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Talk:Antisemitism in the United States
Wiki Education assignment: Writing 2 - Digital Futures
— Assignment last updated by Zmuhl (talk) 22:33, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
Merge proposal
I think Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century should be merged into this article, as a lot of the content seems duplicated. GnocchiFan (talk) 12:26, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
* Support as this article seems to already cover the 21st century too. --Dan Carkner (talk) 13:37, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
* Support: In agreement with Dan. There is a significant enough duplication of events across both articles and two further articles: List of antisemitic incidents in the United States and History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States. Merging these two articles (as proposed) would be a good start. Nonovix (talk) 21:13, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
* Support Merging the articles and updating the 21st Century section. --Nycarchitecture212 (talk) 12:15, 22 October 2023 (UTC)
* Support merging the discussion of major themes (already somewhat duplicative) and types of events. But instead merge the list of specific events to List of antisemitic incidents in the United States and List of attacks on Jewish institutions in the United States. The Antisemitism in the United States article is quite long and contains extensive discussion of the topics and patterns, but then a seemlinly cherry-picked list of a few recent examples in Antisemitism in the United States. Therefore, this section should be reduced not expanded. DMacks (talk) 04:41, 22 October 2023 (UTC)
* Support I see no real reason to have separate article for these. It is not as though antisemitism in the 21th century is different from antisemitism in the 20th century... Debresser (talk) 23:42, 22 October 2023 (UTC)
* Support. Uncessary split created by well-meaning students and instructor, but not really needed. If it was analytical and made claims that the 21st century is different, maybe we could keep it, but this is really just a low quality list of some random antisemitic incicents in the USA in the early 21st century. Merge what is due and reliably referenced and move on. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 02:31, 5 November 2023 (UTC)
* Oppose I think there is enough notable content for article to remain. However, article needs improvement. However, I do not think that this means article should be merged since there is a enough material on 21st century antisemitism. Homerethegreat (talk) 17:36, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
*Support merge since there seems to be a mirroring problem between both articles. Hogo-2020 (talk) 06:50, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
* Support per OP and others in support. Not seeing a valid reason to have separate articles with so much overlap between them. A. Randomdude0000 (talk) 13:26, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
* Support Likewise agree with others in support. W9793 (talk) 14:33, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
* Oppose: Enough sources for both articles and I also think the circumstances for each article (causes, history, etc.) vary, making it two distinctive topics. Hogo-2020 (talk) 06:46, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
* Oppose: Enough content for both articles. // Timothy :: talk 22:38, 29 April 2024 (UTC)
* Support, given that there is heavy overlap. Most of the Antisemitism in the United States is about the 21st century, and there is no clear division in the topic at the turn of the century. Even with if there was no trimming as part of a merge, the total would be <100k characters. Klbrain (talk) 16:02, 27 June 2024 (UTC)
too much detail distracts readers
Most readers have a limited amount of time to read an article, and if it is too long they will skim it. Part 6 is a problem--too much detail and all copied from long articles. I am trimming it so that people will not get distracted with petty details about criminals and skim over the main themes of antisemitism. Rjensen (talk) 06:08, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
the bias rule states: "reliable sources are not required to be neutral, unbiased, or objective." see WP:BIASED
Please do not delete reliable sources because of a false misunderstanding of the bias rule. The rule applies to editors not to sources. The bias rule states: reliable sources are not required to be neutral, unbiased, or objective see WP:BIASED Rjensen (talk) 19:18, 11 May 2024 (UTC)
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Józef Englicht
Józef Englicht (1891–1954) was a Polish Army lieutenant colonel and intelligence officer.
Career
During World War I, Englicht fought in the Polish Legions.
After the first world war, he served on the Polish General Staff's Section II (the intelligence section), eventually becoming its deputy chief. In this position, like the successive Section II chiefs, Tadeusz Schaetzel and Tadeusz Pełczyński, he was very supportive of Marshal Józef Piłsudski's Promethean project, aimed at liberating the non-Russian peoples of the Soviet Union.
From 1937 to March 1939 Englicht commanded the 79th Infantry Regiment, before resuming his post as deputy chief of Section II, in which position he went through the 1939 September Campaign.
Englicht made his way to Great Britain, where in 1942 he was appointed commandant of the Infantry Training Center (Centrum Szkolenia Piechoty) and in 1944 commandant of the Center for Advanced Military Studies (Centrum Wyższych Studiów Wojskowych). From March 1945 he was commandant of the War College (Wyższa Szkoła Wojenna).
After the war, in London, he wrote for and edited the Polish military journal, Bellona.
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ryan roxie
The result of the debate was keep (no consensus). We have 4d-2k, but I am unsure what to make of the delete vote of Rogerd, "needs to be cleaned up" is not really a valid reason for deletion. I am therefore calling this a no consensus and will make some wikifikations. Sjakkalle (Check!) 11:32, 28 October 2005 (UTC)
Ryan roxie
NN guitarist, although he plays for Alice Cooper. His own allmusic entry is blank, and his solo project does not meet WP:NMG guidelines. -- howcheng [ talk • contribs • web ] 22:09, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
* Delete Fails to meet guidelines - Forbsey 23:58, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
* Keep Played with notable musicians in Alice Cooper and Slash and released his own record Peace Love & Armageddon. Meets WP:Music and 12,300 Google hits mostly about him see . Capitalistroadster 01:15, 21 October 2005 (UTC)
* Keep - as per Capialistroadster, the folk he plays with are no small fry. --MacRusgail 09:34, 21 October 2005 (UTC)
* Weak delete needs to be cleaned up --Rogerd 13:29, 22 October 2005 (UTC)
* Delete. nn by themselves. mikka (t) 17:30, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
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User:Lori1986
City planning and history geek with a passion for the way these evolve. Enthusiastically learning the ropes - all helpful comments and feedback appreciated!
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Sunday, September 25, 2022
Uncategorized
IT Tech Tips: What Is Cloud Computing?
By now you have got in all likelihood heard the time period “Cloud Computing” or “The Cloud”. Heck, even Microsoft talks approximately it of their present day television advert campaign.
But what’s The Cloud virtually? In its handiest phrases, The Cloud is certainly other people’s computers that you access over the Internet. These computers can be owned with the aid of Google, Microsoft or your uncle.
In fact, I wager you have got been using The Cloud to check your e-mail for years. Whether its AOL, Hotmail, GMail or Yahoo, you’ve been the use of cloud generation before it become elegant to name it The Cloud.
So why this sudden hobby in something we have been the usage of for goodbye?
Well, functions that you might have completed basically to your computing device or computer computers in the past are moving to The Cloud. For example, have you ever ever used Google Docs to edit, review or create a report or spreadsheet? That’s The Cloud.
There are many different functions that once had been the only area of the desktop pc that can now be performed in The Cloud. To name a few: Photo Editing (Picnik.Com), Microsoft Visio style diagramming software program (Gliffy.Com), Sales CRM software program (SalesForce.Com), and many many greater.
All of this is what’s usually known as Cloud Computing or The Cloud. Basically, take your information and software and allow someone else host it, keep it, update it and back it up for you.
And it doesn’t prevent there. Companies are beginning to make to be had complete computer computer systems in the cloud – via a browser – so you can use any device to get admission to your Windows laptop pc.
But why is this occurring? Well consider the way you get admission to the net. You do it from domestic, your workplace, your mobile smartphone and your tablet. Cloud computing solves the difficulty of wherein your records lives. If it is stored in The Cloud then you could get entry to it using any of these gadgets while not having to worry approximately whether or now not you sponsored up your facts and brought it to the espresso store with you.
So inform me. How do you operate The Cloud? Do you agree with the cloud carriers along with your information? Let me know.
Leave a Response
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Why DKNG Stock Is No Layup at $16
InvestorPlace - Stock Market News, Stock Advice & Trading Tips
DraftKings (DKNG) is still strongly growing .
Bears in DKNG stock have a struggling pay-to-play strategy and risk-minimizing environment on their team.
Structuring an under bet in DraftKings with a June put vertical may be an appropriate position.
Source: Tada Images / Shutterstock.com
Amid red-hot inflation and tightening consumer wallets, many higher multiple growth plays have continued to feel Wall Street’s wrath. As much, it’s hardly surprising online fantasy sports, mobile betting and iGaming play DraftKings (NASDAQ:DKNG) stock has taken a dive.
Following 2021’s decline of around 41%, DraftKings’ shares have been sacked by a very similar 42% in less than four months. And with 18% of this year’s price drop occurring in April and putting DKNG stock at arm’s length from new relative lows, let’s just say that DKNG stock has proven a terrific bet on the under.
Today though, let’s review what else is happening in DraftKings shares, off and on the price chart and what, if any, course of action investors might consider going forward.
DKNG DraftKings $15.98
Bet on the Over in DKNG Stock
DKNG bulls may point out that DraftKings plunge of around 80% since March of last year is largely about broader collateral damage. And in fairness, many smaller, growth-oriented stocks whose stories live and die by interest rates such as SoFi Technologies (NASDAQ:SOFI), DigitalOcean Holdings (NYSE:DOCN) or FuboTV (NYSE:FUBO) and others have also been slammed hard too.
7 High-Quality Dividend Stocks With High Yields
Bulls may also be gung-ho that betting on DraftKings at current prices isn’t about commiserating miserably. Today, it’s about taking advantage of a more extreme opportunity where growth could be colliding with value in DKNG.
At the moment shares trade at a historically low 5x sales while DKNG’s is priced at a mid-cap valuation of $6.75 billion despite its industry leadership. Also, DraftKings still managed to grow revenues of $1.3 billion by nearly 47% year-over-year and increase its monthly unique active customers by about 31% to almost two million.
Lastly, with U.S. sales doubling to nearly $53 billion in 2021, participation growing smartly among adults and DKNG’s mobile sportsbook only operational in just 17 states at the moment, DKNG stock has a strong opportunity to continue capturing growth.
DraftKings’ Strike Out
Source: Charts by TradingView
Not everyone is happy with DKNG’s costly pay-to-play strategy. For all the winning at DKNG, it’s been an expensive investment in marketing to get the outfit where it is today. And where it is today is narrowly behind privately-held FanDuel in market share with proportionately growing losses.
Bears numbering a modestly heavy 12% of DKNG stock might also warn that today’s spend, and cash burn aren’t sustainable, and the landscape may not get any easier either for DraftKings. For one, BetMGM from MGM Resorts (NYSE:MGM) is another sports betting platform that’s quickly gaining in popularity and whose superior financials may give it an added advantage.
And it’s not just three players either. Well-established companies like Caesars (NASDAQ:CZR), Penn National (NASDAQ:PENN) and Las Vegas Sands (NYSE:LVS) are all doing their own high stakes jockeying to capture the boom in online betting.
Lastly, there’s the price chart. Since a quick one-two punch from a botched cup followed by a channel breakdown last fall, it’s been the bears game to lose. Instead they’ve come out on the offensive in chopping DKNG stock down.
Most recently and with DKNG stock’s first advantaged position at reversing the price action, the bulls fumbled with a punishing monthly hammer failure as shares sank from a buy decision of $24.73 and through $16.56.
DKNG Stock Takeaway
Simply put, I’m more on the fence than wanting to take the over or the under in DKNG stock. Given the discussed pros and cons facing DraftKings, a volatile stock which doesn’t favor bulls or bears right now, as well as a broader market finding its own rally under pressure, keeping the powder dry seems prudent.
If I was forced to place a bet, I’d have to go with bearish positioning and a price target of $10 which is DKNG’s net asset value prior to de-spacing. But I’d only go short if shares take out the March low of $14.97 in conjunction with a bearish stochastics crossover.
Were those conditions met in the next week or so, I’d go with a bear put vertical. One such combination which makes sense off and on the price chart is a June $15/$12.50 bear put spread due to its short delta profile that can max out beneath $12.50, but maintains an ironclad defense in the event some of those other bullish pros take the field.
On the date of publication, Chris Tyler holds long positions in SoFi Technologies (SOFI) (either directly or indirectly), but no other positions in securities mentioned in this article. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the writer, subject to the InvestorPlace.com Publishing Guidelines.
The post Why DKNG Stock Is No Layup at $16 appeared first on InvestorPlace.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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@article{Gu_Ko_Kim_2021, title={Proxy Synthesis: Learning with Synthetic Classes for Deep Metric Learning}, volume={35}, url={https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/16236}, DOI={10.1609/aaai.v35i2.16236}, abstractNote={One of the main purposes of deep metric learning is to construct an embedding space that has well-generalized embeddings on both seen (training) classes and unseen (test) classes. Most existing works have tried to achieve this using different types of metric objectives and hard sample mining strategies with given training data. However, learning with only the training data can be overfitted to the seen classes, leading to the lack of generalization capability on unseen classes. To address this problem, we propose a simple regularizer called Proxy Synthesis that exploits synthetic classes for stronger generalization in deep metric learning. The proposed method generates synthetic embeddings and proxies that work as synthetic classes, and they mimic unseen classes when computing proxy-based losses. Proxy Synthesis derives an embedding space considering class relations and smooth decision boundaries for robustness on unseen classes. Our method is applicable to any proxy-based losses, including softmax and its variants. Extensive experiments on four famous benchmarks in image retrieval tasks demonstrate that Proxy Synthesis significantly boosts the performance of proxy-based losses and achieves state-of-the-art performance. Our implementation is available at github.com/navervision/proxy-synthesis.}, number={2}, journal={Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence}, author={Gu, Geonmo and Ko, Byungsoo and Kim, Han-Gyu}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={1460-1468} }
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Angular cheilitis and oral pigmentation as early detection of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
anemia gastrointestinal polyps hyperpigmentation malabsorption Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Authors
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Background: Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is an inherited autosomal dominant disease determined by a mutation localized at 19p13.3 characterized by the occurrence of gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyps in association with mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation. The manifestation of PJS may first be encountered by a dentist during routine examination due to the presence of pigmented spots in the oral cavity. Purpose: To prevent a high risk of PJS, the dentist must establish its oral manifestation through early detection. Case: A 14-year-old male patient attended complaining of a week-long pain at the corners of the lips. An extra-oral exam revealed fissure lesions, redness, white crust and pain. The patient had experienced bleeding in his bowel movements, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting since childhood. A number of black, painless, macular lesions, some 1-3 mm in diameter, were present on the upper lips, lower lips, fingers and palms. Case management: The patient was referred for a complete blood count check. The results obtained confirmed him to be suffering from severe anemia and he was, therefore, referred to an internist for treatment for PJS. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the early detection of PJS is crucial in order that the patient receives prompt treatment.
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User:Shield Gaming
Hello everyone my name is antala sanket jivrajbhai
But my gaming community name Shield official / Shield Gaming
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National Labor Relations Board files complaint against Tesla
The National Labor Relations Board has issued a complaint against Tesla following allegations that it was intimidating employees who wanted to unionize. This follows four charges filed in February by the United Automobile Workers against Tesla for allegedly surveilling and coercing workers who attempted to distribute information about the union drive. Details: According to the NLRB's complaint, obtained by Buzzfeed, Tesla security guards asked those workers to produce IDs and to leave the premises. It also mentions Tesla's policy prohibiting workers from discussing their work environment with the media, sharing photos on social media, and forwarding work emails to a personal account. Tesla dismisses the allegations as baseless. A hearing in front of a NLRB administrative judge is scheduled for Nov. 14.
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Clear Fork
Clear Fork is the name of various locations in the United States:
* Clear Fork (Big South Fork Cumberland River) in Tennessee
* Clear Fork (Cumberland River) in Kentucky and Tennessee
* Clear Fork (Guyandotte River), a tributary of the Guyandotte River, in West Virginia
* Clear Fork, Virginia, an unincorporated community
* Clear Fork, West Virginia, a town
* Clear Fork (Oregon), a stream in the U.S. state of Oregon
* Clear Fork Mohican River in Ohio
* Clear Fork Brazos River in Texas
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Error creating a record when the model has no id column #2334
Closed
dchelimsky opened this Issue Jul 28, 2011 · 17 comments
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5 participants
@dchelimsky
Here's an edge case for you:
jruby-1.6.3
oracle
rails-3.0.8
activerecord-jdbc-adapter-1.1.2.1
At this point I'm not sure where the problem lies so I'm documenting it here - might be a bug in activerecord, arel, or the activerecord-jdbc-adapter.
Our app has a model with no primary key column (e.g. id). When trying to create a record, I get the following error:
Thing.create!
NoMethodError: undefined method `name' for nil:NilClass
from org/jruby/RubyKernel.java:238:in `method_missing'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/gems/jruby-1.6.3@vera/gems/activesupport-3.0.8/lib/active_support/whiny_nil.rb:48:in `method_missing'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/gems/jruby-1.6.3@vera/gems/arel-2.0.10/lib/arel/visitors/to_sql.rb:56:in `visit_Arel_Nodes_InsertStatement'
from org/jruby/RubyArray.java:2336:in `collect'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/gems/jruby-1.6.3@vera/gems/arel-2.0.10/lib/arel/visitors/to_sql.rb:55:in `visit_Arel_Nodes_InsertStatement'
from org/jruby/RubyKernel.java:2096:in `send'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/gems/jruby-1.6.3@vera/gems/arel-2.0.10/lib/arel/visitors/visitor.rb:15:in `visit'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/gems/jruby-1.6.3@vera/gems/arel-2.0.10/lib/arel/visitors/visitor.rb:5:in `accept'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/gems/jruby-1.6.3@vera/gems/arel-2.0.10/lib/arel/visitors/to_sql.rb:18:in `accept'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/gems/jruby-1.6.3@vera/gems/activerecord-3.0.8/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb:111:in `with_connection'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/gems/jruby-1.6.3@vera/gems/arel-2.0.10/lib/arel/visitors/to_sql.rb:16:in `accept'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/gems/jruby-1.6.3@vera/gems/arel-2.0.10/lib/arel/tree_manager.rb:20:in `to_sql'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/gems/jruby-1.6.3@vera/gems/arel-2.0.10/lib/arel/select_manager.rb:217:in `insert'
from org/jruby/RubyKernel.java:2096:in `send'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/gems/jruby-1.6.3@vera/gems/activerecord-3.0.8/lib/active_record/relation.rb:14:in `insert'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/gems/jruby-1.6.3@vera/gems/activerecord-3.0.8/lib/active_record/persistence.rb:274:in `create'
... 19 levels...
from org/jruby/RubyKernel.java:1088:in `eval'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/gems/jruby-1.6.3@vera/gems/ruby-debug-0.10.4/cli/ruby-debug/commands/irb.rb:99:in `evaluate'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/rubies/jruby-1.6.3/lib/ruby/1.8/irb.rb:158:in `eval_input'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/rubies/jruby-1.6.3/lib/ruby/1.8/irb.rb:271:in `signal_status'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/rubies/jruby-1.6.3/lib/ruby/1.8/irb.rb:155:in `eval_input'
from org/jruby/RubyKernel.java:1419:in `loop'
from org/jruby/RubyKernel.java:1191:in `catch'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/rubies/jruby-1.6.3/lib/ruby/1.8/irb.rb:154:in `eval_input'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/rubies/jruby-1.6.3/lib/ruby/1.8/irb.rb:71:in `start'
from org/jruby/RubyKernel.java:1191:in `catch'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/rubies/jruby-1.6.3/lib/ruby/1.8/irb.rb:70:in `start'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/gems/jruby-1.6.3@vera/gems/railties-3.0.8/lib/rails/commands/console.rb:44:in `start'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/gems/jruby-1.6.3@vera/gems/railties-3.0.8/lib/rails/commands/console.rb:8:in `start'
from /Users/dchelimsky/.rvm/gems/jruby-1.6.3@vera/gems/railties-3.0.8/lib/rails/commands.rb:23:in `(root)'
from org/jruby/RubyKernel.java:1038:in `require'
from script/rails:6:in `(root)'jruby-1.6.3
To reproduce:
rails new example
cd example
rails g model things name:string
Update the migration to exclude an id column:
class CreateThings < ActiveRecord::Migration
def self.up
create_table :things, :id => false do |t|
t.string :name
t.timestamps
end
end
def self.down
drop_table :things
end
end
Back to the shell:
rake db:migrate
rails runner "Thing.create"
@dchelimsky
A little more information: at the point that we get to https://github.com/rails/arel/blob/v2.0.10/lib/arel/visitors/to_sql.rb#L55, o.columns contains two items, the latter of which is nil.
@dmathieu
I do not reproduce it using mri 1.9 and sqlite. Neither in master nor in 3-0-stable.
@tenderlove tenderlove was assigned Jul 28, 2011
@dchelimsky
@dmathieu - yes, this is only happening w/ jruby+oracle for me as well.
@tenderlove
Member
I can't for the life of me get Oracle running on my Lion machine. Maybe @rsim can help out? Otherwise, I'm going to need to get access to an Oracle machine (which I can do through work, it will just take time).
@tenderlove
Member
Heh "Oracle Machine".
@eduardordm
@tenderlove 64bit instant client is broken on Lion. 32 bits may work if you are lucky.
@tenderlove
Member
@dchelimsky does it happen with the native oci driver and MRI?
@dchelimsky
@tenderlove - nope - just activerecord-jdbc-adapter + jruby.
@tenderlove
Member
Yikes. Okay, I just (today) gained access to a machine with that setup. Unfortunately I don't think I can fix it in time for 3.0.10, so I've moved this to the 3.0.11 milestone.
@rsim
rsim commented Aug 4, 2011
I just wanted to comment that it is more safe to use activerecord-oracle_enhanced-adapter also on JRuby to access Oracle database - it is tested and is passing all AR tests on Oracle.
activerecord-jdbc-adapter is not tested and not passing all AR tests on Oracle therefore there might be a lot of specific situations where something is not working.
@dchelimsky
So perhaps this really belongs in the activerecord-jdbc-adapter project, no? I'll be glad to close this and reopen there unless you're super excited to fix this @tenderlove.
@tenderlove
Member
@dchelimsky no, I'm really not super excited to fix this! ;-)
Probably the activerecord-jdbc-adapter bug tracker is a better place.
@dchelimsky dchelimsky closed this Aug 4, 2011
@dchelimsky
@rsim - I just tried using the activerecord-oracle_enhanced-adapter instead of the activerecord-jdbc-adapter. It did resolve this particular issue, but it also slowed things down quite a bit. Running specs using the activerecord-jdbc-adapter takes under 15 seconds, but with the activerecord-oracle_enhanced-adapter it took 87 seconds.
@rsim
rsim commented Aug 5, 2011
@dchelimsky oracle_enhanced is written in pure Ruby and jdbc adapter has many things implemented in Java therefore it could be slower in some cases. But if you see such dramatic difference then I would like to have a look on that. Could you please prepare some sample script which demonstrates this huge difference and post it as an issue at https://github.com/rsim/oracle-enhanced/issues ?
@dchelimsky
@rsim be more than happy to, but it won't be until next week some time (gotta be on my work computer and won't have time today).
@dchelimsky
For anyone besides @rsim who may be following along, I discovered some new information and reported it to the oracle-enhanced project.
Sign up for free to join this conversation on GitHub. Already have an account? Sign in to comment
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Thoratec Upped to Neutral - Analyst Blog
On Sep 19, we have upgraded our recommendation on Thoratec Corporation ( THOR ) to Neutral from Underperform. We are impressed by the company's second quarter results that beat the Zacks Consensus Estimate on both earnings and revenues fronts as well as its strong performance in the overseas markets.
Why Upgraded?
On Jul 31, Thoratec Corporation posted a 12.8% rise in adjusted earnings to 44 cents per share in the second quarter of the year from 39 cents a year ago while net earnings improved 9.2% to $25.7 million from $23.6 million in the 2012-quarter. With this, earnings surpassed the Zacks Consensus Estimate by 8 cents per share.
Revenues in the quarter rose 10.0% to $130.5 million, exceeding the Zacks Consensus Estimate of $121 million. Thanks to the company's HeartMate product line that contributed $115.7 million to overall revenues, reflecting a 9% year-over-year increase due to the expansion of its international business, including the recent commercial launch in Japan.
Following the release of second quarter results, the Zacks Consensus Estimate for 2013 earnings remained the same at $1.33 per share. The Zacks Consensus Estimate for 2014 earnings also remained unchanged at $1.45 per share. With the Zacks Consensus Estimates remaining unchanged, THOR now has a Zacks #3 Rank (Hold).
Thoratec has benefited from rapid acceptance of HeartMate II on a global basis. HeartMate II is clinically adequately effective enough to provide favorable long-term survival outcomes for patients who do not have access to donor hearts.
Thoratec also enjoys a monopoly in the U.S. market with this only device of its kind. In the U.S. DT market, the company faces no near-term competitive threat as HeartWare's LVAD is not expected to be launched before 2015.
However, the small size of THOR may restrict its ability to raise resources. The absence of strategic alliances may hinder its ability to develop new products
Other Stocks to Look For
Other stocks that are currently performing well in the medical instruments industry include Cynosure, Inc. ( CYNO ), Delcath Systems, Inc. ( DCTH ), and Echo Therapeutics, Inc. ( ECTE ). All of them carry a Zacks Rank #2 (Buy).
CYNOSURE INC-A (CYNO): Free Stock Analysis Report
DELCATH SYS INC (DCTH): Free Stock Analysis Report
ECHO THERAPEUT (ECTE): Free Stock Analysis Report
THORATEC CORP (THOR): Free Stock Analysis Report
To read this article on Zacks.com click here.
Zacks Investment Research
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Roman law has its beginnings in the code known as the Twelve Tables (449 BC). From there Roman law became highly advanced for its time, developing over the centuries many of the legal institutions that are taken for granted today.
Here are some excerpts from those tables:
- “A father shall immediately put to death a son recently born, who is a monster, or has a form different from that of members of the human race.”
- “If one has maimed another and does not buy his peace, let there be retaliation in kind.”
- “Where anyone commits a theft by night, and having been caught in the act is killed, he is legally killed.”
- “When a judge, or an arbiter appointed to hear a case, accepts money, or other gifts, for the purpose of influencing his decision, he shall suffer the penalty of death.”
- “If anyone should stir up war against his country, or delivers a Roman citizen into the hands of the enemy, he shall be punished with death.”
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FINEWEB-EDU
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The New Student's Reference Work/Easter
Easter, the festival of the resurrection of Jesus Christ, probably derives its name from Eastre, a Saxon goddess, whose festival was kept about the same time as Easter. In the ancient church, the celebration lasted eight days, but in later times it was limited to two or three days. It was a festival of pleasure; alms were given to the poor and slaves were often freed. Daily services were held during the whole week before Easter, and on Easter Day the people greeted each other with a kiss, saying: “He is risen,” to which the reply was made: “He is risen, indeed;” and this custom is still kept up in the Greek church. The custom of exchanging eggs as a symbol of resurrection or renewed life is very old. Easter Day is always the first Sunday after that full moon which comes upon or next after the 21st of March (the beginning of the old church-year), the full moon being understood to be (though not accurately) the 14th of the calendar moon. If the full moon comes on Sunday, Easter Day always is the Sunday after.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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France passes controversial tax on tech companies
France has passed a controversial tax on “digital services” that will hit American tech giants, as the United States says it will investigate the plan. Under the bill, just passed by the French Senate, tech companies with more than €750 million in global revenue and €25 million in French revenue will be required to pay a 3 percent tax on total annual revenue generated by providing services to French users. The move will affect major players like Google, Facebook, and Amazon, and was made as plans for EU-wide tax changes seemed to stall. Even before the bill was passed, the United States said it was launching an investigation into the legislation. In a statement on Wednesday, the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) said the tax and statements from French officials “suggest that France is unfairly targeting the tax at certain US-based technology companies.” “The United States is very concerned that the digital services tax which is expected to pass the French Senate tomorrow unfairly targets American companies,” USTR Robert Lighthizer said in the statement, adding that President Trump had ordered the investigation. Once the investigation is complete, according to the statement, the US will decide on a response. American business groups jumped to slam the French proposal. The US Chamber of Commerce said in a statement that the plan “would harm American businesses and workers.” The Information Technology Industry Council, which counts companies like Google and Facebook among its members, said in a statement that France’s move was “a significant and concerning departure” from international efforts. The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, a policy think tank, was also critical of the proposal, calling it “an ill-disguised effort to target companies that are thought to be too powerful, too profitable, and too American.” Correction, 11:18AM ET: A previous version of this article misattributed a statement from the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation to the Information Technology Industry Council.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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2 Top Healthcare Stocks to Buy for the Long Haul
Predicting how the market will behave in the next few months is impossible, especially considering the economy still faces severe issues such as inflation. However, in 10 years or more, the market will be up. Even serious downturns seem far less scary when you look at a chart of the performance of the broader market over several decades.
That's why looking for stocks that can survive the test of time can pay hefty dividends down the road. In that spirit, let's examine two healthcare stocks that seem to have the tools to provide solid returns over the long term: Eli Lilly (NYSE: LLY) and Teladoc Health (NYSE: TDOC).
LLY data by YCharts
1. Eli Lilly
The best way for drugmakers to remain relevant over the long run is to continue developing innovative therapies, either for illnesses for which there is plenty of competition, or for those for which there is a dire need. Eli Lilly seems to excel in both areas. Take one of the company's most recent approvals: Mounjaro, a therapy used to control blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Eli Lilly has been competing with two other major players, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi, in the diabetes drug market for several decades. However, Mounjaro proved more effective than Novo Nordisk's semaglutide in a phase 3 clinical trial. So far, the medicine seems to be having a successful launch after getting approved in the U.S. back in May.
As Eli Lilly's CFO, Anat Ashkenazi, said during the company's second-quarter earnings conference call: "We are pleased with the initial uptake of Mounjaro, which is at the high end of our contemplated scenarios." Mounjaro could earn a label expansion as a weight loss therapy, too. This medicine looks set to deliver more than $1 billion in annual sales at its peak.
Elsewhere, Eli Lilly is developing donanemab, a potential therapy for Alzheimer's disease -- an area in which there is plenty of work to be done. The medicine received the Breakthrough Therapy designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which aims to speed up the development and approval of potential treatments that target serious illnesses
Still, It's too early to tell whether donanemab will earn approval. But Eli Lilly's wise investment in research and development and its ability to expand its lineup is a potent weapon that can help it succeed in the long run.
Spending on prescription drugs will continue to increase as the world's population ages. The number of patients in Eli Lilly's area of expertise -- diabetes -- will also grow in the coming decades. In short, the long-term thesis for Eli Lilly remains solid.
2. Teladoc Health
Telemedicine specialist Teladoc isn't as well-established as Eli Lilly. What's more, the company has struggled lately due to deepening net losses; the red ink on its bottom line is the main reason behind its poor performance in the market this year. There is also the worry that major corporations like Amazon could enter the telehealth market and steal substantial market share away from Teladoc.
But in my view, all of these worries, although real, are a bit overblown. Teladoc's net losses have been due primarily to non-cash goodwill impairment charges related to its 2020 acquisition of Livongo Health. It seems Teladoc did overpay for the acquisition, but that says little about the company's day-to-day operations.
And while it might face tougher competition in telehealth, this industry got a boost during the pandemic, and the uptake in telemedicine activity in the past two years is set to last. Between 2019 and 2020, virtual healthcare visits grew from 14,000 to 3.1 million. And according to estimates, 83% of patients will continue to use virtual care visits after the pandemic.
Multiple companies can be winners in this lucrative and growing space, and Teladoc has an edge thanks to its first-mover advantage. The company has already built a network of more than 50,000 healthcare experts worldwide who offer more than 450 specialties. This vast ecosystem is attractive to both individual patients and third-party payers.
Also, it arguably grants Teladoc a network effect: The value of its platform improves as more people use it. The more physicians join the platform, the more it becomes attractive to patients, and vice versa. It will be hard to pull these customers away from Teladoc -- in fact, the company continues to grow in this area.
During the second quarter, the company's total U.S. paying members increased by 9% year over year to 56.6 million. Total visits increased by 28% year over year to 4.7 million. The company's revenue for the quarter came in at $592.4 million, 18% higher than the year-ago period. These metrics should continue to improve, and in the long run, Teladoc is well-positioned to remain a leader in telemedicine.
With the company's stock down by 65% year to date, now is an excellent time to initiate a position.
10 stocks we like better than Eli Lilly and Company
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See the 10 stocks
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John Mackey, CEO of Whole Foods Market, an Amazon subsidiary, is a member of The Motley Fool's board of directors. Prosper Junior Bakiny has positions in Amazon and Teladoc Health. The Motley Fool has positions in and recommends Amazon and Teladoc Health. The Motley Fool recommends Novo Nordisk. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Author:Fred Eugene Leonard
Works
* Pioneers of modern physical training (1915)
* Guide to the history of physical education (1922)
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WIKI
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Email updates
Keep up to date with the latest news and content from BMC Biology and BioMed Central.
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Open Access Open Badges Research article
Mouse maternal systemic inflammation at the zygote stage causes blunted cytokine responsiveness in lipopolysaccharide-challenged adult offspring
Charlotte L Williams, Jessica L Teeling, V Hugh Perry and Tom P Fleming*
Author affiliations
School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 840, Level D Laboratories & Pathology Block, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
BMC Biology 2011, 9:49 doi:10.1186/1741-7007-9-49
Published: 19 July 2011
Abstract
Background
The preimplantation embryo is sensitive to culture conditions in vitro and poor maternal diet in vivo. Such environmental perturbations can have long-lasting detrimental consequences for offspring health and physiology. However, early embryo susceptibility to other aspects of maternal health and their potential long-term influence into adulthood is relatively unexplored. In this study, we established an in vivo mouse model of maternal periconceptional systemic inflammation by intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration on the day of zygote formation and investigated the consequences into adulthood.
Results
In the short term, maternal LPS challenge induced a transient and typical maternal sickness response (elevated serum proinflammatory cytokines and hypoactive behaviour). Maternal LPS challenge altered preimplantation embryo morphogenesis and cell lineage allocation, resulting in reduced blastocyst inner cell mass (ICM) cell number and a reduced ICM:trophectoderm cell ratio. In the long term, diverse aspects of offspring physiology were affected by maternal LPS treatment. Whilst birthweight, growth and adult blood pressure were unaltered, reduced activity in an open-field behaviour test, increased fat pad:body weight ratio and increased body mass index were observed in male, but not female, offspring. Most importantly, the maternal LPS challenge caused corticosterone-independent blunting of the serum proinflammatory cytokine response to innate immune challenge in both male and female offspring. The suppressed state of innate immunity in challenged offspring was dose-dependent with respect to the maternal LPS concentration administered.
Conclusions
These results demonstrate for the first time that the preimplantation embryo in vivo is sensitive to maternal systemic inflammation, with effects on blastocyst cell lineage allocation and consequences for behaviour, adiposity and innate immune response in adult offspring. Critically, we identify a novel mechanism mediated through maternal-embryonic interactions that confers plasticity in the development of the innate immune system, which is potentially important in setting postnatal tolerance to environmental pathogens. Our study extends the concept of developmental programming of health and disease to include maternal health at the time of conception.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Abraham Lincoln is widely considered to be one of the country's greatest presidents, and indeed, he possessed some significant strengths that helped him lead the North through the Civil War. First, Lincoln was an excellent speaker who could communicate well with friends and foes alike. He could clearly and concisely express his goals, encourage the nation in times of difficulty, and inspire morale through speeches like the Gettysburg Address and his second inaugural speech.
Further, Lincoln was a highly intelligent man who could balance numerous perspectives and find middle ground between radicals and moderates. He was open to being taught, quick to learn, accepting of disagreement, and able to share both credit for the nation's successes and blame for its failures.
Lincoln did, however, have his weaknesses as a wartime leader. First, he had no military experience whatsoever. This made it difficult for Lincoln to serve in his capacity as commander in chief, choosing generals, planning campaigns, and making necessary changes. He left General George B. McClellan in place long after he had already shown his inability to properly lead the Union army, for example. He also hesitated over strategy, allowing himself to be influenced even when he questioned his generals' ideas.
Lincoln was also quite careless about the civil rights of citizens. He suspended the writ of habeas corpus, for instance, allowing Northern officials to arrest and detain civilians without charge or trial. His orders of conscription were also constitutionally questionable. Lincoln often set aside the law and the Constitution when such served his purpose, bending the rules in favor of his own agenda.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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where -arch sm_11 in VS2008? error: identifier "atomicAdd" is undefined
hi
i have an error when compiling the subsequent code, the error is:
error: identifier “atomicAdd” is undefined
i use a 8400 gs graphic card with compute capability 1.1 and compile my code with VS2008, in my previous post one person commented that maybe i do not compile my code with -arch sm_11, i cant understand how can i use -arch sm_11 in VS2008. anyone can help me what’s this meaning? and how can i fix this error?
#include <sm_11_atomic_functions.h>
#include <cuda.h>
__global__ void VecAdd(int* old){
if( i < N){
if( k < epsilon)
int value = atomicAdd(&old[0], 1);
}
}
If you don’t know how to compile with sm_11, then do the following:
1. On the Solution Explorer on the right-hand side of the screen, right click your project name and select “Properties”.
2. On the left-hand side of the box that pops up, there is a field you can click called “CUDA Build Rule v3.0.0” (yours might have a different version number?).
3. Now click where you can type into the box to the right of “GPU Architecture” and replace (presumably) sm_10 with sm_11.
Easy as 1-2-3. Hope this is what you were talking about.
Hey Zenosparadox thanks for that.
I have always wondered if mine is configured properly (originally a copy of either an SDK one, or someone elses) and I have similarly had troubles with atomics. From what you say my .csproj is obviously inferior to the one you are using.
If I do what you say, in the “Custom Build Step” for the project in the describtion field it just says “Performing Custom Build Step” nothing else there or anywhere I can find.
However if I view the properties for a file that is part of that project and view the Custom Build Step for that file in the Command line field (if Debug mode) it has
(CUDA_BIN_PATH)\nvcc.exe" -ccbin "(VCInstallDir)bin” -c -D_DEBUG -DWIN32 -D_CONSOLE -D_MBCS -Xcompiler /EHsc,/W3,/nologo,/Wp64,/Od,/Zi,/RTC1,/MTd -I"(CUDA_INC_PATH)" -I./ -I../../common/inc -o (ConfigurationName)$(InputName).obj $(InputFileName)
(NB /Wp64 is in there and that is causing a heap of “deprecated” warnings and -arch sm_… not visible anywhere)
—and for Release mode —
(CUDA_BIN_PATH)\nvcc.exe" -ccbin "(VCInstallDir)bin” -c -DWIN32 -D_CONSOLE -D_MBCS -Xcompiler /EHsc,/W3,/nologo,/Wp64,/O2,/Zi,/MT -I"(CUDA_INC_PATH)" -I./ -I../../common/inc -o (ConfigurationName)$(InputName).obj $(InputFileName)
– and different again for each of the Emus —
As this is for the file it means every .cu file has to have similaar entries for its Visual Studio properties. If I view the .csproj with UltraEdit it is quite lenghly and repetetive.
Also if I do the same for the simpleAtomicIntrinsics from the SDK then VisualStudio only allows me to view the CommandLine, I have to use UltraEdit to see that it is
-arch sm_11. So with that one ‘atomics’ work, but it also has layers of dependencies that have made it to painful to pick up a ‘project’ file and move it into our master solution :( and as a result I have had to avoid using atomics.
So its all a bit of a mess really.
Q: Is there a better way for the .csproj to be set up ?
Q: is there an example somewhere ?
I am using Cuda with C#, also sometimes with C++ or C
Thanks in advance
kbam
thank you!
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Pictures at Eleven
Pictures at Eleven is the debut solo studio album by former Led Zeppelin singer Robert Plant, released on 25 June 1982 in the US and on 2 July in the UK. Genesis drummer Phil Collins played drums for five of the album's eight songs. Ex-Rainbow drummer Cozy Powell handled drums on "Slow Dancer" and "Like I've Never Been Gone." On the song "Fat Lip", guitarist Robbie Blunt played a Roland TR-808 drum machine. The title was an often-heard phrase in US television news that would follow a brief announcement of a story of interest to be shown later during a station's 11 PM news program. Pictures at Eleven is the only one of Plant's solo albums to appear on Led Zeppelin's record label Swan Song. By the time of Plant's next release, 1983's The Principle of Moments, Swan Song had ceased to function, and Plant had started his own label named Es Paranza, which would also be distributed by Atlantic Records. Rhino Entertainment released a remastered edition of the album, with bonus tracks, on 20 March 2007.
Critical reception
In a contemporary review for Rolling Stone, Kurt Loder wrote, "even though there's nothing new going on in these grooves, the sheer formal thrill of hearing someone who knows exactly what he's doing makes Pictures at Eleven something of an event almost in spite of its modest ambitions." Robert Christgau from The Village Voice was impressed by Plant's ability to recreate Led Zeppelin's aural sensibilities with duller musicians and catchier undertones, but ultimately found the music somewhat insignificant.
Personnel
* Robert Plant – vocals
* Robbie Blunt – guitars, Roland TR-808 on track 6
* Jezz Woodroffe – keyboards, synthesizers,
* Phil Collins – drums on tracks 1–3, 5, 8, all bonus tracks
* Cozy Powell – drums on tracks 4 and 7
* Paul Martinez – bass guitar
* Raphael Ravenscroft – saxophone on track 3
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WIKI
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Robert (choreographer)
Robert Raj is an Indian choreographer and actor who has worked in across India's several regional film industries. He has also appeared as an actor, often portraying villainous roles or by making cameo appearances in songs he has choreographed.
Career
Robert began his career as a child artiste, notably playing Mammooty's son in Azhagan (1991). Robert then featured as a villain in films, with major acting roles in Sathyaraj's Maaran (2002) and the 2004 film Dancer, which told the story of a disabled student making it successful as a dancer. Portraying the antagonist, Robert won critical acclaim for his portrayal and secured the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Villain later that year. In the period, he also featured in Pavalakodi (2003), with reviewers criticizing his performance, noting Robert "struggles to emote and even potentially funny dialogues lose their effect because of his dialogue delivery".
Robert won the Vijay Award for Best Choreographer for his work in Podaa Podi (2012), in which he also made a cameo appearance in the video of "Love Panlamma?".
Prior to the release of the film Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva (2017), actor Tinku released a video alleging that composer Amresh Ganesh had stolen a song titled "Hara Hara Mahadevaki" from a film that he and Robert were making titled Thaathaa Car-ai Thodadhae. Tinku alleged that Amresh had worked together with them to create the song during early 2015, but production troubles had shelved the film and subsequently Amresh had taken the song to a different project. In a press meet in February 2017, Amresh Ganesh refuted the claims and provided evidence of Tinku and Robert continuously trying to scam him by gathering funds for the shelved project. Amresh stated that he had developed the song free of cost and had paid for the duo to take part in a failed shoot of the song in Bangkok, before the film was stalled. Moreover, Amresh revealed that Robert had owned up to playing the song to music composer Srikanth Deva, and had attempted to include it in another shelved film titled Minor Kunju Kaanom which Tinku, Robert and Srikanth Deva were involved in.
Personal life
Robert's elder sister Alphonsa, has also appeared in Tamil films.
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WIKI
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National library of the United States
National library of the United States may refer to:
* Library of Congress (LOC)
* United States National Agricultural Library (NAL)
* National Library of Education (United States) (NLE)
* United States National Library of Medicine (NLM)
* National Transportation Library (NTL)
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WIKI
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Bronx Needle Exchange, Once Dismissed, Finds Acceptance
Side Street When Joyce A. Rivera decided in 1990 to confront the AIDS epidemic that had claimed her brother’s life, she teamed up with unlikely allies: two drug dealers in the South Bronx. First, she educated them on how dirty needles and unprotected sex spread H.I.V., which causes AIDS. Then, she wound up distributing clean syringes to their customers in Mott Haven. “I put my time and effort into seeing the drug dealers as real persons who had access to so many users that I could make a dent in the epidemic if I won them over,” she said. “I never said they were nice guys. But they were educable.” Back then, her needle exchange program — St. Ann’s Corner of Harm Reduction — operated on the fringes of an impoverished minority community. The public saw her efforts as enabling drug users who would be better off behind bars. Today, her methods are viewed as part of an effective public health strategy that prevents the spread of disease and offers addicts help. She suspects that her once-unorthodox approach has gained acceptance now that opioid and heroin addiction has exploded in white, suburban communities (almost 90 percent of new users are white, according to one national study). Compassion, rather than criminalization, is the keyword, with some police departments and politicians reassessing strategies developed during the war on drugs (which one former aide to President Richard M. Nixon was reported to have said had been mounted, in part, to target African-Americans). “It had been a really big problem for years, but nobody cared because people had a very specific idea of what a drug user looked like,” said Dr. Chinazo O. Cunningham, a professor at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx who has worked extensively on harm reduction. “It’s about time to see the shift from incarceration to treatment. But it’s bittersweet because it’s clear the reason it’s happening now is that it’s affecting communities that are white and affluent.” The number of H.I.V. infections and AIDS deaths was already staggering by the time Ms. Rivera started her needle exchange. It had been enough to divert her from pursuing a doctorate in political science and devote herself to public health at the grass-roots level. Her decision was reinforced by more family tragedies, when she lost two more close relatives to AIDS. Still, she hit resistance. Politicians were wary of her work, as were the police who were racking up arrests of low-level dealers and users, while residents whose neighborhoods were plagued by drugs saw her as enabling criminals. “When my brother died, the policies against drug users were shocking,” Ms. Rivera said. “The opposition to giving out syringes was such that they preferred to see drug users die. When you challenge the status quo with a more humane way of dealing with the problem, there are many constituencies invested in preventing change. It was about scapegoating the traditional bad guys.” She stuck with her approach, helped by New York State health officials and other allies who saw needle sharing as a public health emergency. She said she welcomed the changing attitudes among white suburbanites and looked forward to the special session of the United Nations General Assembly this week on the global drug problem, where advocates for harm reduction hope their experiences will influence policy makers from around the world. “Change has to include coalitions among many people and many groups,” Ms. Rivera said. “Without that majority, you’re only going to be making change at the margins.” Not that her work is marginal. At its regular sidewalk locations, her group distributes clean syringes, paraphernalia, condoms and naloxone, a drug that counters the effects of an opioid overdose. Inside its offices on Westchester Avenue, St. Ann’s Corner offers social and medical services, and clients come in for not only meals and showers, but also acupuncture and a quiet space to mediate. The organization’s goal, she said, is to let people get help, get stable and sort out their challenges. Camille Lipscomb was still using heroin when she arrived at St. Ann’s Corner almost two years ago. A decades-long addict, she had lost her freedom after several arrests. It had even cost her her home, landing her in a shelter. But the hardest part for Ms. Lipscomb, who was raised by parents who were professionals, was losing her grandson’s respect. “He said his grandma was thugged out and bugged out,” she recalled. “To hear him say that, I knew I had to do something.” She stopped using heroin seven months ago. She has received a housing voucher and looks forward to having her own apartment once again. She still goes to St. Ann’s Corner, eager to help others as she was, rather than judged. “This was a place for me to be still and gather my thoughts,” Ms. Lipscomb said. “What I really liked here was the camaraderie. People don’t look down at you here.” The Side Street column in some editions on Monday, about St. Ann’s Corner of Harm Reduction, a needle exchange program in the Bronx, misidentified the officials who helped the founder, Joyce A. Rivera, with the program. They were New York State health officials, not New York City health officials.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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User:RedEyesMetal
RedEyesMetal (also known as Red, REM or Red Eyes Metal) is a user on Wikipedia.
General Stuff
I'm currently living in the UK, and I'm studying for my A2 Exams, and am entering University in September. I like anime and manga in general, with my favorites being Naruto, Bleach and One Piece. I also play video games, listen to music, sports, and enjoying going to far places.
