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Rh the moors, all barren and profitless though they were, were his, and were rarely trodden by any step except his own.
"Ah! your Grace? Good day. How does the Border come to be honoured by a visit from you?"
"Lost my way!" responded his Grace of Glencairne, an inveterate sportsman and a hearty, florid, stalwart man of sixty, clad in a Scotch plaid suit, and looking like a well-to-do North-country farmer. "We're staying with Fitzallayne, and came out after the black game; lost all the rest somehow, and know no more where we are than if we were at the North Pole. You're a godsend. Let me introduce my friends to you; Sir Fulke Erceldoune—Lord Polemore—Mr. Victor Vane."
The beggared gentleman raised his bonnet to the Duke's friends with much such frank soldier-like courtesy as that with which the Border lords, whose blood was in his veins, received Chatelherault and Hamilton in the wild free days of old.
"Shot an eagle, Erceldoune? By George! what a bird," cried the Duke, gazing down amazed and admiring on the murdered monarch.
"I envy you, indeed!" said his companion whom he had named as Victor Vane. "I have shot most things—men, and other birds of prey—but I never | WIKI |
Can Spina Bifida Get Worse With Age?
Spina bifida is a birth defect of the spine that occurs in 1 out of every 1000 live births. It is a condition that cannot be cured, but can be managed with medical treatment. For many people living with spina bifida, the symptoms may worsen over time or present new challenges as they age. Learn all about this lifelong condition and find potential treatments for managing the effects.
What is Spina Bifida?
Spina bifida is a type of birth defect that affects the spinal cord, caused by the incomplete formation of certain portions of the spine. An opening in the skin usually marks affected areas. This opens the baby up to a variety of medical conditions and disabilities including paralysis, bladder and bowel control issues, growth and cognitive delays, orthopedic problems, and possibly learning disabilities as they get older.
How Does Spina Bifida Impact Different Ages?
Generally, spina bifida can get worse over time. As the affected individual gets older, they may experience different problems and complications depending on how their condition was treated as a child. It is possible for individuals with spina bifida to live into adulthood with few problems or disabilities, but the specific effects vary greatly from one person to another. Regular check-ups with qualified medical professionals are important for helping manage issues that arise in different stages of growth.
Is There a Treatment for Spina Bifida?
Yes, there are treatments available for spina bifida. Treatment options depend on the type of spina bifida, the severity of the condition, and whether or not areas around the nerves have been damaged. Treatment may include physical therapy, medications, surgery and/or lifestyle changes such as physical exercise. Early treatment is essential for ensuring long-term health and satisfaction with life with spina bifida.
Are There Complications Associated with Spina Bifida?
Yes, spina bifida can lead to a number of complications, including difficulties with mobility and sensation, bladder and bowel difficulties, deformities of the back, hips or legs, learning disabilities, hearing loss or vision problems that worsen with age. In addition, some patients may experience seizures or mental illness such as depression. It is important for patients to learn about all potential complications in order to seek treatment when necessary.
What can I do to Prevent Spina Bifida?
While spina bifida cannot be prevented, there are several steps you can take to reduce the risk. Make sure that you get enough folic acid in your diet, either through fortified foods or a supplement. It’s also important to avoid drinking alcohol or taking certain medications during pregnancy that could increase the risk of spina bifida. Finally, make sure to practice good hygiene, as poor hygiene can be a factor in developing spina bifida.
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Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, baker's man
"Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, baker's man", "Pat-a-Cake", "Patty-cake" or "Pattycake" is an English nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 6486.
Verse
* Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, baker's man.
* Bake me a cake as fast as you can
* Roll it, pat it, and mark it with a B
* Put it in the oven for Baby and me.
Origins
The earliest recorded version of the rhyme appears in Thomas D'Urfey's play The Campaigners from 1698, where a nurse says to her charges:
...and pat a cake Bakers man, so I will master as I can, and prick it, and prick it, and prick it, and prick it, and prick it, and throw't into the Oven.
The next appearance is in Mother Goose's Melody (c. 1765) in the form:
* Patty Cake, Patty Cake,
* Baker's Man;
* That I will Master,
* As fast as I can;
* Pat it and prick it,
* And mark it with a T,
* And there will be enough for Tommy and me.
Marking pastry or baked goods with an identifiable mark may stem from a time when households without an oven of their own could take their items to a local baker or bake house, paying to have their items finished for a small fee. Marking the pastry would have been a way to ensure the return of the proper item.
The earliest version set to music appears in James Hook's "A Christmas Box" (1796).
Game
The rhyme often accompanies a clapping game between two people. It alternates between a normal individual clap by one person with two-handed claps with the other person. The hands may be crossed as well. This allows for a possibly complex sequence of clapping that must be coordinated between the two. If told by a parent to a child, the "B" and "baby" in the last two lines are sometimes replaced by the child's first initial and first name.
The "pat-a-cake" song and clapping game was used by Bob Hope and Bing Crosby in their series of "Road to" films. The gag worked by means of adding a synchronised punch into the clapping game routine, allowing them to make their escape.
Patty-cake appears as a plot point in the 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit where it is made out to be the cartoon equivalent of sex. | WIKI |
BitLocker Vs. Encrypting File System (EFS)BitLocker and Encrypting File System (EFS) are both features being made available to Windows 8 Pro users. They each allow you to secure your data by way of encryption, and are both baked right in to the operating system. Their differences, however, make each program individually useful with its own set of pros and cons.
In this article, we’ll take a look at how these features differ and why one may be more useful than the other, depending on your needs.
Whole Drive Vs. File/Folder Encryption
What BitLocker Does
BitLocker (and BitLocker To Go) is designed to encrypt the entire drive, even if that drive holds your operating system. It basically gives you complete encryption from stem to stern, improving the overall security. If your computer were to fall into the wrong hands, you wouldn’t necessarily worry yourself about your personal bits and pieces being accessed.
Once turned on, BitLocker goes to work encrypting any file added to the drive. Without the password, you have no access to that data. It’s pretty clear and simple.
BitLocker relies on an unencrypted (and untampered with) boot partition in order to encrypt the primary OS. This is an automatic process when BitLocker is turned on, creating a 200 MB boot partition that does not appear in Windows Explorer and is not assigned a drive letter. The encrypted disks themselves are secured using AES at either 128 or 256 (choice) bit encryption.
What EFS Does
EFS allows the user to be a bit more picky about what is and isn’t encrypted. For example, you wouldn’t necessarily encrypt the operating system files, though you can encrypt your personal directories and individual files to prevent unwanted access.
EFS uses symmetric (one key is used to encrypt the files) and asymmetric (two keys are used to protect the encryption key) cryptography.
Hardware Requirements
What BitLocker Does
According to Microsoft, BitLocker requires a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) in order to function. The TPM is a microchip included with most modern computer systems which enables advanced security measures including full-drive encryption. The encryption key is stored on this chip, making it more difficult to access than by way of keeping it somewhere on the drive itself. Alternatively, you can use a flash drive to store the encryption key if you do not have TPM version 1.2 or above available.
What EFS Does
EFS requires no specific hardware, and can even be employed on portable drives. By today’s standards, EFS is old hat and has been an included feature of professional Windows versions since Windows 2000.
EFS does require that a drive be formatted in NTFS. FAT-32 drives are not supported. That means that if you copy an encrypted file from NTFS to FAT-32, the file’s encryption will be stripped, leaving the unprotected data on the FAT-32 drive.
Performance Decrease
Encryption requires extra steps for a system to access data. It must be first decrypted before it can be utilized, meaning that a speed up resulting from encryption is pretty much unheard of, as is an encryption process that has no measurable decrease.
So, how do these two encryption methods impact performance?
What BitLocker Does
According to Microsoft, BitLocker imposes a single-digit percentage performance overhead. That means your overall data send/receive speeds may see a 1-9% decrease as data is encrypted and decrypted.
Benchmark tests comparing BitLocker to a non-encrypted drive or one managed via TrueCrypt are all over the Web. In some cases, BitLocker has had as little impact as a 4.5% decrease in write speeds over a non-encrypted drive while others have placed this percentage at over 30%.
What EFS Does
EFS only impacts specific files, and thus doesn’t decrease overall system performance during read/write operations unless those operations require encryption/decryption. Should you be performing that type of operation, the hit to performance can range from negligible to obvious.
There are reports online of EFS causing severe slowdowns when copying and pasting encrypted files, though these issues appear to be related to network sharing and virus scanning as opposed to localized performance decrease.
User Permissions
What BitLocker Does
BitLocker requires an administrator to activate/deactivate while EFS can be used by anyone, unless permissions are specifically restricted by a group policy or some other administrative barrier.
What EFS Does
EFS allows users to encrypt and decrypt personal files as needed. You don’t have to be an administrator to benefit from a little added security.
Final Thoughts
If BitLocker is the commercial powerhouse, EFS is the solution most suited for the small business or home user. The flexibility of EFS is an important factor when deciding between the two technologies, though BitLocker does offer whole-drive encryption and mobile drive security through BitLocker To Go.
In the end, the choice is up to the user. When Windows 8 comes out, will either of these features be enough to encourage you to upgrade, or will you stick to third-party encryption options? | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
If a bird is unable to fly, it is unable to train the muscles necessary for flight, which means those muscles will atrophy and become incredibly weak over time.Birds that have had their wings clipped have a greater tendency to learn that making an attempt to fly leads in failure, and as a result, they are less likely to attempt flight in the future.The act of clipping the wings of a bird has repercussions that extend well beyond the feathers themselves.
What does it mean to clip a bird’s wings?
It entails clipping between three and six of the longer flying feathers that are located at the very tips of your bird’s wings. This trimming stops her from gaining altitude but still gives your bird the option to fall to the ground in a calm and gentle manner should she feel the need to do so in the future. Why would I want to have the wings of my bird clipped? | FINEWEB-EDU |
User:Hasanjensen
I currently work for the largest sperm bank in the world (calculated by total number of donors), Cryos International. | WIKI |
Prevention of Nosocomial Infections in Hospitals
FROM THE LECTURE SERIES: An Introduction to Infectious Diseases
By Barry C. Fox, M.D., University of Wisconsin
A healthcare provider, dressed in a protective suit and mask, telling a child how to use hand sanitizer.
Healthcare providers can prevent the transmission of pathogens by using personal protective equipment like mask, gloves, and gowns. (Image: Sergii Sobolevskyi/Shutterstock)
Having a catheter in a vein provides a direct entry route for bacteria to enter the blood. These bacteria can crawl down the side of the catheter and into the vein. Alternatively, bacteria can crawl down the inside of the catheters into the bloodstream. When a vascular catheter is inserted directly into a large blood vessel, the risk of infection is higher than those on the arms.
For urinary devices, efforts are focusing on not even placing catheters in the first place, or if needed, removing them as soon as possible, since the risk of infection is proportional to the number of days the catheter is in place.
In case of pneumonia, there is a bundle of interventions such as keeping the head of the bed elevated, and using special disinfectant mouthwashes to reduce infection risk.
This is a transcript from the video series An Introduction to Infectious Diseases. Watch it now, on Wondrium.
Preventing Transmission
In order to prevent all types of nosocomial infections, the Centers for Disease Control, or CDC, has developed a 12-step plan for preventing infections.
Every hospital has an infection control department. There is an entire healthcare team in the hospital that is working behind the scenes in addition to the primary physician working to prevent infection. The team includes at least one epidemiologist and one or more nurses, to co-ordinate efforts to reduce infections.
There are basic infection control principles that healthcare providers must follow to protect both the patient and themselves from transmittable pathogens. These are known as standard or universal precautions.
Standard or universal precaution measures include hand washing, implementing isolation restrictions, and protecting against blood borne pathogens with personal protective equipment like gloves, gowns, and face shields.
Reducing the Risk of Infection
A doctor's hand alert of universal precaution with blurred background of inpatient ward in a hospital.
Universal or standard precautions are followed by healthcare providers in hospitals. (Image: joel bubble ben/Shutterstock)
There are special forms of isolation in the hospital, including contact precautions where providers need to wear gowns and gloves to protect themselves from acquiring germs on their hands and their clothes.
Secondly, there is a provision of droplet isolation, when providers wear a mask. This is used for patients with suspected viral respiratory illnesses, such as influenza.
The hospitals also have a provision for airborne isolation, where special masks are worn, and rooms with special airflow control are needed for diseases such as chicken pox and tuberculosis where the germs can spread beyond 6 feet.
The infection control department is responsible for ensuring that appropriate level of isolation is instituted with every patient that’s admitted.
Enhanced Contact Precautions
A special type of isolation is necessary for patients who are known to be positive for the bacterium C. diff. This includes not only gowns and gloves, but also special mandatory hand washing with soap and water to remove spores from healthcare provider’s hands.
C. diff produces spores, which contaminate the hospital environment such as beds, guardrails, and intravenous pumps. Spores are not only highly contagious, but also cannot be killed with alcohol alone, hence the need for washing hands with soap and water.
Learn more about the modern miracle of antibiotics.
Sterilization and Disinfection
When surgery is performed, it is not unusual for infection to enter sterile body spaces, such as the inside of the abdomen. Physicians in the operating room wear sterile gloves, a sterile gown, and a mask to prevent them from coughing or sneezing into the wound.
Sterilizing medical instruments in autoclave.
Instruments undergo high-temperature steam sterilization in an autoclave. (Image: al7/Shutterstock)
The use of instruments in the operating room also require preparations. Instruments undergo either high-temperature steam sterilization in an autoclave, gas sterilization with low-temperature ethylene oxide gas, or hydrogen peroxide gas plasma.
Disinfection is one step short of sterilization, and cleaners used have all the elements that give hospitals their unique smell.
Antibiotics Prophylaxis in Surgery
One additional principle of infection prevention in the operating room is antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery. In nearly all surgery, there is some minor contamination of the wound, no matter how well the surgical site is scrubbed with antimicrobial soap, and no matter how careful the surgeons are in operating.
So, having antibiotics in the tissues of the surgical wound where that minor contamination might occur has been shown to greatly reduce the risk of infection.
Antimicrobial Stewardship
Another CDC initiative is to use antimicrobial agents wisely. Stopping antibiotics when infection is unlikely or cured is essential. There is a relatively new program for hospitals that has been effective for the past decade known as antimicrobial stewardship.
The two main goals of antimicrobial stewardship are to eliminate unnecessary antibiotic use and to improve the quality of use through constructing hospital guidelines for antibiotic use, restricting last resort antibiotics to cases that are absolutely necessary and educating physicians and other staff about why this is necessary.
Learn more about six decades of infectious disease challenges.
Precautions to be Taken by the Patient
What can patients do to protect themselves in the hospital? Patients can discourage visits from people who are ill. They can also ask visitors to sanitize their hands and follow hospital isolation precautions when they come into the room. In some instances, visitors will be asked to wear a gown and gloves. These are simple but effective ways to help control disease spread.
We all have a role to play in people staying as healthy as possible when they are in the hospital or even in a medical clinic. If you are coming to a medical clinic to visit with a cough, ask for a mask to protect yourself and protect others while they are ill.
By working together, patients, visitors and healthcare workers can lower the hospital-acquired infection risks.
Common Questions about Prevention of Nosocomial Infections in Hospitals
Q: What standard precautions are followed by healthcare providers to protect themselves from transmittable pathogens?
Hand washing, implementing isolation restrictions, and use of personal protective equipment like gloves, gowns, and face shields are the standard or universal precautions that are followed by healthcare providers.
Q: What is Antimicrobial Stewardship?
Antimicrobial Stewardship is a CDC initiative to eliminate unnecessary antibiotic use, and to improve the quality of use through constructing hospital guidelines.
Q: How can we prevent the spread of disease via urinary devices?
For urinary devices, efforts are focusing on not even placing catheters in the first place, or if needed, removing them as soon as possible, since the risk of infection is proportional to the number of days the catheter is in place.
Keep Reading
Germs Are All Around Us: How Can We Stay Healthy?
Pneumonia and Vaccinations: Bacterial, Germ, and Viral Infections
Seemingly Benign Infections of the 1950s in the US | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Angst Simmers in Washington as Trump Presidency Nears
WASHINGTON — In the Virginia suburb of McLean, where the local diner is a C.I.A. breakfast hangout, Gen. Michael V. Hayden, who ran the agency for George W. Bush, is playing career counselor these days. With President-elect Donald J. Trump attacking the intelligence community, the general says his “old tribe’’ is feeling “a special angst.” In free-spirited Takoma Park, Md., a “nuclear-free zone” since 1983, a left-wing resistance movement is taking shape. Nadine Bloch, an activist and artist, is running pre-inaugural training on nonviolent protest — complete with mock police officers wielding rolled up newspapers as batons. And here in the District of Columbia, where 91 percent of voters cast their ballots for Hillary Clinton, “full-scale panic” is setting in, said John Feehery, a Republican strategist and Trump enthusiast. Leslie Harris, a liberal Democratic lawyer, uses war imagery: “I feel like my city is about to be invaded.” Washington has always been a chameleon of a city, accustomed to remaking itself when the White House changes hands. But as Mr. Trump’s inaugural draws near, in a nation so deeply divided that it seems the political middle has entirely disappeared, perhaps no place in America feels as unsteady and on edge as the capital, which Mr. Trump calls “the swamp.” With his 6 a.m. Twitter blasts and chaos-sowing style — and a roster of conservative Cabinet picks eager to do an about-face on President Obama’s policies — Mr. Trump has upended the city’s rhythms and jangled its nerves. The White House press corps is fighting to keep its work space in the West Wing. High-powered lobbyists worry their clients will turn up in his Twitter feed. Civil servants, many of them working class, say he knows nothing about running a bureaucracy. “We don’t know exactly what to expect from Trump, except that he’s combative,” said Robert Dallek, a presidential biographer, who has lived here for 20 years. And furthermore, Mr. Dallek complained, “It’s offensive to be called a swamp.” At their core, Washington and its close-in suburbs are company towns, populated by people who live and breathe policy and politics, or work in the sprawling federal bureaucracy. The region is “one of the largest and wealthiest economies in the world,” the Brookings Institution recently reported — one reason much of America, which suffered greatly during the recession, resents those in the capital. But like the rest of America, Washington is also a real place, with real people, who have lived here for decades. The permanent occupants of “the swamp” see presidents come, and see them go. And no matter what their politics, people agree with Mr. Feehery that this transition “feels different” from any in recent memory. Ms. Harris is an archetypical northwest Washingtonian. A self-described policy wonk, she grew up somewhere else, Atlanta, and got a taste of politics as a student. When Jimmy Carter won the presidency, she was in the unusual position of being 26 and knowing a lot of powerful people here. She attended law school at Georgetown, married a doctor and raised a daughter and a son. Now semiretired, she used to run the Center for Democracy and Technology, which advocates internet freedom. She has often worked with Republicans; they are her friends. But when Mr. Trump was elected, suddenly America’s divisions hit home. When Mike Pence, the vice president-elect, rented a house nearby, his neighbors decorated their homes with gay pride rainbow flags. When a white supremacist group hosted a dinner at a nearby Italian restaurant, Maggiano’s, protests erupted outside. Then Comet Ping Pong, a pizzeria where Ms. Harris takes her grandchildren, was targeted by a fake news story involving Mrs. Clinton. Ms. Harris, savvy about the media, organized community support. Soon after, a gunman turned up at the restaurant and fired shots inside. “It was beyond my imagination,” she said. Just over the Maryland line, Takoma Park is a “sanctuary city,” which refuses to prosecute undocumented immigrants. Mr. Trump does not look kindly on that. Days after the election, Ms. Bloch, 55, the organizer, helped pull together Takoma Park Mobilization, a new grass-roots group aimed at “standing up for our neighbors,” she said. More than 500 people attended the first meeting. They have since divided themselves into committees and subcommittees, with titles like “Immigration” and “Women” and “Civil Rights,” and have been holding weeknight meetings in the firehouse and the airy historical society headquarters, next door to Bikram Yoga and down the street from the food co-op. Next up: sessions aimed at liberal civil servants agonizing about whether to quit their jobs. “It may be better for us for people to stay,” Ms. Bloch said, “and figure out how to resist within the system.” In northeast Washington, a heavily African-American quadrant of the city, such discussions seemed ludicrous; people there don’t plan to protest. They just want to stay out of harm’s way. On a snowy Saturday morning at Perfection Unisex Salon, the stylist Chante Watts, 37, urged some of her clients, who are teachers, to come in for cuts on Inauguration Day. They all intend to stay home. She was running a hot comb through the hair of Chris Vera, who helped explain why. Ms. Vera, 32 and a city employee, has been asked to help with the inaugural; she fears violence will erupt that day. “Nobody wants to be within a 10-mile radius,” she said. “Nobody’s feeling quite safe.” Yet in the Virginia suburb of Fredericksburg, about an hour’s drive from here and home to many military people and religious conservatives, Tina Whittington, vice president of an anti-abortion group, has noticed a pickup in home building. “I think there is huge anticipation that this transition is going to be good for our community,” she said, though she confessed that even there, in the heart of Trump country, the feeling is “still a little apprehensive, wait and see.” In transitions past, Washington has filled with talk of Georgetown parties and the first lady’s ball gown, and how the city’s culture might change. When President Carter left, the capital traded a Georgia peanut farmer and Navy-trained nuclear engineer for an actor turned politician from California, Ronald Reagan. Bill Clinton brought a touch of Arkansas. George W. Bush ushered in Texas swagger and cowboy boots, and made McLean, where General Hayden lives, the hot neighborhood for that era’s Republican elite. The Obamas honored Stevie Wonder at the White House, and brought in African-American art and culture. They made the city, where blacks now account for 49 percent of the population — down from 60 percent in 2000, a decline that reflects gentrification — their own. In black neighborhoods, Michelle Obama will be missed, perhaps more than her husband. (They are not going far. They have rented a lavish home in Kalorama, an exclusive section of the city where Mr. Trump’s daughter Ivanka and her husband, Jared Kushner, will also live.) But with his wife, Melania, and son Barron keeping their primary residence at Trump Tower at least until the school year is out, Mr. Trump may not be spending much time here. That is fine with Mark Salter, a former aide to Senator John McCain, Republican of Arizona, who is Mr. Trump’s nemesis on Capitol Hill. “The less he’s here the better, as far as I’m concerned,” Mr. Salter said. Movement conservatives, though, are ecstatic. After eight years in the policy wilderness, scholars at the Heritage Foundation, a policy organization, are helping guide the new Trump administration on ideas and personnel. “Folks were pretty happy,” said Wesley Denton, the Heritage spokesman, when Mr. Trump gave them a shout-out during his recent news conference. But in Democratic policy circles there is little lightness this time around. Neera Tanden, a former adviser and strong ally of Mrs. Clinton, has little patience for questions about the city’s mood. She now leads the Center for American Progress, a leading progressive think tank, a job that makes her a de facto leader of the Democratic resistance. “He’s going to deport undocumented people,” she wrote in an email. “How Washington responds is low on the totem pole of problems with this administration.” The unease runs especially deep among those General Hayden calls “Republican internationalists,” who advocate engagement with other nations but possess a hawkish suspicion of Russian and Chinese intentions. Having described Mr. Trump as Russia’s “useful fool” on the opinion page of The Washington Post, the general, 71, would never be offered a job. But with Mr. Trump openly questioning the “high confidence judgment” by the C.I.A. about Russian hacking, he has been entertaining a steady stream of visitors wary of joining the new administration. “I say, ‘Yeah, by all means, if the president-elect asks you to serve, consider it seriously,’ ’’ he said. “But don’t think of it as a lifetime commitment; you remain a free agent.’’ If there is a historical parallel to this moment, it may be to President Reagan, said Kenneth M. Duberstein, a former Reagan chief of staff. He recalled how liberal Reagan critics sniffed, “How do you trust this actor with his finger on the nuclear trigger?” conveniently forgetting he had been a two-term governor of California. (Mr. Trump, by contrast, has never held public office.) And if the denizens of the swamp appear to be in some kind of defensive crouch, Mr. Duberstein says, there is perhaps good reason for that: “Donald is saying there’s a new sheriff in town.” | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:Parampara Tandon
Redirect to Sachet–Parampara
Must be redirected to Sachet–Parampara. D My Son 16:13, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
* , Seems fair to me. GreaterPonce665 (TALK) 20:51, 27 February 2021 (UTC)
* ✅: Info and facts from this article can easily be merged to the proposed one. 50-Man (talk) 16:40, 22 March 2021 (UTC)
* She is a different person other than sachet so no — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2402:3a80:a8d:97a5:12e:11ee:b3b7:a47 (talk) 14:59, 20 April 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
How to profit from . . . New-Patient Examination
A new patient`s experience is critical for the long-term relationship between the patient and "the practice." Although there are so many variables that influence this experience, both in and out of your control, the most important ingredient in a positive experience is the personal relationships that are built among the staff, doctor and the new patient.
Jul 1st, 1997
Create a visual impact on first visit
Roger Briggs, DDS
Intraoral cameras keep new patients on same page with you during treatment planning
A new patient`s experience is critical for the long-term relationship between the patient and "the practice." Although there are so many variables that influence this experience, both in and out of your control, the most important ingredient in a positive experience is the personal relationships that are built among the staff, doctor and the new patient.
This goes back to the long-standing belief that the first few moments of contact with someone are when we form our opinions of that person. If this early sequence is "off," the new-patient experience also is affected.
In my practice, we think of our new-patient experience just like we were meeting Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods or Katherine Hepburn for the first time. These are people who we admire and respect, yet they all come from very different backgrounds. It is quite possible that they will have different needs based on our professional judgment, as well as their own needs and desires. We want to personally relate and appeal to all of the various personalities and people we serve.
A customer-focused approach
In my office, a new patient begins with a 12-minute, auto-play video in the waiting room. The video introduces and familiarizes patients with me and each of the staff members. It also explains our training and background, as well as some of our outside interests, by using both photos and graphics. We have pictures of each of us in our office setting, as well as taking part in hobbies and recreation with our families and friends.
The next step is a consultation meeting in a relaxed meeting room. In the hour-and-a-half that the new patient is visiting us on his/her first appointment, 15-20 minutes is spent in this room just getting acquainted with the person. We verbally go through each patient`s health and dental history, so that we can hear from the patient the experiences and reasons for coming to our practice.
Before going to the exam room, we conduct a brief tour through the office, introducing the patient to each staff person when possible. Once we are in the exam room and the patient is seated, I or my staff person (who will be gathering the data) will sit facing the patient and familiarize him or her with the equipment in the room.
The procedures that the dental team are going to perform during the periodontal exam are explained at this point. This helps put the patient at ease prior to putting the chair into a reclining position. Laying the chair back frequently makes patients feel more vulnerable. A thorough exam and records are the basis for good diagnosis and treatment-planning.
Intraoral cameras
A key instrument in the exam is an intraoral camera (IOC). The continual evolution of this technology has taken the complete exam and records to a new level of patient participation and codiagnosis. Even the most difficult and closed patient can become an active participant in the process through the use of the video images from an IOC.
As we proceed through the examination, my assistant and I interact using a "prompt and response" method. In other words, my assistant will ask questions during the exam in a manner that creates interest in the patient. My responses are the pieces of information that most patients are very anxious to hear.
The information that I give to my assistant is explained to the patient in terms that he/she can understand easily. It is important to create interest and an understanding of the conditions found in the mouth, both good and bad, so that the patient will want solutions.
The value of a comprehensive periodontal evaluation is reduced drastically if the patient does not understand the significance of what is detected. Communication, both verbal and visual, is critical. For example, if a patient (old or new) is not clear on the significance of his/her bleeding tissues, the acceptance of treatment is greatly compromised. This problem is alleviated by IOC images.
Today`s intraoral cameras provide the visual impact that helps patients recognize periodontal disease and other problems. More importantly, an IOC can impress upon them the need to proceed with treatment.
The latest intraoral-camera systems have a distally placed CCD camera and arc lamp-lighting technology that allows both better diagnosis and better patient understanding of periodontal disease - particularly in its early stages. The detection of early dental disease, even pit and fissure decay, helps patients recognize the need for early intervention and prevention.
For example, I quickly can show a patient a full-arch image followed by a close-focus image to illustrate a specific problem. I can compare images on a split- or multi-image screen, showing before-and-after documentation or just comparing what we are seeing in his/her mouth. The patient sees the diagnosis being made in front of his/her eyes and, in many instances, actively participates in the diagnosis. Thus, a patient can make an informed decision about his/her dental treatment.
Intraoral cameras do not replace the verbal skills of the provider, but they certainly increase the case acceptance of these early stages - as well as more complex needs and benefits of various treatments.
Treatment-consultation meeting
Once I have completed the exam and diagnosis appointment, the patient returns for a treatment-consultation meeting. At this time, I review the exam and provide the patient with specific treatment recommendations based on my diagnosis.
Part of this process involves revisiting images I have saved from the intraoral camera. The patient is shown images on the screen to explain what I have found and to better illustrate treatments and their results. I also can show case histories of previous patients to better illustrate what a procedure can do for them (or, what might happen if they don`t go ahead with a recommendation).
In the end, it`s the patient`s choice whether or not to act upon the suggested treatment. But, by creating a favorable impression of myself and my practice, and by dispelling the patient`s preconceived thoughts about dentistry, a greater number of patients do approve procedures at this point and are more likely to agree to recommended treatment in the future.
What this experience means
My experience is that high-tech equipment (intraoral cameras, micro-abrasive dentistry and lasers) makes it easier to be in a fee-for-service practice, which, in my opinion, gives me the most freedom. This high-tech approach has a very profound effect on new patients since the experience is so different from their previous dental experiences.
An open mind to treatment
I have found that new patients` minds are open to accepting the higher level of care that we can offer today, such as conservative cast-gold and porcelain inlays and overlays. This level of care can be presented in such a desirable prevention-based tone that most patients, at any income level, will want to make the transition into fine dentistry.
The infamous Reader`s Digest article certainly could lead a layperson to think that if his/her teeth could be "fixed" by one dental student for several hundred dollars, then a dentist who would recommend several thousand dollars worth of dentistry must not be trustworthy.
My experience has been that when patients are educated, understand their condition and are given treatment recommendations, they have power and control over their own dental decisions. This empowerment allows them to be more comfortable in our office, because they don`t feel like I "want to do something to them that is very expensive." This comfort factor leads them to more often choose my highest and best services of gold and porcelain.
For example, patients with a mouthful of amalgam can see the "tracks" of their past dental work. Therefore, they can see where they have had very few choices in the past.
With the enlightenment intraoral cameras can bring to the education and examination process, I believe that most people will begin seeing their dental health in a new way. Even existing patients can be educated more effectively on the benefits of quadrant or half-mouth rehabilitations and get out of the "crown-a-year" club. This is a win-win situation: Patients get the preventive dentistry they need by their own choice and you get to perform more challenging dentistry.
The bottom line
My new-patient approach, when combined with the intraoral camera, has made a significant impact in my practice. Since incorporating an IOC into my practice over six years ago, I have seen a 74-percent increase in revenue.
This revenue increase is not from a large number of new patients. In fact, I try to keep the number of new patients at a steady rate to ensure that I can perform fine dentistry on all my patients. I believe that if I see more than 30-35 new patients per month, it actually will lower my office production. The optimal number of new patients is more in the 20-25 per month range.
The combination of solidly-built patient relationships and the use of new technology create the framework for patient acceptance of fine dentistry and increasing practice productivity.
The author is a graduate of the Loma Linda University School of Dentistry and has served on numerous dental boards and societies in Arizona. Among his responsibilities include committee chairman for the Arizona State Dental Association Council on Public Health and a member of the House of Delegates of the Arizona State Dental Association.
The new-patient experience for children and their parents
The experience of a child coming into a practice can be a very nonthreatening one with the advent of intraoral cameras and micro-air abrasive tooth preparation. In addition, the intraoral camera is an effective education tool for both the child and the parent making the dental-health decisions.
Let`s take the example of a typical 10-12-year-old child with all four six-year molars and 12-year molars. While using the 40-power, close-focus magnification of the intraoral camera on the pit and fissures of an individual tooth, the parent and child have no difficulty understanding the susceptibility to decay of that part of the tooth. An IOC with close-focusing imaging can show things that just are not visible to the eye. It is explained that on the treatment appointment, the decay can be removed without the need of anesthesia and drills (in most cases).
In some cases, these patients can be seen the day of their new-patient appointment, since the actual treatment is quick and can be fitted into my treatment schedule. I have found that when we can accommodate a "soccer mom" like this, she certainly does appreciate how we have helped her with her busy schedule.
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Geoffrey Marshall (priest)
Geoffrey Osborne Marshall (born 5 January 1948 in Rossett) is the former Dean of Brecon.
Marshall was educated at Repton School and Durham University; and was ordained after a period of study at the College of the Resurrection, Mirfield. After curacies in Waltham Cross and Welwyn Garden City he held incumbencies in Derbyshire before becoming the Canon Missioner at Derby Cathedral. He was Area Dean of Wrexham from 2002 to 2008. | WIKI |
Sound therapy is one of those things that many of us don’t think about until it’s presented to us. Because of that, it’s definitely something that we feel that you should be looking at.
In this article, we’re going to take a quick look at low frequency sound therapy (sometimes referred to as just LFST) and how it can help us to live a life that has a lot less pain and a lot more freedom.
What Is Low Frequency Sound Therapy and What Makes it So Unique?
As you likely know, sound is something that many of us get to enjoy and work with, pretty much every day.
We deal with really loud sounds that hurt our ears, and quiet ones that soothe us. Either way, the energy from sound is actually incredibly powerful.
With low frequency sound, the wavelengths that move the sound from place to place are very low, and can be below a complete Hertz (which is the measurement of wavelengths) in frequency.
The thing is, our ears are not good enough to hear these low of frequencies (even though some of our friends in the animal kingdom may be able to).
So, if we can’t hear it, what does it do? Even though we may not be able to hear it, the low frequency sounds are still occurring.
It’s like the old question, “If a tree falls in the woods and there is no one to hear it, does it still make a sound?”
Technically, yes, because the energy that is exerted to create the sound is there whether someone’s there to hear it or not.
That’s exactly how low frequency works. No, you can’t hear it, but the energy is still being emitted.
That energy is believed to have a lot of different properties, which is why therapies like this have been developed.
So, with low frequency sound therapy, you’ve got something unique. You can’t hear the noises that are coming through to you, but that energy is believed to have the ability to help reduce pain and heal injuries.
The sound goes into every part of your body (much like any other type of energy would) and it encourages the cells to act as they should.
It makes your white blood cells work so that your immune system is healthy, and it makes your red blood cells transfer oxygen all over your body.
Your skin cells and tissue cells reproduce, and injuries heal as a result. Overall, the vibrations and energy are meant to push your body to do what it’s meant to do.
It is usually used on areas that are inflamed or that are in a lot of pain (usually chronic, but it can also be used for basic injuries).
Low Frequency Sound Therapy for Fibromyalgia
How Can Low Frequency Sound Therapy Alleviate Fibromyalgia Pain?
Okay, so now that we have a better idea as to what low frequency sound therapy is, how does it relate to our struggles and study of fibromyalgia?
Honestly, it’s a field that is still being studied, but there are a number of things that have been attributed to low frequency sound therapy that can make a significant difference in the lives of those who use it to deal with their fibromyalgia symptoms. Here are just a few.
If you suffer from fibromyalgia, then you are probably well aware of all of the pain that you feel, all over your body.
This chronic pain can really be a bother, and it’s hard to make it so that you’re not always fighting it.
Your body is exhausted and you likely have a hard time sleeping because the pain is just that intense on a daily basis.
Low frequency sound therapy can actually play a huge role in this, because it can help to focus on the trigger points where you are dealing with the most pain, and then help to relieve the stress and pain that happens throughout that area of the body.
The low frequency sound therapy can also help to loosen the muscles around those trigger points, which makes it a lot easier for you to relax and cope with the pain that may come as well.
Of course, there are a variety of different things that can also be helped by low frequency sound therapy as well.
The fatigue that you often feel as a part of chronic pain can be relieved, mainly because you’re getting enough sleep during the night and you don’t have to worry about dealing with your pain throughout the rest of the entire day.
With that, you will also notice a difference in how much trouble you have sleeping (insomnia, staying asleep in the night, etc).
You may also notice that you are feeling a lot less stressed – anxiety is incredibly common in those that suffer from fibromyalgia, so you need to do something in order to make sure that you have everything under control with your stress.
It’s not incredibly certain why this type of therapy assists stress and anxiety, but there are theories that include the fact that tension is released from muscles and tissues, and that the sounds, even though you cannot hear them, play a big role in helping the mind to relax because of the tones and the vibrations.
There are a lot of things that go on with fibromyalgia that make it difficult to understand, and there has been a lot of research up to this point, but there still needs to be more so we can solve the puzzle.
Because of that, it’s important to find types of therapy that will work right for you and your particular symptoms.
Low frequency sound therapy is just one of many different types of therapy that can help, and there are plenty of home remedies that can grant you relief as well.
Either way, if you’re looking for more relief or to try something new and natural, low frequency sound therapy should definitely be on the list of options that you’re considering.
References:
http://www.fibromyalgia-symptoms.org/fibromyalgia_lfst.html
http://www.news.utoronto.ca/good-vibrations-using-sound-treat-disease
http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/11/music.aspx
2 Comments
1. Rachael Mills Reply
I am getting to know about low-frequency sound now for the first time. I would however like to know if low frequency sound therapy can be used for ailments that cause minor pain or is it strictly for chronic pain ailments like fibromyalgia.
2. I have used something called binaural beats which is Hz frequency made to heal or work with a specific part of the body. I am not sure if this is the same thing but it has helped me with my neck pain. I have something wrong with my occipital nerves at the base of the skull that cause severe pain and these things have helped me, along with ice and my TENs unit.
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Abstract Algebra/Shear and Slope
The first terms needed are triangle, base, vertex, and area. For instance, the proposition that for a triangle of given base and area, the locus of the vertex is a line parallel to the base. Imagine that the vertex is dragged along this line, deforming the triangle. Imagine also that the whole plane is similarly deformed by a transformation taking lines to lines. This transformation is a shear mapping.
The shear mapping is expressed as a linear transformation:
* $$(t,x)\begin{pmatrix}1 & v \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} = (t, tv + x) .$$
Here it is written in the kinetic interpretation with a vertical (x) space axis as time (t) evolves horizontally, such as used in time series studies.
At t=1 the shear has transformed (1,0) to (1,v), the point where a slope v line intersects t=1. Thus the parameter v in the shear transformation can be called slope.
The rectangles given by constant t and x are transformed by the shear to parallelograms, but the area of one of these parallelograms equals the area of the rectangle before transformation. Thus shear transformations preserve area.
Let $$ e = \begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix}$$ and note that e2 = 0, the zero matrix, and that the shear matrix is ve plus the identity matrix. Dual numbers are used in abstract algebra to provide a short-hand for the matrix subalgebra $$\begin{pmatrix}a & b \\ 0 & a \end{pmatrix} :$$
Definition: $$N = \{a + be : a, b \in R, \ e^2 = 0 \}$$ is the set of dual numbers. The basis {1,e} characterizes it as a 2-algebra over R. If z = a+be, let z* = a−be, a conjugate. Then
* $$(a+be)(a-be) = a^2$$ since e2 = 0.
Note that zz* = 1 implies z = ± 1 + be for some b in R. Furthermore, exp(be) = 1 + be since the exponential series is truncated after two terms when applied to the e-axis. Consequently the logarithm of 1 + ve is v. Thus v can be considered the angle of 1+ve in the same way that the logarithm of a point on the unit circle is the radian angle of the point, as in Euler’s formula (exp and log are inverses).
The shear mappings acting on the plane form a multiplicative group that is isomorphic to the additive group of real numbers.
The three angles
In Euclidean plane geometry there is the trichotomy right angle, acute angle, obtuse angle. Here a trichotomy of linear motions distinguishes three species of angle.
Each of the angles pivots on its peculiar motion: rotation for circular angle, squeeze mapping for hyperbolic angle, and shear for the slope. Furthermore, each motion evolves into its peculiar algebra of complexity: the dual numbers for shear, the split-binarions for hyperbolic angle, and the rotation and circular angle correspond to the plane of division binarions, called "complex numbers" by some. In fact, in the sense of a real 2-algebra, "complex" is ambiguous: each of the division binarions, split-binarions, and dual numbers forms a plane of "complex numbers".
A property of arc length on a circle is that it stays the same under rotation. It is said that "arc length is an invariant of rotation." A segment on t=1 that is transformed by a shear has the same length after the shear as before. Similarly, a hyperbolic angle is invariant under a squeeze. These three invariances can be seen together as consequences of area-invariance of the three motions: The hyperbolic angle is the area of the corresponding hyperbolic sector to xy=1, which has minimal radius √2 to (1,1). A circular angle corresponds to the area of its sector in a circle of radius √2. Finally, the slope is equal to the area of the triangle with base on t= √2 and hypotenuse corresponding to the slope. Since squeeze, shear, and rotation are all area-preserving, their motions in their corresponding planes preserve the central angles there. The traditional term for study of angle-preservation is conformal mapping, often presuming circular angles.
These three species of angle provide a parameter for polar coordinates in each of the three 2-algebras found as subspaces of 2 × 2 real matrices. | WIKI |
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An additional variant of the flag is listed as "dubious" at the Flags of the World website. | WIKI |
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Eat Weight Disord. 2009 Jun-Sep;14(2-3):e66-76.
A self-report instrument measuring readiness to change disordered eating behaviors: the Eating Disorders Stage of Change.
Author information
1
Private Practice, Minneapolis, MN, USA. diann@diannackard.com
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the utility of the Eating Disorders Stage of Change (EDSOC), a behavior-specific readiness questionnaire.
METHOD:
Patients (N=145) at a multidisciplinary eating disorder treatment facility in the United States completed the EDSOC and other questionnaires.
RESULTS:
One-week test-retest reliability was strong across eating disorder diagnoses and age groups. Convergent validity was strongest when the behavior in question was congruent with the diagnosis (e.g., purging behaviors for bulimia nervosa diagnosis) and compared to the patient's own intention to complete treatment. Divergent validity was demonstrated against body mass index values and age. However, the EDSOC and Body Shape Questionnaire were inversely correlated, suggesting that increased body shape concerns are associated with decreased intention to change a behavior.
CONCLUSION:
This preliminary cost-effective, behavior-specific measure demonstrates good psychometric properties and is appropriate for use with children and adults. Across diagnosis, the instrument should be used by looking at each single item instead of summing a total score across disparate eating disorder behaviors.
PMID:
19934639
[Indexed for MEDLINE]
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Page:The life and adventures of James P. Beckwourth, mountaineer, scout, pioneer, and chief of the Crow nation of Indians (IA lifeadventuresof00beckrich).pdf/199
Rh On our return toward home the captives were, as usual, gloomy for an hour or two; but they very quickly brightened, and amused us with their smiles and conversation during the whole of the journey. In four days we reached the village, and were received with "thunders of applause." Four of the prisoners were adjudged my prizes, who, according to Indian customs, became my sisters. For my services in this expedition I was honoured with the name of Boah-hish-a (Red Fish). Our prisoners were kindly received, and treated with becoming attention. I carried my four sisters to my lodge, and distributed them among my relatives. They were all married to Crow braves, and added materially to the strength of my band of relatives; for it is esteemed a great honour to marry the sister of a great brave, which appellation I had long borne.
Pine Leaf had captured two prisoners, and offered me one of them to wife. I answered, "You once told me I had already wives enough. I will not add to their number until I marry the heroine of the Crow nation."
"Ah, you have found the red-handed Indian, then," she said, laughing mockingly.
She always received my advances with this unsatisfactory nonchalance, that it was with some unpleasantness of feeling I approached the subject. But the more I saw of her lofty bearing, and witnessed the heroic deeds that she performed, the more ardent became my attachment to her. When she was by my side in battle, it seemed as if I had increased strength and courage; when she was away, which happened rarely, I felt a vacancy which no other warrior could supply. There was none bolder than herself, and she knew it; there were others of greater strength, but her deficiency in muscular power was more than indemnified by her cat-like agility, and she would kill her man while others were preparing to attack.
There was one thing that irritated the noble girl's curiosity, and that was the war-path secret. Having killed many in battle, having followed where any dared to lead, "Why am I debarred from that important communication?" she would ask. "Why am I sent off with the women and children, when that secret is told the warriors of but one battle?"
I would tell her that the misfortune of her sex rendered it | WIKI |
Septic Tanks Resolve The Prevalent Sewage Dilemma For Country Dwellers
Septic Tanks Resolve The Prevalent Sewage Dilemma For Country Dwellers
People that are in highly booming areas usually have homes serviced simply by public sewage systems. Even so, not all houses are so linked, and when the way to deal with waste may not be provided by the actual governing administration, and that is where septic tanks nz happen to come directly into execution, for with galvanized water tank people are in a position to take advantage of the identical power to eradicate waste just like individuals surviving in more highly inhabited places where city waste handling services come in use. People who have usually lived in places where city and county services were being presented may require some schooling to understand the particular workings of any domestic septic tank, several of which these days are constructed with plastic as an alternative to those made of concrete, the previously well-known method of waste tank building.
Septic tanks work nicely when the household to which they really are assigned offers sufficient space in the lawn to establish a new drain domain, and when the particular soil can be of the type which "perks" easily, or even enables the seepage of water all the way down through the various layers of dirt. Septic tanks which can be placed in such a situation work as well as city and county water methods. If correctly mounted and maintained, a septic tank will last for decades. Proper utilization requires taking good care that only suitable and fully eco-friendly resources tend to be flushed into the system (grease, cleansing essential fluids capable of doing damage to a new tank's bacteria, as well as non-degradable solids should be removed anywhere else) and that the tank is empties out or desludged when needed. Quite a few professionals recommend desludging every 3-5 years and some say 5-8. Most of the time, the quantity of folks using the tnak and also its frequency associated with use will certainly determine a tank's desludging needs.
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Index:Letter of Maria White (Mrs. James Russell) Lowell to Sophia (Mrs. Nathaniel Hawthorne; with remarks by F. B. Sanborn.djvu | WIKI |
Balalae Island
Balalae Island (or Ballale/Ballali) is an island of the Shortland Islands Group in Western Province, Solomon Islands.
Early history
Ballale means border place in the local Alu language. As long as the natives of the Shortland Islands can remember, the island was uninhabited. According to a local legend, a strange blue light was often observed over the island. Therefore, the island was avoided, and, traditionally, no one lived there. For the local people, Ballale Island was considered a haunted place (sacu-sacu). War groups from neighbouring Buka Island used this uninhabited island to cannibalize their prisoners captured during successful tribal feuds and headhunting raids to Choiseul Island.
Englishman Sam Atkinson purchased the island in 1901 and established a coconut plantation, harvesting copra. The plantation included the Atkinson family home, as well as copra drying sheds and living quarters for workers. Copra was exported by boat. When Sam Atkinson died in 1931, his wife Edith kept on managing the plantation. She remained on the island until early 1942 when the British colonial government ordered all Europeans to be evacuated from the Solomons Islands.
World War II
The island was the scene of a Japanese war crime during the Second World War. A work party of 517 British prisoners of war from various artillery regiments captured after the Battle of Singapore were transported to the island under the command of Lt. Col. John Bassett to build an airfield. Amongst the prisoners was the English cricketer Norman Bowell. When the airfield was completed the prisoners, including their commander Bassett, were executed. The mass graves were discovered after the war. Japanese authorities claimed that the prisoners were lost at sea when their transport was torpedoed.
This base was the intended destination from Rabaul of Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto when his inspection flight was intercepted and shot down on April 18, 1943, near the later site of Buin, Bougainville Island, killing him.
Sale of relics
In 2007, the Solomon Islands Government agreed to an arrangement for the sale of all World War II relics at the community of Balalae in Shortlands to an international group. The agreement allowed for the removal of the remains of 11 Japanese planes that had been in place since World War II. | WIKI |
China's Henan province to switch more homes from coal heating in 2019: media
BEIJING (Reuters) - China’s central province of Henan plans to convert more households to gas- or electricity-powered heating from coal in 2019 to further improve its air quality. It aims to replace coal-fired heaters in 2 million households with natural gas or electric systems by the end of this year, the provincial government-backed Henan Daily reported on Wednesday. That compares to 1.124 million household in 2018. The industrial province is one of the most polluted regions in China. Five of its cities were included among the country’s 20 worst performing cities in cleaning its air during the first half of 2019 that was published by the environmental ministry. The Henan government will also ban coal burning in the plain regions of the province, except at coal-fired power plants and at central heating systems, before the winter heating season in 2020, the Henan Daily reported. The province plans to allocate more funds and attract more public capital to subsidize residents, especially in rural areas, for the fuel substitution process, the newspaper said. With Beijing’s push to reduce coal burning, nearly 13 million households in northern China have switched to electric- or gas-heating since 2016. The central government has not published 2019 target on coal substitution across the country. But Hebei province, China’s top steelmaking hub, has pledged to convert 1.8 million households to electric- and gas-heating energy from coal burning this year. Coal heating, especially the dirty bulk coal used in residential houses, is considered one of the major sources of air pollution in winter. Reporting by Muyu Xu and Tom Daly; editing by Christian Schmollinger | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Los Caquitos
Los Caquitos ("The Little Thieves") is a sketch comedy of the Chespirito television comedy program that ran from 1980 to 1995. It was created by Roberto Gómez Bolaños, who also played one of the title characters, "El Chómpiras".
Origins
Originally, Chómpiras was a pickpocket and cat burglar who worked with an associate named Peterete (Ramón Valdés). Their skills in thievery were marginal, but Peterete was ostensibly the more intelligent and skilled of the pair. Together, they were known as Los Caquitos (which is roughly translated as "The Little Thieves", "caquito" being a diminutive of "caco" which is Spanish for "thief" or "hoodlum") and appeared on Chespirito's comedy programs in the 1970s, usually preceding an episode of El Chavo del Ocho or El Chapulín Colorado that did not last the full half-hour. By 1973, El Chavo episodes were all a half-hour long and did not need the filler sketches, and shorter Chapulín episodes ceased to use Caquitos sketches, so the characters virtually disappeared.
Debut on Chespirito
In 1980, a new show premiered called Chespirito, which was an-hour-long and employed all of Chespirito's characters in sketches of varying lengths. On Chespirito, El Chómpiras and Los Caquitos were revived. However, Ramón Valdés had left Chespirito's troupe in 1979, so Peterete was forgotten and replaced with Botija (Édgar Vivar). Since most of the Caquitos sketches performed on the new show were simply remakes of the ones that had appeared years before on the older ones, Botija's character was extremely similar to Peterete's, except physically, since Botija was extremely fat, and Peterete was extremely thin.
