ct.Cl. 702, 714-15 (1944)). Thus, there can be no recovery by a contractor where the government’s delay is concurrent or intertwined with other delays. Commerce Int’l Co. v. United States, 167 Ct.Cl. 529, 338 F.2d 81, 90 (1964); Marshall v. United States, 143 Ct.Cl. 51, 164 F.Supp. 221, 224 (1958). The determination of delay causation is a question of fact. J.D. Hedin Constr. Co. v. United States, 171 Ct.Cl. 70, 347 F.2d 235, 245 (1965).
In the present case, the Claims Court found that the best evidence for establishing delay causation would be a critical path analysis. However, such an analysis was not introduced at trial. Accordingly, the Claims Court relied on the testimony of the contracting officer as the next best evidence available to establish delay causation. The government suggests that the contracting officer’s testimony is inadmissible hearsay because it refers to: 1) the opinions of subordinates; and 2) a technical report which was not entered into evidence. The government is incorrect.
Under Rule 801(c) of the Federal Rules of Evidence, a statement is not hearsay if it is not “offered in evidence for the truth of the matter asserted.” Here, the contracting officer’s testimony is not hearsay because it was not offered to establish that the opinions or the technical report were accurate. Rather, the testimony was offered to explain the basis or foundation behind the contracting officer’s decision. See M. Graham, Federal Practice and Procedure: Evidence § 6705 (interim ed. 1992); cf. United States v. Blan-dina, 895 F.2d 293, 300-01 (7th Cir.1989) (holding that statements offered to show that the listener conducted an adequate investigation are not hearsay). Also, even if the statements were hearsay, under Rule 103(a)(1) of the Federal Rules of Evidence, the government would be estopped from raising the issue on appeal since it was not timely raised at trial.
II.
A contracting officer’s findings of fact are “not binding in any subsequent proceeding.” 41 U.S.C. § 605(a) (1988). The contracting officer merely provides an effective, nonjudicial first step in the dispute resolution process. Accordingly, the Claims Court reviews contracting officer decisions de novo. Assurance Co. v. United States, 813 F.2d 1202, 1206 (Fed.Cir.1987) (“[W]here an appeal is taken to a board or court, the contracting officer’s award is not to be treated as if it were the unappealed determination of a lower tribunal which is owed special deference or acceptance on appeal.”).
However, contracting officer testimony is not without value. It constitutes evidence which may be considered and weighed by a reviewing tribunal in the same way as any other piece of evidence. J.D. Hedin Constr., 347 F.2d at 245; Lathan Co. v. United States, 20 Cl.Ct. 122, 125 (1990). See also Elmore Moving & Storage, Inc. v. United States, 845 F.2d 1001, 1003 (Fed.Cir.1988); Edward R. Marden Corp. v. United States, 803 F.2d 701, 704 (Fed.Cir.1986); CACI, Inc. v. United States, 719 F.2d 1567, 1579 (Fed.Cir.1983); Hoel-Steffen Constr. Co. v. United States, 231 Ct.Cl. 128, 684 F.2d 843, 847 (Fed.Cir.1982); Churchill Chem. Corp. v. United States, 221 Ct.Cl. 284, 602 F.2d 358, 365 n. 8 (Fed.Cir.1979).
Here, the Claims Court could not ascertain, based upon the information presented by Wilner, whether the government was responsible for all of the alleged delay. The Claims Court determined that the evidence presented by the contractor, taken alone, entitled Wilner to only 91 days of compensatory delay. Accordingly, the court then considered the contracting officer’s trial testimony to determine what weight, if any, it should be given as evidence of causation for the disputed periods of delay.
There is nothing in the Contract Disputes Act or the rules of evidence to prohibit the consideration of a contracting officer’s testimony when ruling on liability or quantum. The court, in its role as fact finder, gave the contracting officer’s testimony weight, not deference. Accordingly, the court did conduct a de novo review of the contracting officer’s findings of fact when it found that Wilner was entitled to 259 days of compensa-ble delay.
Mr. Lindstrom testified that he relied “primarily” on the “technical review” performed by the Engineering Construction Division, and that he relied on his consultants. Mr. Lindstrom also testified that he had no specific recollection at trial of the documents he reviewed in making his decision several years earlier. See supra notes 6, 7. However, these considerations would seem to go more toward the proper weight that Mr. Lind-strom’s testimony should be given rather than to whether the court below conducted a proper de novo review as required under 41 U.S.C. § 609(a)(3). Reliance on technical reports prepared by specialists, and the expert opinions of consultants, are not unusual in government. See 48 C.F.R. § 1.602-2(c) (1992).
A similar case to that presented here is the aforementioned Assurance Company v. United States. In Assurance, the Federal Circuit was asked to review a decision of the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals (board) relating to whether the board could reduce two damage awards made by the contracting officer. 813 F.2d at 1206. As in the present case, the government called the contracting officer as a witness. However, the contracting officer’s testimony in Assurance cast doubt upon his own final decision. Based upon that testimony, the board rejected one of the contracting officer’s damage, awards and reduced the amount of the other. Id, at 1205.
On appeal, the Federal Circuit determined “from the face of the Disputes Act that a contract appeals board can, with respect to a contracting officer’s decision that has been appealed to it, reduce as well as increase the award made by that contracting officer.” Id. at 1206. The court then affirmed the board’s decision. Id, at 1207. In doing so, the court noted that, as to the first award, the board’s decision was supported by substantial evidence since the contracting officer’s testimony had discredited his earlier decision, id. at 1206, and as for the second award, the board’s decision was likewise supported by substantial evidence since the contracting officer testified that he had “overstated” that award. Id.
The present case differs only slightly from Assurance. As in Assurance, the trial court considered the statement of the presiding contracting officer who testified as to the reasoning behind his decision. However, in the present case, the contracting officer’s testimony confirmed rather than discredited the contracting officer’s award.
III.
Finally, the United States Court of Claims, to whose precedent we are bound, South Corp. v. United States, 690 F.2d 1368 (Fed.Cir.1982) (in banc), has distinguished contracting officer decisions which are adverse to the contractor from those which are favorable. See John Cibinic, Jr. & Ralph C. Nash, Jr., Administration of Government Contracts 1001-02 (2d ed. 1986).
A contracting officer’s findings of fact and conclusions of law which are adverse to the contractor have not been entitled to a presumption of validity, see Southwest Welding & Mfg. Co. v. United States, 188 Ct.Cl. 925, 413 F.2d 1167, 1184-85 (1969); L. Rosenman Corp. v. United States, 182 Ct.Cl. 586, 390 F.2d 711, 712 n. 2 (1968), whereas decisions favorable to the contractor have been held to constitute an “evidentiary admission” of liability. Dean Constr. Co. v. United States, 188 Ct.Cl. 62, 411 F.2d 1238, 1245 (1969); Robert E. Lee & Co. v. United States, 164 Ct.Cl. 365, 370 (1964); Vulcan Rail & Constr. Co. v. United States, 158 Ct.Cl. 234, 241 (1962); George A. Fuller Co. v. United States, 108 Ct.Cl. 70, 94, 69 F.Supp. 409 (1947); J.D. Hedin Constr., 347 F.2d at 245.
The justification for this distinction is that a decision of a contracting officer which is favorable to the contractor can be viewed as a government admission against interest. As the court explained almost 50 years ago in Irwin & Leighton v. United States, 101 Ct.Cl. 455, 475 (1944):
It is true that we are not bound by the findings of the contracting officer in a claim for damages due to delay, but there is a strong presumption that the delay was not less than that found. The contracting officer, or his representative, had day to day contact with the work and was in the best position of anyone, except the contractor, to know the extent of the delay. He is supposed to weigh the facts with an even hand before rendering his decision; but it cannot be overlooked that he is the defendant’s selection and its own employee. He is not apt to err on the side of the contractor and against his employer, whose interests he is employed to guard and protect. Unless the clear weight of the evidence shows the delay was less than that found by him, we think defendant is bound by his finding. (Citation omitted.)
It is arguable that this reasoning, which originated long before the enactment of the Contract Disputes Act, does not apply to Claims Court suits. Nevertheless, we adhere to the belief that a contracting officer decision which is favorable to a contractor can logically be considered an evidentiary admission by the government — and that this position does not run afoul of the requirement under 41 U.S.C. § 609(a)(3) that contracting officer decisions be reviewed de novo.
Here, the contracting officer’s decision, which established 260 rather than 91 days of delay, was favorable to the contractor. Accordingly, that decision constitutes a strong evidentiary admission, subject to rebuttal, of the extent of the government’s liability.
CONCLUSION
The Claims Court did conduct a proper de novo review of the contracting officer’s decision. That decision was properly considered by the Claims Court as evidence tending to prove compensable delay, and the government failed to overcome that finding. Accordingly, the decision of the Claims Court is
AFFIRMED.
SCHALL, Circuit Judge,
dissenting.
I respectfully dissent. I believe that the Claims Court erred as a matter of law by failing to employ the approach of a de novo proceeding, which is mandated by the Contract Disputes Act of 1978, 41 U.S.C. § 601-613 (1988 & Supp. I 1993) (CDA or Act).
BACKGROUND
In response to Wilner’s claims, the contracting officer made an award to Wilner based upon 260 calendar days of delay. Subsequently, Wilner brought a direct action suit in the Claims Court under the CDA. In the Claims Court, Wilner alleged that government conduct was the legal cause of all of the delay to the project: from October 1, 1986 (the original contract completion date) through January 19, 1988 (the date of contract completion).
Following a careful and thorough review of the evidence adduced at trial, however, the Claims Court concluded that the only critical path delay attributable to the government extended from February 27,1987, to May 29, 1987, a total of 91 calendar days. Wilner v. United States, 26 Cl.Ct. 260, 275-77 (1992). Having so concluded, the Claims Court stated:
The problem that the court perceives is that its determinations thus far reflect the government-caused delays as proved by plaintiff at trial, rather than what the court perceives, but plaintiff failed to prove, to be the actual government-caused delays.
Id. at 277 (emphasis added).
Further on in its opinion, the Claims Court explained that, “[d]ue to the absence of a critical path analysis,” and without considering the contracting officer’s decision, it was “unable to determine whether delays caused by the Navy were properly compensable as critical path delays.” 26 Cl.Ct. at 279. The Claims Court then turned to the contracting officer’s decision, in which, as noted above, the contracting officer awarded Wilner compensation based upon 260 calendar days of delay. The Claims Court described the contracting officer’s decision as “evidence before the court that must be considered and weighed.” Id. After summarizing the contracting officer’s testimony explaining how he had reached his decision, the Claims Court stated:
Plaintiff’s failure to present a critical path analysis at trial is an insufficient basis to reject the contracting officer’s determinations of critical path delay days based on the technical analysis [presented to the contracting officer].
Id, The Claims Court then went on to make an award to Wilner based upon 259 calendar days of government-caused critical path delay.
DISCUSSION
The CDA provides that “[a]ll claims by a contractor against the government relating to a contract shall be in writing and shall be submitted to the contracting officer for a decision.” 41 U.S.C. § 605(a). As far as the contracting officer’s decision is concerned, the Act states that “[s]pecific findings of fact are not required, but, if made, shall not be binding in any subsequent proceeding.” Id. The CDA further provides that, after a contracting officer renders a decision upon a claim, a contractor may bring an action directly on the claim in the Court of Federal Claims. 41 U.S.C. § 609(a)(1). In the Court of Federal Claims, the action proceeds “de novo in accordance with the rules of the court....” 41 U.S.C. § 609(a)(3).
In Assurance Co. v. United States, 813 F.2d 1202 (Fed.Cir.1987), this court addressed the question of the status of a contracting officer’s decision under the CDA. The issue in Assurance was whether the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals (Board) could legally reduce a contracting officer’s award to a contractor when the contractor, dissatisfied with the award, brought an action before the Board. The court concluded that, under the CDA, the Board did have the power to reduce the contracting officer’s award. In reaching its conclusion, the court looked to the provisions of the CDA cited above which state that findings of fact by a contracting officer are not binding in any subsequent court proceeding, 41 U.S.C. § 605(a), and that in a court action on a contracting officer’s decision, the suit is to proceed de novo. 41 U.S.C. § 609(a)(3). In addressing the de novo nature of the proceedings under the CDA, the Assurance court stated:
[T]he Disputes Act itself suggests that, where an appeal is taken to a board or court, the contracting officer’s award is not to be treated as if it were the unappealed determination of a lower tribunal which is owed special deference or acceptance on appeal.
813 F.2d at 1206.
The plain language of the CDA and this court’s decision in Assurance make it clear that when suit is brought following a contracting officer’s decision, the findings of fact in that decision are not binding upon the parties and are not entitled to any deference. Put another way, once an action is brought following a contracting officer’s decision, the parties start in court with a clean slate. This means that when, as here, the claim being asserted by the contractor is based upon alleged government-caused delay, the contractor has the burden of proving the extent of the delay, that the delay was proximately caused by government action, and that the delay harmed the contractor. See, e.g., William F. Klingensmith, Inc. v. United States, 731 F.2d 805, 809 (Fed.Cir.1984); Blinderman Constr. Co. v. United States, 695 F.2d 552, 559 (Fed.Cir.1982).
The plain language of the CDA and this court’s decision in Assurance also make it clear that, in court litigation, a contractor is not entitled to the benefit of any presumption arising from the contracting officer’s decision. Rather, the contractor has the burden of proving the fundamental facts of liability and damages de novo. In this case, however, the Claims Court gave the contractor the benefit of just such a presumption. After reading J.D. Hedin Constr. Co. v. United States, 171 Ct.Cl. 70, 347 F.2d 235 (1965), as indicating that “the findings of a contracting officer are entitled to a strong presumption of validity, subject to rebuttal,” Wilner, 26 Cl.Ct. at 277, and after stating that Wilner had failed to carry its burden of proof with respect to alleged government-caused delay, id., the Claims Court stated that Wilner’s failure to present a critical path analysis was “an insufficient basis to reject the contracting officer’s determinations of critical path delay days based on the technical analysis.” Id. at 279. Thus, contrary to the mandate of the CDA that a contracting officer’s findings of fact are not “binding in any subsequent proceeding,” 41 U.S.C. § 605(a), and contrary to the conclusion in Assurance that a contracting officer’s award is owed neither “special deference [nor] acceptance on appeal,” the Claims Court accorded the contracting officer’s findings a presumption of validity, which it weighed against the evidence at trial, thereby allowing Wilner to escape the consequences of its failure to meet its burden of proof. In my view, this approach constituted error because it was contrary to the concept of proceeding de novo, which is mandated by the CDA.
I respectfully disagree with the majority’s view that the Claims Court conducted a de novo review because it gave “weight” to the contracting officer’s testimony. Opinion at 787. I believe that a review of the pertinent portion of the Claims Court’s opinion — which appears under the heading “Contracting Officer’s final decision”—Wilner, 26 Cl.Ct. at 279, reveals that, in fact, what the court did was rely upon the contracting officer’s decision, not the testimony of the contracting officer at trial. The Claims Court’s opinion makes it quite clear that Contracting Officer Lindstrom did not offer testimony which independently established the determination of 260 calendar days of government-caused delay. Indeed, Mr. Lindstrom had no firsthand knowledge of the events that transpired during performance of the contract, and no specific recollection of the documents he reviewed in making his decision. Rather, Mr. Lindstrom testified to the general practices within his office and the bases for his final decision. In short, Mr. Lindstrom explained what he relied upon for the conclusions in his final decision. His testimony, however, added nothing to, and provided no support for, those conclusions.
The majority rests its affirmance of the Claims Court’s decision upon the proposition that “a contracting officer decision which is favorable to a contractor can logically be considered an evidentiary admission by the government____” From this proposition, the majority concludes that the contracting officer’s decision in this case constituted “a strong evidentiary admission, subject to rebuttal, of the extent of the government’s liability.” For its position, the majority relies upon the authority of Dean Constr. Co. v. United States, 188 Ct.Cl. 62, 74, 411 F.2d 1238, 1245 (1969); J.D. Hedin Constr. Co., supra, 171 Ct.Cl. at 83-84, 347 F.2d at 245; Robert E. Lee & Co. v. United States, 164 Ct.Cl. 365, 370 (1964); Vulcan Rail & Constr. Co. v. United States, 158 Ct.Cl. 234, 241 (1962); George A. Fuller Co. v. United States, 108 Ct.Cl. 70, 94, 69 F.Supp. 409 (1947); and Irwin & Leighton v. United States, 101 Ct.Cl. 455, 475 (1944).
In my view, the majority’s reliance upon Dean, Hedin, Robert E. Lee, Vulcan, Fuller, and Irwin & Leighton is misplaced. The most recent of these cases predates the effective date of the CDA by almost ten years, and “[w]ith the passage of the [CDA], a new era in the resolution of government contracts emerged.” Tuttle/White Constructors, Inc. v. United States, 228 Ct.Cl. 354, 357, 656 F.2d 644, 646 (1981).
Most importantly, the view which these cases take of the legal effect of a contracting officer’s decision is at odds with the plain language of the Act. That language provides that “[s]pecific findings, of fact [by the contracting officer] ... shall not be binding in any subsequent proceeding,” 41 U.S.C. § 605(a), and that an action in court on a claim “shall proceed de novo____” 41 U.S.C. § 609(a)(3). Contrary to section 605(a), the majority opinion makes a contracting officer’s findings binding upon the government as admissions in a subsequent proceeding unless they are rebutted. Likewise, I do not think that a court proceeding on a claim can fairly be termed “de novo” within the meaning of section 609(a)(3) if the government is said to enter the proceeding fettered by the proposition that the contracting officer’s decision on the claim “constitutes a strong evi-dentiary admission, subject to rebuttal, of the extent of the government’s liability.”
Finally, I believe that today’s decision could have unfortunate consequences for the resolution of government contract disputes. First of all, the decision adds a complicating factor to litigation under the CDA In certain cases, judges of the Court of Federal Claims and the boards of contract appeals will now have to engage in the preliminary activity of weighing evidence. They will have to do so in order to determine whether a “strong evidentiary admission” in favor of the contractor arising from findings of the contracting officer has been rebutted.
Second, the CDA was intended to implement the recommendations of the Commission on Government Procurement. Paragon Energy Corp. v. United States, 227 Ct.Cl. 176, 185, 645 F.2d 966, 972 (1981). One of those recommendations was to “[e]mpower contracting agencies to settle and pay ... all claims or disputes arising under or growing out of or in connection with the administration or performance of contracts entered into by the United States.” 4 Report of the Commission on Government Procurement at 22. In addition, it has been recognized that one of the purposes of the CDA’s certification requirement is to “encourage settlements.” Folk Constr. Co. v. United States, 226 Ct.Cl. 602, 604 (1981). I believe that an unintended result of today’s decision could be that, contrary to the intent of Congress, it will become more difficult to resolve contract disputes before the contracting officer, with the result that more time and money will be spent in board and court litigation by both the government and contractors.
The reason I say this is that I believe today’s decision creates an incentive for contractors to litigate rather than settle and a disincentive for contracting officers to make partial awards in response to contractor claims. By permitting a contractor to use a partial award as evidence, we create an incentive for the contractor to litigate rather than settle. We do so because we increase the contractor’s chances of getting the government’s partial award — in effect, the government’s initial offer — as its recovery floor. With its downside risk lessened, the contractor’s upside gain may not need to be great before it is in the contractor’s interest to litigate rather than settle. Likewise, if a contracting officer knows that a decision making a partial award to a contractor constitutes “a strong evidentiary admission, [albeit] subject to rebuttal, of the extent of the government’s liability,” it is not unreasonable to expect that he or she will decide not to risk tying the government’s hands in subsequent litigation by issuing a decision which could give rise to such an admission. In short, I believe that a result of today’s decision could well be that fewer cases will settle and that there will be fewer partial awards to contractors.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, I would reverse the decision of the Claims Court and would remand the case to the Court of Federal Claims for a computation of the award, if any, to which Wilner is entitled, based upon the determination. of the Claims Court, following a review of the evidence at trial, that the government was responsible for 91 calendar days of critical path delay.
ORDER
Aug. 2, 1993.
The appellant, the United States, having filed a petition for rehearing, and a response thereto having been invited by the court and filed by the appellee, and the petition for rehearing having been referred to the panel that heard the appeal and denied, and thereafter the suggestion for rehearing in banc and response having been referred to the circuit judges who are in regular active service,
Upon consideration thereof, it is
ORDERED that the suggestion for rehearing in banc be, and the same hereby is, accepted.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the judgment of the court entered on May 24, 1993, is vacated and that the opinions of the court accompanying the said judgment are withdrawn.
Additional briefing and argument are not indicated at this time.
. Wilner v. United States, 26 Cl.Ct. 260 (1992).
. The Federal Courts Administration Act of 1992, Pub.L. No. 102-572, § 902(a), 106 Stat. 4506, 4516, changed the name of the United States Claims Court to the United States Court of Federal Claims.
. Compensation was also requested for weather related delays; however, the government does not challenge that portion of the Claims Court’s decision.
. As to the duct work, the Claims Court stated: "Without a critical path analysis, the court cannot exclude the possibility that the contractor caused concurrent delay on the project" Regarding the OWJ revision work, the court stated: "The absence of a critical path analysis prevents the court from discerning whether the OWJ design defect may have been discovered earlier, but for a delay of the contractor. ... The evidence relating to the OWJ revision work is insufficient for this court to attribute critical path delay to the Navy.” Finally, with regard to the smoke detector work, the court likewise stated: "The absence of a critical path analysis for the project prevents the court from determining that critical path delay, attributable to the Navy, occurred with respect to the smoke detector work."
. The grant of an extension of time by a contracting officer may carry with it the administrative admission that the delays resulted through no fault of the contractor. J.D. Hedin Constr. Co. v. United States, 347 F.2d 235, 245 (Ct.Cl.1965).
. At trial, the court asked Mr. Lindstrom whether he had any independent evaluation of the project's critical path. In his response, Mr. Lind-strom explained that he had made his own evaluation, but that this case required him to rely on the expertise of his subordinates:
Now, I did not go back into this whole thing and examine everything in detail. I believe it's quite obvious from the document that I relied very heavily upon the content of the conclusions of the Analyst that I was using. One of the reasons being that there was a part of this claim that spoke to how much Mr. Wilner was worth per year, per hour, per day. And I felt that I had absolutely no expertise in that particular area at all, and therefore I tended to stay away from this part of the — of the analysis and relied upon my Consultants.
The documents referred to by Mr. Lindstrom were before the Claims Court, although apparently not entered into evidence by the government, which had called Mr. Lindstrom as a witness. There is no suggestion that these government-generated documents were otherwise in the possession of the contractor.
. Contracting Officer Lindstrom was called to testify at trial by the government. During direct examination, he was asked:
Government — Q: "What exactly did you review in formulating your final decision in descriptive terms?”
Lindstrom — A: "All right. This review — The final review took place immediately prior to the issuance of the decision, what dates I have no recollection and I have no direct recollection of the specific time, what I was looking at much. I can respond by looking at the document itself and draw conclusions from its content as to what I looked at. Basically I primarily relied on the content of a technical review that I had had performed for me by [the] Engineering Construction Division.”
(Emphasis added.)
. See, e.g., H.R.Rep. No. 1556, 95th Cong., 2d Sess., at 6 (1978); 124 Cong.Rec. H10725 (daily ed. Sept. 26, 1978).
. The Court of Claims has described government admissions against interest as "pieces of evidence in favor of the contractor, to be weighed along with the other evidence" but which, when contradicted by other more direct, convincing evidence, are of "little weight”. Winston Bros. v. United States, 131 Ct.Cl. 245, 259, 130 F.Supp. 374 (1955).
. Concerns that Part III of this decision will encourage litigation by contractors would constitute mere speculation since there is no evidence that the pre-CDA cases cited in support of our position were ever the cause of increased contractor litigation. See 4 Report of the Commission on Government Procurement Law, (1973).
Furthermore, as we have stated, an evidentiary admission would exist only with regard to decisions which are favorable to a contractor. Litigation is not free, and the charges arising from costs and attorney fees can be considerable. Thus, a contractor may not be quick to incur the expense of litigation to appeal a favorable decision, especially since (1) such litigation would place the amount already awarded by the contracting officer at risk, and (2) the contracting officer’s decision would not tend to establish entitlement to compensation beyond that which was already awarded.
. The dissent states that ”[t]he majority rests its affirmance upon the proposition that ‘a contracting officer decision which is favorable to a contractor can logically be considered an evidentiary admission by the government.' ” (Emphasis added.) This assertion puts too much emphasis on the final portion of our opinion and overlooks the second section of the decision.
. Unless the context requires otherwise, I refer to the trial court by the name which it had while this case was pending before it and before it was renamed the United States Court of Federal Claims.
. Moreover, as noted in Assurance, Court of Claims precedent after Hedin held that, in the event of an appeal to a board of contract appeals under the Disputes clause of a government contract, the contracting officer’s decision was deemed "vacated" and enjoyed "no presumptive validity whatever.” Southwest Welding & Mfg. Co. v. United States, 188 Ct.Cl. 925, 954, 413 F.2d 1167, 1184-85 (1969). "There is no reason to believe that in enacting the Contract Disputes Act, Congress intended to change this established rule.” Assurance, 813 F.2d at 1206.
. As a general proposition, I do not disagree with the majority’s statement that "contracting officer testimony is not without value.” Opinion at 787. What I would say, though, is that in this case, that proposition is not relevant. The reason is that, as just discussed, the Claims Court’s decision is based upon the contracting officer’s decision, not his testimony.
| CASELAW |
Some doctors believe that children with ADHD may not have enough of a neurotransmitter called dopamine; they may also lack the neurotransmitter noradrenaline. Dopamine and noradrenaline are neurotransmitters that can influence and help determine our mood and emotions. Without enough dopamine or noradrenaline, the front part of the brain cannot deal with and react to information in the way that it should. Drug treatments for ADHD aim to increase the amount of dopamine or noradrenaline in the brain. However, there are many factors which can affect the levels of neurotransmitters in our brain and our diet is a key component. What we eat provides the body with the building blocks to make these neurotransmitters. By supporting the body on a nutritional level it could be possible to boost the levels of these transmitters which could have a direct effect on behaviour. It is also important to understand that this works both ways, so if deficiencies are present it can exacerbate the condition making behaviour worse.
There are many other nutritional facts that could be beneficial for those diagnosed with ADHD.
Balancing blood sugar levels. A study of 265 hyperactive children found that more than three-quarters of them displayed abnormal glucose tolerance. That means that their bodies were less able to cope with excess sugar intake and maintain a healthy blood sugar level. Keeping blood sugar levels balanced could be helpful in moderating children’s behaviour. Having high and low levels of blood sugar can lead to various symptoms such as mood swings, indecisiveness and some research even states that low blood sugar can cause people to behave in an unsocial manner.
Ensuring adequate intake of essential fatty acids. In 2006 the Daily Mail ran a feature starting that ‘’Fish oil 'calms children better than Ritalin ‘’.This was based on Australian research that looked at the effect of Eye Q fish oil capsules on a group seven to 12-year-olds with ADHD. One half of the group were given the fish oil capsules and the other half took a placebo. Within three months, the behaviour of those on the fish oils had dramatically improved and, by seven months, many of the children were less restless and doing better at school .
Research at Oxford University also found similar results. In a double-blind trial using Omega 3 and Omega 6 fish oil supplement Eye Q with 41 children aged 8 to 12 years who had ADHD symptoms, the children receiving extra essential fats in supplements were both behaving and learning better within 12 weeks . Ensuring your child has no nutritional deficiencies.
The brain bio centre highlights that Zinc and magnesium are the most commonly deficient nutrients in children with ADHD. The symptoms of the deficiency of these minerals are similar to the symptoms of ADHD. Low levels of magnesium have been noted to cause excessive fidgeting, anxiousness, restlessness, insomnia, coordination problems and learning difficulties, in children with a normal I.Q.
Most importantly, we must remember that every child is an individual and should be treated as such. You can ask your GP for a referral to a dietician or find a local nutritionist or nutritional therapist for a personalised tailored diet to help your child specifically.
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User:VoxClamantis
I live in the misty shadow of Twin Peaks in San Francisco. My interests include: architecture, classics, visual arts, history, the Pleistocene, Anglo-American law, private equity, skiing, hiking, climate, and big trees. | WIKI |
Home > Exhaust FAQ
RESONATOR
What is a resonator, and do I need one?
A resonator is critical for a street-driven car. Here are some basic, layman’s term explanations:
There are 3 common ways to reduce sound in an exhaust system: Resonator (reflected waves), muffler (wave absorbtion and reflection) and silencer (reflected waves and restriction). BRM uses a resonator and a straight-through muffler on all of its systems.
A resonator is a straight-through chamber sized larger than the inlet / outlet. Tuned properly (through placement, diameter, length, shape and location) it will actually cancel out certain frequencies as the sound waves collide, yet does not impede flow.
So, which one to choose? Typically, the longer resonator offers a somewhat deeper tone. While the difference in sound between the 22", 18", and 14" resonator is minimal, it really comes down to personal preference. A longer resonator produces a deeper tone, which will also register as quieter. If you're having a hard time deciding, go with the 18" resonator... we're confident you'll be pleased with the sound and performance!
[NOTE: Some may recall that we used to offer a longer resonator for 3" systems. Magnaflow no longer manufactures these. However, be assured that the redesigned 14" resonator performs just as well as the old-style 18/22" resonator, fits better, and weighs less.]
MUFFLER
A muffler is a chamber with internal walls (think of a maze) that the exhaust gasses travel through. As the waves pass through, they are disrupted and “chopped up” and the sound is absorbed by the surrounding packing (think of an insulated room). These can be restrictive depending on design – if it’s a straight-through design (which we use), it will not impact flow, and primarily serves to “fine tune” the exhaust note.
We don’t sell mufflers, resonators or components individually.
