Document stringlengths 87 1.67M | Source stringclasses 5 values |
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A web audio player born for podcasts.
View on Github
Listening made easy
Seek control
Seek to any timestamp listed in your show notes.
03:05 Some info
04:05 Some other info
anchor.addEventListener('click', (e) => {
const href = e.target.getAttribute('href')
const time = formatTime(href)
instance.seek(time)
instance.play()
})
Synced timestamp
Share audio progress with query string url.
Copy shikwasa.js.org/#t=06:05 to the address bar of a new browser tab to witness the magic.
window.onload = () => {
const hash = window.location.hash
const time = formatTime(hash)
instance.seek(time)
}
Chapters
Interactive chapters
Better than show notes! Always let the audience know where they are by the highlighted chapter.
import { Player, Chapter } from 'shikwasa'
Shikwasa.use(Chapter)
const player = new Player({
audio: {
src: '...',
chapters: [
{
title: 'Final Q&A',
startTime: 2300,
endTime: 4500,
},
]
},
})
Jump to the desired chapter in no time with updateChapter.
to a random chapter
Track content popularity
Know what your audience cares about.
instance.on('chapterchange', (newChapter, oldChapter) => {
recordAudienceBehavior(newChapter, oldChapter)
})
If the chapter data is unknown to you, but the audio file has id3tagv2-chapters data, we support reading and organizing chapter data with a little help of an external library. Learn more
Accessibility aware
Keyboard control
Seek to audio position with PageUp PageDown Home End , or simply play around with Tab Space ⏯︎ (⏯︎ control requires specifying an audio source first) .
Bonus: The focus outline is visible only when you navigates with a keyboard.
ARIA support
Visually impaired people deserve an accessible listening experience. ARIA markup, check.
Theme
Dark mode
Choose among .
Theme color
Blend it in with your site. Any color.
Customization
Although we'd like to keep things simple for you, feel free to get your hands dirty.
More...
• No dependencies
• Audio element not existing in DOM
• Live audio stream support
• Notice how the other player automatically paused when a new player starts playing? Shikwasa has full of these delightful details. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Pyrgos, Boeotia
Pyrgos (Πύργος Βοιωτίας) is a small village in Boeotia, possible site of Homeric Nisa (Iliad 2.508). It is named after a ruined medieval tower, with a notable Mycenaean element, that overlooks the village from a nearby hill. The hill is dedicated to Agia Marina Pyrgos, or St. Marina of Pyrgos. The town forms part of the municipality of Orchomenos. | WIKI |
Putin Says His Return to Kremlin Will Strengthen Rule in Russia
Prime Minister Vladimir Putin said
his decision to return to the presidency next year will
strengthen Russia’s political system. “The decision that we took with Medvedev is absolutely
right and won’t weaken but will strengthen the system of
government in Russia,” Putin said in an interview with Chinese
state media in Beijing today. “We are counting on the support
of the electorate.” Putin, 59, said on Sept. 24 he’ll seek to return to the
presidency in March elections, pushing aside his protege, Dmitry Medvedev , who replaced him in the Kremlin for four years because
of a constitutional ban on three consecutive presidential terms. Two more six-year terms would give Putin 24 years as
Russia’s head of state, making him the longest-serving leader
since the Soviet Union’s Josef Stalin . To contact the reporters on this story:
Ilya Arkhipov in Beijing at
iarkhipov@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Balazs Penz at
bpenz@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Paqu Paquni
Paqu Paquni (Aymara paqu paqu sorrel colored, paqu a kind of edible herb, the reduplication indicates that there is a group or a complex of something, -ni a suffix to indicate ownership, "the sorrel colored one" or "the one with a complex of the paqu herb", Hispanicized spelling Pacopacone) is a 5031 m mountain in the Andes of Peru. It is situated in the Moquegua Region, General Sánchez Cerro Province, Chojata District, east of Jukumarini Lake. | WIKI |
Focus on: Acne
Most people get spots at some stage, but for some, they can become a serious problem.
Reports suggest that up to 15 per cent of men and 5 per cent of women in their 40s are affected.The latest Acne Support Group survey shows that 15 per cent of sufferers feel suicidal and 75 per cent are depressed because of acne.
Here, we take a look at this common skin condition.
What causes it?
Acne is a bacterial infection caused by imbalances of the male hormone testosterone (present in men and women). Dermatologists have found that the skin of acne sufferers is highly sensitive to fluctuations in levels of testosterone.
This hormone stimulates oil-producing sebaceous glands, making them pump out more oil. The dead cells near the skin's surface slow their rate of shedding and clog the pores. This forms a tiny blockage - the starting point for all types of acne.
This is a perfect environment for the acne bacteria on the skin to multiply and leads to infection and inflammation.
What are the symptoms?
Acne can range from several isolated spots and blackheads to huge rashes of spots, coupled with red, inflamed skin, usually on the cheeks, forehead and chin. It can spread to the neck, back and chest.
If left untreated, severe acne infections can leave the skin permanently scarred.
Can diet help?
Probably not. Many people still assume acne is caused by lifestyle factors and that eating less fatty food, washing your face more often or getting sun and fresh air can get rid of it. Studies have shown that while these can make a difference to pimples they don't impact on acne.
What are the treatments?
If over-the-counter creams haven't worked, visit your doctor to discuss a course of treatment, probably antibiotics or, with women, the contraceptive Pill, to control hormones. Expect to wait two months to see full effects.
Antibiotics
Topical: Antibiotic creams are absorbed into the skin and help reduce the bacteria in the skin, while reducing inflammation.
Oral: Antibiotics should be given for no less than six months.
The Pill
Combination contraceptive Pills contain oestrogen and progesterone. The female hormone oestrogen has an anti-testosterone effect.
Dianette contains a medium dose of oestrogen and the drug Cyproterone Acetate that combats the effects of testosterone in the body.
Lotions and creams
Benzoyl Peroxide: This has a ' stripping' effect so it is common to see a reaction, from mild redness to peeling and soreness. Start with a low percentage concentration to help your skin get used to it.
Retinoid Acid: Based on a derivative of vitamin A. It works on noninflammatory lesions (blackheads and whiteheads).
Salicylic Acid: Originates from the same plant ingredient found in aspirin. Can be helpful in tackling bacteria, the main culprit of inflamed acne. Available from chemists in a solution form to be used as a wash.
Nicotinamide: Vitamin B2 derivative helpful for more inflamed spots. Apply twice a day to affected areas to reduce redness and inflammation.
Adapalene: New gel which is chemically similar to Retinoid. It helps inflamed and non-inflamed acne. Some say it causes less irritation than other creams.
Zindaclin: New treatment with zinc, which enhances the effectiveness of the antibiotic Clindamycin.
Exfoliants: Less commonly prescribed; reduce build-up of dead skin cells by abrasive action.
Isotretinoin: Synthetic form of vitamin A used when other treatments have failed. Restricted to hospital use only, and prescribed by a consultant dermatologist.
It may cause the skin to become sensitive to the sun. There are also serious risks to an unborn baby, so women are often prescribed the Pill at the same time. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Improving solar cell efficiency through hydrogen bonding: A method for tuning active layer morphology
Taner Aytun, Leonel Barreda, Amparo Ruiz-Carretero, Jessica A. Lehrman, Samuel I. Stupp
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
70 Scopus citations
Abstract
The morphology of the active layer in organic photovoltaics is critical in the optimization of device efficiencies. Most strategies aimed at improving morphology are focused mainly on annealing methods or the use of solvent additives. By using diketopyrrolopyrrole derivatives as donors and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester as electron acceptors, we report here on the effect of hydrogen bonding on active layer morphology and solar cell efficiency. We specifically compared two asymmetric derivatives, one containing an amide bond capable of forming hydrogen bonds with one containing an ester bond in the same position. Although both molecules have very similar optoelectronic properties, films of the ester revealed greater crystallinity and π-π stacking as characterized by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. In great contrast, active layers formed with the amide derivative formed short fiber-like supramolecular aggregates with much smaller domain sizes and less order as characterized by atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Interestingly, devices fabricated with the amide-fullerene combination have a greater short circuit current (JSC) leading to a 50% increase in power conversion efficiency compared to devices formed with the ester derivative. We conclude that the effective competition of hydrogen bonding over extensive π-π stacking results in morphologies that lead to higher photovoltaic efficiencies.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)1201-1209
Number of pages9
JournalChemistry of Materials
Volume27
Issue number4
DOIs
StatePublished - Feb 24 2015
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:
© 2015 American Chemical Society.
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Dive into the research topics of 'Improving solar cell efficiency through hydrogen bonding: A method for tuning active layer morphology'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:The international cricket match.djvu/39
21 an agreeable and innocent recreation of mind and body at the same time, than by the noble game of Cricket; and happily for society, this seems to be the popular and prevailing opinion, thereby keeping men from worse occupations, and places where idlers "most do congregate."
From the earliest historical period, we find some kind of game played with a ball, a favorite and generally practised gymnastic exercise. Homer gives us an account of one in his "Odyssey." The young Spartans, Athenians, and Romans played ball, as their favorite and common recreation. With the students of France, Germany and Italy, during the middle ages, it continued a popular amusement, great skill being appreciated, and sometimes honored.
There have been various games of ball, known from the earliest periods; the four that have come down to us, as most in favor, are and
At present, we have only to do with. To give my hearers therefore some insight into its history, I will state that the best authorities think that it takes its origin from an ancient game called club ball, bats being used in that game.
The name Cricket is probably derived from an Anglo-Saxon word Cricce, signifying a staff or bat.
The name Cricket, as given to this game, does not appear to have been used before the year 1685. During the next century, (1700,) the name is frequently mentioned in the ballads of the day.
To be played well, it is a game requiring the union of bodily strength, activity, great nerve, and good temper; powers of mind to determine quickly what is to be done, and in what manner it can be done best and safest.
About the year 1786, cricket began to attract attention in England, but during the present century, it has grown so wonderfully in favor with all classes—with gentlemen and professional players, as they are known there, these terms including all sorts and conditions of men, of whatever degree they may be in society, who play the game—that now there is not a village or town, without one or more Cricket Clubs.
The popularity and fascination of the game in England has extended to our shores. By way of keeping up pleasant recollections of "their Fatherland," and the pastimes of their youth, several gentlemen at New York from England, associated themselves in 1838, under the title of the St. Georges's Club, and occasionally | WIKI |
4 min read
The Downside Of Sports
Whether recreational or professional, sports are an important part of American culture. Sports connect people and push players to the limit mentally and physically. Unfortunately, injuries happen to millions of athletes at all levels every year. With some sports, like football, for instance, injuries are almost inevitable. The following 4 sports injuries are the most common and require treatment, which can sometimes include surgery.
1. Tennis elbow, aka epicondylitis
Most sports require repetitive use of the arms, particularly the elbows. That’s why tennis elbow or epicondylitis is one of the more common injuries. The elbow has tendons that stretch over the elbow and outer arm. These ligaments are prone to tears due to overuse. As the name suggests, tennis elbow happens with tennis players, but golfers, baseball players, and basketballers are also at risk. The condition causes pain and inflammation on the outer arm, reduced range of motion, and muscle weakness.
Treating your tennis elbow
Most cases can benefit from non-surgical options. These include using anti-inflammatory medication, icing, and bracing the elbow. If these fail to bring relief, physical therapy and steroid injections can help with long-term pain. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary. Using minimally invasive surgery, an orthopedic surgeon removes damaged tissue.
2. The dreaded ACL tear
ACL tears are one of the most common and most feared lower body sports injuries. The injury is notorious for requiring a long recovery time. The ACL or anterior cruciate ligament is located behind the kneecap. This ligament connects the thigh and shin bones, forming an X with the PCL. The ligament helps with sudden turns of direction, flexibility, and bursts of speed. Torn ACLs are common among football players, soccer players, and basketballers.
Turning to surgery
ACL tears make the knee unstable and painful. To get back to a high-performing level, surgery is the only option. ACL surgery has reached new heights over the years. Now, minimally invasive techniques can remove and replace the damaged ligament with a donor ligament or graft. ACL recovery times can take between 9-12 months or more, depending on physical therapy progress.
3. Rotator cuff tears
Shoulders play just as vital a role in sports as arms and legs. Shoulders help the arms move, rotate, and even propel the body for added speed. The shoulder is a joint formed with the humerus and scapula. Several tendons and ligaments wrap around the joint called the rotator cuff. Should these tissues tear, the shoulder becomes painful, and there is a reduced range of motion. Rotator cuff tears can happen at any age and sporting level and should be addressed immediately.
Your tear needs some TLC
Leaving a tear unmanaged can cause further weakness and loss of motion. Luckily, the treatment is simple, depending on the degree of the injury. Partial tears can benefit from conservative treatment like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ice, rest, and physical therapy. Complete tears are more severe and require surgery. Rotator cuff surgery requires the surgeon to reattach the tendon to the upper arm bone. In some cases, the surgeon may perform a debridement which is smoothing out the damaged tear. Full recovery can take between 4-6 months with pain management and physical therapy.
4. Sciatica has some nerve
Surprisingly, sciatica affects hundreds of thousands of athletes every year. Sciatica originates from lower back pain due to a herniated disc or conditions like spinal stenosis. In some cases, piriformis syndrome, a strain of the muscle in the buttock, can cause sciatica. Shifts in discs or spinal spaces can press on the sciatic nerve. This nerve runs down each leg and, when impacted, can cause severe nerve pain.
Treating your sciatic pain
Sciatica responds well to non-surgical treatment. Long periods of rest and anti-inflammatory meds can keep the nerve pain at bay. If that fails, a doctor may try steroid injections near the strain or herniated disc. Combined with physical therapy, these non-surgical methods are pretty effective. In severe cases, minimally invasive surgery can help by giving the nerves some breathing room.
Injury is not the end
Unfortunately, injury is a part of sports. Some are minor strains, sprains, and splints. Others are more severe and more common. The smart move is not to ignore the injury. Some, like ACL tears, are hard to ignore. Others can be more subtle, chronic pain. If pain, swelling, and tenderness affect performance, seek treatment from a sports doctor or family medical practitioner today. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Association between shell color of breeds (Lamarck, 1819) and the survival, growth and larval development of their progenies
Ricardo M. García, Federico M. Winkler
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3856/vol40-issue2-fulltext-11
Marine bivalve mollusks are extremely diverse in shell color and pigmentation patterns. Such diversity is affected by environmental and genetic factors. Some evidences in adult marine bivalves shows that individuals with low-frequency shell colors have lower growth rates and/or higher mortalities than those with the most frequent shell colors. Knowing that Argopecten purpuratus shell color variation is under genetic control, in this work we test the hypothesis that loci that control shell color variation also affect larvae’s growth rate, survival and/or development rate. Survival, growth and development rates were estimated in larvae produced in different crosses between brooders of A. purpuratus having low frequency shell colors (white or orange) and “normal” (brown) color. Results showed no significant differences in growth rates between larvae produced by crosses that involved brown shell parents, or orange by white parents. However, progenies of self fertilized orange and white parents showed significant differences in growth among them, and a lower growth rate than the remaining crosses. Results suggest that genes that control shell color variation in juvenile and adult A. purpuratus could affect the growth rates of their larvae, but not the development rate or survival.
García R, Winkler F. Association between shell color of breeds (Lamarck, 1819) and the survival, growth and larval development of their progenies. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res.. 2017;40(2): 367-375. Available from: doi:10.3856/vol40-issue2-fulltext-11 [Accessed 18 Aug. 2022].
García, R., & Winkler, F. (2017). Association between shell color of breeds (Lamarck, 1819) and the survival, growth and larval development of their progenies. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 40(2), 367-375. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol40-issue2-fulltext-11 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Jefferypink/sandbox
Jordan Crandall is a media artist, theorist, and performer. He is Professor in the Visual Arts Department at University of California, San Diego. | WIKI |
Talk:Dungeon Keeper/GA1
GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''
Reviewer: Canadian Paul (talk · contribs) 13:20, 18 November 2016 (UTC)
One of my favourite games of all time, so I'll take this one on... should have the review completed within a day or two. Canadian Paul 13:20, 18 November 2016 (UTC)
* 1) I'm not sure that this even falls under GA criteria, but I thought I'd bring this up since it does impact the flow a little bit... is there any reason that the "Gameplay" section has random technical details glued to the end of it? I sort of get the multiplayer information, since that is about how one plays the game, but the technical information seems out of place here. Could it be better placed (for flow) as a subheading of either game play or development?
* 2) In fact, in terms of comprehensiveness, I feel like the article is missing a little bit of discussion on some of those technical aspects, such as graphics, the platforms it was released on, the music... I feel that there's a whole section missing here that could be titled "technical details and release" (which could steal some elements that are already present in development) or something like that, as some of these details are implied in the "development" section, but never stated explicitly (for example, it is mentioned that the game was ported to Windows 95, but there's no explicit mention of the DOS version). Overall, there's a bit of a problem with the prose jumping from place to place at the time, which makes it difficult to read/understand for the uninitiated and finding a home for these pieces may help that. Some of this is mentioned in the lead, but per WP:LEAD, there should be no information in the lead that is not present in the main body of the article.
* 3) While we're talking about the lead, it is mentioned that "The Avatar from the Ultima series appears as the final hero", but the body only notes that it's an Avatar and neither claims (nor cites) that it is the Avatar from Ultima. Also mentioned in the lead, but not the body "Dungeon Keeper was followed by a sequel, Dungeon Keeper 2, in 1999."
* 4) Under "Development", third paragraph, "Barnes considered it a 'great game decision'", direct quotations must have a direct citation immediately thereafter, even if it is the same one from the end of the paragraph.
I'm going to go ahead and place the article on hold for a period of up to seven days so that these concerns can be addressed. I'm always open to discussion so if you think I'm wrong on something leave your thoughts here and we'll discuss. I'll be checking this page often, so I should notice any comments left here. Canadian Paul 16:30, 19 November 2016 (UTC)
* How's the article now? I've added mentions of the DOS version and music, but can't find much about the graphics, other than Healey doing them, and a lot of them. There's a mention of a PSX version, but I'm not sure if it is a serious one. I've changed the article to say the Avatar resembles Ultima VIII's Avatar, as I have no secondary source that says it actually is the same character. I've also added another review and changed some sources (about Dungeon Keeper Gold and the Deeper Dungeons) to better ones. In what way is the prose disorganised? Adam9007 (talk) 02:56, 20 November 2016 (UTC)
* I think your edits have taken care of most of my concerns. In terms of the disorganization of the prose, it was easier to fix than to explain, so I've gone ahead and done it. I think if you were working towards an FA, this would require some more development (for example, I can see some people thinking the gameplay section is too detailed, even though I think it is fine), but since I don't see anything here that is in violation of the GA criteria, I'm going to go ahead and pass it as such. Congratulations and thank you for your hard work! Canadian Paul 08:23, 20 November 2016 (UTC) | WIKI |
by Alison Thurlow
Suitable for Key Stage 1/2
To consider what makes for a good team (SEAL theme: Relationships).
Preparation and materials
- Find an image of the Twelve Apostles with their names and have the means to display it during the assembly as you read the story (optional).
- Prepare an image showing the two suggestions listed in the ‘Time for reflection’ section at the end and have the means to display it during the assembly (optional).
Familiarize yourself with ‘The 12 Apostles Song’ by Ishmael, Kids Praise Party 1 (Spring Harvest, 2012), ready to sing it at the end of the assembly.
1. Explain that today you want everyone to think about how we get on with different types of people and what that means in relation to teams.
2. Ask the children to turn to the person next to them and talk about things that are the same for both of them (for example, they are both in the same class, both have blue eyes, are both six years old and so on).
After a few minutes, ask them to volunteer a few of their answers.
3. Then ask them to turn back to their partners again and, this time, talk about the things that are different (such as their height, colour of their hair and so on).
Again, have the children share a few of their answers.
4. Go on to say that you might think that, because they are all members of the same school, they would be very similar, but the truth is they are all unique and different. Everyone has different interests, different tastes, different opinions, different habits.
The fact that they are all so different makes for a very interesting school because all those differences put together make a strong team, as long as they can all get on well together.
5. Say that you are now going to tell them a story from the Bible about Jesus picking his team – a team that is made up of lots of different types of people. In the New Testament part of the Bible, we can read many stories that tell of all the different types of people Jesus had as friends, but one story in Luke 6, which is in the New Testament, tells us that Jesus selected 12 very special friends to be his apostles.
Jesus chooses the Twelve Apostles
Jesus climbed to the top of a big hill with his disciples and, when they got to the top, he chose 12 of them to become his apostles. He said:
‘I have asked you to come with me today because I have chosen you to be my very special friends. In fact, I’m going to give you a special name, too: I’m going to call you my apostles.’
The 12 men looked at each other, wondering what Jesus meant, but not quite liking to ask him. Jesus seemed to guess what was on their minds because he went on to say:
‘I want you to travel round with me. I also want you to tell other people about me and I will give you the ability to do some truly wonderful things in my name.’
Display the image of the Twelve Apostles, if using.
The names of those 12 men were Simon Peter, his brother, Andrew, James and his brother, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, another James, another Simon, Judas and Judas Iscariot. For three years, they travelled around with Jesus, doing all the things Jesus had told them they would do.
6. Explain that we do not know very much about all of the Twelve Apostles, but we do know some things. Simon Peter and Andrew were brothers, as we just heard, as were James and John, and they were all fishermen; Simon Peter was also a bit of a loudmouth who didn’t always stop to think about what he was going to say; Matthew was a tax collector; Thomas often doubted things and asked lots of questions and Judas turned out to be not quite such a good friend after all, because he betrayed Jesus to the soldiers.
Other people were quite surprised that Jesus chose some of these men to be his special friends, but Jesus did choose them, differences and all! They became a great team – in fact, they became a world-changing team and learned to accept each other’s differences and worked well together.
Time for reflection
I have been wondering what we can learn from today’s story that could help us to become a strong team in this school. I have come up with two suggestions:
– learn to accept people who are different from you – it is having all the different sorts of people here that makes this school such an interesting place to be
– notice somebody who is good at something you are not so good at and say, ‘Well done!’ to them for what they are doing.
Ask the children to sit quietly for a few seconds to think about your suggestions and consider what they could do about them.
Thank you that you chose all different kinds of people to be in your team.
Thank you that there are so many different kinds of people here in our school.
Please help us all to be a strong team together.
‘The 12 Apostles Song’ by Ishmael, Kids Praise Party 1 (Spring Harvest, 2012) | FINEWEB-EDU |
Gilead Revenues Increase 26% In Fourth Quarter Driven By Remdesivir Sales
Gilead Sciences posted fourth quarter and full year results yesterday that surpassed analysts’ expectations, largely driven by sales of its COVID-19 treatment, Remdesivir, which is sold under the brand name Veklury.
Gilead (GILD) reported revenues excluding Remdisivir of $5.4 billion for Q4 and $21.5 billion for full year 2020. This represents a year-on-year drop of 7% and 3%, respectively.
However, revenues including Remdesivir tell a different story. $1.9 billion worth of Remdesivir was sold in the fourth quarter alone. Total revenues for the fourth quarter came in at around $7.4 billion, beating analysts’ forecasts of $7.03 billion.
This led to an increase in revenue in the fourth quarter by 26% year-on year and 10% for full year 2020.
Daniel O’Day, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Gilead, said, “Gilead continues to play a central role in the pandemic, with Veklury now treating one in two hospitalized patients in the United States. At the same time, we continue to meet the needs of people living with HIV, cancer, viral hepatitis and other conditions.”
Meanwhile, fourth quarter EPS grew 99% year-on-year to $2.19, beating analysts’ estimates of $2.01, with full year EPS growing 16% to $7.09 compared to 2019. (See Gilead stock analysis on TipRanks)
Oppenheimer analyst Hartaj Singh reiterated his Buy rating on Gilead yesterday, setting his price target at $100. This implies upside potential of around 52% from current levels.
Singh expects Gilead to post EPS of $0.29 for the first quarter of 2021. Meanwhile, the company projected full year 2021 earnings of $7.10 per share, which is higher than the $6.85 previously expected by the Street, according to Refinitiv.
Consensus among analysts is a Moderate Buy based on 9 Buys and 8 Holds. The average analyst price target of $76.58 suggests upside potential of around 16% over the next 12 months.
Based on 8 unique factors, Gilead scores a "Perfect 10" Smart Score, which implies that the stock is expected to outperform the market moving forward.