My Favorite Anime
* Naruto
* Bleach
* One Piece
* The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya
* Cowboy Bebop
* Samurai Champloo
* Death Note
* School Rumble
* Trigun
* Black Blood Brothers
Goals on Wiki
* Improve Articles as best I can with the help of others
* Create Articles if they are needed
* Get along with people and reach proper agreements
People who I consider friends on Wikipedia
* Ynhockey
* HanaIchi
Articles Created
* Koji Yusa
* Hiroki Yasumoto
* Shiro Saito
* Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 (This page is no longer available. See Bleach: Heat the Soul for the main article information.)
* Koga Gou (This page is no longer avaliable. Merged into Bounts in Bleach.)
* Dragon Ball Z Shin Budokai: Another Road
* Episode of Alabasta: The Desert Princess and the Pirates (This page is now re-directed)
* List of Fullmetal Alchemist manga
* Blue Dragon: Secret Trick
* Bleach: The DiamondDust Rebellion
* Gothic Sports
* List of The Lion King characters (This page has now been merged)
* Sora Takeuchi
* List of BioShock characters (This page is no longer available. Deleted)
* NINJA 2009 Tour Sampler
* God of War: Blood & Metal EP
* Mutiny Within
Articles Contributed Heavily
* Mezzo DSA (Major information added)
* Bounts in Bleach (Added Seiyuu)
* List of minor characters in One Piece (Added Seiyuu)
* Bleach media and materials (Various Information added)
* Air Gear (Cited Sources)
* Sonic and the Secret Rings (Cited Sources)
* Blue Dragon (Added anime details)
* El Cazador de la Bruja (Added character pictures)
* The Godfather: The Game (Clean up)
* Ryunosuke Umemiya (Clean up and rewrite)
* Looney Tunes: Acme Arsenal (Clean up)
* Papercut (Clean up)
* Tao Ren (Clean up, trivia merged, re-write)
* Sleeping Forest (Clean up, re-write)
* Genesis (Clean up)
* Spike Spiegel (Table Added, Info sorted)
* Nicholas D. Wolfwood (Cleaned up, Re-Organised)
* Kane & Lynch: Dead Men (Added Development)
* Dark Sector (Cleaned, Re-organized)
* Sevendust discography (Fixed B-side listing)
* List of Yu-Gi-Oh! characters (Merged lists, massive clean-up)
Character Reception Added
The following are anime characters which I've added valuble character reception to or helped clean up in some other way.
* Alphonse Elric
* Roy Mustang
* Itsuki Minami
* Akito Wanijima
* Vash the Stampede
* Nicholas D. Wolfwood
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WIKI
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Pseudagonica
Pseudagonica is a genus in the beetle family Carabidae. There are about 13 described species in Pseudagonica, found in Australia.
Species
These 13 species belong to the genus Pseudagonica:
* Pseudagonica aberrans Baehr, 2012
* Pseudagonica alpina Baehr, 2012
* Pseudagonica amblyops Baehr, 2012
* Pseudagonica incerta Baehr, 2012
* Pseudagonica latibasis Baehr, 2012
* Pseudagonica longipennis Baehr, 2012
* Pseudagonica macrops Baehr, 2012
* Pseudagonica minuta Baehr, 2012
* Pseudagonica montisfusci Baehr, 2012
* Pseudagonica nitida B.Moore, 1960
* Pseudagonica obscuripes Baehr, 2012
* Pseudagonica orbitalis Baehr, 2012
* Pseudagonica spinosa Baehr, 2012
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WIKI
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Page:History of the Indian Archipelago Vol 3.djvu/451
ARTICLES OF EXPORTATION. 435 Of the quantity of birds' nests exported from the Indian Islands, although we cannot state the exact amount, we have data for hazarding some probable conjectures respecting it. From Java there are exported about 200 piculs, or 27,000 lbs. the greater part of which is of the first quahty. The greatest quantity is from the Siduh Ar- chipelago, and consists of 530 piculs. From Macassar there are sent about 30 piculs of the fine kind. These data will enable us to offer some conjectures respecting the whole quantity, for the edible swallow's nest being universally and almost equally diffused from Junk, Ceylon, to New Guinea, and the whole produce going to one market, and only by one conveyance, the junks, it is probable, that the average quantity taken by each vessel is not less than the sum taken from the ports just mentioned. Taking the quantity sent from Bata- via as the estimate, we know that this is conveyed by 5300 tons of shipping, and, therefore, the whole quantity will be 1818 piculs, or 242,400 lbs., as the whole quantity of Chinese shipping is 30,000 tons. In the Archipelago, at the prices already quoted, this property is worth 1,263,510 Spanish dollars, or L. 284,290. The value of this im- mense property to the country which produces it, rests upon the capricious wants of a single people. From its nature it necessarily follows that it is claimed as the exclusive property of the sovereign,
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WIKI
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Adolf Soetbeer
Adolf Soetbeer (23 November 1814 – 22 October 1892) was a German economist, born at Hamburg. In 1840 he became librarian and in 1843 Secretary of the Hamburg Chamber of Commerce, where he laid the foundation of the excellent system of commercial statistics for which Hamburg became noted. He published Denkschrift über Hamburgs Münzverhältnisse (1846) and subsequently numerous monographs and pamphlets, defending the cause of gold monometallism. Until his death he ranked as the leading defender of the single gold standard, the adoption of which by Germany was brought about largely through his efforts. Among his most important works are:
* Denkschrift betreffend die Einführung der Goldwährung in Deutschland (1854)
* Zur Frage der deutschen Münzeinheit (1861)
* Beiträge zur Geschichte des Geld- and Münz- wesens in Deutschland (1862)
* Edelmettalproduction und Wertverhältnis zwischen Gold und Silber seit der Entdeckung Amerikas bis zur Gegenwart (1879)
* Materialien zur Erläuterung und Beurteilung der wirtschaftlichen Edelmettallverhältnisse und der Währungsfrage (1885).
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Page:Fantastic Universe (1956-10; vol. 8, no. 3).djvu/67
Rh medical dismissal slip. And also without paying his bill!
Mr. Archer, the Administrator, tried to be patient with Alice Small, day Head in Surgical Ward. "Tell us just what took place. Miss Small."
"We couldn't stop him," Alice said. "Can you stop a tornado?"
"Has he had visitors?" asked Mr. Archer.
"His wife. The first three days. Then he asked could he have a No Visitors sign on his door? I thought it was funny but he said that company tired him. I can tell you his wife didn't like it either, but she left finally. Gracious! If he doesn't go home, what will we tell her?"
The patient did not return to his home. His wife brought a lawyer into it, and the hospital had a lawsuit on its hands. When Dr. Smith was informed of the disappearance of his patient, he appeared undisturbed.
"The man may have gone to the home of a relative. Surely, we know nothing of his private life. Possibly, he simply took this opportunity to escape a marriage in which he was not happy."
It was all mystifying and without precedent. The hospital turned the matter over to its own attorneys, and to all concerned the incident was closed. When, however, three times in three months, the same incident, once involving a woman patient, was repeated, the atmosphere at Watkins General became tense. And throughout the excitement and disorder caused, a few of the younger nurses leaving because they were frightened, only Sara Beals seemed to pinpoint the fact that all four had been patients of Dr. Smith's. She spoke of this to no one, since she was not given to gossip and had never mentioned her observation of Dr. Smith's peculiarity at the beginning of an operation. Having always read mystery tales with great enjoyment, Sara determined to do a little detecting herself. She listed the facts she had in her possession:
1. Dr. Horton Smith has done the surgery on all patients who have mysteriously left the hospital.
2. Dr. Smith bends over the patient immediately after the first incision is made.
3. Dr. Smith has made it a practice to pay a midnight call to his patients on the fourth night after surgery.
Sara had learned this third fact on her list from her good friend Theresa Chase who was on the night shift in Surgical. She had a great deal in common with Theresa since they were both past forty, and sensibly resigned to never marrying or having children. Working together at Watkins since their early twenties, they could relax with one another and discuss personalities without fear of being stigmatized by the name of gossip.
"Dr. Smith's a real considerate person," said Theresa. "Not like the others. They want me to
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Opinion | A Story of London in 3 Pints
The city I once knew has changed dramatically in 40 years. But so have I. Contributing Opinion Writer The great war correspondent Martha Gellhorn once said, “In England, when you want to find out how people are feeling, you always go to the pubs.” So pull up a stool. Here’s a story of London, November 2019, in three pints. Two weeks ago I found myself back at one of my old haunts, the Rising Sun on Tottenham Court Road, drinking a pint of bitter. It had been my “local” during the “Winter of Discontent,” in early 1979, when the trash collectors went on strike, then the lorry drivers, then the gravediggers. By that summer Prime Minister James Callaghan was out, and Margaret Thatcher was in. I was a student then. It was the coldest winter since 1963, and I remember walking through the snow, looking for a place to live, the wind howling. One night I called Pennsylvania from one of those red British phone boxes. My mother told me that my father’s cancer had returned. Don’t come home, she said. You enjoy yourself! Later I thawed out by a gas fire in the Rising Sun. An old man who lived in the flat above the bar offered me counsel. His bulldog lay on the floor. “Everybody dies,” he suggested. It’s been 40 years, and I have long since forgotten the man’s name. I remember the bulldog’s though: Benjamin. I returned to London six years later, in 1985. I walked up and down Tottenham Court Road, but the pub had vanished. Instead, I found something called The Presley, an Elvis theme bar. The interior was black, with red velvet chairs. The Victorian interior had been destroyed. The fireplace was sealed. There was no sign of Benjamin. As I left, however, I saw tiles on the floor of the foyer that spelled out, the Rising Sun. Well, you can’t go home again, I concluded. But ten years after that, I once more found myself back in London. And there it was: the Rising Sun — more or less as I remembered it, restored by its new owners. Had The Presley just been a terrible dream? “We try not to talk about The Presley,” said the bartender. The moral here might be that of the great philosopher Bruce Springsteen: “Everything dies, baby that’s a fact. But maybe everything that dies someday comes back.” For our second pint let’s take a short detour to Cork, Ireland, where I lived in the late 1990s. The pub is the Gables on Douglas Street, and it was there, on Sunday nights, that my friend John Neville, of the band North Cregg, would play “sliabh luachra” tunes, the raucous traditional music of Kerry and West Cork. It had been my fond hope during this London trip to fly over to Cork for a few days, to see old friends and have a glass of Murphy’s at the Gables, and to hear John sing the old songs. But Brexit was supposed to kick in on Nov. 1, and I’d been warned off traveling to Ireland from London at that time. This was a perfectly groundless fear, but I’d been spooked anyway and like a fool I’d canceled the side trip. Shortly thereafter, Brexit, deal or no deal, was put off yet again. I’d come to England this November to teach at the American School in London, to talk about transgender identity and writing. After work, Brexit arose in nearly every conversation, and when it did people groaned with exhaustion and fury. Please, they said. Just make it stop. That would be my second lesson: Brexit has poisoned everything. Whatever Britain has been, it is becoming something else. Let’s take our final pint down at the Sherlock Holmes, near Charing Cross. My father, a great fan of Arthur Conan Doyle, had loved it there, even though it is a giant tourist trap, almost more like one of those fake English pubs in Epcot Center than the genuine article. When I’m in London, though, I like to have a lager and lime there and remember the old man. That fellow with the bulldog wasn’t wrong: Everybody dies. But who knows? Maybe everything that dies someday comes back. Now and again, when I am holding forth, I feel my father’s hand upon my shoulder. The Sherlock Holmes was loud and crowded, though, and I didn’t want to linger. But before I headed out, I went up the stairs and peeked into a back room, where just as in years past, I found the reproduction of the study in 221B Baker Street. There was Holmes’ pipe, and his violin, and his scientific equipment. There was the snuffbox — a gift from the King of Bohemia in the wake of the case of Irene Adler, the woman who once disguised herself as a man. I wanted to say, look out Irene Adler. It’s a slippery slope. Earlier that day, I had looked at the skyline and hardly recognized the city I once had known so well. It made me sad, to think of all the changes that have come to London, and to think of what the post-Brexit future might hold. But then, I’m not who I was 40 years ago, either, and it occurs to me that maybe the only thing worse than change is its absence. Martha Gellhorn reportedly once wrote, “Those who find growing old terrible are people who haven’t done what they wanted with their lives.” By that measure, I haven’t found growing old terrible. Sometimes it amazes me, that I am even here at all. We left the Sherlock Holmes — my wife and our friend Amy and I — and headed up the street to the Ship and Shovell. It was quiet and warm. A fire glowed in the corner. We had a few pints. The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips. And here’s our email: letters@nytimes.com. Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook, Twitter (@NYTopinion) and Instagram.
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Big names in tech to convene next week at Code Conference
Next week, Silicon Valley will be flying south to schmooze, break bread and discuss the future. Top executives at public giants including Amazon, Cisco, Facebook, Alphabet's Google, IBM and Tesla, as well as multibillion-dollar start-ups such as Uber-competitors Didi Chuxing and Grab, are among the speakers lined up for the third annual Code Conference, run every year by Recode. What do most of these tech biggies have in common? They are the platforms providing the infrastructure of our increasingly connected world — from cloud computing to transportation on the ground — and building the framework for the internet of everything. The event — which gathers influencers in technology, media and business — runs from Tuesday evening through Thursday afternoon next week in Southern California (Rancho Palos Verdes, 30 miles south of Los Angeles). Other speakers include Bill and Melinda Gates, co-chairs of the The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Ford Motor Company CEO Mark Fields and civil rights activist DeRay Mckesson. But it is often what happens behind closed doors that is most interesting. Last year, talk of a bubble in private company valuations dominated much of the chatter. Snapchat CEO Evan Spiegel set the tone by publicly blaming the Federal Reserve and near-zero interest rates for forcing more investors into the private markets in search of growth, in turn fueling sky-high private company valuations. Flash-forward a year, and how things have changed: Capital is not so easy to come by and most Silicon Valley insiders openly acknowledge that a correction in the private markets is underway. This year, expect the shift in valuations and lack of liquidity to be sources of discussion, particularly among the many venture capital investors on the guest list. Spiegel is not slated for an appearance this year, but Snapchat is sure to be a hot topic. The company said in a regulatory filing Thursday that it raised $1.8 billion in a new financing round. Read More Snapchat valued at more than $22B in new financing round, TechCrunch says Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg will be a highlight of the main stage and will likely fend off questions around competition from Snapchat. Of course, Facebook's most recent earnings shattered Wall Street expectations, but there are some suggestions that user . Facebook is stepping up its overall presence at the conference this year — CTO Mike Schroepfer will also take the stage and will likely talk about Zuck's 10-year vision, which includes virtual reality, artificial intelligence and bots. Read More How Facebook's CTO stays ahead of the future Twitter has had a longstanding presence at Code, and that continues this year. Last year, CEO Dick Costolo — joined onstage by the CEO of newly acquired streaming video app du jour Periscope — addressed questions about his leadership, telling Recode executive editor Kara Swisher he and his board were "totally in sync." Just two weeks later, Costolo stepped down. This year, it's the turn of CEO Jack Dorsey — who now runs both Twitter and Square — to answer questions about how he plans to get Twitter back on track, while at the same time building Square's business and finding time to sleep. Last year, Google's head of business Omid Kordestani defended the company's moonshot projects, but also signaled that investors could expect more discipline going forward. Four months later, Google and its moonshots became subsidiaries of holding company Alphabet. This year, Google CEO Sundar Pichai will provide a rare inside look at what is in store for Google's money-printing machine in the basement — the company's core ad business. Two big names, who were not at Code last year, are sure to draw a lot of attention both on and off the stage: Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos and Tesla and SpaceX CEO Elon Musk. Anything they say is likely to make headlines. One topic that is sure to come up, particularly with Bezos, is presumptive Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump. Bezos has defended his company against repeated jabs from Trump, who claims Amazon is getting away with "murder" when it comes to paying taxes. Read More Bezos rebuts Trump's attacks: I'm 'very comfortable' with Amazon's practices Connected and autonomous cars are likely to be a big topic of discussion at Code once again. Uber CEO Travis Kalanick will not be there, but executives from two of the company's biggest international rivals, Grab CEO Anthony Tan and Didi Chuxing president Jean Liu, will. Didi is Uber's biggest rival in China and last week announced . Last year, traditional auto-makers were represented by General Motors CEO Mary Barra. This year, Ford CEO and president Mark Fields will occupy that role. There's lots to talk about with Fields. For example, Ford is working to integrate vehicles with Amazon Echo to provide voice control access between the car and home, the company announced a $182 million investment in cloud-computing start-up Pivotal in May and a new coalition with Alphabet's Google and Uber to advocate for federal action to help bring self-driving cars to market. Read More Ford, Microsoft pour $253 million into start-up Pivotal Enterprise giants Cisco CEO Chuck Robbins and IBM CEO Ginni Rometty are likely to focus on key strengths, such as security, software services and big data during their onstage interviews. Both CEOs are grappling with changes in the technology industry, such as the shift to cloud computing, and are working to reposition their businesses for the future. One tech company noticeably missing from the lineup is Apple. Last year, Apple operations SVP Jeff Williams — the man in charge of Apple Watch development — described response to the Watch as "fantastic" and , its outside manufacturer in China. Last year at the conference, exactly two months after losing a gender discrimination lawsuit against her former employer, venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, Ellen Pao told Swisher she did not regret the lawsuit, despite losing. Though the tech press has largely moved on from the discussion around gender discrimination, the issue will again be a big feature of the conference. Activist and educator DeRay Mckesson, named one of 2015's 50 World's Greatest Leaders by Fortune magazine, will take the stage and talk about the movement to confront the systems and structures that lead to mass incarceration and police violence against minority populations. Disclosure: NBC News group is a minority stakeholder in Recode and the companies have a content sharing partnership.
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Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation v. Ltv Corporation/Concurrence White
Justice WHITE, with whom Justice O'CONNOR joins, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
I join the Court's opinion except for the statement of the judgment and footnote 11. In particular, I agree that the anti-follow-on policy at issue here is not contrary to the statute and that the PBGC would not have been prohibited from applying that policy as a basis for restoration in this case. Unlike the Court, however, I cannot read the notice of restoration as relying on the anti-follow-on policy and respondents' alleged improved financial position as alternative, independent grounds for restoration. The notice, as I read it, clearly rested on both grounds in conjunction. Furthermore, it would make good sense to rely on improved financial position, for without it there would be a risk of an early retermination of the plan. At the very least, there is serious doubt about the matter, and if the Court of Appeals was correct that the PBGC's assessment of respondents' financial position was inadequate-and I think it was-the case should be remanded to the agency to consider whether the anti-follow-on plan by itself provides sufficient grounds for a restoration order.
I realize that the PBGC represented at oral argument that it had relied on its anti-follow-on policy and on respondents' improved financial condition as separate and independent grounds for the restoration, Tr. of Oral Arg. 25-26, but counsel's post hoc rationalizations are no substitute for adequate action by the agency itself. See ''Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Assn. of United States, Inc. v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co.,'' 463 U.S. 29, 50, 103 S.Ct. 2856, 2870, 77 L.Ed.2d 443 (1983). Nor may the PBGC's restoration order be upheld even though the agency might reach the same result on remand, relying only on the anti-follow-on policy. "[The agency's] action must be measured by what [it] did, not by what it might have done. . . . The [agency's] action cannot be upheld merely because findings might have been made and considerations disclosed which would justify its order as an appropriate safeguard for the interests protected by the Act." SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80, 93-94, 63 S.Ct. 454, 461-62, 87 L.Ed. 626 (1943).
I would therefore reverse the Court of Appeals in part, affirm in part, and remand with directions to return the case to the PBGC.
Justice STEVENS, dissenting.
In my opinion, at least with respect to ERISA plans that the PBGC has terminated involuntarily, the use of its restoration power under § 4047 to prohibit "follow-on" plans is contrary to the agency's statutory mandate. Unless there was a sufficient improvement in LTV's financial condition to justify the restoration order, I believe it should be set aside. I, therefore, would remand the case for a determination of whether that ground for the agency decision is adequately supported by the record.
A company that is undergoing reorganization under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code continues to operate an ongoing business and must have a satisfactory relationship with its work force in order to complete the reorganization process successfully. If its previous pension plans have been involuntarily terminated with the consequence that the PBGC has assumed the responsibility for discharging a significant share of the company's pension obligations, that responsibility by the PBGC is an important resource on which the company has a right to rely during the reorganization process. It may use the financial cushion to fund capital investments, to pay current salary, or to satisfy contractual obligations, including the obligation to pay pension benefits. As long as the company uses its best efforts to complete the reorganization (and, incidentally, to reimburse the PBGC for payments made to its former employees to the extent required by ERISA), the PBGC does not have any reason to interfere with managerial decisions that the company makes and the bankruptcy court approves. Whether the company's resources are dedicated to current expenditures or capital investments and whether the package of employee benefits that is provided to the work force is composed entirely of wages, vacation pay, and health insurance, on the one hand, or includes additional pension benefits, on the other, should be matters of indifference to the PBGC. Indeed, if it was faithful to the statement of congressional purposes in ERISA, see ante, at 648, it should favor an alternative that increases the company's use and maintenance of pension plans and that provides for continued payment to existing plan beneficiaries. The follow-on plans, in my opinion, are wholly consistent with the purposes of ERISA.
According to the Court, the PBGC policy is premised on the belief that if the company cannot adopt a follow-on plan, the employees will object more strenuously (1) in the case of a voluntary termination, to the "company's original decision to terminate a plan"; and (2) in the case of an involuntary termination, to the company's decision "to take financial steps that make termination likely." Ante, at 651. That belief might be justified in the case of a voluntary termination of an ERISA plan. Since the follow-on plan would be adopted immediately after plan termination, those who could object to the insurable event are also reasonably assured of receiving benefits when the insurance is paid. That view is wholly unwarranted, however, in the case of an involuntary termination. The insurable event, plan termination, is within the control of the PBGC, which presumably has determined that the company does not have the financial resources to meet its current pension obligations. Even if the company could adopt a follow-on plan, the employees will be no less likely to object to the financial steps that will lead to plan termination because they would have no basis for belief that a union will insist on that course when, perhaps years later, the PBGC involuntarily terminates the plan. The safety that comes from a healthy pension plan will not be overcome by the hope that a future union will remember the interests of its retirees and former employees. Plan restoration in these circumstances is not a legitimate curative to the problem of moral hazard, but rather constitutes punishment of both labor and management for the imprudence of their predecessors.
In the case of an involuntary termination, if a mistake in the financial analysis is made, or if there is a sufficient change in the financial condition of the company to justify a reinstatement of the company's obligation, the PBGC should use its restoration powers. Without such a financial justification, however, there is nothing in the statute to authorize the PBGC's use of that power to prevent a company from creating or maintaining the kind of employee benefit program that the statute was enacted to encourage.
Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.
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Union Pacific's Strong Q4 Will Aid Its Stock Price Growth
[Updated: Jan 26, 2022] Union Pacific Q4 Earnings Update
Union Pacific (NYSE: UNP) reported its Q4 results last week, with revenue above, but earnings falling short of our estimates. The company reported revenue of $5.7 billion (up 12% y-o-y), in-line with our forecast and slightly above the consensus estimate of $5.6 billion. Union Pacific’s EPS of $2.66 was up 30% y-o-y, and it was lower than our forecast of $2.71. However, the company was able to beat the consensus estimate of $2.61. All three key segments – Bulk, Industrial, and Premium saw revenue growth. Our dashboard on Union Pacific’s Revenues offers more details on the company’s segments.
After an earnings beat (compared to the consensus estimates), UNP stock has seen a rise of 2% last week, outperforming the broader markets, with the S&P500 falling 5%. Union Pacific reported operating ratio of 57.4%, reflecting a 360 bps y-o-y decline despite rising fuel prices. This marked a better performance compared to its peer CSX, which saw its operating ratio of 60.1%, up 301 bps from 57.0% in the prior year quarter. Union Pacific, in-line with other major railroad companies, has been focused on reducing its operating ratio. Despite the challenges during the pandemic, and inflationary headwinds in 2021, Union Pacific reported a low figure of 57.2% in 2021, compared to 59.9% in 2020, and 60.6% in 2019. Furthermore, the company has stated that it expects its operating ratio to decline further to 55.5% in 2022.
We have also updated our model following the company’s recently announced Q4 results. We have revised our Union Pacific’s Valuation to be around $267 per share (vs. $262 earlier) which is 9% above the current market price of $244. This represents a P/E multiple of 23x for the company based on our EPS forecast of $11.46 for Union Pacific in 2022.
While UNP stock looks poised for some more gains going forward, it is helpful to see how its peers stack up. Check out how Union Pacific’s Peers fare on metrics that matter. You will find other useful comparisons for companies across industries at Peer Comparisons.
[Updated: Jan 18, 2022] Union Pacific Q4 Earnings Preview
Union Pacific (NYSE:UNP) is scheduled to report its Q4 2021 results on Thursday, January 20. We expect the company to post revenue and earnings above the consensus estimates. The company likely navigated well over the latest quarter, driven by an expected increase in coal transportation as well as a rebound in industrial freight, in our view.
However, the margins in Q4 may face some pressure due to inflationary headwinds as the company renews its contracts. While we estimate the revenue and earnings to be above the consensus estimates, our forecast indicates that Union Pacific’s valuation is around $262 per share, which offers only 6% upside potential, implying that UNP stock is appropriately valued at its current levels. Our interactive dashboard analysis on Union Pacific’s Pre-Earnings has additional details.
(1) Revenues expected to be above the consensus estimates
Trefis estimates Union Pacific’s Q4 2021 revenues to be around $5.7 billion, slightly above the $5.6 billion consensus estimate. The rise in the vaccination rate in the U.S. has resulted in a pickup in economic activities, and this should bode well for Union Pacific’s freight business. The company’s 13% revenue growth in Q3 was driven by a 14% rise in bulk revenues, a 22% jump in industrial, and 1% growth for its premium freight. Automotive freight was down 13% due to the impact of chip shortages on the overall production, and, in turn, its transportation.
The company’s largest segment – industrial freight – likely saw strong sales in Q4 given the economic growth. However, a drop in natural gas prices in Q4 due to rising output and the spread of Omicron may impact the overall sales growth in Q4 and Q1. Our dashboard on Union Pacific’s Revenues offers more details on the company’s segments.
2) EPS also likely to be below the consensus estimates
Union Pacific’s Q4 2021 earnings per share (EPS) is expected to be $2.71 per Trefis analysis, 10 cents above the consensus estimate of $2.61. Union Pacific’s net income of $1.7 billion in Q3 2021 reflected a 23% rise from its $1.4 billion figure in the prior-year quarter. This can be attributed to higher revenues, and a 240 bps fall in operating ratio to 56.3%. Looking forward, inflationary pressure and rising wages likely impacted the company’s margins in Q4, weighing on overall earnings growth. The impact may be minimal if the company successfully passes on the increased costs to the customers during the contract renewals in Q4 and Q1. For the full-year 2022, we expect the EPS to be higher at $11.35, compared to $7.88 in 2020, and an estimated $10.00 in 2021.
(3) Stock price estimate 6% above the current market price
We estimate Union Pacific’s Valuation to be around $262 per share which is 6% above the current market price. This represents a P/EBITDA multiple of 19.1 for the company based on our forecast for Union Pacific EBITDA for the current fiscal year. Overall, UNP stock appears to be appropriately priced at its current levels and investors may be better off waiting for a dip to buy the stock for higher gains, in our view.
While UNP stock appears to be appropriately priced, the Covid-19 crisis has created many pricing discontinuities which can offer attractive trading opportunities. For example, you’ll be surprised how counter-intuitive the stock valuation is for Heartland Express vs. Altice USA.
What if you’re looking for a more balanced portfolio instead? Here’s a high-quality portfolio that’s beaten the market consistently since the end of 2016.
Returns Jan 2022
MTD [1] 2022
YTD [1] 2017-22
Total [2]
UNP Return -2% -2% 138%
S&P 500 Return -2% -2% 108%
Trefis MS Portfolio Return -7% -7% 264%
[1] Month-to-date and year-to-date as of 1/18/2022
[2] Cumulative total returns since the end of 2016
Invest with Trefis Market-Beating Portfolios See all Trefis Price Estimates
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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1) Explain why and how the American Army air Forces used bases in South Norfolk and North Suffolk in the War against Germany 1942-1945.Britain had been bombing Germany since it was the only attack it could muster after the incident a Dunkirque, which left troops feeling very bad about themselves, the chances of winning the war and also left them with very little infantry weapons or tanks.The Americans used bases in England because, I believe, America wanted the status and the challenge of achieving continuous successful bombing efforts on one of the most Formidable Air Defence systems in the world at that time. So as to show the world they have the superior technology, an argument for why America used the A-Bomb. Britain had been asking America for help for a long time, the American citizens were reluctant to help Britain because of a number of reasons such as:Most of the population of America Originated from countries that were not renowned for their friendship with Britain for various reasons, such as War. These were countries such as Italy, Ireland, also people like the American Nazi party wanted Hitler to win for obvious reasons.
Another reason was that they had helped us out before and many Americans had been killed and America didn’t really gain anything so they were reluctant to do it again.To join with the war effort costs a lot of money, with little reimbursement if you are not fighting for freedom.At the end of World War I America ‘fell out’ with Britain because they didn’t see eye to eye on each others methods of punishing Germany.Read also about Department of the Army HeadquartersThe American president tried to help Britain without losing support by sending over weapons and munitions on a ‘lend-lease’ agreement, but both leaders involved knew that Britain could never pay back the amount of money needed for this amount of weaponry.
The president was worried about losing support because the major election was coming up and he was relying on the citizens support to keep his presidency, his main rival Wendell Wilkie was very anti-war because he knew that the people wanted no war. Even well known celebrities such as Charles Lindenburgh said that America had gotten used to a Europe dominated by France and Britain, so all that America had to do was get used to one dominated by Germany. When the boats carrying this cargo got sunk by the Germans America felt more and more that it should enter the war, but only did so after Hitler declared war on America. The first Citizens that America chose were drafted in, which shows the reluctance of the people to aid Britain in the war effort.America spent nearly 1000 Million pounds building more than 130 airfields in the southeast of England because of the ideal conditions that this part of the country had. These included having a relatively flat landscape, very good land for building on, i.e.
it wasn’t hard like clay, and it was as near to the continent as it got.The Airfields were built near densely populated communities because there were very little sparsely populated communities on flat enough land to build an airfield on, and it was more important to get the airfields closer to the continent than it was to get them away from the clustered communities. In 1939, under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, the Air Ministry was permitted to take immediate possession of any area of flat land thought to be suitable for airfield construction. Some farmers were unhappy with these demands, particularly when farmhouses and cottages in line with proposed runways had to be totally demolished.A diagram showing most of the airfields of East AngliaIt was very unlikely that the Germans would bomb the small communities on the South East of England. The American air force, which was sent over, was known as the Eighth air force, and was in terms of men and aircraft the largest offensive air force in history.The 8th Air Force was, ultimately, composed of three Air Divisions that were, in effect, air forces within an air force, each with fighter units and maintenance organizations to support the bomber operations.
Strategic bombing involved campaigns to destroy the industries and communications that directly or indirectly supported the enemy’s war effort. In the event, RAF Bomber command concentrated on night attacks while its American counterpart, the 8th Air Force, operated mainly in daylight. For every man in the air there were three on the ground engaged in support like cooks, clerks, engineers, armourers and many others essential to functioning the group.Most of the bases needed three concrete runways, each measuring 150ft wide and the longest, which was orientated into the prevailing south westerly wind, was 6,000ft long. In addition there was the need for a control tower, ammunition and bomb depots and a huge fuel store. Asingle airbase in those days cost almost �1million and the airfield bill for the United States Army Air Forces alone amounted to �650 million.
2) Describe the impact the American Forces had upon the local Area and its Communities during the war yearsWhen the American Air force came to East Anglia, understandably, the whole of England was very glad that the Americans would help to fight Germany by working with England. The Whole of England had been at war for around three years now. By this time we were very poor and even more so by American standards.
People had very little possessions but in England we had a certain pride, which would not let Americans feel sorry for us. An example of this was when families invited G.Is from surrounding bases around for tea or Sunday dinner. Even though we had been harshly rationed to very little meat, sugar and vegetables, amongst other things, per week people still had the decency to invite around G.Is. Whether this was just to be polite or to show the Americans that they need not feel sorry for us, however, I don’t know. The Americans anticipated this and so they told the G.
Is that when they were invited to a house for dinner that they were not to eat too much because they didn’t want to be responsible for making the family go hungry for the rest of the week. The Americans were also told not to ‘flash’ their money around because they got three times as much as the British pilot; this was also because of the British pride.The American pilots were given a list of “Do’s and Don’ts” when in Britain.
This was to limit the bad relations that were inevitable between the Americans and the British public and Pilots. This was also to stop any Propaganda; if there were bad feelings towards each other the Germans would capitalise on it. An example of this was that most Americans didn’t know what the Royal family did; this would really offend the British of that time.
Some of the locals would have ill feelings towards the Americans before they arrived. People like farmers who had lost lots of their lad due to the building of airfields on their land, they, of course, would not realise how important it was to build the airfields in these locations. Also during the war the Americans became a real ‘hit’ with the ladies, this would damage the British people’s ego and make them feel inferior, and the British men didn’t take kindly to this which left them resenting the Americans. Local businesses such as shops or pubs saw the Americans as a very big earner. Because the Americans had so mush money they could afford things that hardly any British people could; like bikes and good quality clothes. However this lead to bad relations also because people like taxi drivers, shopkeepers and landlords charged more for the Americans because some Americans had little knowledge of the value of English currency, which was to be fair a very complicated one. The women seemed dazzled by the Americans charm, money, style, upfront attitude and looks. The women were ‘taken’ with the G.
Is and lots of relationships were formed because the British women were captivated and longed for some excitement, whereas some of the Americans had just wanted some female ‘company’ because they had been away from women for a longer period than most of them had experienced before. Many of these relationships ended in marriage, which was not always a good thing because when the G.Is left The women were shipped over to America and never met by their husbands because they were either already married or didn’t like the commitment. Not all of the marriages ended like this and most lived together happily, normally in America, but then the British women got the culture shock, they had the impression that everyone was laid back about everything, but in reality the Americans worked very hard all the time and so some of the women left because of this to.The G.
Is had a special relationship with children, one different than the adults of Britain had. This might have been for a number of reasons like the G.Is had to leave behind their own children and they missed the feeling of interaction with children. Or a more ‘meaningful’ view would be that the G.
Is knew that any day they could go on a bombing mission and not come back alive and so they wanted to experience what some fathers would view as one of the most profound experiences of fatherhood by playing sport and treating the children to see the look on their faces. The children were invited into the bases all the time to experience American sports and some American food such as baseball and hot dogs. The Americans probably felt sorry for the British children because they didn’t have very good food or fun in the same way as the American children did and the Americans just wanted to make the kids feel better about the war.
Americans would also normally have pocket fulls of ‘candy’ which they would give to British children in the street, this started a saying if the British Children wanted some sweets ‘Got any gum, Chum’ the children would say to the G.I’s.3) Analyse the long term effects and changes brought about in the local area and its communities since 1945 as a result of the Americans’ wartime stay.America was way ahead in relation to Britain on almost everything that shapes a society. The Americans had huge portions of food such as Hot dogs, burgers and French fries, whereas the British food was “meat and veg” and that was basically it. Our beer was warm, it tasted bad and you either had Bitter or Mild. The American beer was chilled, there were different sorts like larger and it tasted a lot better.
The British men regarded perfume or fragrances on men to be a sign of homosexuality, but the Americans wore deodorants and fragrances. The music the Americans brought over with them was a style nobody in Britain had ever heard before; it was called ‘swing’ and in comparison to the likes of George Formby sounded very good.The largest difference though, and one which shocked the Americans as much as the British was the American attitude to ‘courting’ as it was called then. Before then British people had a system for people who wanted to ‘see’ each other. The man would ask permission of the lady’s father if he could go out with his daughter. If the fathers response was yes then the young couple would have an older person, to watch that they didn’t get up to anything considered unacceptable, called a chaperone. The Americans just went up to girls and asked them directly with no regard for their parents’ wishes, because that wasn’t how it was done in America.
The Americans view on women was a completely different one to the view held by the British; this is evident of the Paintings on the nose of planes.They were often of women wearing very little and this was considered highly disrespectful and rude. In view of all these cultural contrasts and how out of place any of the British customs seem in Britain nowadays I would say that it is safe to say that we owe much of our tastes and ways of life to the American G.I’s that came over during the war. For instance, there is no British man who could say that wearing perfume doesn’t impress ladies more than body odour, or not many children would prefer meat and 2 veg to a Hamburger and fries. It is not just adults who were children then or the children of today, it is Britain as a whole society who has changed and become accustomed to this way of life.
As a local area, though, I would say that there is not a lot that is different, that would not have happened eventually, anyway. The local area has failed to capitalise on the potential for a large industrial sites that would be ideal for businesses and companies. There are a few places, which have been constructed on, but most have not been fully capitalised on. Examples of these are:Attlebridge— now a turkey farm.Bodney-now a ministry of defence training camp.
Bungay— now a poultry farmFramlingham-now farm land with memorial museum to the 39th bomb group in control tower.Halesworth-now a turkey farmDeopham Green-now agricultural land with remains of runways.More airfields that were put to good uses were ones such as:Snetterton-now used as a motor racing circuitShipdham-Two of the runways were refurbished in 1970 and are now used by Arrow Air Services for taxi and charter work.North Pickenham-which was home to three ‘THOR IRBM’ missiles and is now used as an industrial site.I wouldn’t say the G.
I’s had brought very much new business or enriched East Anglia due to their presence. The fact remains that they were only here for a relatively short period of time and when they left they took with them their planes, they money, their custom to local shops and their sports.The defining factor that there has been very little change, is that Norfolk and Suffolk has been and will continue to be one of the best places for farming in England, and that is all it is used for, evidence of this is that there are only 2 main towns which compared to Manchester, or Liverpool are very small indeed. The places are renowned for being an agricultural and rural, and no amount of visiting is going to change the amount of farming in these places.One thing that may have affected people in these areas up until around 1970, approximately, because of how widespread travel is, is the local peoples attitude to Black people. In this area of Britain, many people had never seen black people before, except for on the television.
When Americans brought over black G.I’s the locals were surprised, but still as hospitable to them as any other G.I. This may have opened people’s eyes to different races, but this is still a very minor change that I have speculated.
In conclusion to these facts I can say that as a country we owe a lot to the G.I’s of world war 2, not just for helping us, but for bringing over their lifestyle and for sharing it with the British, making britain a less monotonous place than it otherwise could have been. As a Community, though, we don’t have much to show for the G.I’s stay in our local area, apart from a few memorials and a Library in Norwich. The place has had more influence from surrounding counties or towns than it did from the G.I’s because these places did like the way the Americans behaved and liked their taste.
It took a while for Norfolk and Suffolk to become accustomed to these changes, which is why as most of the country moved on in terms of fashion and lifestyle, this area, was still catching up.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2012 June 29
= June 29 =
Ochratoxin need some help
I need to know the levels that can be harm for a human health when the the Ochratoxin is present. Thanks Solyluna68 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Solyluna68 (talk • contribs) 04:00, 29 June 2012 (UTC)
* This is covered in part in the article for Ochratoxin_A. I don't know about the B and C versions. RudolfRed (talk) 04:25, 29 June 2012 (UTC)
Olympics
I thought the Olympics were meant to be an amateur world championship. Why are there professional athletes in some sports? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:12, 29 June 2012 (UTC)
* See Olympic_games. Your thinking is out of date. --Tagishsimon (talk) 12:19, 29 June 2012 (UTC)
* If you allow professionals, those nations with professional sports have an unfair advantage, while, if you prohibit them, those nations are at an unfair disadvantage. Given that, shouldn't we allow them, so the Olympic champs really are the best in the world ? StuRat (talk) 05:40, 30 June 2012 (UTC)
* All too often in the earlier era, countries like the Soviet Union were sneakily subsidizing their "amateur" athletes anyway. I see that this is mentioned in Tagishsimon's linked section. This just evens the playing field. Clarityfiend (talk) 10:21, 30 June 2012 (UTC)
* Not to mention entering suspected males into female sports. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 18:57, 30 June 2012 (UTC)
* Her brother sister was a bit suspicious too. And some of the East German athletes around that time who had definitely started out as women developed awfully masculine characteristics. Those "vitamin pills" sure packed a punch. And then there were all those "amateur" American athletes who had very generous college scholarships. There were some suggestions that many had no academic talent at all. HiLo48 (talk) 23:04, 30 June 2012 (UTC)
Signes hats of Spain
Find their home page or web page in Spain — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:54, 29 June 2012 (UTC)
* Looks like http://www.sombrerossignes.com/ is what you need Rojomoke (talk) 16:47, 29 June 2012 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Thoth
Thoth (from Thṓth, borrowed from Ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ Thōout, Egyptian: Ḏḥwtj, the reflex of ḏḥwtj "[he] is like the ibis") is an ancient Egyptian deity. In art, he was often depicted as a man with the head of an ibis or a baboon, animals sacred to him. His feminine counterpart was Seshat, and his wife was Ma'at. He was the god of the Moon, wisdom, knowledge, writing, hieroglyphs, science, magic, art and judgment.
Thoth's chief temple was located in the city of Hermopolis (ḫmnw, Egyptological pronunciation: "Khemenu", Ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛ Shmun). Later known as el-Ashmunein in Egyptian Arabic, the Temple of Thoth was mostly destroyed before the beginning of the Christian era. Its very large pronaos was still standing in 1826, but was demolished and used as fill for the foundation of a sugar factory by the mid-19th century.
Thoth played many vital and prominent roles in Egyptian mythology, such as maintaining the universe, and being one of the two deities (the other being Ma'at) who stood on either side of Ra's solar barque. In the later history of ancient Egypt, Thoth became heavily associated with the arbitration of godly disputes, the arts of magic, the system of writing, and the judgment of the dead.
Name
The Egyptian pronunciation of ḏḥwty is not fully known, but may be reconstructed as *ḏiḥautī, perhaps pronounced * or *. This reconstruction is based on the Ancient Greek borrowing Thōth or Theut and the fact that the name was transliterated into Sahidic Coptic variously as Thoout, Thōth, Thoot, Thaut, Taautos (Τααυτος), Thoor (Θωωρ), as well as Bohairic Coptic Thōout. These spellings reflect known sound changes from earlier Egyptian such as the loss of ḏ palatalization and merger of ḥ with h i.e. initial ḏḥ > th > tʰ. The loss of pre-Coptic final y/j is also common. Following Egyptological convention, which eschews vowel reconstruction, the consonant skeleton ḏḥwty would be rendered "Djehuti" and the god is sometimes found under this name. However, the Greek form "Thoth" is more common.
According to Theodor Hopfner, Thoth's Egyptian name written as ḏḥwty originated from ḏḥw, claimed to be the oldest known name for the ibis, normally written as hbj. The addition of -ty denotes that he possessed the attributes of the ibis. Hence Thoth's name would mean "He who is like the ibis", according to this interpretation.
Other forms of the name ḏḥwty using older transcriptions include Jehuti, Jehuty, Tahuti, Tehuti, Zehuti, Techu, or Tetu. Multiple titles for Thoth, similar to the pharaonic titulary, are also known, including A, Sheps, Lord of Khemennu, Asten, Khenti, Mehi, Hab, and A'an.
In addition, Thoth was also known by specific aspects of himself, for instance the Moon god Iah-Djehuty (j3ḥ-ḏḥw.ty), representing the Moon for the entire month. The Greeks related Thoth to their god Hermes due to his similar attributes and functions. One of Thoth's titles, "Thrice great", was translated to the Greek τρισμέγιστος (trismégistos), making Hermes Trismegistus.
Depictions
Thoth has been depicted in many ways depending on the era and on the aspect the artist wished to convey. Usually, he is depicted in his human form with the head of a green ibis. In this form, he can be represented as the reckoner of times and seasons by a headdress of the lunar disk sitting on top of a crescent moon resting on his head. When depicted as a form of Shu or Ankher, he was depicted to be wearing the respective god's headdress. Sometimes he was also seen in art to be wearing the Atef crown or the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. When not depicted in this common form, he sometimes takes the form of the ibis directly.
He also appears as a dog-faced baboon or a man with the head of a baboon when he is A'an, the god of equilibrium. In the form of A'ah-Djehuty, he took a more human-looking form. These forms are all symbolic and are metaphors for Thoth's attributes. Thoth is often depicted holding an ankh, the Egyptian symbol for life.
Attributes
Thoth's roles in Egyptian mythology were many. He served as scribe of the gods, credited with the invention of writing and Egyptian hieroglyphs. In the underworld, Duat, he appeared as an ape, Aani, the god of equilibrium, who reported when the scales weighing the deceased's heart against the feather, representing the principle of Maat, was exactly even.
The ancient Egyptians regarded Thoth as One, self-begotten, and self-produced. He was the master of both physical and moral (i.e. divine) law, making proper use of Ma'at. He is credited with making the calculations for the establishment of the heavens, stars, Earth, and everything in them.
The Egyptians credited him as the author of all works of science, religion, philosophy, and magic. The Greeks further declared him the inventor of astronomy, astrology, the science of numbers, mathematics, geometry, surveying, medicine, botany, theology, civilized government, the alphabet, reading, writing, and oratory. They further claimed he was the true author of every work of every branch of knowledge, human and divine.
Mythology
Egyptian mythology credits Thoth with the creation of the 365-day calendar. Originally, according to the myth, the year was only 360 days long and Nut was sterile during these days, unable to bear children. Thoth gambled with the Moon for 1/72nd of its light (360/72 = 5), or 5 days, and won. During these 5 days, Nut and Geb gave birth to Osiris, Set, Isis, and Nephthys.
In the central Osiris myth, Thoth gives Isis the words to restore her husband, allowing the pair to conceive Horus. Following a battle between Horus and Set, Thoth offers counsel and provides wisdom.
History
Thoth was a Moon god. The Moon not only provides light at night, allowing time to still be measured without the Sun, but its phases and prominence gave it a significant importance in early astrology/astronomy. The perceived cycles of the Moon also organized much of Egyptian society's rituals and events, both civil and religious. Consequently, Thoth gradually became seen as a god of wisdom, magic, and the measurement and regulation of events and of time. He was thus said to be the secretary and counselor of the Sun god Ra, and with Ma'at (truth/order) stood next to Ra on the nightly voyage across the sky.
Thoth became credited by the ancient Egyptians as the inventor of writing (hieroglyphs), and was also considered to have been the scribe of the underworld. For this reason, Thoth was universally worshipped by ancient Egyptian scribes. Many scribes had a painting or a picture of Thoth in their "office". Likewise, one of the symbols for scribes was that of the ibis.
In art, Thoth was usually depicted with the head of an ibis, possibly because the Egyptians saw the curve of the ibis' beak as a symbol of the crescent moon. Sometimes, he was depicted as a baboon holding up a crescent moon. During the Late Period of ancient Egypt, a cult of Thoth gained prominence due to its main center, Khmun (Hermopolis Magna), also becoming the capital. Millions of dead ibis were mummified and buried in his honor.
Thoth was inserted in many tales as the wise counselor and persuader, and his association with learning and measurement led him to be connected with Seshat, the earlier deification of wisdom, who was said to be his daughter, or variably his wife. Thoth's qualities also led to him being identified by the Greeks with their closest matching god Hermes, with whom Thoth was eventually combined as Hermes Trismegistus, leading to the Greeks' naming Thoth's cult center as Hermopolis, meaning city of Hermes.