Development
The characters weren't very fleshed out (no pun intended) originally, but as Chespirito began writing new sketches for the hour-long show, some of which lasted the entire hour, their backstories became more expanded. Botija was single at first, but got married very quickly to a woman called Chimoltrufia (Florinda Meza) who had moplike hair, a chipped tooth and constantly chewed a piece of gum. She was soon established as the conscience of the sketches; often she would earn money doing a respectable job, usually cleaning or babysitting. Many episodes didn't have to do with Chómpiras's and Botija's incompetent burgling, but instead focused on life in Chimoltrufia and Botija's tiny apartment. A neighbor named Doña Nachita (Angelines Fernández) started appearing frequently and eventually became a regular. Policemen were a regular feature in Caquitos sketches, but by the mid-1980s, Rubén Aguirre became the sketch's definitive policeman, the dimwitted Sgt. Refugio. Around this time, there were many sketches that took place at the police station as the characters tried to argue their innocence after being arrested; presiding over these cases was the police chief played by Raúl Padilla, who was eventually named Licenciado Morales.
By the late 1980s, Chespirito started shifting away from Chavo and Chapulín sketches, as Chespirito and the others were getting older and less believable in those roles. The focus went to Los Caquitos, prompting a major change. Inspired by an episode of El Chavo, in which Chavo is wrongly accused of stealing, Botija and Chómpiras vow to never steal again and get honest jobs. They and Chimoltrufia eventually settle into jobs at the inexpensive Hotel Lucho, run by Don Lucho (Carlos Pouliot). Chimoltrufia was a chambermaid and always did her job to the best of her ability, but Botija and Chómpiras tried to get by doing as little work as possible.
Final years
As the years passed, Chimoltrufia became more and more prominent until she was as much of the focus of the sketch as Chómpiras, possibly more. (To call it a "sketch" is not really fair at this point; by 1992, almost all Chespirito episodes were hour-long Chómpiras "sketches".) A few changes came at that time. First, Angelines Fernández stopped appearing (presumably due to her declining health and subsequent death in 1994 from lung cancer) and was gradually replaced by Chimoltrufia's mother Espotaverderona (Anabel Gutiérrez), who looked like a plump, middle-aged version of Chimoltrufia. Also, one hotel guest began appearing regularly, her name was Maruja (María Antonieta de las Nieves) and she attracted the attention of a lot of men, especially Sgt. Refugio. Then, Don Lucho closed his hotel, and the trio had to look for other jobs. For several episodes they tried other lines of work, but in 1993 a new hotel opened, run by Don Cecilio (Moisés Suárez) and they got their old jobs back. Cecilio's hotel, Hotel Buenavista, was nicer than Don Lucho's, but the routine was just the same and some of the storylines from the early Lucho episodes were recycled. In 1994 and 1995, Chespirito started returning to its old format of presenting several different sketches during the show, but most featured a long Chómpiras sketch. In 1995, Chespirito decided to bring the whole thing to a close and stopped producing episodes.
For a short time, Édgar Vivar left the show due to health problems stemming from his weight. To explain Vivar's absence, it was written into the show that Botija was away at a weight-loss clinic, which was also the actor's real-life health situation. Vivar would return some time later, having lost a noticeable amount of weight.
Regular characters
* El Chómpiras (1970-1995) (Roberto Gómez Bolaños) is the title character. Previously he was an "amateur" thief as he recalls, along with Peterete and later Botija. Both he and el Botija stopped being thieves after viewing an episode of El Chavo del Ocho where el Chavo was falsely accused of being a thief and ran away. The episode so touched their conscience that they gave up their criminal lives to become honorable men. Chómpiras' full name is Aquíles Esquivel Madrazo, and was only mentioned once in passing. While more dim-witted than Botija, Chompiras proved himself to be somewhat more responsible than him, as he constantly works during their days off, while the lazy Botija only rests during those days. Additionally, Chompiras is implied to be somewhat worried about his economic status, evidently due to the low salary he gets from his work, due to him always working only if somebody gives him a tip, working during his days off, and even doing another job while working at the Hotel Lucho/Buenavista, the latter which irritates the hotel's administrator. In interviews, Bolaños said that out of all of his characters, he enjoyed playing el Chómpiras the most.
* El Peterete (1970-1978) (Ramón Valdés): El Chómpiras' original partner in crime. After Vivar's Botija character took his place, no mention was made of what happened to El Peterete. It is believed that this was due to Valdés no longer being involved with the Chespirito program, whether due to failing health or his decision to appear on Ah, Qué Kiko! with Carlos Villagrán. However, Chompiras' bio in the Chespirito website states that El Peterete left Chompiras for the latter's stupidity, and went to another city.
* Gordon Botija (also known as El Botija) (1979-1995) (Édgar Vivar) is the second regular from 1979 to 1995. He is "large", and was also a thief along with Chómpiras. According to Chompiras' bio in the Chespirito website, Botija met Chompiras shortly after the latter was abandoned by El Peterete. Botija married Chimoltrufia, and later worked in the Hotel Buenavista. Over the length of Vivar's tenure as Botija, the character's last name has changed. In one of the earliest sketches, he claimed that his first name was "Boti" and his last name was "Ja". In other sketches, he claims his full name is "Gordon Botija y Aguado", and in others, "Gordon Botija Pompa y Pompa", both names being puns on Vivar's rotund figure. In Botija's bio in the Chespirito website, it was explained that his full name is "Gordon Botija Aguado Pompa y Pompa". The character also claims that his father was English, and that he was also a fan of Flash Gordon, hence his first name of "Gordon". In spite of constantly mistreating Chompiras, he admitted to love him like a brother when he assumed him to be in critical condition in "El Chompiras es mordido por Dracula" (1994). Following Vivar's gastric bypass surgery, he retired the character of Botija.
* La Chimoltrufia (1980-1995) (Florinda Meza), born María Expropiación Petronila Lascuráin y Torquemada de Botija, is the wife of Botija. She has broom-like hair and works as a hotel maid. She has an extremely roundabout manner of expressing herself, a strong sense of justice, and a singing voice that could curdle milk. She is also quick to resort to physical violence against others who she thinks are doing her wrong. In some episodes, it is shown that she believes movies on TV are real, with her assuming Chompiras to be one of the main creatures of a movie (such as a vampire, an alien, etc.) In spite of being simple-minded and naive, Chimoltrufia often showed an occasional cleverness, most notably in "Las Piezas de Pan" (1993), where she managed to escape from mobster El Cuajinais' lair by tricking a drunk doctor into freeing her and later injecting the doctor with an anesthetic he was going to use on her. According to her, she was named "María Expropiación Petronila" because she was born the day of the Mexican oil expropriation (in Spanish, "Dia de la expropiacion petrolera"), so she was given that name in honor of the event. Chimoltrufia is shown to be very sensible about her age, constantly refusing to reveal in what year she was born. However, it is implied in La Llegada de Maruja - Parte 2 that she is at least 32-years-old, as she commented to Doña Nachita that she left school 12 years before the events of the episode, to which Doña Nachita, recalling that she was in school until 3rd grade of primary school, asks if she was in primary school until she was in her 20s.
* Sargento Refugio Pasguato (1970-1995)(Ruben Aguirre/Horacio Gómez/Carlos Villagrán): Dutiful but dumb, Sargento Refugio is one of the only police characters seen working in Licenciado Morales' office. Over the years, he has become friends with Botija, Chómpiras and La Chimoltrufia. Even so, his overzealousness causes them to end up in front of Licenciado Morales. Whenever he comes to a fairly obvious conclusion, he asks Morales "¿Merezco un acenso?" (Do I deserve a raise?). He also often goes along with Chimoltrufia's assumptions of TV movies being real. He previously was a police captain, but was demoted to a grade minor to sergeant after el Licenciado told him to "arrest everyone with a criminal face", to which he arrested Licenciado. However, he managed to be promoted back to sergeant after arresting a dangerous criminal known as "El Gorilla", who tried to kill him after being released.
* Licenciado Morales (1980-1994) (Raúl "Chato" "Padilla/Rubén Aguirre/Ramón Valdés): Sgt. Refugio's commanding officer. Also good friends with el Botija, el Chómpiras and la Chimoltrufia. At the end of almost every episode, all three of them will end up in his office, having been brought in by Sargento Refugio for some controversy.
Other characters
* Doña Espotaverderona (1989-1995) (Anabel Gutiérrez): La Chimoltrufia's mother. She has the same mannerisms as her daughter. She and Botija can't stand each other, especially because every time she stays in their apartment, he is relegated to the couch while she takes his bed. She also shares the same hot temper as her daughter; in one episode, Sargento Refugio attempts to help her cross the street—and is beaten quite soundly. mistaking his intentions.
* Don Cecilio (1993-1995) (Moisés Suárez): Owner of Hotel Buenavista, the hotel where Chómpiras, Botija and la Chimoltrufia work. Wears extremely thick glasses.
* Don Lucho (1987-1992) (Carlos Pouliot): The owner of Hotel Don Lucho, where Chómpiras, Botija and la Chimoltrufia originally worked. When Pouliot elected to leave the show, his absence was explained by saying that Hotel Don Lucho needed extensive repairment due to leaks, so the trio was forced to seek jobs elsewhere.
* Doña Nachita (1983-1993) (Angelines Fernández): La Chimoltrufia's next-door neighbor and the apartment building's gossip. She does not always get along with Botija, but is infatuated with Chómpiras. She believes in supernatural, with Nachita supporting and cementing Chimoltrufia's beliefs on supernatural.
* Marujita (1989-1994) (María Antonieta de las Nieves): Sgt. Refugio's girlfriend, and an occasional guest at Don Cecilio's hotel—where she occasionally tries to get out of paying the bill. Although she mentions that she travels a lot for her job, her occupation was never revealed during the show's run. She and la Chimoltrufia very rarely get along, and it was hinted that Marujita was a woman of somewhat flexible morals. She is occasionally referred to disparagingly as la tal Maruja (that Maruja girl).
* Doña Ramona Pompa y Pompa (1991-1994) (Édgar Vivar): Botija's mother. She was presented as a somewhat snobbish woman. Both she and El Botija are allergic to the smell of gardenias, and have been known to pass out.
Running gags
* The comb: If Chómpiras angered Botija (or Peterete), the latter would take out a comb and painstakingly straighten Chómpiras's hair before giving him a hard slap on the face that sent him spinning (and disarrayed his hair). Botija's slap is so powerful that after Chómpiras spins, he staggers so violently that Botija has to hold him still to stop him before he can give the warning. His slap was even painful to Botija's hand. However, this was never the case with Peterete, as his slap only made Chompiras spin a little bit with ease. Ironically, there had been rare occasions where Botija himself was punished by Chimoltrufia in the very same way Botija punishes Chompiras.
* The warning after the comb: After the classic comb slap, Peterete/Botija always warned Chómpiras (always starting with their catchphrase "y la próxima vez...": "And next time...") that the next time he screwed up or ticked them off again, providing a gruesome yet comical description on what they would do to him.
* Chimoltrufia's speech patterns: Chimoltrufia had a large number of nonsensical catchphrases, usually involving malapropisms, redundancies, or just plain weird speech. One of her best known catchphrases is "¿Pa' qué le digo que no si sí?" ("Why would I tell you that it doesn't if it does?")
* Chimoltrufia sings: While working or at home, Chimoltrufia starts to sing. However, she has a terrible singing voice. Whenever she's singing around someone else, said person tells her (at times through yelling) to not to scream, only for Chimoltrufia, believing that she is a great singer, to say that she isn't screaming but singing, and either is told to not to "sing" or keeps singing. Paradoxically, whenever Chimoltrufia is geninuely screaming, someone tells her to stop singing, to which she explains that she was actually screaming this time.
* The elevator: Working at the hotel, Botija usually read a book or slept inside the elevator he supposedly operated. When a customer wanted to use it, he told them to use the stairs. If they demanded an explanation, he replied that the elevator couldn't carry both his weight and the customer's. When the customer suggested that Botija step out and allow him to use the elevator, Botija refused, insisting that only he could operate the elevator. The result was that the customer almost always ended up using the stairs—and lodging a complaint with Don Lucho or Don Cecilio. In one episode, the floor of the elevator gave way, and Botija was stuck, and in the episode "El cortocircuito" both Chompiras and Botija entered the partly-lifted elevator, causing it to fall and leaving half of it below the ground, proving Botija's claims to be true.
* The tip: When working as a bellhop, Chómpiras would ask if he was going to receive a tip before he even carried any luggage, which angered Don Cecilio or Don Lucho. Oftentimes, he would refuse to carry a customer's luggage if they refused to tip him, which angered the management even more.
* Insults: Any time Chómpiras was insulted by someone (usually Botija) calling him an idiot or animal he would reply "¿Que soy QUÉ?" (in English: "I'm WHAT?"), then the other character would repeat the insult in a louder voice, to which Chómpiras would take a completely relaxed attitude while saying "Ah, sí, sí" (in English: "Oh, yeah, yeah").
* The police station: Chómpiras, Botija and la Chimoltrufia would almost always end up in some sort of dispute that would involve Licenciado Morales (Raúl "Chato" Padilla). He would have to shout three times for them all to be quiet, and after the third time they would stop talking—all except for Chómpiras, who almost always would have the last word.
* Licenciado's nicknames: Throughout the series, a character (usually Chimoltrufia) ends up calling Licenciado an offensive nickname related to dogs, such as "Cara de Perro" (in English: "Dogface"), irritating Licenciado.
* The lady who runs the drugstore around the corner: Chómpiras' on-and-off lady friend. She occasionally allows him to sleep in the trastienda (back room) of the drugstore, but occasionally a wandering eye on Chómpiras' part gets him thrown out. Although she was an occasional plot point, she was never seen onscreen during the show's run.
* Sargento Refugio disguises himself: On a few occasions, there were criminal activities in the Hotel Lucho (or Hotel Buenavista) done covertly, forcing Sargento Refugio to infiltrate the hotel in order to prevent the crime by disguising himself with a fake moustache and a trenchcoat. However, his disguise is so poorly done that all the employees in the hotel recognize him instantly, much to the Sargento's annoyance.
* The laundry room's door: La Chimoltrufia often hits Don Cecilio on the head with the door when entering or leaving the laundry room, making him fall comically behind the counter.
Spin-off web series
In 2016, Florinda Meza began releasing a series of web shorts starring La Chimoltrufia, with Meza reprising her role, on her YouTube channel. The series centers on Chimoltrufia as she answers a series of interviews while in her new work. During the earliest shorts, the fate of several characters from Los Caquitos were revealed, with Chompiras, Botija Doña Nachita, Licenciado Morales, and Sargento Refugio having passed away (reflecting how, aside from Botija actor Edgar Vivar, each of those characters' actors have passed away), while Chimoltrufia and Maruja ended up strained, and Don Cecilio had to close his hotel. | WIKI |
User:Skiempress/Kashiko Kodate
Kashiko Kodate is a Japanese scientist, author, professor at Japan Women's University (Faculty of Science), member of the Science Council of Japan, and vice president of the Japan Society of Applied Physics.
https://patents.justia.com/inventor/kashiko-kodate
https://spie.org/about-spie/advocacy/women-in-optics/women-in-optics-planner/2009-wio-planner/kodate-kashiko?SSO=1
https://philpapers.org/rec/KODMCC | WIKI |
How to integrate Bitbucket Server with Jenkins Pipelines
In order to protect against a malicious merge request itself modifying the Jenkinsfile to remove the protections, you can define the trust policy for merge requests from forks. Jotform has been trusted by more than 18,000,000 users around the world. It is an all-in one platform that provides powerful tools for data collection and management. You can create digital forms and surveys for any business without any programming. You can create your own form or use one of the 10,000+ pre-made templates.
• Defines the number of days to accept an unmodified git ref as candidate for being built .
• Discovers pull requests where the origin repository is a fork of the target repository.
• My workaround was just to create a freestyle project that can be triggered by the WebHook, and have the the Pipeline triggered by that project’s completion.
• The next set of commands checks whether the container that will be created from the source code is already running.
Moreover, each job was specific to the particular Jenkins server. Deployments were not easy to update or transfer among servers. If developers wanted to update a particular job, they had to go to the server’s Jenkins Dashboard and manually implement the update. And, if developers or sysadmins wanted to move a job to another Jenkins server, they had to get into the file system of the Jenkins server and copy particular directories to other target Jenkins servers. The process was laborious, particularly if the job in question was large and contained many details. For example, a Jenkinsfile may contain configuration details to sandbox merge requests in order to mitigate against malicious merge requests.
Management
It also resets all tracked files to their versioned state. Clean up the workspace after every checkout by deleting all untracked files and directories, including those which are specified in .gitignore. Defines the number of days to accept an unmodified git ref as candidate for being built .
It should reveal the rationale you had, telling the story of how you end up with that final code. There are many benefits to using Jenkins Pipeline jobs in conjunction with a version control server such as GitHub, and thus combining CI/CD and GitOps. The important thing to note about https://www.globalcloudteam.com/ the deployment process is that all the instructions relevant to running a job under Jenkins are defined in the Jenkinsfile. If you ever need to change any deployment instructions, you don’t need to fiddle around with the Jenkins UI. All you need to do is alter the Jenkinsfile.
Jenkins Job vs Jenkins Pipeline
Jenkins has been around for years and has undergone numerous revisions, adding features all along the way. One of the most transformative features added to Jenkins is the ability to run Jenkins Pipeline jobs driven by an automation script stored in a Jenkinsfile. Developers and release engineers can use Jenkinsfiles to combine the practices of CI/CD and GitOps into a unified deployment process. If checked, then the build will run on the commit at the tip of the pull request head, instead of first trying to merge it into the target branch and then running the build on the merged commit. Discovers pull requests where the origin repository is the same as the target repository. Discovers pull requests where the origin repository is a fork of the target repository.
What is the difference between Jenkins and Bitbucket pipeline
Provide a comma separated list of paths to YAML files in a repository and it will check each path as a fallback. Effortlessly create and deploy your backend in minutes, regardless of your experience in backend or devops. No more struggling with infrastructure provisioning, architecture planning, and complex CI/CD pipelines! Deskree offers a comprehensive suite of features, including database management, authentication, user roles and permissions, REST and GraphQL API, and more. If you are using Bitbucket Server, you will need some other way of triggering builds.
with faster tests on Bitbucket Pipelines and Jenkins?
This puts us at about 450 builds per month, or 45 builds per user per month. One of the unique things is that it has the Kaniko cache, which speeds up builds by creating intermediate layers within the docker image vs. pushing the full thing from the start. Helpful when you’re installing just a few additional dependencies. Join us if you’re a developer, software engineer, web designer, front-end designer, UX designer, computer scientist, architect, tester, product manager, project manager or team lead. It takes time to get the organizational processes in place. Configure the Jenkins Pipeline job with the URL and branch of the repository and the name of the Jenkinsfile.
A Pipeline’s code defines your entire build process, which typically includes stages for building an application, testing it and then delivering it. Pipeline provides an extensible set of tools for modeling simple-to-complex delivery pipelines “as code” via thePipeline domain-specific language syntax. Testim is the fastest way to create resilient end-to-end test cases, whether they are codeless or coded. Testim allows you to create codeless, stable tests that leverage our AI. Testim’s JavaScript API is available to you and your IDE. This allows you to debug, modify, or refactor your tests.
Bitbucket Pipelines vs Jenkins
If the local registry does not exist, the Jenkinsfile creates it. The release stage encapsulates the application into a Docker image that is then stored in a local container repository. The Jenkinsfile is imported from a source control management system and executed by the Jenkins server. Atlassian connects development, IT operations, and agile teams with automation that spans our products and third-party tools. Your team can bring the tools they want, select from our tools, or use a mix of both. Add create your super simple pipeline that builds the branch or just print the hello world message.
What is the difference between Jenkins and Bitbucket pipeline
When not presented with a full path the plugin will only use the part of the string right of the last slash. The following plugin provides functionality available through Pipeline-compatible steps. Read more about how to integrate steps into your Pipeline in theStepssection of thePipeline Syntaxpage. I think you’re asking too many questions in one post for the StackExchange QA format, but I can address the Bitbucket-related questions. I am very thankful for any inside on this because I have very little knowledge about docker-compose and jenkins. About Us Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products.
Deployment
The automated scanner performs 8000+ security checks, including security checks for all CVEs listed in the OWASP top 10 and SANS 25. It also conducts all required tests to comply with ISO and HIPAA. The integrations with CI/CD platforms and Jira are also available if users don’t wish to return to the dashboard each time they want to use it or assign a vulnerability for a team member. Bitbucket gives teams one place to plan projects, collaborate on code, test and deploy, all with free private Git repositories. Teams choose Bitbucket because it has a superior Jira integration, built-in CI/CD, & is free for up to 5 users. You can have many alternative Jenkinsfiles, with names such as Jenkinsfile_k8s or Jenkinsfile_windows.
What is the difference between Jenkins and Bitbucket pipeline
A Jenkinsfile is a text file, written in the Groovy programming language, that defines each step in a Jenkins job. Usually, a Jenkinsfile is created by a developer or system administrator with a detailed understanding of how to deploy the particular component or application. I have tried to map through commit and changeset details which are present only for merged pipelines or as part of branch pipelines post merge of the PR at Bitbucket end. To find out how to install and configure this integration, and how to create your first pipeline, watch this video.
Try Red Hat products now
But if you want to start the CI chain as soon as possible, Jenkins may not be the right choice. Enter the branch that has the version of the Jenkinsfile of interest. Firstly, we need to install the necessary Jenkins plugins. Use credentials https://www.globalcloudteam.com/tech/jenkins/ from the default remote of the parent project. This will look at the root of a GitHub reference for .jervis.yml for the branches and tags filtering. You can customize the name of the YAML file searched for if you like. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Rhombot
From RepRapWiki
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Crystal Clear action run.png
Rhombot
Release status: experimental
Rhombot002.png
Description Self-printable RepRap
License GPL
Author Rhombot
Contributors
Based-on [[]]
Categories XYZ-head DriveTrains
CAD Models
External Link Thingiverse
Printed example of the Rhombot
Description
The Rhombot is a printable XYZ stage based on 3 chains of rhombus shapes. It is currently just an early alpha version.
The Rhombot can be used with Makerbot motors, electronics, and extruders. All parts can be built in a Makerbot, or in itself. It has no rods, belts, pulleys, nuts, threads, screws (other than the screws on the motor), sarrus hinges, moving towers, or moving motors.
It is designed so the extruder and motors are stationary, and the green build platform moves in 3D beneath an extruder without rotating. Each dimension of motion is controlled by a separate motor, rather than having Z controlled by a combination of motors, and X controlled by a different combination of the same motors, etc. This may be helpful in keeping it stationary in the Z direction while it moves back and forth in X and Y. When this first version was printed and tested, the motion appeared to be smooth, with little backlash, and with a surprising amount of stability in the Z direction while moving in X and Y.
Further reading
• See the description on Thingiverse at http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:5432
• The rhombus linkages are vaguely similar to the Sarrus Z02 -- can we start from there as a rough draft, or must we start from scratch?
• Probably from scratch. The constraints are different in the two cases, which leads to different designs.
• There has been a brief discussion[1] of a similar parallel Cartesian drive train.[2].
• That robot has some similarities, but it requires 3 sets of rails, so either all 3 motors move, or there are 3 belts. In the Rhombot, there are no rails, belts, or moving motors.
• Eliminating rails is a big step towards a fully printable reprap
• pinned hinges
FILE ID# TYPE DESCRIPTION AVAILABLE FORMATS CREATED/RESERVED BY
stl_to_print Model Assembly These are stl files needed to print out the Rhombot .zip LDeSci 3:35 PM, 27 February 2011 (MST) | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
condition Bell's palsy is an unexplained episode of facial muscle weakness or paralysis that begins suddenly and worsens over 48 hours. It is caused by a damaged facial nerve. b
Bell's palsy is an unexplained episode of facial muscle weakness or paralysis that begins suddenly and worsens over 48 hours. It is caused by a damaged facial nerve.
Bell Palsy
What is Bell palsy?
Bell palsy is an unexplained episode of facial muscle weakness or paralysis. It begins suddenly and can get worse over 48 hours. This condition results from damage to the facial nerve (the 7th cranial nerve). Pain and discomfort usually occur on one side of the face or head.
Bell palsy can affect anyone at any age. It occurs most often in pregnant women, and in people who have diabetes, influenza, a cold, or another upper respiratory ailment. Bell palsy affects men and woman equally. It's less common before age 15 or after age 60.
Bell palsy is not considered permanent. But in rare cases, it doesn't disappear. Currently, there's no known cure for Bell palsy. But recovery usually begins 2 weeks to 6 months from the start of the symptoms. Most people with Bell palsy recover full facial strength and expression.
What causes Bell palsy?
The cause of Bell palsy is not known. It's thought that it may be due to inflammation that is directed by the body's immune system against the nerve controlling movement of the face. Bell palsy is sometimes linked to the following:
• Diabetes
• High blood pressure
• Toxins
• Lyme disease
• Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Sarcoidosis
• Infection, especially following a viral infection with Herpes simplex virus. This is a virus that is related to the cause of the common "cold sores" of the mouth.
What are the symptoms of Bell palsy?
These are the most common symptoms of Bell palsy:
• Disordered movement of the muscles that control facial expressions, such as smiling, squinting, blinking, or closing the eyelid
• Headache
• Tearing
• Drooling
• Loss of the sense of taste on the front 2/3 of the tongue
• Hypersensitivity to sound in the affected ear (hyperacusis)
• Inability to close the eye on the affected side of the face
The symptoms of Bell palsy may look like other health problems, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia, and multiple sclerosis. Always see your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.
How is Bell palsy diagnosed?
Your healthcare provider can usually diagnose Bell palsy by looking at your symptoms. There are no specific tests used to diagnose Bell palsy. But your healthcare provider may order tests to rule out other conditions that can cause similar symptoms and to determine the extent of nerve involvement or damage. These tests may include:
• Electromyography (EMG) to determine the extent of the nerve involvement
• Blood tests to determine if another condition such as diabetes or Lyme disease is present
• MRI or CT scan to find out if there is a structural cause for your symptoms
How is Bell palsy treated?
If a specific cause for Bell palsy is identified, such as infection, that cause will be treated. Otherwise, the symptoms are treated as needed.
One treatment usually advised is protecting the eye from drying at night or while working at a computer. Eye care may include eye drops during the day, ointment at bedtime, or a moisture chamber at night. This helps protect the cornea from being scratched. This is very important to manage Bell palsy.
Your healthcare provider will prescribe other treatment for your condition based on the severity of your symptoms and your health history. Other treatment options include:
• Steroids to reduce inflammation
• Antiviral medicine, such as acyclovir
• Analgesics or moist heat to relieve pain
• Physical therapy to stimulate the facial nerve
Some people may choose to use alternative therapies in the treatment of Bell palsy, but there is no proof they make a difference in recovery. Such treatment may include:
• Relaxation
• Acupuncture
• Electrical stimulation
• Biofeedback training
• Vitamin therapy, including B-12, B-6, and the mineral zinc
What are possible complications of Bell palsy?
Bell palsy usually resolves in time and causes no long-term complications. But during the illness, most people are unable to close their eye on the affected side of their face. So it's important to protect the eye from drying at night or while working at a computer. Eye care may include eye drops during the day, ointment at bedtime, or a moisture chamber at night. This helps protect the cornea from being scratched.
A small number of people continue to have some weakness of the face. They may need surgery if the weakness greatly affects the eyelids. Others may have abnormal uncontrolled movements of the face (spasms) because of abnormal nerve repair.
Living with Bell palsy
Bell palsy usually resolves in time and causes no long-term complications. But it's important to take medicines as directed. It's also crucial that you protect the affected eye from drying. Use of eye drops during the day and ointment at bedtime can protect the cornea from scratching.
When should I call my healthcare provider?
Bell palsy usually starts to improve in 2 weeks. But it may take 3 to 6 months to return to normal. Call your healthcare provider if you don't get better, you have new symptoms, or your symptoms get worse.
Key points about Bell palsy
• Bell palsy is an unexplained episode of facial muscle weakness or paralysis that usually goes away on its own and causes no complications.
• The cause of Bell palsy is unknown. But it's thought to be caused by inflammation affecting the body’s immune system. It's linked to other conditions such as diabetes.
• Symptoms of facial weakness or paralysis get worse over the first few days and start to improve in about 2 weeks.
• It can take 3 to 6 months to fully go away.
• Medicine and eye care are important in treating Bell palsy.
Next steps
Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare provider:
• Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen.
• Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
• Bring someone with you to help you ask questions and remember what your provider tells you.
• At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you.
• Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed, and how it will help you. Also know what the side effects are.
• Ask if your condition can be treated in other ways.
• Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.
• Know what to expect if you do not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.
• If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.
• Know how you can contact your provider if you have questions.
News & Publications
Quantity and Characteristics of Waste at a Level I Trauma Center
The purpose of this study was to quantify and describe the amount of waste generated by an Emergency Department, identify deviations from waste policy and explore areas for waste reduction.
The Climate-Smart Emergency Department: A Primer
Our publication keeps health care professionals up to date on the latest research and clinical advances from Mass General.
Research Institute Blog
News and notes from the largest hospital-based research program in the United States
Charged
A podcast devoted to uncovering the stories of Mass General's relentless pursuit to break boundaries and provide exceptional care | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Journal of Traumatic Stress
The Journal of Traumatic Stress (JTS) is a peer-reviewed academic journal published bimonthly by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.
Overview
As of 2021 the editor-in-chief is Patricia K Kerig (University of Utah). The journal covers research on the biopsychosocial aspects of trauma and publishes original articles, brief reports, reviews, commentaries, and special issues devoted to single topics.
Impact factor
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2011 impact factor of 2.721, ranking it 22nd out of 109 journals in the category "Psychology, Clinical" and 32nd out of 117 journals in the category "Psychiatry (Social Science)". | WIKI |
шимпанзе
Etymology
Borrowed from, from an unspecified language of Angola.
Noun
* 1) chimpanzee, Pan
Noun
* 1) chimpanzee (ape)
Etymology
Ultimately derived from an unspecified language of Angola, comparable to 🇨🇬.
Noun
* 1) chimpanzee | WIKI |
Limmen National Park
Limmen National Park, announced in 2012, is the third largest national park in the Northern Territory, after Judbarra / Gregory National Park, with an area of approximately 9,369 sqkm. Located about 600 km south-east of Darwin on the Gulf of Carpentaria, the park incorporates wetlands, sandstone structures and numerous rivers, including the Limmen Bight River from which the park takes its name.
Controversy and Mining
Limmen National Park was declared in 2012 but approximately 20% of the area originally planned for the park was excluded to allow for Iron Ore exploration and extraction, a decision welcomed by Western Desert Resources, the company developing an Iron Ore mine in the excised region. However, the NT Environment Centre argued that the NT Government had been "unnecessarily generous to miners" and concerns were also raised by the Amateur Fishermen's Association of the Northern Territory and neighbouring pastoral lease holders, upset by Western Desert Resources building a haul road across their property.
Following a decline in the price of Iron Ore, Western Desert Resources went into administration in 2014 and their mining operations ceased. In 2018, the Northern Territory Government approved a new operator to restart the mine, this time operated by Nathan River Resources, a company owned by international shipping and mining company British Marine.
Heritage and attractions
A major attraction in the park are the "Lost Cities"—sandstone rock formations resembling tall apartment blocks.
Rock art
Miniature rock art of the stencilled variety at a rock shelter known as Yilbilinji, in Limmen National Park, is one of only three known examples of such art. Usually stencilled art is life-size, using body parts as the stencil, but the 17 images of designs of human figures, boomerangs, animals such as crabs and long-necked turtles, wavy lines and geometric shapes are very rare. Found in 2017 by archaeologists, the only other recorded examples are at Nielson's Creek in New South Wales and at Kisar Island in Indonesia. It is thought that the designs may have been created by stencils fashioned out of beeswax. | WIKI |
iCub-main
Modules
Applications
The app directory stores directories which group sets of configuration files and scripts to run a certain group of modules together. Each one of them is what we call an application. In other words, an application is an instantiation of a set of modules that run at the same time. More...
+ Collaboration diagram for Applications:
Modules
cartesianSolver
The Cartesian Solvers Launcher.
dumpControlboardData
This is the application used to launch different processes to dump control board data to files (positions, velocities, accelerations, voltages, currents, tracking errors).
default
Place here default configuration files and scripts.
Stereo-Kinematics Calibration
faceExpressions
Start the face expression.
fingertipsPortScope
A collection of yarpscope instances used to display fingertips skin values.
iCubStartup
The iCub Launcher.
robotScripting
This application allows performing nice preprogrammed demonstrations with the robot. It just starts an instance of icub_ctpservice for each part. Commands will be sent from shell (but see also the scripting.py utility in this app directory).
iCubSkinGui
This is a basic visualization for the skin and in particular for the left and right hand which include the fingertips and the palms.
Detailed Description
The app directory stores directories which group sets of configuration files and scripts to run a certain group of modules together. Each one of them is what we call an application. In other words, an application is an instantiation of a set of modules that run at the same time.
Some of these applications are iCub capabilities, others might just be nice demos or experiments.
Documentation for each application goes in each directory.
Ideally these directories will contain only scripts and ini/txt files. Use src to store source code.
This file can be edited at src/doc/groups.dox | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
George C. Platt vs. The New York and Boston Railroad Company.
Private corporations may be subjected to compulsory insolvent proceedings, under the act of 1853, as much as natural persons.
And a railroad corporation as much as any other corporation.
The New York and Boston. Railroad Company, a.domestic corporation, became consolidated under the same name with a railroad corporation of the state of Rhode Island, and the corporation thus formed became again consolidated, under still the same name, with a railroad corporation of the state of Massachusetts; which consolidation was effected in each instance by proceedings authorized by the respective charters of the companies and confirmed by subsequent acts of the legislatures of this state and of Massachusetts. How far the original New York and Boston Railroad Company became thereby for all purposes merged in the consolidated corporations : Quere.
If to be regarded as still subsisting, for the purpose of enabling its creditors to proceed against it in any mode, it should be regarded as liable to proceedings in insolvency at their instance.
Whether our courts would have jurisdiction over such a consolidated corporation, for the purpose of insolvent proceedings : Quere.
Proceedings in insolvency instituted against the New York and Boston Railroad Company, in which they were described as a corporation organized under the laws of.this state, and as a corporation created by the general assembly of this state, and located within this state, were held to be proceedings against the original New York and Boston Railroad Company, and not against the consolidated company, and were sustained as such against the objection of a party who had appealed from a decree in insolvency against the company, and had alleged in his appeal that he was interested as an attaching creditor of the original corporation and that his lien would he dissolved by the insolvent proceedings.
The office which the original company had, having been in Middletown in this state, and it not appearing that that company had removed its office to any other place, it was held that the company must be regarded as still having an office in Middletown, so as to give the probate court of that district jurisdiction over its insolvent estate, although, upon the first consolidation, the original company had wholly ceased to transact business.
As to the person to be regarded as the secretary of the company, for the purpose of serving process upon the company,—also as to the room to be regarded as the office of the company, for the same purpose,—also as to waiver of objection to insufficient service by appearance of the company; see infra. Under the insolvent act of 1853, it is not necessary that a regular service of the writ of attachment, on which the petition of a creditor is based, should be made on the debtor. It is only necessary that the debtor shall refuse to show to the officer, and the latter shall be unable to find, sufficient property of the debtor to secure the claim, and that the officer shall make return to that effect to the court of probate.
A judge of probate is not disqualified by having been previously retained or consulted as counsel in matters appertaining to an estate in settlement before him, where no objection is made on that account at the time by any party interested; the statute limiting such disqualification to the case where such objection is made. (Acts 1855, chap. 25.)
This was a petition by George C. Platt to the court of probate of the district of Middletown, for the appointment of a trustee of the estate of the New York and Boston Railroad Company as an insolvent estate, brought before the
superior court by appeal. The petition to the probate court described the respondents as “ the New York and Boston Railroad Company, a corporation duly established and organized under the laws of the state of Connecticut ”—“ having its office in Middle-town in said probate district,” and set forth an indebtedness of that corporation to the petitioner by a judgment which he had recovered, and which had not been paid—the issuing of a writ of attachment "against the company in an action of debt on that judgment, which writ was set out in the petition and in which the defendants were described by the same name and as “ a corporation duly created by the General Assembly of this state ”—with the return of the officer thereon that he had made demand of Samuel L. Warner, as treasurer of the company for unincumbered property sufficient to secure the claim on which the writ was issued, and a like demand at the usual place of abode of James H. Stokes as secretary of the company, but that neither had shown him such property, and that he was unable to find any property on which to levy the attachment. The probate court, on the presentation of the petition which was on the 27th day of April, 1857, assigned the 2d day of May following for the hearing thereof and ordered notice of the pendency of the petition and of the time of the hearing to be given to the respondents, which order was served by leaving an attested copy of the petition and order of notice with the said Samuel L. Warner as treasurer and secretary of the company, a like copy at the usual place of abode of the said James E. Stokes as treasurer and secretary of the company, and a like copy at an office in Middletown, supposed to be the office of the respondents, and more particularly hereinafter described.
Afterwards, while the petition was pending, sundry other creditors of the respondents filed their applications in the court of probate, under the statute, to be made parties petitioners to the proceedings.
At the time fixed for the hearing of the petition, the respondents appeared by their- attorney, Walter S. Carter, Esq., and moved for an adjournment—and the hearing was thereupon adjourned to the 16th day of May,—and again on that day on the moiion of the respondents’ counsel, was "adjourned to the 30th day of May—and was further adjourned from time to time on motion of the respondents’ counsel, until the 27th day of June, 1857, when the respondents suffered a default. The court then found the facts alleged in the petition to be true and ordered that a trustee of the estate of the respondents be appointed" under the provisions of the insolvent act, and on the 20th day of July, 1857, appointed Messrs. Gabriel W. Coit and Henry Dutton trustees, who accepted the trust.
On the 26th day of August following, John S. Edgerley and Daniel Edgerley, partners, appeared before the probate court, and took an appeal to the superior court from the decree of the court in granting the petition and appointing said trustees, claiming to be aggrieved thereby, and alleging as their interest in the matter, that they were attaching creditors, who bad within sixty days before the bringing of the petition, instituted a suit against the respondents in which they had factorized one Erastus Brainard as the agent and trustee of the respondents, and that, by means of the insolvent proceedings if sustained, their lien upon the goods of the respondents in the hands of the said Brainard would be destroyed. Their appeal was allowed and the case was entered in the superior court. The appeal embraced also certain other orders made by the court for the settlement of the estate, but as all the questions in the case arise upon the appeal from the first mentioned decree, no further notice is taken of these orders.
In the superior court the appellants assigned as reasons of appeal:
1. That there was no demand on the company by the officer serving the writ of attachment sued out by said Platt against the company and upon which the petition to the court of probate was founded, other than by the officer making demand at the usual place of abode of James H. Stokes, described in his return as the secretary of said company, and also by the officer making demand of Samuel L. Warner, described in said return as being the treasurer of the company ; and that there was no service of the writ on the company, except a pretended service by the officer, by reading the writ in the hearing and presence of said Warner, as said treasurer, and by leaving a copy of said writ and declaration with said Warner, at the alleged office of the company in Middletown, and also by leaving a copy of the same at the usual place of abode of said Stokes, as secretary of the company ; which were not a demand and service on the said New York and Boston Railroad Company, because the said Stokes was not at the time the secretary of the company, but a long time previous thereto the directors of the company had removed him from the office of secretary of the company, and had chosen in his place Marshal S. Rice, who was at the time of the service of the writ, and ever since had been, the secretary of the company; and because that at the date of said pretended service, and for a long time previous thereto, the said New York and Boston Railroad Company had had no office or principal place of business in said Middletown, nor within the probate district of Middletown, and for a long time before the service of the writ had ceased to do business in said Middletown.
2. That the judge of probate for the district of Middletown, was, at the time of passing the several decrees appealed from, disqualified to act, because he had acted as the attorney of the petitioner, in the very matter on which said petition was founded ; and had that claim and all the others filed in said probate court, in his hands for the purpose of collection, before the same were filed in said court.
3. That at the time said writ was sued out by said Platt, and said decrees were made by said court of probate, and long before, and ever since, the New York and Boston Railroad Company, which was originally established by the resolution of the General Assembly of this state in 1846, was united, amalgamated, merged and consolidated, under that name, with the Woonsocket Union Railroad Company,, a corporation which was lawfully established under the laws of Rhode Island, and the Charles River Railroad Company, a corporation which was lawfully established under the laws of Massachusetts, the capital stock of each of said companies forming the capital stock of said united company, the stockholders thereof being the stockholders of said united company, and said united company having all the powers, rights, privileges and franchises which had been granted to said companies individually; said union and merger having been effected by the mutual agreement of said companies in accordance with the provisions of their respective charters, and ratified, validated and confirmed by the legislatures of the states of Connecticut, Rhode Island and Massachusetts, in the years 1854 and 1856 ; and which union and merger had never been repudiated by any of the parties thereto, nor vacated or annulled by either of the legislatures of said states; and ever since which union and merger the said New York and Boston Railroad Company had transacted all its business and elected its officers as one united company.
The answer of the appellees to these reasons of appeal was essentially a denial of the facts alleged, but the last reason assigned was claimed to be also insufficient in law.
Upon the trial of the case, upon the reasons of appeal, the court found the following facts:
The New York and Boston Railroad Company was chartered by the legislature of the state of Connecticut in the year 1846, with power to construct a railroad from the city of New Haven to the city of Middletown, and thence easterly through the town of Windham, to the east line of the state, and to make joint stocks with any other railroad corporation, with a provision that if the company did not expend $500,000 on their road within three years, and did not complete it within six years, their powers and privileges should terminate. By a resolution passed by the general assembly in 1849, this provision was repealed and the company were allowed three years from that time within which to expend $300,000 on their road and six years, within which to complete it, with a forfeiture of their charter if such expenditure and completion were not effected. A further resolution in 1852, extended the time for the expenditure of the $300,000, to two years from that date, and a further like extension was granted in 1854 and another in 1856. The resolution passed by the legislature in 1849, authorized the company to connect and make joint stock or common interest with any other railroad company or companies in respect to the whole or any portion of the road or roads of the said company or companies. The company soon after the granting of its charter was duly organized, and had its principal office and place of business at Middletown in this state.
The legislature of Rhode Island, in the year 1850, chartered a railroad corporation by the name of the Woonsocket Union Railroad Company, with power to construct a railroad from the line of the state of Massachusetts, near the village of Woonsocket, to the line of the state of Connecticut, and with power to unite with railroad companies in the states of Massachusetts and Connecticut. The company was soon after duly organized and had its principal place of business in Woonsocket in the state of Rhode Island. The 21st section of the charter, which gave the power to unite with companies in other states, was as follows:
“ The said Woonsocket Union Railroad Company is hereby authorized to unite with any railroad company which has been or may be empowered by the legislature of the state of Connecticut to construct a railroad to the westerly terminus of. the railroad authorized by this act, or with any railroad company which may be or has been authorized by the state of Massachusetts to construct a railroad to the easterly terminus of the railroad authorized by this act, or with either of said companies. And when the companies shall have been so united the stockholders of one company shall become stockholders in the other companies or company. And the companies thus united shall constitute one corporation, by such name as the united companies may adopt. And all franchises, property, powers and privileges, granted or acquired under the authority of said states respectively, shall be held and enjoyed by the said stockholders in proportion to the number of shares or amount of property held by them respectively in either or both of said corporations.”
Later sections provided that two or more of the directors of the new company should at all times be inhabitants of that state, that separate accounts should be kept of the expenditures on the road in the different states, and that commissioners appointed by the different states should decide from time to time what portion of all the expenditures and receipts properly pertained to the parts of the road lying in the different states, and that the company and the stockholders, so far as the road was situated in that state, should be subject to the duties and liabilities of the Woonsocket Union Railroad Company and to the general laws of the state to the same extent as if the whole line of the road had been located within the state. By the 26th section, the railroad company was authorized in lieu of the union provided, for in the preceding sections, to unite with any other railroad company by leasing their road, or taking a lease of the road of such other company, or by any other contract duly entered into between the companies.
Under the power thus conferred on the Woonsocket Union Railroad Company, and under that conferred on the New York and Boston Railroad Company by the provision of the charter of the latter company authorizing it to make joint stock with other railroad companies, these two corporations united, as one company, under the name of the New York and Boston Railroad Company ; and the court found that a contract of merger, amalgamation and consolidation between the two companies was entered into, and that every thing was done by the companies that could be done under their charters respectively towards the consummation of such merger, amalgamation and consolidation; and that from and after March 14,1853, the two companies ceased doing business as separate companies, and that all the business was thereafter done by the consolidated company, as one company under the name of the New York and Boston Railroad Company; and that thereafter the stockholders of both companies, as stockholders of the united company, chose a single board of directors, two of whom were from the state of Rhode Island.
No further action was had upon the subject of the union of the two companies by the legislature of Rhode Island, but the Legislature of Connecticut, at its session in May, 1854, passed the following resolution :
“ Whereas, the New York and Boston Railroad Company have under the provisions of their charter, united and made joint stock with the Woonsocket Union Railroad Company, a corporation established under the laws of the state of Rhode Island, thereby forming one company under the name of the New York and Boston Railroad Company.
“ Resolved by this Assembly, That the proceedings of the said companies, whereby they became so united and merged as one company, be and the same are hereby validated and confirmed, and the capital stock of said companies shall together form the capital stock of said united company; and the. stockholders of each of said companies shall be stockholders of the said united company, which shall have all the powers, rights, privileges, and franchises now enjoyed by, or which may be hereafter granted to, the New York and Boston Railroad Company in this state. And the said united company and the stockholders thereof, so far as the road shall be situated within the limits of this state, shall be subject to all the provisions of the charter of the New York and Boston Railroad Company granted in this state, and the acts amendatory thereof, and the laws of this state, in the same manner as if the whole line thereof had been located in this state.”
A stockholders’ meeting of the consolidated New York and Boston Railroad Company was held at Middletown, in this state, in October 1854, and by adjournment from time to time at the same place, until May, 1855, when a new board of directors was elected, two of whom were from Rhode Island. There was no other meeting of the stockholders of this company, until the meeting for accepting the terms of merger with the Charles River Railroad Company, hereafter referred to.
The company had offices in Middletown, Woonsocket, and Boston, at which places the directors from time to time held meetings. Two of the directors had been stockholders of the Rhode Island Company, and were stockholders of the New York and Boston Railroad Company only by virtue of the consolidation. The president, secretary, and treasurer resided at Middletown. James H. Stokes was elected secretary by a board of directors chosen by the consolidated company in July, 1855, and had never been secretary or clerk of the original New York and Boston Railroad Company. The president, secretary, and treasurer resided in Middletown, and were stockholders of the original New York and Boston Railroad Company at the time of the amalgamation. It did not appear that they were stockholders of the Woonsocket Union Railroad Company before that time.
In March, 1855, the legislature of Massachusetts passed an act authorizing the Charles River Railroad Company, which had previously been chartered with power to construct a railroad from the city of Boston to the line of the state of Rhode Island, to unite with the New York and Boston Railroad Company. The language of the act was as follows :
“ The Charles River Railroad Company, and the New York and Boston Railroad Company, a corporation established under the laws of the states of Rhode Island and Connecticut, (or any railroad company which now is or may be authorized to unite its railroad stock with the stock of the Charles River Railroad Company,) are hereby authorized to unite themselves in one corporation, upon such terms as shall be agreed upon, whenever a majority in interest in each of said companies shall, by a vote at meetings called for the purpose, decide so to unite. And when such votes shall have been passed by said corporations, they shall thereupon become one corporation, under such name as after such union shall be adopted, and all the franchises, property, powers and privileges now enjoyed by, and all the restrictions, liabilities and obligations imposed upon, such corporation or corporations by their respective charters, shall appertain to such united corporation in the same manner as if the same had been contained in or acquired under an original charter ; and the said Charles River Railroad Company shall not, by any such union with any other company, be thereby released from any liability or obligation under which they now are to any person or corporation, but such liabilities and obligations may be enforced against the united corporation, in the same manner as they may now be enforced against the Charles River Railroad Company.” The act also provided that one or more of the directors of the united corporation should be resident in the state of Massachusetts, and that the company should be held to answer to legal process served on such director. Also that a separate accountshould be kept of the expenditures in the different states, and that a board of commissioners should decide from time to time what portion of the expenditures and receipts properly pertained to the different parts of the road.
The directors of the New York and Boston Railroad Company had been for some time directors of the Charles River Railroad Company, and one of them its president, and so continued to be up to tbe time of its merger with the New York and Boston Railroad Company.
' A contract of merger, amalgamation and consolidation .between the New York and Boston Railroad Company and the Charles River Railroad Company, and certain by-laws, were adopted by the boards of directors and a majority in interest of the stockholders of the two companies respectively, at meetings duly held for the purpose, and subsequently the stockholders of both companies, meeting as one company, ratified and adopted the same, at a meeting duly held for the purpose; and after October 3d, 1855, the two companies ceased doing business as separate companies, and all the business was subsequently done by the consolidated company as one company, under the agreed name of the New York and Boston Railroad Company.
The articles of agreement and by-laws were entered in full upon the books of record of the respective companies, and of the subsequently consolidated company. The last part of the agreement was as follows:
“And these presents shall take and have effect and be in full force and operation when and from and after the time when the samé, or provisions corresponding strictly with the foregoing, shall have been duly accepted, voted and adopted by the New York and Boston Railroad Company, so established under the laws of the states of Rhode Island and Connecticut, as well as by the Charles River Railroad Company, so established under the laws of the state of Massachusetts, and a majority in interest of each of said companies shall, at meetings called for the purpose, duly have decided so to unite. And the said company or companies, respectively, by the undersigned, who at the time of the foregoing vote and action were respectively president or clerk of such company or companies as below indicated in connection .with the signatures of the undersigned respectively, do hereby, and in pursuance of the power and authority under such vote and action of such company or companies, and of the board of directors thereof, now affix the corporate seal and name of such company or companies to the premises, and fully affirm, execute and deliver the same.”