Related News:
CoreLogic Snapped Up For $6B By Stone Point Capital and Insight
Skechers Dips 4.6% On 4Q Profit Miss
Monmouth’s 1Q AFFO Disappoints; Shares Drop
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Yogesh Chauhan's Blog
Advanced Array Methods in JavaScript (with examples)
in JavaScript on May 12, 2020
What are Advanced Array Methods?
JavaScript has built in functions for dealing with arrays that can simplify the code, make it easier to read and in the end, make it easier to debug.
These methods that allow arrow functions to be used when working with arrays.
Basically, these methods modify the array and we don’t need to write whole bunch of code which saves lots of time.
We saw Higher Order Functions earlier and we saw many of these array methods over there and how they helped us minimize our code. We will see some more examples in this article.
Examples
1. Array.prototype.pop()
The pop() method removes the last element from an array and returns that element. This method changes the length of the array.
If you call pop() on an empty array, it returns undefined.
Syntax
arr.pop()
Advanced Array Methods in JavaScript
2. Array.prototype.sort()
The sort() method sorts the elements of an array in place and returns the sorted array.
The default sort order is ascending.
Syntax
arr.sort([compareFunction])
where
compareFunction Specifies a function that defines the sort order. If omitted, the array elements are converted to strings, then sorted according to each character’s Unicode code point value.
Advanced Array Methods in JavaScript
Another Example: Sort numbers in an array in ascending order
Advanced Array Methods in JavaScript
3. Array.prototype.shift()
The shift() method removes the first element from an array and returns that removed element or it returns undefined if the array is empty.
Syntax
arr.shift()
Advanced Array Methods in JavaScript
4. Array.prototype.unshift()
The unshift() method adds new items to the beginning of an array, and returns the new length.
Syntax
array.unshift(item1, item2, ..., itemX)
At least one parameter is required.
Advanced Array Methods in JavaScript
5. Array.prototype.find()
The find() method returns the value of the first element in an array that pass a test (provided as a function).
The find() method executes the function once for each element present in the array and if it finds an array element where the function returns a true value, find() returns the value of that array element and does not check the remaining values. If it doesn’t find any matching element, then it returns undefined.
Syntax
array.find(function(currentValue, index, arr),thisValue)
where
currentValue is Required which is the value of the current element,
index is optional which is the array index of the current element and arr is optional which is the array object the current element belongs to.
Lastly, thisValue is optional which is a value to be passed to the function to be used as its “this” value. If this parameter is empty, the value “undefined” will be passed as its “this” value.
Advanced Array Methods in JavaScript
6. Array.prototype.findIndex()
The findIndex() method returns the index of the first element in an array that pass a test (provided as a function).
The findIndex() method executes the function once for each element present in the array and if it finds an array element where the function returns a true value, findIndex() returns the value of that array element and does not check the remaining values. If it doesn’t find any matching element, then it returns -1.
Syntax
array.findIndex(function(currentValue, index, arr),thisValue)
where
currentValue is Required which is the value of the current element,
index is optional which is the array index of the current element and arr is optional which is the array object the current element belongs to.
Lastly, thisValue is optional which is a value to be passed to the function to be used as its “this” value. If this parameter is empty, the value “undefined” will be passed as its “this” value.
Advanced Array Methods in JavaScript
7. Array.prototype.flat()
The flat() method creates a new array with all sub-array elements concatenated into it recursively up to the specified depth.
Syntax
var newArray = arr.flat([depth]);
where
depth (optional) is the depth level specifying how deep a nested array structure should be flattened. Defaults to 1.
Advanced Array Methods in JavaScript
8. Array.prototype.flatMap()
The flatMap() method first maps each element using a mapping function, then flattens the result into a new array.
It is identical to a map() followed by a flat() of depth 1, but flatMap() is often quite useful, as merging both into one method is slightly more efficient.
Syntax
var new_array = arr.flatMap(function callback(currentValue[, index[, array]]) { // return element for new_array }[, thisArg])
Where
currentValue is the current element being processed in the array,
index (Optional) is the index of the current element being processed in the array,
array (Optional) is the array map was called upon,
thisArg (Optional) is the value to use as this when executing callback.
Advanced Array Methods in JavaScript
Sources
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PRECIOUS-Gold heads for 2nd weekly gain on growth concerns
(Adds details and comments, updates prices)
* Palladium set for third straight weekly gain
* Platinum sees best week since early Jan
By Arijit Bose
Feb 22 (Reuters) - Gold held steady on Friday, on course forits second straight weekly gain, with weak economic data fromthe United States compounding worries about a global slowdownwhile investors await concrete signals on U.S.-China tradetalks.
Spot gold XAU= was little changed at $1,322.06 per ounceas of 1038 GMT. The metal was headed for a second straightweekly rise, up almost 0.1 percent this week, having scaled a10-month peak at $1,346.73 on Wednesday.
U.S. gold futures GCcv1 were up 0.1 percent at $1,329.1per ounce.
"The market is expecting the dollar to weaken. We expectgrowth in the U.S. to slow," said Natixis analyst BernardDahdah.
The dollar index .DXY was little changed versus six majorcurrencies, but was set for its biggest weekly fall in a month.The U.S. unit, which was increasingly sought as a refuge forinvestors against the backdrop of the U.S.-China trade spat, hasbeen pressured recently on signs of a breakthrough intalks. USD/urn:newsml:reuters.com:*:nL1N20G257
Minutes of the U.S. Federal Reserve's latest meeting painteda slightly less dovish than expected picture on the future ofinterest rates, weighing on gold over the last two sessions.
Higher interest rates reduce investor interest innone-yielding bullion.
However, data showing that new orders for key U.S.-madecapital goods unexpectedly fell in December on declining demandfor machinery and primary metals, revived some marketexpectations that the central bank would halt its rate hikingcycle this year.
This added to jitters over a slowdown elsewhere, includingEurope and China, which analysts said has bolstered appeal forgold, considered a safe store of value during economic andpolitical uncertainty.
"The main target (for gold) is still the technicallyimportant area between $1,350 and $1,360 above which would be aone year high," said Ronan Manly, a precious metals analyst atBullionStar Singapore.
Investor attention has turned to the culmination of tradetalks between U.S. and Chinese negotiators, which has shownsigns of promise of late.
However, holdings of SPDR Gold TrustGLD , the world'slargest gold-backed exchange-traded fund, dropped 0.63 percentto 789.51 tonnes on Thursday.
The slight pullback in ETF holdings should not be read as ashift in stance by gold investors since the levels are stillclose to the highs recorded at the beginning of this year,Natixis' Dahdah said.
Elsewhere, palladium XPD= gained 1 percent to $1,483.98per ounce, having surpassed the psychologically significant$1,500 level for the first time on Feb. 20.
The autocatalyst metal was on track for a third straightweek of gains, up about 3.6 percent.
Platinum XPT= rose 0.7 percent to $825.10, and was set forits best week since early January. Silver XAG= was up 0.2percent to $15.85, poised to snap two consecutive weekly losses. (Reporting by Arijit Bose and Karthika Suresh Namboothiri inBengaluru; editing by Emelia Sithole-Matarise) ((Arijit.Bose@thomsonreuters.com; Within U.S. +1 651 848 5832,Outside U.S. +91 8067495254; Reuters Messaging:Arijit.Bose.thomsonreuters.com@reuters.net))
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Cell Death and Injury
Objectives
In this Course we intend to deepen the study of the cellular and molecular processes involved in the different types of cell death, and in the cellular response to the injury. In parallel we will address methods of evaluation of different stages of cell death, as well as development of drugs and research of therapeutic targets.
It is expected that at the end of this course students will have achieved the following general competences: i) understanding the concept of oxidative stress; ii) to understand, through practical cases, the concept of cellular injury and the mechanisms activated in the endogenous response to the injury; iii) enumerate and distinguish different types and cell death, relating the inductors and mechanisms involved; iv) to identify the deregulation of the mechanisms involved in cell death as being the basis of several diseases; v) to use the acquired concepts and to understand strategies and therapeutic targets to modulate cell death in the different diseases; vi) acquisition of research skills of recent literature on subjects taught, in order to expose and critically discuss scientific works in the area; Vii) to acquire laboratory skills and contact with methodologies currently used in the evaluation of different injury and cell death parameters.
General characterization
Code
12107
Credits
3.0
Responsible teacher
Margarida Casal Ribeiro Castro Caldas Braga
Hours
Weekly - 2
Total - 34
Teaching language
Português
Prerequisites
None
Bibliography
Molecular Cell Biology. Lodish et al. 7th Ed. WH Freeman & Company, NY 2012
Molecular Biology of the Cell. Alberts et al. 5th Ed. Garland Science, NY 2007
Scientific papers
Teaching method
Lectures will be based on textbook material and selected papers from the current literature.
Practical lessons include experiments, and analysis and discussion of the results.
Evaluation method
I) Frequency of the course:
1. Attendance to the practical classes will be required .
2. Participation in practical classes is recorded in attendance sheets.
4. Delays longer than 20 min. from the start time of the practical class will prevent the student from attending that class.
5. Missing assessment days do not imply the completion of the assessment on another day.
6. Medical certificates or other justification for absences will only be accepted until one week after the day of absence.
II) Evaluation:
The final grade of the course (0-20 val) results from the sum of the grades obtained in 2 components, which must be equal to or greater than 9.5 val:
1. Theoretical / practical evaluation component: (1 presentation of the results obtained in classes P; 30% of the final grade, 6 val). On October 30th 2020.
2. project evaluation component: written group work on topics proposed by the teachers (70% of the final grade, 14 val).
Subject matter
Theoretical classes
1. Oxidative stress: inducers, mechanisms involved and adaptation of cells and tissues to oxidative stress; Nrf2 system and endogenous antioxidants
2. Cell death in homeostasis and deregulation of cell death in pathological processes: necrosis, apoptosis, necroptosis and other forms of cell death.
2.1. General mechanisms of activation of the cell death process
2.2. Molecular mechanisms involved in the process of cell death
2.3. Cell organelles as modulators and targets of the processes involved in cell death
2.4. Cellular response to injury and reversibility of the cell death process
2.5. Deregulation of cell death in several pathologies: cancer, autoimmune diseases and infections
2.6. Deregulation of cell death in several pathologies: degenerative diseases.
3. Role of autophagy in the regulation of cell death.
3.1. Cell organelles as modulators and targets of the processes involved in autophagy.
4. Modulation of cell death. Development of drugs and research of therapeutic targets.
Practical classes:
1. Evaluation of oxidative stress
1.1. Griess reaction
1.2. Evaluation of ROS: staining with DCF-DA dye
2. Evaluation of cell death (apoptosis/necrosis)
2.1. Evaluation of nuclear morphology with Hoechst staining
2.2. Evaluation of lactate desidrogenase activity (LDH assay)
Programs
Programs where the course is taught: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
John-Paul Kaplan
John-Paul Kaplan (born September 19, 1982), is an American record producer, composer, and pianist.
Early life
He was born to Slovakian parents, Julius and Rozalia Kaplan on September 19, 1982. His interest in music was evident since his early childhood. He first started playing the organ at age five, then the piano at age seven.
John-Paul attended Northridge Prep High School where he accompanied the schools' musicals and drama productions. He continued studying classical music under the direction of Doreen Sterba DeZur. He was an outstanding pianist for his age, achieving top honors on the music competition circuit nationwide. He then studied biology, chemistry, and genetics at Elmhurst College.
Career
In 2006, John-Paul founded Messenger Productions and Keys of Time Music. In that same year, Messenger Productions released his first album, "This Is The Day". It is a collection of captivating, uplifting, and inspiring hymns that people are familiar with.
"This Is The Day" won the Unity Award for Best Instrumental Album of the Year. The Unity Awards are given by the UCMVA. (The United Catholic Music Video Association) He was also nominated for Best New Artist of the Year and his song "Reflections of Prayer" was nominated as Best Song of the Year.
His next album released by Keys of Time Music was "My Favorite Piano, Volume 1". This album includes well loved piano classics arranged with modern touch and flair. It was nominated by the UCMVA for The Best Instrumental Album of the Year.
John-Paul performs and arranges all of his own music. His musical arrangements are fun and entertaining, receiving rave reviews worldwide. His music is considered by many to be like that of Roger Williams, Peter Nero, and Liberace.
He is a voting member of the Recording Academy, the Songwriters Guild, the National Music Association, and the Catholic Association of Musicians. Recently, he was distinguished as an International Recording Artist by Kawai Musical Instruments International. His music is distributed worldwide by Heartbeat Records.
Personal life
Currently, John-Paul is working on new albums and is busy with concerts and appearances worldwide. He is an active participant committed to many important causes, including the support of pro-life causes and music education in schools. He speaks several languages including Spanish, Italian, Slovak, Czech, and Polish. In his free time, John-Paul enjoys culinary arts, sailing, basketball, traveling, and aviation. | WIKI |
User:MrLavoie
Hello and thank you for visiting my page. I'm new to Wikipedia and still getting a feel for editing and creating pages. My interests and expertise are aligned with Information Technology and Cybersecurity. I look forward to contributing, feel free to reach out and collaborate.
My sandbox page: /Sandbox I enjoy finding and fixing grammar errors and typos throughout Wikipedia. | WIKI |
What are the Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy in first trimester?
It is always a happy moment discovering that you are expecting, especially for first-time mothers. The discovery may increase curiosity in you about whether to see a doctor as soon as possible. You might have a lot of questions about what’s normal and what is not.
It has been observed that most women have healthy pregnancies. However, it is always a better decision to see a doctor and take required test to confirm that it’s a healthy pregnancy. Taking good care of yourself can keep you at best of health and in long run, very beneficial.
Here are some symptoms that you may observe as early signs of pregnancy during first trimester. These symptoms are indicative, and may not occur at the same time to same person.
1. Vaginal Bleeding: Doctors say that little bleeding is normal, but heavy bleeding can be a sign of miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy. Usually bleeding coupled with bad cramping is associated with miscarriage, whereas bleeding with severe lower abdominal pain can be ectopic pregnancy. You need to call a doctor and report the same.
2. Menstrual period: Within two weeks of conception, you will start observing changes. Menstrual periods will be light and sometime seem like non-existent.
3. Vomiting and Nausea: Vomiting as a symptom has been witnessed by most of the pregnant women. But, the case of nausea is different. Some lucky mothers do not have nausea at all. Feeling of nausea and vomiting usually starts after 6 weeks of conception and get over at the end of first trimester. Nausea can be avoided by taking some ginger infused herbal tea and some drinks like Orange Gatorade. It is also observed that having vomiting reduces the chances of miscarriage.
4. Craving for Food: It is likely that you crave for food more during the first trimester.
5. Ill feelings: During first trimester you might have ill feelings or stomach discomfort.
6. Weight gain: It is possible that as you work-out less and continue to have heavy and frequent diets, you will gain weight.
7. Feeling of fullness in lower abdomen: As the embryonic growth increases day after day, consequently, you will feel fullness in lower abdomen. This will continue, and is nothing to worry about.
Signs and symptoms during first trimester are very significant for expecting mothers. Understanding the signs and symptoms correctly and taking necessary steps like seeing a doctor on time can help in having a healthy pregnancy. Also, it will help you to take nutritional diets to avoid anaemia and maintain good haemoglobin level.
Everyone’s body is different and can have different signs and symptoms. If you are a mother, or a first-time mother, please share some signs and symptoms that you might have experienced or observed during first trimester.
You can skip to the end and leave a response. Pinging is currently not allowed.
One comment on “What are the Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy in first trimester?
1. cristina on said:
hello i am cristina i have my concern about the pregnancy on how i know if i am,? i have the sign on always back to toilet and my stomach i dont understand if it is hurt or not, how can i recognice that i am a pregnant? is it a sign for being pregnant?
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Rajasthani languages
Rajasthani languages are a branch of Western Indo-Aryan languages. It is spoken primarily in Rajasthan and Malwa, and adjacent areas of Haryana, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh in India. There are also speakers in the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Sindh. Rajasthani is also spoken to a lesser extent in Nepal where it is spoken by 25,394 people according to the 2011 Census of Nepal.
The term Rajasthani is also used to refer to a literary language mostly based on Marwari.
Geographical distribution
Most of the Rajasthani languages are chiefly spoken in the state of Rajasthan but are also spoken in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab. Rajasthani languages are also spoken in the Bahawalpur and Multan sectors of the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Tharparkar district of Sindh. It merges with Riasti and Saraiki in Bahawalpur and Multan areas, respectively. Many linguists (Shackle, 1976 and Gusain, 2000) agree that it shares many phonological (implosives), morphological (future tense marker and negation) and syntactic features with Riasti and Saraiki. A distribution of the geographical area can be found in 'Linguistic Survey of India' by George A. Grierson.
Speakers
Standard Rajasthani or Standard Marwari, a version of Rajasthani, the common lingua franca of Rajasthani people and is spoken by over 25 million people (2011) in different parts of Rajasthan. It has to be taken into consideration, however, that some speakers of Standard Marwari are conflated with Hindi speakers in the census. Marwari, the most spoken Rajasthani language with approximately 8 million speakers situated in the historic Marwar region of western Rajasthan.
Classification
The Rajasthani languages belong to the Western Indo-Aryan language family. However, they are controversially conflated with the Hindi languages of the Central-Zone in the Indian national census, among other places. The main Rajasthani subgroups are:
* Rajasthani
* Western Rajasthani
* Marwari
* Dhatki
* Godwari
* Shekhawati
* Mewari
* Bhilli-Banjara Adivasi
* Wagdi
* Lambadi
* Ahirani
* Saharia
* Northern Rajasthani
* Bagri
* Eastern Rajasthani
* Malvi
* Ujjaini (Ujjain, Dhar, Indore, Dewas, Shajapur, Sehore districts)
* Rajawadi (Ratlam, Mandsaur, Neemuch districts)
* Umathwadi (Rajgarh district)
* Sondhwadi (Jhalawar district)
* Bhoyari/Pawari (Betul, Chhindwara, Pandhurna, Wardha Districts)
* Dhundhari
* Jaipuri
* Nagarchol
* Harauti
* Nimadi
Official status
George Abraham Grierson (1908) was the first scholar who gave the designation 'Rajasthani' to the language, which was earlier known through its various dialects.
India's National Academy of Literature, the Sahitya Akademi, and University Grants Commission recognize Rajasthani as a distinct language, and it is taught as such in Bikaner's Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Jaipur's University of Rajasthan, Jodhpur's Jai Narain Vyas University, Kota's Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University and Udaipur's Mohanlal Sukhadia University. The state Board of Secondary Education included Rajasthani in its course of studies, and it has been an optional subject since 1973. National recognition has lagged, however.
In 2003, the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly passed a unanimous resolution to insert recognition of Rajasthani into the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India. In May 2015, a senior member of the pressure group Rajasthani Bhasha Manyata Samiti said at a New Delhi press conference: "Twelve years have passed, but there has absolutely been no forward movement."
All 25 Members of Parliament elected from Rajasthan state, as well as former Chief Minister, Vasundhara Raje Scindia, have also voiced support for official recognition of the language.
In 2019 Rajasthan Government included Rajasthani as a language subject in state's open school system.
A committee was formed by the Government in March 2023 to make Rajasthani an official language of the state after huge protests by the youths of Rajasthani Yuva Samiti
Grammar
Rajasthani is a head-final, or left-branching language. Adjectives precede nouns, direct objects come before verbs, and there are postpositions. The word order of Rajasthani is SOV, and there are two genders and two numbers. There are no definite or indefinite articles. A verb is expressed with its verbal root followed by suffixes marking aspect and agreement in what is called a main form, with a possible proceeding auxiliary form derived from to be, marking tense and mood, and also showing agreement. Causatives (up to double) and passives have a morphological basis. It shares a 50%-65% lexical similarity with Hindi (this is based on a Swadesh 210 word list comparison). It has many cognate words with Hindi. Notable phonetic correspondences include /s/ in Hindi with /h/ in Rajasthani. For example /sona/ 'gold' (Hindi) and /hono/ 'gold' (Marwari). /h/ sometimes elides. There are also a variety of vowel changes. Most of the pronouns and interrogatives are, however, distinct from those of Hindi.
The phonetic characteristics of Vedic Sanskrit, surviving in Rajasthani language, is the series of "retroflex" or "cerebral" consonants, ṭ (ट), ṭh (ठ), ḍ (ड), ḍh (ढ), and ṇ (ण). These to the Indians and Rajasthani are quite different from the "dentals", t (त), th (थ), d (द), dh (ध), n (न) etc. though many Europeans find them hard to distinguish without practice as they are not common in European languages. The consonant ḷ(ळ) is frequently used in Rajasthani, which also occurs in vedic and some prakrits, is pronounced by placing the tongue on the top of the hard palate and flapping it forward. In common with most other Indo-Iranian languages, the basic sentence typology is subject–object–verb. On a lexical level, Rajasthani has perhaps a 50 to 65 percent overlap with Hindi, based on a comparison of a 210-word Swadesh list. Most pronouns and interrogative words differ from Hindi, but the language does have several regular correspondences with, and phonetic transformations from, Hindi. The /s/ in Hindi is often realized as /h/ in Rajasthani – for example, the word 'gold' is /sona/ (सोना) in Hindi and /hono/ (होनो) in the Marwari dialect of Rajasthani. Furthermore, there are a number of vowel substitutions, and the Hindi /l/ sound (ल) is often realized in Rajasthani as a retroflex lateral /ɭ/ (ळ).
* Use of retroflex consonants
Phonology
Rajasthani has 11 vowels and 38 consonants. The Rajasthani language Bagri has developed three lexical tones: low, mid and high.
Morphology
Rajasthani has two numbers and two genders with three cases. Postpositions are of two categories, inflexional and derivational. Derivational postpositions are mostly omitted in actual discourse.
Syntax
* Rajasthani belongs to the languages that mix three types of case marking systems: nominative – accusative: transitive (A) and intransitive (S) subjects have similar case marking, different from that of transitive object (O); absolutive-ergative (S and O have similar marking, different from A), tripartite (A, S and O have different case marking). There is a general tendency existing in the languages with split nominal systems: the split is usually conditioned by the referents of the core NPs, the probability of ergative marking increasing from left to right in the following nominal hierarchy: first person pronouns – second person pronouns – demonstratives and third person pronouns – proper nouns – common nouns (human – animate – inanimate). Rajasthani split case marking system partially follows this hierarchy:first and second person pronouns have similar A and S marking, the other pronouns and singular nouns are showing attrition of A/S opposition.
* Agreement: 1. Rajasthani combines accusative/tripartite marking in nominal system with consistently ergative verbal concord: the verb agrees with both marked and unmarked O in number and gender (but not in person — contrast Braj). Another peculiar feature of Rajasthani is the split in verbal concord when the participial component of a predicate agrees with O-NP while the auxiliary verb might agree with A-NP. 2. Stative participle from transitive verbs may agree with the Agent. 3. Honorific agreement of feminine noun implies masculine plural form both in its modifiers and in the verb.
* In Hindi and Punjabi only a few combinations of transitive verbs with their direct objects may form past participles modifying the Agent: one can say in Hindi:'Hindī sīkhā ādmī' – 'a man who has learned Hindi' or 'sāṛī bādhī aurāt' – 'a woman in sari', but *'kitāb paṛhā ādmī 'a man who has read a book' is impossible. Semantic features of verbs whose perfective participles may be used as modifiers are described in (Dashchenko 1987). Rajasthani seems to have less constrains on this usage, compare bad in Hindi but normal in Rajasthani.
* Rajasthani has retained an important feature of ergative syntax lost by the other representatives of Modern Western New Indo-Aryan (NIA), namely, the free omission of Agent NP from the perfective transitive clause.
* Rajasthani is the only Western NIA language where the reflexes of Old Indo-Aryan synthetic passive have penetrated into the perfective domain.
* Rajasthani as well as the other NIA languages shows deviations from Baker's 'mirror principle', that requires the strict pairing of morphological and syntactic operations (Baker 1988). The general rule is that the 'second causative' formation implies a mediator in the argument structure. However, some factors block addition of an extra agent into the causative construction.
* In the typical Indo-Aryan relative-correlative construction the modifying clause is usually marked by a member of the "J" set of relative pronouns, adverbs and other words, while the correlative in the main clause is identical with the remote demonstrative (except in Sindhi and in Dakhini). Gujarati and Marathi frequently delete the preposed "J" element. In Rajasthani the relative pronoun or adverb may also be deleted from the subordinate clause but – as distinct from the neighbouring NIA – relative pronoun or adverb may be used instead of correlative.
* Relative pronoun 'jakau' may be used not only in relative/correlative constructions, but also in complex sentences with "cause/effect" relations.