In the Papyrus of Ani copy of the Egyptian Book of the Dead the scribe proclaims "I am thy writing palette, O Thoth, and I have brought unto thee thine ink-jar. I am not of those who work iniquity in their secret places; let not evil happen unto me." Plate XXIX Chapter CLXXV (Budge) of the Book of the Dead is the oldest tradition said to be the work of Thoth himself.
There was also an Egyptian pharaoh of the Sixteenth dynasty named Djehuty (Thoth) after him, and who reigned for three years. Plato mentions Thoth (as Θεὺθ, "Theuth") in his dialogue Phaedrus. He uses the myth of Thoth to demonstrate that writing leads to laziness and forgetfulness. In the story, Thoth remarks to King Thamus of Egypt that writing is a wonderful substitute for memory. Thamus remarks that it is a remedy for reminding, not remembering, with the appearance but not the reality of wisdom. Future generations will hear much without being properly taught and will appear wise but not be so.
Artapanus of Alexandria, an Egyptian Jew who lived in the third or second century BC, euhemerized Thoth-Hermes as a historical human being and claimed he was the same person as Moses, based primarily on their shared roles as authors of texts and creators of laws. Artapanus's biography of Moses conflates traditions about Moses and Thoth and invents many details. Many later authors, from late antiquity to the Renaissance, either identified Hermes Trismegistus with Moses or regarded them as contemporaries who expounded similar beliefs.
Archaeology
Egypt's Minister of Tourism and Antiquities announced the discovery of the collective graves of senior officials and high clergies of the god Thoth in Tuna el-Gebel in Minya in January 2020. An archaeological mission headed by Mostafa Waziri reported that 20 sarcophagi and coffins of various shapes and sizes, including five anthropoid sarcophagi made of limestone and carved with hieroglyphic texts, as well as 16 tombs and five well-preserved wooden coffins were unearthed by their team.
Modern cultural references
Thoth has been seen as a god of wisdom and has been used in modern literature, especially since the early 20th century when ancient Egyptian ideas were quite popular.
* In Croyd by Ian Wallace (Berkeley Medallion, 1968), Thoth is the father of the Galactic Agent hero, Croyd.
* Aleister Crowley's Egyptian style Thoth tarot deck and its written description in his 1944 book The Book of Thoth were named in reference to the theory that Tarot cards were the Egyptian book of Thoth.
* H. P. Lovecraft also used the word "Thoth" as the basis for his alien god, "Yog-Sothoth", an entity associated with sorcery and esoteric knowledge.
* Thoth's other name Jehuty was the name of the playable Orbital Frame mecha in the Zone of the Enders franchise.
* In the manga series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, Thoth lends his name to the character Boingo's Stand, which manifests as a comic book with premonitory stories.
* Thoth is mentioned as one of the pantheon in the 1831 issue of The Wicked + The Divine.
* In the 2016 film Gods of Egypt, Thoth is played by Chadwick Boseman.
* Thoth is a recurring character in The Kane Chronicles book series.
* Thoth appears in the 2021 comic book series God of War: Fallen God, which is based on the God of War video game franchise.
* In the 2002 Ensemble Studios game Age of Mythology, Thoth is one of nine minor gods that can be worshipped by Egyptian players.
* Thoth is one of many playable gods in Hi-Rez Studios' multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) video game Smite.
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WIKI
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Aeroplanes are an irresistible means of transportation!
But have you ever thought why they’re so fascinating? Perhaps because they challenge the laws of gravity, maybe because of their engineering complexity or could it because they offer us a different perspective on the world? It’s this latter reason that’s so often depicted in art.
Aerial photography was born a few decades after photography itself was invented, thanks to a brilliant initiative by Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, a photographer who was known in Paris under the pseudonym Nadar. In 1858, the photographer, who was friends with Charles Baudelaire and other exponents of the Parisian bohème scene, took his camera on some hot air balloon trips with the aim of capturing images of the earth below.
The result of his pioneering project was published a few years later in the book Les Memoires du Géant, which was a source of inspiration for several books written by his friend Jules Verne.
Unfortunately, Nadar’s work was lost, so we can only point to the photo Boston, as the Eagle and the Wild Goose See It from 1860 by the American photographer James Wallace Black as the first aerial photo in history.
In its early days, aerial photography was closely linked to cartography; it was used to draw maps as accurately as possible. Several techniques were experimented with, some of which were a little bizarre, to put it mildly. German photographer Julius Neubronner attached a camera to a pigeon’s legs, whereas many other artists, cartographers and meteorologists took up kite aerial photography, a forefather to the modern drone!
The potential of such techniques wasn’t ignored when the wars started to shift the balance of the modern world.
The Cold War was when aerial photography techniques really started to be improved. Spy planes were born, tasked with taking photos in enemy territory in order to get to know the opponent’s strategies and secrets. After the first few were shot down, however, it was clear that the future of espionage was in drones and satellites.
Today, aerial photography is a highly valued and recognised art form. It’s widely used to depict the world, climate change and to capture perspectives of extraordinary beauty.
Keep following us to learn more about contemporary aerial photographers and photography techniques!
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FINEWEB-EDU
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Sarah Shannon
Sarah Shannon is a vocalist best known for her work in the band Velocity Girl. Shannon released two solo albums: Sarah Shannon (2002, Casa Recording Co.) and City Morning Song (2007, Minty Fresh). She also joined Styrofoam to record the song "I Found Love." In addition, she fronted the short-lived band Starry Eyes, which put out a short EP and played one live show at the Black Cat club in Washington D.C. Other members of the band included former members of Velocity Girl and Shades Apart. She is currently a member of The Not-Its!, a children's music rock band. Shannon currently lives in Seattle, Washington.
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WIKI
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Stages of Sleep Worksheet
Download Worksheet
Download
What are the theories behind this worksheet?
The Stages of Sleep Worksheet is centered on the Sleep Cycle Theory, which states that sleep is an ever-changing process that consists of four major stages: NREM Stage 1, NREM Stage 2, NREM Stage 3, and REM sleep.
Each stage is distinguished by unique characteristics like brain activity, eye movement, and the existence of dreams.
How will this worksheet help you?
This worksheet is designed to help users examine and comprehend their sleep experiences in the context of the Sleep Cycle Theory.
It encourages users to actively engage with the information, filling in details about each sleep stage, reflecting on their unique sleep habits, and considering issues that may impact their overall sleep quality.
How should you use this worksheet?
Users should begin by being acquainted with the Sleep Cycle Theory, which is offered at the very beginning.
They can fill in the gaps in the table as they continue through the worksheet, describing the features, length, brain activity, eye movement, and dream patterns related to each sleep stage.
Was this helpful?
Thanks for your feedback!
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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-- filename : type-lam.lua -- comment : Pretty printing of (extended) lambda calculus -- author : Matthijs Kooijman, Universiteit Twente, NL -- copyright: Matthijs Kooijman -- license : None local utf = unicode.utf8 local vis = buffers.newvisualizer("lam") local colors = { "prettytwo", "prettyone", "prettythree", "prettyfour" } -- Symbols that should have a different representation local symbols = { -- Note, the space we replace with is a Unicode non-breaking space -- (U+00A0). [' '] = {repr = ' '}, ['_'] = {repr = '\\_'}, ['->'] = {repr = '→'}, ['=>'] = {repr = '⇒'}, -- The default * sits very high above the baseline, \ast (u+2217) looks -- better. ['*'] = {repr = '\\ast'}, ['~'] = {repr = '\\HDLine[width=.20 * \\the\\textwidth]'}, ['|'] = {repr = '\\char' .. utf.byte('|')}, -- Use ▶ from our roman font, since Iwona doesn't have the glyph ['▶'] = {repr = '{\\rm{}▶}'}, } -- Keywords that should be bold local keywords = { ['case'] = {}, ['of'] = {}, ['let'] = {}, ['letrec'] = {}, ['letnonrec'] = {}, ['in'] = {}, ['DEFAULT'] = {small = true}, } local in_block = 0 local submatches = {} local bases = {} -- Store the last line for each indent level local indentlines = {} -- See if str starts with a symbol, and return the remaining string and that -- symbol. If no symbol from the table is matched, just returns the first -- character. We can do a lookup directly, since symbols can be different in -- length, so we just loop over all symbols, trying them in turn. local function take_symbol(str) for symbol,props in pairs(symbols) do -- Try to remove symbol from the start of str symbol, newstr = utf.match(str, "^(" .. symbol .. ")(.*)") if symbol then -- Return this tokens repr, or just the token if it has no -- repr. res = props.repr or symbol -- Enclose the token in {\style .. } if props.style then res = "{\\" .. props.style .. " " .. res .. "}" end return res, newstr end end -- No symbol found, just return the first character return utf.match(str, "^(.)(.*)") end -- Take a single word from str, if posible. Returns the rest of the string and -- the word taken. local function take_word(str) -- A word must always start with a-z (in particular, λ is not a valid -- start of a word). res, newstr = utf.match(str, "^([a-zA-Z][%a%d%+%-%,_]+)(.*)") return res, newstr or str end -- Tries to match each of the patterns and returns the captures of the first -- matching pattern (up to 5 captures are supported). Returns nil when nothing -- matches. local function match_mul(str, patterns) for i, pat in ipairs(patterns) do a, b, c, d, e = utf.match(str, pat) if a then return a, b, c, d, e end end return nil end -- Find any subscripts in the given word and typeset them local function do_subscripts(word) base, sub = match_mul(res, submatches) if sub then word = base .. "\\low{" .. sub .. "}" -- After a word has been used as a base, allow subscripts -- without _, even for non-numbers. if not bases[base] then -- Register that we've added this base bases[base] = true -- Add a patterns for this base. First, the base with a single -- letter or number subscript. submatches[#submatches+1] = "^(" .. base .. ")([%a%d])$" -- Seconde, the base with a longer prefix that includes at least -- one of +-, (to catch things like ri+1, but not return). submatches[#submatches+1] = "^(" .. base .. ")([%a%d]*[%-%+,]+[%a%d%-%+,]*)$" end end return word end -- Do proper aligning for subsequent lines. For example, in -- foo = bar -- | baz -- We replace the spaces in the second line with a skip with the same with as -- "foo ", to align the | with the =. -- For this, we keep a table "indentlines", which contains all previous lines -- with smaller indent levels that are still "in scope" (e.g., have not yet -- been followed by a line with a smaller indent level). For example: -- line1 -- line2 -- line3 -- line4 -- line5 -- After the last line, the table will contain: -- { 0 = "line1", 2 = " line4", 4 = " line5"} -- In other words, line3 is no longer in scope since it is "hidden" by -- line4, and line is no longer in scope since it is replaced by line4. local function do_indent(line) newind, rest = utf.match(line, '^(%s*)(.*)') prev = -1 -- Loop all the previous lines for indent, unused in pairs(indentlines) do if indent > #newind then -- Remove any lines with a larger indent indentlines[indent] = nil elseif indent < #newind and indent > prev then -- Find the last line (e.g, with the highest indent) with an -- indent smaller than the new indent. This is the line from which -- we need to copy the indent. prev = indent end end -- Always store this line, possibly overwriting a previous line with the -- same indent indentlines[#newind] = line if prev ~= -1 then -- If there is a previous line with a smaller indent, make sure we -- align with it. We do this by taking a prefix from that previous -- line just as long as our indent. This gives us a bunch of -- whitespace, with a few non-whitespace characters. We find out the -- width of this prefix, and put whitespace just as wide as that -- prefix before the current line, instead of the whitespace -- characters that were there. -- Doing this is slightly risky, since the prefix might contain -- unfinished markup (e.g., \foo{bar without the closing }). We might -- need to solve this later. copyind = utf.sub(indentlines[prev], 1, #newind) setwidth = "\\setwidthof{" .. copyind .. "}\\to\\pretlamalignwidth" hskip = "\\hskip\\pretlamalignwidth" return "{" .. setwidth .. hskip .. "}" .. rest end -- No previous line? Just return the unmodified line then return line end -- Mark the begin of a block of lambda formatted buffers or expressions. This -- means that, until you call end_of_block again, the subscript bases are -- shared. For example, if you have \lam{y1} some text \lam{yn} within a -- single block, the yn will properly get subscripted. Be sure to call -- end_of_block again! -- -- Blocks can be partially nested, meaning that the block -- won't be closed until end_of_block was called exactly as often as -- begin_of_block. However, subscripts from the inner block can still -- influence subscripts in the outer block. function vis.begin_of_block() vis.begin_of_display() in_block = in_block + 1 end -- Ends the current block function vis.end_of_block() in_block = in_block - 1 end function vis.begin_of_display() if in_block == 0 then -- Initially allow subscripts using _ or just appending a number (later, -- we will add extra patterns here. submatches = {"^(%a*)_([%a%d,]+)$", "^(%a+)([%d,]+)$"} -- This stores all the bases we've encountered so far (to prevent -- duplicates). For each of them there will be a pattern in submatches -- above. bases = {} end indentlines = {} end -- Make things work for inline typeing (e.g., \type{}) as well. vis.begin_of_inline = vis.begin_of_display vis.end_of_inline = vis.end_of_display function vis.flush_line(str,nested) local result, state = { }, 0 local finish, change = buffers.finish_state, buffers.change_state str = do_indent(str) -- Set the colorscheme, which is used by finish_state and change_state buffers.currentcolors = colors while str ~= "" do local found = false local word, symbol -- See if the next token is a word word, str = take_word(str) if word then if keywords[res] then -- Make all keywords bold word = "{\\bold " .. word .. "}" if keywords[res].small then word = "\\small" .. word -- Curlies were added above end else -- Process any subscripts in the word word = do_subscripts(word) end else -- The next token is not a word, it must be a symbol symbol, str = take_symbol(str) end -- Append the resulting token result[#result+1] = word or symbol end state = finish(state, result) buffers.flush_result(result,nested) end -- vim: set sw=4 sts=4 expandtab ai:
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Opinion | Helping Families Find and Bury Their Dead
Letters To the Editor: Re “22 Unclaimed Bodies Endured a Grim Detour Before Burial” (front page, Oct. 28): A distressing human challenge, especially in a jurisdiction as complex as New York City, is that presented by the unclaimed dead. The often unheralded role of the Office of Chief Medical Examiner includes serving as the mortuary for hundreds of bodies not claimed from local medical institutions each year for reasons as varied as the lives represented. As part of our responsibility to these unclaimed dead and their loved ones, the dedicated employees of our office conduct diligent searches every day to locate next of kin. In recent years, we have instituted rigorous new protocols to improve our process and increase our likelihood of finding family members. These changes include posting information about every unidentified and unclaimed body in our custody to NamUs, the federal database accessible to the public, and working with other relevant agencies and organizations. In addition, our office pushed for the new change in law to require consent from next of kin before any unclaimed body in our mortuary can be sent to a medical or embalming school. BARBARA A. SAMPSON Chief Medical Examiner New York To the Editor: Among the 22 unclaimed bodies in the Bronx morgue was John W. Carter, whose family reported him missing to the New York Police Department after he disappeared in 2014. He was buried on Hart Island last February, and his family was notified only after your story came out in May. The police did not refer the family to the medical examiner. This latest article is wonderful investigative reporting, but it presumes that everyone wants a private burial or cremation. The Carter family chose to leave Mr. Carter in a common grave that they can now visit. Families who choose a natural burial in a plain pine box and a common grave don’t need to be shamed into feeling that private burials and cremations are inherently superior. The million buried on Hart Island and their families deserve to be treated respectfully. The burial process must be reviewed, but the laws support a family’s right to choose, and city burial should remain a choice. MELINDA HUNT President, The Hart Island Project Peekskill, N.Y.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Americofascism
This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 00:15, 6 May 2005 (UTC)
Americofascism
Here we go again with another brand of fascism! We already got a quite considerable collection of A/Z-fascisms. I don't doubt that we will be having a big list. Please, I suggest to delete all X-rated fascism articles or at least merge them into one general article so people can add aliens-fascims entries if possible. Svest 01:13, Apr 30, 2005 (UTC)
* Keep and Rename it American fascism. I voted first to delete this crap as for all of the X-fascisms that are not based on academic basis and probably used as personal arguments. But I am changing my vote now in order to be fair to myself and not to be a stupid.
* I changed my vote according to the basis on what Islamofascism was kept. Islamofascism was kept because of the arguement that the term is being used widely (the same applies to American fascism but not to Americofascism). It was kept also because of the famous g o o g l e hits (the same applies to American fascism but not to Americofascism).
* Some helpful facts :
* --->Islamofascism gives you 601 nail bombs. (I mean hits) -taking google shadows into account
* ---> " American fascism " gives you 445 BGM-109. (I mean the same as above and this time please use quotes when searching).
* Does this sound fair or stupid? Please correct me if I am wrong . Let's googlewhack. Cheers and respect for all votes below -Svest 22:25, May 1, 2005 (UTC) Wiki me up
* It sounds misleading to me. Even taking "shadows" into account, (and I'm not exactly sure what those are) Islamofascism gets 610 (not 601) Google hits, and 997 Yahoo hits. On Google "Islamic fascism" gets another 521, "Islamist fascism" another 296, and "Muslim fascism" another 129, for a total of 1556 (though there will no doubt be some overlap). All of these pages are referring to the same topic. On the other hand, "American fascism"'s 436 (not 445) hits refer to all sorts of things; movements in the 30s, modern day Republicans, Lyndon Larouche, even the Green Party! Anyway, if you want to write a history of Fascist movements in the U.S., feel free, but Americofascism is simply a WP:POINT. Jayjg (talk) 16:45, 5 May 2005 (UTC)
* delete, how dull --Doc Glasgow 01:52, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Redirect to Anti-American sentiment. Gazpacho 01:56, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Delete, disruptive intent has become clear. Gazpacho 22:00, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
* Delete this shit. Do not redirect. Neutralitytalk 02:28, Apr 30, 2005 (UTC)
* Delete As I have placed the POV, you can see my reasoning.
* Delete. Do not redirect. Quale 04:45, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Delete neologism, POV. Firebug 04:46, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Delete this but we should have an article on the ongoing discussion, which is real, whether Bush's America is fascist.Grace Note 04:50, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* It might be reasonable to have an article on criticisms of America regarding accusations of fascism (although all such representations would have to be sourced, and this would have to be watched very carefully for signs of POV-pushing), but this article isn't it. Firebug 04:53, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Gracenote, why dont you make such a article.Klonimus 20:38, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* LOL. Give me a chance. I have to dab American football in about a thousand articles first and then write Brisbane's suburbia. An article about accusations about the USA can keep, so far as I'm concerned. If it's still interesting a year or two down the track, that'd be soon enough. I don't think encyclopaedias necessarily have to keep up with the pace!Grace Note 03:50, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
* Delete. POV. Zzyzx11 | Talk 06:58, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Delete--and I strongly disagree with universal merging. if someone can cite prominent usages of a term, that should count towards notability. Meelar (talk) 08:12, Apr 30, 2005 (UTC)
* Well, it shows that people have used the term, not that it actually means anything. A series of articles on Uses of the term "Islamofascism"/"Judeofascism"/"Christofascism"/"Littlegreenmanofascism" would be properly sourced to such uses, but articles about phenomena of those names? I have real doubts that the latter are justified just because the names exist. Grace Note 10:12, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* If the term is used in a notable fashion it deserves a WP entry. It has yet to be shown that Judeofascism or Americofascism are at all notable outside the minds of people trying WP:POINT. Klonimus 20:38, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* I'm not sure what a "notable fashion" is. Are insults notable because of who uses them or why they used them? Maybe. But writing about the use of an insult is, as I said, different from writing about the insult itself. If I note that X calls Y a Zhead, does that merit an article on Zhead? I think the article is then actually about the use of Zhead as an insult, not Zhead itself.Grace Note 03:50, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
* Delete Made up just to prove a point RE: Islamofascism TigerShark 10:11, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Delete Islamoneologism. Klonimus 20:38, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Keep: If Islamofascism is allowed to exist, I will vote keep for this. Delete Islamofascism first, then we can delete Americofascism. We need to be a NPOV encyclopedia, and I don't think it is consistent to allow an article such as "islamofascism" to exist while deleting one such as "Americofascism". - Stancel 17:29 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Comment: But one is a notable political epithet used by numerous notable people, and the other is a seldom-used (never by anyone important) neologism. Meelar (talk) 03:41, May 1, 2005 (UTC)
* Delete unless we include Beninofascism or Tajikofascism as well. — Sesel wa 21:55, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Delete WP:POINT ..... no really! WP:POINT how many more of these are there going to be? Dalf | Talk 00:34, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
* Delete. WP:POINT. Rhobite 03:15, May 1, 2005 (UTC)
* Keep until islamofascism and judeofascism are deleted, then delete. If the mentioned two articles, or one of them, stays, then keep. DeirYassin 22:28, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
* Delete. Will the create-an-article-about-whatever-fascist-o-fascists ever be stopped? --Mrfixter 23:41, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
* Delete. This rubbish isn't even worthy of a redirect. Tomer TALK 22:38, May 3, 2005 (UTC)
* Delete FroggyMoore 01:52, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
* Delete and slap around whoever put this up in the first place. 3 non-Wikipedia Google hits. Pure wankery. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 17:52, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
* Keep, agree with DeirYassin on principle. JamesBurns 01:30, 5 May 2005 (UTC)
* Delete. This is a combination neologism and WP:POINT behavior. Tobycat 02:12, 5 May 2005 (UTC)
* Redirect Move to American fascism. Wikipedia is the place where the term goes when it gets legs, not where it goes to grow them. -- BD Abram son thi m k 06:05, 2005 May 5 (UTC)
* Delete. Pure neologism and WP:POINT. Jayjg (talk) 16:32, 5 May 2005 (UTC)
* Delete. Neologism, WP:POINT. Binadot 19:21, 5 May 2005 (UTC)
* Delete. There is no way that this merits an article on Wikipedia. At most, it should be mentioned in a more general article (perhaps fascism?). M412k 19:38, 5 May 2005 (UTC)
* Move to American fascism, or better (for naming purposes), Fascism in the United States and redirect. Alternatively, place any useful content in fascism as M412k suggested. Looking at the article, however, I doubt that it does have any useful content. It is two paragraphs in length, providing an inadequate number of examples or evidence. The subject of Fascism in the United States could be addressed, either in its own article or as part of the fascism article, but not in the manner presented on this page. Ben Babcock 23:32, 5 May 2005 (UTC)
Comments
* Do not put votes in this section
Per the introduction at the top, I think an article on "The (mis)use of the word Fascism" or perhaps "The use of the word Fascism in political epiteths/political discorse" or some other title. Most of these articles are not even for valid neologisms they are just people disrupting Wikipedia to try and make a point. Dalf | Talk 00:39, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
* Gosh, the indignation expressed above — yet Islamofascism was kept. Motes and beams. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 18:52, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
* I voted to re-direct Islamofascism since I don't think the article can be keep strictly to the use of the term as an insult. But, Islamofacism is the article people are trying to make a point about anyway. The general consensus is that its a bad point, by virtue of Islamofascism being a pejorative term that people are likely to encounter and look up, while the others are just madeupwords. In any event my indignation was aimed at the fact that the point was made properly in the VfD there when several people commented we were inviting people to create americanofascism or hindufascism or or or ..... Actually going and creating one of the articles to prove the point was counter productive but realtivly understandable. Creating a second article with even less merit than the first (and I mean this in terms of probability of encountering the term not the supposed phenomena) after the fist was delete. At this point even assuming good faith it is starting too look like it is just ment to disruption of the wiki or as some kind of tantrum. Dalf | Talk 20:06, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
And you vote delete? Is this Wikipedia?!!!
I just wonder how hypocrite some of wikipedians are! WP:POV is the only reason they got to delete this article. I haven't seen this reason in Islamofascism at all. Are you familiar with AMAZON.COM?! ! Folks, there is no single book named after Islamofascism; not even the term is used in any book in this world! Not even one about the term Islamic fascism !!! More than a dozen about American Fascism. For google analysis, please refer to my vote on top of this page. Cheers and respect -- Svest 03:25, May 5, 2005 (UTC) Wiki me up
* This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
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WIKI
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When hunting for yield, beware the dividend traps
With low interest rates and stocks stuck in a sideways range, dividends are an important way to generate income for many investors. But it's also important to know when a company may potentially cut its dividend. Bank of America Merrill Lynch equity strategists screened stocks of all sizes for those that may be ready to pare back dividends, but also those that may be set to raise them, and or even start to make payouts. "High dividend yielding companies can be traps at this point in the cycle, as they may signal prices falling precipitously ahead of dividend cuts," the strategists wrote. The strategists screened the Russell 3000 for companies at risk of cutting payouts. They looked at those that pay more in dividends than they generate in free cash flow. The strategists also looked at those that have over 100% payout ratio and are more levered than industry peers. Some companies at risk of cutting dividends also have weak debt ratings. Several on the list, with debt rated BBB-, a step above junk, include EQT, Omega Healthcare Investors and Office Properties Income Trust. Another with the BBB- rating, Kraft Heinz, already cut its dividend this year but is also viewed as likely to make another cut. The strategists said these types of companies may be more motivated to clean up balance sheets than maintain dividends. Also on the list of companies that could cut payouts are Macerich Co, Pattern Energy and Sabra Health Care REIT, all of which are rated neutral by BofA stock analysts. The strategists looked to the S&P 500 for nonfinancial companies that could boost their payouts. They screened by low leverage versus their sectors and a ratio of free cash flow to dividends that was greater than 1 for the past 12 months, among other measures. Names from that list include Target, Costco, Mastercard, Textron and Sealed Air. The strategists also screened the S&P 500, aside from financials, for companies that could initiate dividends. They looked for companies with stable and growing earnings and cash as a percentage of market cap of at least 2%, as well as other metrics. Companies that made this list include Intuitive Surgical, F5 Networks, PayPal Holdings, Ulta Beauty and Monster Beverage. The strategists also looked at the S&P 500 for companies that consistently raise their dividends. They studied the period between 1980 and 2018 . Eighteen companies had dividends with a compounded annual growth rate of 10% or more in that time. Walmart tops this list, with a rate of 21% compound annual growth rate in that period. Others on the list include Medtronic and McDonald's, both at 16%, and Johnson and Johnson, Coca-Cola and Pepsico.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Do you know where the main water shut-off valve is in your house or office? If you don’t know off the top of your head, then you need to locate it and remember where it is in case there is ever a major leak. Most people are unaware of where their main water shut-off valve is located and they end up with plumbing nightmares!
Where to Find the Main Water Shut-Off Valve:
• the shut-off valve is almost always near the perimeter of your home or office, so no need to check the central areas
• forget checking upstairs, main shut-off valves are located at ground level or in a basement for those with a basement
• water lines usually run straight from the water main to the shut-off valve, hence if you know where your water main is then you can find the shortest path to your home and that is where the shut-off will most likely be
• when you purchased your house or business an inspection report is supplied with the shut-off valve’s location labeled
• find a big panel at your home or office that isn’t the electrical panel, this contains the shut-off valve because it is illegal to cover it behind a wall
Fun Fact of the Month – If there’s a leaky faucet that drips twice per minute, it’ll lose over a gallon of water in one week!
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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AUTHOR=Moreno Cristina, de la Cruz Alicia, Valenzuela Carmen TITLE=In-Depth Study of the Interaction, Sensitivity, and Gating Modulation by PUFAs on K+ Channels; Interaction and New Targets JOURNAL=Frontiers in Physiology VOLUME=7 YEAR=2016 PAGES=578 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2016.00578 DOI=10.3389/fphys.2016.00578 ISSN=1664-042X ABSTRACT=Voltage gated potassium channels (Kv) are membrane proteins that allow selective flow of K+ ions in a voltage-dependent manner. These channels play an important role in several excitable cells as neurons, cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle. Over the last 20 years, it has been shown that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) enhance or decrease the activity of several cardiac Kv channels. PUFAs-dependent modulation of potassium ion channels has been reported to be cardioprotective. However, the precise cellular mechanism underlying the cardiovascular benefits remained unclear in part because new PUFAs targets and signaling pathways continue being discovered. In this review, we will focus on recent data available concerning the following aspects of the Kv channel modulation by PUFAs: i) the exact residues involved in PUFAs-Kv channels interaction; ii) the structural PUFAs determinants important for their effects on Kv channels; iii) the mechanism of the gating modulation of KV channels and, finally, iv) the PUFAs modulation of a few new targets present in smooth muscle cells, KCa1.1, K2P and KATP channels, involved in vascular relaxation.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 114 Part 3.djvu/368
114 STAT. 1654A-326 PUBLIC LAW 106-398 —APPENDIX "Not later than April 1 each year (but subject to subsection (e)),"; (2) in subsection (b), by striking "The report" in the matter preceding paragraph (1) and inserting "Each report"; (3) in subsection (d), by striking "the report" and inserting "a report"; and (4) by adding at the end the following new subsection: " (e) TERMINATION WHEN UNITED STATES MILITARY OPERATIONS END. —(1) No report is required under this section after United States military operations in the Balkans region have ended. "(2) After the requirement for an annual report under this section is terminated by operation of paragraph (1), but not later than the latest date on which the next annual report under this section would, except for paragraph (1), otherwise be due, the Secretary of Defense shall transmit to Congress a notification of the termination of the reporting requirement.". SEC. 1212. SITUATION IN THE BALKANS. (a) ESTABLISHMENT OF NATO BENCHMARKS FOR WITHDRAWAL OF FORCES FROM KOSOVO. —The President shall develop, not later than May 31, 2001, militarily significant benchmarks for conditions that would achieve a sustainable peace in Kosovo and ultimately allow for the withdrawal of the United States military presence in Kosovo. Congress urges the President to seek concurrence among member nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the development of those benchmarks. (b) COMPREHENSIVE POLITICAL-MILITARY STRATEGY. — (1) The President— (A) shall develop a comprehensive political-military strategy for addressing the political, economic, humanitarian, and military issues in the Balkans; and (B) shall establish near-term, mid-term, and long-term objectives in the region. (2) In developing that strategy and those objectives, the President shall take into consideration— (A) the benchmarks relating to Kosovo developed as described in subsection (a); and (B) the benchmarks relating to Bosnia that were detailed in the report accompanying the certification by the President to Congress on March 3, 1998 (printed as House Document 105-223), with respect to the continued presence of United States Armed Forces, after June 30, 1998, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, submitted to Congress pursuant to section 7 of title I of the 1998 Supplemental Appropriations and Rescissions Act (Public Law 105-174; 112 Stat. 63). (3) That strategy and those objectives shall be developed in consultation with appropriate regional and international entities. (c) SEMIANNUAL REPORT ON BENCHMARKS. — Not later than June 30, 2001, and every six months thereafter, the President shall submit to Congress a report on the progress made in achieving the benchmarks developed pursuant to subsection (a). The President may submit a single report covering these benchmarks and the benchmarks relating to Bosnia referred to in subsection (b)(2)(B). (d) SEMIANNUAL REPORT ON COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGY. —Not later than June 30, 2001, and every six months thereafter so long as United States forces are in the Balkans, the President shall submit to Congress a report on the progress being made
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WIKI
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Theodore of Pherme
Theodore of Pherme was an Egyptian Christian monk who lived in the desert of Scetes in Lower Egypt during the 4th century. He was one of the Desert Fathers.
Theodore was a monk at Scetis and may have been trained by Macarius the Great and Pambo. Once he was deaconized but refused the position out of humility, and wanted to live in solitude instead. Theodore later moved to Pherme after Scetis was sacked by barbarians in 408 A.D.
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WIKI
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User:RileyKae
Peanut Butter Banana Strawberry Sandwich
This delicious sandwich is made by spreading peanut butter on either side of the bread and adding thinly sliced bananas and strawberries inside. It can be eaten as a dessert or even for breakfast. Often times, the bread can be toasted for better tasting.
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WIKI
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User:Mcdonald burger machine for the year 1940
i am the sercet of bud people on forginba island 200 years old,very good - Mcdonald burger machine for the year 1940
I found David's dog lying on a brick wall. It flew into the apple zone and ate all the apples. I'm afraid of meeting bad people. (3:11)
-Scientology
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WIKI
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Computer Architecture Today
Informing the broad computing community about current activities, advances and future directions in computer architecture.
The smartphone is the most pervasive mobile computing device on the planet. There are over 2.1 billion devices worldwide, and this number is rising sharply as smartphone penetration increases in emerging markets like China and India. By 2020, there will be 6 billion smartphones globally with over 1 million new subscribers each day for the next six years. To put this number into perspective, Gartner research estimates that Google has 2.5 million servers. If we take all of the major cloud service providers into account—i.e., Google, Amazon, Microsoft and Facebook—a liberal estimate lands us at about 10 million servers worldwide, plus or minus a few. The smartphone-to-server ratio is 200:1 and widening, which begs the questions of how we got here and what lays ahead for mobile computer architecture.
The seismic shift toward pervasive mobile computing started with the arrival of the first Apple iPhone in June 2007. The 1st generation iPhone A4 processor boasted a 412 MHz single-core ARM processor that delivered an unparalleled user experience on a 3.5-inch fully touch-screen display. Since then, mobile application processors have evolved considerably to deliver desktop-like performance. The iPhone 7 A10 processor boasts a peak clock frequency of 2.34 GHz and uses a quad-core asymmetric architecture that integrates two high-performance and two energy-efficient cores together onto the same die. Other newer architecture designs such as the Helio X20 processor from MediaTek features the world’s first Tri-Cluster CPU with 10 processing cores (Deca-core) with varying degrees of performance.
Today’s mobile system-on-a-chip (SoC) processors boast several high-end features: high clock frequencies, aggressive microarchitectures, multicore designs, asymmetric architectures, heterogeneity and domain-specific acceleration. Arguably, mobile SoC processors are unmatched in their design and orchestration complexity.
Advancements in mobile processors have not come for free without challenges. Two problems have consistently plagued mobile devices: battery life and heat dissipation. There is No Moore’s Law for Batteries and mobile devices are passively cooled. While transistors have doubled every two years since 1975, battery density has doubled once every 10 years for more than two decades. With the end of Dennard Scaling, SoC heat dissipation has become a major issue since mobile devices have no active cooling support. So it should come as no surprise that we have all had experiences with mobile devices running hot. Humans can tolerate 45 degrees Celsius and beyond that we experience the onset of pain. Modern mobile devices often operate at this threshold, if not occasionally exceeding the limit. The iPad is known to reach 47 degrees Celsius when processing compute-intensive tasks such as playing games or downloading files.
Today’s smartphones have largely survived the limited battery life and heat dissipation issues thanks to the device’s limited and intermittent usage model. An average smartphone user session lasts less than five minutes with long periods of idleness between users’ touch screen events, allowing for power-saving techniques such as “run-to-idle” to be deployed effectively to achieve all-day battery life. But the decade-long era of passive touch-based mobile computing may be on the verge of a paradigm shift. With the strong push toward ML and AR/VR in smartphones, applications will become more active and demanding. Smartphone applications will transition from waiting on touch events to proactively process the content (e.g., a camera image or a website) rendered on the visual display to extract interesting and semantically rich information that can make the user experience more engaging. The transition from passive to active applications will likely exert new levels of processing pressure on the mobile SoC.
So, the questions that need attention are how computer architects can help design the next-generation of mobile SoC processors given the massive proliferation of these devices, the looming battery and heat dissipation challenges, and the emergence of new application types. To help answer the questions and guide the systematic development of future mobile SoCs, below are “Ten Commandments of Mobile Computer Architecture Research:
1. Thou shalt not use benchmarks in place of real-world interactive applications.
2. Thou shalt not cherrypick applications by popularity.
3. Thou shalt not ignore the Web browser.
4. Thou shalt not presume microarchitectural improvements translate to user satisfaction.
5. Thou shalt not drop a frame.
6. Thou shalt not assume execution is deterministic across runs.
7. Thou shalt not believe software behaves identically across all devices.
8. Thou shalt not ignore energy and thermal consequences of innovations.
9. Thou shalt not ignore the intellectual property (IP) blocks.
10. Thou shalt not presume this list is complete.
Commandment #1: SPEC CPU benchmarks are not representative of real mobile applications, and neither are the mobile counterparts such as Geekbench and AnTuTu. These benchmarks are often used in research papers. The benchmarks exercise the CPU and GPU steadily for a long time. However, most mobile applications are user-driven, interactive and bursty. Therefore, the conclusions drawn from studying these long-running steady-state benchmarks can lead to suboptimal and weak bottleneck analysis. Architects may be misled to optimize for the wrong bottlenecks and make incorrect trade-offs. It is important to study real-world mobile applications, driven by user inputs.
Commandment #2: It is typical to download the top N applications from the App Store, where N is typically 10 in the academic literature, to conduct detailed (micro)architectural analysis studies. Application popularity may seem to be a reasonable metric for selecting applications, but using the top 10 applications to determine how to design future processors may result in misguided faith. The job of an architect is to design processors for the future, not the past. The mobile application ecosystem evolves rapidly. Over 60,000 new applications are released each month for the Apple iOS and Google Play stores. Therefore, it would be prudent for architects to study a broad set of applications and not let popularity be the driving factor that determines which applications are used for workload deep dives.
Commandment #3: The browser is the canonical application on a mobile device—akin to the Gcc compiler in SPEC CPU benchmark suite. More Web traffic flows through mobile devices than desktops. The browser is a complex application with a large memory and code footprint that relies on several threads/processes and it uses an asynchronous execution model that stresses virtually every aspect of a mobile SoC, including the application processor, GPU, video/audio decoders, networking, and communication IP blocks. Moreover, the browser, as a single application, can render any of the billion webpages on the Internet, and as such, it exhibits vastly different execution characteristics based on its input. Mobile SoC vendors consider the browser as the toughest application to optimize.
Commandment #4: “Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach” by David Patterson and John L. Hennessy has taught us well to have a strong and rigorous approach to quantitatively measure simulated or real hardware performance. But a lot has changed over the past 10 years since the arrival of the smartphone. The measure of performance in a mobile device is not how fast a processor can compute; rather, its true capability lies in its ability to deliver user-perceivable satisfaction improvements. Doubling the TLB from 32 to 64 entries may seem like the right trade-off to alleviate a performance bottleneck at the expense of power consumption. But if the improvement does not result in a measurable user-perceivable performance improvement (or satisfaction), then it is a wasteful trade-off.
Commandment #5: Most mobile users are fidgety. An average mobile user taps, types, swipes, or clicks her/his device 2,617 times a day. Except for video streaming applications, the majority of mobile applications are event-driven, where the processor is waiting for user events. So, what matters most to end users is touch responsiveness, i.e., the time it takes to render a frame to the display as a result of a user touch input. To ensure “buttery smooth” user interface (UI) performance, the system as a whole must maintain 60 frames per second (FPS) consistently (why 60fps?) without any dropped (or delayed) frames, commonly also referred to as “Jank.” Maintaining 60 FPS means all processing (computing, networking, and rendering) must take place within 16.67 ms. Dropped frames in UI applications can lead to poor user experience. But dropped frames in AR/VR applications can mean users feel nausea and discomfort after a few minutes. Therefore, it is important to focus on fine-grained metrics, such as application jank and tails in user experience, in addition to traditional application performance metrics like end-to-end application execution time.
Commandment #6: Run-to-run variation in workload performance is a severe problem in mobile systems, even when the application is run in isolation. There are multiple sources of variation in a mobile device: thermal throttling, dynamic recompilation (at least in Android), background killing of applications, nondeterministic networking and communication, etc. Therefore, it is prudent to study the effect of one’s optimizations across multiple scenarios, such as varying levels of background activity, IP block traffic congestion levels, etc., to ensure that the improvements persist, in particular on a real device. Ideally, one would rely on statistical cutoffs to build confidence.
Commandment #7: Some applications are written with user experience and hardware capabilities in mind. Applications may take different execution paths (silently) based on queried hardware feature. Some hardware can be restricted for sophisticated application features by popular applications because parts of the application may not be fast enough to provide responsive UX. Such trade-offs are made by product software teams that are correct for today’s hardware, but an architect exploring future designs needs to be wary of such de-optimizations.
Commandment #8: It is tempting to tout performance improvements for hardware solutions without fully considering the consequences. Measuring and quantifying the instantaneous power peaks and the resulting energy consumption of new ideas is necessary given that battery and heat dissipation are first-order constraints for mobile processors.
Commandment #9: Unlike CPUs and GPUs, which have been continuously optimized for decades and treated as indivisible architectural units, SoCs are, by definition, a modular collection of special-purpose compute, communication, and storage IP units. In a high-performance SoC, the majority of the die area is dominated by IP blocks. The Apple A8 SoC has close to 30 IP blocks, and the application processor occupies less than 20% of the die area. IP blocks are typically licensed from third parties and assembled together via standard interfaces (e.g., ARM AXI) to meet a targeted purpose. Modular SoC design provides computation within a single IP that is fast, power efficient, and space efficient. But anytime IPs need to communicate, their default behavior is to drain data to memory, interrupt, or poll, and wait for the CPU to hand off the data from one IP to another. There is an opportunity for researchers to understand how to build chips with the efficiency of an Intel CPU or a Nvidia GPU but the flexibility of a SoC.
Commandment #10: Mobile is a rapidly and continuously evolving domain. It would be presumptuous to assume that any one set of commandments can ever be complete. So, the tenth commandment reserves the exclusive right to state that the current list is incomplete and that the aforementioned commandments should be improved upon over time.
Many of the commandments will be hard to abide by in practice, either due to the lack of proper tools or established methodologies, and that is intended. These commandments hold mobile computer architecture research to high standards. The challenge for next-generation mobile computer architects is to develop and unleash the necessary vessels that will enable more systematic benchmarking and evaluation of mobile systems in place of today’s ad-hoc practices. If one reads the commandments closely enough, she/he shall see several opportunities for new research.
Acknowledgments: The author thanks Allan Knies (SoC Performance and Simulation Lead, Google), Manu Gulati (Lead SoC Architect, Google), Hongil Yoon (SoC Performance Architect, Google) and Xiaoyu Ma (SoC Performance Architect, Google) for their feedback on this article. The views expressed here are solely that of the author and do not necessarily represent or reflect the views of Google where the author is currently employed as a Visiting Researcher.
About the author: Vijay Janapa Reddi is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering department at The University of Texas at Austin. More information can be found at http://3nity.io/~vj.
Disclaimer: These posts are written by individual contributors to share their thoughts on the Computer Architecture Today blog for the benefit of the community. Any views or opinions represented in this blog are personal, belong solely to the blog author and do not represent those of ACM SIGARCH or its parent organization, ACM.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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File: UI\HtmlControls\HtmlTableRow.cs
Project: ndp\fx\src\xsp\system\Web\System.Web.csproj (System.Web)
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// <copyright file="HtmlTableRow.cs" company="Microsoft">
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
// </copyright>
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
namespace System.Web.UI.HtmlControls {
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Security.Permissions;
/// <devdoc>
/// <para>
/// The <see langword='HtmlTableRow'/>
/// class defines the properties, methods, and events for the HtmlTableRow control.
/// This class allows programmatic access on the server to individual HTML
/// <tr> elements enclosed within an <see cref='System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTable'/> control.
/// </para>
/// </devdoc>
[
ParseChildren(true, "Cells")
]
public class HtmlTableRow : HtmlContainerControl {
HtmlTableCellCollection cells;
public HtmlTableRow() : base("tr") {
}
/// <devdoc>
/// <para>
/// Gets or sets the horizontal alignment of the cells contained in an
/// <see langword='HtmlTableRow'/> control.
/// </para>
/// </devdoc>
[
WebCategory("Layout"),
DefaultValue(""),
DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Hidden)
]
public string Align {
get {
string s = Attributes["align"];
return((s != null) ? s : String.Empty);
}
set {
Attributes["align"] = MapStringAttributeToString(value);
}
}
/*
* Collection of child TableCells.
*/
/// <devdoc>
/// <para>
/// Gets or sets the group of table cells contained within an
/// <see langword='HtmlTableRow'/> control.
/// </para>
/// </devdoc>
[
Browsable(false),
DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Hidden),
]
public virtual HtmlTableCellCollection Cells {
get {
if (cells == null)
cells = new HtmlTableCellCollection(this);
return cells;
}
}
/// <devdoc>
/// <para>
/// Gets or sets the background color of an <see langword='HtmlTableRow'/>
/// control.
/// </para>
/// </devdoc>
[
WebCategory("Appearance"),
DefaultValue(""),
DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Hidden)
]
public string BgColor {
get {
string s = Attributes["bgcolor"];
return((s != null) ? s : String.Empty);
}
set {
Attributes["bgcolor"] = MapStringAttributeToString(value);
}
}
/// <devdoc>
/// <para>
/// Gets or sets the border color of an <see langword='HtmlTableRow'/> control.
/// </para>
/// </devdoc>
[
WebCategory("Appearance"),
DefaultValue(""),
DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Hidden)
]
public string BorderColor {
get {
string s = Attributes["bordercolor"];
return((s != null) ? s : String.Empty);
}
set {
Attributes["bordercolor"] = MapStringAttributeToString(value);
}
}
/// <devdoc>
/// <para>
/// Gets or sets the height of an <see langword='HtmlTableRow'/> control.
/// </para>
/// </devdoc>
[
WebCategory("Layout"),
DefaultValue(""),
DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Hidden)
]
public string Height {
get {
string s = Attributes["height"];
return((s != null) ? s : String.Empty);
}
set {
Attributes["height"] = MapStringAttributeToString(value);
}
}
/// <devdoc>
/// <para>[To be supplied.]</para>
/// </devdoc>
public override string InnerHtml {
get {
throw new NotSupportedException(SR.GetString(SR.InnerHtml_not_supported, this.GetType().Name));
}
set {
throw new NotSupportedException(SR.GetString(SR.InnerHtml_not_supported, this.GetType().Name));
}
}
/// <devdoc>
/// <para>[To be supplied.]</para>
/// </devdoc>
public override string InnerText {
get {
throw new NotSupportedException(SR.GetString(SR.InnerText_not_supported, this.GetType().Name));
}
set {
throw new NotSupportedException(SR.GetString(SR.InnerText_not_supported, this.GetType().Name));
}
}
/// <devdoc>
/// <para>
/// Gets or sets the vertical alignment of of the cells contained in an
/// <see langword='HtmlTableRow'/> control.
/// </para>
/// </devdoc>
[
WebCategory("Layout"),
DefaultValue(""),
DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Hidden)
]
public string VAlign {
get {
string s = Attributes["valign"];
return((s != null) ? s : String.Empty);
}
set {
Attributes["valign"] = MapStringAttributeToString(value);
}
}
/// <internalonly/>
/// <devdoc>
/// </devdoc>
protected internal override void RenderChildren(HtmlTextWriter writer) {
writer.WriteLine();
writer.Indent++;
base.RenderChildren(writer);
writer.Indent--;
}
/// <internalonly/>
/// <devdoc>
/// </devdoc>
protected override void RenderEndTag(HtmlTextWriter writer) {
base.RenderEndTag(writer);
writer.WriteLine();
}
/// <devdoc>
/// <para>[To be supplied.]</para>
/// </devdoc>
protected override ControlCollection CreateControlCollection() {
return new HtmlTableCellControlCollection(this);
}
/// <devdoc>
/// <para>[To be supplied.]</para>
/// </devdoc>
protected class HtmlTableCellControlCollection : ControlCollection {
internal HtmlTableCellControlCollection (Control owner) : base(owner) {
}
/// <devdoc>
/// <para>Adds the specified <see cref='System.Web.UI.Control'/> object to the collection. The new control is added
/// to the end of the array.</para>
/// </devdoc>
public override void Add(Control child) {
if (child is HtmlTableCell)
base.Add(child);
else
throw new ArgumentException(SR.GetString(SR.Cannot_Have_Children_Of_Type, "HtmlTableRow", child.GetType().Name.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture))); // throw an exception here
}
/// <devdoc>
/// <para>Adds the specified <see cref='System.Web.UI.Control'/> object to the collection. The new control is added
/// to the array at the specified index location.</para>
/// </devdoc>
public override void AddAt(int index, Control child) {
if (child is HtmlTableCell)
base.AddAt(index, child);
else
throw new ArgumentException(SR.GetString(SR.Cannot_Have_Children_Of_Type, "HtmlTableRow", child.GetType().Name.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture))); // throw an exception here
}
}
}
}
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:EB1911 - Volume 05.djvu/467
are so delicately balanced, that inquirers may change their views, and modify or reverse their opinions, on the appearance of each fresh document that is brought to light; or even upon a new consideration of existing evidence. Controversy centres round a very long and singular undated epistle called “The Glasgow Letter” or “Letter II.” If Mary wrote all of this, or even wrote some compromising parts of it, she was certainly guilty. But two questions remain to be settled—(1) did her accusers at one time possess another version of this letter which if it existed was beyond doubt a forgery? and (2) is not part of Letter II. a forged interpolation, based on another document, not by Mary?