SILENCER
Some systems on the market are manufactured to use a silencer. A silencer is a conical obstruction placed in the exhaust system which reflects sound waves back against themselves, cancelling certain frequencies, much like a resonator. But it also works by restricting the amount of flow, thereby reducing sound levels. BRM does not sell systems with silencers. You may as well shove a potato in your tailpipe and bore a small hole in it. If you’re considering a system with a silencer, do yourself a favor – Save your money and keep your stock system.
PIPING
What size tubing should I get? The most commonly-asked question by far… Short answer: Nissan 4-cylinder engines function VERY well with 2.5″ exhaust. Many will tell you that a turbo car needs a 3″ exhaust to function properly, to which we say, not necessarily true.
Keep in mind that 2.5″ is a significant increase in size over the stock system, and there are far less bends / restrictions in our system. Unless you’re pushing 400+ hp, or more than 12psi, there’s really no need for 3″. However, we understand that some folks prefer a larger pipe diameter, so if that’s what you want, then we’ll build it for you!
DURABILITY
Should I order stainless or aluminized steel? The best way to determine this is to consider your location. If you live someplace where the roads are salted in the winter, or near the ocean, order the stainless. Another way to decide - Look at cars in your area - If their exhaust is rusting off after 5-7 years, order stainless. Otherwise, you'll do just fine with an aluminized steel system (which is what is used on most new cars).
We use 409 stainless. We don't polish our exhaust like the cheap imported systems you see on ebay - There's no reason for it, and it's actually indicative of a lower-quality steel. 409 stainless will develop a patina rapidly, especially if you're near the ocean, or anywhere they salt the roads. 409 stainless is not made to be aesthetically beautiful but it will last - you'll lose the car to corrosion long before the catback ever has issues.
In other words,
it's ugly, but it's solid - you can test this by hitting it with some steel wool (there won't be any pitting, like you'll see on a rusted stock exhaust system). Here's a better explanation by people smarter than me:
http://www.summitracing.com/expertadviceandnews/professoroverdrive/answer/3932
GASKETS / HARDWARE
All gaskets and hardware that you’ll need to install your system will be provided. We recommend replacing your rubber hangers if they’re stiff, dry or brittle. Those are not included, but can be purchased at most local auto parts stores for a few dollars.
DELIVERY
Typically, we're averaging 8 days from the date of your order to delivery. Sometimes we’re quicker, sometimes we're not. If at 8 days you don’t have your package, please let us know. There’s simply too much email flying back and forth to provide everyone with updates before 8 days. I'd love to do more, but this operation is a one-man show. If you have special delivery circumstances or instructions, please email us when you place your order.
Lastly, thank you for supporting an independently-owned business and American-made products!
Copyright © BRM Exhaust. All Rights Reserved. Built with Volusion | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Entertainment/2016 May 9
= May 9 =
In which cartoon is Donald Duck the most violent?
Title please. The Transhumanist 15:39, 9 May 2016 (UTC)
* Do you have a means to quantify violence, so we can know by which measure we're supposed to be researching? Donald Duck filmography is a fairly comprehensive look at the cartoons he has been in. -- Jayron 32 16:29, 9 May 2016 (UTC)
* he definitely freaks out from time to time..<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:31, 9 May 2016 (UTC)
* Do you mean in which cartoon is Donald injured the most ? (His 3 nephews often did something that resulted in him being injured, and Chip and Dale seemed to kill Donald at the end of "All in a Nutshell": .) StuRat (talk) 21:38, 9 May 2016 (UTC)
* From a cow's perspective it would be likely this scene from "Mickey and the Beanstalk".--TMCk (talk) 18:38, 11 May 2016 (UTC)
* Donald's attempted bovicide occurs about 2:20 in. StuRat (talk) 18:47, 11 May 2016 (UTC)
Star Wars - Kylo Ren a Sith Lord?
Is the Star Wars character Kylo Ren a Sith Lord? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:04, 9 May 2016 (UTC)
* See Kylo Ren. Come back if what is said there seems unclear. -- Jayron 32 16:21, 9 May 2016 (UTC)
Kylo Ren is not a Sith Lord. He is a dark warrior strong with the Force, a member of the Knights of Ren, a mysterious group of elite warriors. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:14, 9 May 2016 (UTC)
Love, Janis
This article under prod is about the 2001 Janet Joplin compilation album. I,ve been trying to save it by adding review references but the only one I found was allmusic. Do you know if there are any other reviews that could be referenced in the article? Atlantic306 (talk) 18:38, 9 May 2016 (UTC)
* There is a book with that name and a musical with that name, it is easy to find reviews for those, but I think it is very unlikely that you will find a review of a compilation album because I think compilations albums usually don't get separate reviews. The Quixotic Potato (talk) 07:50, 11 May 2016 (UTC)
* Thanks, there's an article on the musical but not on the book so if anyone wants to start one it seems notable. Atlantic306 (talk) 17:27, 12 May 2016 (UTC) | WIKI |
Big bank stocks pummeled as market awaits third-quarter numbers
Rising interest rates and a booming economy should, at least in theory, be good for bank stocks. But shares of most of the biggest U.S. lenders are trading in correction territory, some hitting fresh lows for the last year. Investors who are puzzled by this will look for answers on Friday, when three of the big banks report third-quarter earnings. It is traditionally a weak quarter for banks, but rising rates and worries over trade tariffs are adding pressure to expectations. As of midday on Thursday, the day after a more than 800-point tumble for the Dow Jones Industrial Average, bank stocks were in the red. Morgan Stanley is nearly 26 percent below its 52-week high, and Goldman Sachs is 22 percent lower, both hitting new 52-week lows on concern over weak trading results and falling fees for giving merger advice. Shares of Wells Fargo are down 21 percent from their recent high, also near a 52-week low. Citigroup shares are down 13.5 percent, and J.P. Morgan Chase's are down 7.6 percent. Wells Fargo, Citi and J.P. Morgan report results on Friday. Morgan Stanley and Goldman are out next week. A stock is said to be in correction territory when it falls 10 percent or more and a bear market when it drops more than 20 percent. Analysts said they will be listening closely to what executives say during earnings conference calls. J.P. Morgan CEO Jamie Dimon reports earnings first on Friday. "If Jamie and (CFO) Marianne Lake come out tomorrow and say, We're cutting our loan-growth expectations because trade wars are starting to weigh on CEO confidence, and, by the way, M&A is falling off a cliff too, that would spook investors," said Brian Foran, an analyst at Autonomous Research. The KBW Bank Index, which tracks many regional lenders, is down 3.5 percent for the year and more than 6 percent in the last month. Analysts will be looking to hear what banks say about loan growth, deposit costs and net interest margins, Foran said. The Federal Reserve has raised its benchmark interest rate three times this year and is expected to hike once more in December as it moves rates back to more normal levels after a decade of historic lows. This is a double-edged sword for banks because while they can make more money from lending when rates move up, higher rates also mean banks have to pay more on deposits, and they tend to put a damper on loan demand. This all weighs on the bank sector, according to Jeffrey Gundlach of ValueLine. "If the rate is higher there's no surprise that we see declines in home builder confidence and also the University of Michigan survey that says is this a good time to buy a house," Gundlach said on CNBC on Thursday. "Banks are doing terribly because the loan volume is likely to shrink as we see interest rates going higher, because it's difficult for people to afford higher rates." An additional tricky factor is that shorter-term rates are moving closer to longer-term rates, narrowing banks' profit margin off lending. This is particularly a problem for smaller regional banks that depend more on lending and less on fee-generating activities such as asset management and corporate advisory. "There's more competition around deposits and the realization that rising rates aren't going to be good for banks forever," Foran said. "Eventually, it will become neutral and then a negative." | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Vascular remodeling can occur in a number of clinical disorders. The remodeling process is the result of a complex set of events resulting in endothelial dysfunction and intimal/medial thickening. The long term objective of these studies is to understand the interactions promoting smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and proliferation, and increased connective tissue components that result in medial and intimal thickening.
The specific aims of this proposal are to explore the following hypotheses: 1) The migration and proliferation of SMC are regulated by a balance between stimulatory and inhibitory factors released from dysfunctional endothelial cells. Specifically, we propose the following aims to test this hypothesis: assess conditioned medium (CM) from endothelial cell (EC) and SMC cultures, treated with oxidized LDL or subjected to a denudation injury, for effects on SMC migration and proliferation; investigate whether PDGF, bFGF and/or TGFbeta mediate conditioned media effects using neutralizing antibodies. 2) The degree of smooth muscle cell migration in response to soluble factors from dysfunctional EC are modulated by extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Specifically, we propose to examine the CM obtained under Hypothesis 1 using cells cultured on synthetic matrices composed of either laminin, fibronectin, collagen IV or on matrigel. 3) The migration of medial SMC through the vascular wall ECM occurs in part by the combined effects of galaptin and chondroitin sulfate inhibiting the binding of these cells (via the 67 kD laminin/elastin receptor) to laminin. The following aims are proposed: examine the effect of galaptin and chondroitin sulfate on SMC sheet migration and on the binding and migration of SMC on laminin matrices; use antisense oligonucleotide to galaptin mRNA to couple the expression of galaptin to the migratory and proliferative ability of SMC. 4) The migration and proliferation seen in vascular remodeling is mediated through activation of protooncogene dependent pathways. Specifically, the following aims are proposed: measure the expression of c-fos, c-jun and c-myc by EC and SMC following treatment with oxidized LDL or subjected to a denudation injury; use antisense oligonucleotides to the mRNA for c-fos, c-jun and c-myc to couple the expression of these genes to the cellular response. These studies will offer insight into the underlying mechanisms in the vascular remodeling process.
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Wilson, Nana O; Solomon, Wesley; Anderson, Leonard et al. (2013) Pharmacologic inhibition of CXCL10 in combination with anti-malarial therapy eliminates mortality associated with murine model of cerebral malaria. PLoS One 8:e60898
Igietseme, Joseph U; Omosun, Yusuf; Partin, James et al. (2013) Prevention of Chlamydia-induced infertility by inhibition of local caspase activity. J Infect Dis 207:1095-104
Wilson, Nana; Driss, Adel; Solomon, Wesley et al. (2013) CXCL10 gene promoter polymorphism -1447A>G correlates with plasma CXCL10 levels and is associated with male susceptibility to cerebral malaria. PLoS One 8:e81329
Kim, Teayoun; Zhelyabovska, Olga; Liu, Jian et al. (2013) Generation of an inducible, cardiomyocyte-specific transgenic mouse model with PPAR ?/? overexpression. Methods Mol Biol 952:57-65
Shelton, Martin N; Huang, Ming-Bo; Ali, Syed A et al. (2012) Secretion modification region-derived peptide disrupts HIV-1 Nef's interaction with mortalin and blocks virus and Nef exosome release. J Virol 86:406-19
Campbell, Patrick E; Isayev, Olexandr; Ali, Syed A et al. (2012) Validation of a novel secretion modification region (SMR) of HIV-1 Nef using cohort sequence analysis and molecular modeling. J Mol Model 18:4603-13
Liu, Mingli; Amodu, Audu S; Pitts, Sidney et al. (2012) Heme mediated STAT3 activation in severe malaria. PLoS One 7:e34280
Wilson, Nana O; Ceesay, Fatou K; Hibbert, Jacqueline M et al. (2012) Pregnancy outcomes among patients with sickle cell disease at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana: retrospective cohort study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86:936-42
Wilson, Nana O; Ceesay, Fatou K; Obed, Samuel A et al. (2011) Intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine against malaria and anemia in pregnant women. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85:12-21
Lucchi, Naomi W; Jain, Vidhan; Wilson, Nana O et al. (2011) Potential serological biomarkers of cerebral malaria. Dis Markers 31:327-35
Showing the most recent 10 out of 122 publications | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals - Hume (1751).djvu/130
His Historian, therefore, ought not to have alone related what tended to his Reproach and Infamy; but also what might redound to his PRAISE and HONOUR.
general, we may observe, that the Distinction of voluntary or involuntary was little regarded by the Antients in their moral Reasonings; where they frequently treated the Question as very doubtful, whether Virtue could be taught or not ? They justly consider'd, that Cowardice, Meanness, Levity, Anxiety, Impatience, Folly, and many other Qualities of the Mind, might appear ridiculous, and deform'd, contemptible and odious, tho' independant of the Will. Nor could it be suppos'd, at all Times, in every Man's Power to attain every Kind of mental, more than exterior Beauty.
modern Philosophers, treating all Morals, as on a like Footing with civil Laws, guarded by the Sanctions of Reward and Punishment, were necessarily led to render this Circumstance, of voluntary or involuntary, the Foundation of their whole Theory. Every one may employ Terms in what Sense he pleases: But this, in the mean Time, must | WIKI |
Turning A Router Into An Arduino Yún
yun
The Arduino Yún was the first of a new breed of Arduinos that added a big honkin’ Linux System on Chip to the familiar ATMega microcontroller and unique pin headers. It’s a surprisingly powerful system, but also very simple: basically, it’s just an Atheros AR9331 running Linux, an ATMega32u4 doing its Arduino thing, both connected by a serial connection. The Atheros AR9931 is also found in a router popular amongst hardware hackers. It really was only a matter of time before someone ported the Yun software to a router, then.
[Tony] took a TL-WR703N router and put OpenWRT on it. Turning this router into the Linux side of a Yún was a simple matter of uploading the Yún software to the root directory of the router and rebooting it. The Arduino side of the Yún is handled by an Arduino Mega connected to the USB port of the router. A quick update to Arduino’s boards.txt file, and a hacked together Yún is just a strip of duct tape away.
The Yún may not be extremely popular, but it does have a few interesting use cases. Maybe not enough to drop $70 on a board, but if you already have a WR703 router, this is a great way to experiment.
Thanks [Matt] for the tip.
13 thoughts on “Turning A Router Into An Arduino Yún
1. The memory capacity is reduced compared to the Arduino Yun: 4 MB Flash / 32 MB RAM vs. 16 MB Flash / 64 MB RAM…
It won’t be able to run most of the biggest packages built for the Yun, like NodeJS and johnny-five.
1. You can upgrade the RAM on TL-WR703 to 64 Mbytes by replacing a single chip. You’ll find the instructions on the OpenWRT web site. You can also upgrade the flash, but it’s more involved.
1. yes sure you can find instructions how to desolder the flash chip and which chip you need. It sounds all great until you come to the point where you need to build your new image + new u-boot + ART-section.
The information for that are really scarce and i would love to see a walkthrough for that.
Also, De- and Resoldering is a major PITA (bt;dt).
1. then it wouldn’t be a hack and you can use your comment about almost every post here, just go out and buy a new one. Plus a yun costs $75+ right now and if someone wanted one on the cheap these only run $20 on newegg.
1. Desoldering requires (minor) skills especially if you want both the board and chip intact. I use the solid core house hold wire (#12?) cut to the width of the chip, add extra solder, flux and use it to conduct heat to all the pads on one side at once. Pivot the chip up just high enough from the pad that side by prying. Repeat on the other other to free the chip.
Or you can always cut the pins off the existing chip with a blade or a cutter and clean up the pads one by one.
1. You can get a quality hot air tool and a proper nozzle for your chip, for not much money.
With these tools, desoldering SMT chips is a straightforward task that is done every day by relatively inexperienced electronics technicians in just about any industrial environment.
If you do this sort of thing more than once or twice it is well worth the investment. It’s SO easy to lift a pad or trash surrounding circuitry with poor technique. It’s not even the pure equipment cost, if you destroy your only working prototype then you are SOL until you can get replacement gear.
2. The WR710 from TP link is my favorite for linking things to the internet. The EU version has 8MB flash(about 5 free) and 32M of ram.
The DIR505 is similar with 64MB of ram, but I have yet to try it.
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JAPAN DAYBOOK: Tokyo Governor Ishihara, Calbee Shares Trade
Tokyo Governor Shintaro Ishihara
may announce plans to seek re-election. Calbee, part owned by
PepsiCo, starts trading on the Tokyo exchange. WHAT TO WATCH
*Cabinet morning meeting followed by minster briefings.
*Calbee Inc. (2229 JT) starts trading on Tokyo exchange.
*Japan Feb. utilities power output 11 am.
*Japan Feb. utilities fuel consumption 11 am.
*Tokyo Governor Shintaro Ishihara holds briefing 3 pm.
*Osaka Gas (9532 JT) business plan briefing 4 pm. MEDIA
*Japan’s Kan Received Donation From Foreign Resident, Asahi
*Bain Capital in Talks With Nomura to Buy Skylark, Nikkei
*Tomy to Buy Thomas the Tank Engine Maker RC2, Nikkei
*Citigroup Hires Former JPMorgan Banker Jimbo in Japan, WSJ
*Nippon Life to Acquire 26% Stake in Reliance Life, Asahi TOP STORIES
*Tokyo, Osaka Bourse Merger Too Late, Too Local
*Hirai Becomes Top Sony ‘Musketeer’
*Top Developers to Sell Bonds on Property Recovery: Credit EQUITY MOVERS
*1st Holdings (3644 JQ) will acquire VarioSecure Networks Inc.
(3809 JP) for 6.7 billion yen.
*IHI (7013 JT) plans to sell 20 billion yen of five-year
convertible bonds to overseas investors.
*Seven & I (3382 JT) will report operating profit of about
242 billion yen for the year ended Feb. 28, the Nikkei
newspaper said.
*Shionogi (4507 JT) will end development of its S-2367
obesity drug in the U.S., the Nikkei newspaper reported.
*Star Micronics (7718 JT) reported full-year net income of
160 million yen. It had forecast an 800 million yen loss. ANALYST RATINGS FOR NIKKEI 225 COMPANIES
*Daikin (6367 JT) raised to buy at Deutsche.
*Shionogi (4507 JT) cut to hold at Citi.
*Mitsubishi Heavy (7011 JT) raised to buy at Nomura.
*Dowa Holdings (5714 JT) initiated neutral at Mitsubishi UFJ
Morgan. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Alessandro Minelli
Alessandro Minelli may refer to:
* Alessandro Minelli (biologist), Italian biologist and professor emeritus of zoology at the University of Padova
* Alessandro Minelli (footballer, born 1970), Swiss football defender
* Alessandro Minelli (footballer, born 1999), Italian football player | WIKI |
Basic Information
Strain name
C57BL/6-Hsd17b13tm1(HSD17B13)Bcgen/Bcgen
Common name
B-hHSD17B13 mice
Background
C57BL/6
Catalog number
112658
Aliases
FLDP, HMFN0376, NIIL497, SCDR9, SDR16C3
NCBI gene ID
345275
Description
• HSD17B13 is a liver lipid droplet-associated enzyme that interacts with steroid substrates, bioactive lipids, and retinol. Three unique HSD17B13 genetic variants have been discovered that offer protection against harm in NASH, alcoholic liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
• The exons 1-7 of mouse Hsd17b13 gene that encode the whole molecule were replaced by human counterparts in B-hHSD17B13 mice. The promoter, 5’UTR and 3’UTR region of the mouse gene are replaced by human counterparts.
• Human HSD17B13 mRNA was detectable only in homozygous B-hHSD17B13 mice, but not in wild-type C57BL/6 mice.
• HSD17B13 protein was detectable in kidney, liver and stomach of wild-type C57BL/6 mice and homozygous B-hHSD17B13 mice due to the cross-reactivity of antibody.
• Human HSD17B13 targeted nucleic acid drugs (synthesized according to patents) were efficacious in B-hHSD17B13 mice.
Targeting strategy
Gene targeting strategy for B-hHSD17B13 mice.
The exons 1-7 of mouse Hsd17b13 gene that encode the whole molecule were replaced by human counterparts in B-hHSD17B13 mice. The promoter, 5’UTR and 3’UTR region of the mouse gene are replaced by human counterparts.
mRNA expression analysis in liver
Species specific analysis of HSD17B13 gene expression in wild-type C57BL/6 mice and homozygous humanized B-hHSD17B13 mice by RT-PCR. Livers were collected from wild-type C57BL/6 mice (+/+) and homozygous B-hHSD17B13 mice (H/H). Mouse Hsd17b13 mRNA was detectable only in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Human HSD17B13 mRNA was detectable only in homozygous B-hHSD17B13 mice, but not in wild-type C57BL/6 mice.
Species specific analysis of HSD17B13 gene expression in wild-type C57BL/6 mice and heterozygous humanized B-hHSD17B13 mice by RT-qPCR. Livers were collected from wild-type C57BL/6 mice (+/+) and heterozygous B-hHSD17B13 mice (H/+) (n=3). Human HSD17B13 mRNA was detectable only in heterozygous B-hHSD17B13 mice, but not in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM.
Protein expression analysis
Strain specific HSD17B13 expression analysis in wild-type C57BL/6 mice and homozygous humanized B-hHSD17B13 mice by WB. Lung，kidney, liver, stomach, brain, and testis were collected from wild-type C57BL/6 mice (+/+) and homozygous B-hHSD17B13 mice (H/H), and analyzed by western blot (Anti-HSD17B13 antibody: Abcam, ab122036). HSD17B13 was detectable in kidney, liver and stomach of wild-type C57BL/6 mice and homozygous B-hHSD17B13 mice due to the cross-reactivity of antibody.
Inhibitory efficiency of the HSD17B13 targeted nucleic acid drugs
The inhibitory efficiency of the nucleic acid drugs against human HSD17B13 mRNA in liver tissue in homozygous B-hHSD17B13 mice. B-hHSD17B13 mice were randomly divided into two groups (8 weeks old). The human HSD17B13 targeted nucleic acid drugs (synthesized according to patents) and PBS were administered to the mice individually. The nucleic acid drugs were administered in the form of PBS aqueous solution. The mice were sacrificed on day 7, and the liver tissue was collected to detect the expression level of human HSD17B13 mRNA by qPCR. (A) The schematic diagram of experimental processing. (B) The expression of human HSD17B13 mRNA in liver after treatment. The inhibition rate in the treatment group was 75%. The human HSD17B13 in the treatment group (G2) was reduced compared to the control group (G1), demonstrating that B-hHSD17B13 mice provide a powerful preclinical model for in vivo evaluation of human HSD17B13 targeted nucleic acid drugs. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM.
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Page:KeyOfHeaven.djvu/356
and sufferings; that henceforward I may think of Thee, speak of Thee, willingly refer all my actions to Thy greater glory, and suffer willingly whatever Thou shalt appoint.
Lord, I desire that in all things Thy will may be done, because it is Thy will, and in the manner Thou wiliest.
I beg of Thee to enlighten my understanding, to inflame my will, to purify my body, and to sanctify my soul.
Give me strength, O my God, to expiate my offences, to overcome my temptations, to subdue my passions, and to acquire the virtues proper for my state.
Fill my heart with a tender affection for Thy goodness, a hatred for my faults, a love for my neighbor, and contempt for the world.
Let me always remember to be submissive to my superiors, con- | WIKI |
Acquiring a CCTV Camera For Your Home or Company
When obtaining a CCTV electronic camera, there are actually a variety of variables you should take into consideration. These feature the settlement, structure cost, and power supply. A common video camera will offer a resolution of 25 frames every secondly The resolution of an electronic camera depends on a variety of variables, consisting of the region it will cover and also the lightweight offered in the place. Advantages of Using CCTV Camera
Traditional frame rate of a cctv cam is 25 frameworks every next.
Commonly, the structure rate of a CCTV electronic camera is 25 frames per second (fps), although some CCTV cams can easily record online video at much higher rates. While this might appear handy, you should be informed that greater framework prices may not look as qualified.
While the condition “framework fee” possesses many significances, it’s greatest to keep in mind that the variety of frames in one secondly is actually a sign of the high quality of a video recording. A reduced structure fee suggests the picture will certainly be choppy, while a higher framework rate is actually smoother.
Traditional energy supply
There are different kinds of power items offered for CCTV video cameras. You may select the energy resource depending on to its own voltage ranking and also the distance you wish to operate the power cable.
Prior to choosing an energy source, you need to have to make certain that the cam you are actually setting up can easily sustain the current as well as current demanded due to the electrical power supply. If you don’t recognize how to work out the total required electrical power source, you can increase the ranked power by 1.3. You additionally need to take into consideration the energy budget plan and also cord electrical power consumption.
Common electric battery lifestyle of a cctv camera
There are actually a variety of different points you can possibly do to prolong the battery lifestyle of your safety and security camera You must bring in certain that the cam has totally asked for batteries. Also, it is an excellent concept to purchase a data backup electric battery. This can easily aid you if there is actually a power outage or even if an unknown guest cuts off the supply. One more trait you may do to prolong the electric battery lifestyle of your cam is actually to prevent managing the cam when the electric batteries are low.
The typical electric battery life of battery-powered safety and security cameras ranges coming from one to three years. This hinges on a variety of aspects, including the brand of video camera. The form of electric battery utilized in a specific design will definitely identify the electric battery life, and each maker has various battery requirements. If a cam is actually intensely made use of, the electric battery lifestyle could be also shorter.
Expense of a cctv video camera.
If you wish a camera that will definitely track your residence, workplace, or any other location around the clock, you have to to begin with choose exactly how much it will definitely cost you. The cost of a cordless IP camera can manage anywhere from $One hundred to $150, and a full set of 4 is going to set you back approximately $400 to $650.
For those appearing for an economical security electronic camera, bullet cameras are actually a great choice. Bullet electronic cameras appear similar to container electronic cameras, however their lenses are actually corrected inside a glass property.
Typically, the frame rate of a CCTV cam is 25 frameworks per 2nd (fps), although some CCTV electronic cameras can easily catch video clip at higher speeds. Just before choosing an energy source, you require to create sure that the camera you’re putting up can easily reinforce the existing and voltage called for through the energy supply. An additional trait you may carry out to expand the battery life of your cam is to stay clear of running the camera when the batteries are actually reduced.
For those looking for an economical surveillance electronic camera, bullet cams are actually a wonderful choice. Bullet cams appear comparable to container video cameras, yet their lenses are actually dealt with inside a glass casing.
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Discworld characters by region
The result was delete. Spartaz Humbug! 19:48, 10 May 2011 (UTC)
List of Discworld characters by region
* – ( View AfD View log )
Most of the characters here seem pretty trivial to the Discworld series, with most characters that are actually important to the series being part of other pages (see the "See also" section) and the way this article is grouped ("by region") is an in-universe way of sorting the characters. Additionally, there are no sources which indicate that any of the characters, or the characters as a whole, are notable. While there is some leniency with lists, there still needs to be some indication that it passes Wikipedia's notability guidelines. Harry Blue5 (talk • contribs) 21:05, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Literature-related deletion discussions. —Harry Blue5 (talk • contribs) 21:09, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Fictional elements-related deletion discussions. —Harry Blue5 (talk • contribs) 21:12, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
* Delete- the Discworld articles on this encyclopedia already have enough plot-summary lists of characters grouped according to various criteria. How many different ways are there to chew the same cud? Reyk YO! 21:18, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
* Question - Is there another "List of Discworld characters" page this could merge to, or is this the main list of Discworld characters? If there is another I'd say they could be merged, if this is the only one, I'd say it's worthy of keeping. Mathewignash (talk) 21:33, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
* Currently the Discworld series does not have one list, as such, but rather about ten of them, or one split across ten articles if you will. See for instance Rincewind, Unseen University, Ankh-Morpork Assassins' Guild, Discworld gods, Ankh-Morpork City Watch, Dwarfs (Discworld)#Notable dwarfs etc. There used to be a list, but I think Mobtown Mongrel split them up like this. Harry Blue5 (talk • contribs) 21:41, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
* Delete - The content of this list is already spread throughout other articles, but what intrigues me is that there are several articles about Discworld that contains few or NO references at all and they are all first-party related, it seems that all the contents created seems to be fancruft work. Eduemoni↑talk↓ 22:37, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
* Keep, but strongly encourage rethinking of this organizational strategy. This appears to be a list of Discworld characters who don't fall into one of the more specific lists linked by the "See also" section - despite claims above, I'm not seeing any redundancy with the other Discworld character lists (if there are any, clearly they should be removed). This does not mean they're all trivial characters (for example, from my admittedly limited reading in this series it seems characters such as Dibbler appear frequently throughout the series, and others such as Adora Belle Dearheart are primary characters in the books they appear in); the reason they're getting dumped here is because they're normal humans that aren't in the City Watch, and so perhaps a rename to the more general List of Discworld characters would be more appropriate (as the current title suggests this will group all Discworld characters by region, which appears not to be the true intention). Otherwise, this is the standard character list found for hundreds of other series on Wikipedia, and while some cleanup is certainly needed that's not a reason to outright delete. BryanG (talk) 02:18, 3 May 2011 (UTC)
* Reply All the information on characters who are notable in this list can probably be found here. The information is currently pulled out of this list, uncited. Harry Blue5 (talk • contribs) 06:23, 3 May 2011 (UTC)
* Discworld characters is currently a redirect, so no, it's not available somewhere else to somebody who doesn't know how to run through page history, i.e. most of our readers. BryanG (talk) 21:07, 3 May 2011 (UTC)
* It is available if you want to remake the list. Currently, this one shows no notability, is sorted in-universe, and has mostly trivial characters (Btw, I don't think Adore is a primary character). It'd be easier to delete this list and restore the one that actually has the contribution's sorted. And again, this list still shows no notability, in its current state it still should be deleted (or maybe redirected somewhere, at the least). Harry Blue5 (talk • contribs) 22:01, 3 May 2011 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Lists-related deletion discussions. -- • Gene93k (talk) 23:10, 3 May 2011 (UTC)
* Delete, notable characters should get their own articles and minor characters should be mentioned in a "Characters" section of the book(s) they appear in. This is an unsupportable list with no indication that the individual characters are notable. Axem Titanium (talk) 06:31, 4 May 2011 (UTC)
* Rename to Minor characters in Discworld, remove any who overlap the other lists, and organize alphabetically instead of by region. Matchups 02:01, 9 May 2011 (UTC)
* Delete The article is an unneeded content fork that doesn't meet the general notability guideline by itself. I do not see how such a detailed plot-only description of a fictional work could possible meet the criteria of appropriate topics for lists, particularly because Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information or a directory. Jfgslo (talk) 23:07, 9 May 2011 (UTC)
* Delete - plot only. --Anthem of joy (talk) 09:53, 10 May 2011 (UTC)
| WIKI |
successful upgrade to 9.1 release from 7.2
whowasi
Verified User
Joined
Apr 6, 2007
Messages
12
since there is no 9.x forum, i thought i could post here.
just wanted to let everyone know that I completed a 7.2 ( modified with ports instead of DA provided apps ) to 9.1 release upgrade successfully, and everything is working fine.
used freebsd-update for kernel/system
this is 64bit, and all ports were updated with portmaster.
bind update was slightly complicated to 9.8.3 as the named config files required manual merging, but it worked out.
the only thing was exim kept restarting so the whole name for the exim-xxxx.xx had to be put in the service.status file as opposed to just 'exim'
a lot of the portmasters had to be restarted since dependencies had changed ( and some ports have been completely deleted. but as a result everything was cleaned and rebuild and performance is much better.
everything took around 2 days worth of effort ( builds, troubleshooting, rebuilding )
nobaloney
NoBaloney Internet Svcs - In Memoriam †
Joined
Jun 16, 2003
Messages
26,119
Location
California
The important question I can see is How much downtime was there during those two days?