Categorisation and sources
These are the three general categories of words in modern Indo-Aryan: tadbhav, tatsam, and loanwords.
Tadbhav
tadbhava, "of the nature of that". Rajasthani is a modern Indo-Aryan language descended from Sanskrit (old Indo-Aryan), and this category pertains exactly to that: words of Sanskritic origin that have demonstratively undergone change over the ages, ending up characteristic of modern Indo-Aryan languages specifically as well as in general. Thus the "that" in "of the nature of that" refers to Sanskrit. They tend to be non-technical, everyday, crucial words; part of the spoken vernacular. Below is a table of a few Rajasthani tadbhav words and their Old Indo-Aryan sources:
Tatsam
tatsama, "same as that". While Sanskrit eventually stopped being spoken vernacularly, in that it changed into Middle Indo-Aryan, it was nonetheless standardised and retained as a literary and liturgical language for long after. This category consists of these borrowed words of (more or less) pure Sanskrit character. They serve to enrich Gujarati and modern Indo-Aryan in its formal, technical, and religious vocabulary. They are recognisable by their Sanskrit inflections and markings; they are thus often treated as a separate grammatical category unto themselves.
Many old tatsam words have changed their meanings or have had their meanings adopted for modern times. prasāraṇ means "spreading", but now it is used for "broadcasting". In addition to this are neologisms, often being calques. An example is telephone, which is Greek for "far talk", translated as durbhāṣ. Most people, though, just use phon and thus neo-Sanskrit has varying degrees of acceptance.
So, while having unique tadbhav sets, modern IA languages have a common, higher tatsam pool. Also, tatsams and their derived tadbhavs can also co-exist in a language; sometimes of no consequence and at other times with differences in meaning:
What remains are words of foreign origin (videśī), as well as words of local origin that cannot be pegged as belonging to any of the three prior categories (deśaj). The former consists mainly of Persian, Arabic, and English, with trace elements of Portuguese and Turkish. While the phenomenon of English loanwords is relatively new, Perso-Arabic has a longer history behind it. Both English and Perso-Arabic influences are quite nationwide phenomena, in a way paralleling tatsam as a common vocabulary set or bank. What's more is how, beyond a transposition into general Indo-Aryan, the Perso-Arabic set has also been assimilated in a manner characteristic and relevant to the specific Indo-Aryan language it is being used in, bringing to mind tadbhav.
Perso-Arabic
India was ruled for many centuries by Persian-speaking Muslims, amongst the most notable being the Delhi Sultanate, and the Mughal dynasty. As a consequence Indian languages were changed greatly, with the large scale entry of Persian and its many Arabic loans into the Gujarati lexicon. One fundamental adoption was Persian's conjunction "that", ke. Also, while tatsam or Sanskrit is etymologically continuous to Gujarati, it is essentially of a differing grammar (or language), and that in comparison while Perso-Arabic is etymologically foreign, it has been in certain instances and to varying degrees grammatically indigenised. Owing to centuries of situation and the end of Persian education and power, (1) Perso-Arabic loans are quite unlikely to be thought of or known as loans, and (2) more importantly, these loans have often been Rajasthani-ized. dāvo – claim, fāydo – benefit, natījo – result, and hamlo – attack, all carry Gujarati's masculine gender marker, o. khānũ – compartment, has the neuter ũ. Aside from easy slotting with the auxiliary karnũ, a few words have made a complete transition of verbification: kabūlnũ – to admit (fault), kharīdnũ – to buy, kharǎcnũ – to spend (money), gujarnũ – to pass. The last three are definite part and parcel.
Below is a table displaying a number of these loans. Currently some of the etymologies are being referenced to an Urdu dictionary so that Gujarati's singular masculine o corresponds to Urdu ā, neuter ũ groups into ā as Urdu has no neuter gender, and Urdu's Persian z is not upheld in Rajasthani and corresponds to j or jh. In contrast to modern Persian, the pronunciation of these loans into Rajasthani and other Indo-Aryan languages, as well as that of Indian-recited Persian, seems to be in line with Persian spoken in Afghanistan and Central Asia, perhaps 500 years ago.
Lastly, Persian, being part of the Indo-Iranian language family as Sanskrit and Rajasthani are, met up in some instances with its cognates:
Zoroastrian Persian refugees known as Parsis also speak an accordingly Persianized form of Gujarati.
English
With the end of Perso-Arabic inflow, English became the current foreign source of new vocabulary. English had and continues to have a considerable influence over Indian languages. Loanwords include new innovations and concepts, first introduced directly through British colonial rule, and then streaming in on the basis of continued Anglophone dominance in the Republic of India. Besides the category of new ideas is the category of English words that already have Rajasthani counterparts which end up replaced or existed alongside. The major driving force behind this latter category has to be the continuing role of English in modern India as a language of education, prestige, and mobility. In this way, Indian speech can be sprinkled with English words and expressions, even switches to whole sentences. See Hinglish, Code-switching.
In matters of sound, English alveolar consonants map as retroflexes rather than dentals. Two new characters were created in Rajasthani to represent English /æ/'s and /ɔ/'s. Levels of Rajasthani-ization in sound vary. Some words do not go far beyond this basic transpositional rule, and sound much like their English source, while others differ in ways, one of those ways being the carrying of dentals. See Indian English.
As English loanwords are a relatively new phenomenon, they adhere to English grammar, as tatsam words adhere to Sanskrit. That is not to say that the most basic changes have been underway: many English words are pluralised with Rajasthani o over English "s". Also, with Rajasthani having three genders, genderless English words must take one. Though often inexplicable, gender assignment may follow the same basis as it is expressed in Gujarati: vowel type, and the nature of word meaning.
* 1 These English forms are often used (prominently by NRIs) for those family friends and elders that are not actually uncles and aunts but are of the age.
Portuguese
The smaller foothold the Portuguese had in wider India had linguistic effects due to extensive trade. Rajasthani took up a number of words, while elsewhere the influence was great enough to the extent that creole languages came to be (see Portuguese India, Portuguese-based creole languages in India and Sri Lanka). Comparatively, the impact of Portuguese has been greater on coastal languages and their loans tend to be closer to the Portuguese originals. The source dialect of these loans imparts an earlier pronunciation of ch as an affricate instead of the current standard of.
* 1 "To stretch (out)".
* 2 Common occupational surname.
* 3 "Master".
Loans into English
Bungalow— 1676, from Gujarati bangalo, from Hindi bangla "low, thatched house," lit. "Bengalese," used elliptically for "house in the Bengal style."
Coolie— 1598, "name given by Europeans to hired laborers in India and China," from Hindi quli "hired servant," probably from koli, name of an aboriginal tribe or caste in Gujarat.
Tank— c.1616, "pool or lake for irrigation or drinking water," a word originally brought by the Portuguese from India, ult. from Gujarati tankh "cistern, underground reservoir for water," Marathi tanken, or tanka "reservoir of water, tank." Perhaps from Skt. tadaga-m "pond, lake pool," and reinforced in later sense of "large artificial container for liquid" (1690) by Port. tanque "reservoir," from estancar "hold back a current of water," from V.L. *stanticare (see stanch). But others say the Port. word is the source of the Indian ones.
Writing system
In India, Rajasthani is written in the Devanagari script, an abugida which is written from left to right. Earlier, the Mahajani script, or Modiya, was used to write Rajasthani. The script is also called as Maru Gurjari in a few records. In Pakistan, where Rajasthani is considered a minor language, a variant of the Sindhi script is used to write Rajasthani dialects.
The letter 'ळ'(ɭ) is specially used in Rajasthani script. 'ल'(l) and 'ळ'(ɭ) have different sounds. The use of both has different meanings, like कालौ (black color) and काळौ (insane).
In Rajasthani language, there are sounds of palatal 'श'(sh) and nasal 'ष'(sh), but in Rajasthani script only dental 'स'(s) is used for them. Similarly, in Rajasthani script, there is no independent sign for 'ज्ञ'(gya), instead 'ग्य'(Gya) is written in its place. In Rajasthani script, there is no sound of the conjuncts, for example, instead of the conjunct letter 'क्ष'(ksh), 'च'(Ch), 'क'(ka) or 'ख'(kha) is written, like लखण (Lakhan) of लक्षमण (Lakshan), लिछमण (Lichhman) of लक्ष्मण (Lakshman) and राकस (Rakas) of राक्षस (Rakshas). In Rajasthani script, there is no separate symbol for the sound of 'ऋ'(Ri), instead 'रि'(Ri) is written instead of it, like रितु (Ritu) (season) instead of ऋतु (Ritu). In Rajasthani, there is no use of ligatures and ref. The whole of ref 'र्' (r) becomes 'र' (ra), for example, instead of 'धर्म' (dharm), 'धरम'(dharam), instead of 'वक्त'(vakt) (time), 'वगत'(vagat) or 'वखत'(vakhat) are written. Single quotation mark (') is also used to denote continuation sound like देख'र(dekha'r) हरे'क (hare'k)(every) etc. अे (e) and अै (ai) are written instead of ए(e) and ऐ (ai) like 'अेक'(ek)(one) in place of 'एक'(ek).
Writing styles
Old literary Rajasthani had two types of writing styles
Dingal
A literary style of writing prose and poetry in Maru-Bhasa language. It is presented same in written and spoken form. Kushallabh's 'Pingali Shiromani', Giridhar Charan's 'Sagat Singh Raso' dedicated to Maharana Pratap's younger brother Shakti Singh has been written in Dingal language. It was also used in composition of Suryamal Misharan and Baankidas. Dingal is literary genre of Charans and is written as couplets, songs and poems.
Pingal
It was used for writing poem only by Bhats and Ravs. It is an amalgamation of Brij Bhasha and Rajasthani languages.
Prominent linguists
Linguists and their work and year: [Note: Works concerned only with linguistics, not with literature]
* Ram Karan Asopa: Dingal Sabdkosh (Dingal Dictionary) :Rajasthani and Marwari, 1890–1920
* George Macalister: Dhundhari and Shekhawati, 1892
* L. P. Tessitori: Rajasthani and Marwari, 1914–16
* George Abraham Grierson: Almost all the dialects of Rajasthani, 1920
* Kan Singh Parihar: English, Sanskrit, Hindi, Marwari, Rajasthani, 1940
* Saubhagya Singh Shekhawat Rajasthani, Rajasthani Shabd-Kosh part I Sanshodhan Parivardhan, 1945–present
* Suniti Kumar Chatterjee: Rajasthani, 1948–49
* Sita Ram Lalas: Rajasthani language, 1950–1970
* W.S. Allen: Harauti and Rajasthani, 1955–60
* Narottam Das Swami: Rajasthani and Marwari, 1960
* K. C. Agrawal: Shekhawati, 1964
* John D. Smith: Rajasthani, 1970–present
* J. C. Sharma: Gade lohar, Bagri or Bhili, Gojri, 1970–present
* Kali Charan Bahl: Rajasthani, 1971–1989
* Christopher Shackle: Bagri and Saraiki, 1976
* David Magier: Marwari, 1983
* Peter E. Hook: Rajasthani and Marwari, 1986
* Lakhan Gusain: all the dialects of Rajasthani, 1990–present
* Liudmila Khokhlova: Rajasthani and Marwari, 1990–present
* Anvita Abbi: Bagri, 1993
* Maxwell P Philips: Bhili, 2000–present.
* Gopal Parihar: Bagri, 2004–present
* Amitabh V. Dwivedi: Hadoti, 2015
* Gulab Chand: Hadoti, 2018
Sample text
The following is a sample text in High Hindi, of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (by the United Nations):
* Rajasthani in Devanagari Script
* Hindi in Devanagari Script
* अनुच्छेद १(एक): सभी मनुष्य जन्म से स्वतन्त्र तथा मर्यादा और अधिकारों में समान होते हैं। वे तर्क और विवेक से सम्पन्न हैं तथा उन्हें भ्रातृत्व की भावना से परस्पर के प्रति कार्य करना चाहिए।
* Transliteration (ISO):
* Gloss (word-to-word):
* Article 1 (one) – All humans birth from independent and dignity and rights in equal are. They logic and conscience from endowed are and they fraternity in the spirit of each other towards work should.
* Translation (grammatical):
* Article 1 – All humans are born independent and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with logic and conscience and they should work towards each other in the spirit of fraternity.
Media
First news paper published in Rajasthani was Rajputana Gazette published from Ajmer in 1885. First film made in Rajasthani was Nazrana in 1942. Stage app is first OTT plateform in Rajasthani and Haryanvi and Gangaur TV is the first TV chennal in Rajasthani. All India Radio air and publish news in Rajasthani language
Language movement
A movement is ongoing in Rajasthan since independence of India to include Rajasthani language in the 8th schedule of the Indian constitution and making it the official language of the state of Rajasthan. In recent years the movement is getting rooted among the youths.
Challenges and Preservation Efforts
The Rajasthani language faces several issues, including:
Despite being widely spoken, Rajasthani lacks official status in India. It is often classified under Hindi in government documents and the census, which undermines its distinct identity. This also means it is not listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, depriving it of the support and promotion that other scheduled languages receive.
* 1. Lack of Official Recognition:
Rajasthani comprises numerous dialects, such as Marwari, Mewari, Shekhawati, and Hadoti, among others. The lack of a standardized form makes it difficult to unify and promote the language effectively and can lead to fragmentation in efforts to preserve and promote the language.
* 2. Standardization Challenges:
Rajasthani is not widely taught in schools. The educational system predominantly uses Hindi or English, leading to a decline in the younger generation's proficiency in their native tongue. This lack of formal education and institutional support further contributes to the erosion of the language.
* 3. Educational Neglect:
There is limited representation of Rajasthani in mainstream media, including television, radio, and print. This lack of visibility reduces the language's presence in everyday life and its prestige among speakers.
* 4. Media Representation:
Although Rajasthani has a rich literary tradition, contemporary literary output and publishing are limited. This affects the development and modernization of the language and hinders efforts to preserve its cultural heritage.
* 5. Literary Development:
Urbanization and migration often lead speakers to prioritize learning Hindi or English for better economic and social opportunities. This shift can lead to a decrease in the use of Rajasthani in daily life and a decline in language transmission to future generations.
* 6. Economic and Social Pressures:
As younger generations shift to Hindi or English, the transmission of Rajasthani to future generations is at risk, potentially leading to language erosion. In many families, younger generations are not learning Rajasthani at home, often due to the preference for more dominant languages.
* 7. Linguistic Erosion:
Addressing these issues requires concerted efforts from the government, educational institutions, and cultural organizations to promote and preserve the Rajasthani language. Efforts to improve official recognition, standardize the language, enhance its presence in education and media, and support its literary and cultural development are crucial for its preservation and promotion. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ActivePython
The result was merge to ActiveState. (non-admin closure) sst✈ 03:34, 27 February 2016 (UTC)
ActivePython
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
I found no significant coverage for this software per WP:N. SL93 (talk) 01:47, 5 February 2016 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Software-related deletion discussions. FallingGravity (talk) 02:28, 5 February 2016 (UTC)
Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
* Keep The term "ActivePython" (in quotes) gets 194 hits on books.google.com. I haven't checked every single hit, but it appears most or all of them are genuinely about this software package. scholar.google.com gives 113 hits. Looks to me like WP:RS covering this topic exists. SJK (talk) 07:30, 7 February 2016 (UTC)
* Draft and userfy at best for now unless it can be better improved before this AfD closes as the current article is still questionable. SwisterTwister talk 05:56, 10 February 2016 (UTC)
* Keep. Clearly notable per the Google Books and Scholar searches spoon-fed by the nomination process. The whole point of Wikipedia is that articles get improved when they are visible to the general public rather than hidden in draft or user space. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:43, 11 February 2016 (UTC)
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 06:01, 12 February 2016 (UTC) Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
* Keep - I can find some reliable trade references to this, although it isn't a a major development tool. It does seem about consistent with entries for other similar products. Shritwod (talk) 09:57, 12 February 2016 (UTC)
* Merge to either CPython or ActiveState. I checked the GBooks mentions and most are in passing; some of them are just the main program's startup banner, printed. At some point down the list, GBooks just produces Python books, even with the search string in quotes, that don't seem to even mention ActivePython. The GScholar results aren't much better, and largely overlap with the GBooks ones. This product has good rep, but little in-depth coverage, so it would deserve mention in a list of prepackaged CPythons, but not a separate article. Q VVERTYVS (hm?) 10:30, 12 February 2016 (UTC)
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Spirit of Eagle (talk) 06:31, 19 February 2016 (UTC)
* merge to ActiveState. There was a time once when this particular package had some significance, as a popular way of deploying a useful Python environment onto Windows, with an installer that worked and without needing to scrape together the useful bits and bobs that Win32 development would need. But that was a long time ago.
* Merging to CPython would be a bad idea. This package might include CPython, but that's not to say it has any lasting importance to CPython. Viam Ferream (talk) 14:57, 19 February 2016 (UTC)
* Note that we might make much the same comments here about ActivePerl. Viam Ferream (talk) 14:58, 19 February 2016 (UTC)
* Merge to ActiveState. I don't see enough here to justify a stand-alone article. There's a number of pre-built python distros; there's nothing in particular about this one that makes it stand out from the crowd. I suspect the same is true for Active Perl, but that's another AfD. -- RoySmith (talk) 02:08, 27 February 2016 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Is it safe to take 20 mg cetirizine?
The usual dosage for adults younger than 65 years and children who are 6 years and older is one 10-milligram (mg) dose per day. You shouldn’t take more than 10 mg in 24 hours. Your doctor may recommend a 5-mg dose once or twice per day if your allergies are mild.
Can I take 20 mg of cetirizine?
From the limited evidence available, cetirizine 20 mg appears to be well tolerated. Some people may be prepared to risk adverse effects such as drowsiness in order to reduce symptoms.
Can I take cetirizine 10 mg twice a day?
Always take Cetirizine 10 mg Tablets exactly as your doctor has told you. Check with your doctor if you are not sure. Tablets need to be swallowed with a glass of liquid. The recommended dose is 5 mg twice daily as half a tablet twice a day.
What is cetirizine 20mg used for?
Cetirizine is an antihistamine used to relieve allergy symptoms such as watery eyes, runny nose, itching eyes/nose, sneezing, hives, and itching. It works by blocking a certain natural substance (histamine) that your body makes during an allergic reaction.
IT IS INTERESTING: How many days does it take for Claritin to work?
How many hours does cetirizine last?
It is eliminated in the urine via an active transport mechanism. The elimination half-life of cetirizine ranges from 6.5 to 10 hours in healthy adults, with a mean across studies of approximately 8.3 hours. Its duration of action is at least 24 hours.
Can I take 2 cetirizine a day?
Adults and children 6 years and older can take cetirizine capsules and tablets. The usual dosage for adults younger than 65 years and children who are 6 years and older is one 10-milligram (mg) dose per day. You shouldn’t take more than 10 mg in 24 hours.
What happens if I take 2 cetirizine?
There have been reports of patients taking 15-18 times the recommended dose of Zyrtec (recommended dose is 10 mg) and having some adverse effects (restlessness, irritability, somnolence). Taking two 10mg tablets should not cause you to have any serious problems.
What happens if you take too many antihistamines?
Some side effects of taking antihistamines can mimic symptoms of an overdose. These include mild nausea, dizziness, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach pain. These symptoms don’t usually require medical treatment, and may subside as your body adjusts to the medication. Even so, check with a doctor if you have side effects.
Is cetirizine anti inflammatory?
Cetirizine belongs to the second-generation family, so, it is very selective for peripheral H1 receptors, is potent and quickly relieves symptoms, exerts additional anti-allergic/anti-inflammatory effects, and is usually well-tolerated.
Is cetirizine used for sore throat?
Cetirizine is used to temporarily relieve the symptoms of hay fever (allergy to pollen, dust, or other substances in the air) and allergy to other substances (such as dust mites, animal dander, cockroaches, and molds). These symptoms include sneezing; runny nose; itchy, red, watery eyes; and itchy nose or throat.
IT IS INTERESTING: Can you take Zyrtec D at night?
Is it OK to take cetirizine everyday?
Can be taken once a day. May be given daily on a regular basis when allergens are most prevalent (such as during spring or summer). Cetirizine has been demonstrated to be safe in children older than 6 months. No dosage adjustment is required in liver disease.
Is cetirizine used for cold?
Cetirizine is used to treat cold or allergy symptoms such as sneezing, itching, watery eyes, or runny nose.
Is cetirizine good for cough?
This study shows that cetirizine treatment reduces cough intensity (P < 0.05) and frequency (P < 0.01). In conclusion, cetirizine does clinically improve cough due to pollen allergy.
How many days can I take cetirizine?
️ Most people only need to take cetirizine for a short amount of time to relieve their allergies, but you can take it every day to relieve your symptoms for as long as you’re exposed to the allergen, for example throughout the pollen season. You should stop taking it once your symptoms have eased.
Does cetirizine weaken immune system?
Cetirizine does not influence the immune response.
Does cetirizine make you gain weight?
H1 receptor antihistamines such as cetirizine, fexofenadine, and desloratadine are among the most commonly prescribed medications for the treatment of allergies and have been shown to stimulate appetite and weight gain as side effects of treatment (6).
No runny nose | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Oscar Javier Hernandez
Bias-Variance Decomposition
In this note, I will derive the Bias-Variance decomposition following Ref. 1,2.
Let us suppose there exists the real function \(g({\bf x})\) that generates our data \(y\) with additive noise, so
\[{\bf y} = g({\bf X})+{\bf \epsilon}.\]
Let \(T\) be the set of training data
\[T=\lbrace (x_i,y_i) | i=0,...,N_T \rbrace\]
And suppose we train a model \(\hat{g}_T\) with this set. The cost function \(J({\bf X},\hat{g}_T)\) that we consider here is given by
\[J({\bf X},\hat{g}_T) = \left( {\bf y}- {\bf \hat{g}_T(X)} \right)^2\]
where \({\bf y}=(y_1,...,y_N)\) and \({\bf \hat{g}_T(X)}=(\hat{g}_T({\bf x}_1),...,\hat{g}_T({\bf x}_N))\).
The expectation value of \(J\), denoted by \(\langle J \rangle\), will be given by
\[\langle J \rangle = \langle \left( {\bf y}-{\bf g(x)}+{\bf g(x)}- {\bf \hat{g}_T(x)} \right)^2 \rangle \\ = \langle \left( {\bf y}-{\bf g(X)}+{\bf g(X)}- {\bf \hat{g}_T(x)} \right)^2 \rangle \\ = \langle \left( {\bf y}-{\bf g(X)} \right)^2 \rangle + \langle \left( {\bf g(X)}- {\bf \hat{g}_T(x)} \right)^2 \rangle + 2 \langle \left( {\bf y}- {\bf \hat{g}_T(x)} \right)\rangle \langle \left( {\bf g(X)}- {\bf \hat{g}_T(x)} \right) \rangle \\ = \langle \left( {\bf y}-{\bf g(X)} \right)^2 \rangle + \langle \left( {\bf g(X)}- {\bf \hat{g}_T(x)} \right)^2 \rangle\]
References | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Uploaded image for project: 'ActiveMQ Apollo'
1. ActiveMQ Apollo
2. APLO-289
spaces in topic IDs get "\u0020" inserted before them
Details
Description
If I try to create a topic/queue with a space in the name, it inserts "\u0020" preceding each space.
Here is an example in Python:
--------
import socket
connect_frame = 'CONNECT\n\nlogin:admin\npasscode:password\n\n\x00'
frame = 'SEND\ndestination:/topic/the next topic\n\nhello\x00'
sock = socket.socket()
sock.connect(host_and_ports) # where host_and_ports is a tuple (host, port)
sock.sendall(connect_frame)
sock.sendall(frame)
--------
Then when I get the topic information (by looking at it in the web interface or by http-getting the json info in Python), the topic id is
the\u0020 next\u0020 topic
We recently upgraded from Apollo 1.0 to 1.5, and I think that this issue coincides with the upgrade (there were definitely successful uses of topics with spaces in them before the upgrade).
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• Assignee:
chirino Hiram Chirino
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avril Avril Kenney
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Resolved: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Henri Parmentier
Henri Parmentier (Henri Ernest Jean Parmentier) was a French architect, art historian and archaeologist. Parmentier became one of the first European specialists in the archaeology of Indochina. He has documented, depicted and preserved many Khmer, Cham and Lao monuments.