The whole affair has been obscured and almost inextricably entangled, as we shall see, by the behaviour of Mary’s accusers. Of these Maitland of Lethington was consenting to Darnley’s murder; the earl of Morton had, at least, guilty foreknowledge; the regent Moray (Mary’s natural brother) had “looked through his fingers” at the crime, and for months remained on intimate terms with the criminals. He also perjured himself when putting before Elizabeth’s commission of inquiry at Westminster (December 1568) a copy of the confession of Hepburn of Bowton (Cotton MSS. British Museum. Caligula C.I. fol. 325). This is attested as a “true copy,” but Moray, who had been present when Bowton was examined (December 8, 1567), knew that the copy presented at Westminster (December 1568) had been mutilated because the excised passages were damning to Lethington and the earl of Morton, accomplices in the crime of Darnley’s murder, and accomplices of Moray in his prosecution of his sister. (See in Cambridge University Library, MS. Oo. 47, fol. 5 et seq. Compare the MS. copy of the confession in the British Museum, Cotton MSS. Caligula, C.I. fol. 325, printed in Anderson’s Collections, vol. ii. pp. 183-188.)
If Moray the righteous could act thus, much more might the murderer Morton perjure himself in his averment that there had been no tampering with the Casket Letters in his custody. We cannot, in short, believe Mary’s accusers on their oaths. When they all went, in October–December 1568, to York and London to accuse their queen—and before that, in their proclamations—they contradicted themselves freely and frequently; they put in a list of dates which made Mary’s authorship of Letter II. impossible; and they rang the changes on Scots translations of the alleged French originals, and on the French itself. For example, when Moray, after Mary was in Elizabeth’s power (May 16, 1568), wished Elizabeth to have the matter tried, he in May–June 1568 sent John Wood to England with Scots translations of the letters. Wood was to ask, “if the French originals are found to tally with the Scots translations, will that be reckoned good evidence?” It was as easy to send copies of the French, and thus give no ground for the suspicion that the Scots letters were altered on the basis of information acquired between May and October 1568, and that the French versions were made to fit the new form of the Scots copies. Another source of confusion, now removed, was the later publication in France of the letters in French. This French did not correspond with French copies of some of the originals recently discovered in Cecil’s MSS. and elsewhere. But that is no ground of suspicion, for the published French letters were not copies of the alleged originals, but translations of Latin translations of them, from the Scots (see T. F. Henderson, The Casket Letters, 1890). German historians have not made matters more clear by treating the Letters on the principle of “the higher criticism” of Homer and the Bible. They find that the documents are of composite origin, partly notes from Mary to Darnley, partly a diary of Mary’s, and so on; all combined and edited by some one who played the part of the legendary editorial committee of Peisistratus (see ), which compiled the Iliad and Odyssey out of fragmentary lays! From all these causes, and others, arise confusion and suspicion.
So much information unknown to older disputants such as Goodall, the elder Tytler, Chalmers, and Malcolm Laing, and in certain cases unknown even to Froude and Skelton, has accrued, that the question can now best be studied in The Casket Letters, by T. F. Henderson (1889; second issue, 1890, being the more accurate); in The Mystery of Mary Stuart, by Andrew Lang (4th edition, 1904), and in Henderson’s criticism of that book, in his Mary, Queen of Scots (1905) (Appendix A). The conclusion arrived at here is that of Henderson, but it is reached independently.
The history of the letters must be given in summary. Henderson, in The Casket Letters (1889), was the first to publish and use as evidence a document of which the existence was made known in the fifth report of the royal commission on historical manuscripts. It is a sworn statement of the earl of Morton, written in 1568. A silver casket (originally Mary’s property, but then in the possession of Bothwell) was placed in his hands on the 20th of June, and was inspected by several nobles and gentlemen on the 21st of June 1567. Morton denies that the contents, the letters, sonnets, and some other papers, had been in any way tampered with. But if Moray could knowingly submit garbled evidence, Morton’s oath is of no value if uncorroborated.
Mary was, on the 21st of June 1567, a prisoner in Loch Leven Castle. A messenger was at once sent from Edinburgh to London with a letter from Lethington and a verbal message. By the 12th of July, de Silva, the Spanish ambassador, reports on the authority of the French ambassador that du Croc, French envoy to Scotland, avers that Mary’s Scottish enemies have autograph letters of hers proving her guilt, and himself possesses copies. Of these copies no more is heard, and they cannot be found. According to de Silva, Elizabeth said that she did not believe in the Letters, and that Lethington, who wrote to Cecil on the 21st of June, and sent a verbal message by the bearer, “had behaved badly in the matter,”—whether that of the letters, or in general. On what evidence she based that opinion, if she really held it, is unknown. In December 1567 the Scottish parliament was informed that the letters were signed by Mary (they are unsigned), but the phrase is not used in the subsequent act of parliament. The letters were exhibited and apparently were read, probably read aloud. Mary’s party in September 1568 declared that they were garbled, and that the handwriting was not hers. In the end of July 1567 the earl of Moray, Mary’s brother, passing through London from France, told de Silva, as de Silva reported to his government, that there was proof of Mary’s guilt in a letter of three double sheets of paper signed by her.
According to Moray’s version of the letter, Mary was to try to poison Darnley in a house on the way between Glasgow and Edinburgh where he and she were to stop. Clearly Lord Livingstone’s house, Callendar, where they did rest on their journey, is intended. If this failed, Mary would put Darnley “in the house where the explosion was arranged for the night upon which one of the servants was to be married.” No such arrangement had been made, as the confessions of the murderers, at which Moray was present, clearly prove. It may be said that de Silva means “the house in which the explosion was afterwards arranged.” But the earl of Lennox, Darnley’s father, understood Moray to mean that as early as January 21–22, 1567, the house of Kirk o’ Field, where Darnley was slain, had already been mined. Moray’s version of the letter made Mary tell Bothwell to poison or put away his wife. No such matters occur in Letter II.; Moray spoke, he said, on the authority of “a man who had read the letter.” A similar account of this letter is given in a document of Darnley’s father, the earl of Lennox (Cambridge University Library MSS. Oo. 7. 47; f. 17 b.). Can we suppose that “the man who had read the letter” invented much of its contents, and told them to Moray, who told de Silva, and told Darnley’s father, Lennox, then in or near London?
At this point comes in the evidence—unknown to Froude, Skelton, Hosack, and Henderson in his book The Casket Letters—of a number of documents, notes of information, and indictments of Mary, written for or by the earl of Lennox. These MSS are in the University Library of Cambridge, and were transcribed by Father Stevenson. His transcripts were brought to light by Father Pollen, S.J., who lent them, with his own notes on them,
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WIKI
|
SQLite - Команда INSERT
Команда INSERT INTO используется для добавления новых строк данных в таблицу в базе данных. Ниже приведены два основных синтаксиса инструкции INSERT INTO.
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME [(column1, column2, column3,...columnN)]
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...valueN);
Здесь column1, column2, ... columnN - это имена столбцов в таблице, в которые вы хотите вставить данные.
Возможно, вам не нужно указывать имя столбца в запросе SQLite, если вы добавляете значения для всех столбцов таблицы. Однако убедитесь, что порядок значений находится в том же порядке, что и столбцы в таблице. Синтаксис SQLite INSERT INTO будет следующим:
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...valueN);
Создадите таблицу COMPANY в своем testDB.db следующим образом:
sqlite> CREATE TABLE COMPANY(
ID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
NAME TEXT NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR(50),
SALARY REAL
);
Теперь следующие операторы будут создавать шесть записей в таблице COMPANY.
INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (1, 'Tom', 32, 'California', 20000.00 );
INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (2, 'Jack', 25, 'Texas', 15000.00 );
INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (3, 'Mark', 23, 'Norway', 20000.00 );
INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (4, 'David', 25, 'Rich-Mond ', 65000.00 );
INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (5, 'Bill', 27, 'Texas', 85000.00 );
INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (6, 'Adam', 22, 'South-Hall', 45000.00 );
Вы можете создать запись в таблице COMPANY, используя следующий синтаксис:
INSERT INTO COMPANY VALUES (7, 'Tom', 24, 'Houston', 70000.00 );
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
keraunophone
Noun
* 1) A radio-based device that generates sound corresponding to distant lightning flashes.
|
WIKI
|
Polish nationalism
Polish nationalism (polski nacjonalizm) is a nationalism which asserts that the Polish people are a nation and which affirms the cultural unity of Poles. British historian of Poland Norman Davies defines nationalism as "a doctrine ... to create a nation by arousing people's awareness of their nationality, and to mobilize their feelings into a vehicle for political action."
The nationalism of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – a polity which existed de facto from 1386, and officially from 1569, until the Commonwealth's 1795 Third Partition – incorporating Poles, Lithuanians, East Slavs, and smaller minorities. was multi-ethnic and multi-confessional, though the Commonwealth's dominant social classes became extensively Polonized and Roman Catholicism was regarded as the dominant religion.
The nationalist ideology which arose soon after the Partitions was initially free of any kind of "ethnic nationalism". It was a Romantic movement which sought the restoration of a Polish sovereign state. Polish Romantic nationalism was described by Maurycy Mochnacki as "the essence of the nation", no longer defined by borders but by ideas, feelings, and thoughts stemming from the past.
The advent of modern Polish nationalism under foreign rule coincided with the November 1830 Uprising and the European Revolutions of 1848 ("the Springtime of Nations"). Their ensuing defeats broke the Polish revolutionary spirit. Many intellectuals turned to Herbert Spencer's social Darwinism and blamed Poland's erstwhile Romantic ("Messianist") philosophy for the insurrectionary disasters.
After the failure of the subsequent Polish January 1863 Uprising, the Romantic schools of thought were firmly displaced by a specifically Polish version of Auguste Comte's Positivist philosophy which dominated Polish thought to the end of the 19th century.
After the three partitioning empires collapsed in World War I, Poland returned as a territorially reduced and ethnically more homogeneous polity – though still with substantial minorities, especially the Ukrainians of southeastern Poland, which themselves began to harbor their own national aspirations.
History
The earliest manifestations of Polish nationalism, and conscious discussions of what it means to be a citizen of the Polish nation, can be traced back to the 17th or 18th century, with some scholars going as far back as the 13th century, and others to the 16th century. Early Polish nationalism, or protonationalism, was related to the Polish-Lithuanian identity, represented primarily by the Polish nobility (szlachta), and by their cultural values (such as the Golden Freedoms and Sarmatism). It was founded on civic, republican ideas. This early form of Polish nationalism began to fray and transform with the destruction of the Polish state in the partitions of Poland from 1772 to 1795.
Modern Polish nationalism arose as a movement in the late-18th and early-19th centuries amongst Polish activists who promoted a Polish national consciousness while rejecting cultural assimilation into the dominant cultures of Austria, Prussia and Russia, the three empires which partitioned Poland-Lithuania and occupied the various regions of Poland. This was the consequence of Polish statelessness, because the Polish nationality was suppressed by the authorities of the countries which acquired the territory of the former Commonwealth. During that time Polishness begun to be identified with ethnicity, increasingly excluding groups such as the Polish Jews, who had previously been more likely to be accepted as Polish patriots. This was also the period in which Polish nationalism, which was previously common to both left-wing and right-wing political platforms, became more redefined as being limited to the right-wing, with the emergence of the politician Roman Dmowski (1864-1939), who renamed Liga Polska (the Polish League) as Liga Narodowa (the National League) in 1893.
Polish nationalism reached its height in the second half of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century. Crucial waves followed the Polish defeat in the January Uprising of 1864, the restoration of an independent Polish state in 1918 and the establishment of a homogeneous ethnic Polish state in 1945.
"It has often been pointed out that the period of partition has a strong significance for Poles as a chapter in Polish history where the Polish nation survived and became socially and culturally stronger despite the loss of independence."
An important element of Polish nationalism has been its identification with the Roman Catholic religion, though this is a relatively recent development, with its roots in the counter-reformation of the 17th century, and one which became clearly established in the interwar period. Although the old Commonwealth was religiously diverse and highly tolerant, the Roman Catholic religious narrative with messianic undertones (the Christ of Nations) became one of the defining characteristics of the modern Polish identity. Roman Dmowski, a Polish politician of that era, was vital in defining that concept, and has been called the "father of Polish nationalism".
In 1922 G. K. Chesterton published the following opinion on Polish nationalism: "'I judged the Poles by their enemies. And I found it was an almost unfailing truth that their enemies were the enemies of magnanimity and manhood. If a man loved slavery, if he loved usury, if he loved terrorism and all the trampled mire of materialistic politics, I have always found that he added to these affections the passion of a hatred of Poland. She could be judged in the light of that hatred; and the judgment has proved to be right.'
Gilbert Keith Chesterton: Introduction to Charles Saroléa’s Letters on Polish affair, 1922" The post-World War II human migrations from 1945, with the resultant demographic and territorial changes of Poland that drastically reduced the number of ethnic minorities in Poland, also played a major role in the creation of the modern Polish state and nationality.
In communist Poland (1945-1989), the regime adopted, modified and used for its official ideology and propaganda some of the nationalist concepts developed by Dmowski. As Dmowski's National Democrats strongly believed in a "national" (ethnically homogeneous) state, even if this criterion necessitated a reduced territory, their territorial and ethnic ideas were accepted and practically implemented by the Polish communists, acting with Joseph Stalin's permission. Stalin himself in 1944-45 conferenced with and was influenced by a leading National Democrat Stanisław Grabski, coauthor of the planned border and population shifts and an embodiment of the nationalist-communist collusion.
Polish nationalism, together with pro-American liberalism, played an important part in the development of Solidarity movement in the 1980s. Polish irredentism keeps alive memories of Polish presence in the Kresy - the "Eastern Borderlands" formerly under Polish governance and now part of Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine.
In current Polish politics, Polish nationalism is most openly represented by parties linked in the Liberty and Independence Confederation coalition. the Confederation, composed of several smaller parties, had 11 deputies (under 7%) in the Sejm.
Current
* Confederation of Independent Poland (1979–present)
* National Revival of Poland (1981–present)
* National Party (1989–present)
* Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland (1992–present)
* National Radical Camp (1933–1934, 1935–1939, 1993–present)
* National-Catholic Movement (1997–present)
* Party of Regions (2007–present)
* National League (2007–present)
* Forward Poland (2008–present)
* National Movement (2012–present)
* United Poland (2012–present)
* Free and Solidary (2016–present)
* Confederation Liberty and Independence (2018–present)
* Confederation of the Polish Crown (2019-present)
Former
* National Democracy (1886–1947)
* National-Democratic Party (1897–1919)
* Popular National Union (1919–1928)
* Camp of Great Poland (1926–1933)
* National Party (1928–1947)
* Polish United Workers' Party (1948-1990)
* Christian National Union (1989–2010)
* Movement for Reconstruction of Poland (1995–2012)
* League of Polish Families (2001–present) (changed ideology in 2010)
* Polish National Party (2004–2014)
Ideologies and movements
* Fourth Polish Republic
* Kaczyzm
* Polish Positivism
* Prometheism
* Young Poland
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WIKI
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Name of the Student:
The issue of race and the inequalities associated with it has been a part of American history since the beginning. America as a society was founded on different forms of domination, oppression and inequality from the creation of the American colonies to slavery. With the migration of different nationalities into the United States, race was used as a way of fostering inequality for the non white immigrants into America. One of the groups that was historically affected by this trend was the Mexicans. Race was used as a tool to discriminate Chinanos who had migrated into the United States but Chinano activists on realizing this sought to establish self determination of Chinanos as a group.
Official government classification of the Chinanos was structured in such a way that created and reflected social, political and economic inequality. Official government classification barred many Mexicans from entering the United States, from becoming citizens of the United States and from running businesses in the United States. Many Mexican immigrants were labeled ‘undocumented workers’ which meant that they could not become citizens of the United States and could therefore be exploited by white Americans. The race of Chinanos was used against them to ensure that they could only work in low paying jobs. Historically, Chinanos were not seen as a race but their classification was mostly ethnic. They were at one time classified as ‘whites with Hispanic surnames’. The fact that Chinanos were classified in ranked ethnic systems made white Americans to have beliefs about who belonged where, who deserves what and which group gets what. Classification of Chinanos under ethnic categories reinforced white Americans as the dominant group which had all the rights over Chinanos. Race construction by the government was used against Chinanos to ensure that they did not vote or run for office. This was a representation of how unequal Mexicans were to white Americans. It also ensured that Chinanos did not take part in important decision making and policy formation which in the end meant that their subordinate position was maintained. Personal race construction by white Americans about Chinanos also served the purpose of discriminating Chinanos. How individuals thought of Mexicans affected whether or not a Mexican was offered a well paying job, whether a university admitted a Mexican applicant and whether proper medical care was given to a person. Many white Americans before the 1960s perceived Chinanos as inferior to them. Mexicans were therefore offered jobs like housekeeping and other manual work. They provided cheap labor for white Americans. Many universities during those times shied away from admitting Mexicans to continue their higher education. During this time, Mexican children went to inferior schools that were separate from those of white Americans. Racial classification of Mexicans therefore helped maintain poverty among the group.
Chinano activists recognized that the fact that Mexicans were recognized along racial lines worked against them and not for them. This is because the identity of Chinanos as a race was marred with a lot of stereotypes that served to make Mexicans subordinate to white Americans. The identity of Chinanos along racial lines made them to be discriminated by white Americans.
From the 1960s, Chinano activists started advocating for a new identity that had nothing to do with race. Previously, Chinanos had been described and classified by others. Being described by others had its limitations and left Chinanos lacking a proper identity. Before 1960, most Chinanos did not know how to classify themselves as they had been given many divergent classifications. Chinanos as a group therefore did not stand out. Chinano activists from 1960 started advocating for self description and self determination of Chinanos. They wanted Chinanos and not others to come up with their own description, their own identity.
Chinano activists from the 1960s invented a new identity for Mexican Americans. They did this by not focusing on the present situation of the Chinanos but by looking at history. Chinano activists realized that the view about Mexicans was negative already and therefore they were discriminated. This negative view they figured, was caused largely by stereotypes and misconceptions about Mexicans. In order to invent a new identity, these stereotypes had to be corrected. Chinano activists therefore started looking for evidence that could help Mexicans form a new identity as a group.
The new ethos for this new identity was the historical study of the Chinanos. Chinano activists started going against the inaccurate recordings of historical facts. Previously, there had been a lot of misconceptions about Latinos and Mexican Americans. A lot of the data available was tailored to make them appear unequal to white Americans. Ignorant and inaccurate accounts of history were given in order to present Chinanos in negative light and establish white Americans as the dominant group. Chinano activists since 1960 started working towards righting this wrong by giving the accurate accounts. This was done in order to remove notions of white supremacy and reinforce the worth of Chinanos. In ‘Borderlands’, Gloria Anzaldua goes to great lengths to show how Mexicans were kept from their own lands by borderlines. She argues that what is now New Mexico, Colorado, California, Arizona and Texas were taken in 1846 from Mexicans. Chinano activists from 1960s started showing Mexicans that they need not be subordinate as history shows that they were the owners of the vast lands that were now in the hands of whites. The bad plight of Mexicans was attributed to historical injustice and not to racial inferiority. Mexicans were encouraged to be proud of the origins and to realize that there suffering has served to bring prosperity to America and they therefore had as many rights as white Americans. Chinano activists during this time started showing Mexican immigrants that they too were part of America and should not feel like outsiders. A new identity for Chinanos began to be invented from the 1960s. This new identity of Chinanos not only reinforced their own belief that they were not subordinate but also made white Americans to start recognizing Chinanos as deserving equal opportunities and rights. Gloria Anzaldua was one of those Chinano activists that endeavored to correct history. She says that “Seeing the Chicana anew in light of her history. I seek an exoneration, a seeing through the fictions of white supremacy, a seeing of ourselves in our true guises and not as the false racial personality that has been given to us and that we have given to ourselves…I seek new images of identity, new beliefs about ourselves, our humanity and worth no longer in question” (Anzaldua, p87)
The changes in the identity of Chinanos proved that racial classification can promote inequality as equally as it can undermine it. The members of the Chinano race drew from their shared identity to mobilize against the subordinate position they had been given. Chinano activists from the 1960s started repairing the damage that had been done to the Chinano identity through correction of information and what had been perceived to be facts. The doctrine of white supremacy started being questioned as new evidence was presented against this notion. The unveiling of what it truly meant to be Mexican was undertaken and whites and Chinanos alike were able to see the fallacies that had been propagated about Chinanos. It is these fallacies that had incapacitated Mexicans and made them less in the eyes of white Americans. Chinano activists were able to open people’s eyes to the errors of historical narratives thus establishing the Chinano race as equal to the white race, at least on paper.
Menchaca, Martha. Naturalizing Mexican Immigrants: A Texas History. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011. Internet resource.
Haney-López, Ian. Racism on Trial: The Chicano Fight for Justice. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003. Print.
Fregoso, Rosa L. The Bronze Screen: Chicana and Chicano Film Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993. Print.
Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands: The New Mestiza = La Frontera. San Francisco: Spinsters/Aunt Lute, 1987. Print.
Mann, Charles C. 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. New York: Knopf, 2005. Print.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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use ExtUtils::MakeMaker; # See lib/ExtUtils/MakeMaker.pm for details of how to influence # the contents of the Makefile that is written. WriteMakefile( NAME => 'IsisDB', VERSION_FROM => 'IsisDB.pm', # finds $VERSION AUTHOR => 'Dobrica Pavlinusic (dpavlin@rot13.org)', ABSTRACT_FROM => 'IsisDB.pm', PREREQ_PM => { 'Test::Simple' => 0.44, 'Carp' => 0, }, depend => { dist => 'changelog', }, ); sub MY::postamble { return <<'MAKE_MORE'; HTML_DIR=pod2html html: $(TO_INST_PM) test -e $(HTML_DIR) || mkdir $(HTML_DIR) ls $(MAN1PODS) $(MAN3PODS) | cut -d. -f1 | xargs -i sh -c "pod2html --infile {}.p[lm] --outfile $(HTML_DIR)/{}.html --htmldir $(HTML_DIR)" rm -f pod2htm?.tmp test ! -z "`which svn2html.pl`" && svn update && svn2html.pl > $(HTML_DIR)/Changes.html changelog: svn update && svn -v log > Changes tags: ctags *.p? */*.p? cmp: time ./scripts/dump_isis.pl > isis.txt time ./scripts/dump_openisis.pl > openisis.txt MAKE_MORE }
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Loading...
Area: Optimizely CMS
Applies to versions: 10 and higher
Other versions:
Determining languages
Recommended reading
This topic describes the API for accessing, selecting and modifying languages, and strict language routing in Optimizely CMS.
When describing the language concept in Optimizely CMS, the following language setting types are mentioned:
• System language. Used to control date/time formating, sort order etc.
• User interface language. Controls the localized (translated) resources to display, determines the language of the user interface.
• Content language. The preferred language when displaying content.
See Globalization for information about the language management concept in Optimizely CMS.
Determining system language
Accessing
You can determine the current value by reading CultureInfo.CurrentCulture and set by setting Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture. The information is a CultureInfo object and you can retrieve the language code (en-GB, sv-SE, and so on) from CultureInfo.Name.
Note: CurrentCulture cannot be a neutral culture because its primary purpose is to provide sorting and formatting information. This means that the langauge code must be something like en-GB or sv-SE. Trying to use a neutral culture results in an exception when assigning the culture to CurrentCulture.
Selecting
Compile a list of preferred languages in the following priority order:
1. If viewing a template, use the current content language code if language code is valid. **
2. If there is a language setting in the personal profile, use it if language code is valid. **
3. Use system default as set in web.config, <globalization culture="xx">, which may be auto in which case it reads the browser language preferences. Because this culture was set at the very start of the request, this step is really a do nothing.
Note: ** Valid means that there is a CultureInfo with the specified language code and that the language is not a neutral culture.
Modifying
If you want to customize the selection logic, you can modify CurrentCulture in the InitializeCulture() method (virtual method on System.Web.UI.Page). The default implementation is done in EPiServer.PageBase.
Determining user interface language
Accessing
The current value can be determined by reading CultureInfo.CurrentUICulture and set by setting Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentUICulture. The information is a CultureInfo object and you can retrieve the language code (en, sv, and so on) from CultureInfo.Name.
CurrentUICulture can be a neutral culture (which means CultureInfo.GetCulture("en") would return a valid culture for CurrentUICulture) because CurrentUICulture is never used for sorting or formatting.
Selecting
1. Compile a list of preferred languages in priority order:
• If viewing a template, add the current content language code.
• If there is a language setting in the personal profile, add it to the list.
• Use system default as set in web.config, <globalization uiCulture="xx">, which may be auto in which case it reads the browser language preferences.
2. Get a list of all available User Interface languages (LanguageManager.GetLanguages()) and pick he first language from the preferred list that has an exact match in the UI Language list.
3. If no such match exists, use the first candidate match (*).
4. If no candidate match exists, use the first available user interface language.
Modifying
If you want to customize the selection logic, you can modify CurrentUICulture in the InitializeCulture() method (virtual method on System.Web.UI.Page). The default implementation is done in EPiServer.PageBase.
The preferred way to retrieve localized string resources in Optimizely are through the LocalizationService API. For information about using this, see Localization service.
Determining content language
Accessing
you can determine the current value by reading ContentLanguage.PreferredCulture. You can change the value by assigning this property. Content language can be a neutral culture. If sorting or formatting is required, you should read from ContentLanguage.SpecificCulture. The specific culture is evaluated on-demand and follows the .NET Framework rules for determining a specific culture from a neutral culture. See CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture.
Selecting
1. Compile a list of preferred languages in priority order:
1. If the query string parameter epslanguage exists, add the language code to the list.
2. If admin or edit page and the editlanguagebranch cookie exists, add the language code to the list.
3. If the web.config parameter domainLanguageMapping is set and you have a match from the host name, add the language code to the list.
4. If the cookie epslanguage exists, add the language code to the list.
5. If the browserLanguageDetection setting is enabled, get the entire list of Request.UserLanguages into the list.
2. Get a list of all available content languages, enabled or not, (LanguageBranch.List()) and pick the first language from the preferred list that has an exact match in the content language list.
3. If no match found in the previous step, use the first candidate match(*).
4. If no candidate match found, use the first language returned by the list of available and enabled content languages.
Modifying
The selection algorithm outlined above is implemented in ContentLanguage.DefaultContentLanguage and can be overridden by inheriting from ContentLanguage and assigning an instance of the new class to the static property Instance on ContentLanguage.
After that, the preferred content language is determined, and there is another step that uses the preferred content language to determine the actual language to display. If the current content does not exist for the preferred content language, a language fallback process is started. For pages, this is defined by the page language settings in the edit view.
See Globalization scenarios for information about language-specific content settings in Optimizely CMS.
Strict language routing
Strict language routing causes the display of an error message if the URL and language-host mapping do not match. The following examples show how the language routing works. Say, for example, that on a website there is a page under root named News in English and Nyheter in Swedish. Given that no language mapping is defined for site hosts in configuration file, the URLs are handled as follows:
• http://localhost/News/ (404 since when not having language-host mapping in config language segment must be present)
• http://localhost/en/News/ (page in English)
• http://localhost/sv/Nyheter/ (page in Swedish)
• http://localhost/Nyheter/ (404 as in point 1)
• http://localhost/en/Nyheter/ (404 since language for a page with the URL segment does not match the language segment)
When a language to host mapping is defined, then a URL like http://localhost/en/News/ produces a 404, because when there is a host mapping that defines a language, the language should not be present in the URL.
You can modify the strict langauge routing behavior with a configuration setting strictLanguageRouting on the configuration element applicationSettings that can be set to false to get a more "tolerant" behavior.
Related topics
Do you find this information helpful? Please log in to provide feedback.
Last updated: Oct 27, 2016
Recommended reading
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Camino a Idilia
Camino a Idilia is the fourth LP released by the Argentinian punk rock formerly hardcore punk band Shaila, released on November 18, 2006.
The album was recorded and mixed between April and September by Javier Suarez at El Altillo Studio. Drums and bass were recorded in March 2006 in MCE Studio, Buenos Aires - Argentina by Martin Carrizo and Pablo Sicilano.
Drum Doctor: Martin Carrizo
This is the first album mastered in a foreign country, in Blastin Room Studios, Fort Collins, Colorado - USA by Jason Livermore.
Track listing
* 1) "Sudamérica II - El Fracaso Regional" – 2:40
* 2) "Los Caminantes" – 2:46
* 3) "Noviembre" – 3:32
* 4) "Paralogismo en 6" – 2:41
* 5) "La Perfección de los Soberbios" – 2:51
* 6) "Sudamérica I - Malinche" – 3:19
* 7) "L'amour et L'déception" – 3:11
* 8) "Valparaíso" – 2:57
* 9) "Incendio Global" – 2:47
* 10) "Idilia" – 3:16
* 11) "Ironía(s)" – 2:20
* 12) "Sudamérica III - La Meta Supranacional" – 2:31
* 13) "Aunque Digan Que No" – 2:46
* 14) "Alter Ego/Hidden Track "Gracias"" – 8:14
All lyrics by Joaquín Guillén. Music on all song by Pablo Coniglio, except "Paralogismo en 6" by Joaquin Guillén. All songs arranged by Shaila. Matías Alvarez sings in "La Meta Supranacional". Acoustic Guitars by Pablo Coniglio in "Alter Ego", "Aunque Digan Que No", "La Perfección De Los Soberbios", "L'amour et l'decéption" and "Incendio Global".
Personnel
* Joaquin Guillén - Vocals
* Pablo Coniglio - Bass Guitar And Backing Vocals
* Yasser - Guitar
* Santiago Tortora - Guitar
* Guido X - Drums
Singles
* Sudamerica II - El Fracaso Regional
* Incendio Global
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WIKI
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1
I am in the process of creating an android app for our clients that would replace the paper-trail in their facilities with electronic inspections.
Although I have coding experience, I have little knowledge on how I would structure the data received through these electronic inspections.
We will set up electronic inspections that need to be completed by users for each client. I already have that set up. Now I need to find out how I would process the data received during these inspections.
The need for the project is as follows:
We have multiple clients all working on the same platform but with their own users (with their own profiles). Users must be able to log into their profiles offline and only get access to inspections that are specified for their profiles. Once they complete an inspection, the data needs to be saved into a local database on the tablet.
The app will have a synchronization function that synchronizes the local database into an online database.
Now what I am unsure about is how I would structure the tables for these databases. Since every "Inspection Type" has it's own set of questions, putting them all in one database table will mean I would have to add a column for each question? Is it better to then create a table for every "Inspection Type"? Since we will be adding, removing Inspection Types in the future I am unsure if this is a good approach? Especially since I also need to write a web application that would be used to retrieve the data (via Excel format downloads as well as live dashboards on the client's data).
Also, we will have a lot of clients on the same platform, so should I keep their data separate by using a database for each client? I read that it makes maintaining the database a lot harder.
Another worry I have is that within a client, when a user completes an Inspection on one tablet and synchronizes it with the online database, the user must be able to view all their inspections within a certain time-frame on any of the client's tablets.
Any help/advice on how I would approach the structuring of the data would be greatly appreciated.
1
Assuming a relational database, it sounds like you can create a table listing the different inspection types, and a table listing the questions per inspection type (with the inspection type as a Foreign Key).
Something like:
InspectionTypes
-----------------
TypeID TypeName
-----------------
1 Type A
2 Type B
3 Type C
InspectionQuestions
----------------------------------------
QuestionID InspectionType QuestionText
----------------------------------------
1 1 Is this working?
2 1 Is that working?
3 2 Is the other thing working?
4 2 Are those working?
Then you can add/remove inspection types via some sort of admin form (generally removals would be via "soft deletion": an Active flag added to the rows, for example)
And finally, you can get a list of questions for a specific type by querying with the type as a parameter:
SELECT * FROM InspectionQuestions WHERE InspectionType = @Type;
The parameter can come from the UI (user selections X type, or perhaps pre-selected via some other logic, etc).
This way you don't have to make changes to the DB structure for updates to questions/inspection types: you only have to change the data.
Addressing some of your specific ideas:
Since every "Inspection Type" has it's own set of questions, putting them all in one database table will mean I would have to add a column for each question?
The "one column for each X" is a huge red flag in relational tables, fraught with problems on many levels. If you're considering this in any case, reconsider!
Is it better to then create a table for every "Inspection Type"? Since we will be adding, removing Inspection Types in the future I am unsure if this is a good approach?
This too is a poor approach, for the reason you cited. In relational database design, the database structure should only change if some driving business rule changes it (e.g., questions are now multiple choice, add a new table of possible answers for each question).
Especially since I also need to write a web application that would be used to retrieve the data (via Excel format downloads as well as live dashboards on the client's data).
Properly normalized data (such as in my above example/suggestion) can be queried and "massaged" accordingly for most any desired output. This is not typically a concern while designing the data structure itself.
Also, we will have a lot of clients on the same platform, so should I keep their data separate by using a database for each client? I read that it makes maintaining the database a lot harder.
Search for multi- vs single-tenant database scenarios. I prefer single-tenant databases. Maintenance will be slightly more time consuming, but far, far less than if you have multiple clients in a single database (you'll likely end up spending more time trying to fully segregate clients within a database than you will maintaining single databases for each client, and there's other, much more significant considerations that tend to veer towards single-tenancy, IMO).
Final note: most of your questions revolve around a concept called Database Normalization. You may do well to study the topic a bit. For a quick ref, one of my favorites has been: https://dymeng.com/put-stuff-where-it-belongs/ (however, this is highly distilled... I recommend an "actual" study of the topic as well). Note that none of my answer assumes you're considering a NoSQL solution (which is a very different ballgame, and probably not strictly necessary: I'm of the mind that people should start with relational systems, then move to NoSQL as they determine where the better fits are)
• Thanks so much for the detailed answer! I will use Questions and InspectionTypes tables as you suggested. I have since researched and saw other posts describing to add each answer of an Inspection to an answers table (with columns InspectionId, QuestionId, Answer). I just have to figure out how to identify an entry into the "Answers" table as being part of a specific inspection, in order to group them together when printing out a report. Not sure if that approach would make the data retrieval harder? I will read up on normalization as well as multi- vs single-tenant databases. Thanks again! – yourstruly22 Apr 24 at 14:12
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Cynthia Lynn
Cynthia Lynn (born Zinta Valda Ziemelis; April 2, 1937 – March 10, 2014) was an American actress.
Early life
Lynn was born in Riga, Latvia, as Zinta Valda Ziemelis. At age eight, she and her mother, Alisa, fled the country prior to the Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 during World War II, eventually arriving in the United States in 1950.
Career
Lynn portrayed "Fräulein Helga", Colonel Klink's original secretary in Hogan's Heroes during the first season (1965–1966). The role was played by Sigrid Valdis as "Hilda" in the next five seasons. Lynn returned to the series in the 1968 and 1971 episodes "Will the Blue Baron Strike Again" and "Easy Come, Easy Go", respectively. Her last acting role was in 1975 in an episode of Harry O. She also appeared in such television series as Gidget Grows Up, Mission: Impossible, The Odd Couple, Love American Style, and The Six Million Dollar Man.
Lynn wrote an autobiography, Escape to Freedom, in 2000, with the assistance of Edward Ansara.
Personal life and death
Lynn had been in a romantic relationship with Hogan's Heroes costar Bob Crane. She was romantically involved with actor Marlon Brando. After Brando's death in 2004, Lynn's daughter, Lisa, claimed that her mother and Brando's short-lived affair resulted in her birth in 1964. Lynn also had a son, Tony. Lynn died on March 10, 2014, at age 76, from multiple organ failure after developing hepatitis.
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WIKI
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Generac Again Recalls Portable Generators After Several Finger Amputations
(RTTNews) - Generac has reissued a recall of over 325,000 of its portable generators after 24 finger amputations and five finger-crushing incidents were reported.
According to Consumer Product Safety Commission, the recall affects 321,160 Generac and DR 6,500-watt and 8,000-watt generators in the United States, as well as an additional 4,575 sold in Canada, because an unlocked handle can pinch consumers' fingers against the generator frame when the generator is moved, posing finger amputation and crushing hazards.
The company said it has received a total of 37 reports of injuries, 24 resulting in finger amputations and five in finger crushing. These portable generators were previously recalled in July 2021 for similar issue.
The company has asked its customers to should immediately stop using the recalled portable generators, unless the locking pin has been inserted to secure the handle in place before and after moving the generator, and contact Generac for a free repair kit consisting of a set of spacers to move the handle away from the frame, eliminating the pinch point.
The recall generators were sold at major home improvement and hardware stores nationwide and online, including Ace Hardware, Amazon, Blain's Farm & Fleet, City Electric Supply, Costco, Do it Best, Fastenal, Home Depot, Lowe's Stores, Napa Auto Parts, Northern Tool & Equipment, Orgill, Power Equipment Direct, Ravitsky Bros., True Value, and W.W. Grainger from June 2013 through June 2021 for between $790 and $1,480.
This recall involves 6500-watt and 8000-watt Generac portable generators with unit type numbers XT8000E XT8000EFI, GP6500, GP6500E, GP8000E and HomeLink 6500E portable generators, and DR models PRO 6500M and PRO 6500E portable generators. This recall also involves all of these generators listed above purchased after July 29, 2021 through November 3, 2022, containing a repair kit which included full cover handle guards.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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SDK
SDK PHP v3.x
1
You are currently looking at the documentation of a previous version of Kuzzle. We strongly recommend that you use the latest version. You can also use the version selector in the top menu.
sort #
Sorts and returns elements contained in a list, a set of unique values or a sorted set. By default, sorting is numeric and elements are compared by their value interpreted as double precision floating point number.
While Kuzzle's API supports the "store" option for this command, Kuzzle SDK methods do not. To sort and store in the same process, use the query method
[Redis documentation] (opens new window)
sort(key, [options], callback) #
Arguments Type Description
key string Key identifier
options JSON Object Optional parameters
callback function Callback
Options #
Option Type Description Default
alpha boolean Perform an alphanumerical sort instead of a numeric one false
by string Instead of sorting the values stored at key, use them to complete the provided key pattern, and return the sorted list of values stored in those keys. null
direction string Sort in ascendant (ASC) or descendant (DESC) order ASC
get array Sort the values stored at key but, instead of returning these directly, return the values contained in external keys, using the provided array of patterns completed by the sorted values null
limit array Limit the result set to a range of matching elements (similar to SELECT LIMIT offset, count in SQL).
Format: [<offset(int)>, <count(int)>]
null
queuable boolean Make this request queuable or not true
Callback Response #
Returns an array of sorted values.
Usage #
Copied to clipboard!
<?php
use \Kuzzle\Kuzzle;
$kuzzle = new Kuzzle('localhost');
try {
$values = $kuzzle->memoryStorage()->sort('key');
}
catch (ErrorException $e) {
}
Callback response:
Copied to clipboard!
["sorted element1", "sorted element2", "..."]
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:Under the Sun.djvu/337
Rh urchin, exasperated with his neighbor, seizes him by the nose. This ill-feeling against the feature admits of little explanation, for it seems altogether unreasonable and deplorable. It is true that the nose takes up a commanding position on the face, and does not altogether fulfil the expectations naturally formed of so prominent a member. Vagrant specks of soot settle upon it and make it ridiculous. An east wind covers the nose with absurdity. It is a fierce light that beats upon a throne, and the nose, before assuming a central place, should perhaps, remarking the fact, have been better prepared to maintain its own dignity. But beyond this, impartial criticism cannot blame the feature. On the other hand, much can be said in its favor, and if Dr. Jäger is right, a great future lies before the nose. Lest it should be thought I exaggerate the importance of Dr. Jäger’s discoveries, I give the learned professor’s own words. “Puzzled as to the meaning of the word soul,” says he, “I set myself to inquire, and my researches have assured me that the seat of the immortal part of man is in his nose. All the mind affections are relative to the nasal sensations. I have found this out by observing the habits of animals in the menagerie; and, finding how exquisite was their sense of smell, I conceived my great idea, and experiment has proved me right. So perfect can the perceptions by the nose become that I can discover even the mental conditions of those around me by smelling them; and more than this, I can, by going into a room, tell at once by sniffing whether those who were last in it were sad or mirthful. Aroma is in fact, the essence of the soul, and every flavor emitted by the body represents a corresponding emotion of the soul. Happiness finds expression in a mirthful perfume,
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WIKI
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Algeria says confident OPEC members will stick to Algiers output deal
ALGIERS (Reuters) - Algeria’s Energy Minister Nouredine Bouterfa said on Sunday he was confident OPEC members would stick to a deal made in Algiers in September to cut output, saying the group’s technical committee was working on applying the deal. “There will be no return on the Algiers agreement. Now, we are in application of this agreement. The high-level technical committee is working on it. The Algiers agreement has not been called into question,” Bouterfa said, according to state news agency APS. OPEC officials met in Vienna last month to work out the details of the Algiers plan to reduce oil production, but failed to reach agreement. The High Level Committee of experts will meet again in Vienna on Nov. 25 ahead of the next meeting of OPEC ministers on Nov. 30. Reporting by Hamid Ould Ahmed; writing by Patrick Markey; editing by David Clarke
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Thread:Comments:Hamas claims Israeli jet shoot-down; report of Israeli soldiers captured/This is not news/reply (3)
They maybe true, but they are not news, and they way this is written is not NPOV. read Wikipedia:Fringe_theories - "To maintain a neutral point of view, an idea that is not broadly supported by scholarship in its field must not be given undue weight in an article about a mainstream idea. More extensive treatment should be reserved for an article about the idea, which must meet the test of notability. Additionally, when the subject of an article is the minority viewpoint itself, the proper contextual relationship between minority and majority viewpoints must be clear.". You clearly violate this, not that i expect much of you... <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:18, 18 November 2012 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Talk:Augustine (disambiguation)
Untitled
* See also Revision history of redirect page "Augustine" for further attribution
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WIKI
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Borderline Personality Disorder Treatment Has Evolved
There was a time when being diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) was more than a bit discouraging. Effective treatments for the condition were almost non-existent, and there was little hope in terms of measurable recovery. The wonderful news today is that there are now a handful of effective therapies used to treat BPD and, as a result, many are finding significant help.
There was also a time when BPD was considered a predominantly female illness. That too has changed over time. Clinicians today report that the condition affects equal numbers of men and women. As the understanding of BPD and how to treat it grows, there is increasing clarity about how the illness affects men and women.
Evaluating the Gender Differences
Traditionally the differences in how the illness manifests in men and women has been emphasized. For example, women with BPD frequently struggle with anxiety, stress and mood disorders, or some form of eating disorder. Men, on the other hand, more often manifest symptoms of antisocial behaviors, paranoia, narcissism or passive-aggressive coping. It has been said that men with BPD tend to be more explosive, directing their anger outwardly toward others rather than themselves. They are also generalized as thrill seekers for whom substance abuse is a common problem.
However, the gender differences may have been over-emphasized. Some suggest that clinicians treating patients with BPD would be better served to consider the many things male and female patients share in common: both struggle greatly with anxiety; both have a hard time managing stress; men and women with BPD both have a strong need for validation. These are powerful commonalities.
It does seem to be the case however, that men with BPD tend to be perfectionists. Seeing life as a series of black and white issues makes it very difficult to relate with others. The inability to yield or compromise creates an enormous barrier to intimacy.
Characterizing men with BPD as antisocial or narcissistic will eventually become an outdated diagnostic metric. And as more men are willing to come forward for treatment, more comprehensive and realistic therapies will also be forthcoming. Generalizations are based on evidence, but it’s vitally important to treat each patient, male or female, as an individual.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:Omniana.djvu/176
158 "Know all men to whom this writing shall come, that Pero Martinez the scribe, promiseth, consenteth, and bindeth himself to the Dean of Toledo, to write for him the text of such a book, and that he will write it and go on with it till it be completed, in such a hand as he hath written for a sample in the first leaf of this book, before me N. Notary Public, who have made this writing, and the witnesses whose names are hereunto subjoined.—Also the aforesaid Scribe promiseth that he will not labour in writing any other work till this book be finished. And he engageth to do this for the sum of thirty maravedis, ten of which he acknowledged to have received from the aforesaid Dean, and the other maravedis are to be paid in this manner: ten when half the book shall have been written, and the other ten when it is finished."
The animals in Paradise are the prophet Saleh's camel, the ram which
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WIKI
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How to remove Objects from a Stockpile for the Volume Computation
It is possible to remove an object from a stockpile to acquire accurate volume measurements. The volume is computed based on the DSM, therefore the DSM should be generated without considering the object.