Jeff
whowasi
Verified User
Joined
Apr 6, 2007
Messages
12
apache was down for maybe 4 hours ( had to recompile all php dependencies twice over )
mysql was pretty easy and straight forward.
bind was down about 30 mins.
This is all in a vm, mind you.
perl dependencies took some investigation, but there wasn't much downtime as it was mostly p5-* modules individually being affected.
oh yah, had to remove duplicate startup files from init/rc.d so things wouldn't try to start twice :)
wattie
Verified User
Joined
May 31, 2008
Messages
1,228
Location
Bulgaria
I started with FreeBSD 7.0 i386 version and since then I always upgrade to the RELEASE version as soon as it is released out there (DirectAdmin also works flawlessly, despite they do not sell licenses for i386 version for newer BSD releases). I use the "freebsd-update" utility. Minor version upgrades (X.Y -> X.Z) are "peace of cake":
# freebsd-update upgrade -r X.Z-RELEASE
// fix whatever merge issues are prompted
# freebsd-update install
# shutdown -r now
// Here's the downtime until the server is restarted
# freebsd-update install
# shutdown -r now
// Downtime for restart again (*)
Major version upgrades (X.Y to Z.0) are a bit more complicated, because there are much more "merge issues", but it's nothing too complicated for anybody. There is however a headache with recompiling all ports after that (which is advised by the manuals despite that everything is working anyway). It takes lots of time (and server resources!) and sometimes few ports may fail to compile, then you figure out why, etc. But there's NO downtime during rebuilds.
I never experienced downtime of Apache or other server software. When I upgrade - everything just works fine. I do recompile the main software packages of course but the services are not down during that time. Of course I never jumped with upgrade with such huge difference - 7.2 to 9.1 as the person said. I am always upgrading on small steps :)
(*) People upgrading to FreeBSD 9.0 or higher - please note that with executing the second "shutdown -r now" your system will "hang". It will close all services (including SSH), but it will not reboot. The system will be pingable but that's all. It will need a "hard reset" - no other way to bring it back. This is a known bug, but it's still not resolved (9.1-RELEASE at the moment). Please consider this if you are upgrading remotely - be prepared to ask a technician from the DC to reboot with physical contact. This will avoid a "downtime by surprise". This bug is confirmed by the community. I experienced it on two different systems.
Last edited:
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17428
COLONIAL LIFE & ACCIDENT INSURANCE CO., Respondent, v. SOUTH CAROLINA TAX COMMISSION, Appellant
(103 S. E. (2d) 908)
Messrs. T. C. Callison, Attorney General, and James M. Windham, Assistant Attorney General, of Columbia, for Appellant,
Messrs. S. Augustus Black and McKay, McKay, Black & Walker, of Columbia, and Boyd, Bruton & Lumpkin, of Columbia, of Counsel, for Respondent,
Messrs. Robinson, McFadden & Dreher, of Columbia, for Liberty Life Insurance Company,
May 20, 1958.
As Amended June 15, 1958.
Legge, Justice.
Appellant assessed against respondent, a domestic corporation engaged in the business of life and accident insurance, additional license taxes for the years 1950-1953, inclusive, in respect of dividends on shares and interest on deposits owned by it in building and loan associations located in South Carolina, Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina and Tennessee, and also in respect of interest received on bonds of the cties of Valdosta, Georgia and Tuscaloosa, Alabama, owned by it. Respondent paid under protest the taxes so assessed, plus interest, and brought this action pursuant to Section 65-2662 of the 1952 Code to recover the amount so paid.
In the court below, respondent challenged the assessments upon the following grounds:
1. That, properly construed, Section 97 of Act No. 1053 of 1950 (Act June 3, 1950, 46 Stat. at L. 2656), under which the assessment for the year 1950 was levied, and Section 96 of Article I of Act No. 379 of 1951 (Act April 19, 1951, 47 Stat. at L. 656), under which the assessments for the years 1951, 1952 and 1953 were levied, do not apply to and make taxable: (a) income from shares or deposits in building and loan associations either within or without the State of South Carolina, or (b) interest on bonds of municipalities without the said State.
2. That, as construed by appellant, the sections of the 1950 and 1951 Acts before mentioned are arbitrary, discriminatory, and not based upon a reasonable classification for tax purposes, and are therefore, as to respondent and others similarly situated, violative of the due process and equal protection clauses of the State and Federal Constitutions.
3. That Section 96 of Article I of the 1951 Act contravenes Article III, Section 17 of the Constitution of South Carolina, in that its subject is not expressed in the title of that Act.
The trial court sustained respondent’s position under the first of these grounds, rejected its contentions under the other two, and decreed the relief prayed for; and from that decree the Tax Commission has appealed.
In due time after service upon it of appellant’s proposed case for appeal, respondent served upon appellant proposed amendfiients thereto, among them the addition, as “Additional Sustaining Grounds”: '
1. That the trial court should have held the statutes in question, as construed by appellant, violative of the due process and equal protection clauses of the State (Art. 1, § 5) and Federal (Amend. 14) Constitutions; and
2. That the trial court should have held that Section 96 of Article I of Act No. 379 of 1951 was in contravention of Article III, Section 17 of the Constitution of South Carolina.
The proposed amendments having been disallowed by appellant, the matter came before the trial judge for settlement of the case for appeal. By his order of October 8, 1957, he excluded from the case for appeal these “Additional Sustaining Grounds”, stating as his reason therefor: “I have carefully considered the arguments of the parties as covered in their briefs and I am of the opinion that the matter attempted to be raised by the Additional Sustaining Grounds is an attempt by plaintiff-respondent to raise questions on appeal which were presented in the Court below and specifically ruled upon adverse to the plaintiff-respondent. No objection was made to these rulings by plaintiff-respondent ; taken therefrom, and time therefor has long since
On October 14, 1957, respondent served upon appellant notice of intention to appeal from the order settling the case, and “that such appeal will be based upon appropriate portions of the record to be embodied in an Appendix to the Brief of Respondent”.
On March 18, 1958, respondent served upon appellant notice that upon the opening of this court on the day when the appeal herein would be argued it would move this court for leave to file “for the consideration of the court, an Appendix to the case for Appeal as settled, to be annexed to its brief”, the “Additional Sustaining Grounds” before mentioned, the trial judge’s order settling the case for appeal, and respondent’s exceptions to that order. The notice stated that “the grounds of such motion are that the contents of such appendix could not, under the order of the Presiding Judge dated October 8, 1957 settling the case for appeal, be included in the Transcript of Record, and that the motion may be requisite under Supreme Court Rule 8, Section 7.”
Respondent’s brief here is followed by an appendix, stated to have been inserted under authority of Rule 4, Section 7 of this court. This appendix consists of:
1. The “Additional Sustaining Grounds” as presented to the court below;
2. The order of the lower court dated October 8, 1957, settling the case for appeal; and
3. Respondent’s exceptions to the order settling the case for appeal, the same assigning error on the part of the trial judge in excluding from the transcript of record the “Additional Sustaining Grounds” before mentioned.
Respondent’s motion last mentioned was resisted by appellant, and briefs on both sides have been filed with this court. The importance of the questions raised by the “Additional Sustaining Grounds” requires their determination; and we shall determine them. But since both the parties and the lower court appear to have misapprehended the rule governing presentation in this court of “additional grounds” for sustaining the judgment of the trial court, we shall first endeavor to clarify that rule and the procedure thereunder.
The pertinent portions of Rule 4, Section 7 are:
“When the appellant shall serve a proposed case * * * the respondent shall, within ten days thereafter, serve upon appellant any proposed amendment thereto, including any additional grounds upon which this Court will be asked to sustain the rulings or judgment below * * * If all amendments proposed are not agreed to, the appellant shall, within four days after service upon him, serve upon respondent notice of his allowance or disallowance of each proposed amendment, and, at the same time, serve notice of the time and place at which the case will be submitted to the trial Judge for settlement * * *. Any party aggrieved by the order of settlement, • may appeal thereupon and insert in an appendix to the case as settled, such matters as may be necessary for the proper consideration of his appeal. * * *”
It seems that as late as 1884, when Walker, Evans & Cogswell Co. v. Bollmann Bros., 22 S. C. 512, was decided, a respondent was not permitted to urge, as a ground for sustaining the judgment of the trial court, a matter upon which that court had found adversely to him, except by appeal from such finding. But as early as 1889 (Hardin v. Clark, 32 S. C. 480, 11 S. E. 304) the practice of giving notice of “additional sustaining grounds” appears to have been recognized, although there was no rule of court thereabout. On December 22, 1892, Rule V of this court, relating to the “case” on appeal, was amended by the addition of the following: “If a Respondent in a case, in which such a practice is allowed, desires to sustain the judgment appealed from upon other grounds than those upon which it is rested by the Circuit Judge, he must give written notice thereof to the Attorney for Appellant stating the additional grounds upon which he proposes to rely; and said notice must be served in time to have the same printed in the ‘Case’ as prepared for argument in the Supreme Court.” Rev. 'Stat. 1893, Yol. 2, p. LXII; Code of Laws 1902, Appendix to Vol. II, at p. 265.
Since the 1892 amendment the rule has not required, as a condition precedent to respondent’s urging affirmance on such additional grounds, either exception to or appeal from the trial court’s ruling on such matters. But the relief from such requirement afforded by the rule as so amended appears to have been overlooked by counsel in one case and by this court in another. In Cothran v. Knight, 1894, 45 S. C. 1, 22 S. E. 596, where plaintiff had appealed from an order of nonsuit, the “case” showed that respondents had excepted to the trial judge’s order overruling their demurrer to the complaint; but this court, reversing the judgment of non-suit, declined to consider the respondents’ exceptions because respondents had not given notice (referred to in the syllabus as “the usual notice”) to appellant’s counsel that they desired to sustain the judgment appealed from upon other grounds than those upon which the circuit judge had rested it. And in Hyder v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 1936, 183 S. C. 98, 119, 190 S. E. 239, 248, where the respondent had asked that the judgment of the lower court be sustained upon certain grounds, the court said: “As to the first and second of these we may say that it does not appear from the record that respondent excepted to nor appealed from the rulings of the presiding judge touching the matters therein referred to.”
The purpose of the 1892 amendment, as now embodied in the quoted provisions of our present Rule 4, Section 7, was, and is, to relieve a respondent who, in the trial court, has obtained a judgment giving him all the relief that he sought, from the necessity of appealing from adverse rulings that did not affect the result of the lower court’s decision. To be entitled to consideration under this rule, an “additional ground” for affirmance must relate to a matter that was presented before the trial court for its ruling, Carter v. Peace, 229 S. C. 46, 93 S. E. (2d) 113; and it must be such that its acceptance would lead to the same result that the trial court reached, United States Rubber Co. v. White Tire Co., 231 S. C. 84, 97 S. E. (2d) 403. Fairness to the appellant of course requires that he be given adequate notice of the additional grounds upon which respondent will rely for affirmance; and it is for the purpose of affording such notice that the rule provides that such grounds be stated by respondent when he serves his proposed amendments to appellant’s proposed case. The phraseology of the rule, that “the respondent shall, within ten days thereafter, serve upon appellant any proposed amendment thereto (i. e. to the proposed case), including any additional grounds upon which this Court will be asked to sustain the rulings or judgment below”, suggests that the “additional sustaining grounds” are by way of amendment to the proposed case; but they are in fact addenda, rather than “amendments”, as will appear by reference to Section 1 of Rule 4, which prescribes the contents of the “Case”, or “Return”, or “Transcript of Record”.
The trial judge, in settling the case for appeal, may properly decline to permit the proposed “additional grounds” to be printed at the end of the transcript of record where they relate to matters that were not before the trial court; but to deny respondent the right to incorporate them in the record upon the ground that he has not appealed from the trial court’s adverse rulings thereabout would defeat the very purpose of the rule.
We note here that although respondent may be restricted in argument to additional sustaining grounds of which he has given notice as required by Section 7 of Rule 4, this court may, under Section 8 of that rule, affirm upon any grounds appearing in the record. Cf. Green v. City of Bennettsville, 197 S. C. 313, 15 S. E. (2d) 334.
In the case at bar, the trial judge having refused to permit the “additional sustaining grounds” to be printed in the transcript, respondent, having appealed from the order settling the case for appeal, should have printed them as an appendix to the case as settled, and not as an appendix to its brief. Rule 4, Section 7 so provides. Rule 8, Section 7 relates to “facts” not appearing in the transcript; it is not applicable to the situation here.
We come now to consider respondent’s contention that Section 96 of Article I of Act No. 379 of 1951 contravenes Article III, Section 17 of the Constitution of this State for the reason that its subject is not expressed in the title of that Act. Except as hereinafter noted, the provisions of Section 96 of Article I of Act No. 379 of 1951 are identical with those of Section 97 of Act No. 1053 of 1950. Each of these acts made appropriations to meet the expenses of the State government for the fiscal year bginning on July 1 following its passage; and each contained legislation concerning other matters also, some of which provisions were, in the 1951 act, expressly declared to be a part of the permanent law of this State. The 1950 act was entitled: “An Act To Make Appropriations To Meet The Ordinary Expenses Of The State Government For The Fiscal Year Beginning July 1, 1950; To Regulate The Expenditures Of Funds Therefor; For Borrowing Money; To Raise Revenue For The Support Of The State Government By Imposing An Additional Tax Upon The Sale Of Cigarets In This State; By Increasing The Tax Rate On The Sale Of Beer; By Levying A Tax On The Sale Of Alcoholic Liquors And Beer And Wine In This State; To Levy An Additional Tax Of One (1‡) Cent Per Gallon On Gasoline, Or Substitutes Therefor For The Fiscal Year 1950-51 And Three Years Thereafter, And To Provide For The Disposition Of The Proceeds Of Said Additional Tax; To Authorize The Issuance Of Additional Bonds By The Highway Department For The Construction Or Improvement Of The Secondary Road System In This State, And To Adjust The Highway Debt Limit Thereto; To Levy A Tax On Certain Investment Income Of Insurance Companies; To Repeal Section 571-1 Of The Code Of Laws Of South Carolina Relating To Broadcasting By Radio Athletic Contests Between South Carolina Institutions Of Higher Learning; And Further Relating To The Fiscal Affairs Of The State Of South Carolina”.
Section 97 read as follows:
“(a) That in addition to any and all other taxes and licenses now levied, assessed, collected, and paid, in respect to corporations, organizations, or associations engaged in the business of writing insurance contracts, a license tax is hereby imposed upon every such corporation, organization, or association in an amount equivalent to four and one-half (4$4%) per cent of the entire net investment income, as hereinafter defined, of such corporation, organization, or association.
“(b) Investment income, as herein used, shall include all money or income received on account of ownership in or use of real or personal property situated within the State of South Carolina and all income arising from any form of business or trade whatsoever in the State of South Carolina, except that investment income, as herein used, shall in no case include income arising from (1) premiums paid for an insurance contract; (2) mortgage loans; (3) Policy loans and/or (4) bonds or securities of the State of South Carolina and its political subdivisions.
“(c) Where items of expense cannot be definitely attributed to the production of the income required to be included m the measure of the tax imposed by this Section, but relate to both investment income and income from premiums paid for insurance contracts, there shall be allowed, as a deduction from investment income, a proportion of such items of expense as the total investment income in South Carolina bears to the total gross income, including all premiums paid foi insurance contracts. The tax imposed by this Section shall not be deducted as an expense in computing net income.
' “(d) For the purpose of facilitating' the determination of the net income herein declared to be the measure of the license tax imposed by this Section, and for the purpose of administration, enforcement, collection, liens, penalties, and other provisions of enforcement, all the provisions of Section 435 through Section 2479, Code of Laws of South Carolina for 1942, that may be appropriate or applicable, are hereby adopted and made a part of this Act. The South Carolina Tax Commission shall administer and enforce the tax herein imposed.
"(e) The Tax Commission may, from time to time, make such rules and regulations, not inconsistent with this Section, as it may deem necessary to enforce and administer its provisions, and such rules and regulations shall have the full force and effect of law.
“(f) This Section shall take effect immediately upon its approval by the Governor and shall apply to all income earned on or after January 1, 1950.”
The title of the 1951 act, although similar to and much longer than that of the 1950 act, made no express reference to the tax provisions contained in Section 96 of Article I thereof, which were in language identical with that of Section 97 of the 1950 act except that at the end of subsection (f) was the following provision: "This section shall constitute a part of the permanent law of the State of South Carolina.”
Article III, Section 17 of the Constitution declares that “every Act or resolution having the effect of law shall relate to but one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title”. Its purpose is to prevent the General Assembly from being misled into the passage of bills containing provisions not indicated in their titles, and to apprise the people of the subject of proposed legislation and thus give them opportunity to be heard if they so desire. Accordingly, while it is to be construed with great liberality so as not to embarrass or obstruct needed legislation, liberality of construction should not be extended to such a point as to foster the abuses which its provisions are designed to prevent. Dantzler v. Callison, 230 S. C. 75, 94 S. E. (2d) 177. In State ex rel. Roddey v. Byrnes, 219 S. C. 485, 66 S. E. (2d) 33, the General Appropriations Act of 1951 was held not violative of Article III, Section 17; but the question there involved was whether or not its provisions relating to the issuance of State bonds, specifically referred to in the title, were relevant to the subject of the act. A different question is here presented. It is true, of course, that the title of an act need not be a complete index of its contents, and that the constitutional mandate is satisfied where the title states the general subject and the provisions in the body of the act are germane thereto and provide the means, methods or instru-mentalities for the accomplishment of the general purpose. Gasque v. Nates, 191 S. C. 271, 2 S. E. (2d) 36; McCollum v. Snipes, 213 S. C. 254, 49 S. E. (2d) 12; Caldwell v. McMillan, 224 S. C. 150, 77 S. E. (2d) 798. It is true, also, that the subject of the act under consideration is, broadly viewed, state finances; and that the license tax imposed by Section 96 of Article I is not wholly unrelated to that subject. But we do not think that such permanent legislation is so inherently a part of the ordinary fiscal affairs of the state as to justify, within the meaning of Article III, Section 17, its incorporation into a general appropriation act without reference to it in the title of that act. We conclude, therefore, that the 1951 act was, as to Section 96 of Article I thereof, invalid because violative of the constitutional requirement before mentioned.
The 1951 act was approved by the Governor on April 19, 1951, and Section 96 of Article I thereof was incorporated into the 1952 Code of Laws as Sections 65-931 through 65-936. Did such codification validate this legislation, which had been invalid, for the reasons before stated, when it existed only as a part of the 1951 act? If it was properly incorporated into the 1952 Code, it became, without reference to the title of the act of which it had been a section, and therefore despite the inadequacy of that title, a part of the only general statutory law of the state. Parks v. Laurens Cotton Mills, 75 S. C. 560, 56 S. E. 234; Nexsen v. Ward, 96 S. C. 313, 80 S. E. 599; State v. Freeland, 106 S. C. 220, 91 S. E. 3.
■Respondent argues -that since the Code Commissioner’s report had been submitted to the General Assembly, as required by Article VI, Section 5 of the Constitution, on the first day of its 1951 session {%. e., January 9, 1951), and since the same constitutional provision requires that the report shall not be taken up for consideration until the next session after its submission, the 1951 act, which was not approved until April 19, 1951, could not have been included in the report, and therefore was improperly included in the 1952 Code. But this argument overlooks the further provision in Article VI, Section 5, whereby the laws as compiled in the Code Commissioner’s report may, between the time of its submission and the time of its adoption as the Code of Laws, be altered or added to “by Bill passed under, the formalities heretofore prescribed for the passage of laws”. The purport of Article VI, Section 5 was clearly explained in the concurring opinion of Chief Justice Gary in Nexsen v. Ward, supra, from which we quote [96 S. C. 313, 80 S. E. 607].
“The duty imposed upon the Code Commissioner to reduce into a systematic Code the general statutes with all the amendments thereto, and report the result of his labors to the General Assembly, shows that the framers of the Constitution contemplated that his report would embody, as far as possible, all the .general statutory law of the state; but they realized that errors would be made, and that it would be necessary to make alterations and additions to the laws contained in the report of the commissioner. They therefore, provided the manner in which the alterations or additions should be effected, towit r By bill passed under the formalities prescribed for the passage of other laws. The report is required tó be placed upon the desks of the members of the Legislature, and cannot be taken up for consideration until the next session thereafter. The Constitution requires these things to be done, in order that the members of the Legislature may have ample time for ascertaining the necessary alterations and additions; and, in order that the alterations and additions may not then be made, without due consideration, it is provided that the report shall not be amended as an ordinary act, but that alterations or additions could only be made in the most formal manner for the passage of statutes.
“When all these steps were taken, then it was intended that the report of the commissioner should be declared, by an act of the Legislature to be the only general statutory law of the state, so as to enable any person to ascertain the general statutory law of the state, without being compelled to search beyond the Code of Laws then of force, and the statutes subsequently enacted.
“This construction gives effect to all the provisions of said section, and any other construction would defeat the great change which was intended to be .made by the Constitution, in the codification of the General Statutes.
“Furthermore, the word ‘therein,’ in the provision that ‘no alterations or additions to the laws therein contained shall be made,’ etc., has reference to the report of the commissioner, and not to the general statutory law of the state, to be found elsewhere than in the said report. That report was denominated a ‘Code,’ and it was this ‘Code’ that the General Assembly was required to declare to be the only general statutory law of the state, after such alterations or additions as it might see fit to make.”
Section 96 of Article I of the 1951 act, being general, not local, legislation, and having been declared by its express terms to be a part of 'the permanent laws of the state, was an addition, within the purview of Article VI, Section 5 of the Constitution, to the general statutory law as contained in the Code Commissioner’s report: It was therefore entitled to inclusion in the 1952 Code; and its inclusion therein was, moreover, expressly directed by the General Assembly in Section 10 of Act No. 380 of 1951 (Act May 1, • 1951, XLVII Stat. at L. 724). Thereafter, by act approved November 19, 1952 (XLVIII Stat. at L. 2), the report of the Code Commissioner made to the General Assembly for the year 1951, “with the addition of-the general and permanent provisions enacted during 1951”, was adopted as the Code of Laws of South Carolina 1952.
We conclude, therefore, that the provisions of the 1951 act before mentioned were duly incorporated into the 1952 Code, and that the deficiency that had existed in the title of that act prior to the codification of that section of it thereupon became of no consequence.
Respondent suggests, by way of “additional sustaining grounds”, that the license tax provisions of both the 1950 and the 1951 acts, as construed by the tax commission, would violate the due process and equal protection clauses. It contends that to include in the calculation of investment income, as the basis for the tax, income from “foreign” securities would be unfairly to discriminate against domestic, and in favor of foreign, insurance companies, because of the latter’s immunity from taxation as to such intangibles held by them outside of the state; and further that, as between domestic insurance companies, the amount of the tax would vary with the character of their investments. But variance of the tax burden resulting from situs of the property that is the source of the investment income upon which the tax is to be calculated would not of itself warrant the conclusion of unconstitutionality. The mandates of due process and equal protection do not require exact equality in such taxation. An act of the General Assembly is entitled to every presumption in favor of its constitutionality, Santee Mills v. Query, 122 S. C. 158, 115 S. E. 202; and before a tax statute will be stricken down as violative of the constitutional provisions just mentioned it must be made to appear to the court that the classification expressed in or resulting from its terms is palpably arbitrary, capricious or unreasonable. Marshall v. South Carolina Tax Commission, 178 S. C. 57, 182 S. E. 96, certiorari denied, 296 U. S. 585, 56 S. Ct. 96, 80 L. Ed. 413; Ponder v. City of Greenville, 196 S. C. 79, 12 S. E. (2d) 851; Prudential Insurance Co. of America v. Murphy, 207 S. C. 324, 35 S. E. (2d) 586; affirmed Prudential Insurance Co. v. Benjamin, 328 U. S. 408, 66 S. Ct. 1142, 90 L. Ed. 1342, 164 A. L. R. 476. No such showing is made here.
The constitutional issues raised by respondent’s “additional sustaining grounds” having been thus considered and disposed of, we come to the interpretation of the statute. Under the well-established rule of construction, it is not to be extended beyond the clear import of its language, and any substantial doubt as to its meaning is to be resolved in favor of the taxpayer. Hadden v. South Carolina Tax Commission, 183 S. C. 38, 190 S. E. 249; Beard v. South Carolina Tax Commission, 230 S. C. 357, 95 S. E. (2d) 628. On the other hand, if the legislative indent is clearly apparent from the language of the statute, there is no occasion for resort to the rule of statutory construction. Crescent Manufacturing Co. v. South Carolina Tax Commission, 129 S. C. 480, 124 S. E. 761.
The controversy here centers upon the language of the statute (Code 1952, Section 65-932) defining “investment income” as including “all money or income received on account of ownership in or use of real or personal property situated within the State * * *”. Respondent argues that the words “personal property” as here used mean only tangible personal property, and do not include intangibles such as shares or deposits in building and loan associations, or municipal bonds. But there is certainly nothing in the language of the statute indicating that the legislature intended to so limit the meaning of “personal property”. On the contrary, the provision excepting from investment income to which the tax is applicable “income arising from (a) premiums paid for an insurance contract; (b) mortgage loans; (c) policy loans, or (d) bonds or securities of the State and its political subdivisions” would seem clearly to imply legislative intent that the tax should apply to other intangibles not so excepted. We note, also, that the record before us contains no suggestion of any “tangible” personal property from which respondent or other insurance companies subject to the tax in question derive income.
The term “personal property”, in its broadest legal significance, includes all property that is not real property. Vol. 32 Words and Phrases, Personal Property, pp. 480 et seq.; Rikard v. Miller, 231 S. C. 98, 97 S. E. (2d) 257. Its meaning may, of course, be restricted where such intention is apparent from the context or otherwise, Quick v. Owens, 198 S. C. 29, 15 S. E. (2d) 837, 137 A. L. R. 201; Rikard v. Miller, supra; but such does not appear to be the case here.
If, therefore, the statute intended, as we think it did, to include in the term “personal property” shares or deposits in building and loan associations, and municipal bonds, is such property, in the ownership of respondent, a domestic corporation, “situated within the State” ? Although the tax imposed by the statute is designated a license, not an income, tax, it is in fact calculated upon the income from intangibles having a taxable situs only at the domicile of their owner, Fuller v. South Carolina Tax Commission, 128 S. C. 14, 121 S. E. 478; Beidler v. South Carolina Tax Commission, 162 S. C. 447, 160 S. E. 264. It seems only realistic to conclude that “situated” as here used refers to taxable situs rather than to physical location. The words “situated” and “lying and being” in statutes relating to taxation of personal property, tangible and intangible, has been so construed in other jurisdictions. For example, in Brock v. Board of Sup’rs of Los Angeles County, 1937, 8 Cal. (2d) 286, 65 P. (2d) 791, 110 A. L. R. 700, where a portion of a jeweler’s stock was, on the tax day, out of the state and at a place to which it had been taken for the purpose of display and possible sale, it was held that its taxation in Los Angeles county was not precluded by the provision in the tax statute that all taxable property shall be assessed in the county, city or district in which it is “situated”, Pol. Code, § 3628, West’s Ann. Rev. & Tax. Code, § 404. Assessors of Sheffield v. J. F. White Contracting Co., 1955, 333 Mass. 306, 130 N. E. 696, 698, involved a tax assessed by the town of Sheffield, Mass., upon machinery belonging to the contracting company, a domestic corporation having its principal place of business in Cambridge, Mass. On January 1, 1953, when the tax was assessed, the machinery in question was physically in the town of Sheffield, where it was in use on a construction job in which the contracting company was then engaged. The statute authorized the assessment of a tax.on machinery used in the conduct of the business of a domestic business corporation “where such machinery * * * is situated * * M. G. L. A. c. 59, § 18, subd. 2. The court, ordering abatement of the tax, said: “The term ‘situated,’ as used in the statute, has, we think, the same meaning as ‘situs,’ a term which perhaps is used more frequently in tax statutes”. And in First Trust Joint Stock Land Bank of Chicago v. City of Dallas, Tex. Civ. App. 1942, 167 S. W. (2d) 783, 786, the court, considering the question of whether the city of Dallas had power to tax shares of stock of a joint stock land bank under the authority of the city’s charter, which empowered it to tax “all property, real, personal or mixed, lying and being within the corporate limits of the City of Dallas,” declared: “The phrase ‘lying and being within the corporate limits of the City of Dallas,’ obviously refers to the taxable situs of personal property”.