Early years
Henri Ernest was born on 3 January 1870 in Paris; his father was a painter working in Lycée de Reims. In 1891 Parmentier entered the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts graduating in 1905 with a diploma in architecture. In 1896 he got employed by the colonial administration in Tunisia and over time he developed a profound interest in archaeology. During this period Parmentier created a detailed plan of the Temple of Saturn in Dougga in Dougga to assist with its restoration. This job was awarded with an honourable mention on the exhibition of Société des Artistes Français. In 1900 Parmentier joined archaeologist Henri Dufour and photograph Charles Carpeaux in the Archaeological mission in Indochina (later renamed École française d'Extrême-Orient, also known as EFEO). They went to Siam to study Angkor Wat that had been located on its territory. Khmer monuments were largely unknown to the Westerners and almost uncharted. Studying Khmer history became Parmentier's lifework.
In 1902—1905 Parmentier and Carpeaux studied, described, depicted and preserved Cham monuments in Vietnam: a buddhist temple complex Đồng Dương (1902), a Hindu temple complex Mỹ Sơn (1903—1904), the Chánh Lộ temple (1905) -- the latter was studied by Parmentier alone. The study made from the expedition trip to Đồng Dương was presented by Parmentier and Carpeaux at the Congress of the École française d'Extrême-Orient. Parmentier studied the architecture of Java in order to compare it to Cham architectural styles.
As a head of the École française d'Extrême-Orient
In 1904 Parmentier was appointed the head of the archaeological department of the École; he stayed on this position for 28 years until 1932. Parmentier's duties included defining the main course of the École's work in Cambodia. In 1905 Henri married journalist and writer Jeanne Leuba who travelled with him and took a big part in the fieldwork.
Parmentier studied and conserved the Po Nagar Cham temple in 1906—1907. During his next expedition to Cambodia Parmentier depicted and restored Khmer monuments in Serei Saophoan, Battambang Province, Siem Reap Province and Angkor, with special attention to Bayon. From Cambodia he went to the South of Vietnam and took part in restoring the Po Klong Garai temple (1908). In 1913—1914 Parmentier reorganised the museum of the École française d'Extrême-Orient. He visited Cambodia from time to time, documenting Angkor and Sambor Prei Kuk (1911); he also visited Kampong Thom city and Banteay Prey Nokor. Parmentier studied Chinese tombs in Northern Vietnam in Bắc Ninh Province (Nghi Vệ), helped creating a permanent exhibition for the Museum of Cham Sculpture that was under construction in Da Nang—in 1936 the museum was renamed after him. He directed the École in 1918—1920. In 1920 Parmentier received an award for his book on Cham architecture.
Parmentier visited the ruins of the Lao temple complex Vat Phou, he paid special attention to Krol Roméas (Phnom Kulen plateau), Angkor and the Bayon temple in particular, which he helped reconstructing. His collaboration with Louis Finot and Victor Golubev on Banteay Srei, a Khmer temple complex, was published as a book in 1926.
After retirement
Parmentier retired in 1932 aged 62. He left his position at the École, received a title of the honorary head of the archaeological department and moved to Phnom Penh. Despite being retired, Parmentier continued his fieldwork and his research working on a descriptive list of important monuments in Laos and a book titled "The Art of Laos" that he left unfinished. He had created a draft of a tourist guidebook on Angkor monuments, which was published posthumously. Parmentier died on 22 February 1949 in Phnom Penh. | WIKI |
Shai Agassi
Shai Agassi (שי אגסי, born April 19, 1968) is an Israeli entrepreneur known for his involvement in the electric vehicle industry. He is the founder and former CEO of Better Place, which had developed a model and infrastructure for employing electric cars as an alternative to fossil fuel technology. The company went bankrupt in 2013, after Agassi spent over $850 million on publicity while deploying fewer than 1000 cars.
Prior to founding Better Place, Agassi was President of the Products and Technology Group (PTG) at SAP AG until 2007. In 2003, at the age of 36, Agassi was named one of the top 20 'Global Influentials for 2003' by CNN-Time magazine. In 2008, he was named one of TIME's "Heroes of the Environment". In 2009, Agassi was included in TIME magazine's 100 most influential people list. In 2010, Foreign Policy magazine included Agassi on its annual list of the 100 most influential global thinkers.
Throughout the 1990s, Agassi started and sold a number of technology startups, in the areas of enterprise software, internet technology, multimedia and small business administration. Agassi has a bachelor's degree in computer science and has been awarded a large number of patents in software, automotive and energy infrastructure.
Software entrepreneurship
After graduating from Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Agassi set out as a software entrepreneur. He founded TopTier Software (originally called Quicksoft Development) in Israel in 1992 and later moved the company's headquarters to California. Agassi served the company in various capacities including chairman, chief technology officer, and then CEO. He was directly involved in all critical phases of the company's development, including its strategic plan, technical direction and financing, management of two acquisitions, and negotiation of OEM agreements with companies such as SAP, Baan Corporation, and Microsoft. TopTier was a leading enterprise portal vendor when SAP acquired the company in April 2001 at a price of US$400 million.
In addition to TopTier Software, Agassi co-founded several other companies with his father, Reuven Agassi, including Quicksoft Ltd., a leading multimedia software localization and distribution company in the Israeli market; TopManage, a developer of small business software that was also acquired by SAP in April 2002 (which became SAP Business One, the small business offering by SAP); and Quicksoft Media, a multimedia production company that ceased operations in 1995.
SAP executive
He wished to be the next CEO of SAP after Henning Kagermann vacated that space in 2007. However, Mr. Kagermann's contract as CEO was extended until 2009 by the supervisory board. This led Agassi to resign.
At SAP, he was responsible for SAP's overall technology strategy and execution. In this leadership position, he oversaw the development of the integration and application platform SAP NetWeaver, SAP xApps packaged composite applications, SAP SRM, and SAP Business One. Before his appointment to the SAP Executive Board, Agassi was CEO of SAP Portals and later of the combined company SAP Markets and SAP Portals, which previously operated as a fully owned subsidiary of SAP AG. He was appointed to the SAP Executive Board in 2002. Together with the head of the Application Platform & Architecture (AP&A) group, Peter Zencke, Agassi co-led the Suite Architecture Team, which aligns the software architecture across all SAP solutions.
Better Place
In January 2008, the Israeli government announced its support for a broad effort to promote the use of electric cars, embracing a joint venture between Better Place, Renault and its partner, Nissan Motor Company. Renault and Better Place were to work on the development of electric cars which could be powered by exchangeable batteries.
Agassi initially raised $200MM for this project. Investors included VantagePoint Venture Partners, Israel Corporation, Israel Cleantech Ventures, Morgan Stanley, and private investors led by Michael Granoff of Maniv Energy Capital. In 2009, he raised an additional $135 million for Better Place Denmark, including an investment from DONG Energy, the leading utility in Denmark. Following the announcement in Israel, Better Place had launched its network in Denmark, Australia and in two US locations – Hawaii and Northern California. The company said it was in talks with more than 25 countries around the world, but only in Israel and Denmark were battery swap stations built. In early 2010, Better Place raised its Series-B round at an amount of $350MM led by new investors from HSBC, Morgan Stanley, and Lazard, as well as all previous investors. In November 2011, the company raised its third equity financing round of $200 million from a group of investors including GE, UBS bank and others.
Agassi was ousted as CEO of Better Place in October 2012. On 26 May 2013, Better Place filed for bankruptcy in the Israeli courts. After spending about US$850 million in private capital, fewer than 1,400 cars had been deployed in Israel. The bankruptcy receivers sold the remaining assets in November 2013 for only $450,000. | WIKI |
German inventor Johannes Gutenberg developed a method of printing from movable type. He printed the first book via movable type, the Forty-Two-Lines Bible.
Johannes Gutenberg was born 1395, in Mainz, Germany. He started experimenting with printing by 1438. He obtained backing in 1450 from the financier Johann Fust, whose impatience and other factors led to Gutenberg's loss of his establishment to Fust in 1455. Gutenberg's masterpiece, and the first book ever printed from movable type, is the Forty-Two-Lines Bible, completed no later than 1455.
Born into a modest merchant family in Mainz, Germany, in 1395, Johannes Gutenberg's work as an inventor and printer would have a major impact on communication and learning worldwide. He was the third son of Freile zum Gensfleisch and his second wife, Else Wirick zum Gutenberg, whose maiden name Johann later adopted. There is little recorded history of this early life, but local records indicate he apprenticed as a goldsmith while living in Mainz.
When a craftsman revolt erupted in Mainz against the noble class in 1428, Johannes Gutenberg's family was exiled and settled in Strasburg, where his experiments with printing began. Already familiar with bookmaking, Gutenberg perfected small metal type. Infinitely more practical than carving complete wood blocks for printing, each type was a single letter or character. Movable type had been used in Asia hundreds of years earlier, but Gutenberg's innovation was developing a casting system and metal alloys which made production easier.
In 1448, Johannes Gutenberg moved back to Mainz and by 1450 was operating a print shop. He had borrowed 800 guilders from local financier Johan Fust to purchase specific tools and equipment needed for his unique typography method. By December, 1452, Gutenberg was heavily in debt and unable to pay Fust's loan. A new agreement was drawn up making Fust a partner in Gutenberg's business. By 1455, Gutenberg was still unable to pay the debt and Fust sued. Court records are sketchy, however scholars believe that while the trial was going on, Gutenberg was able to print his masterpiece, the 42-Line Bible, also called the Gutenberg Bible.
Fust won the suit and took over most of Johannes Gutenberg's printing business including the production of the Bibles. Peter Schoeffer, Gutenberg's son-in-law who had testified against him during the trial, now joined Fust as a partner in the business. In addition to the Bible, Gutenberg's other major achievement was the Psalter (the book of Psalms) which was also given to Fust as part of the settlement. The Psalter is decorated with hundreds of 2-color initial letters and delicate scroll borders using an ingenious method based on multiple inking on a single metal block. The Psalter was the first book to display the name of its printers, Fust and Schoffer, but historians believe that neither could have developed such a sophisticated method alone and that Gutenberg must have been working for the pair in the business he once owned.
In 1462, Mainz was sacked by Archbishop Adolph II in a dispute over control of the city. Fusta and Gutenberg's printing businesses were destroyed. Many of the city's topographers fled to other parts of Germany and Europe taking their techniques and technology with them. Gutenberg remained in Mainz but once again fell into poverty. The Archbishop granted him the title of Hofmann (gentleman of the court) in 1465, which provided a salary and privileges for services rendered. Gutenberg carried on his printing activities for several more years, but little evidence exists of what he actually published because he didn't put his name on any of his printings.
Records of Johannes Gutenberg's later years are as sketchy as his early life. Still living in Mainz, it is believed that he went blind in the last months of his life. He died on February 3, 1468, and was buried in the church of the Franciscan convent in the nearby town of Eltville, Germany. | FINEWEB-EDU |
User:Shoutjim/sandbox
Watts & Co., was a London publishing house. In 1880 Charles Watts took over Austin Holyoake's publishing firm and changed its name to C. Watts and then subsequently to C. A. Watts & Co., The company was based at 17 Johnson's Court, off Fleet Street, London. To begin with Watts & Co. published various works by William Stewart Ross - a bitter critic of Bradlaugh who strongly disliked the term 'atheist'. | WIKI |
Kelly Kultala
Kelly Kultala (August 16, 1958) is a Democratic former member of the Kansas Senate, representing the 5th district from 2009 to 2013. She also served as the 5th District Commissioner for the government of Wyandotte County/Kansas City from 2001 to 2005. She has served on the Piper School Board and is a current member of the Wyandotte County Library Board. She is married with three children. She is a practicing Roman Catholic.
Kultala was selected by state Sen. Tom Holland to be his running mate in the 2010 Kansas gubernatorial election. Unopposed in the primary, Kultala was the Democratic Party's nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Kansas.
In 2014 she ran against Kevin Yoder in Kansas's 3rd congressional district, losing the election 60% to 40%.
Previous committee assignments
Kultala served on these legislative committees:
* Local Government
* Transportation
* Ethics and Elections
* Joint Committee on Home and Community Based Services Oversight
* Joint Committee on Special Claims Against the State
* Joint Committee on State-Tribal Relations
* Ways and Means
Sponsored legislation
Kultala co-sponsored a bill regarding elections and an election commissioner as well as various other Senate bills. | WIKI |
2023 Socca World Cup
The 2023 Socca World Cup was held from 2 to 11 June 2023 in Essen, Germany. The official draw was held on 27 April 2023. Kazakhstan became the world champions defeating Ukraine in the final. Mexico took third place. | WIKI |
Venezuelan President Is Chased by Angry Protesters
CARACAS, Venezuela — President Nicolás Maduro was chased at a routine political event by a crowd of angry protesters banging on pots and yelling that they were hungry, just days after thousands of Venezuelans took to the streets to call for his ouster, local news media reported on Saturday. Scenes from the confrontation late Friday, which also appeared in videos uploaded to social media, captured the attention of Venezuelans, many of whom blame the unpopular president for the country’s food shortages. In one video, Mr. Maduro tries to calm the pot-bangers by walking among them, only to be surrounded as the furious crowd yells obscenities. “What is this?” an astounded voice behind the camera asks in one of the video clips. Mr. Maduro had traveled from the capital, Caracas, to Margarita Island off Venezuela’s northern coast to inaugurate a number of new public housing units and give a televised address. During the speech, he denounced his opponents’ calls for his removal from office, calling them “vampires” and saying they were preparing for violence. Foro Penal, a Venezuelan human rights group, said that 20 people had been arrested after the protest in the town of Villa Rosa on Margarita Island. Among those detained was Braulio Jatar, the director of a local news Web site called Reporte Confidencial, said the site, which had reported on protest against the president. Mr. Maduro’s office made no statement about the incident or the arrests. Venezuelan politicians wasted little time on Saturday in using the confrontation to advance their agendas. “The people of Villa Rosa in Margarita have no fear,” wrote Henrique Capriles, an opposition governor who lost to Mr. Maduro in the presidential election in 2013. “Through banging pots, Maduro was run out of town.” Pedro Carvajalino, a pro-government television anchorman, said the protesters had been sent by Mr. Capriles and other members of the opposition. “It was a lack of respect to presidential dignity,” Mr. Carvajalino said. On Thursday, Mr. Maduro’s political opponents organized a mass protest in the capital, a gathering they called “the taking of Caracas.” It was the largest protest this year as many thousands descended on the capital from around the country, chanting, singing and venting frustration with the country’s chronic shortages, most critically of food. The organizers are trying to use rising anger against the president to propel an effort to recall him from office by means of a popular referendum. If the referendum happens this year and Mr. Maduro loses, Venezuelans will have the opportunity to elect a new president. But the government, which is responsible for organizing such a vote, wishes to hold it next year. If Mr. Maduro loses in 2017, the leftist vice president will serve what is left of his six-year term. Polls show that Mr. Maduro would be likely to lose a referendum. The confrontation in Villa Rosa suggests that the tide may have turned in an area that once supported the president. It voted for Mr. Maduro and his predecessor and mentor, Hugo Chávez, in previous elections by significant margins. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Commissary notes
Commissary notes were financial certificates issued by the departments of the quartermaster and commissary-general on behalf of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Due to the rapid depreciation of the Continental currency, the Continental Congress authorized soldiers to provide commissary notes as compensation for impressed supplies. However, the widespread use of these certificates further contributed to the trend of currency devaluation. Although distinct from the paper currency issued by the Continental Congress, commissary notes were accepted during state tax collections. Consequently, a large portion of the nearly worthless Continental notes remained in circulation despite Congressional attempts to improve credit through a reduction in the money supply.
Origins
Given the revolutionary army’s lack of supplies when compared to the British, the Continental Congress recognized the need to impress certain goods and, in late 1776, allowed General George Washington to seize necessary supplies. Although the federal government did not initially endorse the states’ use of impressments, it later gave state governments great liberties to demand goods and services from local populations. The departments of the quartermaster and commissary-general, who were in charge of executing the impressments, experimented with multiple forms of payment. Congress originally authorized the army to fund impressments either with in-kind payments or with the paper Continental currency. However, the high levels of depreciation within the first few years of the war caused Congress to attempt to reimburse impressed goods with a new kind of promissory certificate that carried no interest rates. These so-called commissary notes began as hand-written documents but, as they became more popular, they were eventually mass-printed.
Widespread Use
As the war continued, commissary notes were issued at both the Continental and state levels, especially as necessary supplies became scarce. In 1778, the government of Virginia issued warnings against people who bought specific goods, such as wheat, for the specific purpose of resale and authorized additional impressments, a trend soon followed in Maryland, Pennsylvania and New York. As the war escalated, the states further resorted to the use of impressments, with Virginia appointing local commissioners to conduct impressments on the county level. Moreover, later campaigns, including Yorktown, were largely funded with commissary notes rather than with other types of bills. Nevertheless, not all necessary goods were impressed since people who gave desired goods, such as beef, rum or clothing, to the troops received more favorable payments for their donations.
Implications
Although scholars have not reached a consensus as to whether commissary notes were circulated as money, these notes undoubtedly were used for certain financial transactions. Indeed, Congress had to accept these certificates as legal payments when the states collected taxes. Although comprehensive state-by-state data on the distribution of commissary notes are not available, the overall nominal value of these notes eventually equaled the total value of Continental currency in circulation. As a result, these notes both increased the rate of deflation and, since they were often given to the state as taxes, much of the nearly worthless Continental currency remained uncollected. Despite the fact that Congress had stopped issuing Continental bills in 1779, the use of commissary notes thwarted attempts to combat inflation through a reduction in the money supply. High levels of depreciation continued throughout the war even as Congress attempted to consolidate the money supply under a new system in which older financial instruments, including bills, certificates and even lottery tickets, were bundled together and marked with new denominations that were set at fractions of their original total face values.
Evolution and demise
As they did not pay any interest, the first commissary notes became essentially worthless and were largely removed from circulation by the states. Nevertheless, in 1780, quartermaster general Timothy Pickering approved a new wave of commissary notes that carried six percent interest rates under the terms that states provide a portion of the supplies purchased with the notes to the army. However, many states failed to comply and commissary notes once again contributed to currency depreciation, with the Continental Congress issuing a letter to the state governments in 1781 stating that “[commissary notes] continue to obstruct every plan which hath been devised for restoring public credit and supporting the war.”
After the war, commissary notes were included with other debts to be paid by the American government, but many of these notes were eventually redeemed by the states. In Massachusetts, for instance, the terms of a loan act passed in 1781 stipulated that commissary notes could be redeemed for up to one half of their face value. Overall, the high levels of depreciation during the war, in part caused by the glut of commissary notes, illustrated the dangers of allowing individual states to issue their own currencies and financial instruments, and prompted the authors of the United States Constitution to give the sole responsibility of issuing coinage and currency to the central government. | WIKI |
3 Replies Latest reply: Nov 19, 2012 1:29 PM by Jitendra RSS
onfocus event
user12957777
Please give example of how to write onfocus event in Manual Tabular Form for textfield item.
Sanjay
• 1. Re: onfocus event
user12957777
I tried the example given by Denes Kubicek in his Demo application: Page No.9
Application Process:
DECLARE
v_date VARCHAR2 (20);
BEGIN
v_date := TO_CHAR (SYSDATE, 'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS');
HTP.p (v_date);
END;
Javascript function
<script>
function f_setCurrentDate ()
{
var get = new htmldb_Get(null,156,'APPLICATION_PROCESS=setCurrentDate',0);
gReturn = get.get();
html_GetElement('APEX_APPLICATION.g_f05').value = gReturn
get = null;
}
</script>
Please check if the javascript function is correct or not?
Sanjay
• 2. Re: onfocus event
603257
That is just the javascript which calls a function "setCurrentDate" through ajax. - you need to add a call to that javascript from the element itself.
When you say manually created, how exactly do you mean? Post the SQL code that you're using to generate the table.
• 3. Re: onfocus event
Jitendra
Hi user12957777 ,
Please give your sql how you have created your tabular form.
If you used APEX_ITEM.TEXT for the creation of text field then refer the below sample to use events.
change the required values according to your requiement..like p_idx, p_value, p_attributes etc.
use p_attributes for events.
APEX_ITEM.TEXT(
p_idx => 5,
p_value => c005,
p_size => 10,
p_maxlength => 2000,
p_attributes => 'onfocus="f_eval_attendance(parseInt(#ROWNUM#));"',
p_item_id => 'f05_#ROWNUM#',
p_item_label => 'Label for f05_#ROWNUM#') "ATTENDANCE"
If this is not the case then provide more info so, you will get quick solution from the experts.
Regards,
Jitendra | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Your-Doctor
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
Quiz Categories Click to expand
Category: Cardiology--->Pharmacology
Page: 11
Question 51#Print Question
Y. J. is a 67-year-old African American man with HF who has been treated with lisinopril 20 mg daily, metoprolol succinate 25 mg daily, furosemide 40 mg twice daily, and spironolactone 12.5 mg daily. Despite his current therapy, he still complains of shortness of breath while conducting usual daily activities. What is the most appropriate change that should be made to his regimen?
A. Increase spironolactone
B. Start hydralazine
C. Initiate isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine
D. Increase lisinopril
Question 52#Print Question
Which of the following statements is true?
A. Serum levels are used to guide the selection of the dose of digoxin
B. Because spironolactone was found to have mortality benefit in the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES), the addition of spironolactone should be considered for all HF patients
C. The benefit of long-term IV inotropic therapy may outweigh the increased mortality risk in refractory patients unable to be weaned from IV inotropic support
D. Digoxin exhibits both symptomatic and mortality benefit in patients with HF
Question 53#Print Question
One month ago, a 37-year-old woman with sinus infection responded well to a 14-day course of amoxicillin/clavulanate 875/125 mg twice daily. She is scheduled for a root canal in 1 week. In the past, her dentist had prescribed one dose of clindamycin 600 mg, 1 hour prior to any dental work, for endocarditis prophylaxis because of her history of mitral valve prolapse. Realizing she has not received her prescription, the patient calls the dentist’s office for an antibiotic. What prophylaxis is indicated for this patient?
A. Amoxicillin 2 g PO 1 hour before the procedure
B. Clindamycin 600 mg PO 1 hour before the procedure
C. Azithromycin 500 mg PO 1 hour before the procedure
D. No prophylaxis recommended in this patient
Question 54#Print Question
S. C. is a 59-year-old woman diagnosed with enterococcal endocarditis. She has no known drug allergies. Which of the following would exhibit standard therapy?