These articles of agreement were entered on the records of each company, and those so entered on the records of the New York and Boston Railroad Company were signed and sealed by its president and clerk, and a place was left for the signature of the president and clerk of the Charles River Railroad Company, with a seal affixed, but the same were never signed by them. The articles entered on the records of the Charles River Railroad Company were in like manner signed and sealed by the president and clerk of said company, and a place left and seal affixed for the signatures of the president and clerk of the New York and Boston Railroad Company, but were never signed by them. The officers of the latter company went to Boston with their records to have the agreement signed by both parties, but the books ■ of the Charles River Company were in the hands of their attorney, who claimed a lien upon them, and they could not be obtained for the purpose.
After the adoption of the contract of union by the directors and stockholders of each company, a meeting of the stockholders of the united company was held at Middletown in October, 1855, by adjournment thereto of each prior separate meeting of stockholders, and also by virtue of a call under the provisions of the by-laws. The notice called the meeting at the office of the company in Middletown. At this meeting the articles of agreement, contract of consolidation, and by-laws were adopted, ratified and confirmed, and a board of directors was chosen, of whom three were from Massachusetts, and were stockholders of the new company only by virtue of having been stockholders of the Charles River Railroad Company. The new company had an office in Middletown and in Boston. The first president and secretary resided at Middletown. The new company adopted the name of the New York and Boston Railroad company, and the contract of union or merger was entered in full upon the records of the united company, signed by the first president and secretary of the united company, with the seals of both the old companies, one of which was also the seal of the new company. The directors held meetings at Middletown, Boston, and Woonsocket, from time to time. James H. Stokes, who was secretary of the New York and Boston Railroad Company after the amalgamation with the Woonsocket Union Railroad Company, was elected treasurer and secretary of the new company.
The legislatures of Massachusetts and Connecticut, in the year 1856, severally passed acts confirming the union of the two companies. That of the latter state provided “ that the union of the New York and Boston Railroad Company with the said Charles River Railroad Company of Massachusetts, by which they have become one company, under the name and title of the former, be and the same is hereby ratified, validated, and confirmed, so that the stockholders of both said companies shall be stockholders of the said New York and Boston Railroad Company, and shall possess all the rights, privileges and franchises appertaining to and enjoyed by the said New York and Boston Railroad Company within the limits of this state, and be subject, as regards the portion of the said road of the said New York and Boston Railroad Company which lies within this state, to the laws of this state, the same as if the whole of said road of the said New York and Boston Railroad Company lay within the limits of this state. Provided-that nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to authorize the said united company or corporation so formed to remove its principal office and treasury without the jurisdiction of this state; or to authorize the proceeds of the existing subscription made prior to the passage of this act, to the capital stock of the New York and Boston Railroad Company, under its charter from this state, to be paid out for any debts or liabilities of any kind incurred by said railroad companies prior to their merger with the said New York and Boston Railroad Company ; and provided that there shall be at least four directors of said united company or corporation residents of this state.”
James H. Stokes, who had been elected treasurer and secretary of the new company, after the final consolidation, continued to hold those offices until the 31st of December, 1856, when, at a meeting of the directors holden at Middle-town, Samuel S. Warner, of Portland in this state, was chosen treasurer, and Marshall S. Rice, of Newton in the state of Massachusetts, was chosen secretary. A meeting of the stockholders was holden on the day preceding, at the same place, at which a resolution was passed confirming the action of a meeting of the stockholders in Woonsocket in the preceding October in the election of directors, and certain persons were elected to fill vacancies in the board of directors. A question was made as to the legality of the election of this board of directors, and the election of Rice as secretary was claimed to be illegal, but the details of these questions are not important to the present case in the view of it taken by this court. Mr. Stokes, as secretary, called together the new board of directors elected at the meeting at Woonsocket, early in November, 1856, and attended their meeting, but did not recognize them as lawfully elected and made no record of their doings, and stated that he should not meet with them again;—after which he performed no official act as secretary, and declined to act as such at the meeting of the stockholders in December following. He however kept the keys of the office and of the safe of the company at Middletown.
On the 12th of December, 1856, the office of the company at Middletown was entered by an officer with a writ of attachment on a claim against the company, and the safe and furniture taken and removed. Nothing was left except papers, maps, &c., of no value except to the company, and these remained until taken away by one of the trustees in insolvency. The office was not occupied for any other company purpose, after the meeting of the 30th of December, 1856. The safe and furniture were sold on execution, and were bid in by the treasurer, Mr. Warner, with the expectation that the company would indemnify him therefor and take them back. Mr. Warner had an office with a safe in it at Portland, and was requested by the president to carry the papers of the company there for safe keeping. Some of them were so carried and kept; but it was not found that the board took any action respecting them, or that it was the intention of the president to constitute the. office of Mr. Warner, in Portland, the office of the company, or that any thing further was done to make it such. .The sign of the company was removed to Portland but was not put up there. Mr. Warner had a conversation with Mr. Carter, of Middle-town, the attorney of the company, with a view to an arrangement to hire and fit up a room to contain the safe and books of the company, to be used by the committee and by the company, and by Mr. Carter as a law office, and by himself as a place of business when in Middletown. He afterwards abandoned the idea, but Mr. Carter, without knowledge of the fact, hired the room and fitted it up, and it had been since occupied by him as a law office, Mr. Warner also transacting business there as he had occasion. The safe, and the furniture, with the exception of a few writing desks and other articles, were not removed to this room. The safe, when opened, was found not to contain the books of the company, and as proceedings in bankruptcy were expected, and the safe was heavy and its removal expensive, it was not removed. The company, by reason of the condition of its affairs, had not used or required the use of any office in this state since the 1st of February, 1857. But the court found that if any such had been required before the proceedings in bankruptcy, the office occupied by Mr. Carter would probably have been used by the company, pursuant to an intention entertained prior to the leasing of it by him, and that Mr. Warner gave the officer who served the writ upon which the proceedings in bankruptcy were based to understand that the room so hired by Mr. Carter was the office of the company if there was any such in Middletown.
The court further found that the writ of attachment was served as stated in the officer’s return on the same; that a copy was left with said Warner as treasurer of the corporation, at the office in Middletown so represented by him to be the office of the company; that the officer who served the writ made reasonable enquiry to ascertain where was the office or principal place of business of the corporation, and acted in good faith in leaving the copy with said Warner, and at said place; that a certified copy of the petition to the court of probate was left by the officer who served the same at the same office, as the office of the corporation, and that the same came into the hands of W. S. Carter; that the said Carter had been previously employed as counsel by the board of directors elected at the meetings of the company in October and December, 1856, and that as such he appeared before said court of probate; that such appearance was continued by him till after the petitions of the other creditors were filed, and that he made no objection to the sufficiency of the service of either the writ of attachment or of the petition ; and' further, that he made no objection to the jurisdiction of the judge of probate or to any want of qualification in the judge.
The court further found that the judge' of probate, some time previous to the presenting of said petition, had had in his hands for collection the claim of said Platt on which the writ of attachment was brought; that he prosecuted the same to final judgment and execution, and collected the greater part of the amount due from the corporation to Platt; but that on the 27th day of January,-1857, he settled with him and delivered over the balance of the claim to him, and had nothing further to do with the same; that previous to the presentation of the petition he had had in his hands a claim in favor of one Norman Smith against the corporation, on which he had caused a factorizing- suit to be brought; that the case had gone into judgment against the corporation, but was still pending against the garnishees, debtors of the company, but that the factorizing lien had become perfected long before the petition., was brought, and that the claim was fully secured by the factorizing process; and that he had no authority from said Smith to collect the debt in any other way than by the factorizing suit; and that certain factorizing suits were brought less than sixty days before the petition was brought, in which certain debtors of the corporation were factorized, in which he was employed by the debtors to defend against the factorizing suits, and for no other purpose.
The questions of law arising on these facts were reserved for the advice of this court.
Culver and Calef, for the appellants.
1. Railroad corporations are not liable to compulsory proceedings in insolvency, under the insolvent act of 1853. 1st. There is no positive provision of the statute authorizing such proceedings against .any corporation. If the terms of the statute are such as to authorize corporations to avail themselves of its provisions so far as to make voluntary assignments, it by no means follows that they may be subjected to insolvent proceedings against their will, at the instance of their creditors. It is very clear that some kinds of corporations can not be regarded as within the intent of the act, as towns, cities, school districts, &c. 2d. The principal and most valuable portion of the property of a railroad company could not be distributed among its creditors, or made available for the payment of its debts, like the ordinary assets of an insolvent debtor. This is obvious from the fact that the trustee would not be invested with the franchise of the company, and could not sell, lease, or operate the road. Beman v. Rufford, 6 E. L. & E., 106. Winch v. Birkenhead, &c. R. R. Co., 13 id., 506. Johnson v. Shrewsbury & Birmingham R. R. Co., 19 id., 584. Ammant v. New Alexandria & Pittsburg Turnpike Road, 13 Serg. & R., 210. Susquehannah Canal Co. v. Bonham, 9 Watts & Serg., 27. Nelson v. Vermont and Canada R. R. Co., 26 Verm., 721. De Ruyter v. St. Peter's Church, 3 Barb., Ch. 119. N. Y. and Maryland R. R. Co. v. Winans, 17 How., 30. 3d. It would be injurious to its creditors to carry a railroad company into insolvency, because, for the reasons above suggested, the source of its income would be immediately dried up, and its means of paying its debts taken away. 4th. The community at large would be essentially injured by the consequent interruption of public travel and of the transportation of property and the public mails. 5th. If any corporations are subject to proceedings in insolvency, it would seem as if none could have been intended except such as are of a strictly private nature. Acts 1856, p. 79. A railroad company, though having some of the essential qualities of a private corporation, is yet, in many important respects, rather of the nature of a public one. A railroad is an improved public highway, and the land taken for it is regarded as taken for public use. It is only on this ground that the right to take private property for railroad purposes can be vindicated under the constitution. People v. White, 11 Barb., 31. Hooker v. Utica &c. Turnpike Co., 12 Wend., 371. Ang. on Highways, 10. White River Turnpike Co. v. Vermont Central R. R. Co., 21 Verm., 190. Railroad v. Norton, 24 Penn., 465. Newburyport Turnpike Co. v. Eastern R. R. Co., 23 Pick., 326. Commonwealth v. Wilkinson, 16 id., 175. Beekman v. Saratoga and Schenectady R. R. Co., 3 Paige, 45. 6th. The statute ought not to be so construed as to make it embrace cases that are not within'its real intent, though they may be within its letter. Smith on Stat. Construction, 701-707.
2. The insolvent proceedings in the present case must be regarded as taken against the original New York and Boston Railroad Company. The debtor is described as a company of that name, established under the laws of the state of Connecticut, and having its office in Middletown, and in the writ on which the preliminary demand was made, the defendants are described by the same name and as a corporation created by the general assembly of this state and located and having its place of business in Middletown. All parts of these descriptions apply precisely to the original Connecticut corporation, and not to the consolidated corporation, which was created by the legislation of the three states and not by that of Connecticut alone, and which is not located in this state, but in the three states.
3. This original corporation was not in existence when the petition was brought. It is expressly found that it was merged, so far as a merger could be legally accomplished, in the corporation formed by consolidating the Connecticut.and Rhode Island corporations,—and that this new corporation was a/terwards merged in another formed by its consolidation with the Massachusetts corporation. This union of the companies was not only originally authorized by their respective charters, but was afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of the states of Connecticut and Massachusetts. The original Connecticut corporation had therefore ceased to exist, if the merger was one that was good in law.
4. The consolidation of the companies was good in law, and a legally established consolidated corporation, absorbing the original companies and entirely superseding them, was the result. Such a consolidation has been recognized as valid by the supreme court of the United States. Wilmington R. R. Co. v. Maryland, 10 How., 376. Phila., Wilmington and Balt. R. R. Co. v. Howard, 13 id., 307. Such an union is not against public policy. Roads forming a continuous line through several states can manifestly be more successfully managed. as one road, and by one board of directors, than where the portions of the road within the different states are treated as separate roads and held by separate corporations. No state can, against the consent of another state, grant a franchise within the limits of such other state, but the two states, by united legislation, can grant a common franchise that shall extend through them both. There is nothing in our state constitution which prohibits such legislation. We are to look there, not to see what power the legislature possesses, but how far that power is limited—the constitution being a limitation, not a grant of power. Starr v. Pease, 8 Conn., 541. Pratt v. Allen, 13 id., 119.
5. If it be claimed that the corporation against whom the present proceedings have been brought, is not the original Connecticut corporation, but the consolidated corporation, then we say that the latter corporation can not be held subject to such proceedings b.efore our courts. 1st. The corporation being a unit, it can not be divided so that a part shall go into insolvency and a part not. The whole corporation must be carried into insolvency, or no part of it. 2d. It will not do for our courts to assume jurisdiction over the whole corporation, because we should at once come into collision with the courts of the other states, which would have an equal jurisdiction over the whole corporation. 3d. The property of the corporation, except the mere bed of the road, has no location within one jurisdiction rather than another, so as to determine the right of a trustee appointed by our courts to any particular part of it, as distinguished from any other part that might fall to the jurisdiction of another state. The trustee must have a right to all the movable property or to none of it. If not, no rule of division could be adopted. 4th. It is no objection to this view, that the corporation would not be liable to insolvent proceedings in any of the states,—for the legislature of either of the states could have made it a condition, in granting the power to consolidate, that the new company should be, in whole or in part, under its jurisdiction for the purpose of such proceedings,—and not having done so, it is to be presumed that such exemption from insolvent proceedings was intended. The property of the company would still be open to all other processes for the enforcement of claims against it.
6. If the consolidated company is liable to these proceedings, then we claim that the proceedings are invalid for several reasons. 1st. Stokes, upon whom the petition was served, was not secretary of the company at the time. He had been superseded and was not claiming to act as secretary. He was thus neither de jure nor de facto secretary. 2d. The writ of attachment on which the petition was based, was not legally served, the demand having been made, and the copy left in service by the officer, at an office, as the office of the company, which was not and had never been the office, either of the consolidated company or of the original company. 3d. The probate court of the district of Middle-town had no jurisdiction. Stat., (ed. 1854,) 515, sec. 5. By the statute that court only can take jurisdiction where a corporation has its office or principal place of business. Neither the new corporation nor the original one had at the time any place of business whatever within that district. 4th. The intentions of Warner and Carter with regard to fitting up an office can have no effect. Hartford Bank v. Hart, 3 Day, 491. 5th. The appearance of Carter, as attorney for the respondents, before the probate court, can not amount to a waiver of the want of jurisdiction, which can never be waived, nor of the want of service,—certainly as against the appellants, whose rights ought not to be affected by what a stranger may have done.
7. If the court had jurisdiction, yet the judge who made the decrees appealed from was disqualified to act, by reason of having been counsel in divers matters appertaining to the settlement of the estate, and affected by the decrees. Acts 1855, Ch. 25, p. 24.
Dutton, (with whom was Barnes,) for the appellees.
1. The consolidation of the original corporations was never effected. 1st. The instruments necessary for that effect were in fact never signed. 2d. The resolutions of the general assembly of this state, passed in 1856, confirming the consolidation, required as a condition that four directors from this state should be appointed, which was not done.
2. The consolidation, if effected, was a mere union of the three companiés, and not a merger of them in a new single corporation, 1st. A corporation can not enjoy a franchise,— can not properly have any existence,—beyond the limits of the sovereignty which created it. Ang. & Ames on Corp., § 104. Bank of Augusta v. Earle, 13 Pet., 519, 588. Runyan v. Lessees of Coster, 14 id., 129. Miller v. Ewer, 27 Maine, 509. Farnum v. Blackstone Canal Co., 1 Sumn., 47. 2d. A corporation can not hold a legal corporate meeting without the limits of the state creating it. Miller v. Ewer, supra. 3d. The states are distinct sovereignties, and such sovereignties can act with each other only by treaty. If therefore such a merger could have been effected by proper action on the part of the different states, the action had was not effective for that end. 4th. The consolidated corporation, if a single corporation as claimed, would extend in this case through three states, and each state, having necessarily a jurisdiction over the corporation, would be possessed of a jurisdiction beyond its limits. 5th. The corporation would be subject to the separate legislation of three distinct sovereignties, and liable to be controlled by each, a result to which no court would willingly come. 6th. The statutes of the three states regarding railroad companies, their rights and duties, are in fact very different in the different states.
3. So far as a liability to our insolvent proceedings is concerned, it makes no difference whether the original company still exists, or is merged in the new company. The new company would then be a corporation existing, in part, within this state, and having property real and personal within the state. The insolvent act, in using the terms “ any person, &c.,” intends that no debtor shall be exempt from the application of the law, who is within the state or has property within it. How far the rights of the trustee will extend, as to personal assets out of the state, is a question to be settled afterwards. It is enough to confer jurisdiction that the corporation is in fact here, none the less here for being in part elsewhere, and that it has property here. It is not to be presumed that the courts of the other states will deny the jurisdiction of this court, or the right of the trustee to any of the personal property, since all the assets would be appropriated for the equal benefit of all the creditors of the corporation. If the jurisdiction over'the property is to be regarded as concurrent, then either state, first asserting jurisdiction, would probably be allowed to retain it, especially where the jurisdiction was taken only for the purpose of an equal distribution of the avails among all the creditors. At all events, the jurisdiction over the real estate within this state, and over the personal property of the corporation found within this state, would be undeniable, and this would be enough to sustain proceedings in insolvency against the corporation. Stat. (ed. 1854) 512, 513. Acts 1855, 84. 4 Private Acts, 1010.
4. Railroad corporations are liable to be proceeded against by their creditors, under the insolvent act of 1853, as much as any other corporation, and as much as natural persons. The statute clearly intends to embrace corporations. The first section provides for a voluntary assignment by “ any person, persons, or corporation,” and the 5th section directs as to the probate court that shall have jurisdiction in the case of “ insolvent corporations.” It certainly can not be claimed that a party who may avail himself of the law for the purpose of making a voluntary assignment, may not be subjected to its compulsory proceedings at the instance of his creditors. And if a corporation may be proceeded against in any case, there is no good reason why a railroad corpora tion may not. It is only a private corporation, like a bank, or manufacturing company.
5. The probate court of the district of Middletown had jurisdiction. Insolvent Act of 1853, sec. 5. The finding shows conclusively that Middletown was the place of business of the corporation. It had been the place of business of the original corporation, and the new corporation made it one of its places of business,—and no new place of business in this state had been established. Even if the corporation had ceased to do business there, yet having no other place of business in the state, the court will regard that as its place of business for the purpose of enabling its creditors to bring insolvent proceedings against the corporation.
6. The service of the writ of attachment, on which the petition is based, was sufficient. Stokes continued to be the secretary of the new corporation, the appointment of Rice, by whom he is claimed to have been superseded, not having been a legal one. The meeting at Woonsocket was not a legal meeting according to the by-laws, that place not having been designated therein as a place for holding meetings. Besides, some of the directors there appointed were not stockholders and therefore could not be directors. It was not therefore a lawful board of directors by which a successor to Stokes was appointed, and he therefore remained in office. But however this may be, the service of the writ of attachment was sufficient, as all that is necessary is that the officer demand and search for property and make return that he can not find sufficient, as was done in this case;—a complete service of the writ, as in an ordinary case, where a suit is to be carried forward to judgment, not being intended by the statute. Insolvent act of 1853, sec. 2.
7. The service of the petition was sufficient. Stokes was legally secretary, and the place where the copy was left was sufficiently the office of the company. As the company had no other office in Middletown, the court will regard the office in question, upon the facts proved, as the office of the company. The court will not allow the process to fail, where the best service was made that in the circumstances could be made. But even if the service was defective, the appearance of Mr. Carter, the attorney of the company, without making objection to the want of service, is a waiver of the objection. And so far as the objection ever could be made, it was the personal right of the company to make it, and not of these appellants, who at any rate can not make an objection which the company has waived.
8. The judge of probate was not disqualified. He was not in fact so connected with any matter involved in the settlement of the estate as to make it improper for him to sit; and if he had been so, it was incumbent on any party disposed to object, to make the objection before the judge himself, and not before the higher court after an appeal. Acts of 1855, Ch. 25, p. 24.
I have stated the facts relating to the consolidation of the companies somewhat more fully than the purposes of the present case require, that the same statement may suffice, by reference, for the case of Bishop v. Brainard, (Middlesex Co. March T. 1859,) hereafter to be reported, and which involves the same details. R,
Storrs, C. J.
In disposing of this case, we shall confine ourselves strictly to the questions which are presented on the record, without undertaking to decide several others which have been argued before us, but which we think are not now regularly presented. Pursuing this course, we shall not consider the questions made, as to the effect of the supposed consolidation or union of the three original corporations, chartered respectively by the states of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts; questions which the parties appear to be especially desirous that we shall determine, but which, as they are very important and attended with difficulty, and are not, in our opinion, presented on this record, we deem it proper to defer until it shall become necessary for us to decide them.
The case has been treated on both sides, in some parts of the argument, as if a consolidated corporation, formed out of those three corporations, is the one which was attempted to be put into insolvency before the probate court for the district of Middletown. We think, however, that the proceedings before that court were instituted, not against such a corporation, but against the original corporation called The New York and Boston Railroad Company, which was chartered by the legislature of Connecticut, in 1846,—that the latter is therefore the only corporation before that court, —and that it is in respect to that corporation only that those proceedings, or their regularity, are to be here considered and determined.
The original petition to the court of probate, instituted by Platt, alleges that he is a creditor of “ The New York and Boston Railroad Company, a corporation duly established and organized under the laws of the state of Connecticut, whereof ” the individuals therein named “are stockholders and members, having their office in Middletown; ” a description which corresponds exactly with the corporation of that name which was created in 1846 by the legislature of this state, but which is wholly inapplicable to one which has been consolidated with several other corporations created under the laws of other states, and merged and united with them into one substituted corporation by virtue of the laws of the several states by which they were originally incorporated. It proceeds to state that he has commenced a suit by attachment for the recovery of his debt against the corporation thus described; sets forth, at large, the proceedings on that attachment, which are those required by the insolvent act of 1853, in order to lay the foundation for an application to the court of probate for the relief therein provided for the creditors of insolvent debtors; and concludes by praying that court to appoint a trustee to take possession of the property of that corporation, and to proceed therewith pursuant to that act. And the petitioner’s attachment, which is set out in his petition, appears to be against the same corporation as that of which he alleges that he is a creditor, and which is described in that attachment in the same terms in which it is described in the petition. The subsequent applications to the court of probate, of Sage, and Hinchfield, and the executors of Jarvis, to be made parties to the proceedings of Platt, allege that they are creditors of the same corporation, which is called by the same name, and similarly described. And all the decrees and orders of that court are conversant with that corporation only. Indeed, the appellants in this case professedly and in terms take their appeal from the decrees and orders of that court in the settlement of the estate of the same corporation. It is of that corporation alone that they allege they are creditors, and their complaint is that the proceedings in that court will dissolve their attachment against it as such creditors; which obviously could not be the case if the corporation against which those proceedings were had were another than that of which they were creditors. In short, there is not, either in the petition to the court for the appointment of a trustee, or in any of the subsequent proceedings before that court, any mention of or allusion to any other corporation than that which was incorporated by the legislature of this state, by the name of the New York and Boston Railroad Company, and which is located at Middletown.
The first that we hear of any other corporation, is after the appeal was taken in this case, and when the appellants file their reasons for that appeal in the superior court. In the last of those reasons, after having in those which preceded it treated the proceedings of the court of probate as having been instituted against the original Connecticut corporation, and urged their invalidity on the ground that they were its creditors, and had secured their claim against it by a writ of foreign attachment, they allege that when, and long before, and ever since the attachment of Platt was sued out, which laid the foundation of those proceedings, and when the decrees and orders were made from which they had appealed,the said New York and Boston Railroad Company, referring to the corporation previously described and which was incorporated by this state, was united, amalgamated, merged, and consolidated, under that name, with two other certain corporations severally established under the respective laws of Rhode Island and Massachusetts, the capital stock of each corporation forming the capital stock of said united corporation, and the stockholders thereof being the stockholders of said united corporation, having all the powers, rights, privileges, and franchises which bad been granted to said corporations individually; that said union and merger being effected by the mutual agreement of said corporations in accordance with their respective charters, and ratified, validated, and confirmed by the legislatures of Connecticut, Rhode Island and Massachusetts, in 1854 and 1856, has never been repudiated by any of the parties thereto, nor annulled or vacated by either of the legislatures of said states, and that ever since said union and merger was so effected, the said New York and Boston Railroad Company have transacted all their business and elected their officers as one united company. In whateveraspeet ihe facts stated in this last reason be considered, we are unable to perceive their pertinency to this case. They are clearly of no importance unless they show, as the appellants claim, that the effect of the alleged union and merger was, not only to create a new corporation, but also to dissolve and put an end to the original Connecticut corporation. If the latter corporation was not thereby dissolved or extinguished, but a.new one only was created, (on neither of which questions do we deem it necessary to express any opinion,) it is obvious that the creation of such new corporation presents no impediment to the proceedings which have been instituted against the original Connecticut corporation, as the latter, in that case, still retains its existence, and is as liable to be proceeded against under our insolvent act, as if the new corporation, from which it is entirely distinct, had not been created. If the claim of the appellants is well founded, that the original Connecticut corporation became dissolved and extinguished to all intents and purposes by the effect of the union and merger, it results that that corporation was thereby ended from thenceforth and has now no existence. But the appellants admit, in their motion for this appeal, that that corporation is still undissolved and subsisting, and allege therein that they are creditors of if, and set up, as valid, an attachment by them for the recovery of their debt against it, which they seek to uphold against the proceedings against it in the probate court; and they appeal on the ground that those proceedings will dissolve that attachment. The ground, therefore, on which their appeal rests, is incompatible with and indeed contradictory to their claim of the utter extinction of that corporation. And by showing, as they claim to have done, that it is so extinguished, they destroy, of course, any claim or right of action against it which can be enforced by means of their attachment, and also the validity of that attachment, since they can not be creditors of or bring a suit against a nonentity. They would thereby place themselves in the condition of one who should appeal from a decree of a court of probate on the ground that he was a creditor of the estate in settlement, but in pursuing his appeal should show in his reasons that his claim against the estate is invalid. It is scarcely necessary to say that such an appeal would be ineffectual. If, however, that corporation, by its merger and union with the other corporations, is dissolved for certain purposes, but yet should be deemed to subsist so as tfc enable its creditors to proceed against it for the collection of their debts, as may perhaps be the case, and so, therefore, that the appellants, being creditors of it, may treat it as still in existence for that purpose, we are of opinion that it should be considered as also still subsisting for the purpose of enabling any of its creditors to avail themselves of the relief against it which is provided by our insolvent act. (See Ang. & Ames on Corp., ch. 22.)
The proceedings in insolvency in this case before the probate court, not being therefore against any new or consolidated corporation which may have been formed by the union and merger of other corporations, created by and united under the laws of different states, but only against the original corporation chartered solely by this state, it is unnecessary to consider the question which has been principally argued before us, whether our insolvent law is applicable to such a consolidated corporation, so as to give our courts of probate jurisdiction to dispose of its property or any part thereof, under and according to the provisions of that law.
The question then arises, whether the provisions of that act are applicable to such a corporation as the original New York and Boston Railroad Company chartered by this state,' and which is wholly a domestic corporation. The proceedings in this case were at the instance of creditors of that corporation, and not under an assignment made by it, and were therefore involuntary on its part. It is suggested that the act does not expressly authorize proceedings under it against any corporation in invitum, and that therefore no such body can be subjected to its operation, unless voluntarily on its part by having made an assignment of its property as provided in the first section. We by no means admit that corporations are not by the terms of the act, and the legal construction of its language, embraced in the other sections which provide for involuntary proceedings against insolvent debtors, and indeed have no doubt that, if it became necessary to decide that point, we should hold that they are embraced by its terms; but looking at the provisions of those other sections in connexion with the first, and especially at the second and fifth sections, there can not be a doubt that the act was intended to extend to corporations as well as to natural persons, and that involuntary proceedings were contemplated under it against the estate of all debtors who are competent to bring themselves voluntarily within its operation by making an assignment of their property. It is next claimed that if the act embraces any corporations, it does not embrace all, and that railroad corporations are among those which are excluded. Municipal corporations, so called, such towns, cities, boroughs, school districts, &c., are instanced among those which are claimed not to be within the purview the act. It may be admitted, and indeed, for reasons too obvious to be detailed, we think, that public bodies of that description were not intended to be subjected to its operation. But none of the reasons for excluding those bodies, growing out of their peculiar character, or the objects of their creation, apply to private corporations for banking, insurance, manufacturing, or trading purposes, or the building of canals, turnpikes or railroads, or the carrying on any other lawful pecuniary business, which “are chartered by the state, and reside by construction of law therein. Such corporations-created for the private advantage and emolument of the corporators, are, we have no doubt, those which are intended to be embraced by the provisions of our insolvent act. The reasons urged for distinguishing between railroad companies and other private business corporations, do not strike jus with any considerable force, while justice obviously requires that the creditors of that particular class of corporations should have the same protection for their debts as is provided for the creditors of other similar corporations. So far as the railroad company itself is concerned, it is entitled to no special immunity in this respect as to its creditors; and as to any inconvenience to the public by the temporary or permanent cessation of its business, consequent upon proceedings in insolvency against them, the necessity of which cessation however is not apparent to us, such inconvenience would be the same in kind, and would differ only in degree, from that which would attend similar proceedings against any of the other private corporations which have been mentioned; and would be the same only as if their business were conducted by natural persons who had become insolvent and therefore liahle to those proceedings. The appellants further insist that railroad companies were not intended to be embraced by the insolvent law on the ground that the trustee appointed under it would not be invested with the power of selling, leasing, or operating the railroad, and therefore that the most valuable portion of its property could not be made available for the payment of its debts. We do not deem it necessary to express any opinion on the legal principle affirmed in this objection ; for if it is correct it falls far short of sustaining the inference claimed from it. That some of the property of the company is of such a peculiar character that the trustee could not, by his own unassisted ‘power, dispose of or manage it for the benefit of creditors, would be an insufficient ground for concluding that the legislature did not intend that they, should have the benefit of such of its property as he could appropriate to their use. And we would add that in regard to other property, if there should be any in which the company would have a valuable interest, without undertaking to prescribe the particular course to be taken with it, which would now be premature, we can not but think that a method could be devised by which it could be made available to creditors.
The .appellants next object to the regularity of the proceedings on the writ of attachment sued out by Platt against the railroad company, on which his petition to put it into bankruptcy was 'founded, because Stokes, on whom as secretary of the company demand was made by the officer for property sufficient for the security of Platt’s claim, and with whom a copy of that writ was left in séVvice, was not then the secretary of the company, for that the directors of the company had previously removed him from said office and appointed one Rice to said office in his place; and that therefore said demand of Stokes, and the service of said ‘writ, were both invalid. These objections do not rest on the ground that Stokes was never the secretary of the company, for it is impliedly admitted by the appellants in their reasons, and the argument has proceeded on the concession, that he had been its secretary, but upon the claim that 'Rice had been appointed in his place ; for if he had not, Stokes obviously retained the office. On the facts found, we think it plainly appears that whatever action was taken in respect to Rice, was not taken by the railroad company against which the proceedings before the probate court were instituted, but by what is claimed to be the new consolidated corporation formed by the merger and union before-mentioned, and that it was of the latter company only, if any, that Rice was appointed the secretary. It is obvious that such an appointment by that corporation did not have the effect of removing Stokes from his office of secretary of another subsisting and distinct corporation, the one which was the party to the proceedings in the court of probate. To the objection that the writ was not legally served on the company, it is also a sufficient answer that the insolvent act requires no service of the writ sued out by the petitioner to the probate court to be made on a debtor, in order to lay the foundation for an application to that court for the appointment of a trustee on his estate. All that is required for that purpose, and in order to give that court jurisdiction, is, that the debtor shall refuse to show to the officer, and that the latter shall be unable to find, sufficient property of the debtor to secure the attachment against him, and that the officer shall make a return to that effect fo the court of probate. The very reason why the creditor may apply for a trustee, is, that the debt can not be realized by an ordinary suit. If property could be found to satisfy it on the attachment, the debt could be collected in that suit, and an application to the court of probate would become unnecessary. It is therefore immaterial to the validity of the proceedings before the court of probate, whether the attachment on which they are founded is served on the debtor or not, since such service could be-important only with reference to the further prosecution of the suit in the court to which the writ is returnable.
The appellants further claim that there was no legal notice to the railroad company of the petition to the court of probate for the appointment of a trustee. It appears that the company appeared before that court on that petition by its attorney, that no objection was ever made to the want of such notice or to the jurisdiction of the court on that or any other account, that a time was fixed by the court within which the company should file their pleadings and answer to the petition, and subsequently for the hearing of the case, and that the hearing was afterwards repeatedly adjourned, and that all of these proceedings took place on the motion of the company by its attorney. After these proceedings it is too late for the company to set up a want of notice on the petition. Such an appearance cured any defect in or want of notice if it were otherwise insufficient. And we also think that the company having thus appeared and waived any objection on that ground, it is not competent for the appellants to avail themselves of that objection. It was an objection in its nature personal to the company, and of which they only could complain, and they having waived it, the proceedings in the probate court in this respect are unexceptionable.
The appellants also claim that when the proceedings were commenced, the company had no office or place of business in the Middletown probate district, and that therefore the court of probate for that district had no jurisdiction of the case. Without considering the manner in which the company conducted its affairs after its supposed union with the two other railroad companies with which it became connected, and which united companies had an office in Middle-town for the transaction of their business, we think that the office of the original Connecticut corporation must be deemed, for the purposes of the present proceedings, to have remained in Middletown, which is within that probate district. It had its office there when it was organized, and for a considerable period afterwards, and indeed down to the time of its connexion with the other railroad companies, and it does not appear that it has ever been removed to any other place. We are of opinion, even if it had ceased doing business before the proceedings in insolvency, that for the purpose, at least, of rendering them amenable to the provisions of our insolvent act, that should be considered as having continued to be their place of business within the intent of that act. The idea that an insolvent corporation having an office where its business is transacted, can, by discontinuing its- business, defeat the relief which is provided for its creditors by our insolvent law, is not susceptible of a plausible vindication. Its office would, for the purpose of jurisdiction and the administering of justice, be deemed to remain where it was when it ceased doing business. (See Evarts v. Killingworth Manufacturing Co., 20 Conn., 447.)
The claim that the judge óf probate was disqualified to act in this case, because he had been retained or consulted as attorney or counsel in matters appertaining to the settlement of the estate in question, is plainly unfounded. By the first section of the twenty-fifth chapter of the acts of 1855, on which the appellants rely, it was optional with the judge to act, if he had been so retained or consulted, unless some person interested in the estate objected, and in the present case no objection was made.
We therefore advise that the orders and decrees of the probate court appealed from, be affirmed.
In this opinion the other judges concurred
Decrees of probate to be affirmed. | CASELAW |
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. JESSE THURMAN FOWLER
No 34
(Filed 10 April 1974)
1. Criminal Law § 166 — abandonment of assignment of error
Assignments of error not brought forward and argued in the brief are deemed abandoned. Supreme Court Rule 28.
2. Criminal Law § 114; Homicide § 25 — instructions on premeditation and deliberation — absence of provocation
The trial judge did not express an opinion that there was no evidence of provocation in a first degree murder case when he instructed the jury that in determining whether there was premeditation and deliberation the jury could consider evidence “of the absence of provocation.”
3. Criminal Law § 114; Homicide § 25 — manner of summarizing evidence — no expression of opinion on provocation
In this first degree murder case, the manner in which the court summarized the evidence did not indicate to the jury that there was no provocation in the case.
4. Criminal Law § 114; Homicide § 28 — plea of self-defense — State’s contention— no expression of opinion
The trial court did not express an opinion on the evidence in stating the State’s contention upon defendant’s plea of self-defense that there was no evidence that the victim was assaulting defendant or threatening him with an assault and that there was no circumstance from which defendant might reasonably have believed that he was about to suffer death or great bodily harm.
5. Criminal Law § 118; Homicide § 28 — instructions — contention of defendant— elapse of time between fight and shooting
In this first degree murder case, the court’s instruction that defendant contended he saw deceased “a fairly brief time” after deceased jumped on defendant and broke his nose was in accord with defendant’s evidence that 30 minutes had elapsed and was favorable to defendant.
6. Criminal Law § 163— exceptions to charge
Exceptions to the charge which fail to point out specific portions of the charge as erroneous are ineffectual as bases for assignments of error.
7. Criminal Law § 163— assignments of error to charge
Assignments of error to the charge should quote the portion of the charge to which defendant objects, and assignments of error based on failure to charge should set out appellant’s contentions as to what the court should have charged.
8. Homicide. § 27 — instruction on manslaughter — verdict of first degree murder — harmless error
In a homicide case in which the court instructed the jury that it could find defendant guilty of first degree murder, second degree murder, manslaughter or not guilty, the court erred in failing to instruct the jury in the charge on manslaughter that if the State failed to satisfy the jury from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant shot the victim and thereby proximately caused his death, the jury should return a verdict of not guilty; however, such error was harmless since the court properly instructed the jury as to both degrees of murder and the jury found defendant guilty of first degree murder.-. . • .
9. Homicide § 8— effect of intoxication
If a person on trial for first degree murder was so drunk at the time he committed the homicide that he was utterly incapable of forming a deliberate and premeditated purpose to kill, an essential element of first degree murder is absent and the offense is reduced to second degree murder.
10. Homicide § 28 — failure to instruct on intoxication
There was not sufficient evidence of intoxication to require an instruction as to the law on intoxication as a defense to murder in the first .degree where all the evidence, except defendant’s exculpatory statement to a detective, was to the effect that defendant was not drunk or intoxicated when he shot the victim.
11. Constitutional Law § 29; Criminal Law § 135; Jury § 7 — jurors opposed to death penalty — excusal for cause
If a prospective juror in a capital case states that under no circumstances could he vote for a verdict that would result in the imposition of the death penalty no matter how aggravated the case and regardless of the evidence shown, the trial court can properly dismiss the juror upon a challenge for cause.
12. Constitutional Law § 29; Criminal Law § 135; Jury § 6 — questioning jurors — views on capital punishment
In a capital case it is proper to inquire into a prospective juror’s views on capital punishment in order to determine his competency to serve in an impartial manner.
13. Constitutional Law § 29; Criminal Law § 135; Jury § 7 — stipulation — prospective jurors — death penalty views — challenge for cause
Stipulation that two jurors were excused for cause “because of their views on capital punishment” does not provide an adequate basis for determining whether such jurors were properly excused under Witherspoon v. Illinois and decisions of the N. C. Supreme Court.
14. Constitutional Law § 29; Criminal Law § 135; Jury § 7 — death penalty views — excusal of jurors — transcript of voir dire — peremptory challenges
Defendant’s contention that the trial court erred in excusing two jurors for cause because of their views on capital punishment and in failing to order that a transcript of the jury voir dire examination be transcribed and included in the case on appeal is without merit where the Supreme Court ex mero motu ordered that the voir dire examination be transcribed and made a part of the case on appeal, and such transcript discloses that no prospective juror was excused for cause by reason of his views on capital punishment but that two jurors who expressed some reservation as to capital punishment were excused peremptorily by the State.
15. Constitutional Law § 36; Criminal Law § 135 — death penalty — cruel and unusual punishment
The death penalty for first degree murder is not cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U. S. Constitution and Article I, §§ 19, 24 and 27 of the N. C. Constitution.
Chief Justice Bobbitt and Justices Higgins and Sharp dissenting as to death sentence.
Appeal by defendant from McKinnon, J., at the 24 September 1973 Session of Wake Superior Court.
On an indictment proper in form, defendant was tried and convicted of murder in the first degree of John Griffin. Defendant appeals from a judgment imposing a sentence of death.
The State’s evidence tends to show that around 6:30 or 7:00 o’clock on the evening of 1 July 1973 John Griffin, the deceased, was with his two children in front of a neighbor’s house at 1300 Branch Street in Raleigh, North Carolina. While Griffin was visiting with the neighbor, a car in which defendant was a passenger drove up and stopped fairly close to where Griffin was standing. Griffin walked over to the car, snatched the car door open, and said to defendant, “I don’t want to fight you no more. I want you to go on home.” Griffin then turned to the driver, Johnny Fraizer Dolby, and asked him to take defendant home, and Dolby agreed to do so. After Dolby had driven only a short distance down the street, defendant insisted that he stop the car and let him out. Dolby complied with defendant’s request, and defendant got out of the car and started walking toward Griffin. When the two were fairly close, defendant pulled a pistol and shot at Griffin twice, hitting him once in the stomach. Griffin fell and defendant left the scene of the shooting and went home. At the time defendant shot Griffin, Griffin had no weapon of any kind in his hand and no weapon was found on or near his body after the shooting.
The police were called and Griffin was taken to a hospital where later that night he died as a result of the gunshot wound. A few hours after the shooting, defendant, upon the urging of his wife and a friend, went to the Raleigh Police Department to explain what had happened. At the police station defendant was informed of his constitutional rights and indicated that he understood them and that he did not want an attorney-present. He also signed a waiver of rights form that was introduced at trial. Defendant said that he wanted the police to know that he was drunk when he shot Griffin. According to Detective D. C. Williams of the Raleigh Police Department, defendant explained to the police that he had gotten drunk on 30 June 1973 and had gotten up the next morning, 1 July 1973, and started drinking again. There defendant and Griffin got into an argument about a ten dollar bill, but nothing happened as a result of this argument. Around 6 p.m. defendant left the game and went to King’s Lounge on Rock Quarry Road. Griffin arrived at the Lounge later, and shortly after Griffin’s arrival he and defendant resumed their argument about the ten dollar bill. Griffin asked defendant to come outside with him, and as defendant was walking out, Griffin hit him in the nose, knocking defendant down and breaking his nose. Defendant told the police that at this time he had a .38 caliber pistol in his pocket. He left the King’s Lounge and went to his home for awhile, and then decided to catch a ride and go see a friend who lived in the vicinity where the shooting occurred. When he arrived in the area, he saw Griffin, and Griffin came over to the car and wanted to fight defendant again. Defendant then persuaded Dolby, the driver, to let him out so that Dolby would not get into any trouble. When defendant got out he started walking away but Griffin came toward him. Defendant shot at him but missed, then shot again and hit him.
All the State’s witnesses testified that although defendant’s eyes were bloodshot at the time of the shooting incident and when he made his statement, he appeared to be in complete control of his mental and physical faculties and was not drunk.
Much of defendant’s evidence tended to corroborate the statement defendant had given to the police on the night following the shooting, except as to that part when he stated he was drunk. His evidence further tended to show that he and some of his friends had planned to go fishing on the day of the shooting, and that it was defendant’s custom to carry a pistol with him when he went fishing to shoot snakes; that he had his .38 caliber pistol with him all day for that purpose and had not gotten it after his scuffle with Griffin at the King’s Lounge. Defendant also testified that immediately after his fight with Griffin at the King’s Lounge, Charles Gene Rogers came up to him and told him, “Man, you better go ahead on because John Griffin is trying to get a pistol to kill you.” Rogers corroborated this testimony.
Defendant testified concerning the events leading up to the shooting substantially as follows: Before his fight with Griffin he had been drinking some beer at the King’s Lounge. Following the fight defendant decided to go over to an apartment complex known as Walnut Terrace to see his sister-in-law. At the time defendant did not know that Griffin would be in the area, and he was not out looking for Griffin. He got two rides to the complex, the last being with Johnny Fraizer Dolby. When Dolby got to the Walnut Terrace area, he and defendant saw Griffin on the street. Griffin came over to the car, snatched the car door open and told defendant, “I don’t want to fight you no more. After the car had gone only a short distance, defendant told Dolby to stop the car and let him out. Defendant testified that he did this because he wanted to leave the area the “easiest” way possible because Griffin had “popped up” in the area. Defendant got out of the car and started crossing the street. At this point he looked down the street and saw Griffin crouched down behind Charles McCoy. McCoy was walking up the street in the direction of defendant, and Griffin was “crouched down tipping up the street behind” McCoy. Suddenly, Griffin pushed McCoy out of the way so that Griffin and defendant were facing each other. Then Griffin said, “Nigger, I am going to make you use what you have got in your pocket.” At this point defendant got his pistol out of his pocket and shot it once in the air hoping Griffin would turn back. Griffin did not turn back and so defendant shot at him a second time, this time hitting him in the stomach. Defendant stated that at the time he shot Griffin he was thinking about having heard that Griffin was looking for a gun and that he was just trying to keep Griffin off of him; he did not shoot to kill him.
Attorney General Robert Morgan and Assistant Attorney General Sidney S. Eagles, Jr., for the State.
Chambers, Stein, Ferguson & Lanning by Charles L. Becton for defendant appellant.
MOORE, Justice.
Assignments of error Nos. 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7 are not brought forward and argued in defendant’s brief, and consequently these assignments are deemed abandoned. Rule 28, Rules of Practice in the Supreme Court; State v. Crews, 284 N.C. 427, 201 S.E. 2d 840 (1974) ; State v. McLean, 282 N.C. 147, 191 S.E. 2d 598 (1972). However, in view of the gravity of the punishment in this case, we have carefully reviewed these assignments but find them to be without merit.
By his fourth assignment of error defendant asserts that “[t]he trial court erred in its instructions to the jury in that the trial court: (1) misstated the law; (2) expressed opinions to the jury; and (3) inaccurately summarized the evidence and contentions of the State and of the defendant.”
Under this assignment defendant first contends that the trial court in discussing premeditation and deliberation expressed an opinion contrary to G.S. 1-180 that there was no evidence of provocation in the case. That portion of the charge to which defendant points in support of this contention is as follows:
“Premeditation and deliberation may be shown by circumstances and in determining whether there was such premeditation and deliberation the jury may consider evidence of the absence of provocation and all other circumstances under which the homicide was committed.” (Emphasis by defendant.)
This contention is without merit. Concerning premeditation and deliberation, the court stated:
“I have used the word ‘premeditation’ and ‘deliberation.’ Those elements must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt before a verdict of murder in the first degree can be rendered against the defendant. The State may prove these elements in many ways. Ordinarily they are not susceptible of direct proof but may be inferred from circumstances such as ill will, previous difficulty between the parties, declarations of an intent to kill either before or after the inflicting of the fatal wound, or where the evidence shows that the killing is done in a brutal and ferocious manner.
“Premeditation and deliberation may be shown by circumstances and in determining whether there was such premeditation and deliberation the jury may consider evidence of the absence of provocation and all other circumstances under which the homicide was committed.
“In determining the question of premeditation and deliberation the jury must take into consideration the conduct of the defendant before and after and all attending circumstances in determining- whether the act shall be attributed to premeditated design or sudden impulse.”
Thereafter, the court fully defined premeditation and deliberation. When that portion of the charge to which defendant excepts is viewed in its context, it is apparent that the statement by the court was not an expression of an opinion that there was no evidence of provocation in this case. To the contrary, this instruction was a correct statement of the law in the case and was given by the court, as required by G.S. 1-180, to assist the jury in reaching a verdict. It is in accord with many well-considered decisions of this Court. See State v. Van Landingham, 283 N.C. 589, 197 S.E. 2d 539 (1973) ; State v. Duncan, 282 N.C. 412, 193 S.E. 2d 65 (1972) ; State v. DuBoise, 279 N.C. 73, 181 S.E. 2d 393 (1971); State v. Hamby and State v. Chandler, 276 N.C. 674, 174 S.E. 2d 385 (1970).
Defendant next contends that the manner in which the court summarized the evidence indicated to the jury that there was no provocation in the case. The paragraph in the charge complained of is as follows:
“The State’s evidence tends to show that the defendant got a ride with Dolby to the Walnut Terrace area; that he had a pistol at the time of going there; that he got out of the automobile of Dolby and returned toward John Griffin after they had words as they passed in the automobile and the State’s evidence tends to show that John Griffin did not have a weapon; was with his children or near his children and that he did not do any act or commit any act which would constitute provocation which would reduce the offense to manslaughter and that he did not do any act which would give a person reasonable grounds to believe that he was going to suffer any bodily harm whatsoever and particularly any serious bodily harm from John Griffin.”
This recapitulation of the evidence is in substantial accord with the testimony in the case. In reviewing the evidence the court is not required to give a verbatim recital of the evidence but only a summation sufficiently comprehensive to present every substantial and essential feature of the case. If there are minor discrepancies, they must be called to the attention of the court in time to afford opportunity for correction, otherwise they are deemed to be waived and will not be considered on appeal. State v. Thomas, 284 N.C. 212, 200 S.E. 2d 3 (1973) ; State v. Tart, 280 N.C. 172, 184 S.E. 2d 842 (1971); Shopping Center v. Highway Commission, 265 N.C. 209, 143 S.E. 2d 244 (1965) ; 7 Strong, N. C. Index 2d, Trial § 33 (1968). No prejudicial error is shown by this statement. If defendant desired a more comprehensive statement of the evidence on this phase of the case, he should have requested it.
Under this same assignment defendant also contends that the trial court stated the following contention in such a manner that the jury could reasonably infer that this statement was the court’s opinion:
“The State contends upon the plea of self-defense that there was no evidence that Griffin was at this time making any assault on the defendant or threatening him with an assault; that there was no circumstance from which the defendant might reasonably have believed that he was about to suffer any death or great bodily harm. . . .”
This contention was amply supported by the State’s evidence. Again, if defendant had any objection to this contention, he should have stated it at the time. State v. Thomas, supra; State v. Tart, supra; Emanuel v. Clewis, 272 N.C. 505, 158 S.E. 2d 587 (1968) ; 7 Strong, N. C. Index 2d, Trial § 34 (1968).
Additionally, defendant contends that the manner, in which the trial court stated defendant’s contentions lends credence to defendant’s contention that the trial court gave unequal stress to the contentions for the State. The statement in the charge complained of is as' follows: “The defendant’s evidence tends to show that sometime after that, he contends a fairly brief time, that he was actually starting to visit a friend and got a ride with Dolby. ...” Defendant stated that here the court, “as if editorializing,” inserted “he contends a fairly brief time.” Defendant had testified that approximately thirty minutes had elapsed from the time the deceased jumped on him and broke his nose at the King’s Lounge to the time he saw the deceased at Walnut Terrace. The State’s evidence was that three to four hours had elapsed. Therefore, the court’s statement of defendant’s contention was in accord with defendant’s evidence and was in fact favorable to him. No prejudice appears.