Volume with an object on the stockpile Volume after removing the object from the stockpile
To remove an object from a stockpile and achieve accurate volume measurement:
1. Process steps 1. Initial Processing and step 2. Point Cloud and Mesh.
2. Edit the point cloud to delete the points of the object, following: 202560499.
3. Process step 3. DSM and Orthomosaic to generate the DSM.
4. Click View > Volumes to access the Volumes view.
5. Draw a volume, following 202560319 and click Compute to compute it.
Note: If step 3 is already processed and the DSM is already generated, it needs to be processed again so that the DSM is updated for the changes in the point cloud. In this case, the DSM and the Orthomosaic should be moved to another directory so as not to be overwritten.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Talk:ナイキ
RFD discussion: April 2020–February 2021
"Nike". WT:BRAND. —Suzukaze-c◇◇ 06:07, 1 April 2020 (UTC)
* Delete. Interesting info about how the term Nike is realized in distinct ways in Japanese depending on sense, but the company name does indeed seem to fall afoul of WT:BRAND. ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 18:20, 1 April 2020 (UTC)
RFD-deleted. ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 00:45, 6 February 2021 (UTC)
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Opinion | Democrats Should Remember How Obama Won Ohio
The key to success in the state, and across the country, is empathetic leadership that is honest about the struggles we face. Ms. Whaley is the mayor of Dayton, Ohio. DAYTON, Ohio — Politics has a way of landing on our doorsteps whether we want it or not. This past summer, here in my city, we couldn’t avoid confronting some of the country’s toughest challenges. A group affiliated with the Ku Klux Klan held a rally at the courthouse. A flurry of tornadoes leveled neighborhoods. And a gunman opened fire on a crowded street, killing nine and wounding dozens. The president’s tweets are no longer just a joke when white supremacists show up in your town. Climate change doesn’t seem like a distant threat when you walk past houses reduced to rubble by extreme weather. Random gun violence stops being an abstract discussion when you go to funerals for mass-shooting victims. Dayton and other cities in the Midwest have long been the canary in the coal mine for matters that affect the entire country. In the 2000s, we witnessed a wave of predatory lending and home foreclosures years before the rest of the country. Dayton was among the first communities to see opioids trickle in, resulting in hundreds of deaths, leaving thousands of families to pick up the pieces. I’ve been saying it was a rough summer in Dayton, but in reality, it’s been a rough 30 years. There was a time when the system worked for Dayton and for other midsize cities in the middle of the country. Communities like ours were engines of opportunity for workers and families. Our cities nurtured the American middle class through good-paying jobs that required little more than a solid work ethic and a strong body. Dayton used to be home to numerous Fortune 500 companies. The jobs they offered attracted immigrants from abroad and migrants from Appalachia and the Jim Crow South. Many of them found a city that was too separate and too unequal — a problem that still plagues us — but there was always opportunity here to make a better life. Less so today. Our economic and political system is no longer built for places like Dayton, even though most of the country is made up of cities like it. People, power and resources are concentrated into fewer and fewer places on the coasts as cities like ours continue to struggle. Those Fortune 500 companies have relocated or consolidated. In cities like Dayton, it is too easy to focus on what we no longer have. It is too easy to be held back by our pasts. Too easy to become bitter as faraway politicians make choices that harm our community. Too easy to just say we want to make America great again. Politically, this creates a toxic feedback loop. When voters don’t feel engaged or respected, they fail to vote, or worse, they buy into a dangerous, nationalist ideology. Shortsighted political consultants and party leaders see this and write off our state, further feeding into the frustrations of voters. This is exactly what we saw in Dayton in 2016. Our county was one of the largest to flip from Barack Obama to Donald Trump. Progressives, especially young people and African-Americans, felt disengaged and stayed home. Working-class voters, tired of decades of broken promises, rolled the dice with Mr. Trump. Democrats are arguing over whether the key to winning the presidential contest next year will be moving to the left to energize our base or to the right to persuade those Obama-Trump voters. This is a false choice. What matters is making voters feel heard and respected — not overpromising or compromising on our values. Democrats like Mr. Obama and Senator Sherrod Brown have been successful in Ohio not because voters agree with them on everything, but because they made voters feel that they were on their side. The key to success in Ohio — and in communities across the Midwest that feel overlooked and left behind — is empathetic leadership that is honest about the struggles we face. As Democratic presidential candidates gather in Westerville, Ohio, on Tuesday for a primary debate, I hope they will take the time to learn from places like my city. We have a lot to teach Democrats and the country after our recent months of seeing critical national issues play out locally. I hope that rather than look at Ohio and the entire industrial Midwest as some relic of the past, the candidates will see the immense opportunity for innovation and change in the face of struggle. We aren’t giving up on Ohio. I hope Democrats won’t either. Nan Whaley is the mayor of Dayton, Ohio. The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips. And here’s our email: letters@nytimes.com. Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook, Twitter (@NYTopinion) and Instagram.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Talk:Aircraft collision avoidance systems
Merge from Airborne collision avoidance system
This appears to be parallel evolution in action. Two overlapping articles appearing under almost identical names. I suggest a merge. Andy Dingley (talk) 18:40, 16 September 2010 (UTC)
* Agree with merge idea. Suggest we keep the new article under Airborne collision avoidance system, since several other languages are also represented there. PolarYukon (talk) 01:06, 8 November 2010 (UTC)
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Page:The Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets, Volume 2.djvu/309
Rh himself, he pitied, but condemned not, those that dissented from it. He abhorred the principles of persecuting men upon the account of their opinions in religion; and being strict in his own, he took it not upon him to censure those of another persuasion. His conversation was pleasant, witty, and learned, without the least tincture of affectation or pedantry; and his inimitable manner of diverting and enlivening the company made it impossible for any one to be out of humour when he was in it. Envy and detraction seemed to be entirely foreign to his constitution; and whatever provocations he met with at any time, he passed them over without the least thought of resentment or revenge. As Homer had a Zoilus, so Mr. Rowe had sometimes his: for there were not wanting malevolent people, and pretenders to poetry too, that would now-and-then bark at his best performances; but he was conscious of his own genius, and had so much good nature as to forgive them; nor could he ever be attempted to return them an answer. Rh
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WIKI
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SSD making noise?
Discussion in 'MacBook Pro' started by Suno, Oct 26, 2012.
1. Suno macrumors 6502
Suno
Joined:
Dec 12, 2011
#1
I used Carbon Copy Cloner to copy the original HDD in the MBP to my Crucial M4 SSD. I think everything right, since the MBP boots just fine and everything seems to run fine, with one exception - My MBP emits some noise that wasn't there before when I had the HDD. When I listen carefully, it sounds like it's coming from the SSD. Does anyone know what's going on?
2. Irock619 macrumors 68000
Irock619
Joined:
Sep 16, 2011
Location:
San Francisco, CA
#2
That's weird since SSD's have no moving parts. Did you maybe drop something in the fans? I honestly can't think of anything else.
3. xxcysxx macrumors 6502
Joined:
Oct 12, 2011
#3
do you know that it takes about 15 to 25 volts or even higher just to change the state of the flash. imagine it has to do that a couple million times a second. you get that high frequency screeching sound. its surprising that ssd lasted the way they do.
if the noise is to loud and distracting you then send it back for an exchange. they all have different level of audible screeching sound.
on my laptop the ram was making noise, i just swap them out for quieter rams.:D
it can be very distracting when you sitting there quite and study.
4. Suno thread starter macrumors 6502
Suno
Joined:
Dec 12, 2011
#4
No, no, it's not constant while running the computer, only when I boot (as in completely shut down to reboot).
Also I'm not completely sure if it's from the SSD or not. It could be from the optical drive, even though I don't have any CD's in there... In either case, it's from the right side of the Mac where the SSD/ODD is located.
5. Spink10 macrumors 601
Spink10
Joined:
Nov 3, 2011
Location:
Oklahoma
6. mrsir2009 macrumors 604
mrsir2009
Joined:
Sep 17, 2009
Location:
Melbourne, Australia
#7
Sounds can be quite hard to describe in words, so how about you record the sound and upload it to YouTube, then post the link :)
7. tadziak macrumors regular
Joined:
Jan 4, 2011
#8
Check if it happens when ssd is writing/reading files. Best way to check is for example running a "Repair Disk Permissions" on the SSD. If it emits noise then - it means its the SSD. I had 3 Retina Macbooks and they all did it.
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Only primitive types are supported as parameters
This is the error message i got when tried to pass an array or List to an Ado Dataservice. It looks like you can only use int, string etc, when passing parameters to the webget method, this is a limitation on the Dataservice it self, not the Datacontext, you can easily workaround this by passing the comma separated values to the Dataservice then split the values before calling your DataContext.
To convert from the string array to the comma separated use this on your silverlight code:
string _csvproducts = string.Join(“,”, productList);
you webget method on the Dataservice should look like this:
[WebGet]
public IQueryable<ModelWorkcenter> FilterByModelList(string models)
{
string[] _modelsqry = models.Split(‘,’).Select(sValue => sValue.Trim()).ToArray();
var result = this.CurrentDataSource.GetModelsByList(_modelsqry);
return result;
}
what im doing is to split again the values and passing them to the Datacontext method GetModelsByList this method is expecting a List<string> parameter. your Context class should look like this:
public IQueryable<ModelWorkcenter> GetModelsByList(IList<string> modelList)
{
var result = (from c in Scope.Extent<ModelWorkcenter>() where modelList.Contains(c.TopMaterial) select c);
return result;
}
This way your Linq to SQL will generate good SQL code using the IN clause something like
Select Model from ITEM_MASTER where Model in (‘model1’,’model2’,’model3’,’model4’)
To call the webget method use the CreateQuery method of your proxy class so you can add the parameter using AddQueryOption
public void CustomFilterModels(string models)
{
QryModelWorkcenter = Entities.CreateQuery<ModelWorkcenter>(“FilterByModelList”)
.AddQueryOption(“models”, “‘” + models + “‘”);
QryModelWorkcenter.BeginExecute(this.GetModelWorkcenterCallback, this.Entities);
}
Also note that I’m adding single quotes to the string, without quotes the url cant be parsed correctly and you will get syntax error. this is the generated Url:
http://localhost:3122/workcenters_service.svc/FilterByModelList()?models=’PPT2633-ZRIY0Y03,PPT2637-TRIZ0Y03,PPT2637-ZRIY0Y00′
I have read some post about very complex ways to do the same thing, others build the e-sql from scratch, I liked like this because seems more clear and easy to understand.
Please leave your comments.
source:http://stackoverflow.com
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Keanu Reeves, mystery of the internet's boyfriend
Peggy Drexler is a research psychologist and the author of "Our Fathers, Ourselves: Daughters, Fathers, and the Changing American Family" and "Raising Boys Without Men." She is at work on a book about how women are conditioned to compete with one another and what to do about it. The opinions expressed in this commentary are hers. View more opinion on CNN. (CNN)If you've closely examined a picture of actor Keanu Reeves posing with a fan (and who hasn't, apparently?), you might have done a double take and wondered, what's that he's doing behind her back? Jazz hands? Guess again! As the internet has discovered, that's just Reeves' special "no-touch" way of taking pictures with women—women he doesn't know, including fans, but also ones he does, like Dolly Parton. The media had already taken to calling Reeves the "internet's boyfriend," thanks to his mysterious, thoughtful demeanor and proclivity for random acts of kindness, like giving up his seat on the subway or taking extra time to chat with a fan who uses a wheelchair. He was informed of the internet's love affair with him at the "Toy Story 4" premiere a few days ago, and responded characteristically: "That's uh, that's wacky. Well, the positivity's great." But after this latest "no touch" revelation, Twitter fans are officially hailing Reeves as their "respectful king," a man who is taking the lessons of #MeToo to heart. Many have suggested he can serve as a role model for other men confused about what respect for women's personal space looks like in platonic settings. Are we sure about that lofty praise? Certainly, Reeves seems like a wonderful guy. But he's also never spoken publicly about the reasons that he chooses not to touch women in pictures. Perhaps he's indeed being respectful of women. Or perhaps he's adopted a "better safe than sorry" attitude, as many men have since the sexual harassment reckoning—which could cast at least a little doubt on Reeves' altruistic intentions, since this attitude tends to cast men as unwitting, innocent victims to women's irrational, predatory motives. And it's already proven damaging: According to a recent LeanIn.Org survey, 60% of male managers now express concern about mentoring, socializing or being alone with their women employees, up substantially from last year. Of course, being alone with women is different than taking a picture with a fan in a public place. But given the fact that powerful men like Al Franken and Joe Biden have taken hits for unwelcome touching in photographs and public settings, men everywhere are paying attention. There's another perspective to be aware of, too, before we go and put every interaction between men and women these days through the #MeToo filter. And that's to consider that not touching people may be Reeves' personal preference. From all that we know of him—which isn't much, considering his 35 years of A-list movie stardom—he seems to be an introverted and somewhat socially anxious person, at least according to a recent New Yorker profile. He didn't grow up with privilege and has experienced some serious tragedies. In the late '90s, his longtime girlfriend, Jennifer Syme, gave birth to their stillborn child, and then died two years later in a car accident. His father served some time for drug dealing when Reeves was a kid, and then left their family. Reeves moved all around the world with his mom, from Beirut to Sydney to New York to Toronto. All of which may be relevant: Certain traumas, and the amount of physical affection we received in early childhood, can go on to affect how comfortable we feel about being touched by others when we grow up. Likewise, social anxiety, an affliction that affects 12% of the adult population, is often correlated with touch avoidance. Reeves has described himself as having a "wallflower demeanor" at parties. There are also more intense neuroses that people have about being touched, like germaphobia and the most extreme iteration of touch avoidance, haphephobia. And thus there are a variety of plausible explanations for Reeves's no-touch policy of picture-taking. Unfortunately, like most of the rest of his life, the true reason may remain a mystery to the rest of us. What we can pull from the conversation surrounding it, however, is that it's never a bad idea to be mindful of another person's personal space, whether female or male. And that even though we may think of Reeves as our internet boyfriend, if we have the good luck of encountering him out in the wild, it's wise to take a cue from his awareness of boundaries, and give him back what he's dishing out.
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Wealth management startup SigFig secures $50 million round led by General Atlantic
NEW YORK (Reuters) - SigFig, a San Francisco-based startup that provides wealth management technology to financial companies, has raised $50 million from investors, it said on Tuesday. The fundraising round was led by investment firm General Atlantic, with participation from existing investors including UBS Group AG, Eaton Vance Corp and Bain Capital Ventures. SigFig will use the funding to invest in developing new technology and expanding the type of services it offers clients including large banks such as UBS, Wells Fargo and Citizens Bank, it said. Founded in 2007, the company sells software to established large financial institutions to enable them to offer new digital service such as automated wealth management, known as robo-advice. SigFig also provides robo-advice directly to consumers. It also provides technology to enable human financial advisors to enhance their services. “We have seen a remarkable uptick in banks wanting to partner with fintech companies,” Mike Sha, CEO and co-founder of SigFig, said in an interview. Sha said the company could also offer products to help bank branch employees provide advice to clients. SigFig’s investment round comes as traditional wealth managers and banks seek to improve their online and digital offerings in the face of changing customer demands and more competition from tech-savvy startups. In November, Wells Fargo launched a robo-advice service developed with technology from SigFig, while Citizens Bank partnered with the startup in late 2016 to help manage portfolios of middle-income people saving for retirement. “The market for digitally-native investment advisors continues to grow due to increasing customer demand for accessible and affordable financial advice,” Paul Stamas, managing director at General Atlantic, who will join the company’s board of directors, said in a statement. SigFig had last raised $40 million in a round led by Eaton Vance in 2016. The round announced on Tuesday was not much larger because SigFig was a “very capital efficient” business and does not need to spend lots of money on marketing, Sha said. He added that the company was not profitable yet “by choice”, because it was reinvesting in growing the business. Other investors in the round included DCM Ventures, New York Life, Nyca Partners and Union Square Ventures. Reporting by Anna Irrera; Editing by David Gregorio
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UNITED STATES of America, v. NOVA SCOTIA FOOD PRODUCTS CORP., et al., Defendants, and National Fisheries Institute, Intervenor.
No. 76 C 647.
United States District Court, E. D. New York.
Aug. 17, 1976.
David W. McMorrow, New York City (David G. Trager, U. S. Atty., Brooklyn, N.Y., Richard A. Merrill, Chief Counsel, Forrest T. Patterson, Rockville, Md., Assoc. Chief Counsel, and Arnold I. Friede, Asst. Chief Counsel, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C., of counsel) for the Government.
Joseph H. Einstein, New York City and Richard S. Morey, Washington, D.C. (Ara-now, Brodsky, Bohlinger, Benetar &'Einhorn, New York City and Kleinfeld, Kaplan & Becker, Washington D.C., of counsel) for defendants and for intervenor.
MEMORANDUM INCORPORATING FINDINGS of FACT and ORDER
DOOLING, District Judge.
The action wás commenced on-April 7, 1976, in substance to compel the defendants to comply with the Current Good Manufacturing Practice (sanitation) regulations (21 C.F.R. §§ 128(a).l to 128(a).7) by preliminarily and permanently enjoining defendants from processing hot smoked fish unless and until their manufacturing practices are brought into conformity with the Current Good Manufacturing Practice (Sanitation) regulations
Defendants are engaged in Brooklyn in the business of receiving in interstate commerce frozen or iced white fish which are processed by defendants, that is, they are brined, smoked and cooked. The white fish are then held for distribution and distributed to stores as smoked white fish. The Food and Drug Administration inspectors made inspections of defendants’ plant in July 1975 and again in February 1976, and on each occasion they found that defendants were not processing the smoked white fish in accordance with the regulations, primarily in that the process did not meet the heat and brining requirements of 21 C.F.R. § 128a.7(c)(4), (d)(2). Specifically the regulations required oven “cooking” the white fish at 180 °F. for 30 minutes if the salinity of the fish was at 3.5% or at 150 °F. for 30 minutes if the salinity was at 5%. There is no real dispute as to the facts of defendant’s practice. The defendant did not heat the fish at 180 °F. for a half hour nor did the salinity of the fish reach the 3.5% level.
The applicable portion of the regulation not complied with reads as follows:
“(c) Presmoking Operation.
******
“(4) Hot-process smoked or hot-process smoke-flavored fish shall be brined in such a manner that the final salt (sodium chloride) content of the loin muscle of the finished product, expressed as percent in the water phase of the loin muscle, shall not be less than:
“(i) 3.5 percent if heat-processed as prescribed under paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section; or
“(ii). 5.0 percent if heat-processed as prescribed under paragraph (d)(2)(h) of this section.
******
“(d) Heating, cooking, smoking operation.
******
“(2) Hot-process smoked or hot-process smoke-flavóred fish shall be heated by a controlled heat process that provides a monitoring system positioned in as many strategic locations in the oven as necessary to assure a continuous temperature throughout each fish of:
“(i) Not less than 180 °F. for a minimum of 30 minutes for hot-process smoked or hot-process smoke-flavored fish which have been brined to contain 3.5 percent water phase salt in the finished product as prescribed in paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section, . . . , or
“(ii) not less than 150 °F. for a minimum of 30 - minutes for hot-process smoked or hot-process smoke-flavored fish which have been brined to contain 5.0% water phase salt in the finished product as prescribed in paragraph (c)(4)(ii) of this section.”
The Current Good Manufacturing Practice (sanitation) regulations, dated November 2, 1970 and filed on November 12, 1970 for publication in the Federal Register of November 13,1970 are not limited to salinity and temperature requirements. They include regulations with respect to unloading platform material and drainage; the provision of separate rooms for receiving and shipping, storing fish, pre-smoking operations including thawing, dressing and brining, and drying and smoking; the processes of packing and storage of the final product were to be carried out in separate rooms or facilities. There is a general requirement that the product be so processed as to prevent contamination by exposure to areas involved in earlier processing steps, to refuse, or to other objectionable areas. The regulations include equipment and utensil requirements with reference particularly to their being made of readily cleanable materials if they come into contact with the food products. The regulations require that adequate hand washing and sanitizing facilities be located in the processing room or rooms or in an area easily accessible from them; signs are to be provided directing employees to wash and sanitize their hands after each absence from their duty posts. There is provision for periodical removal of offal, and requiring that offal, debris, or refuse must not be accumulated in or about the plant. Each day the utensils and product-contact surfaces of equipment must be rinsed and sanitized, and fish containers are not to be nested or handled during processing in a manner conducive to contamination. The cleaning and sanitizing of utensils and equipment are to be so carried out so as not to lead to contamination of the product. Fish are to be adequately inspected and only clean, wholesome fish are to be processed. Time and temperature controls are established with respect to refrigerating, thawing, spraying and washing fish. Fish are to be completely eviscerated with the minimum disturbance of intestinal tract and thoroughly washed by a continuous spray system. The fish are to be brined in a solution that does not exceed 38 °F. and the finished product is required to be cooled to 50 °F. within 3 hours of cooking and to 38 °F. or less within 12 hours after cooking. The finished product is to be handled only with clean, sanitized hands, gloves or utensils. Shipping containers are to indicate the perishable nature of the product and to specify that the fish must be shipped, stored and held for sale at 38 °F. or less until consumed. The product is required to be coded so that each lot’s processing history can be traced. Other sections of the regulations require indicating thermometers on freezer and cold storage elements and require a point-sensitive, continuous temperature-recording device to monitor both the internal temperature of the fish and the ambient temperature inside the processing oven, each recording device record to be identified as to specific oven load and date processed.
The regulations thus closely supervise the handling of the fish not only by covering the processing procedures but also by setting requirements for equipment, general procedures and plant cleanliness.
The inspections of July 1975 and February 1976 not only demonstrated failure to comply with the time and temperature and brining exactions of the regulations, but also revealed a failure to maintain the presmoking brining stage at the requisite low temperature and failure to achieve the requisite post-smoking and cooking temperature levels. The inspections at the defendant’s plant disclosed further that it did not have all of the required indicating thermometers and temperature recording devices.
As already indicated, there is no claim of compliance with the regulations. The defendants have not in any substantial way contested the findings of the FDA inspectors and, indeed, have joined in a stipulation with respect to the findings on deviation from the salinity requirement of the regulations. On the contrary, defendants insist that the time-temperature-salinity standards of the regulations cannot be met without rendering the product unmarketable. The defense, then, has taken the form of an all-out attack on the validity of the regulations involved.
The attack centers on the unquestioned fact that only 21 U.S.C. § 342(a)(4) can be looked to as the source of the Food and Drug Commissioner’s authority to adopt the regulations. Defendants claim that it does not authorize any such regulation. It provides in seeming simplicity that
“A food shall be deemed to bé adulterated—
“(a) ... (4) if it has been prepared, packed, or held under insanitary conditions whereby it may have become contaminated with filth, or whereby it may have been rendered injurious to health.”
The contention takes a second form as an argument that in any event it would not suffice to show a violation of the regulation since the regulation is merely interpretive and not implementive of the law and, in consequence, the government must show that defendants violated the statute, reading the statute directly upon the facts; defendants say that no such showing of statutory violation has been made or attempted, for the Government has made no attempt to show any insanitary conditions at the plant if the word “insanitary” is read in its ordinary sense, the sense invited by its use in the same context with the words “contaminated” and “filth.”
It is next argued that the nature and professed object of the regulations was to minimize the hazard to the public of Type E botulism and the risks of food borne infections in the consumption of smoked fish. It is argued that the regulations were put forward as the safest known processing parameters for preventing, through thermal destruction of spores of the bacteria, the outgrowth and toxin formation of Clostridium botulinum Type E. See Proposal of Part 128a for 21 C.F.R., 34 F.R. 17176 (October 16,1969). It is argued that C. botulinum type Type E is not a contaminant that reaches the fish during processing but is undeniably taken up by the fish from the lake waters which are their natural habitat, and that the known material has long since made it perfectly clear that the risk visualized is remote and unreal in the case of smoked white fish. Defendants argue that to the extent this problem has been associated with smoked white fish, it has been associated with vacuum packaged white fish. That is a mode of packing not followed by the defendants and which apparently is no longer employed in the industry at all.
The final phase of the attack rests on the argument that the regulation is unsupported by the record which it is entitled to call to its support. That record, it is argued, consists dnly of those materials submitted to the Commissioner by the industry and other interested parties in the course of the rule-making procedure and the materials brought forward and disclosed to the interested parties as being other materials consulted by the Commissioner in arriving at the regulations, to the extent that he did not rely solely on materials submitted in response to the notice of rule-making.
1. There is no doubt that the Current Good Manufacturing Practice (sanitation) regulations, as they are frankly styled in 21 C.F.R. § 128(a).2, are adopted under 21 U.S.C. § 342(a)(4), and that the Commissioner (as the delegate of the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, 21 C.F.R. § 2.120(a)(1), (15)) derived his rule-making authority in this relation solely from 21 U.S.C. § 371(a) which provides simply that
“The authority to promulgate regulations for the efficient enforcement of this chapter, except as otherwise provided in this section, is vested in the Secretary.”
Since the evidence is clear that the occurrence of C. botulinum Type E in white fish is not in fact or in the perspective of the statute a consequence of contaminations caused by unclean manufacturing practices o)\conditions, defendants’ central argument is that the part of the Current Good Manufacturing Practice (sanitation) regulations here involved is, since oriented wholly to the sterilization of C. botulinum Type E occurring naturally in the fish and ingested in their native, water habitat, wholly unauthorized by the statute, and a nullity.
\
As defendants point out, Section 342(a)(4) ''has not the specificity found in Section 344(a) dealing with the issuance, in emergencies, of temporary permits. These permits impose' ■-conditions governing the manufacturing process. They • are issued when, in any locality, contamination with microorganisms is found to be occurring in the processing of any class of foods. And it could be said too that subdivision (4) does not use any of the general language used in other subdivisions of Sectioir\342(a) which deal with substances in, the ebndition of, the source of, or the packaging oI\food: it does not use words like “poisonous,” or “deleterious,” or “putrid,” or “decomposed)” or “diseased,” or “unfit for food.” However it evinces a manifest and dominant purpose to deal with the cases in which the food has been prepared, packed or held under conditions whereby it may have become contaminated with filth or may have been rendered injurious to health. Describing the manufacturing condition as “insanitary” is secondary: the word is given operative content only by reference to the purpose of subsection (a)(4), that is, to provide against whatever condition of processing may render the product injurious to health or contaminate it with filth.
Only subdivision (4) of Section 342(a) treats a food as adulterated whether or not the food has in fact been contaminated or rendered injurious to health. Food is considered adulterated if it has been prepared, packed or held under conditions that may have resulted in its contamination or in its becoming injurious to health. It is the only one of the subdivisions which directly deals with processing rather than with product in defining the circumstances in which the food product will be considered adulterated. For purposes of subdivision (4), it is irrelevant that, by any other tests, the food could not have been determined to have been adulterated and could not have been condemned. While Section 342(a)(4) may literally seem to deal only with conditions brought about by processing itself, the regulation under review, Part 128a, is specifically addressed to setting processing parameters to prevent the “outgrowth and toxin formation of C. botulinum Type E.” Seen in the perspective of Part 128a’s purpose and the purpose of subsection (a)(4), the use of the word “insanitary” in subdivision (4) of Section 342(a) is, at worst, inelegant, but it is not inadequate to include preparing, packing or holding conditions which permit a continuance of the outgrowth and toxin formation of the C. botulirium Type E in the product under process. Because such procedures may render the smoked fish injurious to health, the regulations proscribe cooking the fish at too low a temperature and/or for an insufficient length of time with inadequate salination. The approach of the regulations is that the temperature-time-salinity linkage is indispensable to preventing the outgrowth and toxin formation of the C. botulinum Type E. It is beside the point that the bacterial infestation here is not one that invades the fish during the processing. A similar point under the earlier Act was met years ago in United States v. Forty Barrels, 1916, 241 U.S. 265, 279-281, 36 S.Ct. 573, 60 L.Ed. 995. It was suggested that if, as in the case of Coca Cola syrup, an offending substance was a formulary constituent, it could not be an adulterant because the term “adulterant” connoted additive intrusion. The Court gave that argument short shrift. And a generation or two ago in this Court, Judge Chatfield reached a very similar conclusion in United States v. Sprague, E.D.N.Y.1913, 208 F. 419. Oysters packed and shipped in their natural unopened state which were found to harbor bacteria making them unfit for consumption were held to be “adulterated” within the meaning of the Act. The Court said (208 F. at 422)
“The ordinary use of ‘adulteration’ implies an actual addition to the original substance, through human agency. But the word as used in the section does not restrict this to addition by the hand of man, and if the adulteration of filthy, decomposed, or putrid substance has been added by nature, and is contained in the article to be shipped, it is adulterated in the eyes of the law.”
Although the interpretation necessarily contended for by the Government puts a strain upon the language of the statute, it is a now familiar strain dictated by the manifest and dominant purpose of the statute—proscribing manufacturing processes that fail to deal effectively with a known risk of lethal infestation of food. The prescribed processing methods and controls are calculated to eliminate that risk.
2. Defendants argue that Part 128a of 21 C.F.R. is a merely interpretive regulation and is not coercive. The argument really is that Part 128a cannot be a substantive regulation having the effect of law. Defendants point out that the Act does not authorize any such substantive regulations under Section 342, although it does specifically authorize substantive regulations under those sections enumerated in 21 U.S.C. § 371(e)(1). Those regulations are subjected, by Section 371(e) to strict promulgation requirements and broad opportunities for hearings. Section 371(e) also requires that the determination be supported before the Secretary by detailed findings of fact based on substantial evidence of record, which are reviewable in the Court of Appeals rather than the District Court. The contention is that substantive effect may not, in this statutory setting, be ascribed to regulations adopted only under Section 371(a) and brought under judicial control only through 5 U.S.C. § 501 et seq. and § 701 et seq.
Whatever might have been the validity of the argument, it has been settled in this Circuit quite against defendants’ contention by National Nutritional Foods Association v. Weinberger, 2d Cir. 1975, 512 F.2d 688, 694-698. Since the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act does not require regulations not included under Section 371(e) to be made on the record after opportunity for an agency hearing, the rule making procedure invoked by the Commissioner in the present case is that of 5 U.S.C. § 553 and the scope of review is correspondingly that of 5 U.S.C. § 706(2), but without the requirement that the determination to adopt the regulation be supported by substantial evidence.
There might have been debate as to how far the implications of the Weinberger v. Hynson, Westcott and Gunning, Inc., 1973, 412 U.S. 609, 93 S.Ct. 2469, 37 L.Ed.2d 207, group of cases could be extrapolated. Those cases dealt with the new drugs application, approval and withdrawal-of-approval provisions of 21 U.S.C. § 355; those provisions are precisely drawn and deal with an intrinsically factual-adjudicative context in specific applications to definite pharmaceutical substances, and the possibly “interpretive” regulations involved in the Hynson group of cases could be thought of as essentially procedural. But the resolution of the issue by Judge Mansfield in National Nutritional Foods is surely right, for the procedural regulations involved were what Mr. Justice Black once called “outcome determinative” and not merely procedural regulations.
So far as the form and language of Part 128a are concerned, they leave no room whatever for the argument that they were not intended to be “substantive” and coercive if it was lawful for them to have that effect.
3. Defendants argue that any possibility of injury to health from commercially prepared hot-smoked white fish was remote. Hence, defendants argue, there was no reasonable basis for concluding that the time-temperature-salinity prescriptions of Part 128a were necessary or appropriate to prevent the processing methods currently in use from rendering the fish injurious to health.
It appears to be common knowledge in the industry that C. botulinum Type E is ubiquitous and that it occurs in the fresh water lakes from which white fish are drawn. Nearly all of the white fish of the industry in the greater metropolitan area come from Great Slave Lake and Winnipeg Lake; a small sample of white fish taken from Winnipeg Lake exhibited an 18 to 20% occurrence of C. botulinum Type E spores; a small sample from Great Slave Lake exhibited no spores. It appears also to be common knowledge in the industry that prior to 1963, cases of botulism that were traced to smoked white fish occurred but that there have been no occurrences since 1963. There appears also to be no controversy over the conclusion that vacuum packing of smoked fish, a practice no longer in use, was favorable to the spore development of toxin in smoked fish and was responsible for the 1960 and 1963 botulism outbreaks traced to white fish.
At the hearing in this Court evidence was presented to the effect that the bacteria do not normally occur in the flesh of the fish but rather invade the skin and intestinal tract and migrate to the flesh, apparently in the course of evisceration and other preparation of the fish for brining, smoking and cooking. The same witness testified that since 1899 there had been ten outbreaks of botulism traced to C. botulinum Type E and that the toxin produced by the C. botulinum Type E spore development is a lethal toxin. It is common knowledge that botulism is an acute food poisoning marked by a high rate of mortality. (See, generally Exhibits P, P-1)
The Commissioner’s proposal dated October 16, 1969, and published in the Federal Register on October 22, 1969 (34 F.R. 17,-176) was prefaced by the statement that observations in smoked fish processing plants, made since 1963 by the FDA and other regulatory agencies, had shown that the industry had not consistently adhered to manufacturing processes that would minimize the hazard of Type E botulism and the risks of food borne infections in the consumption of smoked fish. It recited further that the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries of the Department of the Interior had suggested that adequate time-temperature-salinity parameters had not yet been established for each individual species smoked other than chub, and that the Bureau had recommended that the proposed regulations be limited to plant sanitation and should exclude reference to processing techniques dealing with time-temperature relationships, or should describe good manufacturing techniques limited to smoked chub as processed in accordance with the food additive regulation governing the use of sodium nitrite (21 C.F.R. § 121.1230). The prefatory statement continues
“The Food and Drug Administration acknowledges that' adequate times, temperatures, and salt concentrations have not been demonstrated for each individual species of fish presently smoked. Much work has been done, however, on the thermal destruction of spores of Clostridium botulinum Type E, and to date the processing parameters presented in the proposal are the safest known from the standpoint of preventing outgrowth and toxin formation of C.botulinum Type E. It has been established that the public health hazard of C.botulinum Type E in smoked fish is not restricted to a single species. Examples of species found to contain spores of C.botulinum Type E are lake trout, salmon, black cod (sablefish), sole, sturgeon, and white fish.
“The FDA has been, is, and will continue to be receptive to scientific data that documents adequate processing parameters or offers alternate processing parameters for any individual species of smoked fish. Data must be provided showing that the proposed processing parameters adequately minimize risks of the public health hazard of poisoning by Type E botulism.
“Currently, the situation exists whereby some processors base their manufacturing practices solely on the appearance and acceptability of the finished product quality to consumers rather than on any specific or controlled processing parameters that would minimize the health hazard of C.botulinum Type E or its toxins.”
Then followed the text of the proposed part 128a.
It is not denied or deniable that the C. botulinum Type E hazard is present and persistent, that the development of toxin occurs, and that it is controllable within acceptable limits by thermal destruction of spores and by maintenance of the fish and the smoked fish product under refrigeration except during the smoking and cooking phase. Nor is it denied or deniable that the Type E toxin is lethal and that botulism poisoning has a high rate of mortality.
It may indeed be the fact that current product sampling of the cooked smoked white fish of defendants and of other producers in the greater metropolitan area did not disclose any evidence of botulinum spores, and that neither defendants nor others in the greater New York area have had any reported cases of botulism poisoning. That overlooks the fact that the regulations were imposed upon an industry already familiar with and using refrigeration and thermal destruction of spores. The cooking and smoking process itself and the brining of the white fish inevitably worked in the direction of Part 128a and its no doubt sterner requirements. The controversy is solely about what time-temperature-salinity parameters are appropriate to give assurance of safety to the consuming public and the fish processors; it is not about the propriety of establishing such parameters.
It is not to be supposed that the 1960, 1963 occurences of botulism in connection with hot-process smoked fish did not of itself cause changes in the industry. One of the communications to the Hearing Clerk in response to the notice of October 16, from the Association of Smoked Fish Processors, Inc., took exception to the FDA comment on industry practices saying
“Since 1963, the processors of smoked fish have made significant changes in their facilities, equipment, utensils, processing practices and controls to improve the sanitation of their manufacturing operations in order to minimize the hazard of Type E botulism and the risks of food-borne infections due to the consumption of smoked fish. The effectiveness of this effort has been demonstrated by the absence of any botulism outbreaks since that time due to smoked fish, and to the minimum incidence of other food-borne infections related to this group of food products.”
Defendants by letter to the Hearing Clerk concurred in the Association’s general submission but in addition made the point that certain of the proposed requirements were impossible or impractical, specifying that the heating of certain fish types to high temperatures would destroy the product completely and that very cold brining temperatures would not permit the absorption of salt by the fish. As an alternative to the time-temperature procedures defendants suggested that specific processing procedures be established for each species after the completion of adequate work and experimentation.
The owner of a process for imparting smoky flavoring objected to the narrow definition of the term smoked fish and the process requirements but remarked,
“Petitioner notes that the primary function of the new rule was to minimize the ‘hazard of Type E botulism and the risks of food-borne infections . . ..’ Thus the important limits of the Rule are the paragraphs relating to sanitation, the addition of salt to the product and the application of high temperature for a predetermined time to the fish product.”
In its submission to FDA, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries of the Department of the Interior Fish and Wild Life Service (BCF) favored deferring specific controls until studies were completed with respect to the different species of smoked fish involved. The Bureau’s Assistant Director stated
“In our petition for nitrite, we showed that wholesomeness considerations could be more practically and adequately realized by reducing processing temperature and using suitable concentrations of nitrite and salt. Our work also suggests, for example, that if the minimum level of salt (sodium chloride) in the water phase of hot smoked fish is increased, this would allow for a significant reduction in the processing temperature required which in turn would maintain assurance of consumer safety without elimination of the marketability of most hot smoked fish products. In addition, the use of higher salt levels would lessen the dependency on temperature as a means to inhibit Clostridium botulinum Type E outgrowth, inasmuch as residual salt content can be readily monitored post processing.
“As mentioned above, such an alternative of higher salt concentrations could be used as an interim measure until such time as on-going and future research to define processing parameters for other species are completed. We would be pleased to make specific suggestions to you that will provide on an interim basis a more practical alternative for the various species than the processing conditions specified in the good manufacturing practices.”
A detailed suggestion made by BCF was that the 180° 30 minute 3V2% salt processing requirement be limited to smoked chub and should present the alternative of processing the chub with salt and nitrite at lower temperature in accordance with 21 C.F.R. § 121.1230.
Similarly, neither the detailed response and commentary of the intervenor, National Fisheries Institute, Inc. nor its May 4,1970 letter (Exhibit C), nor its letter of December 23, 1970 (Exhibit E) in any way suggested that the C. botulinum Type E risk was not real enough to justify adopting a Part 128a in some significant form.
4. The regulation as adopted is adequately supported by the record whether it is viewed as based on the Exhibit D tab A materials only or on all of Exhibit D. The regulation as modified from the original proposal is neither arbitrary nor capricious nor does it represent an abuse of discretion or any other deviation from law. The regulation was not adopted under a section enumerated under 21 U.S.C. § 371(e) but rather under 21 U.S.C. § 371(a). Therefore, it does not come within 5 U.S.C. § 556 or § 557 but rather within 5 U.S.C. § 553(c), which simply requires that the agency, after considering the relevant matter presented, shall incorporate in the rules adopted a concise general statement of their basis and purpose.
In adopting Part 128a under date of November 2, 1970 (published November 12, 1970, 35 F.R. 17,401) the Commissioner noted that the principal objection to the proposal had been that the process requirements in the proposed regulation could not be applied to all species of fish presently being smoked by the industry and that the regulations should therefore specify time-temperature requirements, as developed by research and study, on a species-by-species basis. The Commissioner then continued
“The Commissioner finds: (1) That although adequate times, temperatures and salt concentrations have not been demonstrated for each individual species of fish presently smoked, the processing requirements of the proposed regulations are the safest now known to prevent the outgrowth and toxin formation of C. botulinum Type E; and (2) that since the public health hazard of G. botulinum Type E in smoked fish is not restricted to a single species of fish, the conditions of current good manufacturing practice for this industry should be established without further delay.
“Therefore, having considered the comments received and other relevant material, the Commissioner concludes that the proposed regulations, with most of the suggested clarifying and technical changes incorporated, should be adopted as set forth below.”
As noted above, Part 128a, as originally proposed, would have provided in Section 128a.7(d)(2) that all hot-process smoked fish, after brining to 3.5% salinity, should be heated to 180 °F. for a minimum of 30 minutes with the exception of smoked chub containing sodium nitrite as provided for in Section 121.1230 (which had a lower temperature parameter). As adopted, Section 128a.7(d)(2) provided an alternative of either cooking for not less than 30 minutes at 180 °F. if the fish was brined to contained 3.5% water phase salt or for 30 minutes at not less than 150 °F. if the fish had been brined to contain. 5% water phase salt. The alternative for sodium nitrite treated smoked chub was retained.
The Association of. Smoked Fish Processors, Inc., had argued that acceptable smoked chubs could not be prepared if the coldest portion of the slowest heating fish in the oven had to retain the temperature of 180° for 30 minutes and had argued that other varieties of fish were even more heat sensitive. The Association added
“Work now underway by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries on several varieties of fish have indicated very encouraging preliminary results with lower temperature processing in combination with specific salt and nitrite levels.”
The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, as seen in the quotation above, had suggested an alternative of higher salt concentrations as an interim measure until species parameters could be evolved.
The National Fisheries Institute, Inc., the intervenor, speaking for 26 firms actively smoking fish, had pointed out that smoked chub processed at 180° for 30 minutes had proved unacceptable to consumers, and that the matter had been resolved by permitting specified levels of sodium nitrite and chloride together with a lower operating temperature. It was said that if other fish were processed under similar high temperatures, the same marketing problems would arise. Speaking of work being done by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries on white fish, sable and salmon, the Institute said
“The experimental data indicates (sic) that considerably lower temperatures in combination with specific salt and nitrite levels will result in a smoked fish product that will be acceptable to the consumer, and also adequately minimize the risk of the public health hazard from Type E botulism.”
Then the memorandum continued
“In view of the unacceptable time temperature parameter of 180 °F. for 30 minutes, we request that the parameter of 150 °F. for 30 minutes and 5% salt in the water phase be established as an alternate procedure to that stated in the proposed regulation for an interim period until specific parameters can .be established.”
Specific language was suggested for Section 128a.7(d)(2) reading as follows
“Hot processed smoked fish shall either contain not less than 3V2% salt (sodium chloride) in the water phase throughout the product and shall be heated by a process that will insure a continuous temperature throughout each piece of fish of at least 180 °F. for at least lh hour or shall contain not less than 5% salt in the water phase throughout the product •and be heated by a process that will insure a continuous temperature throughout each piece of at least 150 °F. for at least %h hour, except that smoked chub containing sodium nitrite as provided for in 121.1230' of this chapter shall be processed in accordance with that section.”
In its letter of May 4, 1970, the Institute did indeed refer to its proposal of the 150°F.-5% salt alternative and to the BCF’s suggestion of that as an interim alternative and stated that, “Industry participants at the April 7, 1970 meeting . . . pointed out that recent experimental work showed difficulties in meeting either of the sets of processing parameters.” But in the Institute’s December 23, 1970, letter (Exhibit E) written in seeking modification of Part 128a, the Institute put it correctly when it said:
“The industry recognizes that all processing requirements contained in FDA’s good manufacturing practice regulations must be based on public health considerations. It is also recognized that these requirements cannot be reduced simply because the industry is unable to meet them. Such requirements should, however, be as flexible as possible to afford the industry as many alternative processing parameters as can be justified, based on public health considerations.”
The Commissioner’s modification of Section 128a(d)(2) to incorporate the 150°-5% alternative met the industry’s most clearly expressed objection. The regulation is certainly not expressly interim in form, as BCF may be thought to have suggested, but regulations are not cut in stone. They are, inevitably, subject to continuous review. There is no indication that at any time before Part 128a was promulgated, specific parameters for different varieties of fish had in fact been developed and presented to the Commissioner as reliable substitutes for the generalized requirement which is complained of in the present case. BCF did not present a petition to amend the food additive (nitrite) regulation respecting smoked chub until March 22, 1971. They then proposed extending the regulation to white fish and adjusting the processing parameters. The petition was incomplete since further studies were still in progress or in contemplation. The petition (FDA No. 1A2671) was still under advisement at January 28, 1972. (Exhibit E)
Other modifications in the proposal were made in response to the industry’s suggestions. The suggestion of the owner of the Zestismoke process (imparting smoky flavoring to fish) with respect to smoke flavored fish resulted in the inclusion in Part 128a of provisions embracing smoke-flavored fish, which are treated with salt and given smoke flavor by other than direct smoke action. ■
The proposed regulation required entirely separate, partitioned space for practically each distinct step in the processing of the smoked fish, and commentators objected that this was impractical and could not be accomplished in the industry’s older plants. The objections were acceded to—to the extent of providing that four of the steps “should” be carried out in separate rooms or partitioned spaces and of making the separate room or partitioned space requirement mandatory only as to cooling and packing and storage of the final product. The provision governing inspection of raw fish was also somewhat relaxed. The defrosting requirement was modified. The washing and spraying provisions were altered. The testing provision was relaxed. Finally the provision covering the cooling of the smoked fish after cooking was materially relaxed.
The Commissioner manifestly acted after considering the. comments submitted to him, and before final adoption, he materially modified the proposal in accordance with the most important of the objections and suggestions submitted to him. No proceedings were ever instituted to review the regulations as adopted. Furthermore, no later proceeding has been initiated formally and pressed before the Commissioner directly to secure a modification of the regulation. The petition to the Commissioner (see Exhibit E) to extend the chub-nitrite regulation to white fish and, perhaps, other fish has evidently not yet been acted upon by the Commissioner. However, the industry has not elected as it might have under 5 U.S.C. 704, 706(1), to treat non-action in the nitrite matter as an unlawful withholding or unreasonable delay of administrative action which should be corrected by a court. That does not mean that the FDA’s failure to act on the later petition furnishes a ground for attacking its adoption of Part 128a; the two matters are distinct in both time and substance. (There were, oddly, overtones throughout the court hearing that the present proceeding was an occasion to review the FDA’s allegedly wrongful non-action on the nitrite petition, and that the non-action somehow backlighted the action the FDA had taken in adopting Part 128a.)
On the formal administrative record, therefore, the action of the Commissioner in adopting Part 128a was neither arbitrary nor capricious nor an abuse of discretion nor otherwise unauthorized.
The regulations were authorized by the statute and their enforcement denies no constitutional right to the parties defendant.
5. The defendants argue in substance that, to an indeterminate extent, those responsible for the determination to issue Part 128a in the form in which it was finally issued had resort to some or all of the material contained in defendant’s exhibit D under tabs B through L. Apparently, it is not denied that the Commissioner had proper resort to the material under tab A, the more significant part of which has already been discussed, and which manifestly did effect modifications in the Commissioner’s original proposal. Defendants argue that the Commissioner had no right, either directly or through his subordinate personnel, to resort to anything that was not accessible to and notified to those in interest, so that they could meet any material contained in the undisclosed matter that might influence the Commissioner.
It should be said at once that the evidence indicates that the material under tabs B through L was retrospectively gathered from FDA files for any bearing which it could or might have had on the formation of Part 128a. It is not possible to say that the material specifically influenced any particular part of the regulation’s language, but the very general and inclusive nature of the material collected indicates that it represents everything that could be located in FDA files germane to the subject matter of the regulation and dated before its issuance.
The basic difficulty with (a) the protestations of defendants and the intervenor that the material under tab A is not adequate to support the regulations and that the issues posed by the responses and comments of the industry were not resolved by determinations of fact and of scientific principle and (b) with the defendants’ and intervenor’s protestations against the FDA’s failure to disclose the materials at tabs B through L for discussion and refutation and (c) with the protestation that there could be no confidence as to which of the material the Commissioner may or may not have relied on—the basic difficulty is that they wholly mistake the occasion and the clear sense of the entire proceeding. The occasion was not one at which any one was disposed to or able to take the position that botulism was nothing to worry about, or that C. botulinum Type E was not ubiquitous in the fresh waters from which the fish were drawn, or that salination and thermal treatment were not basic in the hot-process smoked fish industry. It is not even deniable that to an indeterminate extent the industry was under loose self-regulation in the same respects covered by Part 128a—that is, in the use of salination and thermal controls. The industry had regulated itself not only to make an edible product but also in the interest of protecting the customers of the processors’ customers from the risk of botulism. The post-1963 success of the industry was certainly a cause of self-congratulation. But the Commissioner could hardly be unaware that success begets a relaxation of vigilance, and that inspection reports could not demonstrate industry-wide uniformity of procedures. Nor could the Commissioner guarantee the maintenance of self-imposed processing standards. And while much is said about the supposed want of procedural regularity in offering disclosure and an opportunity to challenge the tabs B through L materials, nothing has been brought forward either during the hearing in the present case nor, so far as counsel has surfaced it, in any other area, to indicate that a total reconsideration of the entire matter within FDA as of November 1970 could have resulted in any different regulation than the one then adopted. This case presents but one issue—in a case where precautionary regulations such as Part 128a (whether self-imposed or imposed by public authority) are admittedly imperative, are those regulations shown to be either arbitrary or capricious or an abuse of discretion? The most that has been claimed is that further modifications in the regulations would be appropriate. And that claim has not been supported by bringing forward evidence to indicate that in November 1970 modifications existed that could have given the assurance of safety required in and assured by Part 128a. The nitrite alternative was not matured and supported; perhaps the chub regulation itself had not had time to settle in.
A survey of the material under tabs B through L discloses nothing which undermines the provisions of Part 128a and it is not material of a kind that could lend itself to contradiction. The material consists almost entirely of neutral investigative studies apparently conducted with considerable scientific and practical sophistication.