A. Penicillin G, 5 million units IV every 4 hours for 4 to 6 weeks, plus gentamicin, 2.5 mg/kg IV every 8 hours for 4 to 6 weeks
B. Ampicillin, 2 g IV every 4 hours for 4 to 6 weeks, plus gentamicin, 1 mg/kg IV every 8 hours for 4 to 6 weeks
C. Ampicillin, 2 g IV every 4 hours for 4 to 6 weeks, plus gentamicin, 1 mg/kg IV every 8 hours for 3 to 5 days
D. Vancomycin, 30 mg/kg per 24 hours in two equally divided doses for 4 to 6 weeks
Category: Cardiology--->Pharmacology
Page: 11 of 11 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
#!/usr/bin/perl -w # Since the sdl_const.pl and gl_const.pl scripts with 2.0-beta2 don't seem to # work at all, this script takes SDL/Constans.pm and OpenGL/Constants.pm (as # original from 2.0-beta2) and fixes them up, and moves them into ../lib/ # I already did this for 1.20.2, so you need to run this only if you intent # to rebuild the .pm files. # See http://Bloodgate.com/perl/sdl/sdl_perl.html use strict; ############################################################################## my $sdl = read_file('SDL/Constants.pm'); # remove 'main::' on subs $sdl =~ s/sub main::([\w]+)/sub $1/g; # turn on () on subs to make peep optimizer to inline them #$sdl =~ s/sub ([\w]+)\s+{/sub $1 () {/g; write_file( '../lib/SDL/Constants.pm', insert_export($sdl) ); undef $sdl; ############################################################################## my $gl = read_file('OpenGL/Constants.pm'); # remove 'main::' on subs $gl =~ s/sub main::([\w]+)/sub $1/g; # turn on () on subs to make peep optimizer to inline them #$gl =~ s/sub ([\w]+)\s+{/sub $1 () {/g; write_file( '../lib/SDL/OpenGL/Constants.pm', insert_export( $gl, grep_constants() ) ); 1; sub read_file { my $file = shift; print "Reading $file..."; my $FILE; open $FILE, $file or die("Cannot read $file: $!\n"); local $/; # slurp mode my $doc = <$FILE>; close $FILE; print "done.\n"; $doc; } sub write_file { my ( $file, $txt ) = @_; print "Writing $file..."; my $FILE; open $FILE, ">$file" or die("Cannot write $file: $!\n"); print $FILE $txt; close $FILE; print "done.\n"; } sub insert_export { my $txt = shift; my @sub = (); # gather all sub names $txt =~ s/sub ([\w]+)\s+/push @sub, $1; 'sub ' . $1 . ' '/eg; # if we got a second list of names, parse it and include anything that isn't # alreay in my $add = ""; if ( ref( $_[0] ) eq 'ARRAY' ) { my $const = shift; foreach my $c ( sort @$const ) { if ( grep ( /^$c->[0]$/, @sub ) == 0 ) { print "Adding $c->[0] $c->[1]\n"; $add .= "sub $c->[0] () { $c->[1] }\n"; push @sub, $c->[0]; } } $add .= "\n"; } # SDL/Constants.pm contains doubles :-( So filter them out. my @sorted = sort @sub; my $last; @sub = (); my @doubles; foreach my $cur (@sorted) { if ( defined $last && $last eq $cur ) { # double! push @doubles, $last; } else { push @sub, $last if defined $last; } $last = $cur; } foreach my $cur (@doubles) { $txt =~ s/\bsub $cur.*//g; # remove } my $export = "require Exporter;\nuse strict;\n"; $export .= "use vars qw/\$VERSION \@ISA \@EXPORT/;"; $export .= "\n\@ISA = qw/Exporter/;\n"; # this makes Exporter export the symbols from SDL::Constants to whatever # package used SDL::Constants (usually SDL::Event.pm) my $pack; if ( $txt =~ /SDL::Constants/ ) { $txt =~ s/SDL::Constants/SDL::Event/g; $pack = 'SDL::Event'; } if ( $txt =~ /SDL::OpenGL::Constants/ ) { $txt =~ s/SDL::OpenGL::Constants/SDL::OpenGL/g; $pack = 'SDL::OpenGL'; } $export .= "\nsub import { $pack\->export_to_level(1, \@_); }\n"; $export .= "\n\@EXPORT = qw/\n"; my $line = "\t"; foreach my $s ( sort @sub ) { if ( length($line) + length($s) > 70 ) { $export .= "$line\n"; $line = "\t"; } $line .= "$s "; } $export .= "$line /;\n"; # insert Exporter section $txt =~ s/sub/$export\n\n$add\nsub/; $txt; } sub grep_constants { # grep all the OpenGL constants from SDL and return them my $sdl_gl = read_file('/usr/include/GL/gl.h'); my @const = (); $sdl_gl =~ s/^#define (GL_.*?)\s+(0x[\da-fA-F]+)/push @const,[$1,$2];/egm; \@const; } END { print "\n"; } | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Tutorial :Wii Fit data format?
Question:
So the boss just came buy to tell me he's buying a Wii + Wii Fit for the office. At first I'm thinking this is awesome, we're getting a Wii. But, we're a pretty fit group, why do we need the Wii Fit too? Of course, I opened my stupid mouth to ask that very question when I should have been basking in the glory of the moment. sigh...the work never ends...
Apparently the Wii Fit saves some sort of data to an SD card and he wants to know if we can access that data. A quick search yielded nearly nothing, except a note that the data is stored as a text file, but in Japanese. The boss is still out shopping so I can't yet see for myself.
Has anyone tried to get at the Wii Fit data? Any luck?
Solution:1
Also check out this reference to help unpack and decrypt the game files.
http://wiibrew.org/wiki/Segher%27s_Wii.git
Solution:2
It is possible to decode the WiiFit save data.
Once the WiiFit savedata is stored to a SD card it will be named private\wii\title\RFNP\data.bin (for pal) or private\wii\title\RFNN\data.bin (for NTSC)
This is a standardized Wii format that all games use and it is described at http://wiibrew.org/wiki/Savegame_Files
Once you have decrypted the header and data area with he keys from http://hackmii.com/2008/04/keys-keys-keys/ you will find that data.bin contain the files:
RPFitCap.dat RPHealth.dat RPWiiFit.dat
These files are unencrypted, but I have not analyzed their content more then just to be able to extract weight and bmi data for my own Mii.
I have a really dirty vb6 class that produces a CSV file with dates and weight but its faaaaaar away from any kind of release.
Heres some of my extracted data:
15.11.2008 13:18:00;92 16.11.2008 15:30:00;91,1 17.11.2008 19:02:00;91,3 18.11.2008 08:23:00;90,8 19.11.2008 07:20:00;90,5 20.11.2008 09:34:00;90,5 21.11.2008 09:32:00;91,1 22.11.2008 09:11:00;91,3 23.11.2008 10:25:00;91,6 24.11.2008 10:36:00;91,2 25.11.2008 10:37:00;91,4 26.11.2008 13:40:00;90,8 27.11.2008 10:45:00;91,2 28.11.2008 11:32:00;91,4 29.11.2008 13:09:00;91 30.11.2008 13:18:00;90 01.12.2008 12:38:00;90,1 02.12.2008 13:16:00;91,2 03.12.2008 10:34:00;91,2 04.12.2008 12:06:00;91 05.12.2008 13:05:00;91,2 06.12.2008 16:28:00;90,3 07.12.2008 14:03:00;90,9 08.12.2008 12:38:00;91,3 09.12.2008 14:18:00;90,4 10.12.2008 13:43:00;90,5 11.12.2008 13:36:00;90,5 12.12.2008 14:15:00;90,3 13.12.2008 14:17:00;89,9 14.12.2008 10:42:00;90
./Al
Solution:3
Here's what's known about Wii save-files. This may be more difficult than you think. Everything the Wii does is usually encrypted using that specific console's private key.
A lot of reverse-engineering is in your future if you intend to get this working. Please share any discoveries you have.
Solution:4
I was able to use this info to create a table of where the data is stored in the Wii Fit savegame files.
There is more detail in the following blog post: http://jansenprice.com/blog?id=9-Extracting-Data-from-Wii-Fit-Plus-Savegame-Files
File FitPlus0.dat ----------------- Byte Offset | Length | Description ----------------------------------- 0x0 | 8 | RPHE0000 (header) 0x8 | 22 | Name of Mii 0x1E | 1 | Unknown 0x1F | 1 | Height (in cm) 0x20 | 4 | Date of birth (stored in BCD: e.g. 1980 0228) 0x24 | | Unknown 0x95 | | Dates with data (rowlen=10) 0x35CF | | Start of some other section (unknown) 0x38A1 | | Body Test measurement data section (rowlen=21) +0 | 4 | Date (in bitfield format) +4 | 2 | Weight (in kg * 10) +6 | 2 | BMI (* 100) +8 | 2 | Balance percent (* 10) +10 | 2 | simple value 4 ?? +12 | 1 | extended 1 ?? +13 | 1 | extended 2 ?? +14 | 1 | extended 3 ?? +15 | 1 | extended 4 ?? +16 | 2 | extended 5 ?? +18 | 1 | extended 6 ?? +19 | 1 | extended 7 ?? 0x9288 | 1 | Last byte of profile
Solution:5
Seagul,
The date format used is described here: DateTime hex format
If you convert some of your known dates to the Wii Fit date format you should easily be able to find them in the plaintext files.
./Al
Solution:6
Building off of Jansen's work, a group of people started a project on Google Code that will parse the file for you.
http://code.google.com/p/wiifit/
It parses not only the body tests, but also the info from the games.
Solution:7
a reference for you: http://www.wiili.org/index.php/Mii_Data
Note:If u also have question or solution just comment us below or mail us on toontricks1994@gmail.com
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sriram
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7 May 2018 at 22:19 delete
It's interesting that many of the bloggers to helped clarify a few things for me as well as giving.Most of ideas can be nice content.The people to give them a good shake to get your point and across the command.
software testing course in chennai
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Dissemination of IT for the Promotion of Materials Science (DoITPoMS)
PreviousNext
Questions
Select the correct order of the AM manufacturing process.
Quick questions
You should be able to answer these questions without too much difficulty after studying this TLP. If not, then you should go through it again!
1. Which of the following processes uses material extrusion to print?
a Arburg Plastic Freeforming, APF
b Selective Laser Sintering, SLS
c Material Jetting, MJ
d Digital Light Processing, DLP
Deeper questions
The following questions require some thought and reaching the answer may require you to think beyond the contents of this TLP.
1. How does Stereolithography bond layers together?
a Powder heats up, melting and fusing with the layer below
b Newly deposited material is hot, partially melting the surface of the previous layer and entangles polymer chains, fusing
c The previous layer is left in a green state so that the surface is left partially reacted. When the new layer is cured, the previous layer also reacts and binds
d New layers are bound by adhesive which is applied between each layer as its printed
2. Which of the following prints of a tensile test sample would you expect to have the highest ultimate tensile strength?
a PLA, 90% fill, loaded in z direction
b PLA, hollow, printed at 45° to the x direction and loaded in that direction.
c ABS, 30% fill, loaded in x direction
d PLA, 30% fill, printed on its side and loaded in the x direction.
3. You wish to print a hollow section for a prototype. Which method of printing should you use?
a Stereolithography, SLA
b Electron Beam Melting, EBM
c Multi Jet Fusion, MJF
d Fused Deposition Modelling, FDM
4. Which factor usually limits resolution in FDM?
a Layer height
b Minimum movement of nozzle in x-y plane
c Nozzle diameter
d Print temperature
5. What is a key limitation that applies to all additive manufacturing processes?
a Expensive
b Lack of control over material properties
c Printing has visible layer lines
d Warping on printing | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Comparison of land surface temperatures from MSG-2/SEVIRI and Terra/MODIS
• Published: 2013-04-11
• 3461
Comparison of land surface temperatures from MSG-2/SEVIRI and Terra/MODIS
Author: CaixiaGao,XiaoguangJiang,HuaWu,BohuiTang,ZiyangLi,and Zhao Liang Li
Land surface temperature (LST) is an important parameter in climatological and environmental research and can be derived from satellite thermal infrared data using various LST retrieval methods. Due to the differences in retrieval methods and input data sources, the LST generated from the Spinning Enhanced Visibleand Infrared Imager (SEVIRI)onboardthe MSG-2 satellite is different from that retrieved from the MODIS onboard Terra satellite. This study aims toevaluate the SEVIRI LST retrieved using the generalised split-window method with the land surface emissivity (LSE) estimated using the day/night Temperature-Independent Spectral Indices based method against the MODIS-derived LST extracted from theMOD11B1 V5 product during 7 clear-sky days. The results show that (1) discrepancies exist between the two LST products, with a maximum of 4.9 K on average; (2) these differences are considered to be time-dependent, i.e., higher discrepancies are observed during the daytime;(3) these differences are land-cover dependent, i.e., bare areas generally present larger differences than vegetated areas; (4) these differences depend on the view zenith angle (VZA) differences, inversely proportional to VZA differences. Finally, the main sources of LST differences are investigated and identified in terms of LSE, instrumental noise equivalent temperature difference (NEΔT) and mis-registration ofthe two LST products. These discrepancies may mainly result from errors in LSE, which are caused primarily by the atmospheric correction error for the SEVIRI-derived LST;the LST differences arising from NEΔT andmis-registration are within 0.4 K. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
CARDER BUICK-OLDS COMPANY., INC., Appellant, v. REYNOLDS & REYNOLDS, INC., Appellee.
[Cite as Carder Buick-Olds Co. v. Reynolds & Reynolds, Inc., 148 Ohio App.3d 635, 2002-Ohio-2912.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio, Second District, Montgomery County.
No. 19114.
Decided June 14, 2002.
Richard S. Wayne, William K. Flynn, Steven F. Stuhlbarg and Joseph J. Braun, for appellant.
Mary L. Wiseman, Ronald I. Raether, Jr., and Daniel H. Binegar, for appellee.
Brogan, Judge.
{¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, Carder Buick-Olds (“Carder”) is an automobile dealership located in Searcy, Arkansas. From 1980 to 1990, Carder used a computer system purchased from Reynolds & Reynolds (“Reynolds”). In 1990, Carder replaced this system with one from Convergent Dealership Systems. At the time Carder purchased the Convergent system, it signed a sales and license agreement that included a contract for maintenance and support of the system. Sometime after 1990, COIN Dealership Systems bought out Convergent and assumed responsibility for the maintenance and support of all of its customers. Then in 1993, Reynolds acquired COIN, assuming the same responsibilities.
{¶ 2} On August 18, 1993, shortly after Reynolds acquired COIN, the COIN Automobile Advisory Council (“CADAC”) sent a letter to all dealerships that were currently using a COIN system, addressing the impact of Reynolds’s acquisition. This letter stated the following:
{¶ 3} “Reynolds has no plans to force any dealer to invest in new equipment. Reynolds representatives will work with dealership management to insure that their current system is meeting their business and information management needs.
{¶ 4} “Reynolds and Reynolds will continue to keep COIN products up-to-date and current for manufacturer and government dictated changes and obviously will correct any problems. Reynolds’[s] experience has shown that some desired enhancements may be beyond the technical limitations of older technology platforms.”
{¶ 5} Thereafter, Reynolds continued to provide maintenance and support for Carder’s system.
{¶ 6} In October 1997, Reynolds sent letters to all customers who were still using a COIN system, which included 707 dealerships. Reynolds’s letter advised customers that a Y2K issue existed with the COIN system that would cause problems within the computer when dates after December 31, 1999, were input. In addition, the letter explained that the COIN system was incapable of integrating upcoming manufacturer initiatives. As a result, Reynolds had decided to “end-of-life” all of the COIN systems. This included terminating maintenance and support for all COIN systems as of December 31, 1998, thereby requiring all current customers to obtain a new computer system.
{¶ 7} Carder continued to pay for and receive maintenance and support for its COIN system through December 31, 1998. At that time, it was forced to obtain a new system. While Carder did consider a Reynolds replacement system, it instead purchased its new computer system through another company.
{¶ 8} After reviewing discovery obtained from Reynolds, Carder discovered that of the 707 dealerships that received the October 1997 letter, at least 424 of them were parties to a Convergent or COIN Dealership Systems sales and license agreement containing the same material terms and conditions as Carder’s agreement. Accordingly, Carder sought to certify a class consisting of the following:
{¶ 9} “All persons or entities who were parties to a Convergent Dealership Systems Sales License & Maintenance Agreement or a COIN Dealership Systems Sales License & Maintenance Agreement and continued to pay Reynolds & Reynolds maintenance or software fees for their automobile dealership management system, including its associated hardware and/or software as of October 1997.”
{¶ 10} Reynolds opposed certification, contending that a large portion of this class has maintained a business relationship with Reynolds, and therefore, Carder could not adequately represent the class. In addition, Reynolds claimed that the relationship of the parties to each contract would need to be individually analyzed to determine the distinct negotiation and amendments that apply to each individual dealership’s agreement. As a result, Reynolds believed that a class action was not the superior method of pursuing this litigation.
{¶ 11} The magistrate and trial court agreed with Reynolds and denied class certification. Carder then timely appealed, raising the following assignments of error:
{¶ 12} “I. The trial court erred by finding that a conflict exists between Carder and some members of the proposed class that prevents Carder from adequately representing the class.
{¶ 13} “II. The trial court erred by finding that common issues of fact and law do not predominate in this action.
{¶ 14} “III. The trial court erred by finding that a class action is not superior to other methods of adjudication.”
{¶ 15} Initially, we note that the standard of review in this case is well established. “A trial judge has broad discretion in determining whether a class action may be maintained and that determination will not be disturbed absent a showing of an abuse of discretion.” Baughman v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. (2000), 88 Ohio St.3d 480, 483, 727 N.E.2d 1265. Abuse of discretion is typically defined as an attitude that is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable. AAAA Enterprises, Inc. v. River Place Comm. Urban Redevelopment Corp. (1990), 50 Ohio St.3d 157, 161, 553 N.E.2d 597. However, an abuse of discretion commonly generates a decision that is unreasonable rather than arbitrary or unconscionable. Id. In this case, we find that the trial court’s reasoning process did not support its decision denying Carder’s motion to certify a class. Id.
{¶ 16} The purpose for this standard is based on a trial court’s “special expertise and familiarity with case-management problems and its inherent power to manage its own docket.” Hamilton v. Ohio Sav. Bank (1998), 82 Ohio St.3d 67, 70, 694 N.E.2d 442. Therefore, a finding of abuse of discretion should be made cautiously, particularly where a trial court has denied certification. Marks v. C.P. Chem. Co. (1987), 31 Ohio St.3d 200, 201, 31 OBR 398, 509 N.E.2d 1249.
{¶ 17} Nevertheless, any doubts a trial court may have as to whether the elements of class certification have been met should be resolved in favor of upholding the class. Baughman, 88 Ohio St.3d at 487, 727 N.E.2d 1265. As a result, it is not uncommon for a reviewing court to reverse a trial court’s denial of class certification. In 1998, the Supreme Court in two separate cases found the trial court had abused its discretion in denying class certification. See Hamilton, 82 Ohio St.3d 67, 694 N.E.2d 442; Cope v. Metro. Life Ins. Co. (1998), 82 Ohio St.3d 426, 696 N.E.2d 1001. In Hamilton, mortgagors brought an action against a bank, alleging claims arising out of identical or similar form contracts. The Supreme Court found that “[t]his appears to present the classic case for treatment as a class action,” and then cited many cases that had been similarly certified. Hamilton, 82 Ohio St.3d at 80, 694 N.E.2d 442. The court acknowledged that issues involving separate contractual situations presented special problems. However, the court also found that had the legislature intended to exclude contractual situations from class action relief, it would have said so. Id. at 83, 694 N.E.2d 442.
{¶ 18} The Cope plaintiffs brought an action against MetLife alleging that it failed to abide by administrative regulations requiring insurance companies to provide written disclosure warnings to customers purchasing replacement life insurance. Cope, 82 Ohio St.3d at 433, 696 N.E.2d 1001. Again, the Supreme Court said that it could not imagine a case more suited for class action treatment, because the claims involved the use of form documents, standardized practices and procedures, and common omissions. Id. at 437, 696 N.E.2d 1001.
{¶ 19} Pursuant to Civ.R. 23(A), a plaintiff must satisfy seven requirements in order to maintain a class action: (1) an identifiable class must exist and the definition of the class must be unambiguous, (2) the named representatives must be members of the class, (3) the class must be so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable (numerosity), (4) there must be questions of law or fact 'common to the class (commonality), (5) the claims or defenses of the representative parties must be typical of the claims or defenses of the class (typicality), (6) the representative parties must fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class (adequacy), and (7) one of the three Civ.R. 23(B) requirements must be met. Hamilton, 82 Ohio St.3d at 71, 694 N.E.2d 442.
{¶ 20} Civ.R. 23(B)(3) requires that the court find “that the questions of law or fact common to the members of the class predominate over any questions affecting only individual members [predominance], and that a class action is superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy [superiority].” The trial court found that Carder had satisfied the first five elements outlined above, but had not provided sufficient evidence to show adequacy, predominance or superiority.
{¶ 21} In contrast to the trial court’s decision, Carder claims that all seven elements have been satisfied. The three elements found by the trial court to be deficient represent Carder’s three assignments of error.
I. Adequacy
{¶ 22} The trial court found that Carder could not adequately represent the class primarily because Carder is a former customer of Reynolds, and other potential class members are current customers. After the COIN products were end-of-lifed, approximately 73.9 percent of the customers replaced their COIN system with another Reynolds product. The trial court found that this distinction rendered Carder an inadequate class representative. We disagree.
{¶23} A class representative is considered adequate as long as its interest is not antagonistic to the interest of other class members. Hamilton, 82 Ohio St.3d at 77-78, 694 N.E.2d 442. To support its contention that Carder’s interest is antagonistic to those potential class members who remain Reynolds’s customers, Reynolds relies mainly on Shaver v. Std. Oil Co. (1990), 68 Ohio App.3d 783, 589 N.E.2d 1348.
{¶ 24} In Shaver, the plaintiff was a former independent dealer/lessee of defendant, Standard Oil. Shaver sought to represent a class consisting of both former and present independent dealers of Standard Oil in a suit for violation of Ohio’s Valentine Act and Consumer Sales Practices Act, as well as breach of fiduciary duty and interference with business relationships. Id. at 788, 589 N.E.2d 1348. The court found that because Shaver was a former dealer and many potential class members were current dealers, Shaver could not adequately represent the entire class. Id. at 795-96, 589 N.E.2d 1348. Generally, the court held that current dealers would be interested in the economic viability of the business and in maintaining an amicable relationship, whereas the class representative, a former dealer, would not.
{¶ 25} The Shaver court cited several federal court opinions that supported this holding. Id., 68 Ohio App.3d at 796, 589 N.E.2d 1348. After reviewing these cases, we find that the relationship between the parties in each case was similar to the relationship in Shaver, i.e., either lessor/lessee or franchiser/franchisee. See McMahon Books, Inc. v. Willow Grove Assoc. (E.D.Pa.1985), 108 F.R.D. 32 (tenants versus mall owner); S. Snack Foods v. J & J Snack Foods Corp. (D.C.N.J.1978), 79 F.R.D. 678 (franchisee/distributor versus franchisor); Aamco Automatic Transmissions, Inc. v. Tayloe (E.D.Pa.1975), 67 F.R.D. 440 (franchisee versus franchisor); McCoy v. Convenient Food Mart, Inc. (N.D.Ill.1975), 69 F.R.D. 337 (franchisee versus franchisor); Matarazzo v. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. (E.D.N.Y.1974), 62 F.R.D. 65 (employee versus employer); DiCostanzo v. Hertz Corp. (D.C.Mass.1974), 63 F.R.D. 150 (franchisee versus franchisor); Thompson v. T.F.I. Cos., Inc. (N.D.Ill.1974), 64 F.R.D. 140 (franchisee versus franchisor); McMackin v. Schwinn Bicycle Co. (N.D.Ill.1973), 21 Fed.R.Serv.2d 1306, 1973 WL 912 (franchisee versus franchisor).
{¶ 26} The relationships found in all of these cases are not the same as the customer relationship in the present case. A franchisee and franchisor or employee and employer have a relationship in which the former literally depends on the economic viability of the latter to sustain its existence. This is not true for a customer/seller or service/provider relationship. See Hi-Co Ent., Inc. v. ConAgra, Inc. (D.C.Ga.1976), 75 F.R.D. 628, 631, citing Free World Foreign Cars, Inc. v. Alfa Romeo (S.D.N.Y.1972), 55 F.R.D. 26, 29. If a large judgment affected Reynolds’s viability, the only impact on current customers would be a need to find another company to provide maintenance and support for their computer systems. A judgment would not directly affect customers’ own viability. While current customers may understandably desire to maintain an amicable relationship with a service provider, absence of such a relationship would not be detrimental to their very existence. Accordingly, we find Shaver distinguishable.
{¶ 27} Furthermore, even though the Shaver court found that the plaintiff could not adequately represent both former and present dealers, the court did not agree that this reason was sufficient to deny class certification entirely. Instead, the court listed several other options, such as redefining the class, permitting current dealers to join the class, or limiting the certification. Shaver, 68 Ohio App.3d at 796, 589 N.E.2d 1348. In fact, the Sixth District found that the trial court abused its discretion by denying class certification without considering alternative means to certify the class. Id. at 800, 589 N.E.2d 1348.
{¶ 28} Reynolds further relies on our case of Davis v. Kettering (Mar. 13, 1987), Montgomery App. No. 9704, 1987 WL 7869, to support its allegation that Carder’s interests are antagonistic to the interests of other class members. Davis involved a potential class of landowners who sued the city of Kettering for developing land in such a way to cause excessive water to flow into a ditch, which damaged properties along the ditch. The court found that there was a real possibility of antagonism within the potential class because some landowners had built encroachments to protect their land from the excess water. Id. at 4-5. These encroachments could have caused erosion on other property upstream and downstream that was owned by other potential class members. Moreover, at least one landowner testified at a hearing that if other landowners’ actions had caused additional damage to his property, their ability to represent him in a class action would be affected. Id. at 5. There is no such existing antagonism between Carder and the other potential class members.
{¶ 29} Aside from the former-/present-customer distinction raised by Reynolds, the only other potential antagonism mentioned was Carder’s general enmity toward Reynolds, based on past experience. Specifically, between 1980 and 1990, Carder used a Reynolds computer system in its business. During this time period, disputes arose between the two companies. Carder claims they were resolved amicably; Reynolds alleges that Carder threatened a lawsuit. Regardless of which version is true, we do not find this relevant to whether Carder could adequately represent the class in this lawsuit. As long as there is no antagonism between class members involved in the present situation, Carder’s past relationship or feelings toward Reynolds have no relevance.