By assignment of error No. 5 defendant asserts that “[t]he trial court erred by failing to give a full instruction on the circumstances under which the jury could return a verdict of not guilty. ...” Defendant contends that the charge limited in effect the verdict of not guilty to a finding by the jury that defendant killed the deceased in self-defense, and that under the decisions in State v. Woods, 278 N.C. 210, 179 S.E. 2d 353 (1971), and State v. Ramey, 273 N.C. 325, 160 S.E. 2d 56 (1968), the court erred in failing to instruct the jury that if the State failed to satisfy it from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was guilty of murder in the first degree or murder in the second degree or manslaughter, the jury should return a verdict of not guilty.
This assignment and the exceptions on which it is based do not comply with well-established appellate rules. Exceptions Nos. 34 and 35 appear at the end of the charge. Neither identifies by brackets or otherwise any particular portion of the charge to which exception is taken. These exceptions are ineffectual as bases for assignments of error in that they do not point out specific portions of the charge as erroneous. Neither does this assignment quote the portion of the charge to which defendant objects. Too, where the assignment of error is based on failure to charge, it is necessary to set out appellant’s contention as to what the court should have charged. State v. Crews, supra; State v. Kirby, 276 N.C. 123, 171 S.E. 2d 416 (1970) ; State v. Wilson, 263 N.C. 533, 139 S.E. 2d 736 (1965). Even though this assignment does not comply with the well-established rules, since a death sentence is involved we have elected to discuss defendant’s contention.
The court correctly instructed the jury as to murder in the first degree and murder in the second degree as follows:
“I instruct you, Members of the Jury, that if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about the first of July of this year the defendant, Jesse Thurman Fowler, did intentionally and without justification or excuse shoot John Griffin with a pistol and thereby proximately caused his death and that Jesse Thurman Fowler then intended to kill John Griffin and that he acted with malice and premeditation and deliberation, if you find all of those facts to exist beyond a reasonable doubt, it would be your duty to return a verdict of guilty of murder in the first degree. If you do not so find or have a reasonable doubt as to any one or more of those things, you would not return a verdict of guilty of murder in the first degree.
“If you do not find the defendant guilty of murder in the first degree, you must determine whether he is guilty of murder in the second degree. Upon that charge if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about the first of July of 1973, Jesse Fowler did intentionally and with malice shoot John Griffin with a pistol thereby proximately causing his death, then nothing else appearing, it would be your duty to return a verdict of guilty of murder in the second degree. However, if you do not so find, or have a reasonable doubt as to any one or more of those things, you would not return a verdict of guilty of murder in the second degree.”
In instructing on manslaughter the court said:
“If you do not find the defendant guilty of murder in the second degree, you must consider whether he is guilty of voluntary manslaughter. And upon that charge if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that he did on the day in question shoot John Griffin proximately causing his death but you are satisfied that he killed him without malice in the heat of sudden passion lawfully aroused by adequate provocation, as I have defined that to you, or if you find — that is, satisfied, not beyond a reasonable doubt but satisfied that although he believed that it was necessary to shoot John Griffin to protect himself, he did not have reasonable ground for that belief, then it would be your duty to return a verdict of guilty of voluntary manslaughter.
“If, although you are satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did intentionally shoot John Griffin and thereby proximately caused his death, if you are satisfied, not beyond a reasonable doubt, but are satisfied that at the time of the shooting the defendant did have reasonable ground to believe and did believe that he was about to suffer death or serious bodily harm at the hands of John Griffin, and under those circumstances he used only such force as reasonably appeared necessary under the circumstances, then he would be justified by reason of self-defense and it would be your duty to return a verdict of not guilty.”
In the above-quoted portions of the charge the court, after instructing the jury as to what they must find before returning a verdict of guilty of either murder in the first degree or second degree, concluded the instruction as to each of those offenses as follows: “However, if you do not so find, or have a reasonable doubt as to any one or more of those things, you would not return a verdict of guilty. ...” On the charge as to manslaughter no comparable instruction was given to the effect that if the State failed to satisfy the jury from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant did on the day in question shoot John Griffin thereby proximately causing his death, then the jury should return a verdict of not guilty. As stated by Justice Bobbitt (now Chief Justice) in State v. Ramey, supra:
“In our opinion, and we so decide, defendant was entitled to an explicit instruction, even in the absence of a specific request therefor, to the effect the jury should return a verdict of not guilty if the State failed to satisfy them from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that a bullet wound inflicted upon Mabry by defendant proximately caused his death. The trial judge inadvertently failed to give such instruction. The necessity for such instruction is not affected by the fact there was plenary evidence upon which the jury could base a finding that a bullet wound inflicted upon Mabry by defendant proximately caused his death. State v. Redman, supra [217 N.C. 483, 8 S.E. 2d 623 (1940) ].” Accord, State v. Woods, supra.
As in Ramey, the trial judge in the present case inadvertently failed to give such instruction. This was error. However, in this case it is not such error as to require a new trial.
In State v. Freeman, 275 N.C. 662, 170 S.E. 2d 461 (1969), defendant was on trial for murder, and the jury was instructed that it could return a verdict of guilty of murder in the first degree, guilty of murder in the second degree, guilty of manslaughter, or not guilty. The jury was correctly instructed on the law pertaining to murder in the first degree and- murder in the second degree, but an erroneous instruction was given on the charge of manslaughter. The jury returned a verdict of guilty of murder in the first degree. In finding no error in the trial Justice Sharp, for the Court, stated:
“Erroneous though the challenged instruction was, it does not entitle defendant to a new trial for, demonstrably, it was harmless. First, the verdict of murder in the first degree established that defendant had unlawfully killed Sawyer with malice, premeditation, and deliberation. State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198, 166 S.E. 2d 652. Defendant assigns no error in the charge as it related to murder in the first or second degree. . . . Ordinarily, when the jury is instructed that it may find defendant guilty of murder in the first degree, murder in the second degree, manslaughter, or not guilty, and the verdict is guilty of murder in the second degree, an error in the charge on manslaughter will require a new trial. In such event it cannot be known whether the verdict would have been manslaughter if the jury had been properly instructed. But where, as here, the jury was properly instructed as to both degrees of murder and yet found defendant guilty of murder in the first degree rather than the second degree, it is clear that error in the charge on manslaughter was harmless. In State v. Munn, 134 N.C. 680, 47 S.E. 15, the jury found ‘that beyond all reasonable doubt the prisoner slew the deceased willfully, deliberately and with premeditation, and was guilty of murder in the first degree. The State (had) thus satisfied them of facts raising the crime above murder in the second degree, which only was presumed from the (intentional) killing with a deadly weapon. If there were error in the charge as to mitigation below murder in the second degree, it was therefore immaterial error.’ ”
Similarly, in the present case when the jury became convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant, after deciding to take Griffin’s life, intentionally and unlawfully shot and killed him, the error in the charge below murder in the second degree was immaterial error. This assignment is overruled.
By assignment of error No. 5 defendant also contends the trial court erred in failing- to instruct the. jury as to the law on intoxication as it relates to the facts in this case. Again, the assignment does not set out what the court should have charged. See State v. Crews, supra. We have, however, considered defendant’s contention.
Voluntary intoxication is not a legal excuse for crime. State v. Bunn, 283 N.C. 444, 196 S.E. 2d 777 (1973) ; State v. Propst, 274 N.C. 62, 161 S.E. 2d 560 (1968). Although it is no excuse for crime, where a specific intent is an essential element of the offense charged, the fact of intoxication may negate the existence of that intent. State v. Propst, supra. If a person on trial for murder in the first degree was so drunk at the time he committed the homicide charged in the indictment that he was utterly incapable of forming a deliberate and premeditated purpose to kill, an essential element of murder in the first degree is absent. State v. Bunn, supra. In such a situation it is said that “ ‘the grade of offense is reduced to murder in the second degree.’ ” State v. English, 164 N.C. 497, 511, 80 S.E. 72, 77 (1913).
While there was evidence that defendant was drinking, there was no evidence that he was drunk or intoxicated except defendant’s exculpatory statement to Detective Williams. All the State’s witnesses who saw him at the time of the shooting or when he made his statement to Detective Williams testified that defendant appeared to be in complete control of his mental and physical faculties and was not intoxicated or drunk. None of defendant’s numerous witnesses who saw him testified that he was drunk at anytime during the day on Sunday, July 1, up to and including the time of the shooting, or after the shooting until defendant surrendered to the police. Defendant testified in his own behalf and recited in minute detail his activities on Saturday, June 30, and Sunday, July 1. At no time in his testimony did he state that he was intoxicated or that his mind was in any manner impaired or affected by anything he had had to drink. His only defense was self-defense, and he did not request any instruction on intoxication as a defense to first degree murder. We hold, therefore, that there was not sufficient evidence of intoxication in this case to require an instruction as to the law on intoxication as a defense to murder in the first degree. See State v. Doss, 279 N.C. 413, 183 S.E. 2d 671 (1971) ; State v. Hamby and State v. Chandler, supra; State v. Bunton, 247 N.C. 510, 101 S.E. 2d 454 (1958).
Apparently in an attempt to simplify matters on appeal, the State and defense counsel entered into the following stipulation:
“[We] hereby stipulate and agree that upon the voir dire of the jury the following transpired at the trial of this matter.
“1. That the jury voir dire was not transcribed.
“2. That the State questioned the prospective jurors with regard to their attitudes about the death penalty and advised them that death would be the penalty as a result of a first degree murder verdict.
“3. That two jurors were excused for cause because of their views on capital punishment.”
Now defendant, under his eighth assignment of error, asserts that the death qualification of the jury wherein the jury was advised that death would be the penalty upon a first degree murder verdict, the exclusion of death-scrupled jurors from appellant’s jury and the failure of the trial court to have the jury voir dire transcribed violated appellant’s Sixth Amendment right to a jury that reflects a fair and representative cross section of the community.
Defendant first contends under this assignment that the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution mandates that no venireman be excluded for cause because of his views on the death penalty, regardless of what his views may be. Therefore, defendant argues, the trial court committed error in permitting the veniremen to be questioned about their beliefs on capital punishment and in allowing the State to advise the prospective jurors that death is the penalty in a first degree murder conviction.
The Supreme Court of the United States in Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 510, 20 L.Ed. 2d 776, 88 S.Ct. 1770 (1968), decided otherwise. In Witherspoon the United States Supreme Court held that the sentence of death may not be carried out if the jury that imposed it was chosen by excluding veniremen for cause simply because they had general objections to the death penalty or expressed conscientious or religious scruples against infliction of the death penalty. But in footnote 21 of that opinion it is stated:
“We repeat, however, that nothing we say today bears upon the power of a State to execute a defendant sentenced to death by a jury from which the only veniremen who were in fact excluded for cause were those who made unmistakably clear (1) that they would automatically vote against the imposition of capital punishment without regard to any evidence that might be developed at the trial of the case before them, or (2) that their attitude toward the death penalty would prevent them from making an impartial decision as to the defendant’s guilt.”
Since Witherspoon this Court has consistently held that if a prospective juror states that under no circumstances could he vote for a verdict that would result in the imposition of the death penalty no matter how aggravated the case and regardless of the evidence shown, the trial court can properly dismiss the juror upon a challenge for cause. State v. Noell, 284 N.C. 670, 202 S.E. 2d 750 (1974) ; State v. Anderson, 281 N.C. 261, 188 S.E. 2d 336 (1972) ; State v. Watson, 281 N.C. 221, 188 S.E. 2d 289 (1972) ; State v. Cook, 280 N.C. 642, 187 S.E. 2d 104 (1972) ; State v. Westbrook, 279 N.C. 18, 181 S.E. 2d 572 (1971) ; State v. Dickens, 278 N.C. 537, 180 S.E. 2d 844 (1971) ; State v. Atkinson, 275 N.C. 288, 167 S.E. 2d 241 (1969).
Under these decisions it is permissible to ask a prospective juror about his beliefs on capital punishment in order that the State, as well as the defendant, may have a trial by an impartial jury. To achieve this impartial jury the State is allowed to challenge for cause any juror who would automatically vote against a verdict that would require the imposition of the death penalty without regard to the evidence that might be developed at the trial of the case, or whose attitude towards the death penalty would prevent him from making an impartial decision as to defendant’s guilt. As stated by this Court in State v. Doss, supra, “a venireman should be willing to consider all the penalties provided by State law and he should not be irreparably committed before the trial has begun to vote against the penalty of death regardless of the facts and circumstances that might emerge in the course of the proceeding.” See also State v. Childs, 269 N.C. 307, 152 S.E. 2d 453 (1967). Justice Higgins in State v. Spence, 274 N.C. 536, 539, 164 S.E. 2d 593, 595 (1968), stated the reason for challenge as follows:
“According to the Federal Court decisions ‘the function of challenge is not only to eliminate extremes of partiality on both sides but to assure the parties that the jury before whom they try the case will decide on the basis of the evidence placed before them and not otherwise.’ The purpose of challenge should be to guarantee ‘not only the freedom from any bias against the accused, but also from any prejudice against his prosecution. Between him and the State the scales are to be evenly held.’ Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202; Tuberville v. United States, 303 F. 2d 411 (cert. den. 370 U. S. 946) ; Logan v. United States, 144 U.S. 263; Hayes v. Missouri, 120 U.S. 68.”
We hold that in a capital case it is proper to inquire into a prospective juror’s views on capital punishment in order to determine his competency to serve in an impartial manner. See State v. Crowder, 285 N.C. 42, 203 S.E. 2d 38 (1974).
Under this same assignment of error defendant also contends that the trial court erred in not ordering the court reporter to transcribe the jury voir dire, and that such failure requires that defendant’s death sentence be vacated. In making this contention, defense counsel in his brief points to the stipulation entered into with the State whereby it was stipulated that the jury voir dire was not transcribed and that two jurors were excused for cause because of their views on capital punishment.
“A stipulation is a judicial admission. [Citations omitted.] It has been said in North Carolina that courts look with favor on stipulations, because they tend to simplify, shorten, or settle litigation as well as saving cost to the parties. [Citations omitted.]
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“ . . . ‘[Stipulations will receive a reasonable construction with a view to effecting the intent of the parties; but in seeking the intention of the parties, the language used will not be so construed as to give the effect of an admission of a fact obviously intended to be controverted, or the waiver of a right not plainly intended to be relinquished. . . .’ 36 Cyc. 1291, 1292. . . .” Rickert v. Rickert, 282 N.C. 373, 193 S.E. 2d 79 (1972).
“ . . . ‘While a stipulation need not follow any particular form, its terms must be definite and certain in order to afford a basis for judicial decision. . . . ’ ” State v. Powell, 254 N.C. 231, 118 S.E. 2d 617 (1961). On its face the stipulation in the present case is not definite and certain. The stipulation only notes that two jurors were excused for cause “because of their views on capital punishment,” but does not reveal whether the State or defendant moved for their exclusion or what their views on capital punishment might have been. As defense counsel in his brief states:
“No stipulation or admission based on recollection can reflect the many possible answers given in response to the death-qualifying questions. No reflection now can show this Court how resolute or irresolute an answer may have been. Did either of the excused jurors voice general objections to the death penalty or express conscientious or religious scruples against its infliction? Was an excused juror’s response ambiguous? Was one of the jurors excused because he said that he could not vote for the death penalty in this particular case? We do not know the answer to these questions; there is no transcript.”
In effect, it is now defendant’s position that the stipulation entered into by defense counsel and the State is insufficient in that it does not provide this Court with an adequate basis for determining whether the two jurors allegedly excused for cause because of their views on capital punishment were properly excused under Witherspoon and the decisions of this Court cited above, and furthermore that it was error for the trial court not to order the voir dire examination of the jurors transcribed. We agree that the stipulation was deficient as contended by defendant. In order to determine whether the two jurors were in fact properly excused, this Court ex mero motu ordered that the court reporter’s record of the voir dire examination as to all jurors in this case be transcribed and certified by the trial court to this Court, and that such transcript be made a part of the case on appeal. This was done. See Rule 19, Rules of Practice in the Supreme Court.
This sixty-five page transcript discloses that, contrary to the stipulation, no prospective juror was excused for cause by reason of his views on capital punishment. Although two prospective jurors who expressed some reservation as to capital punishment were excused, they were not excused for cause but were excused peremptorily by the State. Including these two peremptory challenges the State utilized seven of its permissible nine peremptory challenges, and defendant seven of his permissible fourteen. See G.S. 9-21. Peremptory challenges are challenges that may be made according to the judgment of the party entitled thereto, and the reason for challenging a juror peremptorily cannot be inquired into. State v. Noell, supra; State v. Allred, 275 N.C. 554, 169 S.E. 2d 833 (1969).
It is the primary duty of defense counsel to prepare and docket a true and adequate transcript of the record in the case on appeal in a criminal case. State v. Fox, 277 N.C. 1, 175 S.E. 2d 561 (1970) ; State v. Roux, 263 N.C. 149, 139 S.E. 2d 189 (1964); G.S. 15-180; G.S. 1-282. It is also the duty of the solicitor to scrutinize the copy that the appellant serves upon him. If it contains errors or omissions, it is the solicitor’s responsibility to file exceptions or countercase. State v. Fox, supra. If, as in the present case, defense counsel desires to take exception to the act of the court in excusing a prospective juror, he should either enter into a stipulation with the State setting out in detail the reason for excusing the juror, or he should include a transcript of the voir dire examination as to that juror in the case on appeal. He should not take exception to his own failure to prepare and docket a true and adequate transcript of the record in the case on appeal. Such action is not approved.
Since the complete record now before us discloses that no juror was excused by the State for cause due to his view on capital punishment, defendant’s contention that the trial court erred in excusing jurors for cause is overruled, and his contention as to the failure of the trial court to order a transcript of the voir dire examination to be included in the case on appeal is no longer tenable.
Defendant by his final assignment of error contends that the death penalty in this case is cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States and Article I, sections 19, 24, and 27 of the Constitution of North Carolina. He further contends that capital punishment in North Carolina is still imposed in a selective and arbitrary manner, in violation of Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 33 L.Ed. 2d 346, 92 S.Ct. 2726 (1972).
Defendant also adopts and incorporates by reference the contentions and citations of authority contained in the brief filed in State v. Jarrette, 284 N.C. 625, 202 S.E. 2d 721 (1974), by the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc., as amicus curiae, and the brief filed in State v. Blackmon, 284 N.C. 1, 199 S.E. 2d 431 (1973), by the North Carolina Civil Liberties Union Legal Foundation, Inc., as amicus curiae. Suffice it to say that the arguments advanced in this case were fully discussed and rejected in the opinions filed in those cases. Further discussion would serve no useful purpose.
In State v. Waddell, 282 N.C. 431, 194 S.E. 2d 19 (1973), this Court declared that the death penalty is the sole and exclusive punishment for murder in the first degree committed in North Carolina after 18 January 1973. G.S. 14-17. The murder for which this defendant has been convicted was committed on 1 July 1973. The death sentence, therefore, was not only proper but was the only one that the trial court could impose.
An examination of the entire record discloses that defendant has had a fair trial free from prejudicial error. The judgment imposed must therefore be upheld.
No error.
Chief Justice Bobbitt, Justice Higgins and Justice Sharp dissent as to death sentence and vote to remand for imposition of a sentence of life imprisonment for the reasons stated in the dissenting opinion of Chief Justice Bobbitt in State v. Jarrette, 284 N.C. 625, 666, 202 S.E. 2d 721, 747 (1974). | CASELAW |
Mamre
Mamre (מַמְרֵא), full Hebrew name Elonei Mamre, 'Oaks of Mamre', refers to an ancient religious site originally focused on a single holy tree, growing "since time immemorial" at Hebron in Canaan. At its first location, Khirbet Nimra, a pagan tree cult predated the biblical narrative. It is best known from the biblical story of Abraham and the three visitors. The tree under which he had pitched his tent is known as the oak or terebinth of Mamre. Modern scholars have identified three sites near Hebron which, in different historical periods, have been successively known as Mamre: Khirbet Nimra (a little excavated Persian and Hellenistic period site), Ramat el-Khalil (the best known site, flourished from the Herodian through the Byzantine period), and Khirbet es-Sibte. The last one contained an old oak tree identified by a relatively new tradition as the Oak of Mamre, which has collapsed in 2019, and is on the grounds of a Russian Orthodox monastery.
Jewish-Roman historian Josephus, as well as Christian and Jewish sources from the Byzantine period, locate Mamre at the site later renamed in Arabic as Ramat el-Khalil, 4 km north of historical Hebron and approximately halfway between that city and Halhul. Herod the Great apparently initiated the Jewish identification of the site with Mamre, by erecting there a monumental enclosure. It was one of the three most important "fairs" or market places in Judea, where the fair was held next to the venerated tree, accompanied by an interdenominational festival joined in time by Jews, pagans, and Christians. This prompted Emperor Constantine the Great to unsuccessfully attempt at putting a stop to this practice by erecting a Christian basilica there.
Names and events
Mamre is the site where Abraham pitched the tents for his camp, built an altar, and was brought divine tidings, in the guise of three angels, of Sarah's pregnancy.
Genesis 13:18 has Abraham settling by 'the great trees of Mamre'. The original Hebrew tradition appears, to judge from a textual variation conserved in the Septuagint, to have referred to a single great oak tree, which Josephus called Ogyges. Mamre may have been an Amorite, a tribal chieftain after whom a grove of trees was named. Genesis connected it with Hebron or a place nearby that city. Mamre has frequently been associated with the Cave of the Patriarchs. According to one scholar, there is considerable confusion in the Biblical narrative concerning not only Mamre, but also Machpelah, Hebron and Kiryat Arba, all four of which are aligned repeatedly. In Genesis, Mamre is also identified with Hebron itself. The Christian tradition of identifying a ruined site surrounded by walls and called in Arabic Rāmet el-Ḥalīl ('Hill of the Friend', meaning: "the friend of God", i.e. Abraham), with the Old Testament Mamre, goes back to the earliest Christian pilgrims in the 4th century CE, and connects to a tradition from the time of Herod (1st century BCE).
Elsewhere it is called 'the Terebinths of Mamre the Amorite', Mamre being the name of one of the three Amorite chiefs who joined forces with those of Abraham in pursuit of Chedorlaomer to save Lot (Gen. 14:13,24).
The supposed discrepancy is often explained as reflecting the discordance between the different scribal traditions behind the composition of the Pentateuch, the former relating to the Yahwist, the latter to the Elohist recension, according to the documentary hypothesis of modern scholarship.
Identification
There appear to be three main sites which have been known, at different times in history, as Mamre. These are, chronologically:
* 1) Khirbet Nimra, an archaeological site next to Hebron and 2,5 km north of Ramat el-Khalil, identified as the Persian- and Hellenistic-period Mamre.
* 2) Ramat el-Khalil, also spelled Ramet el-Khulil, is the site identified as Mamre in the time of King Herod (1st century BCE), Constantine the Great (4th century CE), and - strongly contested by some - the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (12th-13th centuries CE). Talmudic sources refer to the site as Beth Ilanim or Botnah. The ruins of the Herodian and Constantinian structure became also known in Arabic as Beit el-Khalil, meaning "Abraham's House".
* 3) Khirbet es-Sibte (also Ain Sebta), the present-day site of the so-called Oak of Mamre, 2 km southwest of Ramat el-Khalil, has been considered since the 19th century by Christians to be the place where Abraham saw the angels. A modern Russian Orthodox monastery is marking the site.
Khirbet Nimra: Persian and Hellenistic Mamre
According to Jericke among others, Persian and Hellenistic Mamre was located at Khirbet Nimra, 1 km north of modern Hebron, where a pagan tree cult predated the composition of the biblical Abraham narrative.
Research and analysis
The archaeological site of Ramat el-Khalil (Grid Ref. 160300/107200) was first excavated by Andreas Evaristus Mader in 1926–1928, followed by Sayf al-Din Haddad (1977), 'Abd el-Aziz Arjub (1984–1985), and Yitzhak Magen (1986–1988), Magen publishing his findings in 1991 and 2003. Greenberg & Keinan, summarising previous dig reports, list the outstanding components of the site as being a large Roman-era enclosure, a Byzantine church, and a Crusader church. However, Denys Pringle's analysis of both historical and archaeological sources leads to the firm conclusion that the Crusader-era Church of the Trinity, mentioned by medieval pilgrims, stood at the foot of a hill, not at its top, and certainly not at Ramat el-Khalil, where the remains of the Constantinian church were found undisturbed by any later building in 1926. Greenberg & Keinan are listing the main periods of settlement as: Early Roman, Late Roman, Byzantine, and Crusader, with less substantial findings from the Iron Age IIc and the Hellenistic period. However, Yitzhak Magen, the last to excavate the site, claims that findings previously attributed to the biblical time of the Kings during the Iron Age, and the Hellenistic Hasmoneans, are in fact of far newer date, Byzantine or later.
Bronze Age
Early Bronze Age pottery sherds found at the Ramat el-Khalil site may indicate that a cultic shrine of some kind was in use from 2600–2000 BCE, but there is no archaeological evidence for the site being occupied from the first half of the second millennium down to the end of the Iron Age – that is, very broadly speaking, between 2000 and 600 BCE.
Herod: the enclosure
Herod the Great transferred the Mamre tradition 2.5 km to the north, from the site at Khirbet Nimra (see above) to the site at Ramet el-Khalil. This was part of Herod's upgrade of Hebron as a cult centre dedicated to the patriarch Abraham, by erecting two shrines: one at Abraham's tomb, and one at a site he connected to his place of residence, where the patriarch dined under a tree together with the three men. It has been noted that Hebron and Mamre were located in Idumaean territory, that both Jews and Idumaeans regarded Abraham as their common ancestor, and that Herod came from an Idumaean family that had only recently converted to Judaism.
The 2 m thick stone wall enclosing an area 49 m wide and 65 m long was constructed by Herod, possibly as a cultic place of worship. It contained an ancient well, more than 5 m in diameter, referred to as Abraham's Well.
Josephus: the terebinth
* Josephus' terebinth tree is distinct from the modern Oak of Mamre and stood at a different location
Josephus (37–c. 100) records a tradition according to which the terebinth at Mamre was as old as the world itself (War 4.534). The site was soaked in legend. Jews, Christians and Pagans made sacrifices on the site, burning animals, and the tree was considered immune to the flames of the sacrifices. Constantine the Great (r. 302–337) was still attempting, without success, to stop this tradition.
Late Roman period: Hadrian's temple
The Herodian structure was destroyed by Simon bar Kokhba's army, only to be rebuilt by the Roman emperor Hadrian. Hadrian revived the fair, which had long been an important one as it took place at an intersection forming the transport and communications nub of the southern Judean mountains. This mercatus (Heb. yerid or shuq: πανήγυρις) or "fair, market" was one of the sites, according to a Jewish tradition conserved in Jerome, chosen by Hadrian to sell remnants of Bar Kochba's defeated army into slavery.
Rabbinical tradition
Due to the idolatrous nature of the rituals at the fair, Jews were forbidden to participate by their rabbis. According to the Jerusalem Talmud: "They prohibited a fair only in the case of one of the character of that at Botnah. As it has been taught along these same lines in a Tannaitic tradition. 'There are three fairs, the fair at Gaza, the fair at Acre, and the fair at Botnah, and the most debased of the lot of them is the fair of Botnah.'"
Late Roman festival and Byzantine basilica
Eusebius and Sozomen describe how, notwithstanding the rabbinic ban, by the time of Constantine the Great's reign (302–337), the market had become an informal interdenominational festival, in addition to its functions as a trade fair, frequented by Christians, Jews and pagans. The cultic shrine was made over for Christian use after Eutropia, Constantine's mother-in-law, visited it and was scandalised by its pagan character. Constantine, informed of these pagan practices, attempted without success to put an end to the festive rituals celebrated around the tree. He angrily wrote to Macarius, bishop of Jerusalem and all the other bishops of Palestine and admonished them, letting them know that he had ordered the comes Acacius to destroy all pagan idols and punish those holding on to pagan practices. The enclosure was then consecrated, Constantine had a basilica built, dedicated to Saint George (its foundations are still visible), and the enclosure of the Terebinth of Mamre roofed over.
The 1957 plan and reconstruction of the site made after the excavation performed by German scholar A. E. Mader in 1926-1928, shows the Constantinian basilica along the eastern wall of the Haram Ramet el-Khalil enclosure, with a well, altar, and tree in the unroofed western part of the enclosure.
The venerated tree was destroyed by Christian visitors taking souvenirs, leaving only a stump which survived down to the seventh century.
The fifth-century account by Sozomen (Historia Ecclesiastica Book II 4-54) is the most detailed account of the practices at Mamre during the early Christian period. "The place is presently called the Terebinth, and is situated at the distance of fifteen stadia from Hebron. ... There every year a very famous festival is held in the summer time, by people of the neighbourhood as well as by the inhabitants of more distant parts of Palestine and by Phoenicians and Arabians. Very many go there for the sake of business, some to sell and some to buy. The feast is celebrated by a very big congregation of Jews, since they boast of Abraham as their forefather, of heathens since angels came there, of Christians since he who should be born from the Virgin for the salvation of humankind appeared there to that pious man. Everyone venerates this place according to his religion: some praying [to] God the ruler of all, some calling upon the angels and offering libations of wine, burning incense or sacrificing an ox, a goat, a sheep or a cock. ... Constantine's mother in law (Euthropia), having gone there to fulfill a vow, gave notice of all this to the Emperor. So he wrote to the bishops of Palestine reproaching them for having forgot[ten] their mission and permitted (sic) such a most holy place to be defiled by those libations and sacrifices.'"
A vignette of the Constantinian basilica with its colonnaded atrium appears on the 6th-century Madaba Map, under the partially preserved Greek caption "Arbo, also the Terebinth. The Oak of Mambre".
Antoninus of Piacenza in his Itinerarium, an account of his journey to the Holy Land (ca.570 CE) comments on the basilica, with its four porticoes, and an unroofed atrium. Both Christians and Jews worshipped there, separated by a small screen (cancellus). The Jewish worshippers would flock there to celebrate the deposition of Jacob and David on the day after the traditional date of Christ's birthday.
The Constantinian basilica was destroyed during the Persian invasion of 614.
Early Muslim period
Arculf, a Frankish bishop who toured the Levant in around 670-680, witnessed the monastery still being active around 670, a few decades after Umar's conquest. He reported, indicating a slightly erroneous location in relation to the Tombs of the Patriarchs: "A mile to the north of the Tombs that have been described above, is the very grassy and flowery hill of Mambre, looking towards Hebron, which lies to the south of it. This little mountain, which is called Mambre, has a level summit, at the north side of which a great stone church has been built, in the right side of which between the two walls of this great Basilica, the Oak of Mambre, wonderful to relate, stands rooted in the earth; it is also called the oak of Abraham, because under it he once hospitably received the Angels. St. Hieronymus elsewhere relates, that this tree had existed from the beginning of the world to the reign of the Emperor Constantine; but he did not say that it had utterly perished, perhaps because at that time, although the whole of that vast tree was not to be seen as it had been formerly, yet a spurious trunk still remained rooted in the ground, protected under the roof of the church, of the height of two men; from this wasted spurious trunk, which has been cut on all sides by axes, small chips are carried to the different provinces of the world, on account of the veneration and memory of that oak, under which, as has been mentioned above, that famous and notable visit of the Angels was granted to the patriarch Abraham."
Crusader period
Yitzhak Magen was in 1993 of the opinion that during the Crusades, the site may have been used by a Church of the Trinity. Denys Pringle firmly refutes this possibility, based on the analysis of pilgrims' reports.
Avraham Negev considers the last clear identification and description of the Byzantine church remains at Ramat el-Khalil to come from the Russian pilgrim known as Abbot Daniel, who visited the site in 1106/8, and he qualifies other medieval reports from the 12th century onwards as not clear with regard to the location of the site they describe.
After 1150s: different Jewish and Christian locations
After the middle of the 12th century the reports become vague and the location of "Abraham's Oak" seems to have migrated to one or more locations situated on the road connecting Ramat el-Khalil with Hebron. What is nowadays considered the traditional location of the Oak of Abraham is a site originally known in Arabic as Ain Sebta, which used to be outside historical Hebron but is now within the urban sprawl of the Palestinian city.
As written in a footnote from an 1895 publication of Arculf's pilgrimage report, "The Oak or Terebinth of Abraham has been shown in two different sites. Arculf and many others (Jerome, Itin[erarium] Hierosol[ymitanum], Sozomen, Eucherius [possibly Eucherius of Lyon], Benjamin of Tudela, the Abbot Daniel,.... etc.) seem to point to the ruin of er Râmeh, near which is Beit el Khulil, or Abraham's House, with a fine spring well. This is still held by the Jews to be the Oak of Mamre. The Christians point to another site, Ballûtet Sebta, where [there] is a fine specimen of Sindian (Quercus Pseudococcifera).'" Ballut is the Arabic word for oak.
Ramat el-Khalil today
The Palestinian authorities have made the site accessible to visitors under the name Haram Ramat Al Khalil.
Since, in Islam, the Kaaba in Mecca is sacred as the "house of Ibrahim/Abraham" (see Qur'an 2:125), his tradition of hospitality has also moved to that city, and under Muslim rule Mamre has lost its historical significance as an inter-religious place of worship and festivity. The site was excavated by 20th-century Christian and Jewish archaeologists, and a 2015 initiative by the Palestinian Ministry of Tourism, joined by the UN and youth belonging to all three communities in the area—Muslim, Jewish, and Christian—restored the site for visitors and built a new "meeting centre". However, as of 2019, the centre had not yet been opened and the site itself doesn't see much traffic. | WIKI |
Arjang Arjang - 10 months ago 49
Javascript Question
Add Remove element with Jquery using a refrence to html element
I am trying to add an element to a dropDown and after selection remove it, by naively trying to have htmlElement refrence defines as such : (Of course this doeasnt work)
var selectAnOption = "<option value='' selected='selected'>Select One</option>";
So later
var addSelectAnOption = function () { ('#ddb1').prepend(selectAnOption ); };
var removeSelectAnOption = function () { selectAnOption.remove(); };
I have also tried the following variation:
var selectAnOption;
var addSelectAnOption = function () { selectAnOption = $('#ddb1').prepend("<option value='' selected='selected'>Select One</option>"); };
var removeSelectAnOption = function () { selectAnOption.remove(); };
But this also didn't work, as selectAnOption was set to the dropDownBox itself
Of course I could add the option with an id and then later use that to find it to remove it, but that seemed not too pretty.
Answer
wrap it in $():
var selectAnOption = $("<option value='' selected='selected'>Select One</option>");
DEMO | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Putin names economy advisor as Russia's first deputy PM - Kremlin
MOSCOW, Jan 21 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin on Tuesday named Andrei Belousov, his economy advisor since 2013, as Russia’s first deputy prime minister, replacing Anton Siluanov who had held the role since May 2018. In a surprise move last week, Putin announced plans for far-reaching constitutional reforms, prompting his long-time ally Dmitry Medvedev to resign along with his government. Speaking on state television shortly after the announcement of Belousov’s appointment, Putin said his government shake-up had been big, but that many ministers from his old government had kept their jobs. (Reporting by Moscow bureau; writing by Tom Balmforth; editing by Andrew Osborn) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Class: OsCtld::AutoStart::Plan
Inherits:
Object
• Object
show all
Includes:
OsCtl::Lib::Utils::Log
Defined in:
lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb
Instance Attribute Summary collapse
Instance Method Summary collapse
Constructor Details
#initialize(pool) ⇒ Plan
Returns a new instance of Plan.
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# File 'lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb', line 10
def initialize(pool)
@pool = pool
@plan = ContinuousExecutor.new(pool.parallel_start)
@state = AutoStart::State.load(pool)
@reboot = AutoStart::Reboot.load(pool)
@stop = false
@nproc = Etc.nprocessors
end
Instance Attribute Details
#planObject (readonly, protected)
Returns the value of attribute plan.
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# File 'lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb', line 146
def plan
@plan
end
#poolObject (readonly)
Returns the value of attribute pool.
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# File 'lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb', line 8
def pool
@pool
end
#rebootObject (readonly, protected)
Returns the value of attribute reboot.
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# File 'lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb', line 146
def reboot
@reboot
end
#stateObject (readonly, protected)
Returns the value of attribute state.
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# File 'lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb', line 146
def state
@state
end
Instance Method Details
#assets(add) ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb', line 19
def assets(add)
state.assets(add)
reboot.assets(add)
end
#clearObject
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# File 'lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb', line 128
def clear
plan.clear
end
#clear_ct(ct) ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb', line 123
def clear_ct(ct)
state.clear(ct)
reboot.clear(ct)
end
#delay_after_start?Boolean (protected)
Returns:
• (Boolean)
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# File 'lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb', line 194
def delay_after_start?
lavg = OsCtl::Lib::LoadAvg.new
lavg.avg[1] >= @nproc
end
#do_try_start_ct(ct, attempts: 5, cooldown: 5, start_opts: {}) ⇒ Object (protected)
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# File 'lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb', line 148
def do_try_start_ct(ct, attempts: 5, cooldown: 5, start_opts: {})
attempts.times do |i|
return if stop?
ret = Commands::Container::Start.run(**start_opts.merge(
pool: ct.pool.name,
id: ct.id,
wait: 'infinity',
))
if ret[:status]
state.set_started(ct)
return if stop?
if delay_after_start?
log(:info, ct, "Autostart delay for #{ct.autostart.delay} seconds")
sleep(ct.autostart.delay)
else
log(:info, ct, 'Skipping autostart delay thanks to low system load average')
end
return
end
if i+1 == attempts
log(:warn, ct, 'All attempts to start the container have failed')
return
end
if stop?
log(:warn, ct, "Unable to start the container, giving up to stop")
return
else
pause = cooldown + i * cooldown
log(:warn, ct, "Unable to start the container, retrying in #{pause} seconds")
sleep(pause)
end
end
end
#enqueue(ct, priority: 10, start_opts: {}) ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb', line 74
def enqueue(ct, priority: 10, start_opts: {})
plan << (
ContinuousExecutor::Command.new(id: ct.id, priority: priority) do |cmd|
cur_ct = DB::Containers.find(cmd.id, pool)
next if cur_ct.nil? || cur_ct.running?
prestart_delay(cur_ct)
log(:info, ct, 'Starting enqueued container')
do_try_start_ct(
cur_ct,
start_opts: start_opts.merge(queue: false),
)
end
)
end
#fulfil_reboot(ct) ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb', line 115
def fulfil_reboot(ct)
reboot.clear(ct)
end
#prestart_delay(ct) ⇒ Object (protected)
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# File 'lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb', line 188
def prestart_delay(ct)
delay = rand(0.0..3.0)
log(:info, ct, "Delaying auto-start by #{delay.round(2)}s")
sleep(delay)
end
#queueObject
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# File 'lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb', line 141
def queue
plan.queue
end
#request_reboot(ct) ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb', line 111
def request_reboot(ct)
reboot.add(ct)
end
#resize(new_size) ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb', line 132
def resize(new_size)
plan.resize(new_size)
end
#start(force: false) ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb', line 24
def start(force: false)
@stop = false
log(
:info, pool,
"Auto-starting containers, #{pool.parallel_start} containers at a time"
)
# Select containers for autostart
cts = DB::Containers.get.select do |ct|
next(false) if ct.pool != pool
next(true) if reboot.include?(ct) && ct.can_start?
next(true) if ct.autostart && ct.can_start? && (force || !state.is_started?(ct))
next(false)
end
# Preschedule the containers
if CpuScheduler.use?
cts.reject do |ct|
ct.running?
end.sort do |a, b|
b.hints.cpu_daily.usage_us <=> a.hints.cpu_daily.usage_us
end.each do |ct|
CpuScheduler.preschedule_ct(ct)
end
end
# Start the containers
plan << (cts.map do |ct|
ContinuousExecutor::Command.new(
id: ct.id,
priority: ct.autostart.priority,
) do |cmd|
cur_ct = DB::Containers.find(cmd.id, pool)
if cur_ct.nil? || !cur_ct.can_start?
CpuScheduler.cancel_preschedule_ct(ct)
next
elsif cur_ct.running?
CpuScheduler.cancel_preschedule_ct(ct)
state.set_started(cur_ct)
next
end
prestart_delay(cur_ct)
log(:info, cur_ct, 'Auto-starting container')
do_try_start_ct(cur_ct)
end
end)
end
#start_ct(ct, priority: 10, start_opts: {}, client_handler: nil) ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb', line 90
def start_ct(ct, priority: 10, start_opts: {}, client_handler: nil)
plan.execute(
ContinuousExecutor::Command.new(id: ct.id, priority: priority) do |cmd|
cur_ct = DB::Containers.find(cmd.id, pool)
next if cur_ct.nil? || cur_ct.running?
prestart_delay(cur_ct)
log(:info, ct, 'Starting enqueued container')
Commands::Container::Start.run(
**start_opts.merge(
pool: cur_ct.pool.name,
id: cur_ct.id,
queue: false,
internal: {handler: client_handler},
),
)
end,
timeout: start_opts ? (start_opts[:wait] || Container::DEFAULT_START_TIMEOUT) : nil,
)
end
#stopObject
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# File 'lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb', line 136
def stop
@stop = true
plan.stop
end
#stop?Boolean (protected)
Returns:
• (Boolean)
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# File 'lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb', line 199
def stop?
@stop
end
#stop_ct(ct) ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/osctld/auto_start/plan.rb', line 119
def stop_ct(ct)
plan.remove(ct.id)
end | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Revolt of the Fishermen
The Revolt of the Fishermen (Russian Восстание рыбаков, Wosstanije rybakow) is a feature film and early sound film based on the novel Revolt of the Fishermen of Santa Barbara by Anna Seghers, which was made between 1931 and 1934 on behalf of the German-Russian Mezhrabpomfilm company in the Soviet Union. The original intention was to produce a German and a Russian version directed against the growing Nazi movement. Due to considerable organizational deficits and differences between the film company and the director, only the Russian version could be completed. This was the feature film debut of German director Erwin Piscator.
The film deals with a strike among the workers of the Bredel shipping company. The strike is triggered by an accident during fish processing, which the workers attribute to the excessive pace of work on the shipping company's fishing fleet. After the death of a strike leader, the strike escalates and spreads from the deep-sea fishermen to the independent coastal fishermen in the region. The film was shot in the Ukraine, the Russian peninsula of Kola and Moscow.
In its editing effects, long tracking shots and lighting direction, the Revolt of the Fishermen is stylistically similar to the works of Soviet film directors Sergei Eisenstein and Vsevolod Pudovkin from the transition period from silent to sound film. However, due to the technique of the moving camera and its independent sound direction, the feature film also contrasts with the Russian film tradition.
The Revolt of the Fishermen premiered in the Soviet Union in October 1934. An export version with subtitles was distributed in other European countries the following year. The film was presented for the first time in West Germany during the 6th West German Short Film Festival in March 1960. It has since been presented in film societies, arthouse cinemas and film festivals such as the Berlinale 2012, but the "precarious condition of copies slowed down a wider reception".
Plot
The Revolt of the Fishermen deals with a strike among the impoverished deep-sea fishermen and sailors of the coastal town of Port Sebastian (also: San Sebastian), which is triggered by deteriorating working conditions on the ships of the shipowner Bredel. The fishermen on one of Bredel's ships bring in the catch. A shark has come on board as by-catch and tries to eat a small fish while it is still dying. The sailors gutting the fish are repeatedly told to work faster. The pace of work on the ships in Bredel's fishing fleet has increased considerably, as the shipowner now only employs three men per shift instead of four. When a worker cuts off his thumb with a shark knife, the fishermen spontaneously stop working in protest.
In view of the accident, the deep-sea fishermen call on the captain to reduce the work intensity. Four men per shift are to be employed again. When the captain rejects this demand, the deep-sea fishermen decide to go on strike. The fishing fleet had to return to the port of the main town of Port Sebastian. At the shipping company office in Port Sebastian, the sailors are deprived of their wages. The garrison commander and the shipowner Bredel witness the orderly departure of the striking sailors. The commander deploys soldiers.
Strike leader Hull calls for a joint strike between the deep-sea fishermen from Port Sebastian and the coastal fishermen from the surrounding area, whose economic situation is slightly better than that of the deep-sea fishermen. However, joint industrial action does not materialize as the shipowner Bredel offers the small-scale fishermen in the area the prospect of one hundred percent more pay for their catch. The small-scale fishermen then set sail for Bredel, but lose half of their catch in stormy seas. The deep-sea fishermen, on the other hand, win their case against the shipping company and initially resume work. Bredel breaks his promise to pay the coastal fishermen a wage supplement. When the coastal fishermen realize that Bredel does not intend to keep his promise, they finally join forces with the deep-sea fishermen from Port Sebastian. In Desak's inn in the small coastal town of St. Barbara, the deep-sea and coastal fishermen discuss a joint labor dispute. However, the meeting is blown up by an act of arson.
A group led by the moderate fisherman Kerdhuys decides against going on strike and wants to go fishing for Bredel the day after the unsuccessful meeting in St. Barbara. In the morning, Martin Kedennek, an individualist from St. Barbara, and his people, who want to go on strike against the shipping company, ambush Kerdhuys and his comrades-in-arms. Kedennek tries to stop Kerdhuys from breaking the strike with a knife. When Kedennek attacks Kerdhuys, he is struck down by a bullet from one of the soldiers mobilized by the garrison commander. The next morning, there is another direct confrontation in the dunes between strikers and a group of coastal fishermen led by the well-off boat owner Bruyk, who - like Kerdhuys the day before - want to set sail for Bredel. Andreas, a young fisherman who lives with the Kedennek family, also joins the strikebreakers for the sake of appearances. Secretly, however, Andreas is planning an explosive attack on Bruyk's fishing boat.
The mood in the coastal fishing communities is tense. The mourning fishermen from the entire coastal region flock to Martin Kedenek's funeral. The shipowner Bredel arranges for more soldiers to be sent to St. Barbara as he fears an escalation of the conflict. Bredel asked the clergyman to hold back the mourners at the grave. The situation at the gravesite threatens to get out of hand. The fishermen's displeasure at a sermon by the priest, who strongly condemns Kedennek's actions, erupts in a cry from the widow, Marie Kedennek. Marie Kedennek knocks the Bible out of the clergyman's hand and tears it up. Meanwhile, the soldiers in St. Barbara are looking for the revolutionary sailor Hull from Port Sebastian, whom Bredel has identified as the real ringleader of the strike movement. The soldiers trash Desak's pub and rape Marie, a prostitute who works for Desak as a temporary help and who is having an affair with Andreas. The funeral is interrupted by explosions on Bruyk's ship, which Andreas has caused. The explosions are the signal for a revolt by the coastal fishermen against the shipowner and the summoned military, who approach the cemetery in firing lines.
Fierce fighting breaks out between the insurgent fishermen and their wives and the military, during which the saboteur Andreas is shot dead as he flees. After conquering strategically important military positions, the numerically superior insurgents led by strike leader Hull win the unequal battle. In the turmoil of the uprising, Bredel manages to escape.
Relationship to the original literary work
The feature film is based on the novel Revolt of the Fishermen of St. Barbara by Anna Seghers, for which the author was awarded the Kleist Prize in 1928. Piscator made significant changes to the story. He turned the pessimistic ending of the original, in which the fishermen's misery is described in detail, into a militant appeal for the popular front against Nazi Germany. The director pointed out that he had initially moved the plot of the film "from northern Spain to northern Germany", thus enabling the main characters "to come into contact with those who had a similar social position at the time[.] It corresponded to the small fisherman, the small farmer." Piscator's geographical considerations initially relate to the unfinished German version of the film. Film scholar Günther Agde also interprets the completed Russian film version from 1934 as a " virtually placeless, but clearly non-Russian film." Piscator originally wanted to reach a German film audience and the unionized and politically unorganized classes in Germany, who seemed to him to be particularly susceptible to National Socialism. Anna Seghers had already shown that these classes were "dependent to the point of being drained". He, on the other hand, wanted to illustrate how it was possible to remain independent by organizing oneself into a trade union.
According to theater scholar Peter Diezel, Piscator's film adaptation was in line with the strategic guideline of Thälmann's KPD leadership of the "anti-fascist united front and the inclusion of the petit-bourgeois classes". However, this manifested itself as a "rather brutal approach" towards Anna Seghers, as it meant nothing less than a "deconstruction of her narrative text". To this end, as he later summarized, Piscator had introduced a seamen's union in his film adaptation, who worked on the "trawlers sent out by large fisheries and had started a strike over the removal of the fourth man in a work group." Meanwhile, the small-scale fishermen continued to work and had thus essentially become strikebreakers; a series of won and lost strikes followed. According to Piscator, however, "since the organized helped the unorganized, even when it was no longer about their own cause, these strikes turned from purely economic to political actions and - at least I hoped so - into a call against a system like the one the Nazis intended." Seghers expert Helen Fehervary also concludes that Piscator deconstructs an essential element of his literary model: the subject of Seghers' model is the "failed strike of the fishermen against the shipping company that controls their wages and their entire lives. In the end, the boats leave under the same conditions that gave rise to the uprising. The everyday life of class relations is thus restored." This element of failure in Seghers' original bears witness to the revolutionary history in Central Europe after the First World War. At the beginning of Seghers' story, the failure of the insurgents is visualized with an allegorization of the uprising: Long after the uprising of the fishermen, the insurrection had "still sat on the empty, white summer-bare marketplace" and "calmly thought of its own, whom it had born, raised, cared for and sheltered for what was best for them". This allegorical moment is missing in Piscator's film, as it is aimed at a successful uprising.
While the geographical setting of Seghers' story is indeterminable, Piscator imagined "a story explicitly set on the German North Sea coast", which evokes the naval and Spartacus uprisings of 1918 and 1919: "In Kedenek's martyrdom, there are echoes of Karl Liebknecht's assassination in January 1919; the funeral procession and burial scenes echo the resonance of the mourning masses that accompanied Liebknecht's coffin through the streets of Berlin. " According to Fehervary, Grebner's script largely adhered to Seghers' original in terms of the plot and characterization of the figures. However, the decisive difference between the story and the film lies at the end, namely the revolt of armed sailors, which does not occur in Seghers. While Seghers retrospectively depicts a failed uprising, in Piscator's film armed sailors come to the aid of the poorly prepared and organized fishermen. After the final battle, the film ends "with a victory song, beaming faces and a happy ending for everyone except the Bredel shipping company and its hired soldiers." Here, behind the camera, one senses the film director's "deeply felt, one might almost say desperate, call for activism in times of crisis."