It is suggested in argument for the respondent that in our consideration of the tax commission’s present contention that the tax is applicable to income received from the intangibles in question we should give weight to the fact that it was not until January, 1955, that the commission ruled that the tax was so applicable; and that for the years 1950 through 1954 it accepted without objection returns made by domestic insurance companies in which such income was not included. While such acquiescence during those'four years is entitled to weight, we think it was erroneous; it does not preclude correction by either the commission or the courts. Fennell v. South Carolina Tax Commission, S. C., 103 S. E. (2d) 424, opinion filed May 13, 1958.
Finally, respondent argues that even though the tax be applicable to income from tangibles it is not applicable to income received from ownership of deposits and shares in building and loan associations, because such income arises from “mortgage loans” within the meaning of the exception of the statute. We think this contention untenable. It disregards the context, from which it is apparent, in our opinion, that the “mortgage loans” intended to be excepted from the operation of the statute are loans made by the insurance companies themselves.
Section 96 of Article I of the 1951 Act having been invalid until its incorporation, in 1952, into the 1952 Code of Laws, assessment of license taxes thereunder for the year 1951 was improper, and respondent is entitled to refund of the amount of such license tax and interest thereon as it paid for that year. It is not entitled to interest on the amount so paid by it, there being no statute permitting recovery of interest in such cases. Monarch Mills v. South Carolina Tax Commission, 149 S. C. 219, 146 S. E. 870.
Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
Stukes, C. J., and Taylor, Oxner, and Moss, JJ.. concur. | CASELAW |
DBC1 is involved in adipocyte inflammation and is a possible marker of human adipose tissue senescence
José María Moreno-Navarrete, María Moreno, Marta Vidal, Francisco Ortega, Wifredo Ricart, José Manuel Fernández-Real*
*Corresponding author for this work
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
14 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the possible role of deleted in breast cancer 1 (DBC1) in adipocyte and adipose tissue inflammation.
Methods: In vitro knockdown experiments using shRNA-lentiviral particles were performed to investigate the effect of DBC1 on adipocyte inflammation, sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) activity, and the AMPK pathway. The relationship between DBC1 and inflammation in human adipose tissue also was examined in two independent cohorts.
Results: Dbc1 knockdown (KD) led to a significant reduction in the expression of inflammatory genes (Tnf, Il6, Stamp2, Lbp, and Mcp1) and pSer536NF-κB (p65)/NF-κB (p65) ratio in fully differentiated adipocytes. Of note, Dbc1 KD increased Sirt1 and AMPK activity in the early stage of adipocyte differentiation. In morbidly obese participants, DBC1 was positively correlated to TNF and senescence (TP53 and BAX) gene expression markers in both subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that senescence-related gene markers were the best predictors of adipose tissue DBC1 mRNA levels.
Conclusions: DBC1 induced the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-regulated inflammatory cytokines in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, possibly through the inhibition of Sirt1 activity, being significantly associated with human adipose tissue senescence in morbidly obese subjects.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)519-522
Number of pages4
JournalObesity
Volume23
Issue number3
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 1 Mar 2015
Externally publishedYes
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Alberto Contini
Alberto Contini is an Italian musician. He has been the vocalist, bassist or keyboardist for the Italian extreme metal band Bulldozer since the early 1980s and has produced many works in the Italo disco and Eurobeat scenes since the early 1990s.
Biography
In 1984, Contini met Bratt Sinclaire, who later became his long-term co-worker. He joined Bulldozer in the same year and served as its vocalist and bassist with the stage name A.C. Wild until 1992.
In 1990, Contini, then an A&R for Discomagic Records, co-founded the A-Beat C dance label with Dave Rodgers. The label signed a big deal with the Japanese dance label Avex Trax and produced many mega-hit works for "J-Euro" artists including MAX, V6, and the future "Queen of J-pop" Namie Amuro.
He made his first appearance on the Super Eurobeat compilation series in 1991, at Vol. 13, with three tracks co-produced with Dave Rodgers. Since then he has produced countless works for the series, including Vol. 14, 17, 18, 20, 27, 44, 58, 65, 68, 74, 82, 84, 88, 89, 92, 95, 97, 99, 103, 171, 173, and many other Eurobeat/Hi-NRG compilations and the Super Eurobeat Presents series by Avex, including the Maharaja Night series, Initial D series, and J-Euro series : Ayu-ro Mix, Hyper Euro MAX and J-Euro Non-Stop Best.
Contini re-joined Bulldozer in 2008. | WIKI |
User:Mr.Bernal
Should technology be used in the classroom to help students with math?
Since the beginning of the 2007-2008 school year several student's walked into my classroom having a difficult time with math. On our first district assesment which was given in October their were a lot of kids that were scoring Far Below Basic (FBB). Since then I have used several technology tools in the classroom and students scores have gone up. On my last district assessment test which was given in March of 2008 the majority of students have scored basic or proficient. I am going to keep track of students scores using their District assessments, CST test scores when they walk in and when they leave, and our own tests that we use here at Mulholland MS that our math coach (Mr. Ortega) has given us. | WIKI |
Phytochrome
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Phytochrome
3G6O.pdb.jpg
Crystal Structure of Phytochrome.[1]
Identifiers
Symbol Phytochrome
Pfam PF00360
InterPro IPR013515
Oat phytochrome absorption spectrum (Devlin, 1969)
Phytochrome is a photoreceptor, a pigment that plants, and some bacteria and fungi, use to detect light. It is sensitive to light in the red and far-red region of the visible spectrum. Many flowering plants use it to regulate the time of flowering based on the length of day and night (photoperiodism) and to set circadian rhythms. It also regulates other responses including the germination of seeds (photoblasty), elongation of seedlings, the size, shape and number of leaves, the synthesis of chlorophyll, and the straightening of the epicotyl or hypocotyl hook of dicot seedlings. It is found in the leaves of most plants.
Biochemically, phytochrome is a protein with a bilin chromophore.
Phytochrome has been found in most plants including all higher plants; very similar molecules have been found in several bacteria. A fragment of a bacterial phytochrome now has a solved three-dimensional protein structure.
Other plant photoreceptors include cryptochromes, phototropins, and UVR8, which are sensitive to light in the blue and ultra-violet regions of the spectrum.
Structure[edit]
Phytochrome consists of two identical chains (A and B). Each chain has a PAS domain and GAF domain. The PAS domain serves as a signal sensor and the GAF domain is responsible for binding to cGMP and also senses light signals. Together, these subunits form the phytochrome region, which regulates physiological changes in plants to changes in red and far red light conditions. In plants, red light changes phytochrome to its biologically active form, while far red light changes the protein to its biologically inactive form.
Isoforms or states[edit]
Two hypotheses, explaining the light - induced phytochrome conversions (PR - red form, PIR - far red form, B - protein). Left - H+ dissociation.[2] Right - formation of the chlorophyll - like ring.[3]
Phytochromes are characterised by a red/far-red photochromicity. Photochromic pigments change their "colour" (spectral absorbance properties) upon light absorption. In the case of phytochrome the ground state is Pr, the r indicating that it absorbs red light particularly strongly. The absorbance maximum is a sharp peak 650–670 nm, so concentrated phytochrome solutions look turquoise-blue to the human eye. But once a red photon has been absorbed, the pigment undergoes a rapid conformational change to form the Pfr state. Here fr indicates that now not red but far-red (also called "near infra-red"; 705–740 nm) is preferentially absorbed. This shift in absorbance is apparent to the human eye as a slightly more greenish colour. When Pfr absorbs far-red light it is converted back to Pr. Hence, red light makes Pfr, far-red light makes Pr. In plants at least Pfr is the physiologically active or "signalling" state.
Biochemistry[edit]
Chemically, phytochrome consists of a chromophore, a single bilin molecule consisting of an open chain of four pyrrole rings, bonded to the protein moiety. It is the chromophore that absorbs light, and as a result changes the conformation of bilin and subsequently that of the attached protein, changing it from one state or isoform to the other.
The phytochrome chromophore is usually phytochromobilin, and is closely related to phycocyanobilin (the chromophore of the phycobiliproteins used by cyanobacteria and red algae to capture light for photosynthesis) and to the bile pigment bilirubin (whose structure is also affected by light exposure, a fact exploited in the phototherapy of jaundiced newborns). The term "bili" in all these names refers to bile. Bilins are derived from the closed tetrapyrrole ring of haem by an oxidative reaction catalysed by haem oxygenase to yield their characteristic open chain. Chlorophyll too is derived from haem (Heme). In contrast to bilins, haem and chlorophyll carry a metal atom in the center of the ring, iron or magnesium, respectively.[4]
The Pfr state passes on a signal to other biological systems in the cell, such as the mechanisms responsible for gene expression. Although this mechanism is almost certainly a biochemical process, it is still the subject of much debate. It is known that although phytochromes are synthesized in the cytosol and the Pr form is localized there, the Pfr form, when generated by light illumination, is translocated to the cell nucleus. This implies a role of phytochrome in controlling gene expression, and many genes are known to be regulated by phytochrome, but the exact mechanism has still to be fully discovered. It has been proposed that phytochrome, in the Pfr form, may act as a kinase, and it has been demonstrated that phytochrome in the Pfr form can interact directly with transcription factors.
Discovery[edit]
The phytochrome pigment was discovered by Sterling Hendricks and Harry Borthwick at the USDA-ARS Beltsville Agricultural Research Center in Maryland during a period from the late 1940s to the early 1960s. Using a spectrograph built from borrowed and war-surplus parts, they discovered that red light was very effective for promoting germination or triggering flowering responses. The red light responses were reversible by far-red light, indicating the presence of a photoreversible pigment.
The phytochrome pigment was identified using a spectrophotometer in 1959 by biophysicist Warren Butler and biochemist Harold Siegelman. Butler was also responsible for the name, phytochrome.
In 1983 the laboratories of Peter Quail and Clark Lagarias reported the chemical purification of the intact phytochrome molecule, and in 1985 the first phytochrome gene sequence was published by Howard Hershey and Peter Quail. By 1989, molecular genetics and work with monoclonal antibodies that more than one type of phytochrome existed; for example, the pea plant was shown to have at least two phytochrome types (then called type I (found predominantly in dark-grown seedlings) and type II (predominant in green plants)). It is now known by genome sequencing that Arabidopsis has five phytochrome genes (PHYA - E) but that rice has only three (PHYA - C). While this probably represents the condition in several di- and monocotyledonous plants, many plants are polyploid. Hence maize, for example, has six phytochromes - phyA1, phyA2, phyB1, phyB2, phyC1 and phyC2. While all these phytochromes have significantly different protein components, they all use phytochromobilin as their light-absorbing chromophore. Phytohrome A or phyA is rapidly degraded in the Pfr form - much more so than the other members of the family. In the late 1980s, the Vierstra lab showed that phyA is degraded by the ubiquitin system, the first natural target of the system to be identified in eukaryotes.
In 1996 a gene in the newly sequenced genome of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis was noticed to have a weak similarity to those of plant phytochromes, the first evidence of phytochromes outside the plant kingdom. Jon Hughes in Berlin and Clark Lagarias at UC Davis subsequently showed that this gene indeed encoded a bona fide phytochrome (named Cph1) in the sense that it is a red/far-red reversible chromoprotein. Presumably plant phytochromes are derived from an ancestral cyanobacterial phytochrome, perhaps by gene migration from the chloroplast to the nucleus. Subsequently phytochromes have been found in other prokaryotes including Deinococcus radiodurans and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In Deinococcus phytochrome regulates the production of light-protective pigments, however in Synechocystis and Agrobacterium the biological function of these pigments is still unknown.
In 2005, the Vierstra and Forest labs at the University of Wisconsin published a three-dimensional structure of the photosensory domain of Deinococcus phytochrome. This breakthrough paper revealed that the protein chain forms a knot - a highly unusual structure for a protein.
Genetic engineering[edit]
Around 1989 several laboratories were successful in producing transgenic plants which produced elevated amounts of different phytochromes (overexpression). In all cases the resulting plants had conspicuously short stems and dark green leaves. Harry Smith and co-workers at Leicester University in England showed that by increasing the expression level of phytochrome A (which responds to far-red light), shade avoidance responses can be altered.[5] As a result, plants can expend less energy on growing as tall as possible and have more resources for growing seeds and expanding their root systems. This could have many practical benefits: for example, grass blades that would grow more slowly than regular grass would not require mowing as frequently, or crop plants might transfer more energy to the grain instead of growing taller.
References[edit]
1. ^ PDB: 3G6O ; Yang X, Kuk J, Moffat K (2009). "Crystal structure of P. aeruginosa bacteriaphytochrome PaBphP photosensory core domain mutant Q188L". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106: 15639–15644. doi:10.2210/pdb3g6o/pdb. PMID 1972099.
2. ^ Britz SJ, Galston AW.. Physiology of Movements in the Stems of Seedling Pisum sativum L. cv Alaska : III. Phototropism in Relation to Gravitropism, Nutation, and Growth, Plant Physiol. 1983 Feb;71(2):313-318
3. ^ Walker TS, Bailey JL. Two spectrally different forms of the phytochrome chromophore extracted from etiolated oat seedlings. Biochem J. 1968 Apr;107(4):603–605.
4. ^ Mauseth, James D. (2003). Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology (3rd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. pp. 422–427. ISBN 0-7637-2134-4.
5. ^ Robson, P. R. H., McCormac, A. C., Irvine, A. S. & Smith, H. Genetic engineering of harvest index in tobacco through overexpression of a phytochrome gene. Nature Biotechnol. 14, 995–998 (1996).
6. ^Gururani, Mayank Anand, Markkandan Ganesan, and Pill-Soon Song. "Photo-biotechnology as a tool to improve agronomic traits in crops." Biotechnology Advances (2014).
Other sources[edit] | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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New forum hosting?
#1
New I am ready to start my new forum, but where should I host it?
I have all of my domains and blogs on 1and1.com, BUT I'm sure that they
are not the greatest for a forum, Plus it failed every part of the Xenforo test script.
As a new forum, I would think a shared host is fine, I had it narrowed down, but then found these
cheaper pain that say they support Xenforo:
Arvixe - unlimited space and data transfers $4/$7
Xfhosting - unmetered bandwidth $3/$5/$7/$9 plans
XFHost - 10bg space - 200gb bandwidth - $15
I thought XFHost sounded good, but Arvixe and XFhosting are both 1/2 the price
and have unlimited space and/or transfers.
I've seen very basic VPS for $25-30 a month,
I need ALL of your help and advice, please!
Thank you so much!
Steve
Mike Edge
Well-known member
#2
Hi Steve,
Anyone can throw up a page "hey look we host xF now" Is the owner of these companies a very active member of this community? Do those hosts even use xF them selfs? Will they be there for you when you need true xF support? Put in a ticket with them, ask them to show you xF communities they host with over 2 million posts, I'd be willing to bet they can't ;) I know we can :D
For us we limit space and bandwidth as we don't oversell. There is no such thing as unlimited.. Hard drives only hold so much space, upstream providers provide only so much bandwidth per second. Most unlimited hosts, if you start cutting into high amounts of resources making it less they can over sell, your going to find yourself a termination of service notice. I will never understand why hosts outright lie to clients telling them we give you unlimited space.
Sure their plans are 1/2 the price of us, but there is a saying.. You get what you pay for :) You'll find many great reviews and folks recommending us in these forums.
Last edited:
Gabby
Well-known member
#4
Steve,
I switched to XFhost about two weeks ago and in all honesty I didn't know forums could run this fast. The first time I saw my forum on XFhost, I was shocked (kinda got dizzy too lol) because it loaded and functioned so much better. It's a little bit more expensive but you really do get what you pay for. If you're not tech savey like me, it is a total blessing to know that upgrades and all that forum stuff can be handled by someone else in a reasonable time frame as well. Good luck in whomever you chose and good luck with your forum!
#5
Great replies from everyone! This was super helpful and made up my mind to go with Mike also!
That was my original plan, BUT when I saw the crazy low prices, I started drooling! :ROFLMAO:
What I do not want to do is to start on one host and have to move it later because of limits, usage, speed problems, etc.
Thanks everyone!
Steve
Tracy Perry
Well-known member
#6
Great replies from everyone! This was super helpful and made up my mind to go with Mike also!
That was my original plan, BUT when I saw the crazy low prices, I started drooling! :ROFLMAO:
What I do not want to do is to start on one host and have to move it later because of limits, usage, speed problems, etc.
Thanks everyone!
Steve
Good phrase to remember is "Cheap is, cheap does". If you look hard enough, you can find good priced shared hosting, VPS or even dedicated servers - but the VPS/dedi are usually unmanaged for the really GOOD prices.
My monthly server bill to ServerComplete runs about $240 a month - but that's for 3 dedicated servers. :D
Mike Edge
Well-known member
#7
Great replies from everyone! This was super helpful and made up my mind to go with Mike also!
That was my original plan, BUT when I saw the crazy low prices, I started drooling! :ROFLMAO:
What I do not want to do is to start on one host and have to move it later because of limits, usage, speed problems, etc.
Thanks everyone!
Steve
Sounds good, Welcome aboard!
Mike Edge
Well-known member
#9
There is nothing special about hosting XF. You can do it just fine on any server.
Good luck hosting a fairly decent traffic board on a highly over sold server with very restrictive Cloud Linux resource settings that most $5.00 hosts use. ;)
WSWD
Well-known member
#10
Good luck hosting a fairly decent traffic board on a highly over sold server with very restrictive Cloud Linux resource settings that most $5.00 hosts use. ;)
Like I said, there is NOTHING special with any host that makes it different for running XF. You can run it just fine on any server.
A restrictive host using Cloud Linux has absolutely nothing to do with it. You simply find a company without the restrictions. You don't need any sort of "optimized" hosting for running XF or anything else, for that matter.
Ernest L. Defoe
Well-known member
#11
I have to agree that yeah anyone host can run xF but when it comes down to the heart of the matter is if there is a problem you can't fix chances are that Mike can figure it out and get the issue fixed. While there are tons of hosts cheaper than @Mike and xFHost I'd put good money on it that they aren't going to give you the level of service that you will get from xFHost. I have been a client since almost when they opened the doors and have been nothing but pleased with them. Yeah there were a few issues in the beginning but those were issues outside of Mike's control. Things have been great since he moved to a new datacenter. I highly recommend him to anyone looking for QUALITY hosting. Yeah he isn't cheap but as Mike said and I have said it before "You get what you pay for!"
WSWD
Well-known member
#12
And that all could be true, but I can't help but laugh (hysterically) when I see things like "_____ optimized hosting". It doesn't happen just with XF either; it happens with all different software. Just think it's hilarious that people actually fall for that.
Mike Edge
Well-known member
#14
And that all could be true, but I can't help but laugh (hysterically) when I see things like "_____ optimized hosting". It doesn't happen just with XF either; it happens with all different software. Just think it's hilarious that people actually fall for that.
Well considering how many of our clients state in reviews how much faster their forums run on my servers compared to any past host they have had.. We must be optimizing something correctly ;) Laugh all you like, but there's a reason were the largest shared hosting provider for xenForo (y)
Deepmartini
Well-known member
#16
Well considering how many of our clients state in reviews how much faster their forums run on my servers compared to any past host they have had.. We must be optimizing something correctly ;) Laugh all you like, but there's a reason were the largest shared hosting provider for xenForo (y)
What type of optimizations get done? I don't really understand this? Are there technical tweaks to just the server or is it the xenforo software itself? Can you explain this a little more in layman's terms. I know custom Wordpress hosting is a big business now with WPengine, Pagely, ZippyKid, etc. but some of them actually modify the wordpress core software.
Mike Edge
Well-known member
#17
What type of optimizations get done? I don't really understand this? Are there technical tweaks to just the server or is it the xenforo software itself? Can you explain this a little more in layman's terms. I know custom Wordpress hosting is a big business now with WPengine, Pagely, ZippyKid, etc. but some of them actually modify the wordpress core software.
It is all server side tweaks we do. A lot from watching logs to see things we can do to make things run even a tad better and a bit less server load. I think we are about the only shared hosting provider that offers Memcache and APC at no extra charge and access to elestic search for only a small monthly fee more.
WSWD
Well-known member
#18
Laugh all you like, but there's a reason were the largest shared hosting provider for xenForo (y)
Sure, it's all wacky marketing, and optimizations that don't exist. HostGator, Bluehost, etc. are amongst the largest hosts period, GoDaddy probably the largest domain registrar. Look how great their service is. ;)
Mike Edge
Well-known member
#19
Sure, it's all wacky marketing, and optimizations that don't exist. HostGator, Bluehost, etc. are amongst the largest hosts period, GoDaddy probably the largest domain registrar. Look how great their service is. ;)
Just like your "Blazing Fast SSD VPS That Will Blow Your Mind" AmIRite? All SSD VPS's are R10 SSD's.. Every host in the world offers IPv4.. IPv6 meh, who cares, 99% of the world isn't ready for it yet anyway.... Just all wacky marketing.
Again as I said earlier, if this optimization doesn't exist as you like to claim, why in thread after thread do clients mention how much faster we are compared to past hosts they had? Not knowing how to do something correctly and not existing are different ballparks my friend :)
WSWD
Well-known member
#20
Just like your "Blazing Fast SSD VPS That Will Blow Your Mind" AmIRite? All SSD VPS's are R10 SSD's..
You would be amazed at how many "companies" don't run SSDs in RAID10 or even RAID 1. Same goes for mechanical drives. No wacky marketing here. We used to have the fastest production SSD hosting setups in the world. Then the cloud folk came in with their massive SSD SAN setups and bechmark higher than we do, as we don't use SAN. But we were indeed the fastest in the world. ;)
On the contrary, there isn't anything you can do to actually optimize a server for XF. There just isn't. You can optimize a server in general, you can add litespeed, memcache, APC, etc. all you want, but nothing in doing that is remotely specific to XF. You can do that with any server, and say it's optimized for any application you want. Simply a marketing gimmick here, I'm afraid.
Top | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Abstract 859
RelB and NF-kB2 are the main effectors of NF-kB non-canonical signaling and play critical roles in many physiological processes. However, their role in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) maintenance has not been characterized. To investigate this, we generated RelB/NF-kB2 double-knockout (dKO) mice and found that dKO HSPCs have profoundly impaired engraftment and self-renewal activity after transplantation into wild-type recipients. Transplantation of wild-type bone marrow cells into dKO mice to assess the role of the dKO microenvironment showed that wild-type HSPCs cycled more rapidly, were more abundant, and had developmental aberrancies: increased myeloid and decreased lymphoid lineages, similar to dKO HSPCs. Notably, when these wild-type cells were returned to normal hosts, these phenotypic changes were reversed, indicating a potent but transient phenotype conferred by the dKO microenvironment. However, dKO bone marrow stromal cell numbers were reduced, and bone-lining niche cells supported less HSPC expansion than controls. Further, increased dKO HSPC proliferation was associated with impaired expression of niche adhesion molecules by bone-lining cells and increased inflammatory cytokine expression by bone marrow cells. Thus, RelB/NF-kB2 signaling positively and intrinsically regulates HSPC self-renewal and maintains stromal/osteoblastic niches and negatively and extrinsically regulates HSPC expansion and lineage commitment through the marrow microenvironment.
Disclosures:
No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Author notes
*
Asterisk with author names denotes non-ASH members. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Archaeological Journal, Volume 6.djvu/426
274 THE CORDWAINERS AND CORVESORS OF OXFORD. Item of Thomas Ledbrooke for a Warden's place. Item for my second tyme being Master. Item of the Coblers for the Quarteridge Sum Kecepconum £01 10 10 00 06 08 00 03 04 34 04 04 Payments. Inprimis to Mr. Steward ...... Item to his man ........ Item to the prisoners at Bocardoe .... Item to the Masters men ...... Item spent in Wine ....... Item given to Goodman Barton. . . . . - Item given to Goodman Brookes. . . . . Item for the arresting of Anthonye Haell & of Marke Wakefeild Item to Mr. Painton & Mr. Goode for ffees & for draweing the Cot Item to the Smith for A new Key & mending the Chest. . Item given him to drincke. . Item spent at the coming into the Company of Humfrey Hanns Item, spent at tlie coming into the Company of John Carter Item for A Warr*^ to bring John Worley A Jom-neyman before Mr. Mayo'' for keeping shopp. . . . . . Item to the Constable. . . . . . . Item spent at the coming into the Company of Symon Baker and Thomas George ....... Item spent at A meeting of the Companye the 20*^'' of Sep- tember ......... Item given for the carrying y'^ Companyes Chest. . . 10 00 01 10 00 00 05 00 00 02 00 01 00 00 00 00 09 00 00 O'i 00 00 02 06 00 06 06 00 01 06 00 00 04 00 05 06 00 04 04 00 00 06 00 00 04 00 05 06 00 07 00 00 01 00 UpPON A DYNNER FOR THE WhOLE CoMPANY. Inpris for 2 Crapps of Beefe ^ & A surloyne halfe A sheepe '2 leggs & A loyne of Mutton ... Item 2 Crapps of Beefe & 4 leggs of mutton. . . . Item 3 leggs of mutton ....... Item 4 marrow bones A Neats Tongue & Uderne Item 5 piggs ........ Item 4 couple of Chicken. ...... Item Couple of Rabetts. ...... Item 20 pounds of butter .... .. Item spent the same tyme ....... Item for bread it fflower ....... Item for 3 Kilderkins '' of Beerc ..... Item given the Brewers & spent on them. . . . 02 02 06 01 04 00 00 06 06 00 03 06 00 12 00 00 03 04 00 09 00 00 08 04 00 02 00 00 12 00 00 18 00 00 01 04 •'* The Crop of Boef, .a term still used in Oxford market, is a jiortion of the beast comprising the ribs and part of the neck. ' i.e., .')4 f;alloiis. 15y tiiriiiiif^ (<» the list of the Coinjiaiiy for this year, Book I), we find it consisted of about 56 indivi- duals; so that even if all were present, the allowance of liquor was on uo limited scale. | WIKI |
The Three Sisters Olive Tree
In the courtyard of the wooden-roofed Archangel Michael’s chapel, which is painted in post-Byzantine style from the beginning of the 16th century, one will see a complex of three ancient olive trees, also known as Tris Aderfes (Three Sisters).
In fact, the Tris Aderfes is one tree although due to its roots, it appears to be three olives trees, side by side.
According to a few of the locals, this specific olive tree is known as Apostolic. Apostolic olive trees were known for their distinctive fruit and were different in shape (more oblong compared to others). They were neither wild nor cultivated, and they needed more time for their fruit to ripen and for the olives to be prepared for consumption.
The existence of wild olive trees precedes man’s presence on the island. In the late 18th century, Archbishop Kyprianos in his work “Chronological History of Cyprus” states: “The olive groves produce enough oil, so that when they are fruitful, the land has enough oil for three years, and sometimes there is enough to give to other regions”. | FINEWEB-EDU |
New answers tagged
0
If transactional correctness requires one aggregate knowing about the current state of another aggregate, then your model is wrong. In most cases, transactional correctness is not required. Businesses tend to have tolerance around latency and stale data. This is especially true of inconsistencies that are easy to detect and easy to remedy. So the command ...
1
You need a data-cleansing exercise. You don't have a chance in hell of writing decent code that will work if the existing data breaks the rules you're trying to establish. Your code is not at fault if it enforces rules on new data, but can't handle old data that - from the sound of it - wouldn't know a rule if one walked up to it and said hello. Your code ...
5
How should I deal with this legacy data that "breaks the rules". So the starting point is to talk to your domain experts. What do they do with the "invalid" data in the legacy system today? Also, is the legacy system the book of record? or does it describe entities that are actually controlled somewhere else? A mix of both? You may need to consider ...
8
Perhaps it is too naive, but did you consider making a fresh database for your fresh application and writing some converter from the old (badly designed) database to the new one? That converter would be hard to code, but you'll get some more cleaner data from it.
1
a very simple That would probably take DDD off the table. If you aren't anticipating a rich and subtle domain model, then you are likely past the point of diminishing returns. Why can't I just build a CRUD app If you are asking this question, it's another hint that DDD may not be the right horse. But taking it straight -- the problem with a CRUD ...
Top 50 recent answers are included | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Stainedglasscurtain/sandbox/Kinneret
Kinneret Cemetery (בית הקברות כנרת) is a historic cemetery on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, Israel, near where the Jordan River begins.
The first burial in the cemetery, of Menachem Mendel Shmuelevich (GNI), took place in 1911, several months after the Great Strike. He was one of the eunuchs in the engine house. He died or was murdered when he went out to bring bread from the Sea of Galilee. The decision was to bury him near the Sea of Galilee.
The cemetery served the residents of both moshav Kinneret and Kvutzat Kinneret. Additionally, many leaders of the Histadrut and the Labor movement chose to be buried there.
Famous personalities are buried in the cemetery with first and second aliyah, including Rachel the poet, Berl Katznelson, Shaul Avigur, Avraham Herzfeld and others. In addition, the poet Elisheva Bihovsky is buried, as well as leaders of socialist Zionists who died and were buried in the Diaspora, and their bones were brought to Israel after the establishment of the state, such as Moshe Hess, Dov Bar Borochov and Nachman Sirkin. The cemetery has a special corner for Samuel Yavnali, the Zionist congressman who was involved in bringing Yemenite Kinneret to Palestine in 1909. There are also tombstones of the guard people buried in Kfar Giladi, as well as the grave of Samuel Stoller, one of the Kinneret group and the Israel Prize laureate.
A special plot in the cemetery was assigned to Yemenite Kinneret. With the publication of Professor Yehuda Nini's book "You Had or Dreamed a Dream, Yemenite Kinneret - The Affair of Settlement and Displacement", the refusal of the group and the colony's residents to bury Matti Yemeni Kinneret in the cemetery was revealed, and only after a while was a separate section allocated to them in the cemetery.