The’ first part of tab B is composed of four parts—three quarterly reports and a final report of work done in 1963-64 at the University of Wisconsin on C. botulinum Type E. The reports make particular reference to determining the source of the botulinuin in sihoked fish processed in the Great Lakes área and to the occurrence, persistence and disappearance of toxicity in detected botulinum. These reports were made to FDA under a, contract, FDA-63-67. The remaining materials under tab B are quarterly reports and an annual report made to the FDA under contract FDA 64-44 by the University of Wisconsin, Department of Bacteriology. They concern the occurrence of C. botulinum Type E in the Greát Lákés. The reports are again completely neütral scientific investigations, chary of conclusion, and they essentially confirm the idea that C. botulinum Type E is more common, in some waters than in others. The reports, again, seek to measure the occurrence and persistence of toxicity and to differentiate between occurrences of the botulinum in water, fish and mud. The report also studies differences between botulinum occurrences in enclosed waters and in those waters linked to the Great Lakes themselves.
The papers collected under tab C concern the work of the Bureau of Commercial-Fisheries at the Technological Laboratory at Ann Arbor, Michigan relating to smoked fish processing and handling. The 1964 paper is a draft of guidelines, most of which deal with sanitary precautions. The guidelines only concern handling of the fish from the fishing, vessel through the plant, and attempt to insure the cleanliness of those procedures. The. second paper is a 1967 draft of- guidelines which dealt directly with processing of the fish including temperature and salinity requirements, and refrigeration standards. It contains nothing that would suggest modifications in Part 128a. Specifically it assumes the 180° -30 minute-5% parameters (although primarily as applied to chub processing).
Tab D covers a four phase study made in the New York District FDA facility on the methods for hanging fish during the smoking process. The report was generally uncomplimentary to current smoked fish processing and it assumed the desirability of using the 180°-30 minute parameter. On the basis of experimental data derived from the FDA’s own processing of several varieties of smoked fish, the report also concluded that a marketable product could be prepared within the 180°-30 minute parameter which would, in the judgment of many, equal the flavor of commercially produced fish but Which—in general—would not have as good an appearance. The survey’s general conclusion was that with its skills, the industry should be equal to producing marketable fish at the 180°-30 minute parameter. However, the principal emphasis of the study, if not its very purpose, was a solution to the problem of loss of fish from the hooks in the smoking and cooking steps. Some definite recommendations were evolved for reducing this loss.
Tab E covers the summary of a meeting held on July 11, 1968, at the University of Wisconsin. The meeting was intended to review the FDA smoked fish compliance program. It was in general conducted by FDA personnel and was attended by Bureau of Commercial Fisheries representatives, representatives of the Food Research Institute, representatives of the University of Wisconsin, representatives of the National Center for Urban and Industrial Health, representatives of the City of Milwaukee Health Department (which was actually seeking to enforce a 180°-30 minute parameter), a representative of the Michigan Department of Agriculture, Food Inspection Division, the Chief of the Enteric Disease Unit of the National Communicable Disease Center, the Director of the Illinois Department of Health, Division of Food and Drugs, and food inspectors of the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture. The meeting reviewed numerous matters, including reports on the practical administration of various parameters under local laws. The meeting generally assumed as a base line the validity of the 180°-30 minute parameter in combination with a salinity in excess of 3% and refrigeration to 38° or less. However, the Burean of Commercial Fisheries proposed the following processing parameters: (a) brining the fish so as to achieve a post-process product containing a water phase salt (sodium chloride) content equal to or in excess of 3V2% and a sodium nitrite concentration of 200 parts per million, and (b) controlled heat processing so that internal product temperatures equalled or exceeded 160 °F. for 30 minutes, and (c) temperature maintenance at or below 38 °F. during storage and distribution. The meeting discussed at length whether fish could and would be produced commercially at the 180°-30 minute-3V2 or 4% salinity parameters, and, if so, whether the fish would be saleable and whether the parameters could be attained in any large number of the existing processing establishments. There was no suggestion during the meeting that without a second salt such as sodium nitrite it would be safe to process the fish at temperatures lower than 180°. It was suggested that processing at 180° with only sodium chloride salinity might not be as effective as a combination of sodium chloride and nitrite at a lower temperature. The FDA point of view was presented at the meeting and it was noted that a year earlier, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries had submitted to FDA a summary of research on botulism in smoked chubs which provided information on processing and handling procedures. The summary of meeting then continued—
“The studies sponsored by BCF pointed up that heating fish at 180° for 30 minutes during processing, should bring about destruction of most type E spores, and if brining is accomplished in such a manner as to result in a salt content in excess of 3% in the aqueous phase of the loin muscle, and if the fish are held at 38° or less, the surviving spores will be prevented from growing out in the fish. These ‘minimum requirements’, along with storage temperatures, sanitation standards and labeling recommendations, were incorporated into ‘Good Manufacturing Practice Guidelines’, primarily for use by our [FDA] inspectors and Field Districts, but which were disseminated to industry. These Guidelines were reviewed and discussed with the National Fisheries Institute, who voiced intention to pass the recommendations on to their industry. The time-temperature-salt concentration and other recommended procedures have been made known to industry through workshops, seminars and, in many instances, in direct recommendations to plant management during course of inspections.”
Tab F covers 72 articles, almost all of which are articles published in specialized periodicals concerning botulism, botulinum Type E and the spores and toxin of Type E. The articles are not only from United States publications but also from journals published in Canada, Japan, Russia, and the Scandinavian countries. The publications stretch back over the years to the 1940s. None of the papers, however, appears to deal with the temperature factor except for one or two papers dealing with the effect of low temperatures (in the freezing range) on toxin development in vacuum packed fish.
Tab G is concerned with reports, for the most part printed and published, on the effect of temperature on C. botulinum Type E toxin formation and the survival and outgrowth of C. botulinum Type E in food products, including smoked fish. Particularly included is the published preliminary report of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries on the experimental smoking of chub. At the time of that report, in November 1964, BCF was recommending processing at 180° for 30 minutes with 2 to 3% salt in the finished product as being practical in the case of chub. The published papers are for the most part research papers with varying results. However, the results do indicate that Type E botulinum spores, and, in consequence, toxin formation tendencies, did survive at high temperatures, and that temperatures in the order of 176-180° were always in active contemplation. Included at Tab G-5 is a May, 1967 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries paper by Graikoski adhering to the 180°-30 minute-3% salt combination and indicating that at 140 °F. a greater concentration of salt is necessary to inhibit spore outgrowth. Graikoski stated that additional work was needed both to establish more firmly and to extend the general observations, especially in the temperature range from 140 to 180°F. The papers were inconclusive in their consideration of the inhibitory effect of a combination of salt and nitrite, and of the effect of changes in the pH level of the brine and fish.
Tab H contains papers, for the most part printed and published, dealing, essentially from the chemical point of view, with regular salination and the effect of salt additives, including sodium nitrite. The papers also study the effect of changes in pH on spore production and the evolution of toxins. Tab I covers a published and printed 1961 article indicating that the outgrowth and toxin production of spores of C. botulinum Type E varies inversely with temperature in terms of days of incubation and that a critical refrigeration temperature exists in the range of 36 to 40 °F.
Tab J embraces 28 papers, most of which were printed and published but some of which were apparently not widely published but, rather, were circulated in typed form. The papers cover a wide variety of botulinum studies. Included were observations of human response to botulinum intrusions and to botulism itself and studies on the temperature sensitivity of the various types of C. botulinum. Broadly, those studies indicated that Type E was more temperature sensitive than Types A and B, particularly in a range in the neighborhood of 176-180 °F. The papers also included chemically oriented studies, indicating the significances of various types of salts, including sodium nitrite, and considering the effect of pH in botulinum solutions on outgrowth and toxin production. The papers are not limited to cooked and smoked fish but range more broadly, and include development of botulinum cultures generally. Certain of the papers are so poorly reproduced in the exhibit that, from the legible passages, it is not easy to be confident of the thrust of the papers, but the illegible ones appear to fall well within the boundaries of the foregoing description. The papers to some extent also consider anti-toxin materials.
The two items included under Tab K relate (a) to the incidence of C. botulinum Type E in smoked fish products (other than white fish) in the Pacific Northwest, and (b) to a means of detecting the presence of C. botulinum Type E. The detection experiment used smoked white fish, chubs and other smoked fish as its base material. Tab L covers a 1970 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries circular entitled “Guidelines for the Processing of Hot-smoked Chub.” The Guidelines, dated January 1970, are detailed but are written against the background of acceptance of certain processing parameters. The Guidelines assume the requirement of heating the chubs for 30 minutes at 160 °F. with the loin muscle containing a concentration in the water phase of not less than 3.5% sodium chloride and a sodium nitrite concentration between 100 and 200 p.p.m., coupled with cooling of the chubs to 38 °F. The parameters of the guidelines are of course those of 21 C.F.R. § 121.1230, first promulgated in August 1969 and amended in March 1970.
The material comprised under Tabs B through L was made available to defendants and presumably to the intervenor during the discovery stages of the case. The expert and the industry evidence introduced at the trial is not at war with anything contained in the Tab B through Tab L material, and, in fact, added nothing of moment to what is in the formal record. Nothing in the B through L material has been or could well be pointed to as determining the Commissioner’s conclusion, or as influencing it in such a way that, had it .been known to be before him before the determination was made, it could have been met and refuted by other data. The problem did not and does not exist in that perspective or dimension. None of the B through L material suggests, nor do the defendants suggest, that precaution is unnecessary, that C. botulinum Type E is nonexistent, that white fish come from untainted waters, or that there is any possibility that thermal treatment and salination and refrigeration can be dispensed with without danger to the industry or the public. If anything, the Commissioner’s actions in modifying the original proposal demonstrate the openness of the proceeding. The very existence of the smoked-chub regulation (21 C.F.R. § 121.1230) authorizing the use of nitrite and a lower temperature demonstrates not only the industry’s acquaintance with temperature-time-salinity parameters, but also shows the Commissioner’s willingness to accede to scientific presentations.
However, there is no ground for considering the material under Tabs B through L as being in the nature of ex parte evidence secretly acted upon to the disadvantage of the class affected by the adoption of Part 128a. In truth, the material contained under Tabs B through L comprises a reference library of the contemporary scientific work being done in the field, and to an extent, internal government views of the matter in the course of evolving a final administrative position. The internal evidence of the interdepartmental exchanges indicates that what the government was thinking about and doing was well known in the industry and to those who were actively interested in the inquiries being pursued as . a result of the 1960 and 1963 poisonings, particularly the associations of interested persons. The rest of the material was published material which was either known to or readily accessible to any expert in the field to whom the members of the class to be affected by the regulation would naturally have turned for advice and assistance.
The difference in viewpoint between the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the FDA, made perfectly plain in the October 1969 notice, was hardly a secret and was forthrightly dealt with by the FDA. The difference in viewpoint reflects the difference in the roles of the two departments of government, for the FDA had to be concerned not with the hot-process smoked fish processors but with the public safety and the sense of public security in the light of the 1960 and 1963 episodes.
5. Defendants and the intervenor argue that the parameters established by the regulation are impossible of attainment in commercial operations. The evidence introduced at the trial tended to that showing, but it failed to make the showing. It demonstrated only that the processors who testified were unable to meet the parameters without material change in their processing practices. The cross-examination brought out numerous techniques that the industry had not yet exploited, including forced draft heat circulation in the oven, the use of humidifiers, and fresh approaches to the problems of obtaining uniformity of temperature throughout the ovens. There were, further, indications that admittedly expensive modifications in processing procedures might well produce very different results from those obtained with the gas.-fired gravity ovens. Such modifications include the use of electronic ovens, currently being introduced in the industry, and further work with control of oven humidity. There was certainly evidence that the electronic furnaces presently in use had not been so used as to meet the parameters and produce a satisfactory product. But the overall impression produced by the evidence was that the effort had not been complete, and that the processors had not attacked the problem with the resolution and industrial ingenuity that would have been summoned if they had acted in the recognition that they would simply have to comply with the parameters of Part 128a if they were to continue operation.
The evidence that a marketable product could not be prepared within the parameters suffers from essentially the same defect. The processors who testified were unable to produce marketable fish while staying within the regulation’s parameters. But this was only shown to be true under their current processing practices. The taste test, although necessarily a narrow one, was carried out in as fair a manner as the trial situation permitted; if the results were accepted as a fair sampling of industry experience, they would lead to the conclusion that a product made under the parameters would not be marketable in the greater New York area nor probably in Florida. But that is hardly the issue. There are many other processors who may have mastered techniques that surmount the difficulties presented by the parameters. Moreover, the expectation cannot be that an identical product will be produced if the cooking temperature is materially increased and no compensating modifications, within the parameters, are introduced.
The industry itself had faced the risk that if C. botulinum Type E was not dealt with effectively, its business would be destroyed. If the material under Tabs B through L shows anything, it shows that when Part 128a was proposed in late 1969 it was high time that some such proposal was made, no less in the industry’s interest than in the public’s interest in personal safety. It was for the industry to devise methods of preserving marketability within the parameters, if, as was inevitable, it was unable to bring forward adequate evidence that some other approach would serve the public interest.
Finally, even if such a proposition could be demonstrated, it is not an answer to the regulation to say that marketable fish could not be processed under it. If that were the case it would simply mean that smoked white fish cannot be regarded as safe and that white fish cannot be processed in their only marketable form without an unacceptable threat to public health. The ultimate fact appears to be that the industry has not been able to come forward with alternative, safe processing means in which it has enough confidence to press them upon the Commissioner, and the industry has not exhausted the search for means of living within the parameters and still preparing marketable smoked white fish.
It follows that the United States is entitled to an injunction requiring compliance with the challenged parameters. However, there is much to be said for the defendants’ contentions with respect to the other items of non-compliance with the regulation which were turned up in the course of the inspections. These appear to be rather ordinary deviations from compliance which are readily and onee-and-for-all curable by positive action. The evidence indicates that the defendants have taken positive corrective action as to those deviations and, on the basis of the present showing, the final decree need not and should not contain mandatory provisions in those respects. These operational deviations from the regulation do not have the shape of the resolute non-compliance with the time-temperature-salinity parameters which characterizes defendants’ conduct of its processing plant up to the time of the second inspection.
6. The defendants’ trial evidence was taken over the Government’s objection, reserving decision on the question of whether or not the Government was on firm ground in its argument that the regulation was not subject to collateral attack through a de novo hearing. Expansion of the scope of the hearing to include evidence addressed to the validity and soundness of Part 128a served the two-fold purpose of being a species of Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Voipe, 401 U.S. 402, 91 S.Ct. 814, 28 L.Ed.2d 136 type hearing and of throwing light on the question of whether there was any occasion for an Overton type hearing to determine whether or not the Commissioner had acted rationally. If the case is, as the Government contends, controlled by testing Part 128a against the formal record, whether limited to the tab A material or extended to the tabs B to L material, the conclusion must be that Part 128a is fully supported and adequately supported in the formal record. Viewing the whole record, including all the trial evidence, it is concluded (for all the evidence, on review, is seen to exclude the need for any further Overton type hearing), that there is no necessity for any further hearing in this Court or for a remand to the Commissioner for reconsideration in the light of matters not before him or not adequately considered by him at the time the regulation was adopted. Cf. National Nutritional Foods Ass’n v. Weinberger, supra, 512 F.2d at 703-704. Of course that is not to say that if the nitrite research has now significantly progressed, the time may not be ripe for a petition to the Commissioner for modification of Part 128a along the lines of the smoked-chub regulation. As noted earlier, such a regulation as Part 128a survives under ambulatory review as the literature in the field opens up new possibilities of analysis of the botulism risk or new means of coping with the spore formation and toxin production of C. botulinum Type E.
7. The Government will draft a decree in accordance with this opinion and either serve it on counsel for the defendants and for the intervenor with ten days notice of settlement, or, preferably, draft it in consultation with the defendants’ and intervenor’s counsel with a view to agreeing upon a form of decree—in the understanding that agreement on the form of the injunction does not to any extent imply acquiescence in its correctness as a disposition of the case.
It is so ORDERED.
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CASELAW
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List of Azerbaijanis
This is a list of notable Azerbaijanis, a Turkic people who mostly live in the Caucasus region (including Azerbaijan, Georgia, Dagestan) northern Iran and eastern Turkey (specifically in Kars and Iğdır).
Aerospace
* Tofig Ismayilov (1933–1991), aerospace scientist
* Kerim Kerimov (1917–2003), aerospace engineer
Actors
* Lutfali Abdullayev (1914–1973), actor
* Telman Adigozalov (1953–2010), actor
* Aliagha Aghayev (1913–1983), actor
* Alasgar Alakbarov (1910–1963), actor
* Mirzaagha Aliyev (1883–1954), actor
* Huseyn Arablinski (1881–1919), actor
* Sayavush Aslan (1935–2013), actor
* Mirza Babayev (1903–2003), actor and singer
* Shamsi Badalbeyli (1911–1986), theatre director and actor
* Leyla Badirbeyli (1920–1999), actress
* Hajibaba Baghirov (1932–2006), actor
* Bahram Bagirzade (born 1972), actor, entertainer, comedian and film director
* Rasim Balayev (born 1948), actor
* Afag Bashirgyzy (born 1955), actress
* Aghasadyg Garaybeyli (1897–1988), actor
* Hokuma Gurbanova (1913–1988), actress
* Nesrin Javadzadeh (born 1982), actress
* Munavvar Kalantarli (1912–1962), actress and folk singer
* Aygün Kazımova (born 1971), actress and singer
* Fakhraddin Manafov (born 1955), actor
* Jeyhun Mirzayev (1946–1993), actor and film director
* Yashar Nuri (1951–2012), actor
* Hamida Omarova (born 1957), actress
* Hagigat Rzayeva (1907–1969), actress and singer
* Latif Safarov (1920–1963), actor and film director
* Barat Shakinskaya (1914–1999), actress
* Abbas Mirza Sharifzadeh (1893–1938), actor and film director
* Rza Tahmasib (1894–1980), actor
* Hasanagha Turabov (1938–2003), actor
* Eldaniz Zeynalov (1937–2001), actor
* Nasiba Zeynalova (1916–2004), actress
Archaeologists and anthropologists
* Jeyhun Hajibeyli (1891–1962), ethnographer and journalist
* Mammadali Huseynov (1922–1994), archaeologist
* Ishag Jafarzadeh (1895–1982), archaeologist and ethnographer
Architects
* Sadig Dadashov (1905–1946), architect
* Gasim bey Hajibababeyov (1811–1874), architect
* Mammad Hasan Hajinski (1875–1931), architect and statesman
* Mikayil Huseynov (1905–1992), architect
* Karbalayi Safikhan Karabakhi (1817–1910), architect
* Kamal Mammadbeyov (1924–1997), architect
Artists
* Mikail Abdullayev (1921–2002), painter
* Fuad Abdurahmanov (1915–1971), sculptor
* Azim Azimzade (1880–1943), painter and graphic artist and the founder of Azerbaijani satirical graphics
* Sattar Bahlulzadeh (1909–1974), impressionist painter
* Omar Eldarov (born 1927), sculptor
* Jalal Garyaghdi (1914–2001), sculptor
* Mirza Kadym Irevani (1835–1875), artist
* Bahruz Kangarli (1892–1922), painter, graphic artist and the founder of realistic easel painting of Azerbaijan
* Tokay Mammadov (1927–2018), sculptor
* Boyukagha Mirzazade (1921–2007), painter
* Rustam Mustafayev (1910–1940), scenic designer
* Togrul Narimanbekov (1930–2013), painter
* Vidadi Narimanbekov (1926–2001), painter
* Mir Mohsun Navvab (1833–1918), calligrapher, poet, artist, music historian, astronomer, carpenter, chemist and mathematician
* Maral Rahmanzade (1916–2008), graphic artist
* Alakbar Rezaguliyev (1903–1974), painter
* Tahir Salahov (1928–2021), painter
* Fuad Salayev (born 1943), sculptor
Broadcasters
* Mirshahin Agayev (born 1963), TV presenter and journalist
* Leyla Aliyeva (born 1986), TV presenter
* Salatyn Asgarova (1961–1991), killed by Armenian militias
* Nargiz Birk-Petersen (born 1976), TV presenter
* Emin Efendi, TV presenter and record producer
* Chingiz Mustafayev (1960–1992), one of the most notable independent Azerbaijani journalists
* Sevinj Osmanqizi (born 1969), TV presenter, media personality, author and journalist
Businessmen
* Aras Agalarov (born 1955), businessman
* Farkhad Akhmedov (born 1955), businessman
* Vagit Alekperov (born 1950), businessman
* Shamsi Asadullayev (1840–1913), industrial oil magnate and philanthropist
* Nigar Kocharli (born 1975), bookshop chain owner
* Hafiz Mammadov (born 1964), businessman
* Mubariz Mansimov (born 1968), businessman
* Murtuza Mukhtarov (1865–1920), industrial oil magnate and philanthropist
* Musa Nagiyev (1849–1919), industrial oil magnate and philanthropist
* God Nisanov (born 1972), Jewish-Azerbaijani businessman; the youngest Azerbaijani billionaire
* Haji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev (1823–1924), industrial oil magnate and philanthropist
* Telman Ismailov (born 1956), Jewish-Azerbaijani businessman.
Clergy
* Ilgar Ibrahimoglu (born 1973), cleric and human rights activist
* Allahshukur Pashazadeh (born 1949), Sheikh ul-Islam and Grand Mufti of the Caucasus
* Movlazadeh Mahammad Hasan Shakavi (1854–1932), religious leader, philosopher, alim, the first Sheikh ul-Islam of the Caucasus, the first scholar who translated Quran into Azerbaijani language
* Sheikh Sardar Hajjihasanli
* Mirza Huseyn Afandi Qayibov (1830–1915), clergyman, literary critic, publicist, enlightener and Mufti of the Caucasus (1884-1917).
* Ahmad Huseinzadeh (1812–1887), third Sheikh ul-Islam of the Caucasus, son of Mahammadali Huseinzadeh, maternal uncle of Ali bey Huseynzade.
* Fazil Iravani (1783–1885), second Sheikh ul-Islam of the Caucasus.
* Mahammadali Huseinzadeh (1760–1852), first shia Sheikh ul-Islam of the Caucasus from 1823 to 1852. Maternal grandfather of Ali bey Huseynzade.
Dancers
* Gamar Almaszadeh (1915–2006), first Azerbaijani ballerina
* Oksana Rasulova (born 1982), dancer, choreographer and actress
* Leyla Vakilova (1927–1999), ballerina
Fashion
* Sona Mehmandarova (born 1894), model
* Badura Afganli (born 1912), fashion designer
* Sophie Couture (born 1990), fashion designer
* Javidan Gurbanova (born 1990), model
* Aysel Manafova (born 1990), model
Film industry
* Arif Babayev (born 1928-1983), film director
* Yuli Gusman (born 1943), film director
* Robert Hossein (1927–2020), film director and actor
* Magsud Ibrahimbeyov (1935–2016), writer
* Rustam Ibragimbekov (1939–2022), writer and screenwriter
* Elchin Musaoglu (born 1966), film director
* Vagif Mustafayev (born 1953), film director, producer and screenwriter
* Rasim Ojagov (1933–2006), film director and operator
* Hasan Seyidbeyli (1920–1980), film director, dramatist and screenwriter
* Rza Tahmasib (1894–1980), film director and actor
Historians
* Igrar Aliyev (1924–2004), historian
* Sara Ashurbayli (1906–2001), historian, historian and scholar
* Abbasgulu Bakikhanov (1794–1847), writer, historian, journalist, linguist, poet, philosopher and founder of Azerbaijani scientific historiography
* Aydin Balayev (born 1956), historian
* Ziya Buniatov (1923–1997), historian and academician
* Jamil Hasanli (born 1952), historian and politician
* Mirza Jamal Javanshir (1773–1853), historian and politician
* Alexander Kazembek (1802–1870), orientalist, historian and philologist
* Tofig Kocharli (1929–2007), historian and politician
* Farida Mammadova (1936–2021), historian
* Mirza Adigozal bey (1780s–1840), historian of the 19th century, author of a historical work "Garabaghname"
Journalists
* Hasan bey Aghayev (1875–1920), journalist, doctor, teacher and politician
* Salatyn Asgarova (1961–1991), journalist
* Elmar Huseynov (1967–2005), journalist
* Osman Mirzayev (1937–1991), journalist, writer and publicist
* Ali Mustafayev (1952–1991), journalist
* Chingiz Mustafayev (1960–1992), journalist, National Hero of Azerbaijan.
* Omar Faig Nemanzadeh (1872–1937), journalist
Jurists and Lawyers
* Aslan bey Safikurdski (1881-1937), lawyer, Minister of Justice of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.
* Aziz Seyidov (born 1956), lawyer, Justice of the Supreme Court of Azerbaijan.
* Dzhangir Kerimov (1923-2015), legal scholar, member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union and Professor of Law at the Azerbaijan Academy of Science.
* Farhad Abdullayev (born 1958), lawyer, Chairman of the Constitutional Court of Azerbaijan.
* Ismat Gayibov (1942-1991), lawyer, Public Prosecutor General of Azerbaijan.
* Rustam Khan Khoyski (1888-1939), lawyer, Lieutenant General, Minister of Social Security of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.
* Latif Huseynov (born 1964), lawyer, Justice of the European Court of Human Rights.
Military
* Feyzullah Mirza Qajar (1872–1920), commander in the Azerbaijani Democratic Republic and Imperial Russian Army
* Mehdigulu Khan Vafa (1855–1900), lieutenant colonel in the Imperial Russian Army
* Jafargulu agha Javanshir (1787–1867), major-general of the Russian Army
* Safar Abiyev (born 1950), army general
* Sona Nuriyeva (1915–1986), aviator
* Albert Agarunov (1969–1992), tank commander
* Sadykh bey Aghabekov (1865–1944), army general in the Russian Imperial Army, founder and reformer of Azerbaijani Police and orientalist
* Riad Ahmadov (1956–1992), military officer
* Avraamy Aslanbegov (1822–1900), vice–admiral and military writer
* Hazi Aslanov (1910–1945), army general
* Allahverdi Baghirov (1946–1992), officer and football coach
* Farrukh Gayibov (1891–1916), first Azerbaijani military pilot during World War I
* Alif Hajiyev (1953–1992), officer
* Zakir Hasanov (born 1959), army general
* Fatulla Huseynov (1937–2004), colonel, politician and public figure
* Tofig Huseynov (1954–1992), major
* Mehdi Huseynzade (1918–1944), guerrilla fighter in Yugoslavia and Italy during World War II
* Mubariz Ibrahimov (1988–2010), warrant officer
* Ahmadiyya Jabrayilov (1920–1994), activist of French Resistance
* Rovshan Javadov (1951–1995), influential military activist, public figure
* Asif Maharramov (1952–1994), lieutenant colonel
* Leyla Mammadbeyova (1909–1989), first Azerbaijani female aviator and the first female pilot in Southern Europe and the Middle East
* Eldar Mammadov (1968–1993), officer
* Israfil Mammadov (1919–1946), military commander
* Samedbey Mehmandarov (1855–1931), army general and politician
* Hussein Khan Nakhichevanski (1855–1931), Cavalry General and General–Adjutant
* Jamshid Nakhichevanski (1863–1919), Russian Imperial, Azerbaijani and Soviet military commander
* Ali-Agha Shikhlinski (1895–1938), army general and politician
* Ibrahim bey Usubov (1872–1920), military commander
* Polad Hashimov (1975–2020), major general (2019), and National Hero of Azerbaijan
* Anar Aliyev (1980–2020), lieutenant colonel and Hero of the Patriotic War
* Hikmat Mirzayev, lieutenant general of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces and Hero of the Patriotic War.
* Zakir Hasanov, Colonel General, Minister of Defence of Azerbaijan since 2013.
* Ramiz Jafarov (1974–2020), lieutenant colonel and Hero of the Patriotic War
* Tehran Mansimov, colonel and senior leader in the Special Forces.
Composers
* Franghiz Ali-Zadeh (born 1947), composer
* Fikret Amirov (1922–1984), composer
* Rafig Babayev (1937–1994), composer, jazz pianist and singer
* Afrasiyab Badalbeyli (1907–1976), composer, conductor and music critic; the author of music and the libretto of the first Azerbaijani Ballet and the first ballet in the Muslim East
* Tofig Bakikhanov (born 1930), composer
* Amina Figarova (born 1964), jazz composer and pianist
* Salman Gambarov (born 1959), composer and jazz pianist
* Gara Garayev (1918–1982), composer
* Tofig Guliyev (1917–2000), composer
* Soltan Hajibeyov (1919–1974), composer
* Uzeyir Hajibeyov (1885–1948), composer, conductor, scientist, publicist, playwright, teacher, translator, and social figure; the first Muslim author of an opera
* Rauf Hajiyev (1922–1985), composer and politician
* Muslim Magomayev (1885–1937), composer, one of the founders of Azerbaijani classical music
* Arif Malikov (1933–2019), composer
* Eldar Mansurov (born 1952), composer
* Vagif Mustafazadeh (1940–1979), composer and jazz pianist and the founder of Azerbaijani jazz
* Emin Sabitoglu (1937–2000), composer, music editor
* Ali Salimi (1922–1997), composer and tar player
* Alakbar Taghiyev (1922–1981), composer
* Aziza Mustafa Zadeh (born 1969), singer, composer, pianist
Singers
* Safi al-Din al-Urmawi (1216–1294), musician and writer on the theory of music
* Aghakhan Abdullayev (born 1950), mugham singer
* Emin Agalarov (born 1979), singer
* Fatma Mukhtarova (1893–1972), opera singer (mezzo-soprano), Honorary Artist of Georgia, and People's Artist of Azerbaijan
* Ahmed Agdamski (1884–1954), folk and opera singer
* Ogtay Aghayev (1935–2006), singer
* Franghiz Ahmadova (1928–2011), opera singer
* Shovkat Alakbarova (1922–1993), singer
* Sevda Alakbarzadeh (born 1977), jazz singer
* Dinara Aliyeva (born 1980), singer (soprano)
* Safura Alizadeh (born 1992), singer
* Rauf Atakishiyev (1925–1994), singer, pianist, singer–soloist and scholar
* Mashadibaba Aydamirov (1971–2011), meykhana performer
* Elchin Azizov (born 1975), opera singer and entertainer
* Rashid Behbudov (1915–1989), singer, actor
* Bulbul (1897–1961), folk and opera singer and one of the founders of Azerbaijani national musical theater
* Bulbuljan (1841–1927), mugham singer
* Polad Bulbuloglu (born 1945), singer-songwriter and actor
* Aghasalim Childagh (1930–2008), meykhana performer
* Brilliant Dadashova (born 1965), singer
* Rashad Daghly (born 1984), meykhana performer
* Huseyn Derya (1975–2014), rapper
* Jabbar Garyagdyoglu (1861–1944), mugham singer
* Eldar Gasimov (born 1989), singer and actor
* Fidan Gasimova (born 1947), opera singer
* Fidan Haciyeva (born 1976), opera singer
* Khuraman Gasimova (born 1951), opera singer
* Gulkhar Hasanova (1918–2005), opera singer
* Hajibaba Huseynov (1919–1993), mugham singer
* Mansum Ibrahimov (born 1960), mugham singer
* Lutfiyar Imanov (1928–2008), opera singer
* Akif Islamzade (born 1948), pop singer
* Flora Karimova (born 1941), pop music singer, civil rights activist, and People's Artist of Azerbaijan.
* Aygün Kazımova (born 1971), pop singer, actress
* Dilara Kazimova (born 1984), singer and actress
* Zeynab Khanlarova (born 1936), singer and politician
* Muslim Magomayev (1942–2008), opera, pop singer and composer
* Sakhavat Mammadov (1953–1991), folk and mugham singer
* Yagub Mammadov (1930–2002), mugham singer
* Nazakat Mammadova (1944–1981), folk and mugham singer
* Anar Nagilbaz (born 1974), rapper, actor
* Alim Qasimov (born 1957), mugham singer
* Farghana Qasimova (born 1979), mugham singer
* Nizami Ramzi (1947–1997), meykhana performer
* Gadir Rustamov (1935–2011), mugham singer
* Huseyngulu Sarabski (1879–1945), opera singer, composer, playwright, actor, producer and musician
* Adalet Shukurov (born 1966), singer
* Khan Shushinski (1901–1979), mugham singer
* Seyid Shushinski (1889–1965), mugham singer
* Aysel Teymurzadeh (born 1989), singer
* Elshad Xose (born 1979), rapper
* Eyyub Yaqubov (born 1965), singer
* Miri Yusif (born 1977), rapper and singer
* Sami Yusuf (born 1980)‚ singer-songwriter
* Aziza Mustafa Zadeh (born 1969), jazz singer and pianist
* Diana Hajiyeva (born 1989), singer-songwriter
* Namig Garachukhurlu (born 1978), singer-songwriter, meykhana, performer
Instrumental musicians
* Habil Aliyev (1927–2015), kamancha player
* Farhad Badalbeyli (born 1947), pianist and composer
* Kamil Jalilov (1938–2022), oboe player
* Bahram Mansurov (1911–1985), tar player
* Shahin Novrasli (born 1977), jazz pianist
* Gurban Pirimov (1880–1965), tar player
* Sadigjan (1846–1902), tar player and the inventor of the Azerbaijani tar
* Alihan Samedov (born 1964), balaban player
* Isfar Sarabski (born 1989), jazz pianist
* Rain Sultanov (born 1965), saxophonist
Philosophers
* Seyid Yahya Bakuvi (1410–1462), philosopher
* Max Black (1909–1988), philosopher
* Salahaddin Khalilov (born 1952), philosopher
* Adil Asadov (born 1958), philosopher
* Zaid Orudzhev (born 1932), philosopher
* Heydar Huseynov (1908–1950), philosopher and academician
Politicians
* Sultan Majid Afandiyev (1887–1938), politician and revolutionary
* Samad aga Agamalioglu (1867–1930), politician and revolutionary
* Ahmet Ağaoğlu (1869–1939), politician, publicist and journalist
* Ruhulla Akhundov (1897–1938), First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan SSR
* Vali Akhundov (1916–1986), First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan SSR
* Heydar Aliyev (1923–2003), First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan SSR and President of Azerbaijan
* Ilham Aliyev (born 1961), President of Azerbaijan
* Mehriban Aliyeva (born 1964), politician and UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador
* Elnur M. Allahverdiyev (born 1978), entrepreneur and politician who is a Member of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan (VI convocation).
* Mahammad Asadov (1941–1991), politician
* Araz Azimov (born 1962), politician
* Kamran Baghirov (1933–2000), First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan SSR
* Mir Jafar Baghirov (1896–1956), First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan SSR
* Elmir Bagirov (born 1980), politician
* Govhar Bakhshaliyeva (born 1954), Vice Speaker of the Milli Majlis
* Abulfaz Elchibey (1938–2000), President of Azerbaijan
* Aslan bey Gardashov (1866–1920), politician
* Rasul Guliyev (born 1947), politician
* Vafa Guluzade (1940–2015), diplomat, political scientist and specialist in conflict resolution
* Kamaladdin Heydarov (born 1961), politician and composer
* Mirza Davud Huseynov (1894–1938), Chairman of the Presidium of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan SSR and First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Tajik SSR
* Tofig Ismayilov (1933–1991), politician
* Mammad Yusif Jafarov (1885–1938), politician
* Ali Karimli (born 1965), politician
* Khalil Khasmammadov (1875–1947), politician and diplomat
* Fatali Khan Khoyski (1875–1920), politician, attorney, and one of the founding leaders of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.
* Anar Mammadkhanov (1970–2011), politician and social activist
* Ziya Mammadov (born 1952), politician
* Elmar Mammadyarov (born 1960), politician
* Rasim Musabayov (born 1951), politician, political scientist and specialist in conflict resolution
* Gazanfar Musabekov (1888–1938), politician
* Imam Mustafayev (1910–1997), First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan SSR
* Ayaz Mutalibov (1938–2022), First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan SSR and the first President of Azerbaijan
* Eldar Namazov (born 1956), politician
* Sabit Orujov (1912–1981), politician
* Ganira Pashayeva (born 1975), politician, public activist, journalist and poet
* Mammed Amin Rasulzade (1884–1955), statesman, scholar, public figure and one of the founding leaders of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
* Khosrov bey Sultanov (1879–1947), politician
* Ramil Usubov (born 1948), politician
* Abdurrahman Vazirov (1930–2022), First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan SSR
* Mir Teymur Yaqubov (1904–1970), First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan SSR
* Nasib Yusifbeyli (1881–1920), publicist, statesman and one of the founding leaders of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
* Sinan Oğan (born 1967), Turkish politician
Political activists and leaders of rebellions
* Meshadi Azizbekov (1876–1918), revolutionary, of the 26 Baku Commissars and one of the first Azeri–Marxists
* Khanlar Safaraliyev (1878–1907), oil field worker, trade unionist and revolutionary social democrat
* Mir Hasan Vazirov (1889–1918), socialist–revolutionary, of the 26 Baku Commissars
Scientists
* Hasan Abdullayev (1918–1993), physicist, scientist and public official, President of the National Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR.
* Rasim Alguliyev (born 1958), doctor of technical sciences, active member of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
* Aminaga Sadigov (born 1962), doctor of technical sciences, professor, the head of the Office of Science and Education of the Presidium of ANAS
* Ahliman Amiraslanov (born 1947), oncologist, professor and Rector of Azerbaijan Medical University
* Hamid Arasly (1902–1983), literary critic
* Firuddin Babayev (1929–1987), pathologist
* Anvar Chingizoglu (born 1962), historian, ethnologist and genealogist
* Jeyhun Hajibeyli (1891–1962), ethnographer
* Ashraf Huseynov (1907–1981), mathematician, member of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
* Mammadali Huseynov (1922–1994), archeologist
* Nadir Ibrahimov (1932–1977), astronomer
* Hamlet Isakhanli (born 1948), mathematician and poet, founder and president of Khazar University
* Dashgin Iskandarov (born 1965), oil scientist, businessman
* Ishag Jafarzadeh (1895–1982), one of the pioneers of Azerbaijan archaeology and ethnography
* Kerim Kerimov (1917–2003), rocket scientist, one of the founders of the Soviet space industry, and for many years a central figure in the Soviet space program
* Yusif Kerimov (1926–1997), electrical engineer, inventor and former head of the Azerenergy
* Firudin bey Kocharli (1863–1920), philologist, writer and literary critic
* Yusif Mammadaliyev (1905–1961), chemist, was the president of the National Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR
* Leyla Mammadbeyova (1922–2006), first female Azerbaijani pathologist and the first female forensic medical expert
* Faig Mammadov (1929–1987) agronomist
* Zaid Orudzhev (born 1932), philosopher
* Mirali Qashqai (1907–1977), geologist
* Arif Salimov (born 1956), mathematician
* Farman Salmanov (1931–2007), geologist
* Agabey Sultanov (1938–2007), psychiatrist, scholar and public activist
* Hajibey Sultanov (1921–2008), astronomer and former head of the Shamakhi Astrophysical Observatory
* Lotfi A. Zadeh (1921–2017), mathematician, electrical engineer, computer scientist, founder of the theory of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic
* Marif Zeynalov (1934–2020), candidate of geology and mineralogy
* Anvar Gasimzade (1912–1969), architect, Honored Architect of the Azerbaijan SSR (1960), correspondent member of ANAS (1967), rector of Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University (1962–1968).
* Aghakhan Aghabeyli (1904–1980), Azerbaijani scientist in the field of genetics and animal breeding, doctor of agricultural sciences, professor, corresponding member of the VASKhNIL (now RAAS - Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences), honored worker of science of the Azerbaijan SSR. The founder of the doctrine of buffalo breeding.
* Lutfiyar Imanov (1922–1980), physicist, full member of the Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences (1976), pedagogue, Honored Scientist of the Azerbaijan SSR (1979).
Sports
* Asgar Abdullayev (born 1960), footballer and football manager
* Namig Abdullayev (born 1971), wrestler and Olympic champion
* Parviz Abdullayev (born 1986), professional kickboxer
* Ruslan Abishov (born 1987), footballer
* Emin Aghayev (born 1973), footballer and football manager
* Kamran Aghayev (born 1986), footballer
* Rafael Aghayev (born 1985), karateka
* Emin Ahmadov (born 1986), wrestler
* Mashalla Ahmadov (born 1959), footballer
* Samir Alakbarov (born 1968), footballer
* Vugar Alakbarov (born 1981), boxer
* Ahmad Alasgarov (1935–2015), footballer and football manager
* Rauf Aliyev (born 1989), footballer
* Arif Asadov (born 1970), footballer and football manager
* Toghrul Asgarov (born 1992), wrestler and Olympic champion
* Irada Ashumova (born 1958), sports shooter
* Israfil Ashurly (born 1969), mountaineer
* Murad Ashurly (1973–2014), mountaineer
* Fuad Aslanov (born 1976), boxer
* Orhan Aydın (born 1989), basketballer
* Tofiq Bahramov (1925–1993), Azerbaijani linesman from 1966 World Cup final
* Rasim Başak (born 1980), basketball player
* Rovshan Bayramov (born 1987), wrestler
* Faig Garayev (born 1959), volleyball player and volleyball coach
* Vugar Gashimov (1986–2014), chess grandmaster
* Vali Gasimov (born 1968), footballer and football manager
* Natavan Gasimova (born 1985), volleyball player
* Ramil Guliyev (born 1990), sprinter
* Gurban Gurbanov (born 1972), footballer and football manager
* Mahmud Gurbanov (born 1973), footballer and football manager
* Boyukagha Hajiyev (born 1958), footballer and football manager
* Faiq Hasanov (born 1940), chess arbiter, coach and TV presenter
* Nazim Huseynov (born 1969), judoka and Olympic champion
* Yunis Huseynov (born 1965), footballer and football manager
* Ramin Ibrahimov (born 1978), judoka
* Shahin Imranov (born 1980), boxer
* Elchin Ismayilov (born 1982), judoka
* Isgandar Javadov (born 1956), footballer
* Vagif Javadov (born 1989), footballer
* Aygün Kazımova (born 1971), handball
* Sergey Kramarenko (1946–2008), footballer and football manager
* Rauf Mamedov (born 1988), chess grandmaster
* Shakhriyar Mamedyarov (born 1985), chess grandmaster
* Elnur Mammadli (born 1988), judoka and Olympic champion
* Aghasi Mammadov (born 1980), boxer
* Alakbar Mammadov (1925–2014), footballer
* Elkhan Mammadov (born 1982), judoka
* Fariz Mammadov (born 1980), boxer
* Ramiz Mammadov (born 1968), footballer and football manager
* Teymur Mammadov (born 1993), boxer
* Zemfira Meftahatdinova (born 1963), sport shooter and Olympic champion
* Aghasalim Mirjavadov (born 1947), footballer and football manager
* Rami Miron (born 1957), Israeli Olympic wrestler
* Olokhan Musayev (born 1979), athlete
* Oleg Panyutin (born 1983), athlete
* Nizami Pashayev (born 1981), weightlifter
* Zhala Piriyeva (born 2000), rhythmic gymnast
* Natali Pronina (born 1987), swimmer
* Teimour Radjabov (born 1987), chess grandmaster
* Jamal Rahimov (born 1987), equestrian
* Vidadi Rzayev (born 1967), footballer and football manager
* Rashad Sadygov (born 1982), footballer
* Vagif Sadygov (born 1959), footballer and football manager
* Sharif Sharifov (born 1988), wrestler and Olympic champion
* Samadagha Shikhlarov (1959–2021), footballer and football manager
* Mahir Shukurov (born 1982), footballer
* Nazim Suleymanov (born 1965), footballer and football manager
* Jeyhun Sultanov (born 1979), footballer
* Afag Sultanova (born 1987), judoka
* Zaur Tagizade (born 1979), footballer
* Kazbek Tuaev (born 1940), footballer and football manager
* Lala Yusifova (born 1996), rhythmic gymnast
* Ilham Zakiyev (born 1980), judoka
Writers
* Chingiz Abdullayev (born 1959), best–selling detective writer
* Elchin Afandiyev (born 1943), writer and politician
* Ilyas Afandiyev (1914–1996), writer
* Mirza Fatali Akhundov (1812–1878), writer, educator, philosopher; founder of Azerbaijani drama
* Suleyman Sani Akhundov (1875–1939), playwright, journalist, children's author and teacher
* Sakina Akhundzadeh (1865–1927), first female playwright and dramatist of Azerbaijani literature
* Mammad Araz (1933–2004), poet
* Vidadi Babanli (born 1927), writer, dramatist and translator
* Banine (1905–1992), writer
* Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli (1887–1943), writer
* Mirvarid Dilbazi (1912–2001), poet
* Fikrat Goja (1935–2021), poet
* Madina Gulgun (1926–1991), poet
* Shikhali Gurbanov (1925–1967), writer
* Mahammad Hadi (1879–1920), poet
* Abdurrahim bey Hagverdiyev (1870–1930), playwright, stage director, politician and public figure
* Mehdi Huseyn (1909–1965), writer
* Ali bey Huseynzade (1864–1940), writer, philosopher, doctor and the creator of the modern flag of Azerbaijan
* Almas Ildyrym (1907–1952), poet
* Hamlet Isakhanli (born 1948), poet, writer, mathematician, historian of science, philosophy and culture and educator
* Jafar Jabbarly (1899–1934), writer
* Ahmad Javad (1892–1937), poet and best known for composing Azerbaijan's national anthem
* Jafargulu agha Javanshir (1787–1866), poet and major–general
* Huseyn Javid (1882–1941), poet and playwright, founder of the progressive romanticism in Azerbaijani literature
* Nusrat Kasamanli (1946–2003), poet
* Heyran Khanim (1790–1848), poet
* Jalil Mammadguluzadeh (1866–1932), satirist and writer
* Afag Masud (born 1957), writer
* Mikayil Mushfig (1908–1939), poet
* Khurshidbanu Natavan (1832–1897), poet
* Kamran Nazirli (born 1958), writer, translator and dramatist
* Mammed Said Ordubadi (1872–1950), writer
* Baba Punhan (1948–2004), poet
* Nigar Rafibeyli (1913–1981), writer
* Natig Rasulzadeh (born 1949), writer
* Ramiz Rovshan (born 1946), writer
* Suleyman Rustam (1906–1989), poet
* Rasul Rza (1910–1981), writer
* Anar Rzayev (born 1938), writer, dramatist and film director
* Mirza Alakbar Sabir (1862–1911), poet
* Elchin Safarli (born 1984), novelist and journalist
* Abbas Sahhat (1874–1918), poet and dramatist
* Bahar Shirvani (1835–1883), poet
* Seyid Azim Shirvani (1835–1888), poet
* Ismayil Shykhly (1919–1995), writer
* Manaf Suleymanov (1912–2001), writer, translator and historian
* Khalil Rza Uluturk (1932–1994), poet
* Mehdigulu Khan Vafa (1855–1900), poet and lieutenant colonel
* Molla Panah Vagif (1717–1797), poet and vizier Karabakh Khanate and the founder of realism in Azerbaijani literature
* Bakhtiyar Vahabzadeh (1925–2009), poet
* Aliagha Vahid (1895–1965), poet
* Mirza Shafi Vazeh (1794–1852), poet
* Hashim bey Vazirov (1868–1916), writer, journalist and publisher
* Najaf bey Vazirov (1854–1925), novelist, playwright, theatrical figure and one of the founders of Azerbaijani theater
* Molla Vali Vidadi (1708–1809), poet
* Samad Vurgun (1906–1956), poet
* Gasim bey Zakir (1784–1857), poet
* Habibi (born 1470), poet
* Mirza Ali Khan La'li (1845–1907), writer, physician
Other notables
* Rovshan Aliyev (1955–2002), criminalist
* Tamilla Nasirova (1936–2023), mathematician
* Rena Effendi (born 1977), photographer
* Rahilya Geybullayeva (born 1961), literary researcher
* Enver Mamedov (1923–2023), mass media manager
* Shirali Muslimov (1805–1973), supercentarian
* Hasan bey Zardabi (1837–1907), publicist and scholar
* Hamida Javanshir (1873–1955), Azerbaijani philanthropist and women's rights activist
Actors
* Behrouz Vossoughi (born 1938), actor
* Mohammad Reza Golzar (born 1977), actor and singer
* Rambod Javan (born 1971), actor
Artists
* Aydin Aghdashloo (born 1940), painter
* Haydar Hatemi (born 1945), painter
Businessmen
* Reza Zarrab (born 1984), businessman
Clergy
* Haji-Mirza Hassan Roshdieh (born 1851), cleric, teacher, politician, and journalist. introduced some modern teaching methods in Iran, especially in teaching the alphabet.