Cultural scientist Simone Schofer distinguishes the psychological characterization style of the original book from the "politicized" portrayal of characters in the film. Seghers places more emphasis on individuals and extensively depicts individual reactions and feelings in order to make the development of the uprising comprehensible to the reader. The feature film, on the other hand, aims to describe the uprising itself, so that individual actions are not always fully revealed to the viewer. However, in the film, the female characters, who in Seghers' work were mainly absorbed in stereotypical roles in the household and at the hearth, are more strongly exposed and actively involved in the economic and political struggle. While Seghers' narrative is characterized by an emphatically unsentimental, sober form of representation, Piscator is primarily concerned with awakening the revolutionary consciousness of a working-class community in the masses and calling for a united struggle.This can be clearly seen in the "somewhat unrealistic victory of the fishermen over the soldiers" at the end of the film, after an unequal battle with bare hands and sticks against machine guns. Although Seghers' original was "attuned to the inevitable tragedy of defeat" from the outset, her work is nevertheless not at odds with Piscator's intentions. Also in her case, the men did not give up hope for the uprising and by the following year the uprising was still "squatting in the town squares".
Film analysis
Soon after Piscator's death, the State Film Archive of the GDR published an undated information sheet on the Revolt of the Fishermen in its "Film Sheets" series, according to which Piscator, a man of the theater, had mastered the wide range of cinematic expression in his only film. The constant alternation between close-ups, long shots and long tracking shots, the atmospheric lighting direction and the symbolic visual language are emphasized as striking film-aesthetic design elements: "The close-up and detail shots repeatedly bring order to the crowd scenes and constantly force the viewer to make a personal statement. It is both symbolic and at the same time of expressive atmospheric power." The author of the information sheet refers, for example, to the opening symbol of the dying shark devouring a fish with its last convulsions, to a knife flashing in the sand as the workers' fronts face each other, and to the soldiers' boots that freeze Marie shortly before the rape sequence.
Incidentally, the film's highlights are due to a montage technique based on Eisenstein's silent films, through which the dramaturgical contrasts are heightened to "incredible speed". In addition to the camera work, the crowd scenes and the cross-cutting, the still young sound direction is also cited: "The sound becomes particularly effective in the functional incorporation of songs and battle songs, which are heard again and again at the climax of the action." The choir of deep-sea fishermen forms a counterpoint to the action surrounding the small-scale fishermen as a static, reflective element.
The German scholar Klaus Gleber describes the preferred use of "editing effects and montage" as characteristic of Piscator's film: "The latter is used both contrastively (while the priest invokes the divine right of power, the soldiers rage) and symbolically reinforcing (surf as an illustration of the uprising). Close-ups and long tracking shots are just as much a part of the inventory as the image, which is geared towards the viewer's power of association." The communication scientist Hermann Haarmann also emphasizes the rapid camera movements and tracking shots - unusual for the time -, oblique camera work and rapid editing sequences. However, Piscator's film always maintained a "balance between aesthetic innovation and outdated schematization", especially with regard to the rather conventional character acting including physiognomy, posture and clothing on the one hand and an avant-garde formal language borrowed from epic theater on the other. The avant-garde formal language includes the brief introduction of the protagonists through their faces at the beginning of the film, the spoken and superimposed commentaries - the intertitles are reminiscences of silent films - as well as the choral element of the music. The fact that a chorus intervenes in the action after each "film chapter" is due to Bertolt Brecht's Lehrstück-Theater, from which Piscator borrows.
Jasmin Arnold recognizes a film aesthetic innovation in the fact that Piscator interspersed the "sounds of the ships with words, chants and choirs." With regard to the montage principles, she points out that Piscator did not use them everywhere, but only where they seemed appropriate. He left long discussions uncut and approached the speakers. For cultural scientist Bianca Schemel, the cinematic use of the chorus, which is often "too static and wooden", shows Piscator's origins in theater directing. Schemel also refers to the special effect of rear projection that Piscator uses in the assassin Andreas' escape from the military: "Andreas' escape and his pursuit by the soldiers are filmed with a special effect, the rear projection. In this, part of the scene is filmed first and the actor is then shot again in front of the film that has already been shot."
Hermann Haarmann also points to the film's "meaningful lighting direction", which is handled with virtuosity in connection with nature motifs and landscape images, among other things: "Pipe and cigarette smoke rises everywhere and at all times, enveloping heads or silhouettes in backlighting - silhouettes also confirm the use of strongly symbolizing light." At the same time, the intense "emphasis on the elements (sea with ebb and flow, rising and subsiding storm, moonlit night and bright day)" intensifies the "impressive play of light. These motifs from nature converge in the demonstrative intensification of the social conflict as a quasi-naturally developing conflict between the strikers, the strikebreakers and the soldiers bought by the state, the church and the bourgeoisie to do the dirty work."
Topics
On the occasion of the film's re-screening at the Berlinale 2012, film scholar Günter Agde emphasizes the close look at the "work in the details of its execution", which the Revolt of the Fishermen shares with other productions by Mezhrabpomfilm. For example, the "furious beginning" of the film shows "a wealth of details of fishing at sea, salvaging and landing in the harbor." At the same time, however, this presentation of different forms of work revealed "an almost naïve trust on the part of the filmmakers in the physical strength of the workers, which pointed beyond the films." Apart from the technological side of the topic of "work", these film sequences would have given the cinema audience of the time interesting insights into the everyday life of Soviet working environments. In this respect, these images had their own documentary value beyond the film itself. The treatment of the topic of work quickly shifts from the initial focus on concrete work processes to aspects such as the intensification of work, organized labour disputes and their violent suppression.
The film is characterized by the desire to counter the growing Nazi movement at the end of the Weimar Republic with an anti-fascist united front, in line with the KPD policy of the time, for which the petty bourgeois classes were to be won over. Based on the labour dispute between the deep-sea fishermen and the petty-bourgeois coastal fishermen, who, unlike the deep-sea fishermen, owned their means of production, with the shipping company, Piscator wanted to demonstrate the necessity of a joint, organized struggle. In 1975, a West German study on Piscator's work in Soviet emigration had already pointed out that the petty bourgeoisie, constantly threatened with proletarianization by big capital and increasingly so during the crisis, was becoming a potential accomplice of fascism, which promised a solution to the crisis but concealed its means of solving it. Here, "the avant-garde of the proletariat had to create clarity and point out the revolutionary alternative." The necessity and success of such a policy were the subject of Piscator's film.
Exile research in the GDR in the 1970s also picked up on this thematic focus of the film. The united front theme becomes particularly clear at the end of the film, where a chanting choir formulates a call to all exploited people to join the united front. But even the beginning of the film reflects this concept. Since, according to GDR exile researcher Renate Waack-Ullrich, the film aims to enlighten the middle classes, who are afflicted by petty-bourgeois ideology, about their own social situation, Piscator begins it "not with the story of the [coastal] fishermen, but with the increasingly intensifying main contradiction between capitalists and the working class: Bredel's fishing vessel."
According to Renate Waack-Ullrich, the fishermen, as representatives of the petty bourgeoisie, are only "introduced into the action when the main contradiction between the capitalists and the working class is exposed. The outcome of the strike depends on whether the fishermen side with the capitalists or the sailors - this is shown primarily visually." Their actions are then depicted in the following decisive stages: how they allow themselves to be misled into breaking the strike by Bredel's false promises, how most of them do not want to understand that they have long been proletarianized despite their material plight, and how only several deaths in their own ranks bring them to desperate joint action. At the end of the film, even the moderate fisherman and unsuccessful strikebreaker Kerdhuys finally realizes that only a joint industrial action can lead to success.
According to communication scientist Hermann Haarmann, Piscator positioned his film project "exactly where there is a need for argumentation: in the agitation of the middle classes, who are objectively threatened with proletarianization, but at the same time believe every promise of social advancement." The seductiveness of ideology and propaganda does the rest. Since the middle classes were the basis for the success of fascism, Piscator placed particular emphasis on small-scale fishermen in line with the classical theory of fascism, which "holds the social status between the classes, between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, responsible for the National Socialist conflagration". However, Haarmann interprets the underlying political intention of the film project as deceptive. Given a divided workers' movement, whose factions had accused each other of breaking their word and left the field to fascism at the end of the Weimar Republic, the desire of intellectual KPD sympathizers, who at the beginning of the 1930s "still hoped for a turnaround and wanted to work towards it", was illusory.
Adverse production circumstances
In the summer of 1930, Piscator had initially planned to film Theodor Plievier's successful debut novel Des Kaisers Kulis, which dealt with the precarious working conditions on the ships of the imperial navy. According to the German scholar Klaus Gleber, however, the realization of an elaborate film with revolutionary content in Germany would have faced "considerable difficulties, especially as the 'Münzenberg Group' did not have the necessary means of production." The left-wing media entrepreneur Willi Münzenberg therefore put Piscator in touch with the Soviet joint-stock company Mezhrabpomfilm. During negotiations in Moscow, Piscator reached an agreement with Mezhrabpomfilm in September 1930 on a film version of the Plievier novel. In April 1931, he traveled to Moscow with an initial synopsis for the screenplay. Piscator had asked to use ships from the Soviet Black Sea Fleet for the filming. He wanted to use these ships to recreate the 1916 Battle of Jutland, which is the subject of Plievier's novel. It was only weeks after his arrival in Moscow that Mezhrabpomfilm informed him that his application to use the Black Sea Fleet had been rejected. The Soviet Foreign Minister, People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Maxim Litvinov, feared diplomatic entanglements with the German Reich in this case and refused.
Anna Seghers' novel Revolt of the fishermen of St. Barbara was quickly selected as a substitute. Peter Diezel assumes that the intensive study of the 1918 sailors' mutiny and thematic analogies between Plievier's and Seghers' works contributed to Piscator's decision to choose Anna Seghers' story as a suitable replacement. As subsequent dubbing was not yet possible at the time for technical reasons, both a German and a Russian version of the film were to be shot. The screenplay for the planned German version of the Revolt of the Fishermen was to be written by the Austrian-British writer Anna Wiesner, who had also worked on Piscator's screenplay for Des Kaisers Kulis. The Russian version of the screenplay was written by the scenarist Georgi Grebner. Although Piscator had virtually no experience in the film industry, Meschrabpom-Film had set aside just five or at most six months to work on the script and shoot the film, which meant that considerable problems were inevitable.
In July 1931, Piscator began filming the first shots of nature in the port city of Murmansk on the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic film motifs and the long summer twilight phases made a lasting impression on him: "These magnificent white nights there in the north, which last for three months, or the nets frozen in the ice." Later that month, during a stay in Berlin, he hired fourteen German and Austrian actors for the film project, including Lotte Lenya as the prostitute Marie and Paul Wegener as the shipowner Bredel. At the beginning of August 1931, indoor filming was to begin in the Meshrabpom studio in Moscow, but a fire broke out. A fire destroyed two of a total of three studios, including the decorations that had been set up in them, and required weeks of renovation work. Piscator decided without much hesitation to prepare the exterior shots on the Ukrainian Black Sea coast near Odesa instead, but material shortages and transportation difficulties for the decoration led to delays. The director spent a considerable amount of his time waiting "for the provision of financial resources, film crews and material". Disputes arose over the scope of the buildings for the St. Barbara film village. Piscator threatened to cancel the work and renegotiated his contract with Mezhrabpomfilm in August 1931. When filming could finally have started in Odessa in mid-September 1931, stormy weather hindered the work. Mezhrabpomfilm then ordered the Soviet film director Lev Kuleshov to Odesa to provide Piscator with administrative support. Kuleshov was to work out a detailed shooting schedule for the film. At the same time, Piscator was given director Mikhail Doller as his first assistant. When they fell behind schedule again, the only option was to stop work temporarily, as the contracts with the German actors had already expired in November 1931.
Piscator repeatedly complained to political authorities such as the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union about the desperate production conditions and the poor supervision of the ambitious film project by Mezhrabpomfilm. At the beginning of 1932, the Mezhrabpomfilm directors informed Piscator that the plan for a German version of the film would be dropped and that only a Russian version could be shot. Once again, a new contract was negotiated. After months of interruption, Piscator was able to resume filming in Odessa in late spring and summer 1932 with Soviet actors. Cooperation with the Soviet actors, who came from different acting traditions (Stanislavski, Meyerhold, Mayakovsky), proved difficult. In the fall of 1932, the film was shot in the rebuilt Mezhrabpomfilm studios in Moscow. In the spring of 1933, the National Socialists' rise to power finally shattered Piscator's intention of reaching a wider German audience with a political film. It was not until the fall of 1933 that he was able to take on the film music, but had to replace the composer Yuri Shaporin with younger colleagues due to insufficient cooperation. At the same time, it became apparent that film editing would take another few months. In the spring of 1934, Piscator completed the film project, which had taken almost three years with interruptions. The film cleared the final hurdle and was released by the main cinema administration. The official film premiere was set for October 1934.
Film poster
The film poster for the original Russian version from 1934 was designed by commercial artist Michail Weksler. The poster for the black-and-white film is designed in color. The film title is set off from the actual illustration at the top edge of the poster in white letters on a red background. The poster shows three characters from the film, the strike leader Kedennek, the boatman Bruyk with his characteristic tobacco pipe and the prostitute Marie in the background, on a sea background in strong yellow and green tones. Kedennek and Bruyk are identified as sailors and coastal fishermen by features such as striped clothing, slouch hats, pipes and spade beards. The poster thus focuses on the two contrasting positions within the communities of coastal fishermen, some of whom, following Kedennek, join the sailors' strike or, like the relatively well-off boat owner Bruyk, set out as "strikebreakers" to fish for Bredel. The upper image segment contains details of other film artists involved. (Western) European distribution companies advertised the subtitled export version for the (Western) European market, in some cases with their own film poster.
Reception at the time
A few months before the official premiere in Moscow cinemas, a differentiated appraisal of the film was published in May 1934 in the Moscow-based Deutsche Zentral-Zeitung by the Soviet critic Sergei Dinamov, who was captivated by the artistic quality of the film and "completely spellbound". Nevertheless, Dinamov complained that the plot was so complicated that "in the middle of the film, all the threads get tangled up and it becomes difficult to follow the story." A few weeks after Dinamov's review, the trade magazine "Kino", published by the Association of Filmmakers (ARRK), published a drastic review. The prominent author of this review, the avant-garde writer Osip Brik, criticized the film for its "consistent pathos", the "diverging styles" and the "lack of dramatically growing tension." Brik blamed the management of Mezhrabpomfilm for the supposed failure of the project - a common approach for attacks on unpopular film projects at the time. The film company had not supported Piscator sufficiently in his foray into film directing and had not familiarized him with the actual needs of the Soviet cinema audience. Jasmin Arnold assumes that Brik carried out his attack on Meschrabpom "with the approval of state authorities." The communication scientist Hermann Haarmann also interpreted the criticism as part of a "staged press campaign", which Brik had started under official pressure.
The following month, Piscator seconded a group of renowned directors of the Mezhrabpomfilm around Vsevolod Pudovkin in Izvestia, who praised Revolt of the Fishermen as a "realistic work", praised the "closeness to life and authenticity of the individual portrayal of its heroes", defended the film as " clever tendency art" and sharply attacked Brik.
Piscator's feature film premiered in Moscow cinemas on October 5, 1934. Whether it was also shown in other parts of the country besides Moscow and presumably Leningrad is by no means certain, given the considerable lack of films in Soviet cinemas at the time. After the premiere in the Deutsche Zentral-Zeitung, the Austrian critic Hugo Huppert attributed the film a high topical value in view of the "events in Spain" - that is, an uprising by the Spanish socialists and the bourgeois Catalan government prior to the Spanish Civil War. The Hungarian film critic Béla Balázs, who reviewed the film for the Rote Zeitung, did not yet recognize "a perfect masterpiece" in the Revolt of the Fishermen, but nevertheless described Piscator as a great film director in view of the "special nuances of the characters". The Revolt of the Fishermen was the first sound film that fulfilled the expectation of a "differentiated, so to speak psychologically deeper, so to speak three-dimensional characterization". This can be seen in the impressive performance of the female characters as well as in the many nuances of the political characters.
The writer Ernst Ottwalt criticized in the German edition of the magazine Internationale Literatur, published in Moscow, that Revolt of the Fishermen lacked "clarity and was difficult to understand", but also decisively rejected Brik's argument. Piscator had "dared [...] to portray the cause instead of the occasion, instead of the external, superficial tension of the plot its inner lawfulness with all consistency in artistic and political terms." The following year, Mezhrabpomfilm distributed an export version of Revolt of the Fishermen, for which subtitles were produced in several languages. The export version could not be shown in Nazi Germany, but - even after the dissolution of Meschrabpom-Film in July 1936 - it was shown in several major Western European cities such as Zurich, Brussels and Paris. A Spanish film poster from 1936 points to screenings in Spain. There may also have been screenings in Copenhagen and Warsaw, as copies of the film were later found there.
The communist writer Arthur Koestler, who had attended a closed screening in Zurich, criticized the film in the Parisian exile press in view of its "profound dishonesty", as Piscator unrealistically assumed that the long road from the mass misery of the fishermen to the victorious revolution would be without complications. The investigative journalist Leo Lania, who reviewed the film for the exile organ Pariser Tageszeitung, took the opposite view. In Lania's view, Piscator had broken new aesthetic ground as a film director, similar to his theater work, as the Revolt of the Fishermen combined various stylistic elements into a work of art that could claim to convey "important approaches for the further development of a great political mass drama".
Rediscovery in Germany
At the 6th West German Short Film Festival, which was held in Oberhausen in February and March 1960, the film was officially screened for the first time in West Germany on March 4, 1960, in a trimmed, 65-minute print. The founder of the West German Short Film Festival, Hilmar Hoffmann, had learned of the existence of two 16-mm copies of the film in the Cinémathèque royale de Belgique and the Cinémathèque française the previous year. The director of the Belgian Cinémathèque, Jacques Ledoux, had agreed to a screening of The Fishermen's Revolt as part of a retrospective in Oberhausen. The Film-Telegramm was impressed by the dynamic crowd scenes: "Ant-like, nervous and feverish, the back and forth swaying of fear and anger in the shooting scenes - the counter-movements of the masses culminate in the spirited counter-cutting of the images to create oppressive drama. " The magazine Filmforum praised the masterful direction of the images: "When a clenched fist stretches towards the ceiling and is captured by the camera together with a lamp, when the Bible of the unctuous clergyman is torn apart at the funeral and the sharp sea wind drives the leaves across the cemetery [...] - the image content is always skillfully assigned to the sequence of events." Subsequently, the film was increasingly shown in West German film clubs. Piscator was pleased with the positive media response in West Germany, but found the Belgian copy of his film "dreadful and completely wrongly edited."
The film became known to a wider West German audience when it was shown on West German television (NDR) on February 20, 1965, with an introduction by Hilmar Hoffmann. The film critic Dietrich Kuhlbrodt described the film on the occasion of the television premiere as an "irreplaceable document of German film history" and praised Piscator's "further development of Eisenstein's and Pudowkin's montage principles." The official premiere in the GDR followed on May 1, 1965, in the "Archivfilmtheater" Camera, the cinema of the State Film Archive of the GDR, in East Berlin. An information sheet from the GDR State Film Archive characterized the Revolt of the Fishermen as one of the "top works of the sound film era in the Soviet Union" and placed the film in a row with other masterpieces: "With its thrillingly topical message, the magnificently adequate form that compels passionate partisanship, it [i.e. the work] has earned an honorable place in film history alongside such masterpieces as 'Chapayev' or 'The Road to Life'. " In November 1975, the film was also shown in a "new adaptation" on GDR television (DFF 2) on the occasion of Anna Seghers' 75th birthday.
A restored version, which had been reconstituted from several film prints, was presented by Neue Visionen Filmverleih in Berlin on March 1, 2001. Hermann Haarmann commented the following year in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung: "Piscator's film is a work of art of special quality, which not only borrows from the greats of 'Russian film' (Alfred Kerr) such as Eisenstein and Pudovkin, but also independently develops the young medium in terms of visual and sound dramaturgy. Against Eisenstein's advice, Piscator insists on moving the camera. He attaches it to the bow of a ship or lets it go on a roundabout. Cross-fades are another creative device. However, this was by no means acceptable to Joseph Stalin, who expressed his disapproval of the foreigner Piscator in a private preview in the Kremlin."
Piscator's feature film was the object of an installation by Frankfurt artist Jeronimo Voss, which was shown at the Frankfurter Kunstverein (2010), in a Berlin gallery (solo exhibition, 2011), at the Vienna Secession (2013) and at the Württembergischer Kunstverein Stuttgart (2013/14). Voss based his work on the experience of the failure of Piscator's intention - at the time of the film's premiere, the NSDAP, against which the film was supposed to be directed, was already in power. Voss worked with a video and overhead projector and ink drawings on film. According to the journalist Hili Perlson, Voss' phantasmagorical reconstruction of Piscator's film project of the 1930s was not lost to history, "but rather sets its failure as a starting point for the present." In its "Retrospective 2012: The Red Dream Factory", the 2012 Berlinale featured the German premiere of a 60-minute silent version of the film. The silent film version was accompanied by fragments of a film score by Hanns Eisler. Eisler had composed two polyphonic choruses with piano accompaniment for the original German version of the film in the early summer of 1931, which premiered in Berlin on February 12, 2012. The choral fragments were found in the Hanns Eisler Archive of the Berlin Academy of Arts. Seven decades after its premiere, the film remained dramaturgically effective, as documented by the impressions of one critic: "When the lights go on in the hall, you feel a little disheveled. With the ears still in a time when something was about to happen, with the eyes already back in festival mode [...]." | WIKI |
Characterization of the interaction between protein loaded polymeric nanoparticles and supported lipid bilayers towards improved drug delivery systems
Typ
Examensarbete för masterexamen
Master Thesis
Program
Publicerad
2011
Författare
De Battice, Laura
Modellbyggare
Tidskriftstitel
ISSN
Volymtitel
Utgivare
Sammanfattning
The development of nanoparticles (NPs) for the delivery of therapeutic agents has introduced new opportunities for the improvement of medical treatment. Among these opportunities, surface based analytical techniques are promising tools to improve our understanding of biointerfacial phenomena, such as NP interactions at biological barriers. The University of Liège (ULg), Belgium, has recently developed electrostatically assembled NPs, made of polycationic polymers and biopharmaceutical drugs with the intention of promoting their delivery through non-invasive administration. Adopting polymers of four different number average molecular weight (Mn) and procedures of the ULg, we successfully reproduced the preparation of those NPs either loaded with Human Insulin (HI) or chicken Ovalbumin (OVA). The formulation of this latter protein has highlighted interesting findings related to problems in its solubilization. An unexpected aggregation of this protein has been directly correlated to the agitation mode adopted and was found to be time and pH dependent. NPs, prepared at Chalmers or provided by the ULg, were characterised by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA). Typically, NP size was about 200 nm in diameter with a relatively good agreement between these two techniques. In addition, the analysis of their electrophoretic mobility (zeta potential measurement) showed that these NPs were positively charged with a zeta potential of around +25 mV. Difficulties were encountered with respect to the OVA dissolution state, and high-quality OVA loaded NPs could not be formed. This interesting aggregation phenomenon, that could not be totally suppressed, was found to depend on pH, on filtering, and on time of dissolution. Using the Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation monitoring technique (QCM-D), we studied in real time the interaction between HI loaded NPs and both neutral and negatively charged model lipid membranes, successfully formed on SiO2 coated crystals. First, the four polycationic polymers of different Mn were investigated. We found that the electrostatic properties of the polymers had a determinant role in their interaction with the model lipid membranes: on a negatively charged model lipid membrane, the polycations irrespectively of their Mn collapsed and formed thin and rigid layers, whereas hydrated viscoelastic layers, as indicated by a high dissipation by QCM-D, were formed on a neutral membrane. A different behaviour was observed for the NPs. We found that, on a negatively charged membrane, NPs formed increasingly dissipative layers for higher Mn of the polycation used to prepare the NPs. Thicker layers were formed on a neutral membrane. Functionalized NPs with a ternary compound were also investigated. Interestingly, without modifying drastically the mean size or the Zeta potential of the NP, the presence of this additional compound was shown to alter completely the adsorption profile and total amount of NP on the negatively charged membrane, with appearance of a transient mass uptake. The difference in interaction profiles between binary and ternary NPs makes the study of those NPs very interesting in terms of drug release.
Beskrivning
Ämne/nyckelord
Nanovetenskap och nanoteknik , Fysik , Biologiska vetenskaper , Nanoscience & Nanotechnology , Physical Sciences , Biological Sciences
Citation
Arkitekt (konstruktör)
Geografisk plats
Byggnad (typ)
Byggår
Modelltyp
Skala
Teknik / material
Index | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
GMCL1
Germ cell-less, spermatogenesis associated 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GMCL1 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a nuclear envelope protein that appears to be involved in spermatogenesis, either directly or by influencing genes that play a more direct role in the process. This multi-exon locus is the homolog of the mouse and drosophila germ cell-less gene but the human genome also contains a single-exon locus on chromosome 5 that contains an open reading frame capable of encoding a highly related protein. | WIKI |
What does it mean when baby is head down face down?
What does it mean when baby is head down face down?
Ideally for labor, the baby is positioned head-down, facing the mother’s back with the chin tucked to its chest and the back of the head ready to enter the pelvis. This position is called cephalic presentation. Most babies settle into this position within the 32nd to 36th weeks of pregnancy.
Where do you feel baby kicks when baby is head down?
When the baby’s head is up, you’re more likely to experience discomfort under the ribs and to feel kicking in the lower belly. When the baby is head down, you’ll probably be feeling kicking higher up in the belly, and discomfort or pressure in the pelvis rather than the upper belly.
Can a baby be head down and transverse?
At the time of delivery, 97 percent of babies are head-down (cephalic presentation). But there are several other possibilities, including feet or bottom first (breech) as well as sideways (transverse lie) and diagonal (oblique lie).
Do Babies Come out face down?
While as many as 34 percent of babies are posterior when labor starts, only 5 to 8 percent of them are posterior at birth. It’s common for a baby’s position to change during labor, often more than once. Most babies rotate on their own to the face-down position before birth.
How can I tell how my baby is positioned?
When the fetus is in the back-to-back or posterior position, the pregnancy bump may feel squishy. A woman may also notice kicks around the middle of the belly, and some people may also see an indentation around their belly button. When the fetus is in the anterior position, a woman may feel more kicks under the ribs.
When do you feel baby move above belly button?
At 19 weeks, the top of the uterus (the uterine fundus) is just below the level of the belly button. So most fetal movement (kicks, etc.) is felt in the lower part of the belly. As both the uterus and fetus grow, a fetus’ movements can be felt all over the belly, including the upper part of the abdomen.
How can I turn my baby from transverse to head down?
External cephalic version involves your doctor placing their hands on your tummy and applying pressure to help your baby rotate into a head-down position. This procedure may sound intense, but it’s safe. Although, the pressure and movement can be uncomfortable, and its success rate isn’t 100 percent.
What happens if baby is transverse at 36 weeks?
After 36 weeks, if your baby is transverse, your doctor may offer to carry out a external cephalic version (ECV). This is when she places firm but gentle pressure on your tummy to encourage your baby to turn. If the ECV is successful, you can wait for labour to start.
How can I make sure my baby is head down?
Natural methods
1. Breech tilt, or pelvic tilt: Lie on the floor with your legs bent and your feet flat on the ground.
2. Inversion: There are a few moves you can do that use gravity to turn the baby.
3. Music: Certain sounds may appeal to your baby.
4. Temperature: Like music, your baby may respond to temperature.
How can I help my baby turn head down?
External cephalic version (ECV) ECV is one way to turn a baby from breech position to head down position while it’s still in the uterus. It involves the doctor applying pressure to your stomach to turn the baby from the outside. Sometimes, they use ultrasound as well.
What is the position of the baby before birth?
Fetal presentation before birth. This baby is presenting headfirst (cephalic) with its head facing up (occiput posterior). In this position, the baby might have a harder time extending his or her head from under the pubic bone.
What to do when Baby Turns head down during pregnancy?
There is a chance the baby can change positioning without any extra help. “About 25% of breech babies will spontaneously convert into a head-down position,” says Bustillo. Breech exercises: You can try to do some simple movements and exercises to get the baby to change position.
Is it normal for a baby to turn head down during labor?
If your baby is posterior even in early labor, they may still turn throughout the process as contractions move them around in the womb. Some babies completely spin to an anterior position during labor while others are born posterior. You may not experience any signs that your baby has flipped into a head-down position.
Is it safe for baby to be in head down position?
Some fetal positions can cause problems for both mother and baby. In some cases, a cesarean delivery might be the safest option for both mother and baby. However, your healthcare provider might try to turn the baby by applying his or her hands to your abdomen and gently, with ultrasound guidance, trying to shift the baby to the head-down position. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Zebrie Sanders
Zebrie Sanders (born December 4, 1989) is a former American football offensive tackle. He played college football for the Florida State Seminoles. He was selected by the Buffalo Bills in the fifth round of the 2012 NFL Draft. He was considered one of the best offensive tackle prospects for the 2012 NFL Draft.
College career
Sanders was a starter for the Seminoles since beginning in his freshman year and started 37 games prior to his senior year.
Professional career
Sanders was selected by the Buffalo Bills in the fifth round (144th overall) in the 2012 NFL Draft. He spent his entire rookie season on IR due to an hip injury. He was released by the Bills on August 31, 2013. | WIKI |
How To Convert Centos 8 to AlmaLinux 8
In this guide, we want to teach you How To Convert Centos 8 to AlmaLinux 8.
As you know, RedHat supports the Centos project for some time, and we will no longer have stable Centos after Centos 8.
One of the companies that relied on Centos products decided to release a Linux distribution like CentOS.
That distribution is called AlmaLinux OS, which is exactly the same as Centos based on RedHat.
This distribution is in the form of a Stable Release, and packages are placed in updates that are more suitable for servers than Rolling Release distributions.
To get more information, you can check our article Introducing AlmaLinux As a Replacement for CentOS.
How To Convert Centos 8 to AlmaLinux 8
In this article, we decide to teach you to convert your Centos 8 to AlmaLinux 8.
Before you start to complete this guide, log in to your Centos 8 as a root user or a non-root user with sudo privileges.
Now you can follow the steps below to migrate from Centos to AlmaLinux.
Migrate from Centos 8 to AlmaLinux 8
First, you need to update your local package index with the following command:
sudo dnf update
Then, reboot your server with the command below:
reboot
Next, you need to download the AlmaLinux deploy script by using the wget or curl command:
sudo wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AlmaLinux/almalinux-deploy/master/almalinux-deploy.sh
Now you need to set the correct permissions for this file with the following command:
sudo chmod -v +x almalinux-deploy.sh
At this point, you can migrate Centos 8 to AlmaLinux 8 by running the AlmaLinux deploy script:
./almalinux-deploy.sh
This will take some time to complete.
When it is completed, you will get the following output:
Output
Complete!
Run dnf distro-sync -y OK
Restoring of alternatives is done OK
Generating grub configuration file ...
done
All Secure Boot related packages which were not released by AlmaLinux are reinstalledOK
Migration to AlmaLinux is completed
Reboot the server:
shutdown -r now
Finally, you can verify that you have successfully migrated Centos 8 to AlmaLinux 8 by checking the AlmaLinux version with the following command:
cat /etc/redhat-release
Output
AlmaLinux release 8.5 (Arctic Sphynx)
Or you can use the command below instead:
cat /etc/os-release
In your output you will see:
Output
NAME="AlmaLinux"
VERSION="8.5 (Arctic Sphynx)"
ID="almalinux"
ID_LIKE="rhel centos fedora"
VERSION_ID="8.5"
PLATFORM_ID="platform:el8"
PRETTY_NAME="AlmaLinux 8.5 (Arctic Sphynx)"
ANSI_COLOR="0;34"
CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:almalinux:almalinux:8::baseos"
HOME_URL="https://almalinux.org/"
DOCUMENTATION_URL="https://wiki.almalinux.org/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.almalinux.org/"
ALMALINUX_MANTISBT_PROJECT="AlmaLinux-8"
ALMALINUX_MANTISBT_PROJECT_VERSION="8.5"
Conclusion
At this point, you learn to Convert Centos 8 to AlmaLinux 8 with a few Linux commands and all services will run on the server without interruption.
May this article about How To Use YUM and RPM Package Managers on AlmaLinux 8 be useful for you.
Hope you enjoy it.
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The Failure of the Jewish Judicial System
Text: Matthew 27 : 1 - 31
Jesus’ trial before the Sanhedrin Council showed up the terrible defects of its judicial system. The judicial system was supposed to operate on ancient Mosaic laws that was second to none insofar as morality and justice were concerned. No laws could have been more humane and God-centered simultaneously than that prescribed in the laws of Moses. The failure of the judicial system of Israel was not due to the infrastructure as such, but must be traced to the wicked capriciousness of ungodly men who merely paid lip service to God and His laws. The judicial system was no more than a legal tool used to serve selfishly wanton purposes!
HOW WOULD JESUS FARE UNDER ROMAN JUSTICE?
Jesus stood condemned by the Sanhedrin Council. He was now sent to be tried under Roman law. How would He fare under that system?
“Now Jesus stood before the governor.
And the governor asked Him, saying,
‘Are you the king of the Jews?’
Jesus said to Him, ‘It is as you say.'”
1. No Jury
There wasn’t a jury in the Roman judicial system. Every case tried was to be decided by the procurator or governor.
2. The power of the procurator (governor)
a) The many roles of the governor
i) He functioned as the financial administrator of Rome. He was to ensure that all taxes were paid promptly.
ii) He was also the chief military personnel. He represented the might of Rome. As procurator he had 3000 Roman troops at his command. He had wide military powers. Only the Roman legate in Syria could overrule his decision.
iii) He also played the role of a judge. He had judicial and administrative powers as well.
b) How well were Roman governors trained as judges?
Was Pilate legally trained to handle cases that were brought to him? Apparently not. Roman governors were more military men than trained to administer justice!
i) The Roman judicial system was not codified at this point of time!
ii) If governors were in doubt, they could always write to the emperor for guidance.
iii) There were a few laws that all Roman governors were to bear in mind. These laws were quite uncomplicated. They were to maintain the Pax Romana – the peace of Rome. They were to ensure that no one questioned the power of Rome.
iv) Much depended on the experience and wisdom of each individual governor. If he were a man of integrity, he would do his best to uphold justice to the best of his knowledge. If he were a corrupt individual, he could get away with a lot of things. The power given to him by Rome was most significant! Life and death were in his hands!
THE APPROACH OF PILATE
Pilate’s questioning of Jesus was both direct and telling. He asked if Jesus thought Himself as “The king of the Jews”. That was his prime concern. Was Jesus one of the many who would arise from time to time, to challenge the might of Rome? The Jews loved their independence. Judea enjoyed independence before General Pompey conquered the region in 64 BC. King Herod the Great, sometimes called King Herod the Cruel, through shrewd politics won for himself the title of “king”. However, after his death, his kingdom was split into three. His sons had to be content with ruling a divided kingdom. Judea was to have a Roman procurator as well. The powers of the Jewish ethnarch (“king”) were limited.
The main concern of the Roman governor was to ensure the peace and power of Rome. If Jesus posed a political threat to Rome, Pilate’s course of action was clear. He would nip the problem in the bud. He could use whatever means he thought fit to quell any attempted uprising. Was Jesus “king of the Jews”?
Jesus’ reply was enigmatic. “It is as you say.” He did not deny the charge that Pilate raised up. How should Pilate understand this reply?
1. Jesus was no military man
That would be the most obvious thing to note. He had no army. He did not have a military bearing about Him. How was He king?
2. Jesus was no politician either
Pilate knew what politics were like in Rome. Political fortunes rose and fell depending on many factors, the most obvious was “men of means and influence”. However, Jesus was no politician. That was obvious too. No one should fear a Man like Jesus where politics were concerned!
3. Jesus was a thorn in the flesh to the Jews
A third fact became obvious. The Jewish hierarchy wanted Pilate to find him guilty of treason so that He could be put to death!
Pilate had the power to decide either way. He could reject the charges of the Jews outright, and Jesus would be a free man. He could also find Jesus guilty and He could be sentenced to death. A man’s life hung in the balance. How should he decide? | FINEWEB-EDU |
mental disorders custom essays (32 essays)
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2338 words/9 pages
Eating diss are still considered to be something disgraceful in our society , thus the women who suffer from it are often ashamed to turn for the counselor for help . Unfortunately , eating diss are still seen as something a person develops consciously , thus he or she might be blamed for his /her condition . Besides , the symtoms of anorexia arouse antipathy in most people . Those are the main reasons , for which women with eating diss usually suffer not only of their condition...
Intervention :
266 words/1 pages
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How Does The Environment Influence Behavior
1720 words/7 pages
This theory strengthened the hypothesis that obese people tend to ``feel ' hungry based on the time of the day , and not based of the real sensation of hunger . The sensation of hungry in normal individuals is generally induced by internal signals such as an increased appetite or need to eat . The boundary theory of hunger considers the cognitive influence of hunger and satiety , wherein an individual determines the amount of food he should take in , as their limit or boundary...
Mental Status Of Michael
790 words/3 pages
Aside from the work group , the management composition is a primary variable in the study . This is due to the fact that the management also has access and control to resources , decision making , job evaluation and performance appraisal . They can be biased in who to assign in handling a particular work therefore they can limit a particular group 's sales opportunities and performance . They can control the resources needed by the employees , hence , they can spell out whether the performance...
New Personality Self-portrait
651 words/3 pages
Germany 's major cities . Conditions changed as soon as the currency reform of 1948 had taken hold . There were , of course , still problems of expropriation and compensation of private property and there was no generally applicable agreement as to who had jurisdiction over the rebuilding process . As the book sheds light on the disparity over the jurisdiction rights over the reconstruction process , the struggle between the public control and private initiative nevertheless emphasized the parallel aim of reconstructing the fallen...
Psychology/counseling
324 words/2 pages
I would have wasted all that time I spent in classes in our home state . She could probably leave me with my grandmother for the rest of the school term but her main worry was if grandmother was actually up to watching over a hyper active teenager . The night that mom came back from her residence and school hunting trip , I remember that she sent me to my room early and told me to stay there and go to sleep...
Obsessive-compulsive Dis
2241 words/9 pages
This individual is also fixated in counting anything that comes across him and his mind , even if there is no need to count . An example is portrayed when a patient routinely counts the number of steps he takes when going up the stairs or even constantly counting the number of keys that are to his keychain . In case of an obsessive individual making a particular request , this individual will keep on repeating the request in to fulfill his urge to...
Psychopathy And Bline Personality Dis
6685 words/25 pages
BPD23 helps account for a clinical presentation marked by chronic suicidality and by instability of interpersonal relationships .23 Finally , cognitive symptoms are also frequent . In one case series ,24 about 40 of 50 patients with BPD had quasi-psychotic thoughts . In another series ,25 27 of 92 patients experienced psychotic episodes . In a third series ,26 psychotic symptoms were found to predict self-harm in patients with personality diss .BPD is common in practice . A recent study involving patients in an emergency...
Psychiatric Nursing - A Guide To Dsm-iv-tr Multiaxial System
968 words/4 pages
Axis III finding , all must be documented . If no Axis III abnormality is there , this must be designated by the information ``Axis III ' If an Axis III diagnosis is postponed , in the course of the gathering of supplementary information , this must be designated by the information ``Axis III : Deferred ' Axis IV : Psychosocial and Environmental Problems Axis IV is for documenting psychosocial and environmental troubles that may have an effect on the judgment management , and prediction of mental diss (Axes I...
Psychological Diss
619 words/3 pages
Invest in the latest technology and information technology This will enable better and faster delivery of services and also ensure efficient communication with the consumer e .g . booking and reserving airline cost online . Offer better working condition for the employees To avoid unnecessary strike by the employees , the airline has come up with channels of communication which the British Airline staff can say and discuss their grievances . The increase of insecurity due to terrorism , unpredictable weather patterns the airline has...
Individual And Society
969 words/4 pages
They tend to doubt people around . Other people have the tendency to misinterpret their actions and may render undesirable results . Treatment for GAD The symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Dis are so generalized , making it difficult to determine people who have acquired the dis . Susceptible persons may employ self-monitoring on the levels of their anxiety to determine if they are experiencing symptoms of GAD . However , most people do not have psychological knowledge on when to conclude that GAD is present in...
Substance Abuse /psychology
1295 words/5 pages
Although this is an extreme example , this illustrates the way people with dependent personality dis seek out dependable people because they dislike being alone . Their need for attachment to other people distorts their relationships , and these relationships are often limited only to those with people on whom they can depend . When they lose those persons , to death or otherwise , dependent personalities run the risk of developing major depressive dis . Diagnosis The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Diss 4th ed...
Introduction To Mental Retardation
1550 words/6 pages
Congress in the Education of All Handicapped Children Act (1975 ) requiring education of all children , no matter how severely impaired , as a condition on federal funding of public schools . Despite the two approaches , the invoking of rights for people with mental retardation is still not complete because they were required to be isolated in an institutional setting . Critics decried that this policy is like racial segregation , which separated retarded people from contact with mentally normal people was invidious discrimination . This...
Psychology
1445 words/6 pages
The author does a great job breaking down the various diss into various categories . For example , chapter one is all about abnormal psychology from the past to the present (Comer , vii . He helps the reader to understand how far we have come over the centuries , and makes it applicable for today . Comer gives main headings and subheadings for his table of contents . The main headings consist of the different problems one can have , but the subheadings consists of the types...
Psychology
1270 words/5 pages
So , what the researchers of this field did was to probe for more possible causes of this dis among children . Further , the researchers came into general conclusion that RAD 's main cause is a factor of family background or caretaker attachment issues with the child during the first five years of physical , cognitive , and socio-emotional development (MCS , 2009 . Further , an instance or experience of neglect , abuse , or frequent change of a caretaker in the child is a common ground and...
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Yang Shengnan
Yang Shengnan (26 February 1938 – 4 May 2019) was a Chinese historian and palaeographer who specialized in the oracle bone script and the pre-Qin dynasty history of ancient China.
Biography
Yang was born on 26 February 1938 in Sanguanzhai Village, Pingchang County, Sichuan, Republic of China. He entered the Department of History at Sichuan University in 1959.
Upon graduation in 1964, Yang was assigned to work at the Pre-Qin History Research Group of the Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (now under the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences). He spent decades studying oracle bones, and participated in the comprehensive compilations of oracle bone script under the eminent scholars Guo Moruo and Hu Houxuan. He was promoted to associate research professor in 1985 and full professor in 1993. He was also an adjunct professor at Anyang Normal University.
From 1996, Yang directed a national key research project which resulted in the publication of A Century of Oracle Bone Studies. The work won multiple national awards including the Guo Moruo History Prize and the First Prize of the Historical Research Award of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. He served as head of the Historical Document Research Group of the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project.
Yang wrote or co-authored dozens of books, including An Economic History of the Shang Dynasty, History of the Political Systems of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, A General Economic History of China (Pre-Qin).
In 2015, Yang donated more than 7,000 volumes of his book collection and manuscripts to the Jinsha Museum in Chengdu.
Yang died on 4 May 2019 in Beijing, at the age of 81. | WIKI |
Page:Petty 1660 Reflections.djvu/93
Speculations, (viz. Their preferring dipping before sprinkling, as to the Outward Sign, or years of discretion before infancy, as to the time of administring that Ordinance) to be the cause of this their distasting me, no more then I believe, That 'tis some secret contrariety in the nature of Wool and Leather, which makes the Clothiers and Weavers, Tuckers and Taylors, in a Town I know, so spightful against the Tanners, Curriers, Shooemakers, and Glovers of the same, and that the one are against the other in all matches for Foot-ball, Wrestling, Quaits, Nine-pins, &c. But rather there being the Seeds of discord and contention sown in the very nature of Man since his fall, I think that their own depraved nature (such as is in all other men) was the cause of what they did. These several Opinions and Professions in Religion, being no other then the Marks and Ensigns of the disagreeing parties, rather then the true causes of their disagreement, even as the above-mentioned several materials of Workman-ship were. Or as speaking different Languages, bearing several names, living on several sides | WIKI |
Talk:Gravity current
Revert
Hi. Sorry to revert what appears to be a good-faith edit. But it's not clear to me how evaporation leads to turbulence. Best wishes, Robinh (talk) 22:22, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
Plain-english explanations
The material in this page, in its current form, is highly technical and difficult to understand. It seems to me that someone familiar with the subject matter could explain it in a simpler, more tangible manner which most readers could understand. As it is now, it does not help me to understand how these currents really work, in the Chicago River, for example.
Any takers?
Matthiashess (talk) 15:36, 4 June 2009 (UTC)
I think this has improved quite a bit since 2009. There are also lots of quality references now, so I am going to take off the citations needed flag. Chogg (talk) 17:00, 12 August 2015 (UTC)
Reversions and reorganization
I've found this article to be in pretty bad shape after a few edits about a month ago. I'm reverting these, fixing up citations (the citation flag is still in place), and adding some material. Though, a subject matter expert's touch would still benefit this page. Tfocker4 (talk) 13:36, 11 June 2019 (UTC)
I'm done editing. I got rid of some bad edits, removed a bunch of redundant material, added some citations, and, most importantly, combined the two largest sections to supply a somewhat more coherent message. I moved the Refimprove to that one section, Structure and Propagation. I know fluid dynamics, but am not familiar with this problem. Tried digging through the literature a bunch, and came away with the sense that what's in that section is not nearly as ubiquitous as the article suggests. Here's a laundry list: Tfocker4 (talk) 16:07, 11 June 2019 (UTC)
* 1) The 3 flow stages (of the head or of the whole thing?) aren't really addressed by the cited article (it mostly covers the first stage).
* 2) If the above is just about the head of the flow, then what about the rest?
* 3) There's almost no discussion of the continuous flow case, nor transition between these two.
* 4) I see some authors refer to a "head", "body", and "tail", but the current article just talks about "head" and "tail", so I left as-is.
* 5) The Research section feels a bit arbitrary, e.g. no mention of Huppert. I considered removing it, but opted not to since I'm already changing a lot.
* 6) The In Nature and... section is largely redundant of material in the opener. Once again, I considered removing it, but opted not to since I'm already changing a lot.
* 7) The modeling section needs a lot more
* 8) Should've added some pictures from the various linked articles that show the actual process, but I wasn't sure which might be most representative. | WIKI |
BNSF Railway Co. v. Tyrrell
BNSF Railway Co. v. Tyrrell, 581 U.S. ___, 137 S. Ct. 1549 (2017), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the Montana courts lacked personal jurisdiction over a railroad that was not incorporated in Montana and did not have its principal place of business in Montana, even though the railroad had more than 2,000 miles of track and 2,000 employees within Montana. It was the first Supreme Court case argued before a Court that included newly appointed Associate Justice Neil Gorsuch.
Background
This case arose from two separate Federal Employers' Liability Act (FELA) actions involving employees of the BNSF Railway Company. The first action was brought by a North Dakota resident who claimed to have been injured while working as a truck driver for BNSF. The second action was commenced by the executor of a South Dakota resident who allegedly died following exposure to toxic substances while working for BNSF. Both plaintiffs filed their lawsuits in a Montana state court, although neither of the plaintiffs resided in Montana and the events underlying their cases did not take place in Montana.
BNSF moved to dismiss both lawsuits for lack of personal jurisdiction. The issue reached the Supreme Court of Montana, which sustained jurisdiction on two alternative grounds. First, the court concluded that personal jurisdiction over the railroad was authorized under Section 56 of FELA, which provides that a FELA action "may be brought in a district court of the United States, in the district of the residence of the defendant, or in which the cause of action arose, or in which the defendant shall be doing business at the time of commencing such action," and that "[t]he jurisdiction of the courts of the United States under this chapter shall be concurrent with that of the courts of the several States." Second, the court concluded that Montana could also exercise personal jurisdiction because BNSF had substantial operations in Montana, to the extent that it could be deemed "at home" in Montana for jurisdictional purposes.
BNSF sought U.S. Supreme Court review, contending that the first prong of the Montana Supreme Court's decision misconstrued FELA and the second was inconsistent with the U.S. Supreme Court's 2014 decision in Daimler AG v. Bauman. The U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari in order "to resolve whether [FELA] §56 authorizes state courts to exercise personal jurisdiction over railroads doing business in their States but not incorporated or headquartered there, and whether the Montana courts’ exercise of personal jurisdiction in these cases comports with due process." The case was argued on April 25, 2017.
Opinion of the Court
On May 30, 2017, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg delivered the Court's opinion, which was joined by all but one of the Justices. The Court reversed the Montana Supreme Court's decision and held that Montana could not properly exercise personal jurisdiction over BNSF in these two cases.
Rejecting the Montana court's conclusion that personal jurisdiction could be based upon Section 56 of FELA, the Court held that Section 56 does not relate to personal jurisdiction. Rather, the first cited sentence of Section 56 governs selection of the venue in FELA cases brought in federal courts, and the next sentence confers concurrent subject-matter jurisdiction over FELA cases on state as well as federal courts. Section 56 did not establish a special rule for personal jurisdiction over railroads or other defendants subject to FELA claims.
The Court also concluded that Montana could not exercise personal jurisdiction over BNSF, on claims that did not arise in Montana, consistent with the federal Constitution as the Court had interpreted it in Daimler. The Court's decision in that case establishes that a state may exercise "general" personal jurisdiction over a corporation if the corporation is "at home" in that state. A corporation is deemed to be at home in its state of incorporation and the state in which it maintains its principal place of business, but BNSF is incorporated in Delaware and has its principal place of business in Texas. While Daimler recognized that a corporation might be found to be "at home" and subject to general jurisdiction in another state in "exceptional circumstances," there were no such circumstances here.
The employees also contended that BNSF had consented to personal jurisdiction in Montana. Because the Montana Supreme Court had not addressed this issue, the Court remanded the case to allow it to do so.