{¶ 30} Moreover, if any of the above issues cause potential class members to doubt Carder’s ability to adequately represent the class, they may opt out of the class pursuant to Civ.R. 23(C)(2)(a). Based on the foregoing, we disagree with the trial court’s finding that Carder would not be an adequate representative of the class. The first assignment of error is, therefore, sustained.
II. Predominance
{¶ 31} Once all the elements in Civ.R. 23(A) have been satisfied, a plaintiff must comply with one of the three subdivisions of Civ.R. 23(B). In this regard, Carder alleges that it has satisfied Civ.R. 23(B)(3). The requirements of this rule can be divided into two subparts: predominance and superiority. The trial court found that Carder had not satisfied either of these requirements. Notably, the Supreme Court has held that if all of the elements of Civ.R. 23(A) have been fulfilled, certification should not be denied based on an overly narrow construction of Civ.R. 23(B)(3). Ojalvo v. Bd. of Trustees of Ohio State Univ. (1984), 12 Ohio St.3d 230, 235,12 OBR 313, 466 N.E.2d 875.
{¶ 32} When considering the predominance requirement, the Supreme Court has found that it will be satisfied “ ‘when there exists generalized evidence which proves or disproves an element on a simultaneous, class-wide basis, since such proof obviates the need to examine each class member’s individual position.’ ” Baughman, 88 Ohio St.3d at 489, 727 N.E.2d 1265, quoting Lockwood Motors, Inc. v. Gen. Motors Corp. (D. Minn. 1995), 162 F.R.D. 569, 580. Moreover, for common questions of fact or law to predominate, it is not sufficient that they merely exist. Marks, 31 Ohio St.3d at 204, 31 OBR 398, 509 N.E.2d 1249. Instead, they must represent a significant aspect of the case and be capable of resolution for all members of the class in a single adjudication. Id.
{¶ 33} Carder has advanced two claims against Reynolds: breach of contract and fraud. We must address each claim separately to determine if common questions predominate.
{¶ 34} In the breach-of-contract claim, Carder alleges that Reynolds breached the agreement that provided for maintenance and support of the computer system. In October 1997, Reynolds sent a letter to all customers who were currently using a COIN system, advising them that Reynolds was going to terminate their maintenance and support as of December 31, 1998. Steven Stuhlbarg, an attorney for Carder, has alleged in an affidavit that he reviewed Reynolds’s files and determined that Reynolds sent this letter to 707 dealerships. After examining as many customer files as Reynolds could provide, Stuhlbarg found that 424 dealership contracts contained terms and conditions identical to those in Carder’s contract.
{¶ 35} In response, Reynolds alleges that it had many different contracts for many distinct types of hardware and software. Specifically, Charles Schroeder of Reynolds submitted an affidavit alleging that the company’s files contained at least 19 different contracts with COIN users, which had diverse terms and conditions. However, the affidavit did not discuss how many of these different contracts described were still in effect in October 1997, when the termination letter was sent. The affidavit also did not indicate how many different types of contracts were affected by the letter. Moreover, many of the differences pointed out in the contracts are irrelevant, i.e. warranty issues, length of service, emergency services. Finally, we note that the Supreme Court has even upheld class certification in situations where several different contracts were involved. Ojalvo, 12 Ohio St.3d at 235, 12 OBR 313, 466 N.E.2d 875. Because Schroeder’s affidavit does not directly contradict Stuhlbarg’s by narrowing his discussion to only those contracts affected by the October 1997 letter, we do not find Schroeder’s affidavit helpful in resolving this issue.
{¶ 36} In the alternative, Reynolds argues that while the initial contract language may be identical, many contracts were amended based on negotiations between the parties. In response, Carder contends that there was no negotiation involved with these contracts; instead they were contracts of adhesion drafted by Reynolds. Consequently, Carder argues, there is no relevant extrinsic evidence to consider.
{¶ 37} After reviewing the depositions and affidavits submitted by the parties, we find that Carder’s own contract was amended from the original language. Presumably through negotiation, Carder’s contract allowed the initial fee for maintenance and support to remain unchanged for an extended term of 66 months. While we agree this is a contract amendment, it is not pertinent to the claim alleged in this case, i.e., that Reynolds breached the contract by refusing to repair a known defect in the system. The length of time Carder could maintain the maintenance fee without increase is irrelevant to this issue. Again, the affidavit about the 424 contracts with identical terms is the only information that directly addresses the relevant contract language for customers who were sent the October 1997 letter.
{¶ 38} Reynolds further claims that even if language in the relevant contracts is identical, the language is ambiguous. Therefore, extrinsic evidence is necessary to establish the meaning. This argument assumes, of course, that an inquiry into extrinsic evidence would cause individual issues to outweigh common issues. We should point out that generally, courts should not decide the merits of an action when determining the propriety of class certification. Eisen v. Carlisle & Jacquelin (1974), 417 U.S. 156, 177-178, 94 S.Ct. 2140, 2152-2153, 40 L.Ed.2d 732, 748-749; Ojalvo, 12 Ohio St.3d at 233, 12 OBR 313, 466 N.E.2d 875. However, courts may analyze essential elements of substantive claims to determine if the requirements of Civ.R. 23 have been met. McClendon v. Continental Group, Inc. (D.N.J.1986), 113 F.R.D. 39, 44. In the present case, the trial court implicitly decided that the contract was ambiguous and extrinsic evidence would be required to establish the meaning for each individual customer. Because this determination was made below, we also must address whether the contract is ambiguous and whether extrinsic evidence would need to be examined.
{¶ 39} Generally, courts presume that the parties’ intent has been embodied in the contract language. Kelly v. Med. Life Ins. Co. (1987), 31 Ohio St.3d 130, 31 OBR 289, 509 N.E.2d 411, paragraph one of the syllabus. In fact, in a contract action where the language is unambiguous, the agreement is controlled by the writing. See, e.g., Holznagel v. Charter One Bank (Dec. 14, 2000), Cuyahoga App. No. 76822, at 6, 2000 WL 1844780. It is well established that extrinsic evidence should only be considered when contract language is ambiguous. Kelly, 31 Ohio St.3d at 132, 31 OBR 289, 509 N.E.2d 411. “The subjective understanding of a party to an objectively unambiguous written contract will not change the terms of the contract.” Holznagel, Cuyahoga App. No. 76822, at 6, citing Alexander v. Buckeye Pipe Line Co. (1978), 53 Ohio St.2d 241, 246, 7 O.O.3d 403, 374 N.E.2d 146. Moreover, “[t]he fact that a party did not understand or had an understanding different than that contained in the writing cannot change the writing.” Id. Therefore, no further inquiry would be appropriate.
{¶ 40} In this case, however, Reynolds contends that the contract language is ambiguous. Thus, the trial court would need to look at extrinsic evidence specific to each dealership in order to determine if the Y2K defect should be covered under the contract. We do not agree. The relevant contract language is as follows:
{¶ 41} “CDS’s maintenance service hereunder shall keep the equipment in operating condition, unless maintenance services are terminated by Customer pursuant to Section 2(b) and 8(a). This service shall include remedial and preventive maintenance and replacement of parts.”
{¶ 42} After reviewing this language, we find it to be general, but not ambiguous. The contract requires Reynolds to keep Carder’s computer in operating condition, which includes preventive and remedial maintenance. The question then is whether correcting the Y2K defect would be covered by this language. We do not find that the contract language is ambiguous simply because the trial court would need to decide if certain activity was covered under the contract. This task is required of a trial court in any breach-of-contract action.
{¶43} In any event, there is no extrinsic evidence that would assist in resolving whether correction of the Y2K defect is covered under the contract. Y2K problems were not even contemplated when these contracts were drafted and entered into. Consequently, any examination of individualized extrinsic evidence at the time the contracts were formed would be futile.
{¶ 44} Furthermore, as discussed previously, the contract language is identical for at least 424 dealerships. Because this language is identical, specific terms were obviously not negotiated. Instead, at least the relevant portion of the contracts can be considered “form” or “adhesion” sections drafted by Reynolds with no input from dealerships. In view of these facts, the trial court must decide at trial whether Reynolds was required to correct the Y2K defect based on the contract itself and possibly what Reynolds intended the language to include. While Reynolds did not contemplate the Y2K defect, its view of the types of problems encompassed by the contract at that time could be helpful in determining whether a Y2K defect should be similarly covered.
{¶ 45} Because we find that the identical contract language is unambiguous and that extrinsic evidence is unnecessary, we believe this case should be treated like other cases involving form contracts. In this regard, claims involving interpretations of form contracts present the classic case for treatment as a class action, and breach-of-contract cases are routinely certified as such. See, e.g., Baughman, 88 Ohio St.3d at 490, 727 N.E.2d 1265; Hamilton, 82 Ohio St.3d at 80, 694 N.E.2d 442; Cope, 82 Ohio St.3d at 430, 696 N.E.2d 1001.
{¶ 46} Based on the foregoing discussion, we find that the maintenance and support contract is not ambiguous. Therefore, no extrinsic evidence should be considered in determining whether Reynolds breached the contract. Because the contract language is identical, and individualized extrinsic evidence need not be examined for each dealership, the question of whether the contract was breached is common to all members of the class. Accordingly, the trial court abused its discretion in finding that the predominance issue was not satisfied for the breach-of-contract claim.
{¶ 47} Next, we must address whether the fraud claim raised by Carder satisfies the predominance element. Generally, courts have found that when a common fraud is perpetrated on a group of plaintiffs, those plaintiffs should be able to pursue the claim without focusing on questions affecting individual members. Cope, 82 Ohio St.3d at 430, 696 N.E.2d 1001. In this regard, fraud cases that involve a single underlying scheme and common misrepresentations or omissions across the class are particularly subject to common proof. Id. at 432, 696 N.E.2d 1001. Once the plaintiff establishes that there are common misrepresentations or omissions affecting all class members, a class action can be certified notwithstanding the need to prove reliance. Hamilton, 82 Ohio St.3d at 83-84, 694 N.E.2d 442.
{¶ 48} Furthermore, direct evidence is not necessary to establish inducement and reliance. Instead, these elements of fraud can be established by inference or presumption. Baughman, 88 Ohio St.3d at 490-91, 727 N.E.2d 1265. Courts have generally found that because inducement and reliance can be inferred from common proof of misrepresentations or omissions, the need for individual proof is obviated. See, e.g., Cope, 82 Ohio St.3d at 436, 696 N.E.2d 1001. Even if specialized inquiries into reliance were necessary, this should not defeat class certification. Portman v. Akron Sav. & Loan Co. (1975), 47 Ohio App.2d 216, 219, 1 O.O.3d 287, 353 N.E.2d 634. Therefore, a case involving a common scheme across the entire class should be certified as a class action notwithstanding the need for each class member to prove inducement and reliance. Id.
{¶ 49} The Baughman court explained that presumptions are appropriate where direct proof is rendered difficult. Baughman, 88 Ohio St.3d at 490, 727 N.E.2d 1265. In the present case, requiring plaintiffs to speculate on how they would have reacted if material information had been disclosed or if misrepresentations had not been made “ ‘would place an unnecessarily unrealistic evidentiary burden on the * * * plaintiff.’ ” Id. at 491, 727 N.E.2d 1265, quoting Basic, Inc. v. Levinson (1988), 485 U.S. 224, 245, 108 S.Ct. 978, 99 L.Ed.2d 194. Therefore, if plaintiffs could establish by common proof that Reynolds made a material misrepresentation or withheld required information, a presumption of reliance could arise. On the other hand, the Supreme Court has said that “if there was material variation in the representations made or in the kinds or degrees of reliance by the persons to whom they were addressed,” the case may not be suited for class action. Cope, 82 Ohio St.3d at 430, 696 N.E.2d 1001.
{¶ 50} After reviewing the briefs and the pleadings below, Carder appears to have alleged that two courses of conduct by Reynolds constituted fraud. First, Carder claims that Reynolds knew about the Y2K defect and had no intention of correcting it. Nonetheless, Reynolds continued to collect monthly maintenance and support payments from COIN users for two to three more years. This claim alleges fraud by omission. Carder claims that Reynolds’s omission of failing to alert COIN users of a defect it did not intend to repair is a common issue across the entire class. Because the omission is common, the inducement to continue to pay the fees and reliance that Reynolds would provide maintenance and support can be inferred across the class. We agree with this argument.
{¶ 51} While we realize that plaintiff has the burden to prove the elements of fraud, we do not believe individualized evidence would be necessary to prove this omission. The evidence would only need to show that Reynolds (1) knew about the defect, (2) was required to repair the defect but did not intend to do so, (3) did not reveal this knowledge or requirement to the dealerships, and (4) continued to charge dealerships their monthly maintenance fees. Reynolds’s records would indicate whether the dealerships continued to pay for maintenance and support pursuant to their contracts at least until they received the October 1997 letter that maintenance and support would be terminated in 1998.
{¶ 52} Furthermore, there is evidence in the record that Reynolds was aware of the Y2K defect as early as 1994. However, the record does not contain evidence that any potential class members knew before October 1997 that their maintenance and support would be terminated without correction of the Y2K defect. We find that most if not all of this evidence can commonly be determined for all dealerships. Therefore, based on the case precedent, inducement to continue to pay the fees, and reliance that Reynolds would continue to keep their systems in operating condition could also be inferred. This inference would substitute for requiring representatives from each dealership to speculate on the stand whether they would have continued to pay maintenance and support fees if they knew their systems had a defect that Reynolds did not intend to repair.
{¶ 53} Carder’s second fraud claim is that Reynolds promised COIN customers that it would continue to maintain and support their systems and would not require replacement with a Reynolds system. According to Carder’s original motion to certify the class and oral argument, this claim is based on a letter sent by CADAC to all Reynolds customers who used a COIN system at the time Reynolds acquired COIN. This letter published assurances that Reynolds made to CADAC regarding its intention to continue to support the COIN systems and to not require COIN users to purchase new Reynolds systems. Carder argues that this promise was made with a present intention not to perform, because Reynolds knew it would ultimately terminate the maintenance agreements on COIN systems.
{¶ 54} Carder has alleged that this letter was sent to all members of the class. Again, if the misrepresentation was contained in an identical letter sent to all class members, it is susceptible of prove the misrepresentation across the board, inducement and reliance can also be inferred, obviating the necessity for individual proof. See Cope, 82 Ohio St.3d at 436, 696 N.E.2d 1001. As with the fraud-by-omission claim, this presumption would relieve each dealership of the need to speculate whether it would have continued its relationship with Reynolds if it knew Reynolds intended to ultimately terminate the maintenance and support contract without repairing the alleged defect.
{¶ 55} Finally, Reynolds argues that individual proof would be necessary for each individual member of the class with respect to damages. While this may be true, we do not find that this is sufficient to bar class certification. Potential divergence in damages is a factor that can be considered under the predominance element, but it cannot alone prevent the court from certifying the class. Vinci v. Am. Can Co. (1984), 9 Ohio St.3d 98, 9 OBR 326, 459 N.E.2d 507, paragraph three of the syllabus. This is true because no matter how individualized damages are, liability can still be tried as a class. Lowe v. Sun Refining & Marketing Co. (1992), 73 Ohio App.3d 563, 572, 597 N.E.2d 1189. In any event, we do not believe damage calculation in this case would require a great deal of individualized testimony. While the amount may differ for each dealership, the type of damages would be very similar across the entire class, and therefore would not create an unmanageable problem to calculate.
{¶ 56} Based on the foregoing, we find that the trial court erred in holding that the predominance element was not met for either the breach-of-contract or fraud claims. Accordingly, Carder’s second assignment of error is also sustained.
III. Superiority
{¶ 57} The final element found by the trial court to be deficient was the superiority element of Civ.R. 23(B)(3). This element requires the court to decide if a class action is a superior method of adjudication as opposed to individual lawsuits. Schmidt v. Avco Corp. (1984), 15 Ohio St.3d 310, 313, 15 OBR 439, 473 N.E.2d 822. Civ.R. 23(B)(3) lists four factors that should be considered when determining the superiority of a class action:
{¶ 58} “(a) [T]he interest of members of the class in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions; (b) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already commenced by or against members of the class; (c) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claims in the particular forum; (d) the difficulties likely to be encountered in the management of the class action.”
{¶ 59} The key to Civ.R. 23(B)(3) “should be whether the efficiency and economy of common adjudication outweigh the difficulties and complexity of individual treatment of class members’ claims.” Blumenthal v. Medina Supply Co. (2000), 139 Ohio App.3d 283, 292, 743 N.E.2d 923.
{¶ 60} First, Reynolds argues that because Carder is the only dealership from the potential class who has brought claims against Reynolds, a class action is not appropriate. On the contrary, the Supreme Court has found that the presence of parallel actions or attempts to intervene weigh against certification, while their absence weighs in favor of certification. Hamilton, 82 Ohio St.3d at 81, 694 N.E.2d 442. If the opposite were true, certification would be almost impossible because the numerosity/impracticability requirement of Civ.R. 23(A)(1) and the superiority requirement of Civ.R. 23(B)(3) could not both be satisfied. Id. Therefore, the first two factors are satisfied in this case because other potential class members have not expressed interest in controlling the lawsuit, and no other actions have been initiated.
{¶ 61} In considering the desirability of the forum, the trial court found that a class action would create a hardship because potential class members all over the United States would have to travel to Montgomery County. While we recognize that members of the potential class of plaintiffs are located throughout the United States, this fact is not sufficient to warrant denial of class certification. Simmons v. Am. Gen. Life & Acc. Ins. Co. (2000), 140 Ohio App.3d 503, 511, 748 N.E.2d 122, citing Sec. Benefit Life Ins. Co. v. Graham (1991), 306 Ark. 39, 44, 810 S.W.2d 943, 945-946. Moreover, it makes sense to concentrate litigation in one location to avoid a multiplicity of lawsuits all over the country. Blumenthal, 139 Ohio App.3d at 297, 743 N.E.2d 923. Because we have already determined that most issues in this case are common to the entire class, travel to Ohio for litigation should be minimal. After all, the purpose of a class action is to allow one plaintiff to represent the entire class. In any event, the aggregate travel involved in conducting the class action case in Montgomery County would be far less than if each plaintiff filed an individual suit, either in its own jurisdiction or in this one.
{¶ 62} Finally, we must address the difficulties that may be encountered in managing this class action case. When addressing this factor, the trial court focused on the disparity in damages between potential class members and the need to separately address each claim. As we previously found, the overwhelming weight of authority has held that “a trial court should not dispose of a class certification solely on the basis of disparate damages.” Hamilton, 82 Ohio St.3d at 81, 694 N.E.2d 442, citing Ojalvo, 12 Ohio St.3d at 232, 12 OBR 313, 466 N.E.2d 875. And again, we do not feel the damages inquiry for each plaintiff presents unmanageable problems, because the facts of this case are conducive to creating a mathematical formula for calculating damages.
{¶ 63} Reynolds also claims that because potential class members are in various states, choice of law will be different for each plaintiff. According to Reynolds, this will create chaos for the trial court determining which law applies and then possibly applying a variety of state laws. The trial court did not address this issue, but we will discuss it briefly here. We agree that the choice-of-law issue is extremely important in a class action involving potential plaintiffs from several different states. Simmons, 140 Ohio App.3d at 511, 748 N.E.2d 122. However, according to the evidence before us, we do not find that choice of law will present an obstacle.
{¶ 64} Concerning breach of contract, Carder has alleged that all 424 contracts expressly provide that Maryland law governs the contract. Consequently, the trial court would not need to conduct an inquiry to determine which law to apply.
{¶ 65} Further, when courts are faced with common-law state claims such as fraud, negligent misrepresentation, and negligence, they have expressed doubts that differences in state laws are so great as to preclude class treatment. Id. at 511, 748 N.E.2d 122, citing In re Revco Securities Litigation (N.D.Ohio 1992), 142 F.R.D. 659, 666. We also doubt that the elements of a common-law fraud claim could vary greatly from state to state.
{¶ 66} Moreover, a conflict-of-law issue only arises if there is an actual conflict between the law of the forum state and the law of another jurisdiction. Cross v. Carnes (1998), 132 Ohio App.3d 157, 168, 724 N.E.2d 828, citing Akro-Plastics v. Drake Industries (1996), 115 Ohio App.3d 221, 224, 685 N.E.2d 246. The burden of proving this conflict rests with the party disputing the application of local law. Id. Carder has agreed that Ohio law should apply to its fraud claims. Reynolds, on the other hand, has not cited any authority indicating that the laws of other states differ from the law of Ohio in a common-law fraud claim.
{¶ 67} Finally, we believe that the law of Ohio would appropriately be applied to the fraud claims alleged in this case. The Restatement of Law 2d, Conflict of Laws, Section 148(2), lists several factors to be considered when determining which state law should apply to a fraud claim. When considering these factors, we note that either the law in the state of plaintiffs’ or defendant’s place of business could be appropriate. However, the Restatement later explains that after applying these factors, if more than one factor applies to one state, that state’s law is the better choice. Considering also that Ohio is the forum state, Ohio law would be an appropriate choice of law to make.
{¶ 68} Furthermore, we do not agree with Reynolds’s assertion that the trial court would be required to conduct 424 minitrials because of the individualized issues in this case. The breach of contract alleged is an identical breach of identical language in 424 contracts. This issue can be resolved for the entire class at one time. In addition, the two fraud claims are each based on identical documents sent to the 424 plaintiffs. One document is alleged to contain a misrepresentation, where the other is alleged to have alerted the plaintiffs to an omission. These questions do not appear to create insurmountable problems in handling this case as a class action.
{¶ 69} Resolving all of the claims alleged together in one forum would eliminate the danger of varying or inconsistent judgments and would allow “for the vindication of rights of groups of people who individually would be without effective strength to litigate their claims.” Cope, 82 Ohio St.3d at 431, 696 N.E.2d 1001. We recognize that the class members involved herein are businesses and could each potentially bring individual actions against Reynolds. See Liberty Lincoln Mercury v. Ford Mktg. Corp. (D.N.J.1993), 149 F.R.D. 65, 74. However, the cost of such litigation would likely outweigh the potential judgments to be received by each dealership. See Larry James Oldsmobile-Pontiac-GMC Truck Co., Inc. v. Gen. Motors Corp. (N.D.Miss.1996), 164 F.R.D. 428 (allowing class treatment for class of automobile dealerships); Cf. Auto Ventures, Inc. v. Moran (S.D.Fla.1997), 1997-1 Trade Cases P 71,779,11 Fla.L.Weekly Fed. D 3, at 2, 1997 WL 306895 (finding that because each dealership was claiming millions of dollars in damages, class treatment was not necessary). Accordingly, this case appears to be entirely appropriate for treatment as a class action, and Carder’s third assignment of error is sustained.
{¶ 70} On a final note, if after further discovery, the trial court determines that the facts are not as they have been presented to this court, the trial court may possibly decertify the class. See, e.g., Blumenthal v. Medina Supply Co. (1995), 100 Ohio App.3d 473, 475, 654 N.E.2d 368; Deegan & McGarry v. Med-Cor (1998), 125 Ohio App.3d 449, 453, 708 N.E.2d 1029.
{¶ 71} Based on the foregoing discussion, all of Carder’s assignments of error are sustained. We find that the trial court abused its discretion in denying class certification in this situation where all of the elements of Civ.R. 23 have been satisfied and the claims are appropriate for class certification. The trial court’s judgment denying class certification is reversed, and this cause is remanded for further proceedings consistent with oür opinion.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
Wolff, P.J., and Fain, J., concur. | CASELAW |
Page:A Glossary of Words Used In the Neighbourhood of Sheffield - Addy - 1888.djvu/130
42 SHEFFIELD GLOSSARY.
CHOIL, v. to file or indent a knife near the bolster, q.v.
'Then they're choiVd if they're not fether-edged vn.s.'Bywater, 52.
CHOIL, sb. the indentation on the cutting side of a knife adjoining the bolster, q.v.
CHOIL, v. to cheat, to overreach.
A boy playing at marbles said to another, ' Tha'rt choilin. 1
CHOIL IT ! Be off ! CHOMP, v. to chew.
CHOOSE-HOW-MUCH, how much soever. L.
' Choose how much I did for him, I never could please him.'
CHOW, v. to chew. A.S. cebwan.
When the lips of a vice will not bite when it is screwed up, but slip to one side without properly grasping each other, they are said to chow.
CHRIMSALL, a place- or field-name in Ecclesfield.