Another special section for Tel Aviv exiles who arrived in Kinneret after being deported from Tel Aviv in 1917. 52 people arrived in the Kinneret courtyard and lived there in difficult conditions. Ten died and were buried under an unspecified heap of stones. In the 1950s, Kinneret members placed a tombstone on each of the tombs, which read "Anonymous from the Jews of Judah". The names of the deceased, discovered in the Zionist Archives in 1991, are commemorated in a memorial monument erected in the heart of the cemetery, adjacent to this plot.
Poet and songwriter Naomi Shemer, who was born on Kvutzat Kinneret, is also buried in the cemetery. Some distance away, writer and playwright Aaron Megged is buried.
Notable burials
* Rachel Bluwstein
* Naomi Shemer
* Berl Katznelson
* Ber Borochov
* Nachman Syrkin
* Moses Hess
* Avraham Herzfeld
* Elisheva Bikhovski
* Shmuel Stoller
* Shmuel Yavnieli/Yavne'eli
Also of note is the art on the tombstone of Natan Ikar,
Yemenite section | WIKI |
Recommended Readers
This eBook is of most value to engineering managers looking to realize the value from simulation-led design efforts.
Excerpt
When it comes to the functional aspects of engineering, there are clear advantages to conducting simulations during design. During the conceptual stages, running such analyses lets engineers know if their target requirements are feasible and perform trade studies on different ideas. In detailed stages, conducting such activities lets engineers interactively size the geometry of their designs and avoid costly errors that could turn into catastrophes downstream. In all, running simulations during design allows engineers to make more informed decisions that translate into better designs, fewer change orders, lower product costs, fewer failed prototypes, and innumerable other advantages.
However, it has not been easy to realize the benefits of simulation in design. Tactical execution matters. It requires skills and knowledge in four crucial areas: engineering physics, analysis methodologies, Computer Aided Design (CAD) software and Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) software. To date, the burden of enabling such an effort has fallen to a single role: the engineer. Yet with all of the responsibilities they bear, modern engineers have little time to gain and retain skills and knowledge in all of these areas. More importantly, they rarely have the time to execute such activities even if they do have the necessary knowledge and skills. So far, technology hasn’t helped address these challenges, as they so often have merely simplified analysis tools and integrated them into Computer Aided Design (CAD) applications. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
How to replicate/import your excel in ELN? - LabCollector
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How to replicate/import your excel in ELN?
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SUMMARY:
The ELN provides you with excel sheets like Flat spreadsheets and Zoho spreadsheets.
You can easily replicate/import your excel files in ELN Zoho excel sheet, for this you need to follow the following steps:-
1. Import the excel file in ELN
NOTE: The uploading is the only good way to replicate your excel sheets. If you copy-paste the excel sheet in ELN “spreadsheet” or “flat spreadsheet” to “content”, ONLY the table and values will be copied and not the formulas.
1. Import the excel file in ELN
1. Go to ELN -> EXPERIMENT/ PAGE/ SUB-PAGE -> SPREADSHEET DATA TAB -> IMPORT FILE
2. You will see the below pop-up where you can drag and drop the excel files you want to upload.
It also shows the file types that can be uploaded in the Zoho spreadsheet.
3. Drag and drop or upload the file you want. Once you have uploaded, your file will be replicated in the Spreadsheet data tab.
The excel will be uploaded and the formulas (if any) will also be replicated in your ELN Zoho spreadsheet.
Related topics: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Bannon's shameful dog whistle (opinion)
Raul A. Reyes is an attorney and member of the USA Today board of contributors. Follow him on Twitter @RaulAReyes. The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of the author. (CNN)As incredible as it may sound, Steve Bannon has hit a new low. He was in Alabama on Tuesday, stumping for Senate candidate Roy Moore, when he lashed out at Mitt Romney, his family, and by implication, an entire religion. Bannon, the chairman of Breitbart News, was apparently angry at a tweet by Romney saying Moore in the Senate would be "a stain on the GOP and on the nation." In response, at a rally that was ostensibly about Moore, Bannon went ballistic on Romney. He ripped into the former Massachusetts governor for not serving in the military. "You hid behind your religion. You went to France as a missionary while men were dying in Vietnam. Do not talk about honor and integrity." He pointed out that none of Romney's five sons served in the military, adding that "Judge Roy Moore has more honor and integrity in his pinky finger than your entire family." Even for a figure as nihilistic as Bannon, these remarks were shameful. It speaks volumes that Bannon felt the need to go after Romney rather than focusing on a positive message for Moore's candidacy, if such a thing exists. Romney's lack of military service has nothing to do with the Alabama election. Bannon was shrewdly playing to some evangelicals' long-held mistrust of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) -- and getting in a few ugly personal attacks as well. It is ironic that Bannon would praise Moore's "honor and integrity" over Romney's. Whatever you think of Romney, he has never been accused of sexual misconduct, let alone with teenagers. Unlike Moore, Romney does not hold bigoted views on Muslims. Romney was never removed from public office for defying the laws of our country; Moore was removed from his post as chief justice of the Alabama Supreme Court for refusing to take down a monument of the Ten Commandments (in 2003), and suspended again (in 2016) for flouting the Supreme Court decision on same-sex marriage. Playing the veteran card against Romney is pure hypocrisy on Bannon's part, considering he never denigrated his former boss and continued confidant, President Donald Trump, for his lack of service. Trump received multiple deferments for military service during the Vietnam War, and none of his children served in the military either. And unlike Eric Trump and Donald Trump Jr., who have been involved with their father's campaign and presidency, Romney's sons are private citizens. Leave them out of this. For the record, many Mormons have served in the military with distinction, including in Vietnam and Afghanistan. Romney was not hiding behind his religion when he could have been wearing a uniform. Missionary service is recommended for Latter-Day Saints Church members who are physically able and mentally capable of serving (including women, now), and it is a commitment that is taken very seriously. Mormon missionaries spend two years away from home, and are allowed only two annual phone calls to their families. While not the same as fighting in a foxhole, Mormon missionary service is noble compared with what Trump has called his "personal Vietnam" -- avoiding sexually transmitted diseases during his single days in the 1990s. Bannon's remarks about Romney rightfully drew condemnation from Sens. Orrin Hatch and Mike Lee, both Mormons from Utah. Yet what was especially insidious about Bannon's comments was that they were a dog-whistle of religious bigotry. Some members of the Southern Baptist Church do not accept Mormons as Christians, because of Mormons' belief in the prophet Joseph Smith and his teachings. In taking aim at Romney, Bannon was deliberately reviving these old prejudices and suspicions about a religion that remains unfamiliar to many Americans. In 2007, when Romney was running for president, a Pew Center study found that the No. 1 term Americans associated with Mormonism was "polygamy," despite the fact that it has been banned by the LDS Church since 1890. A 2012 Pew study found that Mormons reported feeling hostility from evangelical Christians, exactly the type of sentiment that Bannon was attempting to stir up in Alabama. Sure, Romney is not perfect. Who can forget his infamous "47%" remark that roughly half of Americans pay no taxes, or his call for "self-deportation" of undocumented immigrants? Yet he does not deserve to be slandered by Bannon simply because the Breitbart Bully can't find much good to say about Moore. At least Romney has not feuded with Gold Star families, which is more than can be said for our President. Bannon's remarks about Romney were divisive and offensive. They perfectly captured his warped, dystopian worldview. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
VA eyes building closures to boost care under Trump | TheHill
The Trump administration is considering whether to shut down Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) facilities and consolidate hospitals to save money. The move, tentatively supported by lawmakers and veterans groups alike, would dispose of some of the agency’s more than 1,200 vacant or underused buildings and then use the savings to improve healthcare access for veterans. The buildings eyed for closure include storage facilities and medical centers, which include warehouses, sheds, garages, greenhouses, dorms, gyms, chapels, research laboratories, libraries, dining halls, nursing homes and offices. The structures are often older and part of larger medical campuses. The VA has more than 6,200 owned buildings, and more than 1,200 of them are vacant or underutilized, according to the agency. “Maintaining excess property is just something more on the VA’s plate,” said Joe Davis, a spokesman for Veterans of Foreign Wars. “Maintaining heating and air conditioning and plumbing in a vacant building is not a dollar well spent. Even though the dollar amounts saved from this may not seem large, on the grand scale of things, it’s still significant. It needs to be done.” President Trump has repeatedly vowed to reform the VA and increase accountability at the department, even creating a 10-point plan for reforming it. He has called the effort one of the “crown jewels” of his administration. “It’s going to change, and under my administration it will change,” Trump said of the agency. The VA has come under heavy criticism for its long wait times for medical appointments, its failure to quickly fire bad employees and its slow appeal process for benefits. But in the new effort, the VA will seek to cut down on excess infrastructure, using the saved dollars to bolster veteran care at remaining facilities or possibly expand the Veterans Choice Program, which enables veterans to receive certain kinds of treatment outside of the VA system. There was nothing in Trump’s VA budget, released Tuesday, specifying plans for unused or underutilized buildings. But an infrastructure plan fact sheet from the administration revealed several details on what could come. “The Administration will pursue numerous reforms to help VA acquire and maintain the facilities necessary to provide veterans high quality medical care where they live,” the fact sheet states. “The budget includes proposals to expand VA’s authority to lease out its vacant assets for commercial or mixed-use purposes and to speed its ability to pursue facility renovations and improvements. Future reforms will encourage public-private partnerships and reduce barriers to acquisition, contracting, and disposals.” VA Secretary David Shulkin earlier this month testified to the Senate Appropriations veterans affair subcommittee that he was seeking to “dispose of resources or buildings that are not helping veterans today, that are sitting vacant or underutilized,” which would equate to $25 million in annual savings. “I could be using that money to support the capital needs of buildings and facilities that are helping veterans,” he said. And at a House Appropriations hearing the same month, Shulkin said the VA had identified more than 430 vacant and 735 underutilized buildings. He added that the VA would work with Congress to identify buildings to shutter and was considering using the Pentagon’s Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) process as a model. “Whether the BRAC is a model that we should take a look at, we’re beginning to have discussions with members of Congress about their suggestions,” Shulkin said during the hearing. “We want to stop supporting our use of [and] maintenance of buildings we don’t need, and we want to reinvest that in the buildings that we know have capital needs.” The VA does not need congressional approval to dispose of buildings and may relinquish such facilities to the General Services Administration, an independent agency that helps manage and support the basic functions of government agencies. Military BRAC has been a frequent point of tension in recent years. Pentagon officials have repeatedly requested a BRAC round, but lawmakers, worried that the process would target military installations and jobs in their districts, have always scrapped the idea. But lawmakers on both sides of the aisle are singing a different tune on a similar effort within the VA. Such a move is seen as an attractive option to cut waste and government spending without compromising jobs, bolstered all the more by a businessman now in the White House. A spokeswoman for Sen. Johnny IsaksonJohn (Johnny) Hardy IsaksonGeorgia senator discharged from hospital after fall Georgia senator hospitalized after fall Senate GOP raises concerns about White House stopgap plan to avoid shutdown MORE (R-Ga.) — the Senate Veterans’ Affairs Committee chairman — said he is “is open to exploring various options to help reduce some of the inefficiency and waste within the VA system.” Rep. Tim Walz (D-Minn.), the ranking member on the House Veterans’ Affairs Committee, said, on its surface, “The proposal to sell vacant and underutilized VA facilities seems like a commonsense way to save millions of taxpayer dollars annually while generating additional resources to reinvest in care for our veterans.” The VA should “absolutely” sell or partner with other federal agencies to determine a better use for the “hundreds of decrepit VA-owned buildings sitting empty across the country,” Walz said in a statement to The Hill. He added, however, “It is imperative we ensure that access to care for veterans in rural and underserved communities will not be undermined in any way by the removal of underutilized facilities.” Phillip Carter, a military and veterans expert at the Center for a New American Security, said politicians are likely more open to the VA closures because they would have a limited impact on jobs. Washington is also under pressure, thanks in part to Trump, to improve veteran care. “Lawmakers understand the political costs of allowing another access crisis in the VA,” Carter said. “If the VA can’t deliver healthcare in a timely manner for the veterans who need it, that may override traditional political opposition to facility closure.” He added that savings from facility closure “helps on the margins” in fixing the VA’s larger healthcare access problem. “It’s hard to tally up exactly how much the VA spends on inefficient infrastructure, but it’s something,” Carter said. The plan is not without its critics, however. Shulkin didn’t specify at the Senate and House hearings whether he would seek to close any underused medical facilities, but such a move could face blowback in Congress, as many veterans are forced to drive long distances for specific care. Sen. Tom UdallThomas (Tom) Stewart UdallDemocrats, environmentalists blast Trump rollback of endangered species protections Republicans should get behind the 28th Amendment New Mexico says EPA abandoned state in fight against toxic 'forever chemicals' MORE (D-N.M.) questioned Shulkin’s closure efforts during the House Appropriations subcommittee hearing. Udall pointed to a recently published Government Accountability Office (GAO) report that found that the VA does not adequately work with local veteran communities when they shut down a facility or relocate services. “Specifically GAO found, and I quote here, ‘the VA has not consistently followed best practices for effectively engaging stakeholders in facility consolidation efforts,’ ” Udall said. Shulkin assured the lawmaker that “the intent here is to dispose of resources or buildings that are not helping veterans today. … I have no interest in privatizing the VA. I am interested in using our resources to help veterans.” Isakson, meanwhile, is “hopeful that the VA will continue to consult with Congress on ways to accomplish this goal while ensuring there is no impediment to veterans’ care or services in the process.” Just don’t call the process a BRAC. Rep. Jeff FortenberryJeffrey (Jeff) Lane FortenberryHouse Democrats urge Trump to end deportations of Iraqis after diabetic man's death House Appropriations passes defense bill that would limit funds for border wall, pull US support from Yemen war Thirty-four GOP members buck Trump on disaster bill MORE (R-Neb.), vice chairman of the House Appropriations panel, told Shulkin that Congress would work “constructively” with the VA on the issue, but warned against using the Pentagon term. “Don’t ever use the word BRAC, because it brings up a lot of bad memories,” he said. “You automatically set yourself up for controversy.” Fortenberry suggested instead “that we call it MISC, acronym for miscellaneous — Military Installation Savings Commission.” View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Huarmey
For the Province of the Ancash Region in Peru, see Huarmey Province
Huarmey is a coastal town in the Ancash Region, Peru. It is one of the five districts and also the capital of the Province of Huarmey. It is located crossing the Pan-American highway from south to north after leaving the department of Lima in Paramonga and at 82 km from the Fortaleza River. It was created by law 24034 on December 20, 1984.
At certain times of the year, the settlers fish abundant shrimps in the Huarmey River. This river fertilizes the valley and flows from south to north.
The port of Huarmey is located at 5 km to the south, through a detour that begins in the Pan-American highway.
Huarmey is 83 km from the next major city, Casma.
This city is largely undeveloped, though is one of the main cities of the Ancash Region. Huarmey has its own beaches and it has facilities for camping and surf. The water is very cold all year round, despite the high temperatures of the city.
Huarmey is on the site of the Punta Lobos massacre, a 14th-century pre-Columbian Chimú human sacrifice and mass burial site. | WIKI |
MMP15
MMP15
A gene on chromosome 16q13 that encodes matrix metalloproteinase 15, an endopeptidase that degrades components of the extracellular matrix and may activate progelatinase A. Unlike other matrix metalloproteinases, which are secreted as inactive proproteins and activated when cleaved by extracellular proteinases, MMP15 is a transmembrane protein that is activated from its precursor by furin endopeptidase cleavage.
References in periodicals archive ?
The incomplete degradation of 3D/FN and 3D/LN structures may reflect the low or lack of expression of MMPs specific for these ECM proteins, namely, MMP7, MMP10, MMP11, MMP14, and MMP15 for LN and MMP7, MMP10, MMP11, MMP12, MMP14, and MMP15 for FN.
Due to structural and substrate specificity, MMPs are currently divided into seven classes: collagenases (MMP1, MMP8, MMP13, and MMP18), gelatinases (MMP2 and MMP9), stromelysins (MMP3, MMP10), stromelysin like (MMP11 and MMP12), matrilysins (MMP7 and MMP26), membrane type (MMP14, MMP15, MMP16, MMP17, MMP24, and MMP25), and others (MMP19, MMP20, MMP21, MMP22, MMP23, MMP27, and MMP28) [18, 27, 28].
"After the confrontation and the defeat of the attackers by the security forces, a large quantity of arms was retrieved which included two heavy machine guns with telescopic sights, 17 MMP15 individual assault rifles with aiming devices, nine AKM automatic assault rifles, four light machines guns, three pistols, one pair of night-vision goggles, 17 body armours, 20 jackets, five camel bags and 11 satellite pro-communication devices which were intended to be used for communication among themselves and to communicate to the outside world when they have destroyed the communication infrastructure in the country after failing to capture the State House," said the minister. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:HistoryTime123/sandbox
Abraham Lincoln
Personally my favorite person of history was Abraham Lincoln. He was the 16th president of the United States. During his presidency he fought to abolish slavery. This helped the country become how great it is today. He was a strong leader that was confident in his views. He was President during the civil war, and his emancipation proclamation, and Gettysburg Address are very important documents of history. The Union were leading the war when Lincoln suddenly got assassinated. This is a very sad moment of history, because how much he accomplished for the country. I got my information at Article on "History.com" | WIKI |
Facing a Miracle
"Facing a Miracle" is the official theme song to the 2010 Gay Games. Dayne performed the song to an audience of 50,000 fans on July 31, 2010 in Cologne, Germany. It ended the year at #9 on Perfect Beat's Top Worldwide Singles of 2010.
The song was given a hard tribal club remix in 2010 by U.S. producers Joel Dickinson, John Michael & Billy Waters featuring the vocals of African a cappella group Il Quinto.
The song was remixed again in October 2010 by Swedish DJ/producer LA Rush. | WIKI |
Commits
Michał Górny committed b7bd88f
Migrate PMUseFlag to new StringCompat.
• Participants
• Parent commits a80d8e7
• Branches master
Comments (0)
Files changed (4)
File gentoopm/basepm/pkg.py
import os.path
from abc import abstractmethod, abstractproperty
-from ..util import ABCObject, FillMissingComparisons, StringCompat2, \
+from ..util import ABCObject, FillMissingComparisons, StringCompat, \
EnumTuple, FillMissingNotEqual
from .atom import PMAtom, PMPackageKey
"""
pass
-class PMUseFlag(ABCObject, StringCompat2):
+class PMUseFlag(ABCObject, StringCompat):
"""
A base class for a USE flag supported by a package.
"""
- def __init__(self, usestr):
+ def __new__(self, usestr):
"""
Instantiate from an IUSE atom.
@param usestr: the IUSE atom (C{[+-]?flag})
@type usestr: string
"""
- self._name = usestr.lstrip('+-')
+ return StringCompat.__new__(self, usestr.lstrip('+-'))
@property
def name(self):
@type: string
"""
- return self._name
+ return str(self)
@abstractproperty
def enabled(self):
"""
pass
- def __str__(self):
- return self.name
-
class PMPackage(PMAtom, FillMissingComparisons):
"""
An abstract class representing a single, uniquely-identified package
File gentoopm/paludispm/pkg.py
return k.parse_value() if k is not None else None
class PaludisChoice(PMUseFlag):
- def __init__(self, choice):
- self._c = choice
-
- @property
- def name(self):
- return str(self._c.name_with_prefix)
+ def __new__(self, choice):
+ uf = PMUseFlag.__new__(self, str(choice.name_with_prefix))
+ uf._c = choice
+ return uf
@property
def enabled(self):
File gentoopm/pkgcorepm/pkg.py
return None
class PkgCoreUseFlag(PMUseFlag):
- def __init__(self, s, enabled_use):
- PMUseFlag.__init__(self, s)
- self._enabled = self.name in enabled_use
+ def __new__(self, s, enabled_use):
+ uf = PMUseFlag.__new__(self, s)
+ uf._enabled = self.name in enabled_use
+ return uf
@property
def enabled(self):
File gentoopm/portagepm/pkg.py
return None # XXX
class PortageUseFlag(PMUseFlag):
- def __init__(self, s, enabled_use):
- PMUseFlag.__init__(self, s)
- self._enabled = self.name in enabled_use
+ def __new__(self, s, enabled_use):
+ uf = PMUseFlag.__new__(self, s)
+ uf._enabled = self.name in enabled_use
+ return uf
@property
def enabled(self): | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
13
when I run the following
from tkinter import *
from PIL import ImageTk, Image
root.mainloop()
I got
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "image_viewer.py", line 2, in <module>
from PIL import ImageTk, Image
ImportError: No module named PIL
but I already install Pillow and everything is fine.
4
• 5
If "everything is fine", what is your question now
– PCM
Jul 19, 2021 at 10:44
• 1
Maybe you have different versions of Python on your computer and installed Pillow for the wrong one.
– Matthias
Jul 19, 2021 at 10:45
• 1
Does this answer your question? How to install PIL with pip on Mac OS?
– Educorreia
Jul 19, 2021 at 10:46
• If you're using PyCharm then you have to install modules through the PyCharm application. Also, it could be a version thing. Try pip3 install Pillow and check out jetbrains.com/help/pycharm/…
– Thomas
Jul 19, 2021 at 12:28
3 Answers 3
32
Use Pillow which is the "new" or the replacement of PIL, but has the same-named modules to preserve compatibility:
pip install pillow
Also, as suggested in the comments, maybe you are just using the wrong python binary, try to check if you're in/out of a virtual environment or check differences between python vs python3 vs python2 on your system:
python -m pip list
python2 -m pip list
python3 -m pip list
1
The problem is that you are not running the same python interpreter. In addition, the problem could arise from this fact that python cannot find the path to the OpenCV.
You first need to find the path to the OpenCV installed on your OS.
First, open a python script and run this:
import cv2
PATH = cv2.__file__
print(PATH)
This will print the PATH to the OpenCV installed on your OS.
Then, add the following two lines to the top of your main script (before calling tkinter and PIL):
import sys
sys.path.append('PATH')
from tkinter import *
from PIL import ImageTk, Image
root.mainloop()
Alternative Solution:
The problem could be that you are not running the same python interpreter.
You first need to find the path to the python executable that is interpreting your python scripts.
Open a python script and run this:
import sys
PATH = sys.executable
print(PATH)
This will print the path to the python executable that is interpreting your python scripts.
Now, you can install pillow in the found path as follows:
PATH -m pip install pillow
0
If you are sure that you already installed pillow use this command pip install pillow --upgrade, then you can use the command pip freeze to list all modules that have been installed.
Your Answer
By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service and acknowledge you have read our privacy policy.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Richard Bowen
Richard Bowen may refer to:
* Richard Bowen (Royal Navy officer) (1761–1797), British officer
* Richard L. Bowen (born 1933), American university president
* Richard M. Bowen III, American banker
* Richard Bowen (bowls) (born 1957), Welsh lawn bowler | WIKI |
Everyone's talking about AI for MSPs. What does AI really mean in IT?
Illustration: Ram Prasath
cover
The buzz around AI and machine learning refuses to quiet down. In recent years, professionals from a diverse array of industries have been taking interest in AI, ML, automation, and cybersecurity, and the manner in which these technologies are transforming the way people live.
From AI-enabled virtual assistants making everyday jobs easy to service management tools empowering businesses to achieve unmatched profitability and productivity, the benefits of AI for enterprises are enormous.
Studies show that by 2035, Artificial Intelligence will help up to 16 industries bolster profitability by 38% (Accenture).
Among the industries that stand to significantly benefit from AI and machine learning is the IT service management (ITSM) sector. In fact, vendors providing managed services are already leveraging artificial intelligence and ML algorithms in their offerings as part of their ITSM tools. From streamlining anomaly detection to providing proactive resolution through effective categorization of tickets, AI is helping MSPs automate a range of functionalities and help users solve problems.
As managed service providers targeting IT service delivery excellence and business, there's a great deal you need to understand about adopting ML algorithms and natural language processing in your business model.
In this article, we'll deep-dive into the subject to explore what AI really means for MSPs.
The Role of AI and Automation in ITOps
AI technologies are poised to influence several key IT service delivery operations, accelerate business decision-making, and boost profitability. They have a host of benefits for industries looking to undertake. digital transformation and modernize their IT infrastructure.
AI helps businesses scale their operations while ensuring cybersecurity to safeguard organizations for the future
As per Kiersten E. Todt, chief of staff at the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, "when we're looking at what the technologies of the future are, it's baking security and safety into technology so that safety and security aren't an option."
Even CIOs are now leveraging AI to boost the efficiency of service management processes using natural language processing (NLP) and other ML models. It gives them a deeper, real-time understanding of operations so they can proactively respond to challenges and augment employee productivity.
Plenty of technologies are emerging that promise enhanced productivity, short resolution times, and streamlined processes.
ML and AI are playing an instrumental role in curbing cyber attacks via automated security technologies. They help MSPs proactively detect vulnerable accounts and allow businesses to develop counteractive measures to trigger protective action.
This in turn ensures organizations become cyber resilient which is the need of the hour for businesses. Cyber resilience refers to a series of security-intensive, dynamic processes that follow the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) service lifecycle for implementation. It involves devising cybersecurity strategies and prototypes that are executed and regularly improved to ensure business continuity in tough times.
Here, artificial intelligence and ML algorithms play an integral role in helping businesses survive disruptive environments through continuous monitoring and identification of security threats.
5 Ways in Which AI is Helping IT MSPs Drive Success
Here's looking at the ways IT technologies are driving operational excellence for MSPs:
1. Intelligently categorizing tickets with the help of chatbots
Chatbots are playing an instrumental role in categorically sorting incident tickets in an ITSM environment which makes it significantly easier for MSPs to respond to client requests. For instance, if a client were to raise a ticket seeking a resolution for a certain query, they would be instantly attended to by a virtual agent that would categorize the incident and accordingly direct them to the concerned team.
The chat interface is dependent on machine learning to route incoming tickets and requests to appropriate technician groups. This helps MSPs save time and boost the efficiency of processes.
2. Automating basic tasks
Technicians have a set of issues that face on an everyday basis. They know these issues in and out, and could probably fix them in their sleep. But working on these issues repeatedly can become dry and monotonous. With an automated system that converts resolution emails to articles or templates, these solutions can be documented, creating an extensive repository of incident solutions for your MSP.
Once a vast knowledge base is created, every time a new request is received, AI and machine learning-based systems can scour through the repository for similar tickets and provide a resolution that is fitting for the issue at hand.
This not only increases the efficacy of your resolutions but also reduces the time that would otherwise be spent concocting a resolution from scratch.
3. Providing top-level cybersecurity solutions via AI and automation
One of the key areas where AI and automation have had a major impact is cybersecurity. As modern businesses are becoming data-driven and adopting remote, digital-first solutions, there is a stark increase in cyber threats. This has left businesses across all sorts of verticals around the world vulnerable to an array of digital threats such as malware, ransomware, and more.
ML and AI are playing a crucial role in curbing cyber attacks with the help of automated security technology that proactively detects vulnerable accounts and allow businesses to develop counteractive measures to trigger protective action.
In addition to prevention, AI bots also help businesses respond to cyber attacks by securing systems the moment an account is compromised. Anyone affected by the defect in question is immediately informed which ensures businesses avoid further harm.
4. Automating manual and complex processes
Most operations at IT MSPs are resource-intensive; they demand time and staff to complete tasks. With ML algorithms that can watch and learn from humans how a certain task is approached and executed, many complex tasks can be automated for the future. This includes identifying patterns in human response and execution and learning to provide intelligent suggestions regardless of what the issue is.
AI and automation hold potential in making use of available data to connect the dots and create patterns in behavior over time, with the help of ML-based intelligent models.
AI and automation equip businesses with data mining capabilities with the help of ML-based models which present advantages in a range of IT service delivery aspects. These include endpoint management where patches are deployed at appropriate times to reduce the risk of failure and security information management which involves intelligent detection of ticket data to avoid repeat incidents.
Doing so automates a range of IT operations — from dispatching regular firmware upgrades to leveraging AI-based predictions to prevent outages and downtime.
5. Bolstering decision-making and operational efficiency
AI can streamline service request management, change and asset management, and other functionalities by helping organizations become automated and data-driven.
This includes introducing auto-approvals and effective routing of workflows to augment the quality of service delivery. It also means predicting problems to promptly respond to incidents and reduce unnecessary disruptions.
Any SLA violations that could result from illicit mining of data are flagged and workflows are modified in real-time without risking serious ramifications. Plus, AI algorithms ensure smart asset management to facilitate profitable asset performance.
The primary goal of AI and automation is to help MSPs free up resources to redirect toward core aspects of their jobs.
Why do MSPs Need to Adopt AI and Automation?
For MSPs to deliver on the cybersecurity front and meet client expectations, they need to stay on top of projects and deadlines. Here, being dependent on manual processes and not adhering to standard protocols can have a massive impact on productivity and operational efficiency. From customer services being affected to troubleshooting operations getting delayed, a lack of automation can hamper profitability and customer experience on the whole.
In such a case, MSPs can hardly remain competitive and hope to excel in their domain.
However, challenges associated with traditional operational practices can be overcome with the help of AI-powered automation.
Here's how AI can benefit MSPs in improving customer experience, increasing productivity, and boosting overall profitability:
1. AI-powered automation reduces repetitive tasks
MSPs relying on manual processes are usually held back by time-consuming, repetitive tasks which eat into their resources. Identifying processes and operations that can be automated allows MSPs to direct their employees towards more important functions that necessarily require human attention. For instance, such as strategy building, data analysis, decision-making, and so on.
Another area of businesses that greatly benefits from automation is billing and invoicing which can be carried out with utmost precision and accuracy.