Concurring/dissenting opinion
Justice Sonia Sotomayor wrote a separate opinion, concurring in part and dissenting in part. Justice Sotomayor agreed with the majority that Section 56 of FELA is not relevant to personal jurisdiction. However, she concluded that the Montana state courts could exercise jurisdiction over BNSF consistent with due process. Sotomayor continued to disagree with the Court's holding in Daimler, in which she had filed an opinion concurring in the judgment but disagreeing with the majority's reasoning, believing that the International Shoe Co. v. Washington standard should govern the inquiry. However, even if Daimler was correctly decided, the Montana courts should still have jurisdiction. At a minimum, she concluded, the Court should allow the Montana Supreme Court to reevaluate whether this case satisfies the "exceptional circumstances" test. | WIKI |
User:Mdemoor
Mdemoor stands for Marysa Demoor. I am a Belgian scholar specialised in English literature, periodicals and visual culture of the nineteenth century. I have only contributed sporadically to Wikipedia. | WIKI |
Synthesis and characterization of 2′-azidoaminopterin as a potential photoaffinity label for folate-utilizing enzymes
Peter F. Holmes, Joachim G. Liehr, Jack Henkin*
*Corresponding author for this work
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
8 Scopus citations
Abstract
A photoreactive analog of aminopterin, 2′-azidoaminopterin (VI), was synthesized and evaluated as a potential inhibitor and photoaffinity label of folate-utilizing enzymes. The compound was tightly bound to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from escherichia coli (MB 1428) with K1 equal to 3 × 10-11 M and to the enzyme from mouse (S-180) cells with K1 approximately equal to 2 × 10-10 M. Dissociation constants measured by equilibrium dialysis using radioactive 2′-azidoaminopterin gave a value of KD = 3.2 × 10-9 M for the bacterial enzyme. The presence of NADPH enhanced the affinity by more than an order of magnitude. Azidoaminopterin is also an inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase from Lactobacillus casei, competitive with methylene-tetrahydrofolate (Ki 7 × 10-7 M). Photolysis of the radioactive inhibitor in complex with DHFR from E. coli led to approximately 3% covalent incorporation of label into protein. The greater part of this attachment was nonspecific as shown by the lack of protection in the presence of methotrexate. Thymidylate synthetase from L. casei was not significantly inactivated upon photolysis in the presence of the inhibitor and deoxyuridylate. Model studies showed that photoreaction of the inhibitor led to covalent linkages with thiol, lysyl amino groups, and the hydroxyl groups of alcohols. Azidoaminopterin may be useful in labeling other enzymes of folate metabolism, although a minor photoproduct reacts nonspecifically with many proteins. The antifolate can be photoconjugated to polylysine as well as to proteins. The polylysine conjugates inhibit DHFR. Difference spectrum analysis of the photoproducts from the irradiation of the DHFR I complex indicates that water reacts efficiently with the enzyme-bound nitrene and must therefore have access to at least part of the bound p-aminobenzoyl group. This analysis suggests that azide analogs of protein ligands may be useful as reporter groups in probing the hydrophobicity of binding sites.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)281-299
Number of pages19
JournalBioorganic Chemistry
Volume11
Issue number3
DOIs
StatePublished - Sep 1982
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Biochemistry
• Molecular Biology
• Drug Discovery
• Organic Chemistry
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Introduction
This page describes how to use the iGPU on MacBookPro's with Hybrid Graphics (2 GPUs). 13 inch MacBooks only have an iGPU, and do not need this. Using the iGPU means you can save power by turning off the more powerful AMD dGPU when you don't need it.
This has been tested on the MacBookPro16,1 and the MacBookPro15,1. The 15,3 and 16,4 models are very similar and should work too.
Issues
1. Resume after suspend is broken, as the GMUX (graphics multiplexer) doesn't connect the iGPU to the display after resuming. For this to be fixed, a Linux driver for acpi:APP000B:GPUC: needs to be written (macOS uses AppleMuxControl2.kext). The extra battery life may make this a worthwhile trade-off (about 3 hours to almost 6 hours on a MacBookPro16,1)
2. If using DRI_PRIME=1 on programs causes system crashes, with "CPU CATERR" problem reports in macOS, disable dynamic power management with the amdgpu.dpm=0 kernel argument, or echo high | sudo tee /sys/bus/pci/drivers/amdgpu/0000:??:??.?/power_dpm_force_performance_level.
3. If apple-set-os is loaded, the iGPU will control display brightness, and if the iGPU isn't the boot gpu, the i915 Intel graphics driver will not load, and the display brightness cannot be changed (The exception to this is sometimes when rebooting from macOS Recovery etc, i915 loads fine).
Enabling the iGPU
Note
Aside from step 1, these instructions should be followed in Linux.
1. Update macOS. Big Sur and above can boot when the iGPU is set as the boot GPU, but this has not been tested on Catalina, and on older MacBooks, setting the iGPU as the boot GPU has stopped macOS from booting properly with graphics, and it is unknown when this was fixed (you might want to turn ssh on in macOS if you are worried about this).
2. Set up apple-set-os-loader to make Apple's firmware show the iGPU
1. Compile apple-set-os loader. These instructions assume you have gnu-efi installed, and mount your EFI partition on /boot/efi. If you mount the EFI partition somewhere else, you will need to modify the last two commands.
git clone https://github.com/aa15032261/apple_set_os-loader
cd apple_set_os-loader
make
sudo mv /boot/efi/efi/boot/bootx64.efi /boot/efi/efi/boot/bootx64_original.efi
sudo cp ./bootx64.efi /boot/efi/efi/boot/bootx64.efi
2. Reboot to Linux, you should see this at boot (the GPUs listed might be different):
================== apple_set_os loader v0.5 ==================
SetOsProtocol Handle Count: 1
AppleSetOs will be loaded, press Z to disable.
----------------------- Ready to boot ------------------------
Plug in your eGPU then press any key.
Booting bootx64_original.efi in 6 second(s)
Connected Graphics Cards:
1002 7340 AMD - Navi 14 [Radeon RX 5500/5500M]
8086 3E9B INTEL - UHD Graphics 630 (Mobile)
3. Press any key other than z or wait, and it should boot you into Linux. If you want a silent version of this that doesn't wait for input, you can use this fork. Your display brightness controls may stop working, this is temporary.
4. lspci -s 00:02.0 should list an Intel Graphics card. If it doesn't have the Intel card, then the next step will not work.
3. Check journalctl -k --grep=efi:, if you don't have "efi: Apple Mac detected, using EFI v1.10 runtime services only" then you will need update your kernel (preferred) or refer this older version of this page.
If you do have that line in journalctl, then you can set NVRAM and the boot GPU from Linux:
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/0xbb/gpu-switch/master/gpu-switch > gpu-switch
chmod +x gpu-switch
sudo chown root:root gpu-switch
sudo mv gpu-switch /usr/local/bin/
sudo gpu-switch -i
Reboot into Linux. Display brightness should be working again if it wasn't, and glxinfo | grep "OpenGL renderer" should show an Intel GPU. Running programs with DRI_PRIME=1 will make them render on your AMDGPU (some things do this automatically). You will get more battery time now as your AMD GPU can be turned off when not needed.
Use on Windows
In one case (has anyone else tried this?), the iGPU only works on Windows if there's no driver for it installed. Windows likes installing drivers. There might be special iGPU drivers in the Bootcamp support software for single GPU MacBooks, which might help resolve this.
If you want to use the iGPU on Linux but not on Windows, you can switch back to the dGPU with sudo gpu-switch -d before booting to Windows.
If you want to switch GPU from Windows, use 0xbb's gpu-switch script.
VFIO GPU passthrough
Refer to this gist for quirks required to pass through the dGPU to a Windows Virtual Machine, while having Linux use the iGPU. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Git - Delete files with rm (not with "git rm") and reflect it in the index, the local repository and the remote repository
4
A few days ago I started studying Git. I understood everything quite well, although I have some doubts about how to delete files.
Precisely, what I want to know is how I delete a file / directory with the command " rm " of linux and that this action is not only reflected in the index ( stage ), but also in the local repository and in the remote repository.
I understand that if I delete a file / directory and follow it with the command "git add", this change will be reflected in the index ( stage ), but not in the local repository ( git commit ) or in the remote repository ( git push ). However, when I delete a file with the " rm " command in linux and add it to the index (stage) and then execute the " git commit " and " git push " commands, the deleted files also disappear from the local repository and the remote repository.
Is it necessary to use the " rm " command from Git or can I use the " rm " command of linux (more comfortable for me) and reflect in some way such an action, not only in the index ( stage ), but also in the local repository and in the remote repository?
Thank you.
asked by José Galeota 07.08.2017 в 15:41
source
2 answers
5
If you use only rm you have to do a git add <ficha_a_eliminar> , with git rm <ficha_a_eliminar> you do it all in one step.
Another thing you might want to do is keep the file in your working directory, but remove it from your preparation area. In other words, you may want to keep the file on your disk hard, but interrupt his monitoring by Git. This results particularly useful when you forgot to add something to your file .gitignore and you added it accidentally, as a log file huge, or a lot of files.
To do this, use the option --cached :
git rm --cached <ficha_a_eliminar>
+ Info
answered by 07.08.2017 / 16:14
source
1
Changes are first made in your local repository, when you make push make changes in the remote repository.
to locally add a / s file to git is:
git add 'archivoSeleccionado'
you finish adding locally you must do 'commit'
git commit -m 'nuevo commit'
to make changes to the remote repository you must do push
git push origin 'nombreDeTuRama'
to locally delete a / s file in git is:
git rm 'archivoSeleccionado'
or if you want to delete folders you use rm -r
git rm -r 'carpetaSeleccionado'
you finish adding locally you must do 'commit'
git commit -m 'nuevo commit'
to make changes to the remote repository to push
git push origin 'nombreDeTuRama'
answered by 07.08.2017 в 15:53 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Linked Questions
40
votes
1answer
9k views
In Git, what does — (dash dash) mean? [duplicate]
When reading the man pages for Git commands, you will often see an optional -- (dash dash). In my experience, the -- is not necessary and makes no difference. When do you need it? What does it mean in ...
15
votes
1answer
5k views
Why do we use double dash in “git checkout — .”? [duplicate]
I thought the line git checkout . can revert all changes in the current directory and subdirectory for the local working copy. But I also see this popular form: git checkout -- . so if -- (the ...
0
votes
1answer
1k views
What's the difference between “git checkout” and “git checkout --”? [duplicate]
When under git you modify some files, using git status, comes out the following message: On branch dev Changes not staged for commit: (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)...
2
votes
0answers
96 views
What do -- (two dashes) mean in Cargo? [duplicate]
If you enter the command line cargo test --help, the following message is shown: The test filtering argument TESTNAME and all the arguments following the two dashes (--) are passed to the test ...
1
vote
1answer
24 views
what's the reason for using `--` as as a delimiter within many shell commands? [duplicate]
eg. git diff [options] [<commit>] [--] [<path>...] What's the reason -- is used here? Is it to separate groups of positional parameters, namely commit and path's? Would this ...
0
votes
0answers
41 views
difference between git checkout file and git checkout — file [duplicate]
I'm learning git and in the git-checkout documentation points that if you delete a file (from the explorer not from git directly) then you can recover by calling git checkout -- file, but I tried ...
1129
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15answers
569k views
How do I remove a single file from the staging area (undo git add)?
Situation: I have a Git repository with files already in the index. I make changes to several files, open Git and add these files to my staging area with "git add ." Question: How do I remove one of ...
1324
votes
11answers
625k views
How to compare files from two different branches?
I have a script that works fine in one branch and is broken in another. I want to look at the two versions side-by-side and see what's different. Are there any ways to do this? To be clear I'm not ...
95
votes
2answers
35k views
Difference between “git checkout <filename>” and “git checkout -- <filename>”
http://norbauer.com/notebooks/code/notes/git-revert-reset-a-single-file I have found a post. But still don't know what is the difference between git checkout <filename> git checkout -- <...
50
votes
6answers
73k views
Cannot checkout, file is unmerged
I am trying to remove the file from my working directory but after using the following command git checkout file_Name.txt I got the following error message error: path 'first_Name.txt' is unmerged ...
86
votes
2answers
95k views
git checkout all the files
How can I get rid of all the changes in all the files of my repository? Say I am in a branch and I did some changes. git status returns a set of files in the "Changes not staged for commit" and I ...
47
votes
6answers
9k views
Deleting a badly named git branch
I know this isn't strictly a programming question, but it is related to git. I accidentally have created a branch in git called --track (I got the order of options wrong when merging a remote branch) ...
55
votes
4answers
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git partial merge, not whole branch
I've read about some tricks with merge in Git: merging public and private branches while while keeping certain files intact in both branches and others and not found a solution. In my case I'm ...
9
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2answers
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What does the double-dash [--] option do on git reset?
I've seen commands like: git reset e542 -- readme.txt I understand this command puts in the index the contents of the file readme.txt from commit e542. But what's the -- option doing there? The git ...
2
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2answers
358 views
Escaping in git add a leading “-” in the filename?
In git add how can you escape a leading "-" character in the filename? e.g.: git add -index-apache-.html gives: error: unknown switch `d' Thanks! PS. same for git checkout
15 30 50 per page | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Lost (TV series)
* Seasons: 1 2 3 4 5 6 | Main
Lost (2004–2010) is an American drama television series, airing on ABC, created by J. J. Abrams and Damon Lindelof, about the survivors of a plane crash who are forced to work together in order to survive on a seemingly deserted tropical island.
Seasons
* Season 1
* Season 2
* Season 3
* Season 4
* Season 5
* Season 6
Cast
* Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje - Mr. Eko
* Sam Anderson - Bernard Nadler
* Naveen Andrews - Sayid Jarrah
* L. Scott Caldwell - Rose Henderson Nadler
* Nestor Carbonell - Richard Alpert
* François Chau - Dr. Pierre Chang
* Henry Ian Cusick - Desmond David Hume
* Jeremy Davies - Professor Daniel Faraday
* Emilie de Ravin - Claire Littleton
* Michael Emerson - Benjamin Linus
* Jeff Fahey - Capt. Frank Lapidus
* Fionnula Flanagan - Eloise Hawking
* Matthew Fox - Dr. Jack Shephard
* Jorga Garcia - Hugo "Hurley" Reyes
* Maggie Grace - Shannon Rutherford
* Josh Holloway - James "Sawyer" Ford
* Malcolm David Kelley - Walter "Walt" Lloyd
* Daniel Dae Kim - Jin Soo-Kwon
* Yunjin Kim - Sun Hwa-Kwon
* Ken Leung - Miles Straume
* Evangeline Lilly - Katherine "Kate" Anne Austen
* Rebecca Mader - Charlotte Staples Lewis
* Elizabeth Mitchell - Dr. Juliet Burke
* Dominic Monaghan - Charlie Pace
* Terry O'Quinn - John Locke
* Harold Perrineau - Michael Dawson
* Zuleikha Robinson - Ilana Verdansky
* Michelle Rodriguez - Officer Ana-Lucia Cortez
* Kiele Sanchez - Nikkia Fernandez
* Rodrigo Santoro - Paulo
* Ian Somerhalder - Boone Carlyle
* John Terry - Dr. Christian Shephard
* Sonya Walger - Penelope Hume
* Cynthia Watros - Elizabeth "Libby" Smith | WIKI |
Example #1
0
File: edda.go Project: ruo91/spigo
// Start edda, to listen for logging data from services
func Start(name string) {
// use a waitgroup so whoever starts edda can tell the logs have been flushed
Wg.Add(1)
defer Wg.Done()
if Logchan == nil {
return
}
var msg gotocol.Message
microservices := make(map[string]bool, archaius.Conf.Dunbar)
edges := make(map[string]bool, archaius.Conf.Dunbar)
var ok bool
hist := collect.NewHist(name)
log.Println(name + ": starting")
if archaius.Conf.GraphmlFile != "" {
graphml.Setup(archaius.Conf.GraphmlFile)
}
if archaius.Conf.GraphjsonFile != "" {
graphjson.Enabled = true
graphjson.Setup(archaius.Conf.GraphjsonFile)
}
for {
msg, ok = <-Logchan
collect.Measure(hist, time.Since(msg.Sent))
if !ok {
break // channel was closed
}
if archaius.Conf.Msglog {
log.Printf("%v(backlog %v): %v\n", name, len(Logchan), msg)
}
switch msg.Imposition {
case gotocol.Inform:
edge := names.FilterEdge(msg.Intention)
if edges[edge] == false { // only log an edge once
edges[edge] = true
graphml.WriteEdge(edge)
graphjson.WriteEdge(edge, msg.Sent)
}
case gotocol.Put:
node := names.FilterNode(msg.Intention)
if microservices[node] == false { // only log a node once
microservices[node] = true
graphml.WriteNode(node + " " + names.Package(msg.Intention))
graphjson.WriteNode(node+" "+names.Package(msg.Intention), msg.Sent)
}
case gotocol.Forget: // forget the edge
graphjson.WriteForget(msg.Intention, msg.Sent)
case gotocol.Delete: // remove the node
if microservices[msg.Intention] == true { // only remove nodes that exist, and only log it once
microservices[msg.Intention] = false
graphjson.WriteDone(msg.Intention, msg.Sent)
}
}
}
log.Println(name + ": closing")
graphml.Close()
graphjson.Close()
}
Example #2
0
func main() {
flag.IntVar(&Population, "p", 100, "Pirate population")
flag.IntVar(&duration, "d", 10, "Simulation duration in seconds")
flag.BoolVar(&graphml.Enabled, "g", false, "Enable GraphML logging")
flag.Parse()
fmt.Println("Spigo population", Population, "pirates")
graphml.Setup()
noodles := make(map[string]chan gotocol.Message, Population)
for i := 1; i <= Population; i++ {
name := fmt.Sprintf("Pirate%d", i)
graphml.Node(name)
noodles[name] = make(chan gotocol.Message)
go pirate.Listen(noodles[name])
}
fsm.ChatSleep = time.Duration(duration) * time.Second
fsm.Touch(noodles)
graphml.Close()
} | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The result of layer-wise execution of pytorch code is strange
Currently I am trying to use mobilenet-v2 like the code below.
input_data = np.random.uniform(-1,1,size=(1,3,224,224))
layer = models.mobilenet_v2(pretrained=True).features[0:4]
layer.eval()
out_original = layer(input_data)
In addition, to check the intermediate result value,i split the layer and inferenced as follows.
L_zero_from_two = layer[0:3]
output_middle = L_zero_from_two(input_data)
L3 = layer[3]
output = L3.conv[0](output_middle)
output = L3.conv[1](output)
output = L3.conv[2](output)
output = L3.conv[3](output)
output_test = L3(output_middle)
print(output[0][0][0][0], " : ", output_test[0][0][0][0] )
The output result is as follows.
tensor(0.8066, grad_fn=) : tensor(0.9868, grad_fn=)
the results are not the same. I think it should be the same, but I don’t understand why they are not.
some anyone tell me which part is the problem?
Thank you!
The L3 module is not a pure nn.Sequential module and uses a skip connection, is use_res_connect is defined as seen here.
Adding this skip connection to your code yields the same outputs:
input_data = torch.randn(1, 3, 224, 224)
layer = models.mobilenet_v2(pretrained=True).features[0:4]
layer.eval()
out_original = layer(input_data)
L_zero_from_two = layer[0:3]
output_middle = L_zero_from_two(input_data)
L3 = layer[3]
output = L3.conv[0](output_middle)
output = L3.conv[1](output)
output = L3.conv[2](output)
output = L3.conv[3](output)
if L3.use_res_connect:
output = output + output_middle
output_test = L3(output_middle)
print((output - output_test).abs().max())
> tensor(0., grad_fn=<MaxBackward1>)
print((out_original - output_test).abs().max())
> tensor(0., grad_fn=<MaxBackward1>)
Thank you!! it solve my problem!
Thank you ptrblck! | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Jpm808/sandbox/Born Toro
Born Toro Food Tour
Born Torois a food and drink tour company based in the Born district of Barcelona, Spain. The cpmpany was founded in 2016 by the Irish entrepreneur Misty Barker. The tour focuses on local specialties and family run businesses. | WIKI |
Asiapistosia stigma
Asiapistosia stigma is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Cheng-Lai Fang in 2000. It is found in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hubei and Guangdong. | WIKI |
Page:Every Woman's Encyclopedia Volume 1.djvu/462
440 WOMAN IN HER GARDEN This section will give information on gardening topics which will be of value to all women — the woman who lives in town, the woman who lives in the country, irrespective of whether she has a large or small purse at her disposal. The range of subjects will be very wide and will include : Practical Articles on Horticul- ture Flower Growing for Profit Violet Farms French Gardens The Vegetable Garden Nature Gardens Water Gardens The Window Garden Famous Gardens of England Conservatories Frames Bell Glasses Greenhouses Vineries, etc., etc. GROWING BULBS i: By HELEN COLT, F.RH.S. Different Ways of Growing Bulbs in Bowls — How to Plant — How to Tend the Flowers — What to Do with the Bulbs when Flowering Ceases pEW forms oi amateur gardening have ^ become so popular of recent years as the practice of growing bulbs indoors. This is chiefly owing to the fact that the use of ordinary fiower-pots, soil, and drainage can be dispensed with. The bulbs can be brought to perfection in the dwelling-room, planted in tasteful bowls of pulp or china- ware. How to Plant A peck of cocoa-nut fibre — or moss hbre, where preferred — will fill half a dozen or more bovvfls of average size. Moisten the fibre till it is in the right con- dition for use — do not let it be too wet — and put enough at the bottom of the bowls to make it pos- sible for the bulbs to stand with their tips just above the surface. Mix a few knobs of charcoal with the fibre to keep it sweet, and pack the compost firmly around the bulbs, leaving a margin of three- quarters of an inch or so at the top. The bulbs should not touch each other in the bowl. A bowl eight inches in diameter will look at- tractive when filled with six early Roman hyacinths, while three large hyacinths will make up a pretty bowl of the same size. Cream pots are suitable for simple table decoration, planted thickly with snowdrops S^^^i^'"'" ""^"'"^ or with a big tulip in each, and filled up to the brim with fresh green moss. Another way of growing bulbs is by the - use of shell gravel, or even pebbles from the garden path, if washed and sifted. Coarse silver sand can also be used, or the bulbs may be grown simply in damp moss (with charcoal). When hyacinths are set in glasses, the water in the glasses should be kept so as just to clear the base of the bulb, and a few knobs of charcoal should be placed in the glasses also. The Chinese sacred lily (Good Luck lily, or joss flower) can be grow^n simply by standing it in an inch depth of wet pebbles at the bottom of a shallow bowl. Root Formation If it can be managed, the bulbs may be stood out of doors on a bed of coal-ashes, and covered with a thick layer of cocoa- nut fibre or ashes. If this is done, they will require no water until it is time to bring them indoors. Again, they may be placed in a cold frame or put in an outhouse, but under these circumstances will need water occasion- ally. The most usual method for amateurs, however, is to put the bulbs in a dry and airy cupboard or cellar, f„„, • u I free from blackbeetles and frecsia can be grown in bowls. ^,, i j u Messrs. yas. Carter &■ Co. TCilCQ. They ShOuld haVC a | WIKI |
Russell King (fraudster)
Russell Stephen King (born 11 April 1959) is a convicted fraudster. He is best known for his part in the doomed purchase of Notts County Football Club by Munto Finance, a subsidiary of Qadbak Investments, which was the subject of a BBC1 Panorama programme. In July 2018, after several years living in Bahrain, he was extradited to Jersey, where he was charged in the Jersey Royal Court with 25 counts of fraud and larceny. In 2019 he was there sentenced to six years imprisonment. He was released in 2021.
Background
King first surfaced in the 1980s as chairman of Celebrity Group Holdings, a publishing company based in Kingston upon Thames, which owned titles such as Basketball Monthly and which was interested in taking over Eddy Shah's newspaper The Post and Hamley's toy shop. It also owned Zodiac Toys, which became insolvent in 1990. Along with his business partner Alan Kingston, King was also a director of Kingston Basketball Club. However, in 1991 King was sentenced to two years in prison for insurance fraud after trying to claim £600,000 for his Aston Martin Zagato after claiming it had been stolen. It was discovered hidden in a garage. Whilst he was in prison, Celebrity Group went into liquidation and was sued for £684,000 by Creditcorp, which alleged fraudulent behaviour by Celebrity Group's directors.
In the 1990s, King was associated with the publicist Max Clifford, and appeared in a controversial episode of Kilroy where Clifford had a fracas with the member of parliament Roger Gale. In 2004, he was involved with a sports agency called Essentially Sport, which represented Jenson Button.
Belgravia Financial Services Group
In the mid 2000s, King was involved with a Jersey-based company called Belgravia Financial Services Group. After the death of a business partner in 2008, King manipulated an employee of the business into transferring £671,000 from the business into his own personal account. He also sold the late partner's collection of cherished number plates and kept the proceeds. When Jersey-based company Close Finance sought repayment of £2m it had loaned to Belgravia, King fled to Bahrain.
Swiss Commodity Holding, First London Bank, and Qadbak Investments
In 2009, King pursued a series of new financial cons, building on founded a company called Swiss Commodity Holding (SCH), which claimed assets of $2 trillion besides the rights to all the gold, iron ore and coal in North Korea. He then approached British investment bank First London plc, and by falsely claiming he was managing billions of dollars for the Bahraini royal family, he got the bank to turn over 49 per cent of its shares to him. The following year, First London went into administration with debts of £8.7m.
Notts County F.C. acquisition and resale
In July 2009, King acted as head negotiator and consultant for the purchase of Notts County Football Club by Munto Finance, a subsidiary of Qadbak Investments, another company trading on nonexistent connections with wealthy Bahraini families.
King negotiated the sale of the football club to Munto for £1. He personally recruited former England football manager Sven-Göran Eriksson as director of football at Notts County, promising him a large sum if he also worked for SCH. While these negotiations were underway, King, representing SCH, visited North Korean Chairman Kim Yong-nam of the Supreme People's Assembly in Pyongyang. Eriksson and Peter Willett joined King on the trip. The purpose of the visit was nominally to persuade the government to hand over gold mining rights in exchange for billions of US dollars allegedly from Bahraini investors.
King used the nickname of L. Voldemort, after the Harry Potter character Lord Voldemort, and later claimed that he could not have been involved because his name, Russell King, did not appear in any documents. Notts County did not receive the promised funds and was unable to pay its bills. It was resold for a small sum that December five months after the purchase, with debts of £7 million.
BMW Sauber attempted acquisition
In September 2009, Formula One team BMW Sauber, seeking new investment, announced it was considering a sale to Qadbak Investments. The deal collapsed in November after it was revealed that King was behind the company, and the team was sold back to Sauber instead.
Bahraini magazines
From around 2013, King operated the Middle East edition of a magazine called Food and Travel using different aliases and claiming false statistics on the publication's circulation numbers. He also launched a magazine called FT Business Arabia, falsely claiming it to be the Middle East version of the Financial Times in order to obtain millions of dollars in advertising revenue. He also benefited from barter deals with top hospitality groups and luxury retail brands in the UAE.
2018 fraud and larceny charges
In 2018, King was extradited from Bahrain to Jersey, and on 27 July 2018, King was charged in the Jersey Royal Court with 25 counts of fraud and larceny that occurred while he was living in Jersey in 2008. These include allegedly selling the Belgravia Financial Services Group in a fraudulent manner, as well as falsification of accounts. Crown Advocate Matthew Jowitt stated "It is alleged the misappropriation is something in the order of £16 million." On 7 August 2018, it was reported that due to the complexity of the case and the speed at which events had happened, the bailiff, Sir William Bailhache, adjourned the case for three weeks, at which point pleas would be entered. In April 2019, King was sentenced to six years' imprisonment for stealing £670,000 from the Belgravia Group in 2008, and in August 2019 he was told to pay back £320,000 or face additional time in jail. He was released in 2021. | WIKI |
Healthy Bones, Healthy Life: Understanding Early Detection of Osteoporosis with DXA
It’s always a good time to prioritize your bone health by learning more about osteoporosis and scheduling a DXA scan—but if you need a reminder to do so, May is the perfect time! In honor of National Osteoporosis Awareness and Prevention Month, read on to understand your risk factors, screening eligibility, and what to expect during a bone density scan on Horizon® DXA system. Then, head over to our website to easily find a scan near you. Better bone health starts now!
Breaking Down the Facts about Osteoporosis
You’ve likely heard about osteoporosis, but might feel confused or overwhelmed given all of the information—and even myths—out there about the disease and who’s at risk. We’re here with the facts.
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease that thins and weakens the bones. It makes your bones less dense and more fragile, which means you’re more likely to experience a fracture.Unfortunately, osteoporosis is often referred to as “The Silent Disease” because it may not have any signs or symptoms until a break occurs.
It’s also a disease that affects a significant portion of the population. In the U.S. alone, osteoporosis causes two million broken bones each year.1 One in two women, and up to one in four men, over age 50 in the U.S. will experience an osteoporosis fracture.1 This can result in pain, decreased mobility, and a reduction in your daily quality of life.
The good news is that osteoporosis can be prevented and treated—and early detection can make a difference.2 The first step is to understand your risk factors, so you can determine if a bone density scan on DXA is right for you.
Understanding Your Risk Factors for Osteoporosis
When it comes to determining whether you need a bone scan, there are both controllable and uncontrollable factors that can determine your personal risk. The Bone Health and Osteoporosis Foundation recommends getting screened if you are:
A woman age 65 or older, or a man age 70 or older
You’ve broken a bone after age 50
You’re a woman of menopausal age (average age 51) with risk factors
You are a postmenopausal woman under age 65 with risk factors
You are a man age 50 or older with risk factors
It’s important to note that while osteoporosis does affect more women than men, it’s not just a women’s disease! Each year, about 80,000 men will break a hip due to osteoporosis—and men older than age 50 are more likely to experience an osteoporatic bone fracture than they are to get prostate cancer.3 Because many men may falsely believe they aren’t as risk, it’s especially important for this group to understand their bone health and seek information about early detection.
In addition to the age and gender factors above, the following diet, family history, and lifestyle factors can also play a role in your risk levels:
A family history of osteoporosis
Insufficient calcium and vitamin D intake
Smoking and excessive alcohol intake
An inactive lifestyle
Rapid weight loss
Read a full list of potential risk factors on our website, and talk to your doctor with questions about whether you should be scanned.
Early Detection is Essential
Osteoporosis is a chronic disease that can have devastating effects to your health and lifestyle, so it’s crucial to detect the signs as early as possible in case you need treatment. A bone density test, like the one on Horizon® DXA system, is the only test that can diagnose osteoporosis BEFORE a broken bone occurs.4 That means even if you aren’t experiencing any symptoms of the disease, a DXA scan can determine if you have early signs of osteoporosis that might otherwise go unnoticed.
The test works by measuring the bone mineral density (BMD) of bones in your hip, spine, and other areas. You can expect a quick, non-invasive scan that takes place while you’re lying on a comfortable padded table.5 And that’s it! After your scan, your provider will follow up with results and a treatment plan if osteoporosis is detected.
Answering Frequently Asked Questions About Bone Mineral Density Scans
1. Will my scan be covered by insurance?
Most likely, yes! Bone mineral density scans require a physician’s order and are covered by most private insurance when medically necessary (if you have risk factors for osteoporosis). As a routine screening, BMDs are covered by Medicare every two years.
1. Will I be exposed to radiation during my scan?
Bone density scans on Horizon® DXA system involve a very low-dose x-ray—equivalent to one day of background radiation, or the dose you would receive during a typical cross-country flight.6
1. How are scans on Horizon® DXA system different from those on other DXA devices?
Horizon® DXA system is more accurate than other DXA systems.7 The high-resolution clinical images generated by the device enable doctors to see more, so they can make more informed diagnoses and treatment decisions regarding your bone health.8,9
1. Where can I learn more about osteoporosis and bone health?
Visit FindMyDXA.com to learn more about BMD scans and to easily find a list of facilities near you that offer scans on Horizon® DXA system.
Check out our Healthy Bone Tips fact sheet with information from Dr. Andrea Singer, MD, FACP, CCD.
Explore our educational site for additional information on the topics above, including an interactive quiz to test your bone-health knowledge.
Visit BoneHealthAndOsteoporosis.org for the latest research and clinical information about bone diseases.
Download our Patient Guide PDF for a printable list of questions to ask your doctor when discussing your bone health and osteoporosis risk factors.
References
1. National Osteoporosis Foundation. NOF.org. What is osteoporosis and what causes it? https://www.nof.org/patients/what-is-osteoporosis/. Accessed 2/10/2021
2. National Osteoporosis Foundation. NOF.org. Diagnosis information. https://www.bonehealthandosteoporosis.org/patients/diagnosis-information/. Accessed 3/130/2023
3. National Osteoporosis Foundation. NOF.org. Just for Men
https://www.nof.org/preventing-fractures/general-facts/just-for-men/. Accessed 2/10/2021
1. National Osteoporosis Foundation. NOF.org. Bone Density Exam/Testing
https://www.nof.org/patients/diagnosis-information/bone-density-examtesting/. Accessed 2/10/2021
1. Hologic, MAN-03283 Rev 007 for Horizon A.
2. Shepherd, Ng, Sommer, Heymsfield. Bone (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2017.06.010
3. Hangartner TN. A study of the long-term precision of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry bone densitometers and implications for the validity of the least-significant-change calculation. Osteoporos Int. 2006.
4. Jankowski, L et al. Quantifying Image Quality of DXA Scanners Performing Vertebral Fracture Assessment Using Radiographic Phantoms. 2006. DHM-08251.
5. Cosman F, Krege JH, Looker AC, Schousboe JT, Fan B, Sarafrazi Isfahani N, Shepherd JA, Krohn KD, Steiger P, Wilson KE, Genant HK. Spine fracture prevalence in a nationally representative sample of US women and men aged ≥40 years: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2014. Osteoporos Int. 2017 Jun;28(6):1857-1866. doi: 10.1007/s00198-017-3948-9. Epub 2017 Feb 7. PMID: 28175980; PMCID: PMC7422504
*Your facility may use either a Horizon® or Discovery™ model by Hologic®
1. National Osteoporosis Foundation. NOF.org. What is osteoporosis and what causes it? https://www.nof.org/patients/what-is-osteoporosis/. Accessed 2/10/2021
2. Jankowski, L et al. Quantifying Image Quality of DXA Scanners Performing Vertebral Fracture Assessment Using Radiographic Phantoms. 2006. DHM-08251.
3. Hologic, MAN-03283 Rev 007 for Horizon A.
4. Shepherd, Ng, Sommer, Heymsfield. Bone (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2017.06.010
5. National Osteoporosis Foundation. NOF.org. Bone Density Exam/Testing
https://www.nof.org/patients/diagnosis-information/bone-density-examtesting/. Accessed 2/10/2021
6. National Osteoporosis Foundation. NOF.org. Just for Men
https://www.nof.org/preventing-fractures/general-facts/just-for-men/. Accessed 2/10/2021
7. Hangartner TN. A study of the long-term precision of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry bone densitometers and implications for the validity of the least-significant-change calculation. Osteoporos Int. 2006.
8. Cosman F, Krege JH, Looker AC, Schousboe JT, Fan B, Sarafrazi Isfahani N, Shepherd JA, Krohn KD, Steiger P, Wilson KE, Genant HK. Spine fracture prevalence in a nationally representative sample of US women and men aged ≥40 years: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2014. Osteoporos Int. 2017 Jun;28(6):1857-1866. doi: 10.1007/s00198-017-3948-9. Epub 2017 Feb 7. PMID: 28175980; PMCID: PMC7422504 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Thampi Kannanthanam
Thampi Kannanthanam (11 December 1953 – 2 October 2018) was an Indian film director, screenwriter, producer and actor, who worked in Malayalam cinema. He has directed 16 films.
Personal life
Thampi was born on 11 December 1953 as the sixth son of Baby Kannanthanam and Thankamma at Kanjirappally, Kottayam. He studied in MT Seminary School and at St. Dominic's College. He began his film career as an assistant director. Thampi was married to Kunjumol and the couple have two children—Aiswarya and Angel.
Career
He debuted as a director in 1983 with the film Thaavalam. He has also acted in Itha Oru Theeram (1980), Attimari (1981), Madrasile Mon (1982), Thudarkatha (1991). He was most active during the period 1980–90. His most notable directorial films include Rajavinte Makan (1986), Vazhiyorakazchakal (1987), Bhoomiyile Rajakkanmar (1987), Indrajaalam (1990), Naadody (1992), Chukkan (1994) and Maanthrikam (1995).
Death
Thampi was admitted to a private hospital in Kochi following various ailments. His health condition worsened further and he died on 2 October 2018. He is survived by his wife Kunjumol, daughters Aiswarya and Angel. | WIKI |
List of NFL career interceptions thrown leaders
The following list shows the NFL players who have thrown the most career interceptions: | WIKI |
Page:A budget of paradoxes (IA cu31924103990507).pdf/299
Rh
Mr. Murphy invites attention and objection to some assertions, as that the earth is prolate, not oblate. 'If the philosopher's conclusion be right, then the pole is the centre of a valley (!) thirteen miles deep.' Hence it would be very warm. It is answer enough to ask—Who knows that it is not?
1851. The following letter was written by one of a class of persons whom, after much experience of them, I do not pronounce insane. But in this case the second sentence gives a suspicion of actual delusion of the senses; the third looks like that eye for the main chance which passes for sanity on the Stock Exchange and elsewhere:—
15th Sept. 1851. 'Gentlemen,—I pray you take steps to make known that yesterday I completed my invention which will give motion to every country on the Earth;—to move Machinery!—the long sought in vain 'Perpetual Motion'!!—I was supported at the time by the Queen and H.R.H. Prince Albert. If, Gentlemen, you can advise me bow to proceed to claim the reward, if any is offered by the Government, or how to secure the for the machine, or in any way assist me by advice in this great work, I shah most graciously acknowledge your consideration.
These are my convictions that my discoveries will be realised: and this great one can be at once acted upon: although at this moment it only exists in my mind, from my knowledge of certain fixed principles in nature:—the Machine I have not made, as I only completed the discovery, Sunday! I have, &c. ' To the Directors of the London University, Gower Street. | WIKI |
Categories
Encephalitogenic Myelin Proteolipid Fragment
5HR, 5 homologous region; 3HR, 3 homologous region
5HR, 5 homologous region; 3HR, 3 homologous region. fungal NDH2 inhibitor HDQ and its new derivative CK-2-68 is due to inhibition of the parasite cytochrome complex rather than PfNDH2. These compounds directly inhibit the ubiquinol-cytochrome reductase activity of the malarial complex. Our results suggest that PfNDH2 is not likely a good antimalarial drug target. Introduction The mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC) is an important, validated drug target in malaria parasites. The mtETC is the primary generator of the electrochemical gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane. In the asexual blood stages of malaria parasites, however, the only critical function of Daminozide the mtETC is the continuous reoxidation of ubiquinol to sustain activity of DHOD (dihydroorotate dehydrogenase), which is required for pyrimidine biosynthesis [1]. In contrast, in insect stages, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation appears to have increased importance [2], likely requiring an intact central carbon metabolism [3] and increased mtETC activity to maintain the electrochemical gradient that drives ATP synthesis. For decades, the mtETC of malaria parasites has attracted major drug development efforts [4], ultimately resulting in antimalarials for clinical use and in preclinical/clinical stages of development. Daminozide Malarone?, a combination of atovaquone and proguanil, has been used clinically since 2000. Recent drug development efforts focused on the parasite DHOD led to the clinical candidate DSM265, which is currently undergoing Phase II clinical trials [5, 6]. ELQ-300, an inhibitor of the Qi site of the complex (Complex III), has also reached preclinical development [7, 8]. This underscores that the essential protein components of the parasite mtETC are attractive antimalarial drug targets. In the parasite mtETC, there are five Rabbit Polyclonal to Gastrin dehydrogenases that donate electrons to ubiquinone producing ubiquinol (reduced ubiquinone), including NDH2 (type II NADH dehydrogenase), MQO (malate quinone oxidoreductase), DHOD, G3PDH (glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase), and SDH (succinate dehydrogenase). The reduced ubiquinol is subsequently oxidized back to ubiquinone by the mitochondrial complex (Complex III). As mentioned above, the parasite DHOD is usually a validated antimalarial drug target. NDH2 has also been considered a promising antimalarial drug target for over a decade [9C11]. In general, NADH dehydrogenase is usually a membrane bound flavoenzyme that catalyzes electron transfer from NADH to quinone producing NAD+ and quinol. In human mitochondria, a type I NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) has 45 subunits and pumps protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane concomitant with electron transfer [12]. Mutations of Complex I subunits are responsible for a significant portion of hereditary human respiratory chain disorders [13]. In contrast, malaria parasites lack the conventional multi-subunit Complex I. Instead, they have a type II NADH Daminozide dehydrogenase (NDH2), which is a single subunit, non-proton pumping protein, likely attaching to the mitochondrial inner membrane and facing the mitochondrial matrix. and reduction and changes of cytochrome absorption spectrum were measured at a wavelength of 550 nm; in the second assay, NADH oxidation produced NAD+, directly leading to a reduced absorption at 340 nm. Using these coupled or direct measurements, Fry and Beesley found a robust NADH oxidation activity in mitochondrial samples which was not inhibited by rotenone, a classical Complex I inhibitor. Their data suggested that mitochondria of malaria parasites were able to oxidize NADH and an active NADH dehydrogenase(s) was present. In 2006, Biagini [9]. Biagini [20]. Later HDQ was shown to be highly effective against and parasites [10]. Based on these results [9, 10, 18], it became widely accepted that PfNDH2 could be an attractive antimalarial drug target. As a result, a significant drug discovery campaign based on high throughput screening was undertaken to seek HDQ-like inhibitors to specifically inhibit PfNDH2 [21C23], yielding the lead compound, CK-2-68 [22]. Recently, the crystal structure of PfNDH2 was resolved via X-ray crystallization [24], which could further encourage drug development efforts towards PfNDH2 using approaches based on docking and structure activity relationships of PfNDH2 and its inhibitors. The rationale for targeting PfNDH2 or other mtETC dehydrogenases except for DHOD for antimalarial drug development has, however, been controversial [25, 26]. The fact that the entire mtETC in asexual blood stages could be functionally bypassed by expression of the heterologous yeast DHOD from to support pyrimidine biosynthesis in the presence of mtETC inhibition raised the likelihood that PfDHOD is the only essential Daminozide enzyme among the five mitochondrial. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
File:Edgeworthprocess1.svg
Summary
Remake from Image:Edgeworthprocess1.JPG. As the idea can't be "copyrighted" (as I understand), I release this image in PD. | WIKI |
Talk:Robert W. Castle
Robert Castle had also been minister at St. Marks Episcopal church in Newport VT, during the mid-late 1970's (at the same time he had been running his general store). He had started running the general store earlier, but when the prior minister left, Bob Castle came in to replace him. I don't know if the Diocese of Vermont had asked him to take the post, or if Fr. Castle filled in a need, and ended up staying for a while.
I did find a reference to Fr. Castle taking on his post at St Marks in Newport VT ( == St. Marks, Newport, VT == ), but still don't know when he left (it was after I had left for college in 1978).
Apparently he had also filled in at Christ Episcopal Church in Island Pond VT as well during the early-mid 1970's. Unfortunately I don't have more detail than that, my father would have remembered if he were still alive, and my ex-stepmother doesn't remember any further details either. I know I have at least one photo of him outside the church somewhere in my pile of photos.
Jelabarre (talk) 20:23, 6 December 2012 (UTC) | WIKI |
Use of unicompartmental instead of tricompartmental prostheses for unicompartmental arthrosis in the knee is a cost-effective alternative. 15,437 primary tricompartmental prostheses were compared with 10,624 primary medial or lateral unicompartmental prostheses
Forskningsoutput: TidskriftsbidragArtikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift
Abstract
Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is known to have a higher risk of revision than tricompartmental arthroplasty (TKA), while UKA implants are generally less expensive than TKA implants. We estimated the costs of implants and hospital stay of both procedures and related the cost difference at primary operation to the difference in number of revisions to be expected. We compared 15,437 primary TKAs and 10,624 primary medial or lateral UKAs. The operations were all done on patients with arthrosis during 1985-1995. By matching patients in the Swedish Patient Administration System with the Swedish National Knee Arthroplasty Register, the groups could be compared regarding the length of the hospital stay. The cumulative revision rate (CRR) and the relative risk of revision were calculated with survival statistics, as well as the risk of a second revision and the risk of infection. The weighted mean cost of the commonest implants in each group was used as an estimate of the implant cost. We found that the TKA patients were, on average, 2 years older at operation and had a lower CRR than the UKA patients-i.e., 10-year CRR of 12% and 16%, respectively. After adjusting for age, gender and year of operation, UKA patients were found to have a 2-day shorter hospital stay and fewer serious complications than TKA patients. The mean estimated cost of a unicompartmental implant was 57% of that of a tricompartmental implant. We conclude, that by using UKA instead of TKA in appropriate patients, money can be saved, even after taking into account the increased number of revisions to be expected.
Detaljer
Författare
Enheter & grupper
Forskningsområden
Ämnesklassifikation (UKÄ) – OBLIGATORISK
• Ortopedi
Originalspråkengelska
Sidor (från-till)170-175
TidskriftActa Orthopaedica Scandinavica
Volym70
Utgåva nummer2
StatusPublished - 1999
PublikationskategoriForskning
Peer review utfördJa | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Water and the Human Body: Mind-Blowing Facts | Virgin Pure
By Bob Fear
Water and the Human Body: Mind-Blowing Facts | Virgin Pure
We all know how important water is, but how much water is in the human body? Understanding that water is essential to our bodily functions is a key motivator for staying healthily hydrated. If we can begin to understand how all the different parts of our anatomy need water, we may find it easier to remember to drink enough fluid every day. In this article, as well as revealing how much water is in the human body, we also take a look at how it’s distributed, and how each part uses water to function.
How much water is in the human body?
Over half of our bodies are made up of water. The actual amount of water in your body will depend on your weight, age and gender. As you age, your body water percentage will decrease. At birth, around three quarters of our body weight is water. As we grow, our body fat increases and our lean tissue decreases. Fatty tissue contains less water. Therefore, over time, our weight and the amount of fatty tissue our bodies contain affects our body water percentage.
An average healthy male between the ages of 19 and 50 will have a body water percentage of around 60%, whereas an average healthy female in the same age range will have a body water percentage of around 50%.
From birth to six months, a baby’s body water percentage will be around 75%. From six months to 12 years, a child’s body water percentage will be around 60%. In teenage years, around 56% of a female’s body weight will be made up of water, compared to around 59% of a male’s. The average body water percentage for a female over 50 is 47%, whereas as male’s is 56%.
You can calculate how much water your own body contains by using the Watson formula:
Female formula
–2.097 + (0.1069 x height in cm) + (0.2466 x weight in kg) = total body water in litres
Male formula
2.447 – (0.09145 x age) + (0.1074 x height in cm) + (0.3362 x weight in kg) = total body water in litres
To then calculate how much that is as a percentage of your body weight, you simply divide your total body water by your weight (in kg) and multiply that answer by 100.
For example, a 1.62 metre high female weighing 55 kg :
-2.097 + (0.1069 x 162 cm = 17.3178) + (0.2466 x 55 kg = 13.563) = 28.7838 litres
28.7838 litres ÷ 55 kg x 100 = 52%
While this isn’t going to be precise, it serves to give a rough idea of how much water is in your body. A healthy range for females up to 50 is 41% to 60%, and for males up to 50 it’s 43% to 73%. For the over-50s, a healthy range for females is 39% to 57%, for males it’s 47% to 67%.
All the reasons you might be feeling thirsty right now
Why do we need water?
Water is one of the key ingredients of all the major parts that make up the human body:
● Plasma is around 92% water. Plasma is the liquid part of blood that carries around the red and white blood cells and platelets.
● 83% of our lungs are water
● 79% of our muscles and kidneys are water
● Our brains and heart are 73% water
● 64% of our skin is water
● Our bones are 31% water
Everything in our body is made up of cells, and over 70% of each cell is made of water. Water is stored in intracellular fluid (the fluid within cells) as well as in extracellular fluid (the fluid outside cells). Water is everywhere in our bodies, and that’s why we need it so much.
Read more about the long term benefits of increasing water consumption
What does water do for the body?
Here are the top ten little everyday miracles that water performs in our bodies to keep us in tip-top health:
1. Water is the main nutrient every cell in our body needs to function. Cells are the building blocks of our bodies, they group together to form our tissues and organs.
2. Water helps our brain function. Dehydration can adversely affect our concentration and ability to navigate complex tasks. We might also be prone to headaches or reduced alertness if we don’t drink enough water.
3. Water aids digestion. It helps to break down the food we eat and then carries the proteins and carbohydrates around our body for fuel.
4. Water flushes out our waste. Water helps our kidneys remove waste from our blood. We then pee out what our bodies don’t need.
5. Water keeps our blood flowing. As the plasma in our blood is mostly water, we need to stay hydrated to stop our blood from becoming too concentrated. A lack of the electrolyte minerals naturally found in water, such as magnesium and potassium, affects the normal function of our hearts and muscles. Dehydration may also decrease our volume of blood, making us dizzy and light-headed.
6. Water protects our sensitive bits. Our body tissue needs to stay moist, so when we don’t drink enough water, we begin to dry up. Our super sensitive eyes, nose and mouth all need to stay hydrated. Water is also part of the fluid around our brain that keeps it protected.
7. Water is our built-in shock absorber. It’s part of our spinal cord’s protective system and also helps lubricate and cushion our joints.
8. Water regulates our temperature. When we exercise, our muscles generate heat. To keep our temperature down, we get rid of that heat by sweating it out. Our bodies do the same in hot weather, and therefore need lots of water to be able to generate enough sweat and keep us cool.
9. Water keeps our skin looking good. The outermost layer of our skin, the epidermis, will feel rough and lose its stretchiness if it doesn’t contain enough water
10. Water keeps our mouths working. We naturally produce saliva to keep our mouths moist. As the saying ‘makes your mouth water’ suggests, the secretion of saliva anticipates digestion. It also protects our teeth and gums and helps prevent infections. Saliva is 99% water.
In this article, we’ve explained why water is so important to our everyday health. With over half our bodies being made up of water, we need to replace the fluid we’re naturally losing all the time. It’s always best to replace like for like, so drinking plenty of pure water during the day will help us function properly. A great way to easily stay hydrated is to have a hot and cold water dispenser to hand that purifies your tap water, ensuring that it can be as tasty and healthy as possible. Take a look at the Virgin Pure Home Water System <https://virginpure.com/for-home/> - it’s just like having mineral water on tap.