' Ralph and Henry Smyth for Chrimsall a parte of Dickfield Briggfield and a garden ^13 : 10 : oo.' Harrison. See CRIMSALL and CRIMEKER.
CHRISTIAN, sb. a man as distinguished from a beast.
' Nothing is more common among the countrymen than to hear Christian used to mark the distinction between man and the lower classes of animals. I have a shop bill of more than a century old of a man who attended Mans- field market to look after the health of the cattle brought there, with a Nota Bene at the end, "likewise shaves Christians" 'Hunter's MS.^
CHUB, v. to throw with marbles.
CHUCK or CHUCKIE, a domestic fowl. A word used by children.
CHUCK, sb. a darling, a pet child.
CHUCK, v. to throw.
CHUCK, sb. part of a lathe; an instrument containing two or more
* jaws' for gripping a tool for boring, or an article to be turned.
CHUFF, adj. proud, pleased.
'Thar rare an chuff V that dog o' thoine.'
' It sometimes denotes a combination of fussiness and serene self-satisfaction which it would not be easy to characterise by any accepted English word. A Wesleyan lay preacher, in relating in the pulpit the story of Zacchseus, amused his audience by the observation that "little men oli's is just same as them theer banty-cocks, as chuff 'as chuff can. be." ' L.
CHUFFY, adj. fussy, proud, conceited.
Cotgrave has 'chuffie, fat-cheeked, swelled orpuft up in the face.'
CHUMP or JUMP, sb. the shoulder-piece of beef or mutton. | WIKI |
Running Teradata Query Bands using Oracle Data Integrator (ODI)
Database
The Teradata Database channel includes discussions around advanced Teradata features such as high-performance parallel database technology, the optimizer, mixed workload management solutions, and other related technologies.
Teradata Employee
Running Teradata Query Bands using Oracle Data Integrator (ODI)
Teradata Query Bands Introduction:
Scientists will often band the legs of birds with devices to track their flight paths. Monitoring and analyzing the data retrieved via the bands provides critical information about the species.The same process holds true for DBAs who need more information about a query than what is typically available. Metadata—such as the name of the requesting user, the work unit, and the application name—is important for, among other purposes, workload management, tracking the use of the data warehouse and query troubleshooting.
The sort of details provided through metadata can be linked to the query using the query banding feature in the Teradata Database. A query band contains any number of name/value pairs that use reserved or custom-defined names to set, for instance, the initiating user’s corporate ID, department name and location, the name and version of the application, and the time the initiating thread of execution started. These query identifiers can be included in workload management rules and in applications and then captured in the Database Query Log (DBQL), where they are used to analyze the work flowing through the system
Oracle Data Integrator users/jobs typically use the same database credentials when they login to the database. There are situations where it is beneficial to add user-specific or job-specific information to the query request to enable different priority or simplify debugging of query performance. One way to do so is to use the database feature called query banding. This article will use the Teradata® Database as the database handling the queries, but the principles are the same for any database that supports query banding functionality.
One method to have ODI generate a query band statement is via the “On Connect/Disconnect” functionality. Details on this functionality are available in the ODI documentation. Use of this functionality with Teradata Query Bands is described below.
Setting Query Bands using Oracle Data Integrator (ODI):
Query banding must be enabled for the user. Documentation can be found in the Teradata Workload Management Users Guide. This is one of the ways to enable query banding for a user:
BEGIN QUERY LOGGING WITH SQL, STEPINFO ON "user01";
Start ODI, login and navigate to the designer.
If you don’t have a Teradata Data server defined, a new one can be created via:
1. Select Topology -> Physical Architecture -> Teradata -> New Data Server. In this tab provide the server name and username/password.
2. Select the JDBC tab and in JDBC driver option -> com.ncr.teradata.TeraDriver and JDBC url -> jdbc:teradata://10.246.64.217
ODI_Teradata_JDBC_Connection_DetailsODI_Teradata_JDBC_Connection_Details
3. Select the “On Connect/Disconnect” tab. In the “On connect” box fill in the query band statement. For example:
set query_band = 'ApplicationName=ODI_TESTING_LINUX;ClientUser=ODI;' for session;
Select “commit” and "Ignore Error" and also check the “Transaction 0” check box.
Teradata Query Band On Connect/Disconnect TabTeradata Query Band On Connect/Disconnect Tab
4. Save all and select designer tab. Select the mapping and run the mapping. Verify whether the mapping completed or not by checking in the operator tab. Filter by date and view the session that ran the mapping.
5. To check whether the query band is set, run the below query in Teradata SQL Assistant:
SELECT DISTINCT(QUERYBAND) FROM dbc.dbqlogtbl
SQL_Assistant_QueryBand_OutputSQL_Assistant_QueryBand_Output
In this case ODI_TESTING_LINUX is set, once the workflow ran completed successful. Please find the below snapshot for reference.
Additional Information:
http://www.teradatamagazine.com/v09n02/Tech2Tech/Applied-Solutions-2-Keeping-track/
http://docs.oracle.com/middleware/12211/odi/administer-develop/setup_topology.htm#BGBBCAEH
• ODI
• Oracle Data Integrator
• Query Bands
• Teradata | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Portable Text is Sanity’s custom structured format and associated editor to author rich text documents. It is extensible and customizable to a great extent.
In this article, we’ll discuss how to make it possible to mark text snippets as expressed in a different language than the rest of the content. This is particularly important for people relying on screen-readers as the proper demarcation of language may trigger a vocal dictionary switch.
Screenshot of the rich text editor featuring a “Language switch” option
Why we do this
Success criterion 3.1.2 of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, called “Language of Parts”, states:
The human language of each passage or phrase in the content can be programmatically determined except for proper names, technical terms, words of indeterminate language, and words or phrases that have become part of the vernacular of the immediately surrounding text. (Level AA)
In other words, for any bit of text content on a page, it should be possible to determine its language. This is typically done at the document level via the lang attribute on the <html> element. For instance, this website is in English so the <html> element has a lang="en" attribute.
But it can also be done on a very local part of the document, to demark a single sentence or even word as being in another language.
Taking the first example from the WCAG 3.1.2 page: “He maintained that the DDR (German Democratic Republic) was just a ‘Treppenwitz der Weltgeschichte’.” That last part should be mark as being German. Like this:
<p>
He maintained that the DDR (German Democratic Republic) was just a ‘<span
lang="de"
>Treppenwitz der Weltgeschichte</span
>’.
</p>
This way, when a screen reader encounters the German phrase, it changes pronunciation rules from English to German to pronounce the word correctly, instead of butchering them using the English dictionary.
The documentation for this success criterion outlines perfectly why doing this matters, so much so that I’ll just borrow directly from there:
• It allows braille translation software to follow changes in language, e.g., substitute control codes for accented characters, and insert control codes necessary to prevent erroneous creation of Grade 2 braille contractions.
• Speech synthesizers that support multiple languages will be able to speak the text in the appropriate accent with proper pronunciation. If changes are not marked, the synthesizer will try its best to speak the words in the default language it works in. Thus, the French word for car, "voiture" would be pronounced "voyture" by a speech synthesizer that uses English as its default language.
• Marking changes in language can benefit future developments in technology, for example users who are unable to translate between languages themselves will be able to use machines to translate unfamiliar languages.
• Marking changes in language can also assist user agents in providing definitions using a dictionary.
Additionally, Hidde de Vries rightfully pointed out that section B.2.1.1 of the Authoring Tools Accessibility Guidelines expects tools to make it possible to comply with the WCAG.
The authoring tool does not place restrictions on the web content that authors can specify or those restrictions do not prevent WCAG 2.0 success criteria from being met.
You can find a more digestible and human-friendly version of the ATAG on Hidde’s website.
Portable Text editor
There is unfortunately no out-of-the-box way to annotate a bit of text as being in a certain language with Sanity’s Portable Text editor. However, it is extensible with custom annotations, so that’s what we’re looking at here.
Let’s start with a very basic schema definition for some Portable Text.
export default {
title: 'Content',
name: 'content',
type: 'array',
of: [
{
type: 'block',
marks: { decorators: [{ title: 'Strong', value: 'strong' }] },
},
],
}
We want to add a custom annotation to mark text snippets as being expressed in another language than the rest of the document.
export default {
title: 'Content',
name: 'content',
type: 'array',
of: [
{
type: 'block',
marks: { decorators: [{ title: 'Strong', value: 'strong' }] },
annotations: [languageSwitch],
},
],
}
Now onto our annotation object. It needs a name (lang for simplicity, but feel free to call it whatever you want), and a text field to specify which language code it is.
As per the HTML specification, the lang attribute expects a “language tag” following the RFC 5646 (also known as BCP 47 apparently — who knew). There are some good validators for this format out there, but I decided to go with something simple and flexible: some letters, optionally followed by an hyphen and some more letters. For instance, de or en-GB. To better understand language tags, I recommend this dedicated section on MDN.
const languageSwitch = {
title: 'Language switch',
name: 'lang',
type: 'object',
fields: [
{
title: 'Language tag',
name: 'tag',
type: 'string',
validation: Rule =>
Rule.required().regex(/^[a-z]+(-[a-z]+)?$/i, { name: 'language tag' }),
},
],
}
Finally, we might want to customize how it looks in the rich text editor. This can be done via the blockEditor object of options. I picked the MdTranslate icon from the Material Design icon library.
blockEditor: { icon: MdTranslate, render: Lang },
And we can write a small component to specify the way the snippet is rendered within the rich text:
const Lang = props => (
<span title={`Content expressed in “${props.tag}`} lang={props.tag}>
{props.children}
</span>
)
It might be tempting to prefix or suffix the content with a little flag in the rich text editor, however remember that flags are intended for countries and localities, not for languages. So it’s probably best not to.
Frontend rendering
So far we’ve only worked on the authoring experience. We need to make sure our frontend understands that custom annotation and renders a span with the right lang attribute.
import { PortableText } from '@portabletext/react'
const COMPONENTS = {
/* All your component definitions … */
marks: { lang: Lang },
}
const Lang = props => <span lang={props.value.tag}>{props.children}</span>
const RichText = props => (
<PortableText value={props.content} components={COMPONENTS} />
)
Wrapping up
That’s essentially it. To summarize, all we did was adding a custom annotation to our Portable Text schema so we can mark snippets of text as being expressed in a different language than the rest of the document. Then in our frontend, we made sure these nodes are rendered as <span> elements with the correct lang attribute. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning Course for Managers
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Scala
14 / 53
Scala - Quick Introduction - Conditions and Loops
In programming, the first step of logic is a conditional statement such as if-else.
Let's redefine our function and put a conditional check in our method of simple interest. If someone enters negative principal that is less than 0, we print "Wrong principal" and return 0 as result.
Everything between curly brackets will be executed if the condition "principal less than 0" is true. If the condition is false, the statement outside the if block will be executed and our interest is calculated and returned as usual.
Let's check by calling our method with principal amount as negative 100. You can see that it has printed "Wrong principal" and the interest is 0.
Sometimes you may need to operate on the list of things. For that Scala provide a List data type.
Let define our list having number 4 9 8. var a equals List(4, 9, 8)
We can operate on a list in a variety of ways. One most common way is to go through every element using a for loop.
For x in a where a is a list and x is the current element, we are printing x i.e. each value of a. Notice the arrow which is basically angle bracket followed by -.
So, you can see that it has called println method for each value of the list.
This is called a definite because it definitely ends.
There is another way of executing a logic multiple times - A while loop.
A while loop has two parts - one condition and another body. The body keeps getting executed as long as the condition is true. If the condition remains true forever, it would keep executing the body forever.
Let's print all numbers less than 15. var x = 15; So, we define a variable x with value 15.
'''while( x > 0){ We define a while loop which will execute if the condition x > 0 is true.
'''println(x) '''x = x - 1 '''}
Inside while loop we have two statements - one for printing value of x and another decreases the value of x by 1.
This loop will stop as soon as the value of x is zero.
As you can see we have printed all the number less than 15 but greater than 0. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Install Options
After the environment setup is complete, the main screen comes up. You will be prompted to choose an option when you run AGiXT.ps1. If you're not actively developing on the AGiXT platform, I recommend choosing option 1. The other options are unsupported and may break at any time as they use the development branch of AGiXT.
1. Run AGiXT (Stable - Recommended!)
2. Run AGiXT (Development)
3. Run Backend Only (Development)
4. Exit
Enter your choice:
1. Run AGiXT (Stable - Recommended)
2. Run AGiXT (Development)
• This option is like option 1, except it pulls from the main branch instead of the latest release version of AGiXT. This is not recommended or supported due to it being unstable and may break at any time.
3. Run AGiXT Back End Only (Development)
• This option is like option 2, except it only runs the backend of AGiXT from the main branch.
results matching ""
No results matching "" | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Remove Array Duplicates in ES6
const array = ['🐑', 1, 2, '🐑','🐑', 3];
// 1: "Set"
[...new Set(array)];
// 2: "Filter"
array.filter((item, index) => array.indexOf(item) === index);
// 3: "Reduce"
array.reduce((unique, item) =>
unique.includes(item) ? unique : [...unique, item], []);
// RESULT:
// ['🐑', 1, 2, 3];
https://www.samanthaming.com/tidbits/43-3-ways-to-remove-array-duplicates/
How to remove a big file wrongly committed
I added a large file to a git repository (102Mb), commited and push and got an error due to size limit limitations on github
remote: error: GH001: Large files detected. You may want to try Git Large File Storage - https://git-lfs.github.com.
remote: error: Trace: 7d51855d4f834a90c5a5a526e93d2668
remote: error: See http://git.io/iEPt8g for more information.
remote: error: File coverage/sensitivity/simulated.bed is 102.00 MB; this exceeds GitHub's file size limit of 100.00 MB
Here, you see the path of the file (coverage/sensitivity/simualted.bed).
So, the solution is actually quite simple (when you know it): you can use the filter-branch command as follows:
git filter-branch --tree-filter 'rm -rf path/to/your/file' HEAD git push | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Helen O. Russell, Adm’x v. Martin Pilger et als.
October Term, 1943.
Present: Moulton, C. J., Sherburne, Buttles, Sturtevant and Jeffords, JJ.
Opinion filed May 2, 1944.
William S. Burr age and Frederic Parker for the plaintiff.
Lawrence & O’Brien for the defendants Pilger, Sullivan, Sullivan and O’Donnell.
A. Pearley Feen and Wayne C. Bosworth for the defendant Derrick.
Jeffords, J.
In the early part of July, 1941, a so-called milk strike was taking place in Addison County. Two of the milk producers called upon the sheriff of the county for protection in getting their milk to the plants in Vergennes to which it was to be taken. As a result of this appeal the sheriff ordered Ray Russell, a deputy sheriff, to give the requested protection. On the morning of July 3rd Russell with one of the producers went to the home of Sanford Derrick, one of the defendants in this case, who was the owner of a truck which was being used at the time for hauling milk to the plants. Russell was wearing his badge at, the time. He was introduced to Derrick as a deputy sheriff and Derrick was told by Russell that he was there to accompany Derrick in the latter’s truck that morning. Derrick was aware of the milk strike and that as a result of it some milk had been stopped from getting to the plants. He was also aware of the fact that there might be some trouble getting to the plants that morning with the milk and he knew that Russell was there to protect the milk.
The truck left Derrick’s home with Derrick, Russell and three other men in it. Milk in cans was picked up along the way and when the truck had received its full load Derrick took over the driving with Russell sitting on the seat with him. At a point near Vergennes the road was blocked by a parked truck. William Sullivan, one of the defendants, who was near this truck stepped out on the highway and flagged the Derrick truck which came to a stop. Ill addition to Sullivan there were 15 or 20 people gathered around the parked truck. Russell got out of the Derrick truck and after a few questions ordered the other truck moved. This was done and the Derrick truck started on its way. Soon after it started the defendants Martin Pilger, George and William Sullivan and Donald O’Donnell climbed over the tail board and on the truck. A scuffle took place between some of them and the two men who had been riding in the rear of the truck and some of the defendants threw milk cans from the truck. A milk producer who had not been riding in the truck got on it and joined in the scuffle.
Russell apparently got on the running board of the truck when it started, or soon after, and was on it while part at least of this melee was taking place. During the time the truck was in motion he fell from it for a cause which is here in dispute. He received injuries which soon resulted in death.
The plaintiff brought this suit for damages claiming that the death was caused by a combination of negligence on the part of defendant Derrick in the operation of the truck and an assault and battery on Russell by the other defendants. The jury returned a verdict for all the defendants and the case is here on the plaintiff’s exceptions.
We will first consider the exceptions which relate to errors claimed to have been made during trial. The first of these is for failure of the court to charge a part of the plaintiff’s request number 4. This part of the request, and in fact the whole of the same, is wholly abstract, and the plaintiff was not entitled to a literal compliance therewith, for charging abstract propositions of law is condemned. Johnson v. Moore, 109 Vt 282, 287, 196 A 246; Green v. Stockwell, 87 Vt 459, 464, 89 A 870; State v. McDonnell, 32 Vt 491, 536. Moreover, the whole request was substantially complied with by the court’s statement of the subject matter thereof as related to the facts and circumstances of the case.
The only ground advanced here, or below, for error in the court’s failure to grant plaintiff’s eleventh request is, in effect, that it pointed out to the court a claimed error in the charge and a method of correcting it. This latter error is said to be in the court’s confining the question of Derrick’s negligence in the matter of the operation of his truck to his conduct in this respect at the very spot where Russell received his injury. An exception to the court’s charge was taken on the ground that by the charge the jury were so limited in their consideration of this issue. An examination of the charge discloses that taken as a whole, the jury were not so restricted as the plaintiff claims. Consequently no error has been made to appear either in the charge as given in this respect or in the failure to grant said request.
The plaintiff’s fourteenth request to charge was predicated on the supposition that Derrick had testified he looked in the side mirror of his truck after it had started the last time before the accident and did not see Russell on the truck. The plaintiff did not point out to the court below, nor here in her brief, any such testimony in the case. Thus the failure to comply with this request was not error for, as far as it has been made to appear, it was not warranted by the evidence. Bailey v. Central Vt. Ry., 113 Vt 433, 35 A2d 365, 369.
The plaintiff excepted to the charge of the court because in 'stating a test for the jury in finding liability of the defendants other than Derrick the word “logical” was coupled with “natural” and “proximate” in respect to the result following from the claimed battery by these defendants. The ground of the exception was that “So long as the consequences are natural and a proximate result, such consequences do not have to be logical.” In her brief the plaintiff calls our attention to other places in the charge where the court used the word “logical” but its use as above stated is the only one apparently relied upon by the plaintiff in support of this claim of error and it is clear that in the other instances it was either correctly employed or if not, the plaintiff was not harmed thereby.
If we assume that the law is correctly stated in the plaintiff’s ground for the exception it is clear that the jury could not have been misled by the charge in the respect claimed. Consequently if this wording was erroneous the resulting error was harmless. An examination of the charge shows that proximate cause was correctly defined and the jury were told, in substance, that a recovery could be had if the plaintiff had proved the necessary elements in her case including proximate cause.
It may be that the lawyer and the logician differ on what is to be considered as a proximate cause in a given case. It would be nonsensical, however, to order a reversal in this case on the theory that the jury might have disregarded the true test of proximate cause as given by the court in other instances in the charge and, because of the before noted use of the word “logical”, they might have adopted an erroneous test with a resulting verdict for the defendants. Vermont juries are not composed of lawyers and logicians nor, we believe we can say without fear of dispute, interested in their differences of opinion on the point in question to the extent that the subject would be debated in the jury rooms.
The plaintiff claims error in respect to certain argument by counsel for the defendants who were charged with the assault and battery. It appears that counsel had been arguing that unless the plaintiff had proved that George Sullivan struck Russell that he, Sullivan, could not be proved liable nor any of the other defendants. Counsel for the plaintiff interrupted this argument and excepted to it on the ground that there was evidence of contact between O’Donnell and Russell which the jury might find caused the injury and death. Before the court ruled on the exception, counsel for the defendants stated that the plaintiff should be required to state just which one of the defendants the plaintiff claimed assaulted Russell. The court ruled against the defendants and allowed them an exception to its ruling. Counsel for the defendants then continued his argument along the same line that he had been pursuing when interrupted. No objection was made nor exception taken to this subsequent line of argument.
This claim of error has no merit. Counsel for the plaintiff did not insist upon the exception originally taken. Apparently he was satisfied that the ruling of the court adverse to the defendants which was made after discussion of the matter between the court and counsel had removed any of the claimed harm in the argument, as further argument of a similar nature was permitted without obj ection or exception. The court had a right to believe that counsel was so satisfied. These facts and circumstances stand as an effective bar to this claim of reversible error.
We have seen that no error has been made to appear during the trial and the judgment must be affirmed unless reversible error is shown in the court’s ruling on the plaintiff’s motion to set aside the verdict. This motion contained 4 grounds and was denied as a matter of law on all grounds. The plaintiff excepted to this ruling for that grounds 1, 3 and 4 of the motion were addressed to the discretion of the court and the court’s ruling as a matter of law on these grounds was error and an abuse of discretion, inasmuch as the plaintiff was entitled to have the court exercise its discretion as to these grounds. The plaintiff has expressly abandoned her claim that ground number 4 is discretionary thus leaving for consideration grounds 1 and 3 which are as follows:
1. The verdict is against the weight of the evidence.
3. The verdict is the result of passion, prejudice and mistake on the part of the jury, induced in part by improper argument on the part of the defendants’ attorneys and by repeated erroneous statements of the law by the defendants’ attorneys in the argument of the case.
That these are discretionary grounds is not questioned. See as to the first ground Robinson v. Leonard, 100 Vt 1, 11, 134 A 706; and as to the second, Woodhouse v. Woodhouse, 99 Vt 91, 152, 153, 130 A 758, and In re Everett’s Will, 105 Vt 291, 320, 321, 166 A 827.
We have repeatedly held that when the trial court is properly called upon to exercise its discretion it must do so and to withhold it is error. This rule has been recently set forth in Paul v. Drown, 108 Vt 458 at 464, 189 A 144, at page 147, 109 ALR 1085. We quote fully from that case what is said on this point so as to emphasize it and make less likely that the mistake here made will be repeated. “But the trial court may not withhold its discretion when called upon to exercise it. Bradley v. Blondin, 94 VT 243, 257, 258, 110 A 309; Lincoln v. C. V. Ry. Co., 82 Vt 187, 197, 72 A 821, 137 ASR 998. This is something to which the moving party is entitled. Massucco v. Tomasi, 80 Vt 186, 195, 67 A 551; Ranney v. St. Johnsbury & L. C. R. R. Co., 67 Vt 594, 601, 32 A 810; State v. Newell, 71 Vt 476, 477, 45 A 1045. It is error to rule, as the trial court did in this instance, as a matter of law upon a question which requires discretionary action. Lapoint v. Sage et al., 90 Vt 560, 565, 99 A 233; Johnson v. Shumway, 65 Vt 389, 392, 26 A 590.”
The defendants do not deny that the trial court erred in ruling as it did on the motion but they say that if there was error it was harmless because if the court had in its discretion granted the motion on the grounds stated this act would have been an abuse of discretion with a resulting reversal in this Court. Defendant Derrick also claims that the error, if any, was harmless as his motion for a directed verdict should have been granted.
In support of his last claim, which we will now discuss, defendant Derrick relies upon LaMountain’s Admx. v. Rutland R. Co., 93 Vt 21, 106 A 517, and Goupiel v. Grand Trunk Ry. Co., 96 Vt 191, 118 A 586, 30 ALR 690. The rule laid down in the LaMountain case at page 26 and approved in the Goupiel case is to the effect that when a defendant has made a motion for a directed verdict which has been denied and an exception taken, any subsequent error in the case against the plaintiff is rendered harmless if it should be made to appear in this Court that the motion for a verdict should have been granted and the test should be applied in this Court even though the question of the ruling on the motion is not here for review, the case being here merely on the plaintiff’s exceptions. The grounds for this defendant’s motion were, briefly stated (1), no evidence tending to show wilful, gross, or ordinary negligence, (2), contributory negligence and, (3), assumption of the risk.
This defendant claims here and did below that the pleadings bring the case within our so-called guest statute, P. L. 5113, so he could only be held liable if the facts warranted a finding by the jury of gross or wilful negligence on his part. The plaintiff claims the pleadings warranted the submission of the question of liability of this defendant on the issue of simple or ordinary negligence. An examination of the complaint discloses that the acts of this defendant upon which liability was predicated are variously set forth as negligent, wanton, careless and wilful. At times the defendant is charged with ordinary negligence and at other times with gross or wilful negligence. As far as the pleadings were concerned, it would seem that the trial court would have been warranted in submitting the case either'on the issue of ordinary negligence or under the guest statute. It was submitted on the former issue and an exception was taken to the failure of the court to charge that gross or wilful negligence must be shown in order to find defendant Derrick liable, but this exception is not here for review, so the issue of ordinary negligence is for our consideration.