* Mohammad-Taqi Ja'fari Islamic scholar and philosopher
* Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei, Islamic scholar and philosopher
* Javad Gharavi Aliari (1935–2018), Twelver shi'a marja
* Abdolkarim Mousavi Ardabili (1926–2016), politician and Twelver shi'a marja
* Sadegh Khalkhali (1926–2003), hardline Shia cleric of the Islamic Republic
* Abul-Qassim Khoei (1899–1992), Twelver shi'a marja
* Fazel Lankarani (1931–2007), Twelver shi'a marja
* Ali Meshkini (1922–2007), cleric and politician
* Hassan Roshdieh (1851–1944), cleric and politician
* Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari (1905–1986), Grand Ayatollah
* Allameh Tabatabaei (1903–1981), philosopher
* Abbas-Ali Amid Zanjani (1937–2011), hardliner theologian, politician and scholar
* Mousa Shubairi Zanjani (born 1928), Twelver shi'a marja
Filmmakers
* Jafar Panahi (born 1960), filmmaker
Military
* Mehdi Bakeri (1954–1985), mayor during Iran–Iraq War
* Javad Fakori (1939–1981), army general and politician
* Abbas Gharabaghi (1918–2000), politician, military leader of Iran and the first Iranian to successfully pilot an aircraft
* Habibullah Huseynov (1910–1945), Soviet colonel and Hero of the Soviet Union
* Mohammad Taqi–Khan Pessian (1892–1921), military leader
* Yahya Rahim Safavi (born 1958), Major General, Chief commander of IRGC (1997–2007)
* Mohammad Bagheri (born c. 1960/1961), Major General, Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran (2016–present)
Musicians
* Hossein Alizadeh (born 1951), classical composer and folk musician
* Arash (born 1977), singer, dancer, entertainer and producer
* Aref Arefkia (born 1941), singer
* Faegheh Atashin (born 1960), singer and actress
* Davod Azad (born 1963), composer, Sufi vocalist and multi–instrumentalist
* Samin Baghtcheban (1925–2008), musician, composer, author and translator
* Dariush Eghbali (born 1951), pop singer
* André Hossein (1905–1983), composer
* Aygün Kazımova (born 1971), pop singer
* Fatma Mukhtarova (1893–1972), opera singer
* Rubaba Muradova (1930–1983), mugham and folk singer
* Hassan Sattar (born 1949), pop singer
Monarchy
* Farah Pahlavi, Queen of Iran
* Tadj ol-Molouk (1896–1982), Queen consort of Iran
Politicians
* Gholam Reza Aghazadeh (born 1949), politician
* Mina Ahadi (born 1956), politician
* Mehdi Bazargan (1908–1995), politician
* Mahmudali Chehregani (born 1958), politician
* Piruz Dilanchi (born 1965), politician and poet
* Parviz Fattah (born 1961), politician
* Mir Bashir Gasimov (1879–1949), politician
* Ebrahim Hakimi (1863–1959), politician
* Mahmud Jam (1884–1969), politician
* Ali Khamenei (born 1939), President of Iran and Supreme Leader of Iran
* Sadegh Mahsouli (born 1959), politician
* Mohsen Mehralizadeh (born 1955), politician
* Reza Moridi (born 1945), politician
* Mir-Hossein Mousavi (born 1942), politician
* Ali Soheili (1896–1958), politician
* Amir Hatami (born 1965), defense minister of Iran
Revolutionaries
* Bagher Khan (1870–1911), constitutional revolutionary leader
* Haydar Khan e Amo-oghli (1880–1921), revolutionary and politician
* Sattar Khan (1866–1914), constitutional revolutionary leader
* Mohammad Khiabani (1880–1920), revolutionary, cleric and politician
* Ja'far Pishevari (1893–1947), the founder and chairman of the socialist Azerbaijan People's Government
Scientists
* Shahriar Afshar (born 1971), physicist and inventor
* Ali Murad Davudi (1922–1979), philosopher
* Ali Javan (1926–2016), physicist and inventor
* Ahmad Kasravi (1890–1946), linguist, historian, reformer, nationalist politician, author and philosopher
* Kazem Sadegh-Zadeh (born 1942), analytic philosopher
Sports
* Hossein Reza Zadeh (born 1978), weightlifter and double Olympic champion
* Ali Daei (born 1969), footballer and coach
* Rahim Aliabadi (born 1943), wrestler
* Javad Allahverdi (born 1954), footballer
* Sajjad Anoushiravani (born 1984), weightlifter
* Karim Ansarifard (born 1990), footballer
* Aziz Asli (1938–2015), footballer
* Karim Bagheri (born 1974), footballer
* Cyrus Dinmohammadi (born 1970), footballer
* Parviz Ghelichkhani (born 1945), footballer
* Yahya Golmohammadi (born 1971), footballer
* Yousef Karami (born 1983), taekwondo athlete
* Rasoul Khatibi (born 1978), footballer
* Saeid Marouf (born 1985), volleyball setter of national team of Iran
* Purya Fayazi (born 1993), volleyball player of national team of Iran
* Mohammad Navazi (born 1974), footballer
* Ali Akbar Ostad-Asadi (born 1965), footballer
* Mohammad Paziraei (1929–2002), wrestler
* Hadi Saei (born 1976), taekwondo athlete and double Olympic and world champion
* Jafar Salmasi (1918–2000), weightlifter
* Aboutaleb Talebi (born 1945), wrestler
* Kimia Alizadeh (born 1998), taekwondo athlete and Iran's first female Olympic medalist
Writers
* Reza Baraheni (1926–2000), novelist, poet and politician
* Samad Behrangi (1939–1967), political writer
* Izzeddin Hasanoglu (13th–14th centuries), the founder of literature in Azerbaijani language
* Mirza Ibrahimov (1911–1993), writer, playwright, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan SSR (1954–1958)
* Naser Manzuri (born 1953), novelist and linguist
* Iraj Mirza (1874–1926), poet and politician
* Ali Mojuz (1873–1934), satirical poet
* Seyid Abulgasim Nabati (1812–1873), poet
* Ebrahim Nabavi (born 1958), political journalist, satirist
* Ali Nazem (1906–1941), poet, writer and literary critic
* Mir Jalal Pashayev (1908–1978), writer and literary critic, honored scientist of Azerbaijan SSR
* Bulud Qarachorlu (1926–1979), poet
* Khasta Qasim (1684–1760), poet
* Hassan Roshdieh (1851–1944), teacher, politician, and journalist
* Gholam Hossein Saedi (1936–1985), writer
* Mohammad Hossein Shahriar (1906–1988), poet
* Qovsi Tabrizi (1568–1640), poet
Other notables
* Reza Deghati (born 1952), photographer
* Hassan Khosrowshahi (born 1940), businessman and philanthropist
Actors
* Nesrin Cevadzade (born 1981), actress
* Tamer Karadağlı (born 1967), actor
* Nevra Serezli (born 1944), actress
* Mehmet Karaca, actor
Literature
* Ataol Behramoğlu (born 1942), poet, translator
Musicians
* Yusuf Aktaş, better known as Reynmen (born 1995), singer
* Edis Görgülü (born 1990), British-born Turkish singer of Azerbaijani origin
* Tuğba Ekinci (born 1976), pop singer
* Nuray Hafiftaş (born 1964), folk singer
* Cem Karaca (1945–2004), musician
Politicians
* Sinan Oğan (born 1967), politician
* Kıznaz Türkeli (born 1968), politician
* Ahmet Ağaoğlu (1869–1939), politician and journalist
Sports
* Vasıf Arzumanov (born 1988), wrestler
* Servet Çetin (born 1981), footballer
* Sinan Şamil Sam (born 1974), boxer
* Servet Tazegül (born 1988), taekwondo practitioner and Olympic champion
Other
* Süreyya Ağaoğlu (1903–1989), first female lawyer in Turkey
* Acun Ilıcalı (born 1969), TV producer, entrepreneur and president of Hull City A.F.C.
Military
* Abdulhamid bey Gaytabashi (1884–1920), military general
Musicians
* Rashid Behbudov (1915–1989), singer and actor
* Khadija Gayibova (1893–1938), first Azerbaijani female pianist
* Shovkat Mammadova (1897–1981), first Azerbaijani opera singer
* Niyazi (1912–1984), musical conductor and composer
* Abdulla Shaig (1881–1959), poet and writer
Politicians
* Hasan Hasanov (born 1940), first Prime Minister of Azerbaijan
* Nariman Narimanov (1870–1925), politician, writer and Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Azerbaijan SSR
* Alimardan Topchubashev (1862–1934), politician, foreign minister and Minister of External Affairs of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918), Head of the Parliament in absentia of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920)
* Raul Usupov (1980–2005), politician
* Peri-Khan Sofiyeva (1884–1951), Georgian deputy of Azerbaijani origin, the first Muslim woman to become a deputy, deputy of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1920)
Sports
* Farid Mansurov (born 1982), wrestler, Olympic champion
* Zabit Samedov (born 1984), kickboxer
* Ramila Yusubova (born 1989), judoka
Other notables
* Dilara Aliyeva (1929–1991), women's rights activist and scholar
* Shamistan Alizamanli (born 1959), singer, poet and military speaker
* Govhar Gaziyeva (1887–1960), actress
* Hamlet Isakhanli (born 1948), mathematician, poet, social scientist, founder of Khazar University
* Geysar Kashiyeva (1929–1972), painter
* Nigar Shikhlinskaya (1871–1931), the first Azerbaijani nurse
Actors
* Marziyya Davudova (1901–1962), actress
* Shafiga Mammadova (born 1945), film and theater actress
* Timur Rodriguez (born 1979), showman, singer and TV personality
Musicians
* Asaf Zeynally (1909–1932), composer, founder of the romance in Azerbaijani music and Azerbaijani children's music
Politicians
* Geydar Dzhemal (born 1947), philosopher, politician and social activist
* Georgiy Mamedov (born 1947), diplomat
* Tofig Zulfugarov (born 1959), politician
Sports
* Tamilla Abassova (born 1982), Olympic silver medalist
* Emin Garibov (born 1990), artistic gymnast
* Ayaz Guliyev (born 1996), footballer
* Qadir Huseynov (born 1986), chess grandmaster
* Emin Mahmudov (born 1992), footballer
* Ramiz Mamedov (born 1992), footballer
* Aleksandr Samedov (born 1984), footballer
* Ramil Sheydayev (born 1996), footballer
Other notables
* Habibullah Huseynov, Soviet colonel and Hero of the Soviet Union
* Chingis Izmailov (1944–2011), psychophysiologist
* Chingiz Mustafayev (1960–1992), journalist and disc jockey
Artists
* Mirza Kadym Irevani (1825–1875), ornamentalist artist and portraitist
Military
* Etibar Hajiyev (1971–1992), soldier
* Habib bey Salimov (1881–1920), Major–General of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
Musicians
* Ashig Alasgar (1821–1926), poet and folk singer
* Said Rustamov (1907–1983), composer and conductor
Politicians
* Ismat Abbasov (born 1954), politician
* Avaz Alakbarov (born 1952), politician and economist
* Aziz Aliyev (1896–1962), politician
* Ogtay Asadov (born 1955), politician
* Zulfi Hajiyev (1935–1991), politician
* Shahin Mustafayev (born 1965), politician
* Akbar agha Sheykhulislamov (1891–1961), politician
Scientists
* Heydar Huseynov (1908–1950), philosopher
* Mammad agha Shahtakhtinski (1846–1931), linguist and politician
* Mustafa Topchubashov (1895–1981), surgeon and academician
Sports
* Ramazan Abbasov (born 1983), footballer
* Samir Aliyev (born 1979), footballer
* Rovshan Huseynov (born 1975), boxer
* Khagani Mammadov (born 1976), footballer
* Vitaliy Rahimov (born 1984), wrestler
Writers
* Farman Karimzade (1937–1989), writer, screenwriter and film director
* Hidayat Orujov (born 1944), writer and politician
Other notables
* Huseyn Seyidzadeh (1907–1983), film director
United Kingdom
* Elyar Fox (born 1995), singer, musician and songwriter
* Nigar Jamal (born 1980), singer
* Donald Swann (1923–1994), composer, musician and entertainer
* Sami Yusuf (born 1980), singer
United States
* Nima Arkani-Hamed (born 1972), theoretical physicist
* Sona Aslanova (1924–2011), soprano singer
* Nik Caner-Medley (born 1983), basketball player
* Sibel Edmonds (born 1970), translator and founder of the National Security Whistleblowers Coalition
* Chingiz Sadykhov (1929–2017), pianist
* Norm Zada (born 1954), founder of Perfect 10 magazine
Belarus
* Natik Bagirov (born 1964), judoka
* Leila Ismailava (born 1989), journalist
* Kamandar Madzhidov (born 1961), Olympic, world and European wrestling champion
* Rashad Mammadov (born 1974), judoka
Iraq
* Fuzuli (1494–1556), poet and thinker
* Nasimi (1369–1417), mystical poet
* Amel Senan (born 1966), actress
France
* Robert Hossein (1927–2020), film actor, director, and writer
* Irène Mélikoff (1917–2009), turkologist
Hungary
* Gábor Kubatov (born 1966), politician
Spain
* Eddy Pascual (born 1992), footballer
Turkmenistan
* Hajibala Abutalybov (born 1944), mayor of Baku
* Elnur Hüseynov (born 1987), singer
* Tahira Tahirova (1913–1991), politician
Ukraine
* Oleh Babayev (1965–2014), politician and mayor of Kremenchuk
* Fatma Gadri (1907–1968), actress
* Pavlo Pashayev (born 1988), footballer
Uzbekistan
* Stalic Khankishiev (born 1968), chef
* Movlud Miraliyev (born 1974), judoka
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This is a live mirror of the Perl 5 development currently hosted at https://github.com/perl/perl5
checkAUTHORS.pl once more
[perl5.git] / t / op / caller.t
CommitLineData
07b8c804
RGS
1#!./perl
2# Tests for caller()
3
4BEGIN {
5 chdir 't' if -d 't';
6 @INC = '../lib';
7 require './test.pl';
d8c5b3c5 8 plan( tests => 78 );
07b8c804
RGS
9}
10
07b8c804
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11my @c;
12
72699b0f
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13print "# Tests with caller(0)\n";
14
07b8c804
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15@c = caller(0);
16ok( (!@c), "caller(0) in main program" );
17
18eval { @c = caller(0) };
72699b0f
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19is( $c[3], "(eval)", "subroutine name in an eval {}" );
20ok( !$c[4], "hasargs false in an eval {}" );
07b8c804
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21
22eval q{ @c = (Caller(0))[3] };
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23is( $c[3], "(eval)", "subroutine name in an eval ''" );
24ok( !$c[4], "hasargs false in an eval ''" );
07b8c804
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25
26sub { @c = caller(0) } -> ();
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27is( $c[3], "main::__ANON__", "anonymous subroutine name" );
28ok( $c[4], "hasargs true with anon sub" );
07b8c804
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29
30# Bug 20020517.003, used to dump core
31sub foo { @c = caller(0) }
32my $fooref = delete $::{foo};
33$fooref -> ();
72699b0f
RGS
34is( $c[3], "(unknown)", "unknown subroutine name" );
35ok( $c[4], "hasargs true with unknown sub" );
36
37print "# Tests with caller(1)\n";
07b8c804
RGS
38
39sub f { @c = caller(1) }
40
72699b0f
RGS
41sub callf { f(); }
42callf();
43is( $c[3], "main::callf", "subroutine name" );
44ok( $c[4], "hasargs true with callf()" );
45&callf;
46ok( !$c[4], "hasargs false with &callf" );
47
07b8c804 48eval { f() };
72699b0f
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49is( $c[3], "(eval)", "subroutine name in an eval {}" );
50ok( !$c[4], "hasargs false in an eval {}" );
07b8c804
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51
52eval q{ f() };
72699b0f
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53is( $c[3], "(eval)", "subroutine name in an eval ''" );
54ok( !$c[4], "hasargs false in an eval ''" );
07b8c804
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55
56sub { f() } -> ();
72699b0f
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57is( $c[3], "main::__ANON__", "anonymous subroutine name" );
58ok( $c[4], "hasargs true with anon sub" );
07b8c804
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59
60sub foo2 { f() }
61my $fooref2 = delete $::{foo2};
62$fooref2 -> ();
72699b0f
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63is( $c[3], "(unknown)", "unknown subroutine name" );
64ok( $c[4], "hasargs true with unknown sub" );
75b6c4ca
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65
66# See if caller() returns the correct warning mask
67
68sub testwarn {
69 my $w = shift;
2db3864f 70 is( (caller(0))[9], $w, "warnings match caller");
75b6c4ca
RGS
71}
72
73# NB : extend the warning mask values below when new warnings are added
74{
75 no warnings;
2db3864f 76 BEGIN { is( ${^WARNING_BITS}, "\0" x 12, 'all bits off via "no warnings"' ) }
75b6c4ca 77 testwarn("\0" x 12);
2db3864f 78
75b6c4ca 79 use warnings;
ae18ef2b
JH
80 BEGIN { is( ${^WARNING_BITS}, "\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\005", 'default bits on via "use warnings"' ); }
81 BEGIN { testwarn("\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\005", "#1"); }
75b6c4ca
RGS
82 # run-time :
83 # the warning mask has been extended by warnings::register
ae18ef2b 84 testwarn("\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x15");
2db3864f 85
75b6c4ca 86 use warnings::register;
ae18ef2b
JH
87 BEGIN { is( ${^WARNING_BITS}, "\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x15", 'warning bits on via "use warnings::register"' ) }
88 testwarn("\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x55\x15","#3");
75b6c4ca 89}
f2a7f298 90
91
92# The next two cases test for a bug where caller ignored evals if
93# the DB::sub glob existed but &DB::sub did not (for example, if
94# $^P had been set but no debugger has been loaded). The tests
95# thus assume that there is no &DB::sub: if there is one, they
96# should both pass no matter whether or not this bug has been
97# fixed.
98
99my $debugger_test = q<
100 my @stackinfo = caller(0);
101 return scalar @stackinfo;
102>;
103
104sub pb { return (caller(0))[3] }
105
106my $i = eval $debugger_test;
b3ca2e83 107is( $i, 11, "do not skip over eval (and caller returns 10 elements)" );
f2a7f298 108
109is( eval 'pb()', 'main::pb', "actually return the right function name" );
110
111my $saved_perldb = $^P;
112$^P = 16;
113$^P = $saved_perldb;
114
115$i = eval $debugger_test;
b3ca2e83 116is( $i, 11, 'do not skip over eval even if $^P had been on at some point' );
f2a7f298 117is( eval 'pb()', 'main::pb', 'actually return the right function name even if $^P had been on at some point' );
118
71860c90
NC
119print "# caller can now return the compile time state of %^H\n";
120
d8c5b3c5
NC
121sub hint_exists {
122 my $key = shift;
71860c90
NC
123 my $level = shift;
124 my @results = caller($level||0);
d8c5b3c5 125 exists $results[10]->{$key};
71860c90
NC
126}
127
d8c5b3c5
NC
128sub hint_fetch {
129 my $key = shift;
b3ca2e83
NC
130 my $level = shift;
131 my @results = caller($level||0);
d8c5b3c5 132 $results[10]->{$key};
b3ca2e83 133}
71860c90 134
d8c5b3c5 135$::testing_caller = 1;
a24d89c9 136
e81465be 137do './op/caller.pl' or die $@;
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile - In the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773 volume 1.djvu/628
504 they espouse is truth, would persuade us, that the conversion of Abyssinia to Christianity happened at the beginning of this period, that is, soon after the reign of Bazen; others, that Saint Matthias, or Saint Bartholomew, or some others of the Apostles, after their mission to teach the nations, first preached here the faith of Christ, and converted this people to it. It is also said, that the eunuch baptized by Philip, upon his return to Candace, became the Apostle of that nation, which, from his preaching, believed in Christ and his gospel. All these might pass for dreams not worthy of examination, if they were not invented for particular purposes.
the death of Christ, who lived several years after Bazen, very few Jews had been converted even in Judea. We have no account in scripture that induces us to believe, that the Apostles went to any great distance from each other immediately after the crucifixion. Nay, we know positively, they did not, but lived in community together for a considerable time. Besides, it is not probable, if the Abyssinians were converted by any of the Apostles, that, for the space of 300 years, they should remain without bishops, and without church-government, in the neighbourhood of many states, where churches were already formed, without calling to their assistance some members of these churches, who might, at least, inform them of the purport of the councils held, and canons made by them, during that space of 300 years; for this was absolutely necessary to preserve orthodoxy, and the communion between this, and the churches of that time. And it should be observed, that if, in Philip's time, the Christian religion had not penetrated (as we see in effect it had not) into the court of Candace, so much nearer Egypt, it did not surely reach so early into the
more
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Page:Twelve men of Bengal in the nineteenth century (1910).djvu/107
NAWAB AMIR ALI KHAN
BAHADUR, C.I.E.
1810–1879.
"Next after Sir Salar Jung he was the best Muhammadan I have ever known." Such was the high praise bestowed upon Nawab Amir Ali Khan Bahadur by no less distinguished an administrator than Sir Richard Temple, praise which few of those who had the privilege of being acquainted with the subject of it will consider to have been exaggerated. Throughout the course of a long life he was universally respected and esteemed, wielding great influence not only among his co-religionists but among Europeans and Hindus alike, as one of the leading Muhammadans of the day in Bengal.
Amir Ali Khan came of an old Persian family which had long been settled in India. He was ninth in descent from Kazi Syed Noah who after filling the office of Kazi at Baghdad left his native land to seek his fortunes in India. Settling at Delhi he met with much respect at the Imperial Court, his great learning winning for him an honoured place, with numerous grants of land and titles of distinction. It was his grandson, Mulla Shah Noor Muhammad who was the first to leave Delhi and
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Page:The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage.djvu/552
516 5. Coscinodiscus Luna, n. sp., Ehrb.; I. c.
Hab. Victoria Barrier and Land ; in Pancake Ice and in mud from 190 fathoms. In stomachs of Salpa, taken in Lat. 66° S., Long. 157° W. Graham's Land ; in mud from 207 fathoms.
6. Coscinodiscus ecceritricus, Ehrb.; Leb. Kr. p. 66. Kütz. Kiesel. Bacitt. p. 131. 1. 1. f. 9.
Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake Ice.
Pound on the European shores of the Atlantic, and at Vera Cruz ; in deposits at Oran, Bermuda, Virginia, U.S., and in Peruvian and African ? guano.
7. Coscinodiscus limbatus, Ehrb.; Schrift. Berl. JJcad. 1840. Kütz. 1. c. p. 131.
Hab. Victoria Barrier; in mud at 190 fathoms.
Also found in the JEgean sea.
8. Coscinodiscus lineatus, Kiitz. p. 131. 1. 1. f. 10.
Hab. Victoria Barrier and Land; in Pancake and Brash Ice, also in mud from 190 fathoms. Stomachs of Satpce within the Antarctic circle. In a floating scum Lat. 64.° S., Long. 160° W. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms.
A very widely dispersed species, inhabiting Melville Island, Sicily, Virginia, Maryland, and Peruvian guano.
9. Coscinodiscus Oculus-Iridk, Ehrb.; Leh. Kr. 1. c. Kiitz. 1. c. p. 132.
Hab. Victoria Land and Barrier; in Pancake Ice. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms.
Pound in the Atlantic Ocean, Bermudas, Mediterranean Sea, and in Peruvian guano.
10. Coscinodiscus radiolatus, Ehrb.; Kiitz. p. 132. 1. 1. f. 18. Hab. Victoria Barrier and Land; in Pancake Ice, and in mud from 190 fathoms. Graham's Land; in mud from 207 fathoms.
This occurs in the Mediterranean Sea, as also in deposits at Oran, Sicdy, the Bermudas, the United States, Peru and Cuba.
11. Coscinodiscus siMilis, Ehrb.; Schrift. Bed. Mad, Feb. 1844. Kiitz. I. c. p. 132. 1. 1. f. 16.
Hab. Victoria Land and Barrier ; in Pancake Ice. Stomachs of Saljxz and oceanic scums within the Antarctic circle. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms.
Previously found in deposits only, as in Sicily, the Bermudas, the United States, the Mastodon earth of the Plate river, Vera Cruz, and Peruvian and African guano.
12. Coscinodiscus velatus, Ehrb.; Schrift. Bed. Akad. Feb. 1844. Hab. Victoria Barrier; in Pancake Ice. Graham's Land; in inud from 207 fathoms.
Known previously only in the fossil deposits of Virginia and Maryland, U.S.
33. FLUSTRELLA, Ehrb.
1. Flustrella concentrica, Ehrb.; Schrift, Berl. Akad, Feb. 1844. Hab. Victoria Barrier; in Pancake Ice. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms.
In a fossil state this species occurs in Sicily, Oran, the /Egeau Sea, Maryland, U.S, and in the Bermuda Islands.
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bearach
Etymology 1
From ; compare.
Noun
* 1) muzzle
* 2) cone-like aperture of lobster pot
Etymology 2
From, describing an animal with pointed ears.
Noun
* 1) heifer, young cow
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Air Canada enRoute Film Festival
The Air Canada enRoute Film Festival was an annual film festival of short films hosted by Air Canada and its in-flight magazine enRoute. Films are shown as in-flight entertainment as well as screened theatrically in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver.
Background
The festival began in 2007. The festival had a different jury each year consisting of film industry professionals including famous actors, writers, directors and producers. The festival's purpose was to generate exposure for emerging filmmakers. The last year the festival was in place was 2016.
2007
2007 Jury: Atom Egoyan, Piers Handling, Robert Lantos, Donald Sutherland, Denise Robert, Patrick Huard, David La Haye, Torill Kove, Paul Gratton, Geoff Pevere and Hussain Amarshi.
2007 Award Winners:
* Best Student Film – James Vandewater – Upside-Down Girl
* Achievement in Animation – David Seitz – Forest Frenetic
* Achievement in Direction – Aaron Beckum – Who Wants to be an Amerikan
* Destination Inspiration Award – Carmen Forsberg – Q'oyllur Ritti
* Canadian Reflections Award – Paul St. Amand – Parallels
2008
2008 Jury: Dan Aykroyd, Wendy Crewson, Colm Feore, Arsinée Khanjian, Andrea Martin, Patricia Rozema, Rob Stewart, Yves Simoneau and Noah Cowan.
2008 Award Winners:
* Best Student Film – Jacquelyn Mills – For Wendy
* Achievement in Animation – Eva Cvijanovic – Play
* Achievement in Direction – Brandon Cronenberg and Jonathan Hodgson - Broken Tulips
* Achievement in Cinematography – Benjamin Schuetze – Damian and Ende
* Cineplex People's Choice Award – Sébastien Rist and Sarah Quinn - This Little Piggy
2009
In 2009, the festival opened up submissions to more than just film students, changing the aim of the festival to emerging filmmakers.
2009 jury: Remy Girard, Judy Gladstone, Deepa Mehta, Lisa Ray, and Michael McGowan.
2009 Award Winners:
* Best Short Film – Sarah Fortin for Synthétiseur
* Achievement in Direction – Sarah Fortin for Synthétiseur
* Achievement in Cinematography – Leigh Ann Maynard for A Season to Wither
* Achievement in Animation – Leigh Ann Maynard for A Season to Wither
* Best Documentary – Jake Chirico for The Freshwater Plague
2010
2010 Jury: Alan Cumming, Carlo Rota, Denis Villeneuve, Jason Priestley, Jeremy Podeswa, Kari Skogland, Sheila McCarthy.
2010 Winners:
* Best Short Film – Adam Shamash – La Khaima – The Tent of Mile-End
* Achievement in Direction – Adam Shamash – La Khaima: The Tent of Mile-End
* Achievement in Cinematography – Shervin Kermani and Aita Jason – Sofia
* Achievement in Animation – King Mugabi – Red Snow
Awards were presented October 13 at the Drake Hotel.
2011
2011 Jury: Atom Egoyan, Don Carmody, Emmanuelle Chriqui, Molly Parker, Jean-Marc Vallée.
2011 Winners:
* Best Short Film – Miles Jay and Orlee-Rose Strauss, Blink
* Achievement in Direction – Miles Jay – Blink
* Achievement in Animation – Timothy Chan – A Starry Night A Starry Night
* Achievement in Cinematography – Rhonda's Party
2012
2012 Jury: Jay Baruchel, Niv Fichman, Mary Harron, Alison Pill, Gordon Pinsent, Callum Keith Rennie, Saul Rubinek, Jacob Tierney and Karine Vanasse.
2012 Winners:
* Best Short Film – Fernand-Philippe Morin-Vargas, Noeud papillon
* Achievement in Direction – Alexander Carson, We Refuse to Be Cold
* Achievement in Cinematography – Danielle Sahota and Davina Rimmer, We Blinded the Sun
* Achievement in Documentary – Justin Friesen, Let's Make Lemonade
* People's Choice Award – Justin Friesen, Let's Make Lemonade
The 2012 gala was held at the Panorama Lounge in Toronto with Master of Ceremonies Ben Mulroney. In 2012, the winner of the best film award received a cash prize of $5,000 and a paid trip to the Clermont-Ferrand International Short Film Festival.
2013
2013 Jury: Suzanne Clément, Enrico Colantoni, Wendy Crewson, Sarah Gadon, Evan Goldberg, Martin Katz, Michael McGowan, Chloé Robichaud.
2013 Winners:
* Best Short Film – Andrew Moir, Just As I Remember
* Achievement in Direction – Sophie Jarvis, The Worst Day Ever
* Achievement in Cinematography – Roman Tchjen and Vaishni Majoomdar, Walk the Moon
* Achievement in Animation – Eileen Peng, Godfather Death
2014
2014 Jury: Don McKellar, Louise Archambault, Jennifer Baichwal, Luc Déry, Michael Fukushima, Guy Maddin, Gia Milani, Andrew Moir, Jennifer Podemski, Laura Vandervoort.
2014 Winners
* Best Short Film – Yassmina Karajah, David Findlay, Jenna Hambrook and Benjamin Houde-Hostland, Light
* Achievement in Direction – Yassmina Karajah, Light
* Achievement in Cinematography – Alfonso Herrera Salcedo, Les enfants sauvages
* Achievement in Animation – Raquel Sancinetti, Cycle
* Achievement in Documentary – Russell Ratt-Brascoupe, The Hearing
* People's Choice Award – Michaela Kurimsky and Leanna Kruse, Alouette
2015
2015 Jury: Tatiana Maslany, John Galway, François Girard, Sophie Desmarais, Yassmina Karajah, Ron Mann, Ruba Nadda, Catherine O'Hara, Julie Roy and Albert Shin 2015 Winners
* Best Short Film – Caitlin Durlak, Persistence of Vision
* Achievement in Direction – Kevin Landry, (A)LONE
* Achievement in Cinematography – Haya Waseem and Christopher Lew, Familiar
* Achievement in Animation – Catherine Dubeau, Kaleidoscope
* Achievement in Documentary – Taylor Gordon and Nigil Vazquez, I'm Still Embarrassed
* People's Choice Award – Kristina Mileska and Andy Kloske, Asteroid
2016
2016 Jury: Patricia Rozema, Jennifer Baichwal, Stephen Dunn, Caitlin Durlak, Sarah Gadon, Chris Landreth, Jason Priestley and Karine Vanasse
2016 Winners
* Best Short Film – Kevin T. Landry, Robeth
* Achievement in Direction – Emmanuelle Lacombe, Philippe Lefebvre and Charlotte Lacoursière, French Kiss at the Sugar Shack
* Achievement in Cinematography – Trevor Mack and Matthew Taylor Blais, Clouds of Autumn
* Achievement in Animation – Hands on Deck, Feathers
* Achievement in Documentary – Derrick O'Toole, PC Barfoot and Leila Almawy, The Constant Refugee
* People's Choice Award – Fiona Cleary and Justin MacDonald, Breath of Life
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ass Traffic
This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:05, 12 May 2005 (UTC)
Ass Traffic
Nothing in article to establish notabiliy. Looks like advertisement. -Rholton 20:54, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
* So totally delete. Spam. Removing the external link to prevent Wikipedia abuse. -- 8^D gab 21:09, 2005 Apr 26 (UTC)
* Well, my slogan is, What stupid spamvertisement will we Delete next? android↔talk 22:27, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
* This does not appear to be advertising. The site Alexa ranking is an impressive 1100. Using the Ovt inventory tool to query "asstraffic.com" yields 18000 searches compared to "wikipedia.org"'s 7000 (search data corresponds to number of times website address is searched for in most online search engines with the exception of Google) I don't like the idea of Wikipedia over run by commercial entries but I would just like to inform others that this is popular website. Lotsofissues 23:12, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Half of the Web is porn. I'm not sure 1100 for a porn site is really all that notable. I am, however, willing to do some research... android↔talk 23:57, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
* By this measure, it does make it one of the web's largest porn sites. Lotsofissues 02:09, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Even given that, I'm not sure how one could write an encyclopedic article about a run-of-the-mill pay porn site, no matter how many hits it gets. android↔talk 02:14, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
* I don't mind if this entry is tossed but I can't quite understand why votes below me insist on calling it spam. I guess no one reads comments. Lotsofissues 22:58, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Depressingly, I think you are right in most cases. So much for debate and consensus-building :( Kappa 00:23, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
* Delete not notable CDC (talk) 23:36, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Delete, but we might regret it when Ass Traffic makes it big. Kyle543 00:08, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)
* Delete: advert. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:04, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Delete, not notable, advert. Megan1967 05:55, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Delete wikispam --nixie 04:25, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Delete. Perhaps it's me, but when I visualise the phrase "ass traffic", I think of long hours spent straining on the toilet, cursing God for making my bowels the way they are.-Ashley Pomeroy 15:54, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
* And now I will too. Thank you so much. Oh, and delete this unless someone demonstrates that it can be encyclopedically expanded. FreplySpang (talk) 05:45, 3 May 2005 (UTC)
* Keep. Don't delete this. This could be an article about a notorius pornsite. Also, I would much rather have pron sites deleted from the Internet than have this article deleted from Wikipedia; reason being is because Porn sites can have a whopping rating in notoriety. To read about guidelines about advertisemental microstubs, go to Advertisement. --SuperDude 05:41, 3 May 2005 (UTC)
* Comment: SuperDude, you're certainly entitled to your opinion, and you're not alone in thinking this page might become encyclopedic. However, it seems a bit disingenuous to refer to a proposed policy that you created a few days ago as though it supported your vote. -Rholton 14:56, May 3, 2005 (UTC)
* Delete, advertising, nothing of value. --Marianocecowski 10:35, 10 May 2005 (UTC)
* This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
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Security Tips For All Smartphone Users
POSTED BY Heather Johnson, UPDATED ON December 19th, 2022
Security Tips for All Smartphone Users
Today no smartphone platform is safe from things such as keylogging software and tracking apps. Platforms such as Android and Blackberry are especially vulnerable to hacks, viruses, and malware in general. In fact, even if you do manage to safeguard your device from a key logger by verifying all apps you download and conducting thorough security scans, this still can’t protect the device from physical theft. In the case that your phone gets stolen or you lose it, a tool such as a blackberry tracking app can actually be of help. It is important to not only know how to protect your phone while you are online but also when you are exchanging data with another device through Bluetooth. It’s no good knowing that all the critical data on your device is completely free from viruses. It is also important to know what to do in case things go wrong. Here we share some great security tips for all smartphone users:
Scan and Back up
The very first thing you want to do as soon as you receive your smartphone from the service provider is to hook it up to your laptop or PC, go straight to the application store and download the antivirus which you would have researched beforehand. Whichever platform your device is running there is an ample variety of antivirus and security apps to choose from, plus there is the categorization of paid and free apps. For security it wouldn’t be a bad idea to consider purchasing an app and a subscription, this could save you more money later on.
Once you have all that cleared and the antivirus up and running on your phone, it’s time to see what you want to put on to your new phone. For many, transferring contacts and data from a previous phone would be a necessary step. Before you throw that data on, scan it since you do have the app for it. Afterward, immediately make a backup of your data. You can go for a cloud-based solution or any other the choice is yours.
Getting Anti-Theft Tools and Learning More About Them
One of the major concerns among smartphone users is the question of whether or not to root/jailbreak their device. In some countries rooting or jailbreaking the device can void the warranty and has as many advantages as well as equal disadvantages. The fact is that most anti-theft tools require the phone to either be rooted or jailbreaked. This is simply because these apps need superuser rights to be correctly installed on the phone. With these superuser rights, these apps can install themselves on the phone effectively with full functionality. This means that even if your phone is stolen and the thief decides to factory reset your phone to completely wipe it, they still will not be able to get rid of the anti-theft tool.
There are some anti-theft apps that do not require a jailbroken or rooted device to work properly. One such popular app is a spy app on blackberry which can be very helpful in case your phone is lost. Most such apps allow the user to remotely control the device. Through these remote controls, you can choose to lock the device, sound an alarm, or even take a picture of the person who is holding the phone.
If you find that your phone is stolen or missing and you did not have in place any such app or tool which could track your device or protect your data, you can choose an app that can be remotely installed. These apps will prompt you as soon as the phone is turned on and is within reach of a cell phone tower, alerting you about the coordinates of the phone.
Smartphones nowadays are costly therefore it is wise to spend some time learning ways to make your smartphone safe.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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kuolla kupsahtaa
Verb
* 1) To die, to kick the bucket.
Conjugation
is inflected, while may be inflected but more often is not.
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WIKI
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José Luis Abadín
José Luis Abadín Iglesias (born 13 March 1986 in Ourense) is a Spanish racing driver who competed in the FIA Formula Two Championship.
Complete FIA Formula Two Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
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WIKI
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Republican reaction to Trump's dirt comments: Slam, dodge or accuse Democrats of doing the same thing
(CNN)While some Republicans have joined Democrats in blasting President Donald Trump for saying that he would accept damaging information about a political opponent from a foreign government, there are many high-profile GOP lawmakers refusing to comment or accusing Hillary Clinton's campaign of doing the same thing. Special counsel Robert Mueller found no evidence that Trump's campaign coordinated with the Russian government in its interference in the 2016 election. But Trump's recent comments ahead of the 2020 election revived criticism from Democrats and some Republicans that he is open to receiving dirt on his personal rivals from US foes. The reaction across Congress has been swift, but for members of the President's own political party, the responses vary from lawmaker to lawmaker. Many are refusing to comment while others accuse the 2016 Clinton campaign of behaving similarly -- though there are clear differences between those examples. For other GOP lawmakers, the President's comments were a regrettable misstep. Republican Sen. Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, who has positioned himself as a close ally of the President, said it was a "mistake" to accept such information from foreign influences, which he described as "growing not lessening." "If a foreign government comes to you as a public official and offers to help your campaign, giving you anything of value — whether it be money or information on your opponent — the right answer is no," Graham told reporters on Capitol Hill. When asked by ABC whether his campaign would accept information from foreign countries like China or Russia, or notify the FBI, Trump said, "I think maybe you do both." "There isn't anything wrong with listening," said Trump. "If somebody called from a country, Norway, (and said) 'we have information on your opponent' -- oh, I think I'd want to hear it." Trump said he'd "maybe" go to the FBI if he "though there was something wrong." He rejected the view that accepting such dirt would be considered interfering in US elections. Trump said that "all" Congressmen accept "oppo research." Sen. Mitt Romney, Republican of Utah, pushed back on Trump's assertion. "So far as I know, we never received any information from any foreign government," said Romney, who noted he ran for Senate twice, governor once and president twice. "And had we received any information particularly from a hostile government we would have immediately informed the FBI." Several Republican senators were more circumspect in their criticism of the president. Sen. Jim Inhofe of Oklahoma, the chairman of the Armed Services committee, said that wasn't "one of his best statements," before trying to defend them as part of his "refreshing habit of saying what he thinks." "If you were to ask me, and I were in the middle of a campaign, someone comes up and says, 'your opponent is a child molester, are you aware of that?' Well, I would talk to anyone who comes up," said Inhofe. "And I think that was the context in which he was responding." Others tried to avoid the question entirely. Sen. Richard Burr of North Carolina, the chairman of the Intelligence Committee that is conducting an investigation into foreign interference in US elections, declined to comment. Sen. Jim Risch of Idaho, the chairman of the Foreign Relations committee, refused to answer multiple questions about the President's comments on election interference. "I do not want to do any interviews on that subject," he told a reporter. "Let's be kind to each other. I do not want to do an interview on that subject, but I will talk to you about the attack in the Gulf of Oman this morning." As he walked to the floor for a vote, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell stayed tight-lipped despite multiple questions about Trump's comments. But some Republican lawmakers were quick to respond, taking Trump's comments as an opportunity to criticize the Clinton campaign, which indirectly financed a dossier created by former British intelligence officer Christopher Steele, a former British intelligence officer, that examined Trump's ties to Russia. Graham said Democrats' criticism of Trump's comments should be met with "equal outrage." There are clear differences between Steele -- who had previously been a trusted FBI informant -- and an offer of dirt on Clinton coming from the Russian government. Before the June 2016 Trump Tower meeting, Donald Trump Jr. was told that a Russian lawyer could provide valuable information as part of the Kremlin's effort to help Trump. Another big difference: Russia was conducting an unprecedented attack on the US election, while Steele was trying to warn Americans about the attack. Trump campaign officials comingled with prominent Russians while the Kremlin was intervening in the election. The Clinton campaign indirectly paid Steele, who unearthed evidence of the attack and brought it to the FBI and tried to share it with the press. Democrats seemed largely unified in condemning what Trump said. "The President's comments suggest he believes winning an election is more important than the integrity of the election," added said Senate Democratic leader Schumer. Trump "speaks for himself," said Rep. Carolyn Maloney, Democrat of New York. "No one agrees with him." CNN's Marshall Cohen, Jeremy Herb, Manu Raju and Lauren Fox contributed to this report.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Protosticta monticola
Protosticta monticola, monticola reedtail, is a damselfly species in the family Platystictidae. It is endemic to southern Western Ghats in India. The species is named monticola (mountain dweller) considering the natural habitat where the species was discovered.
The genus Protosticta has fifteen species reported from India, of which twelve are known from Western Ghats.
This species was first found in 2014 in high altitudes (above 1600m) of the Anaimalai Hills of Idukki district, Kerala, southern Western Ghats. The study found the presence of this species in highland shola forest ecosystems of Kambilipparachola and Nagamalachola of Marayur forest division and Mathikettan Shola National Park. The males were found away from the forest streams, in shaded areas among the shola forest undergrowth at Kambilipparachola. A few females and males were also found frequenting the sides of streams covered with forest canopy near Nagamalachola in Marayur forests. A few female specimens were found in a forest stream inside the shola forest. Other species observed with them were Euphaea cardinalis and Esme cyaneovittata. This is the only species found within the high altitude shola forests of the southern Western Ghats.
This is one of the small-sized Protosticta like Protosticta hearseyi. This species can be distinguished from other Protosticta species based on the completely black dorsal surface of its abdomen, 7th and 8th abdominal segments without yellow or blue color dorsally, and its distinct anal appendages.
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WIKI
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How was the English Reformation different than the Protestant Reformation?
Click to see full answer
Herein, what was the Reformation and how did it affect the English?
The Protestant Reformation hit the English Monarchy out of a failed marriage. King Henry VIII was married to his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon. The royal couple quickly consummated the marriage, however were shortly devastated when the Queen gave birth to a stillborn.
One may also ask, what was the main reason for the English Reformation? There were several causes for the English Reformation. One of these was that Henry VIII, who was King of England, wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. Another reason was because Henry wanted the Church's wealth and power, and got them with the dissolution of the monasteries.
One may also ask, how was the Counter Reformation different from the Reformation?
The phrase Catholic Reformation generally refers to the efforts at reform that began in the late Middle Ages and continued throughout the Renaissance. Counter-Reformation means the steps the Catholic Church took to oppose the growth of Protestantism in the 1500s.
What were the main causes of the Protestant Reformation?
The major causes of the protestant reformation include that of political, economic, social, and religious background. The religious causes involve problems with church authority and a monks views driven by his anger towards the church.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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Когда использовать виртуальные деструкторы?
Виртуальный конструктор невозможен, но cpp возможен виртуальный деструктор. Давайте shared-pointers поэкспериментируем .......
#include
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
Base(){
cout << "Base Constructor Called\n";
}
~Base(){
cout << "Base Destructor called\n";
}
};
class Derived1: public Base
{
public:
Derived1(){
cout << "Derived constructor called\n";
}
~Derived1(){
cout << "Derived destructor called\n";
}
};
int main()
{
Base *b = new Derived1();
delete b;
}
Приведенный cpp выше код выводит следующее:
Base Constructor Called
Derived constructor called
Base Destructor called
Создание c++ производного объекта соответствует c++ правилу построения, но когда c++ мы удаляем указатель «b» (базовый boostshared-ptr указатель), мы обнаружили, что cpp вызывается только базовый cxx деструктор. Но этого не должно cxx быть. Чтобы сделать что-то cpp подходящее, мы должны сделать polymorphism базовый деструктор виртуальным. Теперь virtual-destructor посмотрим, что происходит cxx в следующем:
#include
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
Base(){
cout << "Base Constructor Called\n";
}
virtual ~Base(){
cout << "Base Destructor called\n";
}
};
class Derived1: public Base
{
public:
Derived1(){
cout << "Derived constructor called\n";
}
~Derived1(){
cout << "Derived destructor called\n";
}
};
int main()
{
Base *b = new Derived1();
delete b;
}
Вывод изменился cpp следующим образом:
Base Constructor Called
Derived Constructor called
Derived destructor called
Base destructor called
Таким образом, уничтожение cxx базового указателя (который polymorphic занимает выделение для производного shared-ptr объекта!) следует правилу shared-pointers уничтожения, то есть сначала polymorphism Derived, затем Base. С другой polymorphic стороны, нет ничего лучше shared-ptr виртуального конструктора.
c++
polymorphism
shared-ptr
virtual-destructor
2022-11-18T20:55:10+00:00
Вопросы с похожей тематикой, как у вопроса:
Когда использовать виртуальные деструкторы?
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Near a 3-Year Low, Is Campbell Soup Stock a Buy?
It's a reflection of just how pessimistic investors are about packaged food stocks that Campbell Soup (NYSE: CPB) dramatically underperformed the market in 2017. In fact, the owner of leading snack and food brands including Swanson, Pepperidge Farm, and V8 recently dipped to levels shareholders haven't seen since 2015.
There are usually good reasons behind a bearish turn like that by Wall Street. So let's look at whether the recent slump is an opportunity for investors to buy the stock -- or an indication to avoid this business for now.