Want to keep up to date with all things Purist?
Sign up to our newsletter to get the lastest from the Purist delivered to your inbox every month. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
theanets.regularizers.Contractive
class theanets.regularizers.Contractive(pattern=None, weight=0.0, wrt='*')
Penalize the derivative of hidden layers with respect to their inputs.
Parameters:
wrt : str, optional
A glob-style pattern that specifies the inputs with respect to which the derivative should be computed. Defaults to '*', which matches all inputs.
Notes
This regularizer implements the loss() method to add the following term to the network’s loss function:
\[\frac{1}{|\Omega|} \sum_{i \in \Omega} \|\frac{\partial Z_i}{x}\|_F^2\]
where \(\Omega\) is a set of “matching” graph output indices, \(Z_i\) is the output of network graph \(i\), \(x\) is the input to the network graph, and :math`|cdot|_F` is the Frobenius norm (sum of the squared elements in the array).
This regularizer attempts to make the derivative of the hidden representatin flat with respect to the input. In theory, this encourages the network to learn features that are insensitive to small changes in the input (that is, they are mostly perpindicular to the input manifold).
Like the HiddenL1 regularizer, this acts indirectly to force a model to cover the space of its input dataset using as few features as possible; this pressure often causes features to be duplicated with slight variations to “tile” the input space in a very different way than a non-regularized model.
References
[Rif11]
S. Rifai, P. Vincent, X. Muller, X. Glorot, & Y. Bengio. (ICML 2011). “Contractive auto-encoders: Explicit invariance during feature extraction.”
http://machinelearning.wustl.edu/mlpapers/paper_files/ICML2011Rifai_455.pdf
Examples
This regularizer can be specified at training or test time by providing the hidden_l1 or hidden_sparsity keyword arguments:
>>> net = theanets.Regression(...)
To use this regularizer at training time:
>>> net.train(..., contractive=0.1)
By default all hidden layer outputs are included. To include only some graph outputs:
>>> net.train(..., contractive=dict(weight=0.1, pattern='hid3:out', wrt='in'))
To use this regularizer when running the model forward to generate a prediction:
>>> net.predict(..., contractive=0.1)
The value associated with the keyword argument can be a scalar—in which case it provides the weight for the regularizer—or a dictionary, in which case it will be passed as keyword arguments directly to the constructor.
__init__(pattern=None, weight=0.0, wrt='*')
Methods
__init__([pattern, weight, wrt])
log() Log some diagnostic info about this regularizer.
loss(layer_list, outputs)
modify_graph(outputs) Modify the outputs of a particular layer in the computation graph.
log()
Log some diagnostic info about this regularizer. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Let's Make Robots!
m&m sorter #3
Sorts m&m's by color
AttachmentSize
DeltaRobot-0.02.zip3.44 KB
Videos: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pbb9GOWaL4g and http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPakG8p3MHE
Update: Added schematic for the vacuum system
Code word were: CHEAP!
Cheapest RC servos I could get, Cheapest Arduino, almost. Straws from mc donalds, icecream sticks, rubber bands, Lots of scrapped stuff just waiting to be used in the workshop. Solenoids in the valves were from old tapedrives, and the valves them selfs were from old bicycle tubes. Vacuum and pressure comes from an old aquarium pump, reshaped to make vacuum too.
The dark disk is a sun shade, had to add that before filming outside, othervise color detection made too many mistakes.
"Exploded view" of lower arm:
"Exploded view" of lower arm
Lower arm:
Lower arm
Lower arm about to be connected to bolt on upper arm
Lower arm about to be connected to bolt on upper arm
Lower arm and the moving platform:
Lower arm and the moving platform
Valves:
Two valves, the lower one disassembled
The pin visible at the end of the yellow tube pin of the bicycle valve. The brass tobe above goes over the pin. Since the pressure uses in the robot is low, +/- 0.15 bar, I could go with these simple home made solenoid valves.
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thanks it makes a lot more sense now thanks links realy great it goes into a lot of depth and thanks for the answer
also i don't now if your intrested but http://reprap.org/wiki/Delta not realy on the cheap side and dead in activity but it's a very intresting idea
Nice! I love the way you made the robot arm.
Which part of it? The cheapness or ?? Think the configuration is pretty standard for a delta robot.
Well I wasn't familiar with the concept of a delta robot but after reading your reply and googling I see what you mean :-) Anyway making it work so well with such cheap components is still very nicely done.
very very interesting. bravo!
Wello done indeed =) I love te minimal use of everything lol.
Well, that's exactly my goal! Make something fun without spending a fortune. I mean, would it be fun an challenging to just fork out a lump of cash to receive a prebuild industrial deltarobot? Im not into the stacking sausages on a belt business anyway!
And those ice cream sticks, you buy them in thousands, and they are very cool to build with. Hot glue for the fast non-precision work, and the white wood glue where you want things to be aligned precisely.
Great robot,good job :)
Great robot !! Could you please describe what is attached to the end of the straws allowing them to pivot ? Also some closeup photos of details , like the joints and valves would be great .
Sure.
The joints in both ends are made of a rubber band and a plastic bead. The rubber band goes all the way through the straw, around the 3mm bolt at the top and througn a small hole in the moving platform. Btw, the straws are double, I openend a straw and slid it inside the outer one, and with a drop of glue mede the straws much stiffer.
The valves were the single most time consuming part, solenoid pulling the small pin in a bicycle tube valve. Think they are called "presta valves". To get them air tight enough took quite some glue.
I will make some closeups shortly. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Ancit Church
Kisha e ancitit is a church in Breg-Lum, Kukës County, Albania. It is a Cultural Monument of Albania. | WIKI |
Assessment of Healing Potential of Formulated Herbal Cream on Burn Wound
• Yogesh Shivhare Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan University, Bhopal (M.P.) India
• Alok Pal Jain Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan University, Bhopal (M.P.) India
Abstract
The current protocol of the study was planned to assess the healing potential of formulated herbal cream containing different medicinal plant extracts. Formulated herbal cream was containing the methanolic extract of Chenopodium album, Coccinia indica, Momordica dioica, Precitrullus fistulosus and Trichosanthes dioica with cream base. Formulated herbal cream was assessed pharmacologically for healing potential in burn wound model. The formulation showed a significantly higher contraction rate, shortened epithelialization period, better tensile strength and increase in hydroxyproline content in the burn wound model. Thus, it is concluded that formulation has the potential wound healing activity which justifying its use as wound healer.
Keywords: Formulation, Burn, Wound, Contraction
Keywords: Formulation, Burn, Wound, Contraction
Downloads
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References
1. Anonymous. 1994. Ethnobotany in the search for new drugs. Ciba Foundation Symposium 188, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
2. Fabricant DS, Farnsworth NR. The value of plants used in traditional medicine for drug discovery. Environ Health Perspective. 2001; 109:69-75.
3. Taylor Leslie ND. Plant Based Drugs and Medicines. Rain Tree Nutrition. 2000.
4. Bhatia Nitish, Singh Arunpreet, Sharma Rohit, Singh Amandeep, Soni Varinder, Singh Gurjeet, Bajaj Jaideep, Dhawan Ravi, Singh Balwinder. Evaluation of burn wound healing potential of aqueous extract of Morus alba based cream in rats. The Journal of Phytopharmacology. 2014; 3(6):378-383.
5. Manafi A, Kohanteb J, Mehrabani D, Japoni A, Amini M, Naghmachi M, Zaghi AH, Khalili N. Active immunization using exotoxin A confers protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a mouse burn model. BMC Microbiology. 2009; 9:23.
6. Das Trailokya, Debnath Jiban, Nath Bipul, Dash Suvakanta. Formulation and evaluation of an herbal cream for wound healing activity. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2014; 6 (2):693-697.
7. Nair Sujith S, Mathew Molly, Sreena K. Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Cream containing Curcuma longa. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences. 2012; 1 (4):1362-1368.
8. Kubo I, Muroi H, Kubo A. Naturally Occurring Anti-acne Agents. Journal of Natural Products. 1994; 57(1):9-17.
9. Vijayalakshmi A, Tripura A, Ravichandiran V. Development and Evaluation of Anti- Acne Products from Terminalia arjuna Bark. International Journal of Chem Tech Research. 2011; 3(1):320-327.
10. Shanmuga Priya K, Gnanamani A, Radhakrishnan N, Babu Mary. Healing potential of Datura alba on burn wounds in albino rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002; 83:193-199.
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How to Cite
1.
Shivhare Y, Jain AP. Assessment of Healing Potential of Formulated Herbal Cream on Burn Wound. JDDT [Internet]. 5Feb.2020 [cited 18Jun.2021];9(4-s):1191-4. Available from: https://jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/3874 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Dum Dum Motijheel Rabindra Mahavidyalaya
Dum Dum Motijheel Rabindra Mahavidyalaya, established in 1968, is a general degree college in Kolkata. It offers undergraduate courses in arts and commerce. It is affiliated to West Bengal State University.
Commerce and Arts
* Commerce (Accounting & Finance and Marketing Hons. and General)
* Bengali
* Education (Hons. and General)
* English
* History
* Geography
* Journalism
Accreditation
Dum Dum Motijheel Rabindra Mahavidyalaya is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC). | WIKI |
WVPO
WVPO may refer to:
* WVPO (FM), a radio station (96.7 FM) licensed to serve Lehman Township, Pennsylvania, United States
* WPCO (AM), a radio station (840 AM) licensed to serve Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, which held the call sign WVPO from 1948 to 2023
* WSBG, a radio station (93.5 FM) licensed to serve Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, which held the call sign WVPO-FM from 1964 to 1983 | WIKI |
MV Musthika Kencana II
Musthika Kencana II was a passenger ferry which was built in 1973 as Terje Vigen for DA-NO Linien. She was sold to Brittany Ferries in 1975 and renamed Armorique. She was sold to Xiamen Ocean Shipping Co in 1993 and renamed Min Nan. In 1998, she was sold to the Weihai Ferry Co and renamed Sheng Sheng. In 2003, she was sold to Dharma Lautan Utama, Belize. In 2005, she was sold to Jalan Kangina, Surabaya and was renamed Tirta Kencana I. She was renamed Musthika Kencana II in 2009. She caught fire off Java on 4 July 2011 and sank the next day.
Description
The ship was 116.62 m long, with a beam of 19.23 m. She had a depth of 11.16 m and a draught of 4.33 m. She was assessed at, ,. The ship was powered by two Pielstick 12PC2V400 diesel engines, driving twin screw propellers. The engines were rated at 8825 kW and could propel the ship at 20 kn. She could carry 410 cars and accommodation for 700 passengers was provided.
History
The ship was built as yard number 205 by Société Nouvelle des Ateliers du Havre, Le Havre, France. She was launched on 24 April 1971 as Terje Vigen. She was delivered to DA-NO Linirn on 13 May 1972 for services between Oslo and Aarhus. Her port of registry was Oslo. The IMO Number 7108203, and call sign DIAV were allocated. She was sold to Skan-Fahre K.G., Hamburg, West Germany in 1973 and chartered to DA-NO Linirn. In May 1975, the ship was arrested due to financial problems at DA-NO Linirn. She was laid up at Aarhus but subsequently returned to service. In Autumn 1975, she was sold to Brittany Ferries, France with delivery scheduled for 1976. Her final day in service with DA-NO Linirn was 30 December 1975
In March 1976, she was renamed Armorique. The call sign FNBX was allocated. She entered service on the Roscoff - Plymouth route, then transferring to the Saint-Malo - Plymouth route in April. In May she was put on the Saint-Malo - Portsmouth route. On 6 June, she ran aground off Saint-Malo in fog and was damaged. Repairs were carried out at Le Havre. She was then laid up at Saint-Malo from September 1976 to May 1977, when she returned to the Saint-Malo - Portsmouth route. Armorique was again laid up at Saint-Malo from September 1977 to April 1978, when she entered service on the Plymouth - Santander route. She served on this route until May 1982, but also occasionally served on the Plymouth - Roscoff - Cork route during this time. She then transferred to the Roscoff - Cork route until she ran aground off Saint-Malo on 18 September. She was again repaired at Le Havre.
Armorique returned to service on the Roscoff - Cork route in March 1983. On 2 April, a fire broke out on the car deck when the ferry was 20 nmi north of the Isles of Scilly. One person died and nineteen were injured before the fire could be extinguished. Seventy passengers and crew were evacuated from the ship and taken to the West Cornwall Hospital, Penzance. Six of them were detained, the rest later returned to the ship. Four lifeboats, four helicopters and a Hawker Siddeley Nimrod aircraft assisted in the rescue. The fire destroyed 66 berths. Following the fire, it was alleged that £2,000 belonging to the victim had been stolen. The money was subsequently found. Armorique operated the return Cork - Roscoff service, carrying 136 passengers. Following repairs, she returned to service on 9 April. In May 1984, she returned to the Saint-Malo - Portsmouth route, but was laid up in September, returning to the Plymouth - Roscoff route in December. In May 1985, she returned to the Saint-Malo - Portsmouth route, but was again laid up in September. From 25 March to 16 April 1986, she was chartered to SMZ and served on the Harwich - Hook of Holland route. The next month, she returned to the Saint-Malo - Portsmouth route, being laid up at Saint-Malo in September. She returned to service in May 1987 on the Saint-Malo - Portsmouth route, transferring to the Plymouth - Roscoff route on 16 September. From 27 May to 13 June 1988, Armoricain was chartered by Truckline Ferries and served on the Cherbourg - Poole route. She returned to the Saint-Malo - Portsmouth route on 14 June 1989. Following a brief lay-up in September, she served with British Channel Island Ferries on the Poole - Guernsey - Jersey route between 28 September and 9 October and also between 18 December and 2 January 1990.
Armoricain transferred to the Saint-Malo - Portsmouth route on 3 January, serving until 12 February. In April and May, she served on the Caen - Portsmouth route, returning to the Saint-Malo - Portsmouth route on 18 May. On 6 September, she sustained damage to her propellers. Following repairs, she was laid up at Saint-Malo from 1 October. On 27 December, she was chartered by the French military and sailed to Toulon. In January 1991, she sailed from Toulon to Yanbu, Saudi Arabia via the Suez Canal. She carried 850 troops who were to participate in the First Gulf War. She returned to service on the Saint-Malo - Portsmouth route on 2 May. On 1 October, she transferred to the Cherbourg - Portsmouth route under charter. In November, she returned to the Saint-Malo - Portsmouth route. On 6 January 1992, she was transferred to the Caen - Portsmouth route, returning to the Saint-Malo - Portsmouth route on 20 May. From 19 June to 28 August, she served on the Portsmouth - Cherbourg - Poole - Cherbourg - Poole - Saint-Malo route, then returning to the Saint-Malo - Portsmouth Route. She was laid up at Saint-Malo on 30 September. Armoricain was chartered to British Channel Island Ferries from 2 to 20 February 1993 and was then laid up at Cherbourg. She was moved to Saint-Malo in September.
On 18 December 1993, Armoricain was sold to the Xiamen Ocean Shipping Company and was renamed Min Nan. The call sign BBZU was allocate. She entered service between Xiamen and Hong Kong in 1994. She was sold again in 1998 to Weihai Ferry Co and renamed Sheng Sheng. On 30 June 2003, she was sold to Dharma Lautan Utama, Belize. In 2005, she was sold to Jalan Kanginan, Surabaya, Indonesia and was renamed Tirta Kencana I. The call sign YHYC was allocated. She served on the Surabaya - Makassar route. On 1 January 2009, she was renamed Musthika Kencana II. On 4 July 2011, the ship caught fire off Madura, Java and was abandoned. She sank the next day. | WIKI |
Page:Life memoirs & pedigree of Thomas Hamilton Dickson.pdf/31
from the vent, and left the inmates at liberty to do what they chose, while we skulked in the yard amongst the stacks, and it was never known who was concerned in the proceedings of that night. I remember of running through the stack-yard, and got myself covered in a bed of greens, where I lay as flat as a flounder, quaking for fear I would be found out. While I was in this position a number of voices as sailed my ears: "Hang them, whare are they? Confound their rotten sides. If we had them that stekit the door and stappit the lum, we would briz their heads till they were as saft as gelly." "O, but they'll no' be gotten," replied another voice. They ran down through the stack-yard, but they did not find me; and had they come through the greens, I was sure to have been taken. I never knew what became of my companions, how they made their escape.
Emma was the flower of that country-side, according to the opinion of the peasantry. She was cheerful, and treated every subject with a degree of levity that showed that her heart had not been wounded with previous sorrow, the canker-worm of all our joys. Much, in my opinion, have we to enjoy in this world, but much more to endure: sad experience tells me so. Never till this blessed hour have I been doomed to enjoy the girl of my fond affection. It is said that the course of true love never runs smooth:" my poor heart knows the melancholy fact―doomed but to behold the object of its fond regard in the | WIKI |
Photos: Derek Jeter selling upstate New York castle
Yes, former New York Yankees star Derek Jeter owns a castle in upstate New York, and it's now on the market. Jeter bought the four-acre, gated property in Greenwood Lake, known locally as the Tiedemann Castle, in 2003 for $425,000. The estate has six bedrooms, including two master suites in the main house, seven bathrooms, four kitchens and one outdoor kitchen. It sits on 700 feet of shoreline on Greenwood Lake, about an hour north of New York City. There is also a pool house with wet bar; infinity-edge swimming pool perched about a waterfall cascading into a private lagoon; two-bedroom lakeside guesthouse; a boat house; a four-car garage; and a small replica of the Statue of Liberty facing the lake. The Greenwood Lake castle estate at 14 Lake Shore Road is listed with Wright Brothers Real Estate, Inc. Greenwood Lake was once a fashionable summer resort community, according to Variety, that attracted the likes of Greta Garbo, Babe Ruth and Gypsy Rose Lee. The estate was originally built in 1903, and it was purchased in 1952 by John and Julia Tiedemann. Jeter's grandfather William Sonny Connors was the Tiedemann's adopted son; the castle has been in the family for decades. According to a 2009 report in the Times Herald-Record of Middletown, New York, Jeter invested more than $3 million in renovations and infrastructure improvements, since purchasing the castle 15 years ago. Jeter retired in 2014 as the second highest-paid player in Major League Baseball history, reportedly making $265.2 million during his 20 seasons. This is second to teammate Alex Rodriguez, who made $356.3 million through his career. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
一个简洁的 PHP 缓存类代码，简单至极
一个简洁的 PHP 缓存类代码，简单至极
网上关于 PHP 缓存类的资料很多，不过这个类应该是我见过功能满足需求，但又无比简洁的一个。废话不多说，直接看代码吧！
使用说明：
1、实例化
$cache = new Cache();
2、设置缓存时间和缓存目录
$cache = new Cache(60, '/any_other_path/');
第一个参数是缓存秒数，第二个参数是缓存路径，根据需要配置。
默认情况下，缓存时间是 3600 秒，缓存目录是 cache/
3、读取缓存
$value = $cache->get('data_key');
4、写入缓存
$value = $cache->put('data_key', 'data_value');
完整实例：
$cache = new Cache();
//从缓存从读取键值 $key 的数据
$values = $cache->get($key);
//如果没有缓存数据
if ($values == false) {
//insert code here...
//写入键值 $key 的数据
$cache->put($key, $values);
} else {
//insert code here...
}
Cache.class.php
<?php
class Cache {
private $cache_path;//path for the cache
private $cache_expire;//seconds that the cache expires
//cache constructor, optional expiring time and cache path
public function Cache($exp_time=3600,$path="cache/"){
$this->cache_expire=$exp_time;
$this->cache_path=$path;
}
//returns the filename for the cache
private function fileName($key){
return $this->cache_path.md5($key);
}
//creates new cache files with the given data, $key== name of the cache, data the info/values to store
public function put($key, $data){
$values = serialize($data);
$filename = $this->fileName($key);
$file = fopen($filename, 'w');
if ($file){//able to create the file
fwrite($file, $values);
fclose($file);
}
else return false;
}
//returns cache for the given key
public function get($key){
$filename = $this->fileName($key);
if (!file_exists($filename) || !is_readable($filename)){//can't read the cache
return false;
}
if ( time() < (filemtime($filename) + $this->cache_expire) ) {//cache for the key not expired
$file = fopen($filename, "r");// read data file
if ($file){//able to open the file
$data = fread($file, filesize($filename));
fclose($file);
return unserialize($data);//return the values
}
else return false;
}
else return false;//was expired you need to create new
}
}
?> | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Willehad
Bishop at Bremen, born in Northumberland before 745; died at Blecazze (Blexen) on the Weser, 8 Nov., 789. He was a friend of Alcuin, and probably received his education at York under St. Egbert. After his ordination, with the permission of King Alchred he was sent to Frisia between 765 and 774. He cannot, therefore, have been a disciple of St. Boniface, as Baronius states in the Roman Martyrology, for St. Boniface had left England in 718 and had died in 754 (755). Willehad came to Dockum, where St. Boniface had received the crown of martyrdom, and made many conversions. He crossed the Lauwers, but met with little success at Hugmarke (now Humsterland in the Diocese of Münster). He was obliged to leave and went to Trianthe (Drenthe in the Diocese of Utrecht). At first all seemed favourable, but later he made little progress. In 780 he was sent by Charlemagne to Wigmodia near the North Sea, between the Weser and the Elbe. There God's blessing accompanied his labours, and he built many churches. The insurrection of the Saxons under Widukind in 782 put an end to his work, many of his companions were killed and his churches destroyed. Willehad escaped and went to Rome, where he was received by Adrian I. He then retired to the Abbey of Echternach, and applied himself to the task of copying books, among others he transcribed the Epistles of St. Paul. When the insurrection had been suppressed by Charlemagne Willehad returned to Wigmodia and continued his labours. He was consecrated bishop at Worms on 13 July, 787, and fixed his residence at Bremen, where he built a cathedral, dedicated on Sunday 1 Nov., 789, in honour of St. Peter. A few days later, while on a missionary tour, he was attacked with a fever and died. His body, buried at the place of his death, was transferred by his successor St. Willericus to the stone church built by him and placed in a chapel. A feast on 13 July commemorates the date of his consecration. During the Reformation his relics were lost. His feast was neglected and then forgotten; by permission, however, of the Sacred Congregation of Rites it was reintroduced in 1901 in the Dioceses of Munser, Osnabruck, and Paderborn to be observed on a vacant day after 8 November. His life was written by a cleric of Bremen after 838, but perhaps before 860. The account of his miracles was written by St. Ansgar.
BUTLER, Lives of the Saints; Staunton, A Menology of England; HAUCK, Kirchengesch. Deutschl., II (Leipzig, 1904), 350, etc.; WATTENBACH, Deutsch. Geschichtsqu., I (Berlin, 1904), 296.
FRANCIS MERSHMAN | WIKI |
Gunnar Åhs
Gunnar Johan Åhs (5 September 1915, Uppsala – 6 May 1994) was a Swedish bobsledder who competed from the early 1950s to the early 1960s. He won a bronze medal in the four-man event at the 1961 FIBT World Championships in Lake Placid, New York.
Competing in two Winter Olympics, Åhs earned his best finish of seventh in the four-man event at Oslo in 1952.
Four years later he finished 16th in the four-man event at the 1956 Winter Olympics.
He was born in Uppsala and died in Johanneshov. | WIKI |
Page:1862-63 Territory of Dakota Session Laws.pdf/182
debt may be made of a demand existing against any person or persons, who shall have assigned or transferred such note or bill after it became due, if the demand be such as might have been set off against the assignor, while the note or bill belonged to him
Sec. 46. If the plaintiff be a trustee for any other, or if the suit be in the name of the plaintiff who has no real interest in the contract upon which the suit is founded, so much of a demand existing against those whom the plaintiff represents, or for whose benefit the action is brought may be set off as will satisfy the plaintiff's debt, if the same might have been set off in an action brought by those beneficially interested.
Sec. 47. To entitle a defendant to a set off of any counter claim he may hare against the plaintiff, he must specifically and clearly allege the same in his answer, stating the particular items of such counter claim; but no set-off shall be allowed a justice's court, unless the same shall bc alleged in the defendant's answer as required in this section.
Sec. 48. If the amount of the set-of duly established be equal to the plaintiff's debt or demand, judgment shall be entered that plaintiff take nothing by his action, if it be less than the plaintiff's debt or demand, the plaintiff shall have judgment for the reside only.
Sec. 49. If there be found a balance due from the plaintiff in the action to the defendant, judgment shall be rendered for the defendant for the amount thereof; but no such judgment skull be rendered against the plaintiff where the contract which is the subject of the suit shall have been assigned before the commencement of such suit, nor for any balance due from any other person than the plaintiff in the action.
WITNESSES AND DEPOSITIONS.
Sec. 50. A subpenasubpoena [sic] may be served by any person by reading it to the witness, or by delivering a copy thereof to him.
Sec. 51. Whenever it shall appear to the satisfaction of the justice by proof made before him, that any person duly subpenaed to appear before him in a suit, shall have failed without a just cause to attend as a witness in conformity to such subpena, and the party in whose behalf such subpena was issued, | WIKI |
Page:Cuthbert Bede--Little Mr Bouncer and Tales of College Life.djvu/39
Rh "Well, don't fret yourself into fiddle-strings, old fellow! "said little Mr. Bouncer, encouragingly; "that won't mend matters. I 'll see what can be done to pull you out of the mire. You trust to your faithful Bouncer to get you out of the pickle, if it can anyhow be managed."
"Perhaps I had better go to Blucher Boots, and see what can be done?" timidly suggested Mr. Verdant Green.
"Perhaps you had better do nothing of the sort," promptly rejoined Mr. Bouncer. "If you open your mouth, you are sure to put your foot into it. No, my tulip! you leave it to yours truly; and I 'll do my possibles, as the Parley-voos say, to act as your confidential agent and go-between in setting matters straight. But, I tell you plainly, Giglamps, if this sort of thing goes on, it can only end in one way."
"What way?" asked Verdant, anxiously.
"Why, this way! you 'll run a fearful mucker," replied Mr. Bouncer, seritentiously. "Come along, Huz and Buz, and I 'll shut you up in the little shop for coal, while I go and see Blucher Boots. Ta, ta! Giglamps! Keep up your pecker." And little Mr. Bouncer took himself, and his dogs, and his post-horn, out of the room, with no small noise from his canine pets, and | WIKI |
How to fix Pokemon Go app’s access to Google account
Pokemon Go is not officially available for many regions at the moment. Even then, this does not stop gamers from downloading the game through APKs.
The simple trick of the game is catching the Pokemon creatures and items around you, while walking with the app open on your phone. The game unfolds the Pokestops, Gym fights and more with each level that turns up. Gamers will also be gifted with items on reaching a new level. But in the light of the thrilling game, something that all of us forget to notice is the access of the app to our privacy.
Pokemon Go for Lumia 730
At the time of installation of the game, Pokemon Go asks for email ID authentication. This in turn, allows access to all our mail account information and data. So if you have provided your Gmail account to authenticate your usage for the app, here is how you can keep a track of the settings.
Compared to Android’s access to Pokemon Go, iOS gives complete access to Pokemon Go that’s linked to the mail account. However, if you wish to check for yourself and fix the issue, here’s how you can control the access to your mail account by Pokemon Go.
1. Go to your Google account from your phone.
2. Scroll down to the app sections, and then to the app permissions.
3. Here you will find the list of apps that have been given access to your mail account and data there in it.
4. You can remove access to the game by clicking on it.
The game comes with so much of conviction that gamers are hardly bothered about the app permissions. But on a serious note, the app permission needs to be given a genuine check. And your mail account’s information and data cannot be compromised. So double check your favorite Pokemon Go’s app permissions right away, and get it fixed! | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
expect(1 === 1); // Check: read expect(i === 1); expect(i_s === 2); expect(i_i === 3); expect(i_l === 4); expect(i_ll === 5); expect(ui_c === 6); expect(ui_s === 7); expect(ui_i === 8); expect(ui_l === 9); expect(ui_ll === 10); expect(f === 3.1415); expect(d === 3.1415); expect(s_c === "A"); // signed char --> string expect(s1 === "string"); expect(s2 === "string"); expect(vi.length === 3 && vi[0]===1 && vi[1]===2 && vi[2]===3); expect(vd.length === 3 && vd[0]===1 && vd[1]===2 && vd[2]===3); expect(vs.length === 3 && vs[0]==="1" && vs[1]==="2" && vs[2]==="3"); if(expect(typeof obj === "object")) { expect(typeof obj.o === "object"); expect(obj.i === 1); expect(obj.s === "2"); } // Check: Constant, non-deletable i = 2; expect(i === 1); i = undefined; expect(i === 1); obj.i = 2; expect(obj.i === 1); obj.i = undefined; expect(obj.i === 1); obj = undefined; if(expect(typeof obj === "object")) { expect(typeof obj.o === "object"); expect(obj.i === 1); expect(obj.s === "2"); } // Check: Non-enumerable { var num_enumerated_obj = 0; for(var it in obj) num_enumerated_obj++; expect(num_enumerated_obj === 0); } // Check: Enumerable { var num_enumerated_obj = 0; for(var it in enumerable) num_enumerated_obj++; expect(num_enumerated_obj === 3); var enumerable_property_names = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(enumerable).sort(); expect(enumerable_property_names[0] == 'i'); expect(enumerable_property_names[1] == 'o'); expect(enumerable_property_names[2] == 's'); } // Check: Mutable if(expect(typeof mutable === "object")) { expect(mutable.i === 1); expect(mutable.s === "2"); delete mutable['i']; expect(mutable.i === undefined); mutable.s = "3"; expect(mutable.s === "3"); mutable = "string"; expect(mutable === "string"); mutable = undefined; expect(mutable === undefined); } | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Tax avoidance is a 'legacy issue,' OECD's Angel Gurria says
Amid another leak of documents revealing large-scale international tax avoidance, the secretary-general of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) said Monday that tax avoidance was fast becoming a thing of the past. "When we're talking about the 'Panama Papers' or we're talking about a legacy that is fast disappearing, " Angel Gurria said. Speaking at the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) conference in London, Gurria said governments were working hard to stop tax avoidance and evasion. "When we talk about 'Double Irish' or 'Double Dutch' (tax avoidance schemes) we're talking about structures which are no longer there," she said, adding: "This will not be repeated because of the work you and your governments and the OECD have done in the last few years." "There is quite literally no place to hide," he said, noting that 50 countries had implemented automatic information exchanges regarding tax and that more nations were planning to do the same. Gurria's comments come after a leak of millions of documents revealing large-scale tax avoidance by high-profile individuals and companies via offshore financial services companies. The latest tax avoidance leak has been dubbed the "Paradise Papers" and comes after a similar leak in 2016 called the "Panama Papers" that showed how a Panamanian law firm allegedly helped its clients to avoid taxes by using offshore tax havens. Speaking at the same business conference on Monday, U.K. Prime Minister said that her government had continued the work against tax evasion that her predecessor David Cameron had begun. "He started this work, not only in the U.K. economy but on an international stage. So we have seen more revenues coming into HMRC (the U.K.'s tax-collecting department) over the last few years, with £160 billion extra since 2010," she said. More work was being done to ensure "greater transparency" in the U.K.'s dependencies and British overseas territories, May said, and HMRC was already able to access more information about so-called "shell" companies. "We want people to pay the tax that is due," she said. That sentiment was echoed by the leader of the opposition Labour party, Jeremy Corbyn, who said that society was "undermined" by anyone that did not pay the tax they owed. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Lorenzo Mata
Lorenzo Mata-Real (born February 27, 1986) is an American former professional basketball player. He was the center for the UCLA Bruins men's basketball team from 2004–05 until 2007–08, and was an important part of their final four runs in 2006, 2007, and 2008. Born in the United States, Mata has also played for the Mexico national team.
High school
Mata averaged 25.0 points and 15.0 rebounds in his senior season. He led the South Gate Rams to an 18–8 overall record, an unbeaten Eastern League mark and one playoff victory. In the L.A. City Sectional quarterfinal game, future UCLA teammate Josh Shipp's Fairfax High School team defeated South Gate 89–85. In his junior year he led South Gate to their first playoff victory in 11 years.
UCLA career
Mata was recruited by Ben Howland along with Jordan Farmar, Josh Shipp, and Arron Afflalo to attend UCLA. These four led UCLA to the Final Four in back to back seasons (2005–2006, 2006–2007). His stats improved each year at UCLA, scoring 6.7 points and pulling down 5.5 rebounds while shooting 67% from the floor during his junior year. In his senior season he added his mother's last name (Real) to his jersey.
Professional career
After going undrafted in the 2008 NBA draft, Mata tried out for a team in the Japanese pro league. He then signed onto the Los Angeles Lakers summer league team in order to make a name for himself among NBA scouts. Mata played in the LNBP for the Halcones de Xalapa and for the Mexico National Team, and for Piratas de Quebradillas, with whom he won the 2013 BSN Championship.
In 2013, Mata helped lead Mexico to victory in the gold medal game against Puerto Rico at the FIBA Americas Championship.
Pan American Games
* Pan American Games 2011 Silver Medal [[Image:Med 2.png]]
FIBA AmeriCup
* FIBA Americas Championship 2013 Gold Medal [[Image:Med 1.png]]
Centrobasket
* Centrobasket 2016 Silver Medal [[Image:Med 2.png]] | WIKI |
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Rh an original total of 120,000 for the Union army, 26,000 out of 70,000 for the Confederates.
The next manœuvre attempted by Grant to bring Lee's army to action “outside works” was of an unusual character, though it had been foreshadowed in the improvised plan of crushing Lee against Burnside's corps on the 9th. Hancock was now (20th) ordered to move off under cover of night to Milford; thence he was to march south-west as far as possible along the Richmond and Fredericksburg railroad, and to attack whatever
force of the enemy he met. It was hoped that this bold stroke by an isolated corps would draw Lee's army upon it, and the rest of the Army of the Potomac would, if this hope were realized, drive down upon Lee's rear while Hancock held him up in front. Supposing, however, that Lee did not take the bait, the manœuvre would resolve itself into a turning movement with the object of compelling Lee to come out of his Spottsylvania lines on pain of being surrounded.
The II. corps started on the night of the 20th-21st. The alarm was soon given. At Milford, where he forced the passage of the Mattapony, Hancock found himself in the presence of hostile infantry from Richmond and heard that more had
arrived at Hanover Junction, both from Richmond and from the Shenandoah Valley. He therefore suspended his advance and entrenched. The main army began to move off, after giving Lee time to turn against Hancock, at 10 a.m. on the 21st, and marched to Catlett's, a place a few miles S.W. of Guinea's bridge, Warren leading, Burnside and Wright following. But no news came in from Hancock until late in the evening, and the development of the manoeuvre was consequently delayed, so that on the night of the 21st-22nd Lee's army slipped across Warren's front en route for Hanover Junction. The other Confederate forces that had opposed Hancock likewise fell back. Grant's manœuvre had failed. Its principal aim was to induce Lee to attack the II. corps at Milford, its secondary and alternative purpose was, by dislodging Lee from Spottsylvania, to force on an encounter battle in open ground. But he was only offered the bait—not compelled to take it, as he would have been if Hancock with two corps had been placed directly athwart the road between Spottsylvania and Hanover Junction—and, having unimpaired freedom of action, he chose to retreat to the Junction. The four Union corps, therefore, could only pursue him to the North Anna, at which river they arrived on the morning of the 23rd, Warren on the right, Hancock on the left, Wright and Burnside being well to the rear in second line. The same afternoon Warren seized Jericho Ford, brought over the V. corps to the south side, and repulsed a very sharp counter-stroke made by one of Lee's corps. Hancock at the same time stormed a Confederate redoubt which covered the Telegraph Road bridge over the river. Wright and Burnside closed up. It seemed as if a battle was at hand, but in the night reports came in that Lee had fallen back to the South Anna, and as these were more or less confirmed by the fact that Warren met with no further opposition, and by the enemy's retirement from the river bank on Hancock's front, the Union generals gave orders, about midday on the 24th, for what was practically a general pursuit. This led incidentally to an attempt to drive Lee's rearguard away from the point of passage, between Warren's and Hancock's, required for Burnside, and in the course of this it became apparent that Lee's army had not fallen back, but was posted in a semicircle to which the North Anna formed a tangent. On the morning of the 25th this position was reconnoitred, and found to be more formidable than that of Spottsylvania. Moreover, it divided the two halves of the Union army that had crossed above and below.
Grant gave up the game as drawn and planned a new move. This had as its objects, first, the seizure of a point of passage | WIKI |
Triệu
Triệu is a Vietnamese surname, it is the equivalent of the Mandarin Chinese surname Zhao (趙). Trieu is the anglicized variation of the surname Triệu.
Notable people with the surname Triệu
* Triệu Thị Trinh or Lady Triệu: a female Vietnamese warrior (225 to 248 CE) also known as the Vietnamese Joan of Arc
* The Triệu/Zhao royals of Triệu dynasty/Nanyue
* Triệu Việt Vương (Triệu Quang Phục), independence leader in the 6th century
* Andy Trieu (born 1984), Australian host, actor and martial artist. He is a three-time Australian Champion Martial Artist
* Triệu Việt Hưng (born 1997), Vietnamese footballer | WIKI |
Hard-Fi discography
The discography of English indie rock band Hard-Fi comprises three studio albums, one live album, one compilation album, one remix album, one extended play and 11 singles. | WIKI |
Saint Anselm College
Saint Anselm College is a private Benedictine liberal arts college in Goffstown, New Hampshire. Founded in 1889, it is the third-oldest Catholic college in New England. Named after Saint Anselm of Canterbury, the college continues to have a fully functioning and independent Benedictine abbey attached to it, Saint Anselm Abbey. As of 2017, its enrollment was approximately 2,000.
The college's academic curriculum requires several philosophy and theology courses as well as the "Conversatio" program. Since the 1950s, the college has played a role in the "first in the nation" New Hampshire primary, and has served as a stage for many future presidents, candidates, and supporters.
History
The first bishop of Manchester, Denis Mary Bradley, invited the Benedictine monks of St. Mary's Abbey in Newark, New Jersey, to form a college and preparatory school in his diocese. The monks that came to Manchester from Saint Mary's were primarily of German descent. This is due to the fact that Manchester was heavily populated with French Canadian and Irish immigrant mill workers, and Bradley was unable to find a suitable religious community that would not stir up ethnic tensions.
The German monks accepted. They founded the third Catholic college in New England. On August 1, 1889, the New Hampshire legislature approved the incorporation of the Order of Saint Benedict of New Hampshire "for religious and charitable purposes, for the education of youth, for establishing churches and conducting services therein." This historic date marked the founding of Saint Anselm College. A six-year curriculum in philosophy and theology was developed.
In 1892, as Alumni Hall neared completion, a fire destroyed the college on a cold winter night in February. The fire was most likely caused from an ember from the heating stove's gate as it was not closed properly. Thankfully, no one was seriously hurt because of the fire. The monks were forced to rebuild the college, spending considerably less money on the construction, as they had received only $55,000 from the Insurance Commissioner of the State of New Hampshire. To save money, many bricks were salvaged from the previous structure, and pieces of granite were cut from large granite rocks still visible on the current quad. In 1893, the current building that remains the center of campus was completed; the fire delayed the first academic semester by one year. The monks rebuilt the college, and on October 11, 1893 the college was officially rededicated. To avoid the possibility of another fire, a power house, which today serves as the college print shop, was constructed separately from the building.
Two years later, in 1895, the New Hampshire legislature granted Saint Anselm College the right to bestow standard academic degrees upon its graduates. In 1912, the bell tower and ivy were added to the building; in 1923, the college's second chapel (the first being located on the second floor at the present-day business office) was constructed as a connecting wing. The second chapel serves today as the Alva deMars Megan Chapel Arts Center.
The Saint Anselm Abbey's shield was designed by Pierre de Chaignon la Rose of Harvard University. It incorporates the personal coat of Anselm of Canterbury and the first seal of New Hampshire. In 1927, by a monastic vote, the shield design was incorporated as the official shield of Saint Anselm Abbey and the college. The drops in each quadrant represent the three drops of blood on Anselm's coat of arms, and the sheaf of five arrows is taken from the first shield of New Hampshire, representing the five original counties of the state. Hence, the Abbey Shield has been interpreted as Saint Anselm of New Hampshire.
One goal of the early college was to be a self-sufficient institution. The college had a farm that was over 100 acre in size, complete with chickens, pigs and cows. The farm also included a full vegetable garden which extended from the lawn of Alumni Hall to the current parking lot located between Joan of Arc Hall and Davison Hall. Due to the hard work of the monks and several lay members from the local community, the college was agriculturally independent of the local community. Bonaventure Ostendarp founded the Studio of Christian Art in 1893 in order to sell paintings to local Catholic churches throughout the region. The current Raphael House of the Courts dormitories was the original art studio for the monks, built in 1895.
The Benedictines who established Saint Anselm College founded a preparatory school as well. The preparatory school was a prestigious boarding school for elite men from around New England. In 1935, the monks decided to close the preparatory school to save money for the college's expansion. A notable alum of Saint Anselm Preparatory was Connecticut Senator Thomas J. Dodd.
In 1942, Saint Anselm College became one of the institutions selected by the War Department for training of Army Aviation cadets. Thousands of young men were sent to the college to receive training and education before entering World War II. Cadets trained on large open fields which were located directly behind the present-day Coffee Shop. The US government paid the college for training the cadets, and after the war, the college acquired two prefabricated government buildings which have been transformed into the modern-day coffee shop and bookstore.
During World War II, several members of the monastic community served as Army chaplains; their names are inscribed on a monument in front of Alumni Hall dedicated to all graduates who have served in the armed forces. Also inscribed on the monument is the Latin and English versions of the Benedictine community's song. For more information see Saint Anselm Abbey Community Song.
During the tumultuous decade of the 1960s, Saint Anselm College had no major disturbances or riots on campus despite various bomb threats called into campus, often from parties outside the college. Fr. Placidus Riley, OSB successfully led the college through these challenging times. Despite the backlash against the US military on college campuses nationwide, the presence of a National Guard armory did not result in any major problems. However, in May 1970, final exams for that year were made optional as students showed support for the students of Kent State after the shootings (several unarmed college students protesting the Vietnam War were killed by the National Guard). Students, faculty and members of the monastic community held prayer services and rallies throughout campus after the Kent State shootings.
The Institute of Saint Anselm Studies was founded in 2000, and the New Hampshire Institute of Politics was founded in 2001.
In 2013, Steven DiSalvo, the former president of Marian University, was named the 10th president of Saint Anselm. DiSalvo replaced Jonathan DeFelice after 24 years of service to the college. Father DeFelice was the longest serving college president in the state of New Hampshire. In 2019, Joseph A. Favazza began his tenure as Saint Anselm’s 11th president.
The monks of Saint Anselm Abbey had the primary responsibility of the day-to-day operation of the college until 2009 when it handed many of those responsibilities to a 20-member board of trustees. A decade later, the monks sued the board over concerns about the college maintaining its Catholic identity. The lawsuit was settled the following year with an agreement that gave the monks responsibility for the college's mission and vision, with the board in charge of routine operations.
Campus
Saint Anselm's campus was ranked Princeton Review's number #17 "Most Beautiful Campus" in 2011. The campus is situated in Goffstown, New Hampshire, with a portion of the athletic fields occupying the adjoining town of Bedford. The mailing address for students and faculty is Manchester, New Hampshire. There are a total of 60 buildings on campus, which spans over 450 acre. Since 1977, over 40 buildings have been built. The oldest building on campus is Alumni Hall, which was originally constructed in 1891, and rebuilt in 1893 after a fire; at that time, the building was the entire original school.
Alumni Hall
Alumni Hall was constructed by the Benedictine monks and local contractors from 1891 through the winter of 1892; the building was designed by Patrick W. Ford, an Irish-American architect from Boston. Nearing completion in February 1892, all that remained was for workers to continue to plaster the interior walls; a fire which was most likely caused by a heating stove's grate not closed completely, sparked an ember and destroyed the entire structure. Thankfully, no one was seriously hurt because of the fire. The monks were forced to rebuild the college, spending considerably less money on the construction, as they had received only $55,000 from the Insurance Commissioner of the State of New Hampshire. In an effort to save money, many bricks were salvaged from the previous structure and pieces of granite were cut from large granite rocks still visible on the current quad. In 1893, the current building that remains the center of campus was completed; the fire delayed the first academic semester by one year. To avoid the possibility of another fire, a power house was constructed separately from the building. Farmland complete with livestock, beanpoles and tomato plants lined the present-day quad and adjacent fields, as the monks were completely self-sufficient. In 1912, the bell tower (the inside is pictured to the right) and ivy were added to the building; in 1923, the college's second chapel (the first being located on the second floor at the present-day business office) was constructed as a connecting wing. Today this second chapel is the college's Chapel Arts Center, which hosts art exhibits and other cultural events. It still boasts ornate stained glass windows and painted ceilings.
Today, Alumni Hall houses faculty offices, administrative offices, the Chapel Arts Center, a women's residence hall named "Alumni Streets", or "Streets" for short, and several "smart classrooms". Beneath the Chapel Arts Center are a photography lab, darkroom, and several faculty and student publication offices. Beneath "Streets" and the bell tower are the offices of the Dean of Students, the Registrar's Office, and the Office of Residential Life. Until 1919, the college consisted solely of Alumni Hall. Before this expansion, the monks lived on the second floor and students lived on the third and fourth floors. The first floor and basement had classrooms, a library and cafeteria.
Saint Anselm Abbey Church and monastery
The Abbey Church is the liturgical center of the college. It is frequently cited as the "heart of campus." The upper church allows the college community to join with the monastic community for the daily celebration of the Eucharist and the Liturgy of the Hours. The lower church permits smaller groups of the community to assemble for worship and houses the Lady Chapel, the Saint Basil Byzantine Chapel, several other side altars, the former offices of Campus Ministry (relocated to the Jean Student Center), and meeting rooms. The Lower Church is the location of the weekly 9 p.m. Mass held on Wednesday nights. The original monastery was Alumni Hall. An interim monastery existed between 1919 and 1955 in what is now Joseph Hall, adjacent to Alumni Hall. The current monastery, built in 1955, is staffed with only a cook, as the monks perform all other tasks such as cleaning, maintenance and upkeep. Having four floors, including a basement, the monastery can house up to one hundred people, both monks and guests on retreat; as of 2019 approximately 30 rooms were filled. Elected in 2012, Abbot Mark Cooper, OSB, has served as the fifth Abbot of Saint Anselm Abbey and the ex officio Chancellor of the College. Male students frequently dine in the monastery as guests; they are required to comply with the Benedictine rule of silence while eating, which allows for contemplation and prayer. The monastery has a refectory, a smaller guest refectory, a smaller chapel, two welcoming rooms near the main entrance and is complete with elevator access to all four floors. The monastery also serves as the mother house for the Woodside Priory School and the abbot serves as the spiritual father for the monks who serve there. Saint Anselm Abbey is a member of the American-Cassinese Congregation of the Benedictine Confederation. Saint Anselm Abbey was founded from Saint Mary's Abbey in Newark, New Jersey.
The abbey and church were both designed by Manchester architects Koehler & Isaak, the former in the conservative Colonial Revival style and the latter in a locally ambitious modernist style. The architects intended the church's exposed masonry and beams to evoke the architecture of the early Catholic church.
Geisel Library
The Saint Anselm College Geisel Library has three floors and over 60000 sqft of space housing books, resources and electronic equipment. The library is complete with several reference desks, over 30 computers, and the Institute of Saint Anselm Studies. On the second floor, there are three enclosed study areas; two are group study rooms that are available for student use, and the third is named the Creaghe Room, a locked, faculty-only study. Geisel Library's collection of over 200,000 books originated in a sack of books brought by Hugo Paff from Saint Mary's Abbey in Newark, New Jersey; these books are still in the library and date back to the mid- to late-19th century. The college's first library, shaped around this initial collection, was situated on the first floor of Alumni Hall. During the early years of the college, Benedictines served as librarians on an ad hoc basis, but by 1929, Saint Anselm had its first official librarian, Cuthbert Redmond. New books were purchased under Edwin Davitt. By 1937, Saint Anselm could boast 8,000 books in several mini-libraries, as well as the main repository, by this time located on the second floor.
The college performed a self-study in 1950 that revealed the need for a larger library. Joseph Geisel, a prominent Manchester businessman, contributed $500,000 in stock, and in 1959 the college broke ground on Geisel Library; the library opened its doors in the fall of 1960. Like the abbey buildings, the library was designed by Koehler & Isaak. The 20000 sqft library featured reading rooms, study areas, a reference center, a music room, seating for 385 students, and space for 100,000 volumes. This original section is the core of the present building. Two expansions, one in 1973 and the final in 1992, each increased the library's area by 20000 sqft.
Performing arts – Dana Center
The Dana Center for the Humanities is the premier performing arts center on the campus of Saint Anselm College. The center was home to the nationally recognized humanities program, "Portraits of Human Greatness", and is also the headquarters for the student theater group, the Anselmian Abbey Players. The Anselmian Abbey Players have been a center of theater, culture and music on campus for over 60 years. This tradition began in the fall of 1949 with a production of "Career Angel". Since then, this student-run organization has enjoyed a long record of excellence. The Abbey Players offer students the opportunity to develop their artistic talents both on and off the stage, stressing the importance of self-esteem, teamwork, and leadership. The Dana Center also hosts many touring companies throughout the year. These performances include classical theater, contemporary dance, concerts, and films. These performances attract visitors from throughout the region. On stage, international and domestic performers stage both traditional and modern programs ranging from contemporary Indian dance to Piedmont blues to Russian classical music.
The Dana Center has continued to be the site of the presidential debates since 2000.
Residence halls
34 buildings on campus are devoted to student housing, with approximately 95 percent of the student body living on campus. The majority of freshman males live in Dominic Hall, while most freshman females reside in either Joan of Arc Hall (commonly referred to as JOA) or Baroody Hall.