2. Process optimization
AI empowers businesses with analysis tools that pave the way for optimized distribution of workload to different departments. It is key to providing better and quicker services to customers as vendors have comprehensive clarity on which resources to utilize at which point to service different customers simultaneously. An example here is leveraging AI-powered chatbots to promptly respond to general queries. This inevitably leads to customer satisfaction and promotes customer retention.
3. Cuts down costs, saves time, and boosts productivity
As you automate repetitive tasks, you save significant time and effort that would otherwise be spent on manual labor.
With the burden of tedious tasks lifted from employees' shoulders, they can attend to tasks that require human intervention. This is key to making operations less time-consuming, cost-efficient, and boosting overall team productivity.
4. Improves the quality of your services
With AI gathering valuable insights and information on customers and generating reports, businesses are better informed about their services and can strive to improve the quality of their services. They can proactively respond to customer queries, offer real-time resolutions, and curb abandonment rates in the process.
Automation in ITOps and workflows effectively reduces mean-time-to-repair (MTTR) and drives up customer satisfaction (CSAT) scores.
5. Ensures water-tight security
As AI takes over industries and operations, the threat of automated cyber-attacks has increased. However, with AI-backed cybersecurity solutions to counter attacks on networks and devices, MSPs can routinely scan premises for anomalies and identify the root cause of security concerns. This helps prevent similar incidents in the future plus equips MSPs with top-level security measures.
While AI isn’t a magic wand that can help solve all your operational problems with a single flick, it shows tremendous potential. It shows us the possibilities of machine-driven intelligence that can support us in truly useful ways, constantly pushing beyond what we thought was possible through technology. It’s still early days for AI, but there’s a whole lot of magic in store.
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MSP owners work tirelessly to build great brands, awesome teams, and an enviable portfolio of clients. But they don’t have to keep at it forever.
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Want to know if the recession will affect your MSP? Read on
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Your software should not be expensive
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The narrow path from faith to doubt - Believe me
Unbelievers: An Emotional History of Doubt. By Alec Ryrie. Belknap Press; 272 pages; $27.95. William Collins; £20 OVER THE past 500 years, something extraordinary has happened in the prosperous parts of the historically Christian West. Refusal to believe in God has gone from seeming “intuitively impossible” to feeling, to many people, “intuitively obvious”. Upgrade your inbox and get our Daily Dispatch and Editor's Picks. That is the starting point for “Unbelievers”, a new book by Alec Ryrie, a professor of religious history at Durham University. Although he writes as a scholar, he introduces himself as a theist—indeed, a part-time Anglican minister—but one with a “soft spot for atheism”. He finds principled unbelief more honourable than many forms of faith. He explains that his approach is “unashamedly Eurocentric and Christian-centric” and goes on to focus heavily on his own special interest: the emergence of Protestantism in its many forms, all underpinned by the subversive notion that established doctrines must be subjected to scrutiny. The result is a book which raises vast questions and delivers somewhat limited, but still very interesting, answers. Throughout, Mr Ryrie takes a piece of conventional wisdom and then challenges it. As he recalls, many accounts of the religious wars that ravaged Europe 500 years ago imply that frustrated onlookers, both rulers and ordinary people, called a halt, relegating religion to a private sphere. In fact, he shows, it was not just frustrated third parties but the protagonists, Catholic and Protestant propagandists, who subverted faith by using arguments that undermined theism. Once the Protestants began attacking Catholic “superstitions” such as the dogma of transubstantiation, there was no limit to the deconstruction of old talismans. Catholics made hay by challenging the Protestant attachment to the text of the Bible. But the same critical spirit could be applied to their own corpus of theology and law. During the English civil war of the 1640s, and the Protestant dictatorship that followed, the authorities seem to have lost all control of grassroots religious life, allowing creative dissidence to flourish. Some movements were both ultra-zealous and ultra-sceptical, rejecting all earthly religious practice as a poor copy of the real worship which happened in heaven. Although it is not fully fleshed out, Mr Ryrie airs the helpful idea that western European atheism has evolved from suspicion to anger to anxiety. Suspicion existed, albeit furtively, in the early Middle Ages, for example among those who practised medicine and rejected the fatalistic idea that a human lifespan was up to God. Anger was a natural popular reaction to the almost naked cynicism of Catholic power in medieval Europe. (Niccolo Machiavelli was surely expressing the spirit of the age when he implied that religious belief was man-made but useful to the social order.) Anxiety was a natural state, too, for lonely Protestants who felt that wrestling doubt was a necessary feature of a virtuous Christian faith. That is all true and worth saying, but even in its own quite restricted terms, the book leaves gaps. It generally presents European Christianity as something enforced by a theocracy on populations which only reluctantly grasped it. It follows that Europe’s religious history must describe the half-successful imposition of, and then growing resistance to, various forms of spiritual bullying. But in the continent’s eastern half, there is a different narrative. Christianity proved robust in the face of non-Christian authorities, be they Ottoman or communist, which circumscribed or persecuted the faith. In these situations, ordinary folk, not the priestly class, were the guardians of doctrinal correctness. None of these phenomena find much room in Mr Ryrie’s account (although he does refer to the glorious interplay of modern and pre-modern ideas in the writing of Fyodor Dostoyevsky). So a book which begins by acknowledging its narrow focus turns out to be just a tad narrower still. However, the things which do lie within its scope—including the plethora of religious movements which bubbled up in the creative chaos of the Reformation—are well worth studying and the book does an excellent job. One reason for dissecting Reformation theology is that many of its impulses, ranging from emphasis on a sacred text to intense concern with the status of religious institutions, exist now in Islam. The parallels are never exact but it is useful to remember that arcane, explosive theological disputes are a recurring feature of great religious systems. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Sofiane Hanni
Sofiane Hanni (سفيان هاني; born 29 December 1990) is a professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Qatari club Al-Khor. Born in France, he plays for the Algeria national team.
After starting out at Nantes in France, he went on to compete professionally in Turkey, Belgium and Russia. Hanni is an Algeria international, gaining his first cap for the full side in June 2016, aged 25, in an Africa Cup of Nations qualification match against Seychelles. Hanni played in a different types of the midfield position, mostly attacking.
Nantes
Born in Ivry-sur-Seine, France, Hanni started out his career at Ivry, where his father was coaching when he first joined, and Boulogne-Billancourt before joining FC Nantes in 2005. When he turned eighteen, Hanni signed his first professional contract with FC Nantes.
In the last game of the 2008–09 season against Auxerre, Hanni was called up to the first team for the first team by Manager Élie Baup, appearing as an unused substitute. Hanni made his professional debut on 1 December 2009 in a league match against Sedan, making his only appearance in the 2009–10 season.
On 11 June 2010, Hanni was slated to sign a one-year contract with hometown club Paris Saint-Germain. However, a week later, it was announced that he would not be joining the club due to a disagreement between the club and the player's father. It wasn't until on 12 February 2011 when he made his first appearance of the 2010–11 season, coming on as a late substitute, in a 1–0 loss against Vannes OC. Hanni made his first starts for FC Nantes, playing 71 minutes before being substituted, in a 0–0 draw against Châteauroux. At the end of the 2010–11 season, Hanni went on to make three appearances for the side. Following this, Hanni was not offered a new contract by FC Nantes, which disappointed him, as he was expected to succeed at the club and experienced this as a failure. Despite this, he was asked about the memories at FC Nantes and responded: "Good. It was there that I got to know the world and the demands of the professional world."
Kayseri Erciyesspor
After leaving FC Nantes, Hanni revealed that his agent offered him a move to Turkey, but he wasn't interested. However, Hanni ultimately give in to a trial at after there was no offers in his homeland, France, and went on a trial at second Turkish club division side Kayseri Erciyesspor. He quickly impressed the side at the trial, resulting in him signing for the club.
Hanni made his Kayseri Erciyesspor debut, starting the whole game, in a 1–1 draw against Bucaspor on 10 September 2011 in the opening game of the season. It wasn't until on 25 September 2011 when he scored his first goal for Kayseri Erciyesspor, in a 2–1 win against Kartalspor. Seven days later on 2 October 2011, Hanni scored his second goal for the club, in a 1–0 win against Karşıyaka. In a follow–up match against Çaykur Rizespor on 15 October 2011, he set up two goals for Gökhan Kaba, who scored twice, in a 4–0 win. He later added two more goals for the side later in the year. Hanni then went three months without scoring; this lasted until 4 March 2012 when he scored in a 2–0 win against İstanbul Güngörenspor. He then went on a goal scoring spree between 1 April 2012 and 14 April 2012, including scoring twice against Göztepe. Hanni scored his tenth goal of the season, as well as, setting up the club's second goal of the game, in a 2–0 win against Sakaryaspor on 5 May 2012. Having established himself in the first team regular for the side, playing in the attacking midfield position, Hanni finished his first season at Kayseri Erciyesspor, making thirty–two appearances and scoring ten times in all competitions.
In the 2012–13 season, Hanni continued to retain his place in the first team, playing in the attacking midfield position. Hanni scored his first goals for the club, in a 2–0 against Göztepe on 14 October 2012. Throughout the 2012–13 season, he began to play a role for the side when he assisted goals that saw him assisted sixteen times. Hanni set up five goals in three matches between 11 November 2012 and 24 November 2012, including twice against Kartalspor. He also set up two goals in two separate matches earlier in the season. It wasn't until in the last game of the season against Şanlıurfaspor when he scored twice once again, in a 3–1 win. As a result, Kayseri Erciyesspor were TFF First League champions after finishing first place in the league, resulting in their promotion to Süper Lig. At the end of the 2012–13 season, Hanni went on to make thirty–four appearances and scoring four times in all competitions.
Ankaraspor
Over the summer transfer window, Hanni was linked a move away from Kayseri Erciyesspor, with several Turkish clubs, including Balıkesirspor, interested in signing him. It was announced on 7 September 2013 that Hanni joined the second Turkish division side, Ankaraspor A.Ş., signing a four–year contract.
Hanni made his Ankaraspor debut, coming on as a first half substitute, in a 0–0 draw against Tavşanlı Linyitspor on 14 September 2013. In a follow–up match against Fethiyespor, he scored his first goal for the club, in a 2–1 win. It wasn't until on 2 December 2013 when Hanni scored a brace, as well as, setting the other two goals, in a 4–0 win against Şanlıurfaspor. A month later, he scored his fourth goal, in a 1–0 win against Manisaspor, followed up by scoring again, as well as, setting up the club's first goal of the game, in a 2–0 win against Kahramanmaraşspor. Hanni then set up two goals in three separate matches, starting against Adana Demirspor on 19 February 2014, then against Gaziantep on 2 March 2014 and against Mersin İdman Yurdu on 20 April 2014. He also scored two more goals later in the 2013–14 season. At the end of the 2013–14 season, Hanni finished his first season at Ankaraspor, making thirty–four appearances and scoring eight times in all competitions.
KV Mechelen
After three years in Turkey, Hanni moved to Belgium, where he joined KV Mechelen on a free transfer, signing a three–year contract in May 2014. He cited a move to Belgium over family reasons and staying closer to Paris.
Hanni scored on his debut for KV Mechelen, as well as, setting the club's third goal of the game, in a 3–1 win against Genk in the opening game of the season. Since joining the club, he quickly became a first team regular for the side, playing in the attacking midfield position and spoke out about his development, stating his statistics needs improving. It wasn't until on 13 September 2014 when Hanni scored the club's third goal of the game against Westerlo, as well as, setting up the club's fifth goal for Mats Rits, who scored twice during the game, in a 5–2 win. Hanni started in every match since the start of the season until he was dropped to the substitute bench unused, in a 2–2 draw against Charleroi on 7 February 2015. But Hanni was able to return to the starting line-up against Anderlecht on 15 February 2015 and made an impressive display before being substituted in the late minutes, in a 1–1 draw. He spent three months without scoring a goal and this ended, scoring in the two matches between 22 February 2015 and 28 February 2015 against Lierse and Zulte Waregem. In the league's Group Stage playoffs for the UEFA Europa League spot, Hanni played an important role to help the side finish at the top by scoring four goals, including a brace against Zulte Waregem on 2 May 2015. Hanni then played in both legs of the league's playoffs for the UEFA Europa League spot against Lokeren; scoring in the second leg, in a 2–1 win, as KV Mechelen went on to win 4–3 on aggregate. However against Charleroi in the league's Testmatches for the UEFA Europa League spot, Hanni played in both legs, as he failed to overcome the deficit following KV Mechelen's 3–2 loss on aggregate. In his first season at KV Mechelen, he went on to make forty–three appearances and scoring ten times in all competitions.
Ahead of the 2015–16 season, Hanni was linked a move away from KV Mechelen, with Bundesliga side Werder Bremen was interested in signing him, but nothing came of it. At the start of the 2015–16 season, he continued to regain his first team place in his second season at the club and became the offensive leader of the club and form a good duo with Tim Matthys, but started off with a discreet beginning of season, not finding the net. It wasn't until on 17 October 2015 when Hanni scored his first goal of the season against Sint-Truidense, in the 11th round of Jupiler League, as well as, being involved in the other two goals, which were scored by Milos Kosanovic and Tim Matthys, in a 3–0 win; after the match, he was named the best player of the day by the press. In a follow up match against Zulte Waregem in the 12th round of Jupiler League, he scored twice, including scoring the club's second goal of the game from a direct free kick, as KV Mechelen lost 4–3 in a dramatic confrontation. Then a week later on 31 October 2015, Hanni scored his fourth goal of the season against Waasland-Beveren on behalf of 14th round of Jupiler League, as well as, setting up the club's second goal of the game, in a 2–0 win, which moved the club to the 11th place in the standings with 15 points. His fifth goal of the season came on 22 November 2015 against Oostende in the 16th round of Jupiler League, scoring the opening goal of the game, as KV Mechelen won 2–1. On 5 December 2015 against Royal Excel Mouscron, he contributes again, scoring from a header in a 3–2 win. A week later on 12 December 2015 against Lokeren, Hanni scored again, scoring in mark at the 8th minute with a superb strike from 30 meters, as the match ended in a 1–1 draw. He then scored in the next three matches. His performance at KV Mechelen attracted interests from clubs in Russia and China, but Hanni remained at the club for the rest of the 2015–16 season. Shortly after, Hanni scored the next two goals in two matches on 14 February 2016 and 21 February 2016, scoring against Sint-Truidense and Zulte Waregem. In the 30th round of the Jupiler League, he scored and set up two goals for Nicolas Verdier, in a 4–0 against Standard Liège. In the league's Group Stage playoffs for the UEFA Europa League spot, Hanni scored three goals during the stage, including a brace against Charleroi on 16 April 2016, resulting in a 3–2 loss. Following its full and regular season, in what proved to be his breakthrough season, he ended the season, making thirty–eight appearances, scoring seventeen goals and providing seven assists in all competitions.
Following this, Hanni won the Belgian Lion (Best Arab Player of Belgian football championship) on 2 May 2016 and seven days later on 9 May 2016, he succeeded Neeskens Kebano, winning the Ebony Boot in 2016 which rewards the best African player of African origin or the Belgian championship. It is the first Algerian football player to win this trophy. Hanni reflected the 2015–16 season, calling it "his best season at the professional level". In addition, he was named Belgian Footballer of the Year 2015–16, attracting the attention of Ànderlecht.
Anderlecht
On 20 May 2016, Anderlecht announced the signing of Hanni from Mechelen for a fee of €3 million on a four-year contract, which newspaper Het Nieuwsblad describe the move as "the most lucrative transfer ever for KV Mechelen."
Hanni played his first official game with his new club in the preliminary round of the UEFA Champions League against the Russian club Rostov scored his first goal with the team and after that missing a significant opportunity by not fit, delivers an assist to Tielemans which doubles the score in the first Continental participation in its history. However, in the second leg on 3 August 2016, the club lost 2–0, therefore being eliminated in the UEFA Champions League. Hanni made his Anderlecht debut in the opening game of the season against Royal Excel Mouscron, where he started the whole game and set up a goal for Idrissa Sylla, who scored a winning goal, in a 2–1 win. In a follow up match against K.V. Kortrijk, Hanni scored his first league goal for the club, as well as, setting up the club's second goal of the game, in a 5–1 win. Five days later on 12 August 2016, he captained the side for the first time in the absence of Steven Defour, where he started the match before being substituted in the 81st minute, in a 0–0 draw against Sint-Truidense. Hanni played and captained in both legs of the UEFA Europa League Qualifying against Slavia Prague, scoring in the first leg, as Anderlecht won 6–0 on aggregate. He scored again on 11 September 2016, in a 3–2 win against Charleroi, and scored two weeks later on 25 September 2016, in a 2–1 loss against Westerlo. Having quickly become a first team regular since joining Anderlecht, Hanni spent the next four months as the club's captain, helping the side reach the top of the table. He spoke about his development as the club's captain in Defour's absent. During a 1–1 draw against Saint-Étienne on 29 September, he suffered a pain in the adductor muscles in the last fifteen minutes and had to be substituted. But he recovered quickly and started in a match against rivals, Standard Liège, on 2 October 2016 before being substituted in the 75th minute, as Anderlecht won 1–0, earning their first win against their rival since 2012. Following a 3–2 loss against Zulte Waregem on 27 November 2016, Hanni made a comment about Manager René Weiler, leading to the Belgium media claims that the pair had fallen out and igniting transfer report claims. But Hanni responded that denied claims from the Belgian media that the pair fell out. He then played an important role as captain when he provided three assists in the UEFA Europa League Group Stage that saw them qualified for the knockout stage. Hanni ended his two months goal drought when he scored the club's second goal of the game, in a 7–0 win against Royal Excel Mouscron on 27 November 2016. This was followed up by setting up the club's last two goals, in a 3–1 win against K.V. Kortrijk. Two weeks later on 18 December 2016, Hanni scored twice, scoring the club's first and fourth goal of the game, in a 4–0 win against Eupen. He missed two matches at the beginning of January, due to his international commitment with Algeria at the African Cup of Nations campaign. It wasn't until on 29 January 2017 when Hanni made his first team return from his international commitment, coming on as a 75th-minute substitute, in a 0–0 draw against rivals, Standard Liège. He then scored two goals in two matches between 12 February 2017 and 19 February 2017 against Zulte Waregem and Oostende. Two months later on 16 April 2017, Hanni scored against Oostende once again, scoring the only goal of the game, in a 1–0 win. Four days later on 20 April 2017 in the second leg of the quarter–finals of the UEFA Europa League against Manchester United, he scored an equaliser, as they lost 2–1 and the club was eliminated from the tournament. Hanni then scored his thirteenth goal of the season, in a 1–1 draw against Club Brugge, as the club becomes closer to win the title. In a follow up match against Charleroi, he set up the club's last two goals of the game, in a 3–1 win, a result that saw Anderlecht becomes the Jupiler League's champion. Despite missing one match due to a groin injury during the 2016–17 season, Hanni finished his first season at Anderlecht, making fifty–five appearances and scoring thirteen times in all competitions. He also ended the season with thirteen assists. Hanni was nominated for Belgian Lion Award and Belgian Professional Footballer of the Year but lost out to Ishak Belfodil and Youri Tielemans respectively. But his goal against Oostende, nevertheless, earned him the Goal of the Year award.
Ahead of the 2017–18 season, Hanni signed a contract extension with the club, keeping him until 2022. At the start of the 2017–18 season, he continued to resume his duties as the club's captain, as well as, his first team place. Hanni captained the side in the Belgium Super Cup match against Zulte Waregem and scored an equalising goal, as they won 2–1. Two weeks later on 6 August 2017, he scored his first league goal of the season, in a 1–0 win against Oostende. Three months later on 13 October 2017 against KV Mechelen, Hanni set up two goals, setting up the club's first two goals of the game, in a 4–2 win. Later in October, he scored the club's third goal of the game, in a 3–2 win against Eupen. Hanni made his UEFA Champions League debut, playing the whole game, in a 2–1 loss against Bayern Munich on 12 September 2017. Two months later on 22 November 2017, Hanni scored his first UEFA Champions League goal against Bayern Munich in their second meeting, as Anderlecht lost 3–1. Four days later on 26 November 2017, he scored the club's second goal of the game, in a 4–0 win against K.V. Kortrijk. Hanni later scored four more goals for the side, including a hat–trick, in a 3–3 draw against Standard Liège on 28 January 2018, in what turned out to be his last appearance for Anderlecht. In the January transfer window, he was linked with a move away from Anderlecht, with several Russian clubs interested in signing him. By the time he departed Anderlecht, Hanni went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring ten times in all competitions. His relationship with Anderlecht supporters has been strained as the reason of his departure.
Spartak Moscow
On 31 January 2018, Hanni signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with Russian defending champions Spartak Moscow. Upon joining the club, he stated the move to Spartak Moscow was a decision he couldn't refuse and he was motivated to win trophies at his new club.
Hanni made his Spartak Moscow debut, facing in the first leg of the UEFA Europa League's Round of 32 against Athletic Bilbao, coming on as a 75th-minute substitute, in a 2–1 loss. However, the club were eliminated from the tournament despite winning 2–1 in the second leg but lost 4–3 on aggregate. He made his league debut for the club, coming on as a 58th-minute substitute, in a 2–1 win against SKA-Khabarovsk on 11 March 2018. In a follow–up match against Rubin Kazan, Hanni scored his first FC Spartak Moscow goal, in a 2–1 win. He later scored his second goal for FC Spartak Moscow, in a 2–0 win against Amkar Perm on 29 April 2018. For the rest of the 2017–18 season, Hanni spent coming on as a substitute for the remaining matches, as he made nine appearances and scoring two times in all competitions.
However at start of the 2018–19 season, Hanni found himself placed on the substitute bench, due to a strong competitions within the midfield positions. This led to speculation over his future at Spartak Moscow. Amid the transfer speculation, Hanni made his first appearance of the season, starting a match before being substituted in the 65th minute, in a 1–0 win against Anzhi Makhachkala. By September, he soon received more playing time following the departure of Quincy Promes and started in a number of matches in the midfield position. Hanni played a role when he set up two goals between 26 September 2018 and 4 October 2018 against Chernomorets Novorossiysk and Villarreal. He then scored three goals in three separate competitions, scoring against Rangers, Anzhi Makhachkala and Krylia Sovetov Samara. For his performance, Hanni was named the league's best player of the month. He continued to play a role when he set up two goals, in a 2–1 win against Lokomotiv Moscow, followed up by scoring in a 1–1 draw against Ural Yekaterinburg in the first leg of the Russian Cup quarter–final. His performance against Lokomotiv Moscow earned him a spot for the league's Team of the Week. Towards the end of the 2018–19 season, Hanni continued to feature in the first team despite being on the sidelines on two occasions. At the end of the 2018–19 season, he went on to make twenty–seven appearances and scoring four times in all competitions.
Ahead of the 2019–20 season, Hanni's future at Spartak Moscow became a subject from the Russian media once again. He responded to the claims, stating his desire to stay at the club on two separate statements. Hanni appeared as an unused substitute in the opening game of the season against PFC Sochi.
Al-Gharafa
On 22 July 2019, Al-Gharafa has signed Hanni for one season from Spartak Moscow. The move reported to have cost 6 million euros. The club's sporting director Tomas Zorn said Hanni left the club because he wanted to pursue first team football.
Hanni quickly made an impact on his Al-Gharafa's debut, scoring and setting up two goals, in a 3–0 win against Al-Shahania in the opening game of the season. Between 20 October 2019 and 23 January 2020, he went on a goal scoring spree, scoring nine times in seven matches, including a brace against Al-Khor. He went on a three matches without scoring a goal and this ended on 4 March 2020, scoring in a 2–1 win against Al-Wakrah.
International career
Having been called up for France youth teams, Hanni, however, revealed that injuries prevented him from playing. He announced his intent to play for Algeria at international level in November 2009, though he was still eligible at that moment to play for France. Hanni explained his decision to choose for Algeria, citing lack of competition compared to France.
It wasn't until 26 March 2016 that he was called up for the Algeria national team against Ethiopia in the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification. Hanni made his debut for Algeria in a 2–0 win over the Seychelles on 2 June 2016.
In December 2016, it was announced that Hanni was called up to the national team by manager Georges Leekens for the Africa Cup of Nations in Gabon. He then scored his first Algeria goal, scoring an equaliser, in a 3–1 win against Mauritania on 7 January 2017. After appearing as an unused substitute in the first match of the group stage, he scored his first goal of the tournament, having come on in the 74th minute and scored a late consolation, in a 2–1 loss against Tunisia on 19 January 2017. However, Algeria were eliminated in the group stage. Following the tournament, Hanni scored his next two goals against Guinea and Togo.
International
* Scores and results list Algeria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Hanni goal.
Personal life
Growing up in Val-de-Marne, France to an Algerian parent, Hanni has a brother and two sisters. He followed in the footsteps of his father, Nordine, who was a footballer himself, and said: "Sofiane is football. He was quickly persuaded to become a professional". Hanni considered Ronaldo to be his lifelong idol. During his time at FC Nantes, Hanni developed a friendship with former teammate, Adrien Trebel.
Hanni is a Muslim and credited the religion with making it easier for him to settle during his time at Turkey, though he still faced a culture shock. Hanni also said he studied until seventeen and earned a diploma for BEP accounting, which pleased his parents and described himself as "a good student but dispersed" at school, and ultimately couldn't balance it with his footballing career. During his time at FC Spartak Moscow, he spoke about his time in Russia, saying: "Adaptation in Spartak is going well. The first time I came to Russia and did not know how everything would go, so I was worried. But in the end I was well received. True, the adaptation is not finished yet. I still expect the best results from myself, I want to show everything that I am capable of and benefit Spartak."
Hanni is married to his wife, Nadia, and has a daughter, Camilla. In addition to speaking French, Hanni speaks Turkish and Dutch. He said in an interview that he would like to be a coach once his playing days are over and also referred to 94, the ZIP code in his hometown, as his lucky number and the one he used as a shirt number in the clubs he's played for.
Honours
'''Kayseri Erciyesspor
* TFF First League: 2012–13
Anderlecht
* Belgian First Division A: 2016–17
* Belgian Super Cup: 2017
Individual
* Ebony Shoe Award: 2015–16
* Belgian League Professional Footballer of the Year: 2015–16
* Belgian Lion Award: 2016
* Qatar Stars League Team of the Year: 2019–20 | WIKI |
Matt Pope
Matt Pope (born August 5, 1984) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who last played with the Cardiff Devils of the UK's Elite Ice Hockey League. Pope joined Cardiff from the Tohoku Free Blades in the Asia League Ice Hockey (AL).
Playing career
After a one-year stint on Junior A in the British Columbia Hockey League (BCHL) with the Langley Hornets, in which he recorded 71 points in 60 games, Pope began a four-year career with Bemidji State University of College Hockey America (CHA), a conference in the NCAA's Division I circuit.
Undrafted by a National Hockey League club, Pope turned pro in 2008–09 with the Bakersfield Condors. He made an immediate impact in his professional rookie season, appearing as a starter in the 2009 ECHL All-Star Game. Pope's early success in the ECHL earned him a tryout contract with the Binghamton Senators of the American Hockey League (AHL) in early March. However, he was released later that month by Binghamton after just 4 games with the club and signed another tryout contract with the Manitoba Moose. He remained with the Moose for the remainder of the season, having left the ECHL with 30 goals and 63 points in just 54 games with the Condors. In addition to having set team rookie records for points and assists (surpassing Mark Derlago's 57-point campaign the previous season and Lars-Peder Nagel's 31-assist effort in 2004–05), Pope was named to the starting line-up of ECHL All-Star Team and selected to the All-rookie team as well.
Going into the 2009 Calder Cup playoffs, however, Pope had the option to remain with the first-place Moose as a spare or return to Bakersfield for their playoff run. He opted to stay in the AHL and was soon added to the lineup in lieu of injuries to several Moose forwards. Playing in the opening round against the Toronto Marlies, Pope scored the game-tying goal in the sixth and deciding game, then assisted on the game winner by Ray Sawada to advance to the second round.
On July 2, 2009, Pope signed an entry-level deal with the Vancouver Canucks. However, Pope never made the starting lineup and spent the majority of the 2009–10 season with Manitoba Moose and played six games with the Bakersfield Condors of the ECHL.
On August 4, 2010, Pope was left unsigned by the Canucks, but signed with ECHL affiliate, the Victoria Salmon Kings. Before playing a game with the Kings in the 2010–11 season, Pope was then signed to an AHL contract with the San Antonio Rampage. He appeared in 55 games, scoring 4 goals and 11 points.
In the following 2011–12 season, Pope was signed to the South Carolina Stingrays of the ECHL before he was signed to a two-year AHL contract with the Hershey Bears on December 31, 2011. After a season with HC Valpellice of the Serie A, Pope joined his second Italian club, HCB South Tyrol, who compete in the Austrian EBEL, on August 24, 2015.
Pope spent two years based in Italy before leaving as a free agent to sign a one-year deal with Japanese club, Tohoku Free Blades of the Asian League on July 27, 2016 and then led the Asian League in points for the 2016-2017 season.
On 14 July 2017, Pope completed a move to the Cardiff Devils - the reigning UK Elite Ice Hockey League champions.
After three years with Cardiff, Pope announced his retirement from hockey on September 17, 2020. He had initially planned on returning for a fourth season in Cardiff, however the 2020-21 Elite League season was suspended due to ongoing uncertainty and restrictions brought on by the coronavirus pandemic.
Records
* Bakersfield Condors club record; most points, rookie - 63 in 2008–09 (surpassed Mark Derlago; 57 points in 2007–08)
* Bakersfield Condors club record; most assists, rookie - 33 in 2008–09 (surpassed Lars-Peder Nagel; 31 assists in 2004–05)
* Holds record for most points in first Division 1 NCAA game played while at BSU in 2005.
Awards
* Played in the ECHL All-Star Game in 2009 (starter).
* Named to the ECHL All-Rookie Team in 2009.