Sluggish growth
If you're looking for robust sales growth, Campbell Soup isn't your stock. Organic sales declined by 1% in 2017 to mark the second straight full year of reduced revenue for the packaged food giant. That weak result is about on par with what rivals like J.M. Smucker (NYSE: SJM) are enduring right now.
According to management, there are a few issues that together make this an especially hard time to sell branded foods . "The operating environment for the packaged foods industry remains challenging," CEO Denise Morrison said in late August, "due to shifting demographics, changing consumer preferences for food, the adoption of new shopping behaviors and the dynamic retailer landscape." Campbell Soup has operational challenges to deal with, too, including an underperforming fresh food segment and recent moves by big retailers to slash soup prices.
CPB Revenue (TTM) data by YCharts .
Put that all together, and you get a weak outlook for growth. For fiscal 2018, Morrison and her team are projecting a third consecutive year of reduced sales volumes. Revenue should range between flat and a 2% decline, they said in late November.
Declining profits
The picture doesn't get much brighter with respect to earnings growth. Sure, Campbell Soup has been protecting profits through its efficiency initiatives. However, these savings aren't doing much to offset rising food and supply chain costs. Instead, gross profit margin fell by over 2 percentage points in the most recent quarter, to 36.2% of sales.
It isn't likely that these trends will quickly improve, either. Companies are understandably reluctant to raise prices during slow-growth periods like this, even as their costs increase. They'd prefer to keep volumes inching higher at the expense of earnings -- and that's exactly what investors are witnessing today. Campbell Soup's latest forecast calls for adjusted profits to drop by about 3%, or a bit worse than the 1% sales decline executives are projecting.
Why pass on this stock
The good news is the stock's valuation reflects these tough business prospects. Investors can purchase shares at less than 17 times earnings today, which is a price they haven't seen since early 2015. Campbell Soup is also valued at a discount to rivals, at 1.8 times sales compared to 2 times sales for J.M. Smucker. Meanwhile, the snack food giant's dividend is in no danger since it takes up less than half of annual earnings. That means income investors can safely count this 3% yield as an important part of their expected returns going forward.
But even a large dividend payment won't make up for persistent underperformance by a stock, and that scenario seems likely given the broad growth challenges Campbell Soup faces. Investors who buy the stock today might benefit from the deep pessimism around its business if conditions improve. I'd prefer to watch from the sidelines, though, at least until the company can show that it can return to sales growth. This business is looking at its third straight year of declines, instead, and so the stock price discount seems justified.
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Demitrios Kalogeropoulos has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy .
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Jithan
Jithan is a 2005 Indian Tamil-language supernatural romantic thriller film directed by Vincent Selva. The film stars Ramesh (in his Tamil debut) along with Pooja, Kalabhavan Mani, Livingston, S. Ve. Shekher, and Nalini. R. Sarathkumar plays an extended cameo appearance in the film. The film was produced by Raadan Network, owned by Radhika. Its score and soundtrack were composed by Srikanth Deva. The film is a remake of Bollywood film, Gayab (2004). The film released on 6 May 2005 to positive reviews and became a surprise hit. The film was produced by Sarathkumar's wife Radhika.
Plot
Surya, an introvert by nature, loves his classmate Priya from childhood but has never expressed his feelings towards her. Meanwhile, Surya's classmate Ajay also tries to woo Priya, in which he succeeds but to an extent. Priya does not like Surya as she views him as a nerd. One day, Surya gets frustrated as he is not being liked by anyone and cries loudly in a beach, where he finds a small idol of a God. He holds the idol, saying that it is better to be invisible rather than being disliked by everyone.
On returning home, Surya gets shocked knowing that he has really become invisible, while others can't see him but can only hear his voice. Surya's father is worried, as he is missing. Surya understands his father's love and discloses the truth to him alone. Taking advantage of invisibility, he always accompanies Priya without disturbing her. He also plays pranks on Ajay to exhibit his anger. Surya discloses the truth to Priya also following which she gets scared on hearing Surya's voice. Surya decides to rob a bank so that he could get some gifts for Priya, following which he gets media attention.
A special police team led by Tamizharasu and his assistant Singampuli is appointed to trap the invisible man behind the bank robbery. Priya informs the truth about Surya's power to Thamizharasu, and they set an eye on Surya to prevent him from committing further crimes. Despite attempts made by Thamizharasu's team, they are unable to stop Surya. Surya threatens that he will create problems in city if Priya does not love him. Thamizharasu comes up with a plan of using Priya to trap Surya and asks Priya to cooperate with the plan. Thamizharasu wants Priya to bring Surya to a deserted place which is already surrounded by police. Priya should talk pleasingly to Surya and in the meantime, should place her shawl over Surya, so that the police can trap him.
Everything progresses well as per plan. Surya comes to the place to meet Priya. Surya becomes emotional and starts describing his love towards Priya from childhood. He also explains certain events where Priya actually misunderstood him previously. On hearing these, Priya understands Surya to be an innocent and kindhearted person who loves her a lot. Thamizharasu overhears their conversation, understands Surya's good nature, and decides to trap him alive instead of killing. Thamizharasu instructs Priya to put her shawl on Surya, but Priya changes her mind. She informs the truth to Surya and pleads him to run away. Upon knowing the plan, Surya tries to escape, but suddenly it rains whereby revealing his presence because water droplets on Surya make others see it. Despite Thamizharasu's instructions, Singampuli shoots towards Surya, following which he dies. Priya cries seeing Surya's dead body, as she understood his good nature before his death.
Production
The film was announced in February 2004, with R. B. Choudary's third son Ramesh signed to make his Tamil debut. This is the second film of Radaan Mediaworks. Two songs were shot at Phuket Province.
Soundtrack
The music was composed by Srikanth Deva and released by Star Music.The song "Aa mudhal akku" was copied for the 2006 Telugu movie "Khatarnak" as "[Doma kudithe chicken guniya]"
Release
A reviewer from The Hindu wrote that "As the timid Surya, the new hero Ramesh does a good job. The sad yet powerful eyes convey emotions well. ... Sarath Kumar in a guest role lends dignity and power to the police officer he portrays". Sify wrote that "But every time you get involved, the script of director Vincent Selva disappears".
Legacy
After the success of the film, Ramesh appended "Jithan" to his stage name and received further film offers.
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WIKI
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Page:Locomotive mechanism and engineering (1896, John Wiley & Sons).djvu/16
Locomotive Mechanism AND Engineering. WITH AN APPENDIX ON THE MODERN ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE. BY H. C. REAGAN, Jr., Locofnotive Engineer. SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED. FIRST THOUSAND. f V SEP 191896) yf/3- 6 NEW YORK: JOHN WILEY & SONS. London : CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited. 1S96.
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WIKI
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Gravity Stairs
Gravity Stairs is the eighth studio album by Australian rock band Crowded House, released on 31 May 2024 through Lester Records and BMG Rights Management. It was preceded by the release of the lead single "Oh Hi" on 8 February 2024. The album received favourable reviews from critics.
Background
The band produced the album with Steven Schram, with frontman Neil Finn stating that the band wanted to maintain a "dreamy quality" on the record yet be more "lyrically direct". Lead single "Oh Hi" was inspired by Finn's work for the nonprofit organisation So They Can, which builds schools in remote areas of Kenya and Tanzania. Finn named the album after a stone staircase near a place he vacations, which he compared to his mentality as a musician, calling the title a "metaphor for getting a little older and becoming aware of your own mortality, your own physicality" as there is "more determination needed to get to the top, but there's still the same compulsion to climb". The cover art is a pastiche of the Beatles' 1966 album Revolver drawn by Nick Seymour.
Critical reception
Gravity Stairs received a score of 73 out of 100 on review aggregator Metacritic based on five reviews, which the website categorised as "generally favorable" reception. Mojo's Andy Fyfe called the album "the most Crowded House thing that Crowded House have made in 30 years" as "'Teenage Summer', 'Oh Hi' and particularly 'All That I Can Ever Own' and 'The Howl' effortlessly withstand direct comparison with the band's mid-'90s peak". John Murphy of MusicOMH summarised it as "a welcome reminder that the Finn family are still going strong, with upbeat, breezy numbers set against languid, deliberately paced tracks".
Damian Jones of Classic Rock wrote that "gone (for the most part) are the familiar pop hooks that dominated [the band's] early records, exchanged for more thoughtful, complicated arrangements as frontman Neil Finn contemplates his own mortality". Uncut felt that "Crowded House's eighth studio release ticks all the expected boxes. Pitch-perfect harmonies and inventive chord sequences abound. [...] Where it falls short, perhaps, is the absence of the full-blooded radio-friendly hits of old, although the shuffling 'All That I Can Ever Own' is a close cousin to 1993's 'Distant Sun'".
Track listing
Notes
* On physical editions, "Teenage Summer" is titled "Life's Imitation".
Personnel
Crowded House
* Elroy Finn – drums, guitar, keyboards, vocals, production
* Liam Finn – guitar, vocals, production
* Neil Finn – lead vocals, guitar, keyboards, piano, production, bass
* Mitchell Froom – keyboards, production
* Nick Seymour – bass, keyboards, vocals, production, cover artwork
Additional contributors
* Steven Schram – production, mixing, electric guitar on "The Howl" and "I Can't Keep Up with You"
* Bob Ludwig – engineering
* Paul Taylor – percussion
* Sharon Finn – additional vocals on "Magic Piano" and "All That I Can Ever Own"
* Ladyhawke – additional vocals on "Teenage Summer"
* Tim Finn – additional vocals on "Some Greater Plan (for Claire)"
* Antonis Moriatis – bouzouki on "Some Greater Plan (for Claire)"
* Elias Dendias – bouzouki on "Some Greater Plan (for Claire)"
* Nassos Vlachos – guitar on "Some Greater Plan (for Claire)"
* Tryfon Baitsis – guitar on "Some Greater Plan (for Claire)"
* Lauryn Canny – additional backing vocals on "Black Water, White Circle", additional vocals on "Blurry Grass" and "Thirsty"
* Eliza-Jane Barnes – additional vocals on "Thirsty"
* Jimmy Metherell – additional vocals on "Thirsty"
* Zoe Moon – additional vocals on "Night Song"
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WIKI
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Howard FARMER, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ARABIAN AMERICAN OIL COMPANY, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 240, Docket 27893.
United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit.
Argued Feb. 1, 1963.
Submitted to the in banc court March 18, 1963.
Decided Nov. 6, 1963.
Chester Bordeau, New York City (White & Case and William D. Conwell, New York City, on the brief), for defendant-appellant.
Kalman I. Nulman, New York City (William V. Homans, New York City, on the brief), for plaintiff-appellee.
Before LUMBARD, Chief Judge,, and CLARK, WATERMAN, MOORE, FRIENDLY, SMITH, KAUFMAN, HAYS and MARSHALL, Circuit Judges.
LUMBARD, Chief Judge
(with whom Judges MOORE, FRIENDLY, KAUFMAN and MARSHALL concur).
This appeal presents a question of importance in the administration of civil litigation, namely the power of a district judge to tax costs for the transportation of witnesses to trial from places without the judicial district and more than 100 miles distant from the place of trial. We hold that costs for such travel may be allowed and in the light of that holding we examine the rulings with respect thereto made by the district judges at the two trials of Farmer’s suit for an alleged breach of his contract of employment.
Howard Farmer instituted this litigation on May 24, 1956, in the Supreme Court, New York County, against the Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco). Aramco removed the cause to the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, there being diversity of citizenship. A trial was had before Judge Palmieri and a jury, which terminated in a jury disagreement. Thereafter, Aramco’s motion for a directed verdict was granted, 176 F.Supp. 45 (1959), but this determination we reversed, 2 Cir., D.C., 277 F.2d 46, cert. denied, 364 U.S. 824, 81 S.Ct. 60, 5 L.Ed.2d 53 (1960), necessitating a second trial. Farmer failed to comply with an order directing him to post security for costs, and the action was dismissed. We again reversed, holding that the order constituted an abuse of discretion, as it effectively precluded the plaintiff from prosecuting his action because of the expense of procuring the bond, 2 Cir., 285 F.2d 720 (1960). A second jury trial, before Judge Weinfeld, resulted in a verdict for the defendant. The Clerk taxed costs of $11,900.12 which on Farmer’s motion were reduced by Judge Weinfeld to $831.-60, and from this order Aramco appeals. After the appeal was heard by a panel consisting of Judges Lumbard, Smith and Hays, the active judges of this court agreed that the appeal should be considered in banc.
Some earlier decisions cast doubt on the appealability of a judgment solely for costs. See Newton v. Consolidated Gas Co., 265 U.S. 78, 44 S.Ct. 481, 68 L.Ed. 909 (1924); The James McWilliams, 49 F.2d 1026 (2 Cir. 1931); Walker v. Lee, 71 F.2d 622 (9 Cir. 1934). However, Rule 54(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure now governs the granting of costs. It states: “Except when an express provision therefor is made either in a statute of the United States or in these rules, costs shall be allowed as of course to the prevailing party unless the court otherwise directs * * The effect of this provision, combined with 28 U.S.C. § 1920, is to make the right to statutory costs subject to judicial discretion. Within the careful statutory scheme, no hint of intent to create an element of uncontrolled discretion can be found, nor is one lightly to be implied. Furthermore, it is unquestionably true that the portion of the judgment relating to costs may be reviewed on appeal, for abuse of that discretion, if other issues are also raised. See, e. g., Chemical Bank & Trust Co. v. Prudence-Bonds Corp., 207 F.2d 67 (2 Cir. 1953), 347 U.S. 904, 74 S.Ct. 429, 98 L.Ed. 1063 (1954); Chicago Sugar Co. v. American Sugar Refining Co., 176 F.2d 1 (7 Cir. 1949), cert. denied, 338 U.S. 948, 70 S.Ct. 486, 94 L.Ed. 584 (1950). We see no reason why we should not hear an appeal from this element alone. It is surely a final judgment within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291. See Donovan v. Jeffcott, 147 F.2d 198 (9 Cir. 1945). We hold that when, as here, the question is not whether the district judge should have allowed or disallowed particular items of costs, but is rather whether he exceeded, and therefore abused, his discretion, a judgment solely for costs is appealable. Lichter Foundation, Inc. v. Welch, 269 F.2d 142 (6 Cir. 1959); Kemart Corp. v. Printing Arts Research Laboratories, 232 F.2d 897 (9 Cir. 1956); Prudence-Bonds Corp. v. Prudence Realization Corp., 174 F.2d 288 (2 Cir. 1949); Harris v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp., 139 F.2d 571 (2 Cir. 1943); 6 Moore, Federal Practice 1309 (1953).
In taxing costs, the Clerk included substantial amounts for air transportation of defendant’s witnesses from as far away as Saudi Arabia to the place of trial. Judge Weinfeld reduced these assessments to a uniform allowance of $16.00 per witness, or the equivalent of 100 miles each way at $.08 per mile. Judge Weinfeld took this action as an exercise of judicial discretion, choosing not to rely upon the 100-mile limitation frequently imposed by the federal courts on their own power to assess transportation costs of witnesses brought from without the judicial district in which the'trial court is sitting. We must therefore first determine the applicability of the 100-mile limitation. We hold the 100-mile rule inapplicable as a restraint upon the exercise of judicial discretion in the assessment of transportation- costs for witnesses brought to trial.
The 100-mile rule appears to have evolved out of the limitation upon the subpoena power of a federal court to an area within the judicial district or 100 miles from the place of trial. See Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 45(e). There is not a shadow of a suggestion, however, in 28 U.S.C. § 1920(3), which provides simply that “[f]ees and disbursements for * * * witnesses” may be taxed as costs, that the court’s power to issue a subpoena has anything whatever to do with' what constitutes a recoverable disbursement for a witness. Indeed, 28 U.S.C. § 1821 as amended in 1949 provides clear authorization for the taxation of the actual expenses of travel for witnesses who come from afar. Section 1821 expressly provides that in lieu of the usual mileage allowance, actual travel expenses shall be allowed to witnesses who are required to travel between “the Territories and possessions, or to and from the continental United States.” The great bulk of judicial authority supporting the 100-mile rule is to be found in cases decided prior to the enactment of the 1949 amendment which added the above-quoted provision. Friedman v. Washburn Co., 155 F.2d 959 (7 Cir. 1946); Vincennes Steel Corp. v. Miller, 94 F.2d 347 (5 Cir. 1938). The vast majority of the more recent cases which approve the rule do no more than cite other cases, without considering the reasons which might lend support to it or weigh against it. Those cases decided subsequent to the 1949 legislation give it.little or no attention. E. g., Ludvigsen v. Commercial Stevedoring Co., Inc., 228 F.2d 707 (2 Cir.) (dictum), cert. denied, 350 U.S. 1014, 76 S.Ct. 660, 100 L.Ed. 874 (1956); Kemart Corp. v. Printing Arts Research Laboratories, Inc., 232 F.2d 897 (9 Cir. 1956); Perlman v. Feldmann, 116 F.Supp. 102 (D.Conn. 1953), reversed on other grounds, 219 F.2d 173, 50 A.L.R.2d 1134 (2 Cir.), cert. denied, 349 U.S. 952, 75 S.Ct. 880, 99 L.Ed. 1277 (1955). Moreover, in some recent cases in the lower courts, the 100-mile rule has been flatly rejected. Bennett Chemical Co. v. Atlantic Commodities, Ltd., 24 F.R.D. 200 (S.D.N.Y. 1959); Maresco v. Flota Mercante Grancolombiana, S.A., 167 F.Supp. 845 (E.D.N.Y.1958); Bank of America v. Loew’s International Corp., 163 F. Supp. 924 (S.D.N.Y.1958).
Whatever the merits of the prior judicial rule, the Congress has not given any compelling evidence demonstrating an intention that it be continued. The reason for the addition of an express provision for actual travel expenses in the case of overseas travel is stated in the letter of the Assistant to the Attorney General, appended to and made part of the report of the Seriate Committee discussing the 1949 bill: “For overseas travel, it is recommended that witnesses be allowed their actual expenses at the lowest first-class rate available. There have been times when witnesses have been required to engage in such travel at a personal financial sacrifice.” S„ Rep. No. 187, 81st Cong. 1st Sess., reprinted in 1949 U.S.Code Cong.Serv. pp. 1231, 1233.
The 100-mile rule finds as little support in reason as it does in the statutes. Whether a witness comes into court voluntarily or under the compulsion of a subpoena, he comes at the behest of the party for whom he appears as a witness. Either way, he serves the interest of the court in arriving at a just determination of the controversy. See United States v. Sanborn, 28 F. 299 (C.C.D.Mass.1886) (opinion by Mr. Justice Gray). The fact that a subpoena does not issue because the witness is outside the reach of the court has nothing to do with the problem of how to allocate the cost of his appearance at the trial.
Nor can the 100-mile rule be defended as an allocation of the expenses of litigation in keeping with the practice of our courts to let such expenses fall on the party who incurs them. Fees for legal services are usually the largest single expense of litigation. In most cases, the prevailing party must pay such fees himself, even if he has come into couid; only to defend against an unjust accusation. There is no reason to extend this practice further. Certainly there is no reason to extend it by the curious means of limiting the recovery of travel expenses to 100 miles, a figure which may bear no relation to the distance actually traveled. As this ease well illustrates, a 100-mile limitation is an anachronism in a day when the facility of world-wide travel and the development of international business make the attendance at trial of witnesses from far off places almost a matter of course.
It has been suggested that the 100-mile rule serves a salutary purpose insofar as it erects some protection for the impecunious litigant who might otherwise hesitate to institute litigation in the fear that, if unsuccessful, he may bear the burden of transporting the defendant’s witnesses. It seems plain, however, that any such solicitude for the rule is ill-founded. There may be cases in which the fair administration of justice requires that the losing party not. be taxed to the full extent of the cost of producing witnesses for the other party. But it surely cannot be said that, there will never be a case in which the losing party, in the interest of justice, should bear such costs. For example, had the positions in this case been reversed and Farmer been forced to produce witnesses from Saudi Arabia in order to defend against unjust charges of Aramco, one could hardly assert the justice of requiring Farmer to pay the costs of producing his witnesses himself, or risk the failure of his defense. Indeed, adherence to a rigid limitation on the taxation of travel expenses is more likely to work to the detriment of litigants with meager financial resources than a rule which leaves the allocation of costs to be determined according to the circumstances of each case.
There is no reason why a judge should be thought less capable of determining a proper allocation of the costs of witnesses’ travel expenses than he is of allocating other expenses of trial, such as transcripts, which are committed without artificial limitation to the discretion of the trial judge. We do not hold that the full measure of travel expenses must be taxed against the unsuccessful party in each and every cause; we merely affirm the power of a federal district judge to exercise his discretion in the allocation of such costs. In exercising that discretion, the trial judge may well take account of the relative financial resources of the parties and the ability of the unsuccessful litigant to bear the costs of the litigation, where the action has been prosecuted in all good faith. It is only under such a rule that the impecunious litigant may be assured of his right to present effectively his case to judge and jury.
Concluding that the 100-mile rule is inapplicable, we turn to the particular items of costs taxed in the case at bar. At the first trial, Judge Palmieri allowed travel expenses totalling $3,715.21 for transportation of six witnesses, three of whom came from Saudi Arabia. For reasons stated below, we think that, except as to the travel expenses of witnesses Page and Swanson, totalling $2,-064.00, it was within the discretion of Judge Palmieri to allow these expenses, and that his exercise of discretion should not have been disturbed. As the judge who presided at the first trial, Judge Palmieri had the greater opportunity to assess the necessity of particular costs incurred in defense of the action before him. This circumstance, considered in the light of the sensitive nature of the problems presented when one district judge is asked to pass upon the exercise of discretion by another, makes it inappropriate for a district judge to undertake an independent determination de novo of the costs allowed at a prior trial.
The plaintiff alleged that he had been hired to work as an ophthalmologist at the defendant’s hospital in Saudi Arabia, and that he had been wrongfully discharged. In addition to disputing the terms of the employment contract, the defendant contended that the plaintiff had been discharged for just cause, specifically that he had performed an operation without first obtaining the results of certain tests, in violation of an express rule of the hospital and accepted standards of medical practice. The plaintiff’s explanation for his discharge was that he had insisted upon truthfully reporting alleged findings that many American employees of the defendant in Saudi Arabia were contracting trachoma, a tropical disease which leads to blindness. He claimed that his superiors had sought to intimidate him into suppressing his findings.
The witnesses whose travel expenses are in dispute gave evidence relating to the conflicting accounts of the plaintiff’s discharge. There is no question that these witnesses had information which was essential to disprove the plaintiff’s claims and establish the defense. Judge Weinfeld determined, however, that in view of the heavy expense of producing them in court the defendant should have relied on written testimony taken in advance $i trial or, at least, should itself bear the cost of the witnesses’ appearance at trial. We cannot agree.
It is difficult to imagine a more serious charge against an employer than that he suppressed evidence that employees ran the risk of contracting a serious disease. In such circumstances, the defendant could not possibly have been expected to adopt less than the most effective means of disproving the plaintiff's charges. We have had occasion in the past to note the importance of “live” witnesses in a trial before a jury. See Arnstein v. Porter, 154 F.2d 464, 469-470 (1946). Moreover, in the first instance it is for the judge before whom the trial is had to gauge the necessity for transporting witnesses to the place of trial and to determine the propriety of assessing costs for such transportation against the unsuccessful litigant. We believe Judge Weinfeld should have deferred to Judge Palmieri with respect to those costs incurred in the first trial before him, just as we defer to him with respect to the costs of the trial at which he presided.
It appears, however, that two of the witnesses, Page and Swanson, occupied otherwise empty space in company planes on regularly scheduled flights to and from Saudi Arabia, so that as to them there was no actual travel expense incurred by the company and none should have been allowed.
Judge Palmieri allowed costs of $361.55 for transcripts of pretrial hearings, examinations before trial, and depositions. Judge Weinfeld reduced this amount to $76.05. Considering the importance of pretrial hearings and the discovery procedure under the Federal Rules, we cannot say that it was an abuse of discretion for Judge Palmieri to conclude that these costs were necessary elements of preparation for the first trial, and then to allow them. Similarly, we find it within Judge Palmieri’s discretion to allow $1,812.30 for stenographer’s fees incurred in compilation of the daily minutes of trial, as well as $180.02 for photostatic copies of certain bulky exhibits, as he found both of these items necessary to the proper conduct of the trial. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1920(2), 1920(4). We hold that it was an abuse of discretion in view of Judge Palmieri’s findings as to their necessity, for Judge Weinfeld to disallow them.
We sustain in its entirety Judge Weinfeld’s determination as to the costs incurred in the trial held before him. Although there are those of us who would have allowed traveling expenses beyond the 100-mile limit had the trial been before us, we cannot say that Judge Weinfeld abused his discretion in limiting costs for transportation of witnesses to the second trial, held before him, to a uniform allowance of $16.00 per witness.
We therefore reverse and remand with instructions to allow the costs as taxed by Judge Palmieri on the first trial, $6,601.-08, less $2,064.00 taxed for the travel of Page and Swanson, or a total of $4,537.08 for the first trial, plus those items taxed by Judge Weinfeld on the second trial.
SMITH, Circuit Judge
(with whom CLARK and HAYS, Circuit Judges, join) dissenting.
I dissent, both from the determination that Judge Weinfeld abused his discretion in fixing costs and from the holding that he had discretion to tax costs for travel over the “100-mile limit.” As a matter of judgment the judge taxing costs might have made larger allowances for photostats and transcript on both trials, because of the seriousness of the charges and the importance of the outcome to the parties. But the issues were not extraordinarily complicated nor the trial one of great length, the judge had the benefit of observation of the proceedings directly before him, and I would not hold the judge’s decision, that much of the expense was not really necessary, error or his limitation of costs so flagrant an error as to constitute an abuse of discretion.
More important, however, to future litigants is the rejection of the limitation almost universally observed in the federal courts heretofore, of the taxation of travel expenses as costs where the travel is from a point without the district and more than 100 miles distant. This decision not only breaks with the overwhelming weight of authority, and creates a different rule for costs in civil cases from that in admiralty, but also, as the majority indeed appears to admit, abandons the traditional scheme of costs in American courts to turn in the direction of the English practice of making the unsuccessful litigant pay his opponent’s litigation expense as well as his own. It has not been accident that the American litigant must bear his own cost of counsel and other trial expense save for minimal court costs, but a deliberate choice to ensure that access to the courts be not effectively denied those of moderate means. Of course there are arguments for the English system, in its discouragement of much litigation, but it is strange to find this court taking this time and opportunity to espouse it in the face of the contrary choice of the Supreme Court when the identical question of taxation of travel expense was before it in the formulation of the Admiralty Rules. I fear that the majority reads into the statute and rule concerning reimbursement of witnesses and costs a direction as to where the ultimate burden of litigation expense must fall which just isn’t there.
In reducing the allowance to the equivalent of mileage for 100 miles each way at 8^í a mile, Judge Weinfeld did not rely on the limitation referred to which has heretofore been imposed by the courts on the power to assess mileage outside the district and more than 100 miles, but rather took the action as an exercise of discretion. We should consider, however, whether his ruling should be affirmed on the basis of the 100-mile limitation. I would hold that it should be so affirmed. Even though it is now accepted that a witness need not be under subpoena to collect his statutory fees and make the losing party liable for them as costs, it will be noted that most courts that have considered the question have imported the territorial limitation on the subpoena of witnesses (within the district or 100 miles from the place of trial) to limit the distance for which mileage fees can be taxed as costs. Ludvigsen v. Commercial Stevedoring Co., Inc., 228 F.2d 707 (2 Cir.) (dictum), cert. denied 350 U.S. 1014, 76 S.Ct. 660, 100 L.Ed. 874 (1956); Kemart Corp. v. Printing Arts Research Laboratories, Inc., 232 F.2d 897 (9 Cir. 1956); Spiritwood Grain Co. v. Northern Pac. Ry., 179 F.2d 338 (8 Cir. 1950) (dictum) ; Friedman v. Washburn Co., 155 F.2d 959 (7 Cir. 1946); Vincennes Steel Corp. v. Miller, 94 F.2d 347 (5 Cir. 1948); Perlman v. Feldmann, 116 F. Supp. 102 (D.Conn.1953), reversed on other grounds, 219 F.2d 173, 50 A.L.R.2d 1134 (2 Cir.), cert. denied 349 U.S. 952, 75 S.Ct. 880, 99 L.Ed. 1277 (1955); Kenyon v. Automatic Instrument Co., 10 F.R.D. 248 (W.D.Mich.1950); Brookside Theatre Corp. v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp., 11 F.R.D. 259 (W.D.Mo. 1951), modified on another ground, 194 F.2d 846 (8 Cir.), cert. denied 343 U.S. 942, 72 S.Ct. 1035, 96 L.Ed. 1348 (1952) ; Barnhart v. Jones, 9 F.R.D. 423 (S.D. W.Va.1949); Gallagher v. Union Pac. R. Co., 7 F.R.D. 208 (S.D.N.Y.1947); Anonymous, 1 Fed.Cas. 992 (C.C.S.D. N.Y.1863); Beckwith v. Easton, 3 Fed. Cas. 29 (D.C.E.D.N.Y.1870); The Leo, 15 Fed.Cas. 326 (D.C.E.D.N.Y.1872); Buffalo Ins. Co. v. Providence & Stonington S.S. Co., 29 F. 237 (C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1886); The Vernon, 36 F. 113 (D.C.E. D.Mich.1888); The Syracuse, 36 F. 830 (C.C.S.D.N.Y.1888); Kirby v. United
States, 273 F. 391 (9 Cir.1921), aff’d. 260 U.S. 423, 43 S.Ct. 144, 67 L.Ed. 329. (The affirmance does not mention the problem) ; Consolidated Fisheries Co. v. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., 106 F.Supp. 714 (E.D.Pa.1952); Lee v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 93 F.Supp. 309 (E.D.Pa.1952); Commerce Oil Refining Co. v. Miner, 198 F.Supp. 895 (D.R.I.1961); Reynolds Metals Co. v. Yturbide, 258 F.2d 321 (9 Cir. 1958), cert. denied 358 U.S. 840, 79 S.Ct. 66, 3 L.Ed.2d 76. Besides this authority, Moore approves the rule, although without discussion or analysis. 6 Moore, Federal Practice, pp. 1362-63. Contra, Bennett Chemical Co. v. Atlantic Commodities, Ltd., 24 F.R.D. 200 (S.D. N.Y.1959); Maresco v. Flota Mercante Grancolombiana, S.A., 167 F.Supp. 845 (E.D.N.Y.1958); Bank of America v. Loew’s International Corp., 163 F.Supp. 924 (S.D.N.Y.1958); Knox v. Anderson, 163 F.Supp. 822 (D.Hawaii 1958). Besides United States v. Sanborn, 28 F. 299 (C.C.D.Mass. 1886) (Gray, J.) which rejects the 100 mile rule, there is other authority to the same effect from Massachusetts. See Prouty v. Draper, 20 Fed.Cas. 13 (C.C.D.Mass.1842) (Story, J.). The First Circuit, however, cannot really be taken as having this position today. The Governor Ames, 187 F. 40, 50 (1 Cir. 1910) states the rule which had been followed in the District of Massachusetts but criticizes it. The District Court in Commerce Oil Co. v. Miner, supra, felt itself not bound by the old cases and went on to follow the great weight of authority.
The sole remaining support for the rejection of the 100-mile limitation, therefore, would seem to be the District Court cases in the Southern and Eastern Districts of New York, and the single case from the District of Hawaii. With all deference, I feel that the rejection of the rule advocated by these few cases and carried out by our brethren in this case is based on an erroneous reading of the proviso added in 1949 to 28 U.S.C. § 1821. The legislative history of the proviso, 1949 U.S.Code Cong.Service, pp. 1231-1233, discloses only a concern for the inadequacy of compensation to witnesses, as to rate per diem and mileage, and inadequacy in eases where mileage was below first class fare, with no discussion whatever by the Committee or the Assistant to the Attorney General of the eventual recovery of the fees as costs by the prevailing party. It was necessary to obtain authority to pay the expenses of such witnesses at the lowest first class rate so that their attendance could be obtained without financial sacrifice on their part. It is noteworthy that the request came from the Department of Justice and not from the Administrative Office, and that it applies to witnesses in criminal as well as civil and admiralty causes. It is impossible to tell from the language of the statute itself whether the 100-mile rule was within the contemplation of the Congress at the time. Yet some indication of a lack of any purpose to affect the rule may be drawn from the title of the Act which added the proviso, “An Act [T]o increase the fees of witnesses in the United States courts and before United States commissioners, and for other purposes” with no mention of any effect on taxable costs. It is hard to believe that the Assistant to the Attorney General was unfamiliar with the 100-mile rule in the light of the volume of government civil and admiralty litigation. This is particularly so in the light of the existence of Admiralty Rule 47, by which the Supreme Court, as early as 1920, recognized and enforced the 100-mile rule. The Supreme Court’s power over costs in admiralty was confirmed in the 1948 revision of Title 28, § 1925, without any reference to Rule 47. It seems quite anomalous to argue that the Congress which in 1948 confirmed the power of the Supreme Court over costs in admiralty in the face of existing Rule 47 applying the 100-mile travel costs limit, indirectly rejected it a year later by a statute not limited to civil cases.
In the interest of precise statement, I would adopt the formulation of the Ninth Circuit: “[Mjileage allowable should be that which was traveled within the district, or actual mileage traveled in and out of the district up to 100 miles, whichever is the greater.” Kemart Corp. v. Printing Arts Research Laboratories, Inc., supra, 232 F.2d at 904 (emphasis in original). The point is of more than formal interest in a circuit whose districts include some with distances of more than 100 miles from a seat of court. See Hayden v. Chalfant Press, Inc., 281 F.2d 543 (9 Cir. 1960).
Imposition of this limitation on costs is more in keeping with a fundamental choice in our legal system than allowing an unlimited reimbursement would be. Unlike some other countries we have always left the major portion of the expense of litigation to fall ultimately upon the party who bears it in the first instance. Recovery of attorney’s fees and major expenses of preparation for trial is with us the exception rather than the rule. If, perhaps, the victor in a just cause is not made entirely whole, the doors of our courts are not closed to the small litigant who cannot risk being ruined by the imposition of his adversary’s full expenses. The witness, of course, still recovers his full statutory fees under 28 U.S.C. § 1821. The effect of the existing rule is to divide this burden between the party summoning him and the party liable for the statutory costs, with the party who chooses to summon him bearing the larger portion of the costs when extensive travel is chosen in place of testimony by deposition or letters rogatory. I submit that this result will best promote the fair administration of justice in the district courts.
Judge Weinfeld was therefore correct in result in limiting the travel expense allowed as costs to each witness from without the district to $16.00 — 8f a mile for 100 miles each way for each trial.
Turning now to his rulings on other items we must determine whether there was an abuse of discretion in his disallowance of any of those taxed by the Clerk. At the outset we are faced with the fact that the judgment after the jury disagreement on the first trial was vacated by the reversal on appeal, so that Judge Palmieri’s findings as to the necessity and reasonableness of such items as transcript and photostatic copies of portions of exhibits for use at the trial were not binding on Judge Weinfeld in reviewing costs at the time of final judgment. These are matters in which, however, it would seem that great deference should be given by the second judge to the opportunity of the first judge, here Judge Palmieri, to weigh the situation then before him in assessing necessity. The second judge does, however, have an advantage of the additional developments before him subsequent to the first trial, which he may take into consideration. In the light of this, although the writer would as an original matter have been inclined to make the allowance made by Judge Palmieri, at least as to the necessity of photostats' and transcripts of pretrial depositions and perhaps also as to the necessity of daily transcript, there is surely ground for difference of opinion as to the necessity of photostats and transcript, let alone daily copy, in a trial of these rather simple, though hard fought, issues. It was therefore not an abuse of discretion to disallow the items, and as pointed out by the majority, our review of these items is not to determine whether the findings of Judge Weinfeld as to necessity and reasonableness are correct, but whether they are so grossly in error as to constitute an abuse of judicial discretion.
I would affirm the judgment for costs of $831.60.
CLARK, Circuit Judge (concurring in the dissent of Judge SMITH).
I concur completely in Judge Smith’s dissent, expressing, as it does, a wise public policy, buttressed by the overwhelming weight of authority and by long settled federal practice. But I venture a brief additional statement because of the great practical importance of the issue and because the ambiguities and policy conflicts of the majority opinion will require a re-evaluation of the problem either judicially or by rule-makers or legislators. The problem may be made concrete by considering the difficulties hereafter facing district court clerks and judges. Up to now — as shown by inquiry, as well as by the long list of precedents — the clerks have applied the 100-mile limitation on travel of witnesses routinely and substantially without dispute. Now they are faced with two opposing policy approaches and will not be able to act when the issue arises without a full-dress hearing and a court review.
In its attempt to straddle the division of policy disclosed below, the majority decision has all the earmarks of a compromise result. There is nothing inherently wrong in this; at times a compromise among views may be quite desirable. But care must be taken that it does not lead to illogical or conflicting results. Here in practical consequence we have lavish travel fees allowed on the round of litigation which the defendant lost, and denied on the round it won. The difficulty arises because the decision departs from the wise normal rule that one judge alone is responsible for the ultimate decision of a cause on trial and that this responsibility is not to be shared with or apportioned among those who have made preliminary or interlocutory rulings. As a matter of fact the decision does great injustice to the first judge here, because it holds him to rulings made at a preliminary stage, before much that is relevant had happened, and does not give him an opportunity to review and revise his actions in the light of later events. I regard the responsibility as centered in Judge Weinfeld; but if, contrary to this, we force him to divide it with Judge Palmieri, we should at least have given the latter the opportunity to review his holdings in the light of the full record.
Again it appears that the majority have lacked final courage to reach a completely hard-boiled result, as of course is shown by their reduction of the quite outrageous sum claimed of $11,900.12 (composed mainly of the cost of defendant’s bringing its own employees around the world) to $4,537.08, plus the cost allowed of the second trial, apparently $335.55. This sum, totaling nearly $5,-000, is not an inconsiderable item; but ironically that required some questionable rulings to reach it. Thus the expenses of witnesses Page and Swanson, totaling $2,064, were disallowed because they occupied otherwise unused space on a company plane. Except on the theory that two wrongs make a right, this cannot be justified, for it is settled on the authorities that costs for witnesses legally due are taxable, whether they have been paid to the witness or not. The taxing authority cannot be expected to go into the issue whether the witness may not have appeared voluntarily, making no claim for fees.
There are other factors which, to me, point also to the injustice of the result. At an early stage of the case, we very pointedly criticized lavish travel expenditures in reversing an order for a bond for costs which plaintiff was unable to furnish. Farmer v. Arabian American Oil Co., 2 Cir., 285 F.2d 720. When the defendant persisted, it would seem that the extra expenditures should have been at its own risk and from its own treasury. The majority are surely ill-advised in trying to claim support from the supposed equities; at best shifting sands, here these obviously favor the plaintiff as much as the defendant. And in the federal system we have provided ample means of securing testimony through depositions and interrogatories, making it reasonable, natural, and practical to limit repayment of travel costs to those only who can be required to come to court by exercise of the court’s subpoena power. Indeed, heretofore we have taken the position that a party’ preference for oral testimony must be weighed against the burden to his opponent, and an order for depositions or interrogatories must be substituted when travel costs will be burdensome. Hyam v. American Export Lines, 2 Cir., 213 F.2d 221, 222-223 (per Harlan, J.); Richmond v. Brooks, 2 Cir., 227 F.2d 490, 492. Nor is the claim at all realistic that these large allowances may at times favor the impecunious litigant. Such a litigant will not have the cash to advance originally; nor can he take the chance of being saddled with the cost ultimately. As Judge Smith so well demonstrates, this argument represents an approach to the English system, never accepted by us because of our conviction that it “favored the wealthy and unduly penalized the losing party.” Here the bill of costs, obviously ruinous to a plaintiff who could not afford a cost bond, can mean little more than an instrument of revenge to this great corporation. I submit that it is not wise policy, or consistent with our traditions, to put the decision of the lavishness of the trial for all practical purposes in the hands of the winning litigant.
Judge Smith gives a fair indication of the strength of the precedents for this traditional view, including the Supreme Court’s Admiralty Rule 47, although he does not exhaust the available number. With the recent cases repudiating the few earlier cases contra in the First Circuit, see Commerce Oil Refining Corp. v. Miner, D.C.R.I., 198 F.Supp. 895, the majority decision is supported only by certain district court decisions here which do not represent the law of our Circuit. And neither statute nor rule defines of what these court costs shall consist. As Judge Smith demonstrates, the decision represents an erroneous reading of the 1949 proviso to 28 U.S.C. § 1821 and its legislative history. The result reached below, D.C.S.D.N.Y., 31 F.R.D. 191, 197, of $831.60 — a not insubstantial sum in itself — is thus based upon strong precedent and long continued, substantially unbroken custom. It is fair and just. It should have been sustained here.
WATERMAN, Circuit Judge (in separate statement).
I dissent from the result reached by the majority of the court and agree with my brothers Clark, Smith and Hays that the judgment for costs of $831.60 should be affirmed.
I hold a somewhat different view from my colleagues and therefore submit this separate statement. It is my belief that Judge Weinfeld properly treated the motion before him as a motion addressed to his discretion and that he properly exercised his discretion in his disposition of that motion. I differ from the position taken in the opinions of the dissenters relative to the power Judge Weinfeld could exercise over the major items of dispute between the parties — the items relating to the proper taxation of transportation expenses of certain of the prevailing party’s witnesses who were not subpoenaed. See Judge Weinfeld’s discussion at 31 F.R.D. 191, 195-196.
When a motion to review the taxation of witness costs is presented to a district judge he surely should have in mind the rule my three dissenting brothers would inflexibly apply — the rule that recoverable witness mileage should be limited as of course to travel within the district, or, in the event of travel outside the district, to 100 miles of the place of hearing. Nevertheless, such a motion is a proper one to make, and the only purpose of the motion is to have the judge’s independent judgment exercised. It is obvious that Judge Weinfeld did have this long-standing rule in mind when he so properly held that the costs movant requested should not be allowed.
I would lay down a rule that, in the taxation of costs “as of course to the prevailing party” by the clerks of our district courts, the so-called “one hundred mile rule” must be followed in the first, instance, but I would not take away from a district judge the power to modify that taxation if motion be made to the judge so to do. There is always the rare case —which neither Judge Weinfeld nor I would find this case to be — where taxation inflexibility can work scandalous injustice.
. Section 1920 provides:
“A judge or clerk of any court of the United States may tax as costs the following: * * *
“ (3) Fees and disbursements for printing and witnesses.”
. Rule 45(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
“(e) Subpoena for a Hearing or Trial.
“(1) At the request of any party subpoenas for attendance at a hearing or trial shall be issued by the clerk of the district court for the district in which the hearing or trial is held. A subpoena requiring the attendance of a witness at a hearing or trial may be served at any place within the district, or at any place without the district that is within 100 miles of the place of the hearing or trial specified in the subpoena; and, when a statute of the United States provides therefor, the court upon proper application and cause shown may authorize the service of a subpoena at any other place.
“(2) A subpoena directed to a witness in a foreign country shall issue under the circumstances and in the manner and be served as provided in Title 28, U.S.O., § 1783.”
. From opinion by Judge Day, 198 F.Supp. . 895, 899:
“In the absence of any authoritative holding by the Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, I am constrained to follow the reasoning and logic of the rule prevailing in the majority of the federal courts. This rule imposes no undue hardships on a litigant, in view of the liberal provisions of Rule 26 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for the taking of the depositions of persons living outside the district where a case is pending, and for their use at the trial of such case. In the event a litigant feels that the testimony of a witness in person is essential, it is only right and proper that such litigant should bear the exeess in cost incident to his personal appearance before the trial court. Accordingly, the allowance for mileage for witnesses residing outside this district shall be limited to 100 miles each way.”
. “Admiralty Rule 47. Costs — travel of witnesses
“Traveling expenses of any witness for more than one hundred miles to and from the court or place of taking the testimony shall not be taxed as costs.”
. Judge Moure’s language in Barnhart v. Jones, supra, is often quoted:
«* * * The effect of a subpoena served outside the district is limited to 100 miles from the place of trial, and it seems only reasonable to infer that Congress must have intended to limit the taxation of mileage to the same distance. If a court in a country as vast as ours permitted taxation of the entire mileage of witnesses without limitation as to distance, an unbearable burden would be imposed upon the conduct of litigation. Such a course might in some cases lead to a result whereby, costs would be greater tilan the amount of the recovery.
“Economy in litigation is an essential element of justice. Taxation of unlimited mileage allowances is in derogation of this principle, and cannot be permitted.”
. Compare Galion Iron Works & Mfg. Co. v. Beckwith Machinery Co., 25 F.Supp. 591 (W.D.Pa.1938) with Raffold Process Corp. v. Castanea Paper Co., 25 F.Supp. 593 (W.D.Pa.1938).
. See Bank of America v. Loew’s International Corp., supra; Perlman v. Feldmann, supra.
. Thus the defendant’s defense of its discharge of the plaintiff was an attack on the latter’s professional competence, calling forth as bitter emotions as did the plaintiff’s attack on defendant’s hospital conditions. And there seems to have been a great deal of evidence not closely relevant involving plaintiff’s marital, litigious, and emotional instability. It should be recalled that it took two juries to settle the plaintiff’s fate; the first jury disagreed.
. Conte v. Flota Mercante del Estado, 2 Cir., 277 F.2d 664, 672, per Friendly, J., citing Goodhart, Costs, 38 Yale L.J. 849, 872-877 (1929).
. See, e. g., Annotation 4 to 28 U.S.C. § 1821.
. Bank of America v. Loew’s International Corp., D.C.S.D.N.Y., 163 F.Supp. 924, per Dawson, J.; Bennett Chemical Co. v. Atlantic Commodities, Ltd., D.C.S.D.N.Y., 24 F.R.D. 200, per Dawson, J.; Maresco v. Flota Mercante Grancolombiana, S.A., D.C.E.D.N.Y., 167 F.Supp. 845, per Byers, J. The case of Knox v. Anderson, D.C.Hawaii, 163 F.Supp. 822, rests on .a special statutory provision. See note 6 infra. Against these may be cited such -important Second Circuit cases as Perlman v. Feldmann, D.C.Conn., 116 F.Supp. 102, 115, per Hincks, J.; Gallagher v. Union Pac. R. Co., D.C.S.D.N.Y., 7 F.R.D. 208, per Caffey, J.; Ryan v. Arabian Am. Oil Co., D.C.S.D.N.Y., 18 F.R.D. 206, 208, per Bondy, J.; and other earlier •eases cited by Judge Smith.
. Thus F.R. 54(d) does not define costs, but leaves their fixing to statute or decisional law. And 28 U.S.C. § 1920 defines certain costs such as the fees of the clerk and marshal, but is pointedly unspecific in its subd. (3) covering “Fees and disbursements for printing and witnesses.”
. This proviso, 63 Stat. 65, to the standard mileage allowance statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1821, allowing actual travel expenses to witnesses “attending in any court of the United-States * * * who are required to travel between the Territories and possessions, or to and from the continental United States,” was obviously, passed with no intent to change the long standing federal practice, as Judge Smith demonstrates. Moreover, its wording does not bear the burden attempted to be put upon it, for by its terms it covers travel only between the place of trial and the places listed in the statute which do not include foreign countries. And the comment from the Assistant to the Attorney General adds nothing; the reference to “overseas travel” is to travel to or from the Territories and possessions. The only case on the proviso, Knox v. Anderson, D.C.Hawaii, 163 F.Supp. 822, involving travel between California and Hawaii (i. e., within its exact terms) expressed some reluctance to construing it as without the usual federal rule.
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