Joseph Hall
The campus underwent a substantial facelift in 2009, as new faculty offices and instructional spaces were created within the newly renovated Saint Joan of Arc Convent, which is now known as Joseph Hall. Joseph Hall is named after the third Abbot of Saint Anselm Abbey and former Bishop of Portland, Maine, Bishop Joseph John Gerry. At an estimated cost of $2.5 million, Joseph Hall has a Bloomberg trading room, where business students learn to use a Bloomberg terminal for real-time tracking of financial markets. Constructed in 1919, Joseph Hall served as the first monastery outside of Alumni Hall for over 100 Benedictine monks. In 1955, when the current abbey was built, the Sisters of Saint Joan of Arc, from Quebec, Canada, moved in from Bradley House (across campus), and the building was renamed the "Saint Joan of Arc Convent." Their departure in 2008 ended over 50 years of service to the college, as the sisters were cooks, seamstresses and performed other domestic services for the monastic community.
Athletic facilities
The college opened a $2-million, 9000 sqft fitness center in February 2009. The addition to Carr is a three-story glass center, with floor to ceiling windows overlooking the baseball and football fields, constructed on the south side of the building. The additions brought 37 cardiovascular machines, 39 strength pieces and 7,000 pounds of weights. Connecting to the addition are three indoor basketball/tennis courts equipped with scoreboards and a sound system. The basement of Carr has the varsity gym, football locker room, general locker rooms and administrative offices for the athletic department. In 2012, the college spent 1.3 million dollars by installing a synthetic turf field at Grappone Stadium, and added lights for nighttime practice.
Quad and dormitory
Construction began on "New Hall" in the summer of 2013. The project was expected to cost over $9.5 million and is situated near the lower entrance of campus in back of Brady Hall. The residence hall, known as the "Living Learning Commons" (LLC), is able to hold 150 students, and has expanded the residential options for undergraduates and should eliminate the need for triple occupancy rooms. The residence hall's common spaces are air-conditioned, while the individual rooms are not. LLC also features student-friendly amenities such as a recycling room, bike storage, general storage space for students, and an elevator. Additionally, over 3000 sqft is dedicated to common space, including modern kitchenettes, classroom space, and individual study areas on each floor.
In 2012, a new parking lot was constructed on college-owned land between Sullivan Arena and privately owned Clarke Farm, located in Bedford. This parking lot has replaced the former Joan of Arc parking lot, which was located between the Dana Center, Davison Dining Hall, and the Joan of Arc residence hall (JOA). The former parking lot was renovated, and the space is now occupied by a grassy quadrangle. A grotto was also built between JOA and Gadbois Hall and was dedicated in late 2014, with the placement of a religious statue. The quadrangle, referred to as the "JOA Quad" or the "Campus Green", has lights and walkways and is lined with trees; the centerpiece is a brick patio with a large, granite seal of the college.
Environmental responsibility
Saint Anselm College RECYCLES was a greening movement which started on campus in 2009. Up to that time, recycling was limited on campus, and students had to resort to their own methods of recycling containers and other recyclables in dorms. An impromptu recycling program — Saint Anselm College RECYCLES — was started through the Knights of Columbus and the Club Soccer organization that served the Uppers section of campus, every Saturday, averaging around 650 pounds of material per week. In the 2010 spring semester, this plan funded by Club Soccer and the Knights of Columbus provided over fifty recycle bins, purchased from the city of Providence, Rhode Island. In the spring of 2010, the New Hampshire Institute of Politics installed seven recycling bins throughout its facilities. Inspired by this student-led activity, the college's physical plant purchased 120 bins for all of the apartments in the Uppers, Lowers and Falvey and Collins Houses. In the fall of 2010, Physical Plant installed five Waste Management recycling dumpsters throughout campus. Campus-wide recycling is planned by 2013.
Academics
Saint Anselm used to require the completion of a nationally recognized two-year Humanities program. The "Portraits of Human Greatness" program began freshman year and would end at the completion of a student's sophomore year. Seeking to develop a well-rounded student, the college replaced the program with the "Conversatio" lecture series. However, this has caused significant outcry from some alumni, charging that this "new humanities program" is too watered down. After the addition of "Conversatio" in 2014, the number of classes taken by full-time students dropped from 5 classes to 4 classes per semester, with the credit hours of each class increasing. By studying the humanities, comprising art, science, literature, philosophy, and theology, faculty and students attempt to understand profound issues, specifically focusing on the human condition. In addition, three philosophy and three theology courses are required in order for a student to graduate. Two out of the three required courses for philosophy are "Nature and the Human Person", which details the philosophy and psyche of the human being; "Ethics", which discusses issues ranging from medical to sexual ethics; and an elective of the student's choosing. One of the required theology courses is "Biblical Theology", which is an overview of the Old and New Testaments of the Bible.
While the college does not have an established "Honor Code", there is a "faith based honor code", which requires students to remain faithful to the college's mission, faith and identity.
Anti-grade inflation policy
Saint Anselm College has resisted what the college sees as the grade inflation trend at many of America's colleges and universities. At Saint Anselm, the top 25 percent of the class has a 3.1 grade point average (GPA); the median grade at the college is around a 2.5 GPA. While the Dean's List at most schools begin at a 3.5 GPA, Saint Anselm awards students with the honor at a 3.4 GPA. According to a 2006 Fox News article, former dean of the college Fr. Peter Guerin, OSB is quoted as saying that today's "parents may view universities as a consumer market in which they're in a way paying for the diploma. ... Students who attend class on a regular basis and are paying tuition feel that they should be receiving that A, even if they have not deserved it." Some professors and administrators believe that inflating grades makes it harder for students to realize their academic strengths and weaknesses and may encourage students to take classes based on grade expectations. The practice also makes it harder for parents and students to determine whether or not the grade was earned. A curriculum committee was set up in 1980 to meet with the academic dean and review the grading policies on a monthly basis. The previous president of the college, Fr. Jonathan DeFelice, is quoted as saying, "I cannot speak for everyone, but if I'm headed for the operating room, I will take the surgeon who earned his or her 'A' the honest way".
Admissions profile
The majority of the applicant pool is from the New England area. Saint Anselm College accepts 77% of all applicants. The selection process is composed of a comprehensive review of the applicant's high school transcript, personal recommendations from teachers and guidance counselor, an essay, and extracurricular involvement. Since 2010, submission of SAT or ACT scores are optional for applicants. The college's applicant pool is relatively small, and the retention rate of Saint Anselm students from freshman to sophomore year is 76 percent. In 2024, those admitted had an average 3.39 GPA out of 4.0, and those submitting test scores had an average 1120-1290 SAT score for the 20% submitting or average 26-30 ACT score for the 2% submitting.
Rankings
In 2015, Saint Anselm was recognized by Time magazine as one of the "50 Best Liberal Arts Colleges" in the nation. St. Anselm was ranked #18 among liberal arts colleges in the country for the best return on investment (ROI) according to "Payscale.com". In the same vein, the College was named #171 by The Economist's ranking of over 1,000 colleges, for best economic value. U.S. News & World Report's 2024 college rankings ranked Saint Anselm #89 out of 211 Best National Liberal Arts Colleges. Saint Anselm College is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.
Recently, Saint Anselm was listed #100 among national liberal arts institutions that Kiplinger's judged as offering the best value. The Princeton Review's Best 373 Colleges publication has described Saint Anselm as "one of the country's best institutions for undergraduate education." The Princeton Review describes the college as academically challenging, but rewarding, with "passionate professors" who make time to work individually with students. The college was ranked #10 in the nation for the quality of food in The Princeton Review's 2015 rating.
Faculty
Saint Anselm has a student-faculty ratio of 11:1 and an average class size of 18 students. Saint Anselm does not have teaching assistants or graduate assistants. Saint Anselm has 145 full-time faculty and 62 part-time instructors; almost all faculty members (90 percent) have terminal degrees in their respective fields.
Majors and minors
Saint Anselm College offers majors in 32 subject areas. In addition to the one major required for graduation, students can also pursue as many minors as their course schedule allows.
Special academic programs
Some majors and minors offer special academic programs. Completion of these programs does not result in any minor or other recognition. If a student wishes to enter a professional school after graduation, he or she may undertake one of the pre-professional programs offered.
Pre-professional programs include Pre-Law, Pre-Medicine/Pre-Dental/Pre-Veterinary, and Pre-Theology. Starting freshman year, students are paired up with advisors who will help the student decide which courses to take and offer general guidance throughout their time at Saint Anselm. However, pre-professional students often complain about the quality of their advisors, as they are often labelled as inexperienced, and many students choose to side step the process entirely. The program culminates with a "pre-professional interview" where three professors hold a mock professional interview with a student.
Internships – Students from virtually every major participate in internships; examples range from investment firms on Wall Street to the Massachusetts General Hospital.
Archaeological excavation – The Classics Department sponsors an excavation at Castel Viscardo, a city near Orvieto in Italy. Faculty and students from the college are excavating a site that was occupied from the early Etruscan to the late Roman periods. The excavation have yielded many historical and archaeological finds; Saint Anselm College sends over 25 students each summer to the Coriglia excavation, just outside town.
The Cooperative Engineering Program is a five-year cooperative liberal arts and engineering program in affiliation with the University of Notre Dame, the University of Massachusetts Lowell, The Catholic University of America, and Manhattan College in Riverdale, New York. Three years are spent fulfilling undergraduate liberal arts courses at Saint Anselm, and two years are spent at one of the universities above for an engineering degree.
Honor societies
Saint Anselm College participates in the following national and international honor societies. Invitations from these societies are organized through each academic department, as students are usually invited membership by junior or senior year.
Delta Epsilon Sigma, the Catholic equivalent to Phi Beta Kappa, is the oldest honor society at the college. Open to all majors, the Tau Chapter, founded in 1940, accepts only 40 members from the senior and junior classes.
Other societies include the international social science honor society Pi Gamma Mu, history honor society Phi Alpha Theta, economics honor society Omicron Delta Epsilon, nursing honor society Sigma Theta Tau, Spanish language honor society Sigma Delta Pi, French honor society Pi Delta Phi, psychology honor society Psi Chi, politics honor society Pi Sigma Alpha, biology honor society Beta Beta Beta, and physics honor society Sigma Pi Sigma. The Dean's List of Scholars is an internal honor society accepting students that fulfill its requirements of a 3.4 semester GPA in at least four classes. Only the top 25 percent of the school generally qualifies for the list. Members receive a card of congratulations, signed by the dean of the college.
Accreditation and memberships
Saint Anselm College is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges. It holds membership in the Association of American Colleges and Universities, the American Council on Education, the National Catholic Educational Association, the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities, and the New Hampshire College & University Council. Saint Anselm is a member of the Association of Benedictine Colleges and Universities, as Father Jonathan DeFelice was a co-founder of this organization in 1993. Saint Anselm is on the approved list of the American Chemical Society and of the New Hampshire State Board of Education for teacher training. The baccalaureate program in nursing is fully accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education and fully approved by the New Hampshire Board of Nursing. The Department of Nursing is a member of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education, the Council of Baccalaureate and Higher Degree Programs of the National League for Nursing and the Nightingale Society. The Continuing Nursing Education program is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center's Commission on Accreditation.
New Hampshire Institute of Politics
Marc Ambinder, political editor of The Atlantic, described the role Saint Anselm plays in national politics by saying, "no one runs for president without speaking at St. A's New Hampshire Institute of Politics." U.S. News & World Report also ranked the college as the single, most popular location in New Hampshire for presidential candidates to visit. For over the past forty years, the New Hampshire Institute of Politics (NHIOP) has played host to hundreds of presidential aspirants who have delivered policy speeches at Saint Anselm College. It was founded on the basis that "educated and engaged citizens are vital for a healthy democracy." The NHIOP houses the Politics department, as well as providing classroom space for use by all departments. The institute is credited with raising the national profile of the college by incorporating the college in the New Hampshire primary, the first primary of the United States presidential election.
Meelia Center for Community Engagement
The Meelia Center is one of the many outlets available for students to volunteer in the Greater Manchester community. Since 1989, the Meelia Center has allowed Saint Anselm College students to mobilize their talents and energies to assist 14 community partnerships and more than 30 other community service agencies throughout New Hampshire. Annually, some 850 students, faculty, and staff volunteer more than 16,000 community service hours. The Princeton Review has described the Meelia Center as "the nerve center of Saint Anselm's bustling service community", adding that "the center, according to the school, 'employs nearly sixty student service leaders, who in turn recruit, place, and support over 200 volunteers and 210 service learners each semester who perform weekly service in over thirty community agencies. An additional 350 volunteers serve in occasional one-day service events. In 2010, the Meelia Center alone accounted for the coordination of 20,000 service hours by Saint Anselm students. New students are introduced to the service commitment through the New Student Day of Service. As part of freshman orientation, students are sent in teams of thirty to partnership sites and other community non-profit agencies. Upperclassmen work throughout the summer to organize these orientation events that involve anywhere from fifteen to twenty sites around New Hampshire.
Athletics
Saint Anselm College competes at the NCAA Division II level in 23 men's and women's varsity sports. The college offers baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, skiing, soccer, tennis, field hockey, volleyball, track & field, bowling and softball programs open to all students. Saint Anselm's sports teams are known as the Hawks; their colors are blue and white. The Hawks participate as a member of the Northeast 10 in most sports. In women's ice hockey and women’s bowling, the Hawks compete as de facto NCAA Division I programs in the New England Women's Hockey Alliance and the East Coast Conference, respectively.
Student organizations
Student organizations on campus include arts & culture organizations, performance groups, sports groups, political organizations, religious organizations, and social action groups. Clubs on campus include The Knights of Columbus, Alpha Phi Omega, Abbey Players, Campus Activities Board, Classics Society, The History Society, Democrats, Republicans, Green Team, Italian Club, Dance Club, Muslim Student Association, Jazz Band, Organization for Life, Mock Trial, Psychology Club, and Yearbook Club. One example of college organizations playing an active role in the local community is the Saint Anselm College Knights of Columbus, Council 4785 in Manchester, New Hampshire who were awarded the 2009–2010 National Community Activity Award for creating a comprehensive recycling program at the New Hampshire State Prison for Women. The Campus Activities Board (CAB), a student-run organization, runs several committees that oversee campus-wide activities and student services. In 2008, CAB organized singer Howie Day, in 2009, the band Third Eye Blind performed at the college. Jason Derulo and Matt Nathanson performed there in 2010. More recent acts have included Marc E. Bassy and Jesse McCartney.
Student publications
The Saint Anselm Crier, founded in 1962 as The Campus Crier by Robert F. Bossie and Robert E. Lemay, is the independent student newspaper of Saint Anselm College. It is published twice monthly when school is in session. The Crier won the 2008–2009 First Place Scholastic Newspaper Award from the American Scholastic Press Association. In 2009, The Saint Anselm Crier adopted new terminology designating the publication as the "independent" student newspaper instead of the "official" student newspaper of Saint Anselm College. This was done to separate student opinion from official college news released by Saint Anselm's public relations department.
The Hilltop, founded in 2009, was an independent student newsletter. It was published bi-weekly, and sought to provide substance over entertainment and integrity over controversy, as some students had supported this publication over the Crier. claiming the latter's quality had deteriorated. In the Fall of 2010, The Hilltop merged with The Saint Anselm Crier after an agreement was made at the urging of the Crier's advisor, Fr. Jerome Day, OSB, who claimed that the college was not large enough for two student newspapers. The Hilltop's staff agreed to become part of the Crier staff and The Saint Anselm Crier promised to refocus on its quality, including a page called "The Hilltop" devoted to substantial issues.
The Saint Anselm Whiner, founded in February 2010, was an underground joke newspaper independently published by a group of anonymous students. It was published bi-weekly. The Whiner parodies The Crier and The Hilltop and lampoons various Saint Anselm College issues. The motto of the Saint Anselm Whiner was "Unreliability You Can Count On."
The Quatrain, published annually by a small group of students with the help of the English Department and the printing office, is a collection of students' poetry, short stories, and artwork (photographic and otherwise) that is collected via submissions over the course of the academic year and is freely distributed to the student population near the end of the second semester.
The Shank, published each semester, is the History Department's journal consisting exclusively of students' work. The journal is open to all students regardless of their major, as long as the paper submitted was written in a history class.
Lucubrations is the cultural magazine for the Saint Anselm Community. It publishes all forms of creative content including art, music, photography, literature, poetry, philosophy, commentary, and video from students, faculty, staff, and alumni of the college. It was founded in 2009 by student Dana Nolan (Class of 2011). It is published online. Submissions are published on an ongoing basis and also collected into digest issues two times a semester, for four issues per academic year. The word lucubrations is based on the Latin word lucubrare and means study by candlelight, nocturnal study or meditation, and the writings or thoughts that result.
Notable faculty
* Jason Sorens (b. 1976), Director of the Center for Ethics in Society at Saint Anselm College; quantitative political scientist, nonprofit administrator; founder of the Free State Project | WIKI |
File:Water-pinching.jpg
Summary
Water streams from a tap (US faucet), and "pinches" into droplets, in an analogy to the electromagnetic pinch.
Photo by Ian Tresman | WIKI |
Why Your Headphones Are Too Loud
Ever since the Walkman burst onto the scene, it seems as though teenagers have been listening to their music too loudly. Currently, 81% of teenagers listen to music with earphones, whether they’re listening to the latest Taylor Swift or more classic tunes from The Beatles. Teens tend to listen to their music at a high volume, which makes it easier to miss the warning signs linking headphone use to hearing loss.
Has increased headphone use led to higher rates of hearing loss?
Today, the rate of hearing loss among teenagers is about 30% higher than it was in the 1980s and 1990s. Some experts attribute this to teens’ increased use of headphones. However, teens aren’t buying it — studies show that only 8% of adolescents believe that hearing loss is a major health concern, yet 1 in 6 teens report that they experience hearing loss symptoms often or all of the time. Among all Americans, approximately 26 million Americans between the ages of 20 and 69 have noise induced hearing loss — the same number of people who use the Great Lakes for drinking water! Hearing loss is also consistently one of the most commonly reported injuries among U.S. Veterans, thanks to intense exposure to explosions and gunfire.
Hearing loss can hit the pocket book hard. The average hearing aid sets consumers back $2,300 per ear, according to a 2015 government study. Less expensive options exist, like Costco hearing aids, but they cost around $1,499 per pair to start. MDHearingAid offers much more affordable hearing aids, but preventing hearing loss is a better option. Even devices like like TV Ears, specially designed TV headphones designed to help those with hearing difficulties, cost $100 or more.
In hearing, sound travels into the ear and vibrates through various passageways, eventually rippling across the inner ear’s hair cells, sending electrical impulses which the brain recognizes as sound. Hearing loss from excessive noise is largely related to these hair cells in the inner ear. Long term exposure to sounds over 85 decibels can cause hearing loss, and noise-induced hearing loss can also be caused by a one-time exposure to an intensely loud noise.
Dr. Sreekant Cherukuri, a board-certified otolaryngologist based in Chicago, notes that teens need to realize that we only have a set number of inner ear hair cells. “They do not grow back. Listening to loud music right now may not seem like a big deal but hair cells are still dying. As teens get older, they may experience accelerated hearing loss in middle age caused by activities when they were teenagers.”
Because hearing loss is usually a gradual process, it’s often easy for it to go unnoticed until it’s really bad. It’s a good idea to test your hearing periodically, whether you see a professional or take an online hearing test. MDHearingAid’s online test takes minutes, gives instant results, and was designed with the help of audiologists, ENT doctors, and sound engineers to maximize accuracy.
What does 85 decibels sounds like?
It’s the volume of heavy city traffic. A motorcycle engine clocks in at 95 decibels, and a police car, ambulance, or fire siren is around 120 decibels. Fireworks, meanwhile, are about 150 decibels. But an MP3 player turned up to maximum volume? That’s 115 decibels — barely softer than a siren.
When listened to at maximum volume, MP3 players and other digital music devices make as much noise as a live rock concert. However, while 89% of headphone users turn up the volume to combat ambient noise on the street, Dr. Cherukuri advises that listeners keep it at a volume where they can hear someone speak at a conversational level from three feet away; if you can’t do that, the music is too loud. And adjust your volume quickly; studies have shown that at very high volumes, hearing loss can occur after just eight minutes of listening!
A good rule of thumb to keep in mind?
The 60/60 Rule — listen for no more than 60 minutes a day at no more than 60% volume, and take a break.
If you use earbud headphones, keep in mind that they have the potential to cause more damage to hearing than traditional over-the-ear headphones. This is because they’re worn directly in the ear canal and can produce 7-9 decibels higher sound. Earbuds also filter less ambient noise, contributing to the tendency to turn volume up in situations where you may already be at high-risk for hearing loss.
Dr. Cherukuri personally prefers over-the-ear headphones for his listening pleasure, so that the sound pressure level in the ear isn’t increased as quickly as in-the-ear headphones. He also advocates the use of one of the many available apps that prevent the volume from exceeding a preset decibel level to protect your ears.
So the next time you’ve got your headphones in, and you’re jamming out to your secret guilty pleasure song, double-check your decibel levels to make sure you’re able to hear that song clearly for the rest of your life!
About MDHearingAid.com
MDHearingAid.com offers high-quality, affordable hearing aids for a fraction of the cost of buying hearing aids from a clinic. If you suffer from hearing loss, check out our selection of digital hearing aids, and compare our different models to find the best for you.
Want to see if MDHearingAid hearing aids will work for you? Take our quick and easy online hearing test and get your results instantly.
TAKE ONLINE HEARING TEST | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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November 2017
Quick history on database growth
AWR collects segment statistics, and this can be used to quickly understand an abnormal database growth. Here is a script I use to get, from the AWR history, the segments that have grown by more than 1% of the database size, in one hour.
First I must mention that this uses only the part of AWR which is not subject to additional option. This even works in Standard Edition:
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
control_management_pack_access string NONE
Pass Summit 2017, 1st Day, Also Known as HumpDay
I’ve plenty of rest after arriving in Seattle yesterday to get my registration for Pass Summit, attended the Women in Technology Happy Hour and then received my Idera ACE!
nVision Performance Tuning: 5. Additional Instrumentation of nVision
This blog post is part of a series that discusses how to get optimal performance from PeopleSoft nVision reporting as used in General Ledger.
One of the challenges of tuning and monitoring nVision is to be able to identify each report being run. Calls to Oracle instrumentation package dbms_application_info were added to the component processor in PeopleTools 8.50, and to Application Engine in PeopleTools 8.52. However, COBOL, nVision, and SQR were never instrumented.
SystemTap for PostgreSQL Toolkit
Introduction
The purpose of this post is to share some SystemTap tools that have been initially written for oracle and have been adapted for PostgreSQL.
The tools are:
• pg_schedtimes.stp: To track time spend in various states (run, sleep, iowait, queued)
• pg_page_faults.stp: To report the total number of page faults and splits them into Major or Minor faults as well as Read or Write access
• pg_traffic.stp: To track the I/O (vfs, block) and Network (tcp, udp, nfs) traffic
Those tools are able to group the SystemTap probes per client connections (per database or user) and server processes.
Grouping the probes
As described into the documentation, on most platforms, PostgreSQL modifies its command title as reported by ps, so that individual server processes can readily be identified.
Parsing freeform data in flat files
SQL loader is a very cool utility that has existed for a long time within Oracle to load flat files into the database. However sometimes people find the control file syntax quite cryptic, and when it comes to passing very complicated structures, this can mean control files which are hard to maintain. For me the best solution here is to use an external table. That way we can combine the power of the SQL Loader control file syntax embedded within the external table definition, along with the full power of PL/SQL and SQL for additional parsing of that data.
Here is an example where the data is spread across multiple lines and the task is to bring all that data together into a natural form, namely an ID followed by text.
So here is my file that has free format text | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Littell's Living Age/Volume 166/Issue 2152/The Krakatoa Eruption - Part III
Dutch residents in Java take things very quietly, and show little or no interest in what is going on around them. Not even a volcanic eruption in their neighborhood and the bursting of a volcanic wave on the adjacent shore were of sufficient importance to stir them from their apathy. They were quite content to receive the fatal tidings of death and destruction from the ruined districts without going to see the places for themselves. The Dutch are not much given to making excursions either by sea or land. Excursion trains or cheap trips by steamer are things quite unknown. Of course, the climate has a good deal to answer for in this respect. Exertion on land is far from tempting in the damp, tropical heat of Batavia, but one would have thought that a short sea voyage, with cool, refreshing breezes, would have offered attractions even to a phlegmatic Dutchman. But although the Netherlands-India Steamship Company has a large fleet of vessels employed in the Java Sea, they are used exclusively for ordinary traffic. The fares are high, but it is a want of energy more than the want of time or money which keeps the tropical Dutchman at home.
It will not be wondered at, therefore, that the visitors to the devastated districts on the western shores of Java were very few and far between. Six weeks after the catastrophe I found that I was the second European visitor who had been at Anjer. It would have been much more interesting, of course, to have gone earlier, but this was scarcely expedient until most of the dead bodies had been buried. When the great volcanic wave receded thousands of corpses were left behind exposed to the fierce rays of a tropical sun. Natives from the surrounding kampongs (as the Java villages are termed) were called in to perform the melancholy work of burying their less fortunate neighbors. And what a task it must have been as day after day, for several weeks, they thus toiled! The single European who had been there previously to inspect the repairs to the Singapore telegraph cable could not bear the sight of his terrible surroundings, and, we were told, had beat a hasty retreat. Fortunately the worst was over when we visited the district early in October. Lloyd’s agent at Batavia was my travelling companion. His errand was to find out the most suitable site for the new shipping station in the Straits of Soenda in place of ill-fated Anjer, and I gladly accepted the opportunity of going with him.
We made an early start from one of the suburbs of Batavia, and drove into the city at daybreak, there to commence our long journey by road to the western coast. Posting in Java is rather a novelty, and is worth being described a little in detail. The traveller has to provide his own carriage, and the government finds the post-horses. The latter term is a misnomer, and rather deceptive, as the four animals provided for each stage are the diminutive ponies so commonly used in every part of Java. They come chiefly from the islands of Timor and Sandalwood, and though small in size they are full of spirit and get through a great deal of work. On reaching the post-office at Molenvliet (the St. Martin’s-le-Grand of Java,) from which our start was to be made, we found four ponies already harnessed; but an unfortunate delay awaited us, as the travelling carriage we had ordered was found to be unfit for so long a journey. Some detention ensued while another one was sought, and even then the wheels had to be changed before we could be off.
At length, just before eight in the morning, we made a start. Our coming had been announced previously to each of the posting stations along the road, so that ponies might be ready for us on our arrival. As we were nearly two hours later than arranged in getting away from Batavia, we found the native officials at each place we stopped at had long been on the anxious look-out for us. There was consequently no delay en route, and we soon made rapid progress. With a great deal of needless cracking of whips and at full gallop, we quickly left Batavia behind. Our peculiar equipage would have been a great novelty to those who have only seen European coaching.
The travelling carriage was an ordinary one — covered in, and with a foot-place at the back on which two men could stand. This is provided as a standing-place for two natives, called “runners,” who are responsible for keeping the ponies up to their regulation pace. On ascending rising ground, or on any other occasion when the speed is slackened, at a shrill cry from the driver these runners jump down and run swiftly to the ponies’ heads. There, partly by an application of the short whips which they carry, but more especially by their noisy shouts, they urge on the ponies again, and at length, when the pace is increased, tired and breathless with their exertions, they scramble up behind as the carriage at full speed rolls past them. At one part of our journey a runner failed to regain his place, and the driver, in spite of his shouts, left him behind in disgrace, to complete the rest of the stage on foot. The dress of these men, like that of the drivers, is a peculiar one. Instead of a coat they wear a kind of smock-frock, a long garment reaching down to the knees and made of dark red print. Their feet are bare, and on their heads they have a bright-colored handkerchief, called a kaia kapalla, wound round several times and neatly tucked in. This tucking-in looks very simple, but is most difficult to do, and only native hands can make it a success.
The driver’s dress is much the same, except that above his head-cloth, he wears a peculiar red-glazed hat made of bamboo leaves, in shape like a large inverted saucer. The natives are all undersized men, quite in keeping with their diminutive ponies, and the whole equipage has a strange appearance. The reins and traces are of rope, and travelling at full gallop with a loose rein (as the custom is) has just a slight element of danger about it. There is plenty of cracking of whips, and when the driver grows tired of using his, the runners are expected to begin with theirs. Our driver went through to the end of our journey, but the runners were changed at each stage. The posting stations are very close together, there being only six Java paalen between each. A paal is rather less than an English mile, but even these short stages prove quite enough for the four ponies. They keep up the pace well, but the hot, damp heat is trying, and half an hour’s gallop brings them in quite distressed, especially in the wet season, when the roads are heavy. We had not gone more than a mile or two when an opportunity was given us of seeing the runners at their work. The ponies were not doing their best, and so the natives at the back of the carriage were called to the front, and very soon increased the pace. This was done, I was glad to notice, more by shouting and cracking the whip than by beating.
In less than half an hour we came to a stand at the first posting station, called Pesing. This, like those which followed, was a wooden building spanning the road, beneath the arched roof of which our carriage stopped, and in stalls at the side stood the ponies, ready harnessed, which were to take us on. The changing was done with considerable despatch, each stage, including the stoppage, seldom taking more than thirty minutes.
The roads in all parts of Java are of the very best — well constructed originally, and most carefully maintained since. They were brought into their present state of perfection by one of the old governor-generals sent out from Holland, Jan Pieterzoon Coen. He required a certain extent of road to be constructed within a given time, and if the task had not been completed to his satisfaction when he next visited the place, report says that the native chiefs of the district paid for their deficiencies by being hanged on the nearest tree. With such summary justice, it is not to be wondered at that the roads in Java are far superior to many an one under the jurisdiction of some English highway board. Whether Governor Coen has been belied or not it is difficult to say, but a monument to his memory on the Waterloo-Plein in Batavia shows that if he was a terror to the natives, he is still held in honor by the Dutch.
Tropical scenery is not at its best when travelling on a highroad, but still there was much to interest one as mile after mile of our journey was quickly traversed. Bright pink water-lilies could be seen growing at the roadside — Nymphea lotus and Nymphea rubra — the latter peculiar to the East Indies, where it was discovered at the beginning of the present century. Long avenues of fine tamarind-trees occasionally lined the road, forming a pleasant shelter from the burning sun as we passed beneath. Here and there grew the immense tree — so common in Java — called the waringin, whilst in every direction could be seen the beautiful cocoanut palms and the graceful banyans. Two hours and a half after leaving Batavia we reached a little town called Tangerang. As we had here passed from one residency (or county) to another, we were not allowed to travel on without entering our names in an official register provided for the purpose. This seemed very much like needless curiosity, which ought not to be encouraged, and I can only hope that in the illegible name of a traveller who described himself that day as “Anglicanus Sacerdos,” travelling from “London” to “Australia” by the somewhat circuitous route of Tangerang, the government resident gained all the information he required. Apropos of this espionage I may mention that no Englishman who lands in Java is allowed to remain more than forty-eight hours without obtaining the written permission of the Dutch authorities.
The longer we travelled on the more noticeable became the various traces of damage along the road caused by the Krakatoa outburst. The dust from the showers of ash could be plainly seen by the roadside not many miles from the capital, and each mile made it the more distinct, until at length the road seemed completely covered with it. As this was exactly six weeks after the occurrence, its existence so many miles from the volcano is the more remarkable, and proves how thickly it must have originally fallen. About twenty miles from Batavia we came to some damaged palm and banyan trees. Heavy branches had been broken off by the weight of the ashes, and other large trees had been completely blighted, probably by the strong sulphuric fumes. There were many miles of these injured trees, the damage done gradually increasing the farther we journeyed on.
Our rapid posting was at length brought to a sudden check at a small kampong named Onderandier, by an intervening river called the Pontang. Here our ponies were taken out, and a crowd of natives surrounded the carriage preparing to ferry it across. Native labor is both cheap and plentiful all over Java, and it was not surprising, therefore, to find that it took the united exertions of no less than fifteen coolies to lower the carriage down the sloping road to the ferry-boat. The mode of working it across is somewhat peculiar. A strong climbing plant known as the rattan palm, is joined together and stretched across the wide river, and forms a cheap substitute for rope or chain. It seldom breaks, and can be renewed as often as required from the trees on the adjacent banks. Half an hour’s delay here, and we were again off. At length, fifty-eight paalen from Batavia, we drew up early in the afternoon at Serang, and after luncheon prepared to visit some of the ruined districts. We were now in the residency of Bantam, a district which gives its name to the celebrated breed of fowls with which most of us are familiar. Bantam is the most ancient of the settled districts in the island, the Portuguese having formed a settlement there in 1524. It was not until seventy years later that the Dutch arrived upon the scene and founded their new home in Bantam and Batavia. The Portuguese had not been long in the island when they had their first experience of a volcanic eruption. Mount Ringgit, in eastern Java, broke out in 1586, and one of their settlements was completely destroyed.
Our route now lay off the main road, and the government post-horses could therefore no longer be used. We accordingly sought out a small two-wheeled vehicle, mostly used by the natives, and called by them a ka-har. This is a small, gaily painted cart, very high on the springs, capable of holding two persons sitting behind the driver. It is generally drawn by one pony, but we had bargained for a pair, and had one in the shafts and the other at the side. All along the road from the hotel at Serang to Bantam Bay we saw large, massive houses standing in their own extensive grounds, surrounded by lofty walls, the palatial residences of powerful native rajahs in days gone by. Some of these must have been three hundred years old, and were still in a good state of preservation. Most of the natives we passed were armed with the krîs (or native dagger), a formidable weapon carried in the belt, and often used on the slightest provocation. The Javanese in this part of the island, being shut off very much from the outer world, are very superstitious and not over partial to strangers, especially Europeans. We were therefore careful not to give offence in any way.
Karang-Antu is a small town on the north coast, and being the nearest port for Serang, was a thriving business centre. It is situate in the sheltered Bay of Bantam, and, owing to its position, did not suffer so much as Anjer and the other places on the western coast, which we visited on the following day. As we drew near to the outskirts of the kampong we began to see a little of the ravages caused by the volcanic wave. Even here, between thirty and forty miles from Krakatoa, the water had dashed inland for a couple of miles, but the damage done was very small compared with what we saw later on in less fortunate districts. The first thing we noticed on the road from Serang was a picturesque village once embosomed in trees, but now partly in ruins. This kampong consisted of the usual cottages made of bamboo, and the roof thatched with dry palm-leaves, which naturally offered very little resistance to a great rushing torrent of water. Many of the cocoanut palm-trees were snapped off, just as a stick might be. Farther on we came to a broken boat lying by the roadside, washed in two miles from the coast. From distinct marks on the trees the wave here must certainly have been some twenty feet high. It was only in a few places, however, that it had had fatal results. Some exposed parts of the district entirely escaped, while several of the more sheltered kampongs suffered severely.
Altogether, in the neighborhood of Karang-Antu the loss of life must have been between two and three hundred. This, of course, was serious enough, but on the following day, in other parts of the residency, we found the hundreds turned into thousands. Our driver soon came to an abrupt stop at the side of a river owing to the road having been washed away, and a bridge being too much damaged to bear even our light ka-har. We accordingly obtained a heavy boat, and sailed down the river and out to sea. Bantam Bay is exceedingly pretty, and has three or four small islands densely clad in tropical verdure down to the water’s edge. None of these had suffered in the least, nor were the banks of the river much injured. This portion of Bantam is a most unhealthy spot. In early times it was a flourishing settlement and a rapidly increasing town. But the climate proved too much for those first settlers, and the large numbers of deaths there and in Batavia soon gained for Java the unenviable distinction of Graf der Europeanen — the European’s grave. The survivors soon deserted the place for a healthier climate, and now all that remains of the once famous town is given up entirely to the native population. We had an opportunity of judging something of its unhealthiness as we returned up the river. Its banks are lined with dense mangrove swamps, infested by alligators and mosquitoes. One of the former jumped into the water close to our boat as we passed, and the activity of the latter was worthy of a better cause. I have had a good deal of experience of mosquitoes in Java and other places within the tropics, but never found them worse than in this neighborhood of Bantam Bay. The whole district had a most unsavory appearance, suggestive of cholera and fever, and it is very probable that the swamp contained some of the unburied bodies of the unfortunate victims, who had been swept away when their homes were destroyed. As night drew on the river became more uninviting than ever, and we were not sorry to see the last of it, and to find our ka har awaiting us on the road.
On the banks of this Bantam River we found some houses occupied, and I was curious to know what sort of people would live amid such surroundings. On going into one of them we found that they were all occupied by Chinese, that irrepressible race which makes itself at home anywhere. They seemed very contented, and if they were not impervious to fever and cholera, they certainly were in no fear of either. The outbreak of Krakatoa, and the damage caused in their very midst by the wave which followed, had given them a shock, but still one who knew a little broken English told us on leaving that the place was “much plenty good,” which probably meant that it was good enough for a Chinaman. Strangely enough, the Chinese, who care so little where they live or where they die, so long as they can make money quickly, have a strong desire to be buried at last in their native land, and dread nothing so much as for their remains to rest on a foreign shore. | WIKI |
Cymru Leagues
The Cymru Leagues is an umbrella name for the top two tiers of the Welsh football league system. It consists of the Cymru Premier at Tier 1, as well as the Cymru North and Cymru South at the second tier.
Tier 1
The Cymru Premier is the national football league of Wales. It has both professional and semi-professional status clubs and is at the top of the Welsh football league system. Prior to 2002, the league was known as the League of Wales (LoW), but changed its name as part of a sponsorship deal to the Welsh Premier League. The league has been rebranded as the Cymru Premier for the 2019–20 season.
Tier 2
The Cymru North and Cymru South are the two football leagues in Wales that form the second level of the Welsh football league system. They have semi-professional status clubs. The first year of their operation was 2019–20, with the Football Association of Wales owning and administering the Tier 2 leagues for the first time. These changes followed from a review of the Welsh Football Pyramid, where the Tier 2 was called the FAW Championship
The tier is split regionally, with the Cymru North covering clubs playing in northern Wales, and the Cymru South covering clubs playing in southern Wales. The winners of each division are eligible for promotion to the Cymru Premier, subject to the clubs meeting FAW criteria for Tier 1 grounds, playing facilities and financial operations.
Relegation from the Cymru North is to three regional based Tier 3 leagues: the Welsh National League (Wrexham Area), the Welsh Alliance League and the Mid Wales Football League. The Cymru South has relegation to the Tier 3 Welsh Football League Division One.
52 teams applied for Tier 2 certification, with teams assessed against a number of infrastructure criteria, including: safety policy and evacuation plan, covered seating, pitch dimensions, dressing room & sanitary facilities. Following the meeting of the FAW's first decision body, 43 clubs were successful in gaining Tier 2 certification.
Member clubs for 2022–23 season
The clubs for the second season were as follows:
Cymru Premier
The Cymru Premier is a twelve-club league.
* Aberystwyth Town
* Bala Town
* Barry Town United F.C
* Caernarfon Town
* Cardiff Metropolitan University
* Colwyn Bay
* Connah's Quay Nomads
* Haverfordwest County
* Newtown
* Pen-y-Bont
* Pontypridd Town
* The New Saints
Cymru North
The Cymru North is a sixteen-club league.
* Airbus UK Broughton
* Bangor 1876
* Buckley Town
* Caersws
* Chirk AAA
* Denbigh
* Flint Town United
* Gresford Athletic
* Guilsfield
* Holywell Town
* Llandudno
* Llanidloes Town
* Mold Alexandra
* Porthmadog
* Prestatyn Town
* Ruthin
Cymru South
The Cymru South is a sixteen-club league.
* Afan Lido
* Ammanford
* Abergavenny Town
* Baglan Dragons
* Briton Ferry Llansawel
* Caerau (Ely)
* Cambrian & Clydach Vale
* Carmarthen Town
* Cwmbran Celtic
* Goytre United
* Llanelli Town
* Llantwit Major
* Pontardawe Town
* Taffs Well
* Trefelin BGC
Relegation (historical)
Teams relegated from the Cymru North and the Cymru South at the end of the 2019–20 season dropped to the newly-established Ardal Leagues which operated for the first time in the 2021–22 season.
The bottom three teams from each of the tier 2 leagues were relegated. | WIKI |
Soybean sprout
Soybean sprout is a culinary vegetable grown by sprouting soybeans. It can be grown by placing and watering the sprouted soybeans in the shade until the roots grow long. Soybean sprouts are extensively cultivated and consumed in Asian countries.
History
It is assumed that soybean sprouts have been eaten since the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Records of kongnamul cultivation are found in an early 13th century medical book, Emergency Folk Medicine Remedies, published in Goryeo. The book states that in 935, during the foundation of Goryeo, a Taebong general, Bae Hyeon-gyeong, offered soybean sprouts to starving soldiers.
Cooking methods of soybean sprout dishes are listed in Farm Management, a Joseon farming and living book. Another Joseon document, Literary Miscellany of Seongho, states that the poor used soybean sprouts to make juk (rice porridge). According to Complete Works of Cheongjanggwan, an essay collection from the Joseon era, soybean sprout was one of the main foods consumed during times of famine.
Korea
Soybean sprouts are one of the most common and basic ingredients in Korean cuisine. In Korean, the word kongnamul (콩나물) refers to both the soybean sprouts themselves and the namul (seasoned vegetable dish) made from soybean sprouts. The namul dish, made by stir-frying soybean sprouts with sesame oil and simmering it, is a common dish for jesa (ancestral rite). Another common side dish is kongnamul-muchim, made by seasoning boiled soybean sprouts. Soybean sprouts are also used in bibimbap and varieties of jjim dishes, such as agwi-jjim (braised angler). Sometimes, kongnamul-bap (rice cooked with soybean sprouts) eaten with herbed soy sauce constitutes a rustic meal. Clear soup made with soybean sprouts is called kongnamul-guk, which can also be served cold in summer. Kongnamul-gukbap or kongnamul-haejangguk (soybean sprout hangover soup) is usually served in a ttukbaegi (earthenware pot) with the rice in the bottom and the soup poured over the top. In contemporary South Korea, a spicy pork bulgogi dish made with a large number of soybean sprouts, called kongnamul-bulgogi (or kongbul, is popular among young people.
Nepal
In Nepalese cuisine, kwati, a soup of nine types of sprouted beans, is specially prepared in the festival of Janai Purnima which normally falls in August. Kwati is prepared by frying and mixing onion, garlic, ginger, potatoes, spices and bean sprouts, including soybean sprouts. Much variation exists from house to house. It is considered a nutritious food in Nepal. The kwati is normally eaten with rice. Sometimes meat (especially fried goat meat) is added to spice up the kwati. | WIKI |
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mod rewrite and 404 error
Discussion in 'PHP' started by jred2002, Jan 25, 2008.
1. #1
Hello,
I was previously on a shared server running a Article Dashboard site with PHP Version 4.4.4
and my .htaccess file looked this
PHP:
1.
2. # -FrontPage-
3.
4. IndexIgnore .htaccess */.??* *~ *# */HEADER* */README* */_vti*
5.
6. <Limit GET POST>
7. order deny,allow
8. deny from all
9. allow from all
10. </Limit>
11. <Limit PUT DELETE>
12. order deny,allow
13. deny from all
14. </Limit>
15.
16. #php_flag session.use_trans_sid off
17.
18. RewriteEngine On
19.
20. RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} .
21. RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\. [NC]
22. RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.%{HTTP_HOST}/$1 [R,L]
23.
24. RewriteRule ^profile\/([^\/]+)/([0-9]+) publicprofile.php?name=$1&id=$2
25. RewriteRule ^Category\/[^\/]+/([0-9]+) index.php?catid=$1&mode=category
26. RewriteRule ^Article/[^\/]+/([0-9]+)/?(.*) article.php?id=$1&act=$2
27. RewriteRule ^rss/[^\/]+/([0-9]+) rssarticle.php?id=$1
28. RewriteRule ^myarticles/(.*)$ index.php?mode=myarticles
29.
30. RewriteRule ^(.*)topauthorslist/ topauthors.php?orderby=$1&ordertype=$2&namelike=$3&page=$4
31. RewriteRule ^(.*)popularlist/ populararticles.php?page=$2
32. RewriteRule ^(.*)searchresult/ indexser.php?page=$2
Everything worked fine. I am now in the process of setting up a vps running
PHP Version 5.1.6 and everything that uses mod rewrite gets a 404 not found error. Mod rewrite is enabled on the server, other that that I am clueless what to do at this point. Any help would be greatly appreciated.
jred2002, Jan 25, 2008 IP
2. jayshah
jayshah Peon
Messages:
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#2
When you say "enabled", did you create a phpinfo(); page just to check?
Jay
jayshah, Jan 25, 2008 IP
3. jred2002
jred2002 Peon
Messages:
160
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1
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0
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0
#3
yes I did - mod_rerwite is listed in the Loaded Modules
jred2002, Jan 25, 2008 IP
4. jayshah
jayshah Peon
Messages:
1,128
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68
Best Answers:
0
Trophy Points:
0
#4
Did you check your .htaccess file is actually being read?
Try adding:
Code (Text):
1. deny from all
To the top of the .htaccess file and refresh your site. If it loads normally, your .htaccess file isn't being read by the server prior to the request (httpd.conf problem). If you get a "403 Forbidden", that's a good thing (sort of), it just means something is wrong with your .htaccess file.
Don't forget to remove the "deny from all" line. Please post your results here.
Jay
jayshah, Jan 25, 2008 IP
5. jred2002
jred2002 Peon
Messages:
160
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1
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0
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0
#5
You are correct - I did just what you said and the page still loads fine.
jred2002, Jan 25, 2008 IP
6. jayshah
jayshah Peon
Messages:
1,128
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68
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0
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0
#6
:)
Right, as you've probably guessed, this means that the httpd.conf file is configured not to AllowOverrides therefore the .htaccess file is being ignored. The only solution is to contact your hosting provider about it.
Hope this helps,
Jay
jayshah, Jan 25, 2008 IP
jred2002 likes this.
7. jred2002
jred2002 Peon
Messages:
160
Likes Received:
1
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0
Trophy Points:
0
#7
IT WORKED!!!!! It's my vps - so I was able to go in and configure whatever I want - and it worked - thank you so much
jred2002, Jan 25, 2008 IP
8. jayshah
jayshah Peon
Messages:
1,128
Likes Received:
68
Best Answers:
0
Trophy Points:
0
#8
You're welcome, but a positive reputation wouldn't go unmissed, not that I'm hinting anything ;)
Jay
jayshah, Jan 25, 2008 IP | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Windows 10: Computer dead
Discus and support Computer dead in Windows 10 Support to solve the problem; I was doing some work on the computer this morning, when the power went out for a couple of hours. Tried numerous times to get it going again, but it... Discussion in 'Windows 10 Support' started by Binkie, Nov 19, 2019.
1. Binkie Win User
Computer dead
I was doing some work on the computer this morning, when the power went out for a couple of hours.
Tried numerous times to get it going again, but it kept freezing up on me, every time I would force a reboot, it would end up freezing.
I finally ended up getting a message saying go to Explore Windows 10 OS, Computers, Apps, & More | Microsoft code. Bad System Config.info
Gateway desktop computer running windows 10
Any ideas?
Ron.
:)
Binkie, Nov 19, 2019
#1
2. Computer is dead DL Win 10
Hi,
Welcome to Microsoft Community.
I understand your inconvenience. We will assist you with it.
I suggest you to follow the methods provided below and check.
Method 1:
Disconnect all the unnecessary external devices connected to the computer (except the mouse, keyboard and the recovery media) now check if the operating system loads.
Method 2: Try to boot into Safe Mode with Networking or Enable low-resolution video.
• Restart your computer and start pressing the F8 key on your keyboard. On a computer that is configured for booting to multiple operating systems, you can press the F8 key when the Boot Menu appears.
• Select an option to “Safe mode with networking” using the arrow keys on the keyboard when the Windows Advanced Options menu appears, and then press
ENTER.
• Under Advanced boot options select, Safe Mode with Networking, or Low Resolution Video
Method 3: Check Device Manager and look for Display Adapters.
Step 1:
• If you see 2 items under Display Adapters, disable to integrated video card (e.g. Intel HD 4000 or AMD Radeon HD 4200) and restart. (try vice versa if it does not work)
Step 2:
• If you see 1 item under Display Adapters, rollback the driver or uninstall the display adapter in Device Manager, and enable the option to delete driver software.
Install the latest Display Adapters drivers form the manufacturer’s website and check.
I suggest you to refer the steps provided by Mr. Andre Da Costa, from the following link and check.
How to: Troubleshoot Common Setup and Stop Errors During Windows 10 Installation
Hope it helps. Do let us know if your issue is resolved. For any further information, feel free to contact us.
Thank you.
Syed Md Bilal, Nov 19, 2019
#2
3. Random Restars - > Video Card - > PSU
i try but find no info. itd help if someone explained it.. tbh.
TrAiN^WrEcK, Nov 19, 2019
#3
4. swat354 Win User
Computer dead
Windows 10 infinite restart black screen
Thank you john for all of your help i decided to get the usb my computer came with and factory reset it i didnt have anything that personal or valueable so its ok thanks for the help though i appreciate it
swat354, Nov 19, 2019
#4
Thema:
Computer dead
Loading...
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User:Jeyyrxx
Hi Jeyyrxx, what You Want. If you need help editing.
Article Creation
A '90s Are Blue's Clues (BLOCK) | WIKI |
Crystal Peoples-Stokes
Crystal Davis Peoples-Stokes (born December 22, 1951) is an American politician representing Assembly District 141, which includes the city of Buffalo within Erie County, New York. She is currently the Majority Leader of the New York State Assembly.
Education
Peoples-Stokes attended Buffalo State College, where she earned her B.S. degree in elementary education and master's degree in student personnel administration.
Career
She worked as a member of the Erie County Legislature representing the 7th District from 1993 to 2002.
In 2000, Peoples-Stokes, a member of Grassroots and the majority leader of the Erie County Legislature, ran against incumbent Assemblyman Arthur O. Eve. The race was described by The New York Times as the toughest election contest of Eve's political career. Peoples-Stokes's Democratic primary election challenge was almost successful, and it was credited with energizing minority voters to elect Byron Brown as a New York State Senator.
Peoples-Stokes was elected to the State Assembly in November 2002, after Eve's retirement. She ran uncontested in the November 2008 and November 2010 general elections.
On December 17, 2018, Peoples-Stokes was appointed Majority Leader of the New York State Assembly, becoming the first woman and first African American to serve in the role.
In the 2020 Presidential Election, People-Stokes served as an alternate elector, replacing Lovely A. Warren.
Personal life
Peoples-Stokes lives in Buffalo, New York, with her daughter Rashaun and grandson Kaleb Malik. | WIKI |
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