* Named to the ECHL All-Star Team in 2009.
* Named rookie of the year is 2002 for Langley Hornets (BCHL).
* Scoring leader 2016-2017 Asian Hockey League
* Elite league champions 3 years in a row: 2018, 2019, 2020. | WIKI |
Category:Sertorian War
Articles relating to the Sertorian War (80–72 BCE), a civil war fought between a faction of Roman rebels (Sertorians) and the government in Rome (Sullans). The war was fought on the Iberian Peninsula (called Hispania by the Romans) and was one of the Roman civil wars of the first century BC. The Sertorians, a coalition of Celts, Aquitanians, Iberians and Roman and Italic rebels, fought against the representatives of the regime established by Sulla. | WIKI |
My Mother's Castle
My Mother's Castle (Le Château de ma mère) is a 1957 autobiographical novel by Marcel Pagnol, the second in the four-volume series Souvenirs d'enfance and the sequel to My Father's Glory. It was the subject of a film made by Yves Robert in 1990 which is faithful to the original plot but which includes material from the third book in the four-novel series, Le Temps des Secrets.
Plot summary
The book begins during Marcel's summer holiday. He describes his almost daily hunting trips with his father Joseph and his uncle Jules, and his growing friendship with a country boy named Lili. On the night before he is to return to the city to begin school, he plans to run away with the help of Lili. He leaves a note for his family saying goodbye and climbs through the window. As the night goes on, Marcel begins to grow scared, even seeing a ghost and changes his mind and returns before he is discovered (although it implied that his father had discovered the letter through a few jokes he makes). When he returns to the city, he is under extreme scholarly pressure due to his candidacy for a prestigious scholarship. He longs to return to the countryside and his wish is granted when they return for the Christmas holiday, much to Marcel's delight. Although only a few kilometers outside Marseilles the journey to the holiday home is time-consuming as public transport takes them a short portion of the way and the rest is a walk along an 8 km, winding road carrying all their possessions.
After the Christmas holiday, the family expresses desire to return more often to the countryside, but Joseph does not see the logic in leaving the city on a Saturday to get to the countryside in the late afternoon or evening and then return on Sunday. Later Marcel's mother takes it upon herself to befriend the headmistress and convinces her to give Joseph's Monday morning duties to another teacher, allowing the family to stay at the villa until Monday morning. Soon they begin to go almost every weekend.
One day, when travelling to their house, the family encounters one of Marcel's father's former pupils, Bouzigue, who now works in maintaining a canal which runs from the hills into Marseilles. The canal runs across private estates and so he is issued with a key which allows him to pass through several locked doors along the towpath. The employee points out to the family that this is a shortcut which will allow them to reach their house in a fraction of the journey time and offers them his spare key. Marcel's father, being honest and upright realizes that this would amount to trespassing, but while passing through the canals, Joseph is able to spot construction issues that Bouzigue himself did not. He is then convinced, by Bouzigue and himself, that he would even be doing a service to the people. He nevertheless accepts the key.
Despite his reservations, the family use the key more and more and the reduced journey time allows them to visit the holiday home every weekend. Joseph even begins to record his observations in a small notebook. They still have an apprehension each time they unlock a door fearing they will be caught. As time passes, however, they encounter the owner of one property and the groundsman of another, who are friendly and quite happy that they cross their land.
At the beginning of the summer holidays they make the journey again and Marcel's mother feels a great fear and trepidation of meeting the owner. When they reach the final door they discover it has been padlocked. They are confronted by the caretaker of the final property and his dog who has been watching them for some time and who decides to make an official report. He forces the family to open up all of their belongings, humiliating them, then seizes Joseph's notebook and terrifying Marcel's mother and little sister.
Marcel's father is devastated, believing a complaint could damage his career prospects and he could possibly lose his job as a school teacher. Bouzigue and two other employees of the canal however, confront the caretaker threatening him with prosecution for having unlawfully padlocked one of the company's doors. Bouzigue reveals to the family that the man is not a nobleman, but made his fortune from cattle. He and his fellow employees seize the report and destroy it.
The book jumps forward five years to a fifteen year old Marcel at his mother's funeral. It also tells of Lili and Paul (Marcel's younger brother): Paul was a goatherd in the countryside of the Provence, until his sudden death at the age of 30. Lili is killed in 1917, during the First World War. Marcel is the only one left of their childhood company, now a successful film director. His company has purchased a large old house in the Marseilles area to turn into a film studio. When walking through the grounds he sees a familiar door and realizes that this is the last property on his childhood journey to his holiday home. In a burst of rage he picks up a rock and smashes the door and thus ends a bad spell. | WIKI |
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Why Webpacker Wouldn't Compile Assets in a Specific Environment
A while back, I started working in a Rails application in which I needed to introduce a JavaScript file that’d be compiled with Webpacker. To do so, I created the file in my packs directory and loaded it up via content_for:
<% content_for(:body_assets) do %>
<%= javascript_pack_tag("some-file") %>
<% end %>
Locally, things worked great! But once I deployed, integration tests running in the CI pipeline would unexpectedly fail, even though the same tests were passing on my machine. After some time spent troubleshooting, it turned out to be one primary issue, which was drawn out by my misunderstanding of how Webpacker loads configuration settings for an environment. This is a quick review of the entire debugging process.
Problem #1: A manifest.json file wasn’t being generated.
As Rails is running a request and the javascript_pack_tag method is encountered, it’ll reference a manifest.json file in order to load the correct assets. If that file doesn’t exist, Rails vomits. This is the sort of error you’ll see:
ActionView::Template::Error: Webpacker can't find some-script in /my/app/path/public/packs/manifest.json. Possible causes:
1\. You want to set webpacker.yml value of compile to true for your environment
unless you are using the `webpack -w` or the webpack-dev-server.
2\. webpack has not yet re-run to reflect updates.
3\. You have misconfigured Webpacker's config/webpacker.yml file.
4\. Your webpack configuration is not creating a manifest.
This made sense. Upon deploy, Webpacker was apparently not being told to compile assets before requests were made or as they were made, and so that file was never getting correctly generated.
Solution: Ensure my webpacker.yml file has compile set to true.
In all of my environments except production, I wanted to set compile to true, so that on each request, Rails would check to see if it needs to compile assets before continuing. Instead of duplicating this change in my development and test environments, I opted to make it the default, since production already had it explicitly set to false.
default: &default
compile: true
development:
<<: *default
# other settings...
test:
<<: *default
# other settings...
production:
<<: *default
compile: false
# other settings...
I felt good about this… until it failed.
Problem #2: Webpacker wasn’t respecting default settings in its configuration file.
After some brief internal rage, I noticed a particular log that I must have passed over earlier:
RAILS_ENV=build environment is not defined in config/webpacker.yml, falling back to production environment
My tests were being run in the build environment – not test. And as it turns out, Webpacker will fall back production if it can’t find the specified environment. This is why my assets weren’t being compiled. A build environment wasn’t set in my Webpacker configuration file, so it was falling back to production, which was explicitly telling Webpacker to not compile assets.
Solution: Ensure my environment exists in the webpacker.yml file.
Like most bugs that tempt you to rip your hair out, the solution turned out to be two lines:
build:
<<: *default
Sure, enough. All was green after that change.
Key Takeaway: Read Your Logs Good.
What bit me here is some assumptions I made about how Webpacker loaded a configuration. The amount of time dealing with the consequences of those assumptions might have been avoided if I had been just a little more thorough in reading through the error logs. Don’t make this mistake yourself!
Alex MacArthur is a software engineer working for Dave Ramsey in Nashville-ish, TN.
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• Taylor Coon
Hey Alex, I am running into a similar issue with my rails application.
I am trying to find the build option for webpacker.yml in the official docs but cannot find it.
I have a lot of packs in my packs file, but the packs are only being called specifically by page.
My issue is some of the packs are being compiled when I push to prod and some are not. It is unclear why this is happening. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Sadarkati
Sadarkati is a village in Pirojpur District in the Barisal Division of southwestern Bangladesh. The village will be important for Bangladeshi Chinese, and a mosque will be built called Sadarkati Jama Mosque. | WIKI |
ձորձ
Etymology
.
Noun
* 1) clothes, garments; outerwear
* 2) cloth, fabric, material; textile
* 3) rags, tatters
Etymology
The origin is.
Has been compared to 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬.
Noun
* 1) garment, dress | WIKI |
Skyrim is coming to the PlayStation VR – TechCrunch
Bethesda has been getting its money out of that whole Skyrim thing. Today at Sony’s E3 2017 press conference, the studio announced it would be rereleasing Elder Scrolls 5: Skyrim on PlayStation VR this November. The company already announced yesterday that it was bringing the title to Nintendo Switch later this year. With Bethesda bringing titles like Skyrim, Fallout and Doom to VR, one might wonder why there hasn’t been any love for the Oculus Rift while titles have been announced for both the PlayStation VR and HTC Vive. That reason would be Bethesda parent company ZeniMax Media suing the bejesus out of Oculus and getting a $500 million judgment. Oculus CTO John Carmack is currently suing ZeniMax for a few million also so there’s more than a little bad blood there. Alongside Skyrim, a number of other VR titles were announced, including the advent of Superhot VR on the system, a title that has gotten rave reviews on the Rift and just launched on the Vive. Sony has sold over a million PlayStation VR headset since launching in October and while regular console play was obviously the main event, VR wasn’t forgotten. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:Berlin: The Downfall 1945
Accuracy regarding details of geography
I've read this book, or rather parts of it, as it was mentioned as source for the page on the Battle of Halbe. I was wondering wether I was the only one who thought that it might not be the best source to use for details of geography. My special issue is the use of "Spree forest", implying same as the place where the pocket, and consequently battle of Halbe took place (don't think so), but considering the errata and addenda on Beevor's homepage and possibility of further glitches in the book, it would seem to me to be prudent to cross-check any reference to locations, areas, places etc. before using. I do not question the book as such as a source in general, only under the aforementioned conditions. The book itself seems to concern itself rather with human detail than with precise representation of geographic minutiae, so - just wondering. --KapHorn (talk) 22:34, 7 April 2008 (UTC)
Added Beevor's stance in Criticism
I added on his stance towards the victim debate in criticism section.--Molobo (talk) 16:13, 30 November 2008 (UTC)
Russian
Yes, I am Russian. Yes, I don't like this book. It is not reason for deleting my words, because I made references on authoritative sources. If my part was written on poor English grammar, you can improve it. Thanks. Sceler (talk) 10:29, 25 August 2010 (UTC)
Self Serving Criticism
The entire Criticism section is self serving. It gives unsubstantial criticisms about the book then tears them down and then gives high praise to the author from himself and his British colleagues. For instance it quotes Rzheshevsky review of the book and then at best implies that hes a liar by quoting the BBC article that he "admitted" hes "only read excerpts." However there is no indication that the review was written before the BBC article was written. Rzheshevsky quotes pages in his review so he must of at least read more then "excerpts." Also in the BBC article Rzheshevsky remarks are clearly referring to past scholarship on mass rapes, not Beevors book. The BBC article remarks that he "admitted he had only read excerpts and had not seen the book's source notes" are made in such a sleazy and unprofessional manner (which this article quotes verbatim) that I dont believe it is appropriate for a encyclopedia. If that piece of state propaganda wasnt crude enough they even show an image of Antony Beevor looking inspirationally into the distance like some socialist realist cartoon with the note "Antony Beevor has stirred up a hornets' nest". This section should be re edited to include actual criticisms of the book or be changed to just include the Russian ambassadors remarks, or (i think) deleted outright.
Justification of war crimes?
What is the basis for Beevor's claim that "German women were part of a society that supported Hitler and are thus unable to identify themselves as victims in the same way as Jews, Poles and Russians"? Is that not saying that war crimes against German women were justified? And since the Russians were "part of a society that supported Stalin" - who was worse than Hitler - were they not also "unable to identify themselves as victims"? I would be interested if anyone is aware of any discussion of this point.Royalcourtier (talk) 04:43, 22 June 2014 (UTC)
Bad advocacy source
* Senyavskaya: "Одним из самых распространенных антироссийских мифов на Западе сегодня является тема массовых изнасилований, якобы совершенных Красной Армией в 1945 г. в Европе." and so on... Are you kidding? She belongs to WP:FRINGE. My very best wishes (talk) 22:13, 16 January 2015 (UTC)
* Just checked it again. Yes, this is a highly biased source at best. It was openly written to prove the point/disprove opponents, rather than to research the subject. One of tricks by this author: she selectively cites memories by Soviet veterans published during the censorship, when the subject was officially forbidden. Newer published memoirs show a very different picture, such as here by Leonid Ryabichev (starting from "Назад в Восточную Пруссию, февраль 1945 года"). My very best wishes (talk) 02:09, 17 January 2015 (UTC)
* This is just your biased opinion. She does not just use memoirs.
* Senyavskaya has been cited in many English language sources about WWII. -YMB29 (talk) 20:42, 17 January 2015 (UTC)
* I am sorry, but she is guilty of historical forgery. Any references to her must be excluded, especially when she criticizes other researchers (like here), which therefore counts as a BLP violation. My very best wishes (talk) 13:58, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
* Guilty of forgery base don a blog by a amateur historian? -YMB29 (talk) 15:52, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
* could you please help me to where are examples of the 'many English language sources' she has been cited in? Sayerslle (talk) 16:47, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
* Here: -YMB29 (talk) 16:53, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
* right - i'll have a look - the fourth one there you click it and you find yourself reading the ' the moral and psychological superiority of soviet troops' was decisive - it isn't what one exactly feels reassured to read somehow - but, anyway thanks for the links . Sayerslle (talk) 17:02, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
* the 7th has a tiny bit readable where she attacks 'democratic journalists' - she is Fringe ffs - its fucking obvious. Sayerslle (talk) 18:16, 5 February 2015 (UTC)Sayerslle (talk) 18:15, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
* There is of course a similar debate to this one going on in the article on Rape during the Occupation of Germany, but at least there a semi-valid argument exists to delete the material in question, because one might argue that some of the criticism focuses too specifically on Beevor's claims about rape as opposed to scholarship about the issue in general. However, that argument clearly does not apply to this article which is about Beevor's book.
* Senyavskaya is a credential historian and so far no one has actually provided a reliable source saying that Senyavskaya's views are "fringe". Quite the contrary, Senyavskaya claims that she speaks for the overwhelming majority of Russian historians. The other sources currently cited in this section do seem to suggest that such views, whether right or wrong, are significant and noteworthy, at least in Russia. Therefore, I strongly support inclusion of the views of Rzheshevsky, Senyavskaya, and Bird in this article.CurtisNaito (talk) 02:33, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
* can't views be simultaneously widespread, and fringe? like the majority of Russians, led thereto presumably by RT and regime propaganda machine , believe Ukrainian jets shot down Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 - yet in the wider community , such views are 'fringe'. what I object to is YMB29s absolute denial that writers like dyukov and senyavskaya are anything other than disinterested historians - and even when I provide a source like the BBC one on dyukov, that clearly aligns him with a tendency and Nationalistic approach he says 'no' he can't have it - dyukov has been in Ukraine denouncing the Ukraine govt for causing the mass deaths of civilians - he is not 'intellectually disinterested' at all , he is partisan and RS describe him as such near enough, - anyhow - these views should be represented , its part of Russian approaches - 'Recent Russian historiography - perhaps taking its lead from the creation of a presidential commission to counter what it called falsifications of history to the detriment of Russian interests - has been inclined to defences of the hitler-stalin pact' also - but I see precious little evidence that senyavskaya has been 'praised' or anything like. The page really is just a mass of criticism of the book - I don't think YMb29 can be unhappy about it. Sayerslle (talk) 09:15, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
Senyavskaya Cannot be taken seriously. She is a propaganda voice, just like Goebbels. The shoot down of the Malaysian airliner by Russian backed terrorists is now a fact — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:52, 26 December 2016 (UTC)
* Removed per this conversation. Welcome to partially restore after checking these sources. My very best wishes (talk) 22:38, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
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Talk:Axis powers/Archive 2
Croatia and Serbia
Pavelić's so-called "Indepedent State of Croatia" is no different than Nedić's "Serbian Government of National Salvation." They were both puppet regimes created by Germany. To label Croatia as an Axis collaborator without also labeling Serbia as such is not only erroneous, it is offensive, akin to selective Holocaust denial.
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia, its government dominated by Serbs, signed the Tripartite Pact with Hitler, and when Yugoslavia was dissolved following the German occupation, General Nedić's Serbian government reaffirmed the Pact.
General Nedić's government was fully functional, controlled its own military and police forces, and enjoyed substantial popular support. Its Serbian Volunteer Corps wore the uniform of the Royal Yugoslav Army:
http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=90
Moreover, Nedić's Serbia enthusiasitically supported the Holocaust and was the first European nation to be declared "free of Jews."
http://balkan-studies.blogspot.com/2006/06/serbia-carried-holocaust-against-jews.html
http://www.balkan-archive.org.yu/kosta/licnosti/cohen.5.html
I do not deny that Croat nationalists cooperated with Germany, but Serbia was no less a collaborator than Croatia. In fact, Serb tyranny is largely to blame for Croat cooperation with the Germans.
* I do not see how the Holocaust is relevant to the issue at hand. Your other points may be relevant.TchussBitc 04:34, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
Debate with White Guard
I am Grungoria.
I agree with these basic classifications: Major Axis Power, Minor Axis Power, Axis Co-Belligerent, Axis Collaborator and Axis Puppet.
White Guard objects to listing the puppet regimes in Norway, Serbia and Greece as Axis Puppets. He makes the strange argument that these puppet regimes should not be listed because they were created by the Germans. Well, duh! That is the very definition of a puppet.
White Guard objects to the listing of Denmark as an Axis collaborator. He makes the strange argument that Denmark's collaboration should be ignored because Denmark was a weak country that was not in a position to resist. This, again, is a stupid argument. Luxemborg and Holland were weak countries in no position to resist, but resist they did. They declared war, they fought until their countries were overrun, and then they formed governments-in-exile in London to continue the war.
Denmark collaborated. Denmark accepted Hitler's offer of "protection" and permitted itself to be occupied without resistance. Denmark never declared war or formed a government-in-exile. Denmark's lawful government remained in Denmark, under German protection ("protectorate government"). Denmark assisted and cooperated with the German occupation forces, placing its police and military forces at Germany's disposal. Denmark coordinated its foreign policy with Germany, breaking relations with Germany's enemies and signing the Anti-Comintern Treaty of 1941 with Germany, Italy, Japan and the other Axis powers. Denmark even provided torpedo boats to the German Navy, not to mention Danish volunteers for the Waffen SS. The Danes may be fine people who did not "like" collaborating with Germany, but this is an encyclopedia of facts and collaborate Denmark did!
White Guard objects to the listing of Spain as an Axis collaborator. He gives no reason for this ridiculous objection. Spain clearly collaborated with the Axis. Beginning in 1940, Generalissmo Franco publicly and repeatedly declared Spain to be a nonbelligerent member of the Axis. In 1941, he dropped the nonbelligerence, sending the Blue Division of 20,000 Spanish volunteers to fight on Germany's Eastern Front.
White Guard objects to the listing of Croatia as a minor Axis power, saying that it should instead be listed as an Axis puppet. Here there is room for reasoned disagreement. Unlike the puppet regimes of Norway, Serbia and Greece which enjoyed virtually no public support and were not recognized even by other Axis powers, the Croat state achieved a degree of legitimacy. The Croat government enjoyed public support and achieved international recognition. I believe that Croatia should be listed in the same category with Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria, not the puppet regimes.
White Guard suggests that Sweden and Switzerland be listed as Axis collaborators because of their trade relations with Germany. I disagree in both instances. Although Sweden did collaborate by secretly permitting transit to German troops through Swedish territory, neither collaborated to the extent of Vichy France, Spain or Denmark, which were open in their support of German foreign policy.
White Guard suggests that the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia should be listed as a puppet state. Germany viewed the Protectorate as a part of Greater Germany in the process of being Germanified, not as a separate country, but I would not object to listing it with Serbia, Greece and Norway if it advances the completion of the article.
REPLY TO THE ABOVE.
It's obvious to me now that you are not a native English speaker because you have clearly misunderstood some of the points I have been making. Anyway, let me clarify the issues. SHADOW STATES. I do not object to the inclusion of the collaborators in Norway, Serbia and Greece because they were patronised by the Germans, but because they had no support or authority, and cannot be considered as 'governments' in any meaningful sense whatsoever. I tried to make this point in relation to Quisling, when I said that his 'state' was little bigger than the room in which he sat; or, it might be better said, no bigger than his imagination.
DENMARK. I have nothing to add to the points made on this question by MartinDK below, other than to say on this issue your view is probably unique, by this I mean the only one of its kind.
SPAIN. Spain should not be included in this article in any form whatsoever because it was not a member, nor a creation, of the Axis. It was officially neutral, whatever sympathies Franco expressed. The Blue Division was a formation of volunteers, oficially withdrawn from Russia in 1943 after allied objections. It's presence in Russia was a minimal return for the millions of marks Spain owed to Germany for assistance during the Civil War; but when Hitler asked for a more direct contribution to the war-particularly with regard to an Axis assault on Gibralter-Franco refused.
CROATIA. Croatia may have been recognised 'internationally' by the Axis and its associates-as was Slovakia; but it was still a puppet state. It may have enjoyed a degree of internal support, but I have a higher opinioion of the Croat people than to believe that they all identified with the foul Ustase movement.
SWITZERLAND AND SWEDEN. With regard to these countries the point I was making seems to have escaped you altogether. I was being deliberately ironic-a form of satire-, not seriously suggesting that they should be listed as Axis collaborators; but by your reasoning they might very well be. It was not trade relations I was highlighting with relation to Switzerland but the black-out of Swiss cities, to prevent allied bombers using the country to pinpoint targets in Germany and Italy. This was indeed a form of collaboration; but one given under duress.
BOHEMIA AND MORAVIA. Again my point has escaped you. I was not seriously suggesting the inclusion of the Protectorate as a collaborator or Axis state; but once more by your estimation it could have been: indeed much more so than either Denmark or Norway. It was, incidentally, not part of Grossdeutschland (how could Slavs be Germanised?) but a separate political formation with a native government under the German Protector.
Finally, on a point of advice, you really need to clarify some of your thinking on this matter. I am not being unkind, but your rather eccentric views risk robbing the issue of all sense and meaning. White Guard 23:01, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
Again, Imperial Japan flag
it needs to replace the noraml japan flag, correct flag viewed here:http://voiceoftaiwan.tripod.com/imperial_japan.gif
* That is the naval ensign for Japan during the war. If you look at the main page of this article, you will see a picture of the signing of the Triparite Pact and you will see the correct Japanese flag. That to me should end the debate.TchussBitc 20:05, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
Change Dependent on (or controlled by) the Axis
I think this section needs major revamping. For instance, Luxembourg can be found in here. I don't think anyone in their right mind would consider Luxembourg a member of the Axis. Sure Luxembourg was annexed, but annexation isn't enough to include a nation into the Axis.
It also appears that nations that where occupied by Axis members who supplied voluneteers are also considered to be members of the Axis. This is not right. For instance Belgians did fight for Hitler but, the Belgium government did go into exile and this should rightfully eliminate Belgium from this page. If people do not agree with me, then the Baltic nations such as Estonia and Lativa should be considered as members who where "Dependent on (or controlled by) the Axis".
Why is the Russo-Japanese client state in Soviet Far East included in this article. As far as I remember, this never existed and was a mere plan for Japanese intentions. This shouldn't be included in the article. We need to delete that as well.
What I propse is you eliminate the title. Change the title to "Axis Puppet States" and eliminate several of the countries in the listed article. There appears to be no logical reasoning for Belgium and Luxembourg to be included. Also, I would include Burma in this section as well. Burma National Army
* I think this page is a good example of what happens when you try to cover too much in one article. It tends to become nonsens. If we put your suggestion to a vote I will support it. -- MartinDK 19:53, 28 July 2006 (UTC)
That is exactly what happened. The minor axis nations are in total dissaray. Also, if you view the summary it mentions that six axis members did not exist after the war. It fails to mention the Japanese puppet Menjiang (sp?). The summary is rubbish, it should probally go as well.
I also apologize in advance for making my edits. I just couldn't sit idoly by while looking at Luxembourg as a member of the Axis. For my next edits I will wait for a general conscenous (sp?)TchussBitc 20:24, 28 July 2006 (UTC)
* I understand why you made the edits. In the case of Luxembourg it was an obvious mistake to include it in the article in the first place. In such situations it should be ok to take action without waiting for others to realize the mistake as well.
I suggest an if not complete then thorough rewrite of the introduction. Unless we split the article into two it should be aimed directly at the core of the subject. As it is now it is at best highly speculative and at worst misleading. Wikipedia whould be about facts and not speculative theories and redefinition of terms like Axis Powers. MartinDK 20:51, 28 July 2006 (UTC)
* I think we should move along with the "Axis Puppet State" section. The current title doesn't accurately potray what they where, and that was puppet states. Now, the Russian client states appear to be more of a civil adminstration that wasn't really organized like a national government (albeit a puppet one). I have to admit, I am not really educated on the Russian collaborators. Is there even a difference between a client state and a puppet state? Anyone else care to interject?TchussBitc 22:54, 31 July 2006 (UTC)
* I think we should rename it to "Axis Puppet State". I think we need to be careful though as Finland was not a puppet state but a state with its own non-facist reasons for attacking Russia. A client state is a state that through its dependance acts in accordance with the wishes of Moscow. For many years Finland could to a large extend be considered a client state since it was unable to join Nato and was largely dependant on trade to Russia. A puppet state is a a state where the government has been directly installed by Moscow. DDR, Belarus, Ukraine were good examples of puppet states. MartinDK 16:37, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Bulgaria, a cousin of the Finns...
The Finnish situation has been beaten into everyone's heads. But, not the Bulgarian. The Bulgarian situation is almost a mirror image to that of the Finns with an notable exception.
Bulgaria was coerced into the Axis camp by troops gathering on her border prior to the invasion of Greece. Bulgaria then joined an alliance with the Germans. Bulgaria occupied portions of Greece that it lost to Greece in an earlier war. Bulgaria never sent troops to fight the "Big Three". Bulgaria declared war on the US & UK, but not the Soviet Union. Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria in 1944. After the war, Bulgaria was allowed to keep territory acquired from Romania during the war.
From a foreign relation standpoint, Bulgaria behaved herself. She acted similiarly to the Finns. A notable difference is that she never fought any of the major allies, and was allowed to keep territory acquired during the war. Unlike Finland the Bulgarians opted to sign the Tripartiate Treaty.
My point? We can nitpick many of these Axis nations out of the Axis, but that would be revising history. I am a fan of keeping the major three in one group, the minors in another (with blurbs explaining coercion), then a puppet section. That is how I would do things. But, it appears as if wikipedia is a dictatorship of the masses and I have been overthrown. :P TchussBitc 04:17, 8 August 2006 (UTC)
* Actually I think that would be a good idea. I just think that the article needs to make a clear distinction between Axis members who clearly sympathized with the German facism and those who chose to join the Axis because it made sense for them to do so because of previous unrelated conflicts (such as the Finns). I also happen to think that much of the history of what happened in Eastern Europe and Finland has already been revised because the Soviet victory was so overwhelming.
* With regard to Bulgaria vs. Finland I think it is important to keep in mind that she wasn't forced to choose sides for tactical reasons. She declared war on the Western Allies to please the Germans but rather than "liberating" Bulgaria the Soviet Union chose to declare war on Bulgaria. Why? Because a) that would allow the Soviets to install a puppet government and b) the Soviets didn't consider Bulgaria quite as well-behaved after all. Bulgaria was not in any danger of being overrun by Greece.
* Had the Finns chosen to join the Allied side she would have been overrun by the Germans. She joined the Germans because from a tactical point of view it provided her with the needed support to keep the Soviet Union out of her territory. The terrotorial gains made beyond that were small if compared to what the Germans achieved and those terrtitorial gains were of no real use to the Germans at least in the long run. But I am a fan of the way to organize the article that you described above so that gets my vote. So it appears as if you haven't actually been overthrown ;) MartinDK 06:46, 8 August 2006 (UTC)
* Ah! Not the dictatorship of the masses but dictatorship of the boneheads.;-P I would be even more radical and would put all puppet states, occupied areas etc. to the separate article, and leave only broadly recognized states here. It means the big three (Germany, Japan and Italy) in separate section and the smaller ones (Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, Romania and Thailand) to the other.
* That way we can scrap alltogether the idea of the Axis Powers as an alliance and instead of presenting them as a one group in a war fighting another group (the Allies). It gives us more space to express the differences between the countries and their reasons and methods how to act. It also makes it possible to handle difficult cases (like Quisling government, Denmark, Yugoslavia, etc.) in the puppet/occupied article (whatever its name is in the end...) without offending anybody.
* Reinterpretation and revisioning of history happens all the time, there is no doubt about that, as new archives are released and when time passes it is possible and also allowed to start to see different things than common belief has mythified. --Whiskey 22:07, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
* Sounds good too me. As I have stated in one of my above comments I think this article tries too cover too much as it is. Does this mean that we have reached a form of consensus? And should we move forward with the idea then? What we are planning to do is a pretty radical rewrite of the article so we need to be sure that we actually agree on this before we delete half the article and move it to another article :) And I agree that time allows you to see things in a less biased way and hence more true to what actually happened. Certainly there were countries that formed alliances in one form or the other to take advantage of the situation. And that certainly needs to be covered but the article is messy as it is now. MartinDK 10:05, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
* I am in agreement with what I read from the last few posts. But for some odd reason I am hesistant, and I will tell you why. I can't find a difinitive answer anywhere for "Axis Power"! Is the Tripartite Treaty applicable? Or is it just a loose association of nations tied by a "mutual" ally? Ack! I don't know where to go. As I read more into the subject I am getting confused. For instance, I just read the [Declaration by the United Nations]. Here it shows that the Allies where fighting the signatories of the Tripartite Treaty (which shows why the US never declared war on Finland). Then I must concede that by the legal definition they where never an ally of the Germans but co-belligerents. Which goes against my personal beliefs. But wiki is meant to be NPOV and yadaa yada yada...
* So do modern historians generally agree that the Axis where treaty bound or where they a grouping of nations not bound by treaty? The Tripartiate Treaty was a defensive treaty, so I don't really see the logic in the specifying the Tripartiate.
* But, without a doubt lets remove the client states. That includes Denmark. Denmark did not willingfully join. They where invanded and subjugated very quickly. The king was looking out for his people. I believe they did sign the Anti-Comintern, which really has no relevance at all.TchussBitc 03:04, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
* Being Danish I feel like I have to make a few comments here. Denmark was never of any real interest to the Germans. We were merely in the way of the German plans to invade Norway. The Germans never really understood why the Danish people were so upset about being invaded. The terms offered by the Germans after the invasion were certainly favourable compared to the brute force used against countries like Holland and Norway. For that reason the Germans didn't feel a need to directly rule Denmark. Instead the Danes struck a deal with the Germans that essentially allowed Denmark to stay a "sovereign" country. In return, of course, the Danes weren't allowed to behave in ways that were seen as a threat to the Germans. This could perhaps be labeled as a form of coorporation with the Germans. But ermany was never able to get anything of real value from Denmark because they were constantly being stalled by the government and the people in general. When Germany demanded that any goods be sent to her she recieved the worst possible quality. When German patience ran out in 1943 the Danish navy sank its ships so the Germans couldn't use them (except for a few ships that weren't sunk in time). Clearly resistance to the German invasion would have resulted in total destruction of Denmark. And from an allied point of view Denmark was worth much more if not destroyed by the Germans. That way the Danish resistance was able to, very succesfully, halt German troop and cargo transports to Norway and hence help cripple the Germans in Norway. It is also worth noting that was was never actually declared on Denmark.
* With regard to the definition of Axis Powers the way I was taught it was that the Axis Powers shared the same ideology. Thats what united them and set them apart from other countries that supported them. Cetainly the Finns weren't facists. They took advantage of German success against the Soviets. Other cases are not as simple though. Romania is a good example of this. So how much coorporation would label it an Axis power? It's hard to say but I do feel that the key element is the degree of ideological simularity. And from that point of view I feel that keeping the "big three" in this article and move the more difficult cases to a seperate article would be a good idea. At least that way we could deal with them individually and try to map the huge complex political game that decided who supported which side of the war. MartinDK 18:36, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
Correction about the fall of Independent State of Croatia (NDH)
Named allied victory is imaginary. NDH was destroyed by Yugoslav partisan (mixed nationalitys, many of them Croats also)and by smaller part by southern wing of SSSR forces which passed through northen parts of Yugoslavia. There were none, absolutley none Western Allied military formations, especialy none Italian-Greek formations, on yugoslav soil during II.WW and everybody with minimal knowledge about this period can notice this fasity. Only western Allied military personel in country were conntact officers that cooperated with partisans. Allso, air protection was provided to island Vis, where Tito and partisan HQ from 1944. was located, and weapon drops were made. (Note that most of partisan weapons were of italian origin, confiscated from italian troops when Italy capitulated 1943. The nearest point Western Allies ever came close to Yugoslavia is Trieste (later place of post WW.-II crisis between Italy and Yugoslavia which almost provoked anther war) in Italy and region of Koruska in Austria where they have met yugslav partisan forces who were pursuing retreating nazi collaborators from several countrys (including former NDH soldiers as well)and refugees. It is allso worth saying that these collaborators mostly surrended to british forces but were handed over to partisans who than mass executed them (figures vary between 30,000 to 250,000 killed). Only thing correct in this article is that NDH-regime is responsable for mass Serb, Gypsy and also Croat antifasists killings, and that in Croatia catholic religion is dominant religion. Everything else is absolutley false and product of writers imagination. I hope that this will be noticed and article corrected.
* I think the article needs to clarify that what it calls Yugoslavia was in fact a Bulgarian puppet state and hence part of the Axis. Also it needs to clarify, partly due to accuracy and partly due to respect for the partisans, that Yugoslavia and NHD was defeated by the partisans. However, I also think that it needs further investigation to what extend the partisans relied on material and intelligence from the allies. You seem to be well-informed on this matter so why not be bold and rewrite it yourself? MartinDK 15:55, 17 August 2006 (UTC)
Proposed Major Change
Grungoria says -- see above and below --
Major Axis Powers Germany Italy Japan
Minor Axis Powers Hungary Romania Bulgaria Yugoslavia Croatia
Axis Co-Belligerents Thailand Finland
Axis Collaborators Vichy France Spain Denmark
German Puppet States Norway (Quisling) Greece (Rallis) Serbia (Nedic)
Italian Puppet State Albania (personal union)
Japanese Puppet States Manchuria (Manchuko) Mongolia (Mengiang) China (Nanking regime) Phillipines (Second Republic) Burma India (Free India)
Thank you for your consideration. I am Grungoria.
_____________________________________________________________________________
It seems as if most people are in agreement that this page needs major work. Here is what I think should happen.
Major Powers
* Germany
* Italy
* Japan
Minor Powers
* Hungary
* Romania
* Bulgaria
Axis Puppets
* Slovakia
* Croatia
* Manchuko
* Mengiang
Co-Belligerents
* Finland (meets definition of, the facts are there)
* Thailand
Now, on to the hard part. What to do with the Provisional Government of Free India? If this is included anywhere on the page, then the Burmese National Army should as well. Yugoslavia meets the definition of an Axis Power, but was quickly overthrown. Does that need to be added?
Vichy France. Vichy France was the whipping boy of the Axis. Land grabs and what not. I don't know whether to classify Vichy as a puppet since they did have a good deal of control with their own foreign affairs, unlike other puppets. What does everyone else think? TchussBitc 04:50, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
* The Burmese National Army was a puppet government installed by Japan so by definition it belongs under Axis Puppets. The Provisional Government of Free India is harder. Its main purpose was to get rid of the English and to do that it took advantage of the situation. Very much like Finland did with Germany to take advantage of the situation in the was against The Soviet Union. So I think that one belongs under Co-Belligerents though I am still a bit unsure if I have understood the situation in India correct. Was it de facto installed by Japan or did it rise to power on its own? If Japan was de facto responsible for installing it it belongs under puppets and not Co-Belligerents. The same applies to the governemnt of Yugoslavia. Vichy France was clearly an ally of the Axis even if it didn't have general support in the population. Besides all that I agree with your proposal and as soon as I am sure we are in agreement I will change the article accordingly. What remains after that is a general rewrite of some portions of the article such as the introduction which I think is a bit weak. MartinDK 12:37, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
* This page continues to be a mess. People keep adding more or less relevant information without consulting this discussion. The dispute tag was also removed for whatever reason. Either we decide to reorganize and tidy it up or it will become increasingly messy and inaccurate. The Hungary part even has sources listed in the middle of the article now! MartinDK 18:00, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
It's a hard one to work on. This article has to do with international disputes, from what I noticed they tend go haywire. This one is especially hard since people will always try to add something degrading to one side, while glorifying another. What really hurts this article the most is the lack of a clear definition of what an Axis power member was. Tripartite Pact coined the term, but not all nations that people commonly associate with the Axis signed it. From the books that I read, it appears as if the Tripartite is the definition of the term. That's how I'd like to see the article move.
Now does anyone have any information on the Japanese puppets? There is semi-descent information on Manchucko, but the Nanjing Puppet State and Mengjiang has very little information. I don't have access to descent English language libraries at the time since I am living in Germany right now. TchussBitc 23:01, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
I look at it this way... to actually have any influence and hence be labeled an axis power a country needed to a) have some kind of political influence on current events and b) have a notable military force. Clearly Germany, Japan and to a certain extend Italy belongs under this definition. Furthermore I do believe that to be a member of the Axis you had to share at least to a certain degree the same ideology. This is why I do not believe Finland was an Axis member. She was taking advantage of the current events more than anything else. The Provisional Government of Free India wanted to get rid of the British and also took advantage of the situation.
I agree that this article will always cause some people to be offended. But the facts are out there and as long as we stick to them and do not pass judgement per se on anyone I do believe that this article can be greatly improved. It might never be perfect but at least we could organize it better, improve the introduction and put references at the bottom of the article! MartinDK 16:28, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
I would suggest the article should be confined to explaining the meaning of the term Axis Powers plus a list of the countries that belonged to it. Historical specifics about individual countries should be under the names of the relevant countries, under respective subheadings such as 'politics', 'military history', etc. Harry163 01:16, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
This whole article is an appalling mess. I've removed some of the nonsense, but much remains. White Guard 01:34, 3 September 2006 (UTC)
With reference to a point made above Vichy was not a puppet state and should not be considered as part of the Axis; nor, for that matter, should Finland and-for goodness sake-Thailand. White Guard 01:38, 3 September 2006 (UTC)
* I think you are right. This article is trying to do too much. If anything, a link should be provided on the article for WW2 co-belligerents (if it exists)TchussBitc 14:45, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis?
Could I please have a reference for the contemporary use of this term? I have only ever heard of the Rome-Berlin Axis, Mussolini's own term. The extension to Japan is, I suspect, a nelogism, intended to serve for the Triple Alliance. I realise that for the sake of convenience that Germany and her various allies and associates will continue to be referred to as the 'Axis Powers.' This does not, however, excuse the presentation of a preception as a historical fact. White Guard 00:33, 3 September 2006 (UTC)
* White Guard that is exactly why we have been discussing this for solong now. No one has any clear definition of that actually constituted the Axis which is why it is do difficult to organize the article in a clear and correct way. This is no easy task. The political game behind the war is so complex because everyone had their own agenda and unsettled disputes which were dragged into the war. Just think of Finland and Bulgaria. Clearly those two took advantage of the situation to deal with issues that were (somewhat) unrelated to the rest of the war. There was some level of attempted co-operation between Germany and Japan but if you have any information about this please share it with us! :) MartinDK 08:23, 3 September 2006 (UTC)
Thank you for that. I am a late comer to this debate, but I can see from the above how much intellectual energy it has generated, hardly surprising when you consider the suggestion-amongst others-that Norway and Denmark be considered as Axis powers! It may be that this has deflected attention from the quality of the article itself, which has been subject to a significant degree of corruption. Amongst other things, some bewildering nonsense was inserted into the section on Croatia. However, what I object to specifically-or have raised doubts over-is the following statement;
"The three major Axis Powers, Nazi Germany, Empire of Japan and Facist Italy, refer to themselves as the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis..."
My point is that I have never heard of any contemporary use of this triple term by the powers in question, and I thus believe the statement to be an invention in the guise of a historical fact; as such it must be considered as a form of-unintentional-corruption; unless, that is, some reference can be provided. I would have edited this out but will hold my hand for the time being. White Guard 23:03, 3 September 2006 (UTC)
* The Tripartite Pact does not use the word Axis. It does however recognize the Axis (Germany/Italy). I think the reason that the Axis is commonly thought of as Germany/Italy/Japan is that it makes more sense for most people to think of it as such. The Tripartite Pact could be seen as an attempt to create an Axis simular to that of Italy/Germany but one that covers a much larger area. The idea is that other countries will join under the leadership of the "Axis Powers" Japan, Germany and Italy.
* However you do indeed make a valid point. And since we should try to stick to the facts and avoid misconceptions, no matter how common they may be, I do believe that we should alter the proposed division of the nations in the article so that it becomes clear that Germany and Italy were the original Axis. Japan should then follow below those to as a later affiliate through The Tripartite Pact. However it shouldn't be presented in a way that might give the impression that Japan was not as involved as the original Axis. Japan was arguably more successful than Germany and certainly Italy. And from that perspective it might actually make more sense for the common reader of the article to think of Germany and Japan as the backbone of the Axis.
* But as I said above we should be reporting the actual facts and not was is commonly understood to be the facts. So I definately think that your point of view needs to be incorporated into the article. The big question is when we should actually change the article. It is going to be a major revision and given the fact that the article is already being edited on a regular basis we need to be sure that we have reached a consensus that we can refer to if others should decide to change it back. MartinDK 10:07, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
I've removed the unnecessary-and innacurate-reference to the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis. White Guard 23:45, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
I still think it needs further clarification. The way it is organized now it seems as if The Tripartite Act was an attempt to include the puppets in the Axis. This is not true. The Tripartite Act was a formal agreement between the Germany/Italy Axis and Japan. The reason it was signed by other nations was that those nations were puppets. We need to clarify that point not only in the text itself but also in the way the article is organized. MartinDK 11:52, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
* Some of the minors listed as members of the Tripartite where never members. Slovakia was not a signatory, but is under the heading for nations that where.TchussBitc 20:08, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
* I moved Slovakia and Independent State of Croatia to German puppets. MartinDK 03:36, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
* Shouldnt The Italian Social Republic be considered a puppet? It existed solely because Germany occupied Northern italy and I find it hard to see how it in any way resembled a "power". MartinDK 03:41, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
Yes. White Guard 04:57, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
Grossdeutschland?
The description of the political boundries given here of Greater Germany is wrong. By 1943 the actual territory of the Reich, directly subordinate, that is, to the Reich government, included, besides the German territory within the boundries of 1937, Austria, the Sudetenland, Memelland, Alsace-Lorraine, Luxembourg, Danzig, parts of central and eastern Poland, Slovenia, parts of northern Italy, and the Belgian territory of Eupen-Malmedy. It did not include the Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia, the General-Government of Poland, Belarus or the Baltic States, all separately and distinctly administered. White Guard 00:55, 3 September 2006 (UTC)
Denmark-clarification please.
I need some clarification about some points made in relation to Denmark. SS volunteers were recruited by the Nazis in all lands under occupation, with or without the co-operation of the local authorities. The wording here suggests that the Danish government actively recruited on behalf of the SS. Can this be true? I suspect not. But more important why is Denmark included in a section about membership of the Axis? Denmark, Spain, France, Finland and Thailand should all be removed. None of these countries were Axis powers. White Guard 23:56, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
* I removed them once before... You see some people who like to contribute to this article don't bother to look at the discussion first. Our government did not recruit people to the SS. Those who joined the SS were a) a small and completely insignificant number and b) doing so at their own free will and against the wishes of the Danish government and people. MartinDK 11:31, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
I removed the secton refering to Denmark and others as it contained no additional info and was for the most part ignorant to say the least. MartinDK 11:36, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
German Puppet States
Grungoria says -- STOP REMOVING GERMAN PUPPET STATES FROM THE LIST OF GERMAN PUPPET STATES. The Vidkun Quisling regime of Norway was a German puppet state; in fact, because of the Vidkun Quisling regime, his name "quisling" has entered the English language as a word meaning "puppet." Likewise, the Ioannis Rallis regime in Greece, with its Security Battalions, and the Milan Nedić regime in Serbia, with its Serbian Volunteer Corps were German puppet states.
VICHY FRANCE SHOULD BE LISTED AS AN AXIS COLLABORATOR, NOT A GERMAN PUPPET STATE. Vichy France was not created by Germany, as were the puppet regimes of Quisling, Rallis and Nedic. Vichy France, officially called the French State, was the lawful successor to the Third Republic and recognized as such by the international community, including the United States. There is no question that Vichy France collaborated with the Axis, breaking diplomatic relations with Great Britain, sigining the Anti-Comintern Pact with Hiter and Mussolini, and resisting the Allied landings in North Africa (inflicting over 1,000 American casulaties!).
SPAIN SHOULD BE LISTED AS AN AXIS COLLABORATOR, NOT A GERMAN PUPPET. Although Franco won the Spanish Civil War with the military support of Hitler and Mussolini, his regime was not created by Germany or Italy. However, Spain was clearly an Axis collaborator. Franco repeatedly and publicly declared Spain a "nonbelligerent member" of the Axis. Franco was a signer of the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1941 and dispatched the "Blue Division" of over 20,000 Spanish volunteers to fight the Soviet Union on Germany's Eastern Front. Spain was denied membership in the United Nations because of its collaboration with the Axis.
DENMARK SHOULD BE LISTED AS AN AXIS COLLABORATOR, NOT A GERMAN PUPPET STATE. King Christian willingly accepted German military occupation, and his "Protectorate Government" clearly collaborated with the Axis, signing the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1941 and breaking diplomatic relations with the Allied Powers of Britain, the Soviet Union and the United States. Unlike Norway, whose lawful government fled to England and continued to operate in exile(requiring the Germans to create a puppet regime under Quisling), the lawful government of Denmark remained in Denmark and collaborated with the Germans.
CROATIA SHOULD BE LISTED AS A MINOR AXIS POWER, NOT A GERMAN PUPPET STATE. Although formed from Yugosolovia after it had been occupied by Germany, Croatia achieved a degree of international recognition not obtained by the puppet regimes of Quisling, Rallis and Nedic in Norway, Greece and Serbia. Croatia was a signer of both the Tripartite Pact and the Anti-Comintern Pact.
NO COUNTRY TODAY IS PROUD OF ITS MEMBERSHIP IN OR COLLABORATION WITH THE AXIS, BUT THAT IS NO EXCUSE FOR VANDALIZING THIS ARTICLE BY DELETING PUPPET AND COLLABORATOR STATES.
Thank you for your consideration. I am Grungoria.
______________________________________________________________________________
I have removed the reference (headings only) to the Quisling 'government' in Norway and the 'National Salvation government' in Serbia as German puppet states. Both of these authorities had virtually no authority; Norway remained under the supreme control of Reichskommisar Josef Terboven and Serbia under German military rule. If we start to include such shadowy structures we might as well incorporate Anton Mussert and the Dutch National Socialists, the civilian authorities in the British Channel Islands, and the various national authorities established in conquered Russian territory; and there was even a Greek government in Athens.
I have to say also that I have serious objections to the inclusion of Vichy France as a German puppet state. The Germans at no point appointed the governments of France; and Marshal Petain was recognised as French head of state by the United States-and other-as late as the winter of 1942, a year after she entered the war. I want to remove this inclusion of Vichy, but will defer the matter until others have had a chance to consider my objection.
We really have to get down to a core definition of the Axis, or risk abandoning this page to all sorts of eccentrics. White Guard 23:36, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
* Vichy France was not a puppet. It was not installed by Germany. Instead it rose to power by itself and should be classified as an ally of the Axis. I have pointed this out earlier but didn't make the relevant edit since I knew that such an edit would require further discussion. I completely agree with your edits... either we delete such governments or the article will become messy again. MartinDK 03:50, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
Thank you for that, though I am not sure that even 'ally' is the correct term as the two countries still remained officially 'at war'; the cessation of hostilities in 1940 was only an armistice. In some respects France was a case sui generis, both similar and different to the examples of Spain and Denmark. French volunteers served with the German armed forces, though these were not raised by the French government as such. White Guard 08:37, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
Perhaps collaborator would be a better word. Certainly Vichy acted on its own but in accordance with German wishes. I also think it is safe to say that the Vichy government did so not because it felt pressured to do so as such but because it wanted to. This is where it differs from Denmark. The Danish government was forced to collaborate but did so in a way that made the collaboration virtually worthless for the Germans.
I am not sure if we could classify Vichy as a minor power but it certainly did what it could to help the Germans and did so beyond what would be expected from a government that reluctantly co-operated with the Germans. MartinDK 17:54, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
I am sorry to have to say there is a quite astonishing level of ignorance being shown in this debate by the user who goes by the name of Grungoria. While I agree with some of his points, particularly in relation to Vichy France, which was an Axis collaborator rather than a puppet state, most of the rest is meretricious nonsense. I am not Danish, but I personally find the points made about Denmark not just wrong-headed but profoundly offensive. Denmark was not in a position to defend itself against the German takeover in 1940; and to allege that King Christian 'willingly' accepted occupation is quite scandalous. If there is an example of how a government-and a king-should behave under foreign occupation, then that is surely provided by the Danes. As far as 'collaboration' is concerned they gave only what they had to give in meaningless diplomatic gestures, and they made no practical contribution to the Axis war effort. When it came to more fundamental issues, like Nazi policy towards the Jews, their lack of co-operation stands second to none in the whole of Europe. I will continue to resist any attempt to define Denmark as a puppet or a collaborator state or a member of the Axis in any form whatsoever; and if that is to be considered as vandalism, then so be it.
Let's consider some of the other rubbish. Quisling tried to set himself up as prime minister of Norway in 1940, and was of so little use to the Germans he lasted for exactly five days. He reappeared three years later on the whim of Josef Terboven, largely to give a local gloss to German actions against the resistence and the Jews. His authority was virtually non-existent, and his 'state' was little bigger than the room in which he and his collaborators sat. To define Norway as a 'puppet state' because of his treasonable actions is an offense to the people of Norway and the continuing and active resistence they offered to the Nazis. This is also true with regard to Serbia and Greece. While we are on this subject, why not include the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia as a collaborator or puppet state? It continued to have its own government, and the contribution of the Skoda works to the German military machine was infinitely more important than anything provided by Norway or Denmark. And what about Mussert in Holland, or the authorities in the British Channel Islands etc. etc. etc.
Pavelic's Croatia was by any reasonable person's definition a puppet state: it would not have existed but for the Axis invasion and continuing German and Italian support. Spain should not be listed as a collaborator; no more should Portugal, whatever the political sympathies of these countries. You might as well include Switzerland in this category, because it obeyed German black-out regulations, or even (to take this point to the level of total absurdity) Sweden, because volunteers from here served with the SS on the Eastern Front. Oh, yes, on a final point, I will not be intimidated by sentences in capital letters, little more than a form of shouting. White Guard 03:47, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
Thank you White Guard! As you may have noticed I am Danish. what is being said about Denmark above is absolutely wrong. There was no co-operation of any value. The Danish army was not put at the Germans disposal. In fact when the Germans ran out of patience with the Danish government in 1943 the Danish navy, fearing the Germans would take control of its fleet, decided to sink its own ships. As far as co-operating with the Germans politically ther Danish collective effort to save the jews from Nazi KZ-camps stands out in history as one of the most significant displays of defiance against the Germans. Furthermore, there was a Danish government in London who were responsible for the transmission of illegal radio broadcasts every night to the Danish people through the BBC. This was how the message of freedom was delivered to the Danish people on May 4. 1945 after the Germans had surrendered and if you listen to that broadcast or transcripts of it you will know that it included a special message from the government in exile. In addition to that, you fail to notice that the much beloved king did not leave hos country for obvious reasons. He stayed here under the protection of not the Germans but the Danish people as a whole.
The way the German invasion and occupation was handled by the danish government and people stands out as a great example of what to do in a situation where a country is faced with an overwhelming enemy. By not attempting to directly resist the occupation Denmark was able to a) ensure that any help from Denmark to the Nazis was of no real value (prolonging decisions, sending bad goods when required to do so by the Germans) and b) establish a strong and independent resistance movement that succesfully halted troop supplies from Denmark and Norway during the final stages of the war in Europe.
I will continue to remove any edits that dispute these facts, vandalism or not.
With regard to Vichy France I already agree with you and appreciate that you have put it in its own category the way it should.
I agree with White Guard about the rest of your points made and see no reason to repeat what he has already said. Norway was not a puppet state but was at least de facto under direct control of the German army. Denmark was not under control of the German army but instead under the control of the German Foreign Office. Big difference if you know what you are talking about.
I hope you will contribute to this article with constructive edits and refrain from foul language/capital letters and unconstructive edits. If not I will consider this to be an edit war and appropriate steps will be taken against you. MartinDK 11:26, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
With regard to Serbia... to be considered a puppet a government must posses a reasonable amount of actual control over its territory to be considered in power of that territory. The Serb resistance was so fierce that I strongly disagree with the government of Milan Nedić being classified as a puppet. A government is not a puppet government simply because it is appointed by a foreign power. It needs a significant amount of actual power to be considered a puppet government. This applies to your argument about Norway as well. If not we could make a list 10 times the size of this of so called "puppets" and collaborators.
Why do you think we have this discussion? We discuss these things because we need a narrow enough definition of Axis Power and Puppet to give it any real meaning. Otherwise this article would just be another "anything-goes" article on Wikipedia. MartinDK 11:41, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
It seems to me that the problem mostly arises out of differing definitions of what constitutes a "puppet" and a "collaborator"...people wanting to add the Serbian, Greek, Norwegian regimes seem to believe a "puppet" means a government with practically no authority at all, while a collaborator is everything else. Most everybody else seems to be denying the Serbian, er, puppet regime any status at all. I'm not sure how to deal with this. john k 22:34, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
* Since no one has yet voice objection to this, Spain cannot possibly be called a puppet state or a collaborator either. Str1977 (smile back) 22:50, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
Please see 'Debate with White Guard' at the top of this page and my response under Spain. White Guard 22:53, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
* Thanks. I was only looking at this section. Unfortunately sometimes reasoning doesn't stop the debate. Str1977 (smile back) 23:03, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
Core Defintion of Axis
The Declaration of the United Nations put the Allies at war with the signatories of Tripartite Pact. The Tripartite Pact signatories are the Axis Powers. I believe this should be what this article is based off of. We may be trying to accomplish too much by having a Collabarator States section, and possibly the puppets.TchussBitc 21:23, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
I agree there should be a core definition, and mine would be quite simple: Germany, Italy and Japan, with the subsequent addition of Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and the puppet states of Slovakia and Croatia. Finland night be included as a co-belligerant. I have real worries about the inclusion of the various Japanese puppet states-some of which were very shadowy indeed; and I do not believe that I have ever come across any scholarly debate on this issue which includes Thailand as part of the Axis. White Guard 23:14, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
* Did Slovakia and Croatia actually sign the Tripartite? I am not finding anything documenting this. In the book about Slovakia I put under the references section I do not recollect reading this, but the National Holocaust Musuem site lists them as a signer.
You make good points about the Japanese puppets, they really were not recogonized as legitimate government.TchussBitc 04:29, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
* The basic idea of the Axis was that other countries would join or be absorbed politically by the Axis Powers. Therefor it makes no sense to label other countries as Axis Powers. However, the Axis would have made no sense if other nations around it had not in fact been absorbed or brought under control as puppets. This is the core issue we should deal with. Define the Axis members as Germany, Italy and Japan. Make sure for the purpose of accuracy that we explain how the Axis originally was designed to include Germany and Italy. And then proceed to explain what real effect the Axis had, that is describe what countries were in fact brought under political control.
* It makes no sense in that regard to list countries that were brought under control purely by using military power. This includes Norway and Denmark. There are other articles dealing with this aspect (the military aspect) of the war. This article is about the political side of the war and as I have noted before this is not as simple as it looks.
* A regime is not a puppet simply because it was installed by a foreign power. if that was the case any nation could appoint any arbitrary government in another country and call it a puppet. However, some goverments are not recognized by other nations even though it actually maintains a fair amount of control over its terrritory. Keep in mind that recognizing a government is a political act and there may be any number of motivations why one may or may not want to do so. The Taliban was not recognized by the vast majority of the world as the government of Afghanistan but it did have a substantial amount of control over its territory.
* Regarding the Japanese puppets I suggest we only keep the ones that were puppets by the most narrow definition of a puppet, which would be the ones that meet the criteria I described above. MartinDK 16:14, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
* Did Slovakia have diplomatic relations with non-Axis states? Did Croatia? john k 10:54, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
* Slovakia was diplomatically recogonized by several nations, to include the UK. I also found out that Slovkia did sign the Tripartite on November 22nd 1940 (it was the same day as Romania.
In regards to earlier statements. I read some information that supports information put forth earlier in this thread. The Axis came forth from the Pact of Steel (the whole new Axis in Europe from Mussolini...), but after the fall of France and the signing of the Tripartite, Japan was included. I'd say we go with that idea, and split the satelites and puppets. Axis Satelites would open the door for those with agendas to put say "Belgium" down and every other nation. (Which would be the downfall of that option)
Now, in regards to Finland. People will try to include them in the Axis (I would have too, until after an earlier debate). This will undoubtedly happen. You'd have to include a co-belligerent section because we all know exactly what would happen.TchussBitc 22:11, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
* I think there is a general consensus that Finland needs to be dealt with in a co-belligerent section. Not only because we all know that anything else would start an old debate all over again but because it would be wrong not to single Finland out as having played a unique role in the European war.
* Regarding satelite states I think that would definately be a way to move forward but we need to be careful because such a section would also mean that a lot of the rubbish and irrelevant (mis-)information that we have removed would be included once again. On the other hand it would allow us to clearly state who were puppets and who in fact weren't. MartinDK 15:13, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
I see no problem with listing German puppet regimes in various occupied countries, so long as we are clear about the precise state of play. Where else, exactly, are regimes like the Nedic regime going to be discussed? john k 22:14, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
In the history of wartime Yugoslavia. Otherwise this whole debate-and the article itself-risks tumbling into the 'how many angels can dance on the head of a pin' absurdity, if it has not already done so. Officially Serbia was under the direct administration of the German army, not Nedic. You will find Nedic style collaborators throughout occupied Europe; it makes no sense to include them in an article on Axis Powers. If you do then you really have to make room for Quisling, Mussert and all the other absurdities. White Guard 22:39, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
Battles long ago
Will no-one tell me what she sings
Perhaps the plaintive numbers flow,
For old, unhappy, far off things,
And battles long ago.
I am becoming ever more aware that a proxy war is creeping into these pages, largely, I suspect, coming from the former Yugoslavia, about the character and status of the war-time 'states' of Serbia and Croatia. Have a look at the rather suspect page on Nedić's Serbia and some of the observations above about Croatia. These issues clearly carry a lot of residual bitterness, pushed forward by some very partisan views. White Guard 05:53, 12 September 2006 (UTC) | WIKI |
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