Morever, defendant Derrick was not, in any event, entitled to the submission of his liability under P. L. 5113. This statute only applies to such occupants of motor vehicles as are guests riding gratuitously therein. It does not apply to persons who are to be considered as passengers for hire. Shappy v. McGarry, 106 Vt 466, 470, 471, 174 A 856. The undisputed facts show that although Russell was on the truck with the assent of this defendant, his status was not that of an ordinary occupant riding by invitation or permission of the driver of a car. He was there to carry out orders received from his superior to protect the milk. Derrick’s pay for the use of his truck was dependent upon the amount of milk delivered to the plants. For the day in question he was paid "for that which was delivered. Thus it must be considered that Derrick expected pecuniary benefit to result to him from the presence of an officer of the law on his truck during those troublesome times.
It may well be that because of this factor of pecuniary benefit Russell was a passenger for hire within the meaning of that term and thus not a guest within the purview of the statute. Blashfield Cyclopedia of Automobile Law, (1935 ed.) Sec. 2293; Nichols v. Rougeau, 284 Mass 371, 187 NE 710. But we take a broader view of the legal significance of the facts in this case. It is apparent that the purpose for the passage of P. L. 5113 was to make a recovery more difficult on the part of one who had been riding in an automobile as a gratuitous guest with no benefit, other than social, from the transportation, accruing to the owner or operator of the car. It is clear that an officer of the law who is riding in a motor vehicle in pursuance of his duty of protecting the persons in the car, the vehicle itself, or property contained therein, is not such a guest of either the owner or the operator. No reason can be advanced for the placing of an additional burden on such an officer who is attempting to recover for injuries received while so riding. Thus it is reasonable to believe that because of the necessity of the per-formalice of his duty and the resulting benefit to the owner or operator of the car the Legislature intended such an. officer should have the status of a passenger for hire and thus not be required to prove gross or wilful negligence in order to recover for injuries occasioned by reason of the operation of the car.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff the jury could reasonably have found that when Derrick started his truck after the other truck had been moved, he knew, or should have known, that Russell was on his (Derrick’s) truck. That soon after he started his truck he knew, or should have known from the commotion he heard in the rear of the truck, and from the sound of milk cans being moved and thrown from the truck, that a disturbance of some kind was taking place in the rear of the truck and that Russell might be involved in it with some of the men who Derrick knew had come there to spill milk. That Derrick made no attempt to ascertain the cause or extent of this disturbance, but drove over a rough washboardy road for a distance of about 1000 feet, at a speed of from 35 to 40 miles per hour, before bringing his truck to a sudden jolting stop, when he heard a woman scream that a man had been killed. That about 100 feet from where he started, Derrick ran into a man who was walking in the road. From these facts the jury could reasonably have found that Derrick was guilty of actionable negligence in one or more respects alleged in the plaintiff’s complaint.
Defendant Derrick contends that it should be held as a matter of law that Russell was guilty of contributory negligence and assumed the risk incident to the manner in which he was riding on the truck. He says that Russell while riding on the running board could have told Derrick to stop the truck instead of attempting to climb over the side of the truck which certain evidence tended to show that Russell did. The defendant briefs these questions as one.
Russell was not merely a passenger on the truck with no other care than his own safety. He was there as a peace officer charged at all times with the duty of seeing that the peace is kept and at the time in question charged with the special duty of protecting the milk on the truck to the end that it might be safely delivered to the plants. The carrying out of these duties might well involve danger and risk on the officer’s part. A peace officer has not only the right but is bound to assume such risks as are necessary to the carrying out of his duties as such officer. So if there was reasonable evidence in the case from which the jury could have found, under the circumstances there existing, that Russell in carrying out his duties as a peace officer did not unnecessarily assume any risks in connection with where he rode or what he did on the truck, the questions of contributory negligence and assumption of the risk were properly for the jury’s determination.
The evidence tended to show that when the truck started, or soon after, Russell got on the running board. From what had occurred he had reason to believe the peace might be broken and a further attempt to interfere with the delivery of the milk might be made. The jury might well have concluded that at the start, his position on the truck afforded Russell the best vantage point from which to observe what might take place and to act if occasion required. It follows that the jury might well have found it was reasonably necessary for the officer in carrying out his duties to ride on the running board when the truck first started.
There was evidence tending to show that soon after the truck started a fight took place between the milk producers who had been in the rear of the truck and one of the defendants, with blows being struck by a blackjack which one of those in the rear of the truck had with him. Milk cans were being thrown from the truck. Russell could well have seen all of this and thus have known that the very acts were being committed which he was duty bound to prevent. The jury could have found that Russell was thus confronted with an emergency created through no fault on his part. There was evidence from which the jury could well have found that after Russell had seen what was ■ going on in the rear of the truck he left the running board and with his club in his hand attempted to climb over the side of the rack to perform his duty. He had had no time to pause and consider. The situation demanded action at once on his part as an officer of the law. Surely the jury could reasonably have found that in so attempting to carry out his duty Russell did not unnecessarily assume any risk but acted as a competent and prudent officer of the law should and would have acted under similar circumstances.
This defendant relies upon Worthington v. Central Vt. R. R. Co., 61 Vt 107, 23 A 590, 15 LRA 326, and Valenti v. Lindner, 340 Pa 508, 17 A2d 371, in support of his claim that Russell was guilty of negligence as a matter of law in riding on the running board. In the former case this Court held that the riding by a passenger on the platform of a car in a train was prima facie evidence of negligence and that the burden of proving freedom from negligence could only be sustained by a showing that so riding was because of compulsion or necessity. The facts in that case are so different as not to make it apply here. Moreover, as we have seen, the jury could have well found that the running board was a reasonably necessary place on which to ride at the start in carrying out the officer’s duty.
The Valenti case has to do with a policeman who while on traffic duty was inquired of as to the location of a hospital. He volunteered to show the driver of the car the way to it and while en route and standing on the running board was thrown off, injured, and died. It was there held that the officer was guilty of negligence as a matter of law for riding as he did but this decision is based on the fact that his obedience to duty did not require him to ride on the running board as several safe alternatives were open to him. This case is distinguishable from the present for reasons similar to those stated in distinguishing the Worthington case. The case of Beyreut v. Kaplan, 315 Pa 353, 172 A 651, 92 ALR 1515, having to do with injury to a traffic officer while carrying out his duty of protection of children is much more in point with the present case. In the Beyreut case it was held that the question of the officer’s contributory negligence was for the jury. Cases other than the latter appearing in the annotation in 92 ALR at page 1520 et seq. are also in point in principle with the case at hand.
No error has been made to appear in the court’s ruling denying the motion of defendant Derrick for a directed verdict.
We now turn to the claim made by all the defendants of harmless error in the ruling on the motion to set aside the verdict. In considering this question it is well at the outset to set forth certain rules or guides that a trial court should follow in passing upon a motion to set aside a verdict and grant a new trial. In Lincoln v. C. V. Ry. Co., 82 Vt 187 at 197, 72 A 821, 137 Am St Rep 998, this Court said:
“A verdict may be set aside by the trial court if it appears to have resulted from passion or prejudice or corruption or from a disregard of the evidence.”
In Rule v. Johnson, 104 Vt 486 at 491, 162 A 383, it is stated:
“There are, of course, occasional cases where it is clear that the jury has gone astray, and has been influenced by passion or prejudice, or has taken a mistaken view of the merits of the controversy, and in such a situation it is the duty of the trial court, upon proper motion to set aside the verdict and to refuse to do so will constitute an abuse of discretion.”
This last statement appears in substance in Smith v. Martin, 93 Vt 111 at page 122, 106 A 666, where it is also said:
“To allow such a verdict to stand when challenged by proper motion makes the court a party to the injustice and brings discredit upon the whole judicial system.”
The rule is stated more fully in Dewey v. Chicago, etc. R. Co., 31 Ia 373, as follows:
“Those courts (tidal courts) ought to independently exercise their power to grant new trials, and, with entire freedom from the rule which controls appellate tribunals, they ought to grant new trials whenever their superior and more comprehensive judgment teaches them that the verdict of the jury fails to administer substantial justice to the parties in the case. Whenever it appears that the jury have, from any cause, failed to respond truly to the real merits of the controversy, they have failed to do their duty, and the verdict ought to be set aside and a new trial granted.”
Also see Capital Traction Co. v. Hof, 174 US 1, 19 S Ct 580, at 585, 43 L Ed 873, and Spaulding v. Mutual Life Ins. Co., 94 Vt 42, 56, 109 A 22.
The foregoing rules and statements apply generally to the action of a trial court on a motion to set aside a verdict. We turn now to the rules which should have been applied by the trial court in passing on the first ground of the motion, that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence.
The expression “against the weight of the evidence” means the same thing as the expressions “against the evidence” or “contrary to the evidence”. Daniels v. Preston, 102 Vt 337, 339, 148 A 285.
This Court has said that it is the duty of a trial court, in the exercise of a wise judicial discretion, to set aside a verdict when the countervailing evidence so preponderates over that which tends to support the verdict that it would be an abuse of discretion to refuse to do so. Goodwin v. Gaston, 103 Vt 357, 367, 154 A 772; Wellman v. Wales, 98 Vt 437, 448, 129 A 317, and the same case, 97 Vt 245, 253, 122 A 659. It becomes necessary to an understanding of this rule to ascertain when a trial court should find that the countervailing evidence so preponderates that it would be an abuse of discretion not to set the verdict aside.
It is clear that this test does not necessarily depend upon the number of witnesses nor the volume of their testimony. It is to be fairly drawn from-our cases that a trial court should so find when its judgment tells it that the verdict is clearly wrong, that whether from passion or prejudice or other reason the jury have disregarded the reasonable and substantial evidence, or have found against it, and have thus by their verdict brought about an injustice, for in such a case it would be an abuse of discretion to refuse to set the verdict aside. From McMahon v. Rhode Island Co., 32 R.I 237, 78 A 1012, Ann Cas 1912D 1223, and the cases therein relied upon, a rule is to be deduced which is substantially the same as the one just given. In that case the test of preponderance of the evidence against the verdict is based upon its failure to administer substantial justice but a verdict which renders an injustice and one which fails to administer substantial justice are one and the same in effect.
It follows, of course, that a trial court should not set aside a verdict as being against the weight of the evidence merely because of doubt as to its correctness. It is the province of the jury to settle questions of fact; and when the evidence is such that different minds would fairly and reasonably come to different conclusions thereon a trial court has no right to disturb the findings of the jury, although its view of the facts might have inclined it to find the other way. The verdict is not lightly to be disregarded and should only be set aside when the judgment of the trial court tells it that to allow the verdict to stand would bring about an injustice. See the opinion of Justice Brewer delivered while a member of the supreme court of Kansas, in Kansas Pac. R. Co. v. Kunkel, 17 Kan 145.
When the disposition of a discretionary ground of a motion to set aside a verdict depends upon the evidence in the case it is the duty of the trial court to consider the evidence in the view most favorable to the verdict. Woodhouse v. Woodhouse, 99 Vt 91, 155, 130 A 758.
The defendants rely largely on certain statements appearing in Lewis v. Roby, 79 Vt 487, 65 A 524, 118 Am St Rep 984; Thayer v. C. V. Ry. Co., 60 Vt 214, 13 A 859, and Weeks v. Barron, 38 Vt 420. They say that the statements contained in those cases in respect to when a new trial should not be granted apply to the action to be taken by a trial court in passing on a motion to set aside a verdict. They assert that if the trial court in the present case had followed the rules set forth in the above cases that it could not properly have set the verdict aside. All of .these cases, however, have to do with petitions for new trials brought directly to this Court where we had for a basis for a determination of the questions only the written records in the cases. In passing on a motion to set aside a verdict the court which tried the case has as an aid in deciding the question the fact that it has seen and heard the witnesses testify. For this reason the rules which apply to the latter court in determining its action on the motion are not the same as those which apply here, either on petitions for new trials brought to this Court, or in deciding the correctness of a ruling below on a motion to set aside a verdict. McMahon v. Rhode Island Co., supra, and Annotation, Ann Cas 1912D 1226.
It should be noted, however, that the statements we have herein made in respect to when a trial court should or should not set aside a verdict as being against the weight of the evidence do not greatly vary from similar statements in respect to new trials contained in the three above cases relied on by the defendants.
But the rules to be applied in determining the claim of these defendants of harmless error are the rules of this Court in passing on a ruling below and not those ’of a trial court which heard the case and made the ruling on the motion. We have dealt with the latter rules largely for the purpose of clarifying the same and for the additional reason of showing why they do not apply in the decision of the question before us. The exercise of discretion in passing on the question of the weight of the evidence is for the trial court alone as we have no discretionary power in the matter. Lancour v. Herald & Globe Assn., 112 Vt 471, 483, 28 A2d 396; Belock v. State Mutual Fire Ins. Co., 106 Vt 435, 443, 175 A 19; Bradley v. Blandin, 94 Vt 243, 257, 110 A 309. In this Court the only question for determination on review of a discretionary ruling is whether the trial court has abused its discretion. Lancour v. Herald & Globe Assn., supra; Platt v. Shields & Conant, 96 Vt 257, 270, 119 A 520. The test we apply for abuse of discretion to a ruling below setting aside a verdict on the ground that it is against the weight of the evidence is set forth in Belock v. State Mutual Fire Ins. Co., 106 Vt 435 at page 443, 175 A 19, as follows:
“We will not disturb a ruling by which a verdict has been set aside, as contrary to the weight of the evidence, merely because the evidence preponderates in its favor; to justify our interference it must appear that the evidence is so strongly in its favor as to leave no reasonable basis for a contrary verdict. We are bound to indulge every reasonable presumption in favor of the ruling, bearing in mind that the trial court was in the better position to determine the question.’'
Similar rules prevail in other jurisdictions. See cases cited in notes 38, 39, and 41 in 5 CJS, Appeal and Error, at pages 532 and 533.
Unless the distinction between the rules applying to appellate and trial courts in passing on motions to set aside verdicts is understood it might appear that we contradict ourselves when we say we will not disturb a ruling below setting aside a verdict as contrary to the weight of the evidence merely because the evidence preponderates in its favor. But when that distinction is understood and kept in mind all difficulty in this respect disappears. In this Court we have the right to, and do start with the presumption that the trial court in its judgment has decided that the real weight of the evidence, its true preponderance, taken as a whole, is against the verdict and that the verdict fails to administer substantial justice. We also presume that because of this judgment the trial court has exercised its discretion and, on motion, set the verdict aside. In this Court we have only the record upon which to base our determination of whether there has been an abuse of discretion. It may seem to us from the record that the evidence tends to preponderate in favor of the verdict because of the greater number of the witnesses for the party in whose favor the verdict was returned, or from the volume of their testimony, or even its quality. But what may appear from the record in the way of preponderance may not at all be the true fact of the matter. The trial court has seen and heard the witnesses testify. It may have well decided that the true weight of the evidence is against the verdict. We are bound to indulge every reasonable presumption in favor of the ruling. Consequently we should continue to believe that this presumption is correct until it is apparent that there is no basis for the ruling. This situation occurs when “it appears from the record that the evidence is so strongly in its favor as to leave no reasonable basis for a contrary verdict"
The question is then, assuming the trial court had in its discretion set aside the verdict, can we say this would have been an abuse of discretion and thus reversible error because there is no evidence in the case to form a reasonable basis for the verdict for the plaintiff.
Both of the Sullivans, Pilger and O’Donnell admitted getting on the truck for the purpose of stopping the milk from arriving at the plants. All of these defendants with the exception of William Sullivan admitted throwing cans of milk from the truck. William admitted that he intended to do this but was deterred when he thought that Kenneth Hallock, one of those riding in the rear of the truck with the milk, was reaching for a blackjack which he had. Then he (Sullivan) engaged in a scuffle with Hallock which was later participated in by others. Two girls who were riding in a car which had been following the truck testified that they saw Pilger take Russell’s club away from him and then saw George Sullivan strike Russell when the officer was climbing over the rack of the truck. There was other testimony in the case from which the jury could reasonably have found that Russell was at one time or another on the rack or attempting to climb over it. The defendants’ testimony was to the effect that none of them struck Russell. George Sullivan specifically denied that he struck Russell. It is also true, as claimed by these defendants, that matters were brought out on cross examination which tended to weaken the testimony of the two girls above referred to but we cannot say from the record before us that there was no evidence in the case of the necessary quality to form a reasonable basis for a verdict for the plaintiff. The question of the credibility of the two girls and of the defendants was for the jury. We do not weigh the evidence. Putnam v. Woodward, 111 Vt 39, 41, 10 A2d 186. From the record the jury could reasonably have found that George Sullivan struck Russell and that the other defendants aided or countenanced the commission of the tort which would make them equally liable with him. Giguere v. Rosselot, 110 Vt 173, 182, 3 A2d 538; Mack v. Kelsey, 61 Vt 399, 401, 17 A 780; State v. Orlandi, 106 Vt 165, 171, 170 A 908.
In our treatment of defendant Derrick’s motion for a directed verdict we have reviewed to some extent the evidence bearing on the question of his negligence. In our discussion of this point we treated the evidence in the light favorable to the plaintiff and we should so treat it in determining whether a setting aside of the verdict would have been an abuse of discretion. We have already seen that the evidence so viewed would have afforded a reasonable basis for a verdict for the plaintiff.
The defendants rely upon Mullett v. Milkey, 113 Vt 42, 46, 29 A2d 806, and Lancour v. Herald & Globe Assn., 112 Vt 471, 477, 28 A2d 396, in support of their claim that in considering the question of whether the lower court would have been warranted in setting aside the verdict any doubt regarding the evidence is to be resolved in favor of the verdict. The defendants in support of their claim of harmless error recite the evidence as viewed in the light most favorable to them. The Mullett and Lancour cases and the cases therein cited had to with motions to set aside verdicts which had been denied. Thus it was necessary in those cases for us to determine whether there was evidence to afford a reasonable basis upon which the verdict could stand. Belock v. State Mutual Fire Ins. Co., 106 Vt 435, 443, 175 A 19. It was proper on this question that we should consider the evidence in a light favorable to the verdict. Here we are dealing with a supposed ruling setting the verdict aside. We will not disturb this ruling as being an abuse of discretion unless there is no evidence in the case to afford a reasonable basis for a contrary verdict. In determining whether there is such a basis the evidence must be viewed, not in the light favorable to the verdict, but in the light favorable to the ruling below. Gamble v. Keyes, 39 SD 592, 166 NW 134; 5 CJS 525. Consequently we have had no occasion to view the evidence in the light favorable to the defendants, or any of them.
Defendant Derrick says that under the rule laid down in Skoll v. Cushman, 111 Vt 160, 164, 13 A2d 180, 181, the plaintiff here cannot claim there was no question on the evidence for the jury, as she made no motion fora directed verdict and did make requests which related to the evidence in the case. But the rule in that case does not apply here. There the ground of the motion to set aside the verdict presented a question of law. We held that “a party who has conducted the trial of his case upon the theory that the evidence against him has made an issue for the jury, and has permitted it to be submitted to the jury upon that theory, without objection, cannot, at least as a matter of right, avail himself, by a motion to set aside an adverse verdict, of a claim that such verdict was without evidentiary support and should as a matter of law have been in his favor”. In the present case the plaintiff does not claim by her motion that there is no evidence to support the verdict. She maintains that the weight of the evidence is against it. She does not assert her claim to have the verdict set aside as a matter of law, or of right, but asks the court as a matter of discretion to grant her motion. It should be noted that in the Skoll case the question of whether the trial court might in its discretion have granted the motion as there made is left open.
There is a clear distinction between grounds of a motion to set aside a verdict which present questions of law, and thus ordinarily to be presented as a matter of right, and grounds which are addressed to the trial court’s discretion. See Collins v. Fogg, 110 Vt 465, 470, 8 A2d 684, and cases cited. It may well be that a party’s evidence makes a case for the jury while it is so outweighed by the countervailing evidence that, in the exercise of its discretion, the trial court should not hesitate to set aside a verdict in his favor. Bradley v. Blondin, 94 Vt 243, 257, 258, 110 A 309; Belock v. State Mutual Fire Ins. Co., 106 Vt 435, 442, 175 A 19; also see Metropolitan R. Co. v. Moore, 121 US 558, 7 S Ct 1334, 30 L Ed 1022. Thus there is no inconsistency in a party’s failure to move for a directed verdict and his action in moving to have the verdict set aside as being against the weight of the evidence.
We have seen that there is evidence in the case to have afforded a reasonable basis for a verdict for the plaintiff against all of the defendants and it follows that we cannot say if the trial court, in the exercise of its discretion, had set the verdict aside on the ground that it was against the weight of the evidence there would have been an abuse of discretion.
The claimed improper argument on which the plaintiff relies in support of her other ground of the motion to set aside the verdict is that made by counsel for defendant Derrick. This argument does not appear in the transcript at the place where objection was made to it but the court stated in its charge what it was and the court’s statement is not challenged by any of the defendants. The argument as so stated was, “that this plaintiff should have looked to the State of Vermont for compensation for the damage which arose out of the death of Ray Russell”. After the objection the court ruled that the argument was improper and allowed an exception to counsel for Derrick to this lulling. Whereupon counsel for the other defendants stated that he'joined with the other counsel in the belief that the argument was proper and should be pursued and also asked for an exception to the ruling, which was granted. Thus our holdings on this question properly apply to all the defendants.
That the argument was improper is not denied, nor could it well be, as no obligation rested on the plaintiff to look to the State for compensation. She had the right to have her claim litigated in the forum she had chosen and the further right not to have instilled in the minds of the jurors the thought that she had chosen the wrong forum.
The claim of the defendants that the plaintiff has no standing in respect to error from this argument is based largely on the fact that the plaintiff took no exception to the argument. The lack of an exception to this argument would prevent the raising of the issue of its impropriety as a matter of law. However, this does not deprive such argument of evidentiary value upon the issues raised by the motion to set the verdict aside. Woodhouse v. Woodhouse, 99 Vt 91, 152, 130 A 758. In the case of In re Everett's Will, 105 Vt 291, at page 321, 166 A 827, at page 839, this Court said:
“We held in Woodhouse v. Woodhouse, 99 Vt 91, 152, 130 A 758, that under a motion of this nature improper or inflammatory argument, although not excepted to at the time, has evidentiary value the effect of which it is the duty of the trial court to consider, along with all the other circumstances of the trial. But the weight to be given it is for the court, as triers of the fact, to determine.”
It should be noted that in the Everett case even though no objection was made to the argument the question of whether the trial court should have set aside the verdict because of it was considered.
In the present case the court not only ruled when objection was made that the argument was improper but also in its charge to the jury made statements to this effect at some length. It appears from the record that the jury at various times after they had taken the case requested portions of the charge and of the evidence to be read to them. These facts, no doubt, should and would have carried weight in favor of the defendants with the trial court in determining whether the jury had been influenced by the argument, if that court had exercised its discretion in the matter. We cannot say with certainty, however, that the trial court, would have denied the motion on the ground now under consideration. Neither can we hold that if in its discretion it had set aside the verdict on this ground it would have exercised its discretion on grounds or for reasons clearly untenable, or to an extent clearly unreasonable, which, in this state, is the recognized test of abuse of discretion. Lancour v. Herald Assn., 112 Vt 471, 483, 28 A2d 396. It follows that it cannot be said that error harmless to the plaintiff would have been committed if the trial court had set aside the verdict on this ground.
We have seen that the lower court erred in failing to exercise its discretion in passing on the motion to set the verdict aside and that it cannot be said that this error was harmless to the plaintiff. Under our practice in such cases we remand the cause for the correction of this error committed subsequent to the rendition of the verdict. Paul v. Drown, 108 Vt 458, 464, 189 A 144, 109 ALR 1085; Ranney v. St. Johnsbury & L. C. R. R. Co., 67 Vt 594, 601, 32 A 810. The court to which the cause is remanded will be composed of judges other than the ones who heard the case. It would have been better of course, if the court which had seen and heard the witnesses testify had exercised its discretion in the matter. But a different trial court has the power to exercise its discretion in passing on a motion to set aside a verdict based on grounds requiring the exercise of discretion. Hughley v. Wabasha, 69 Minn 245, 72 NW 78; Hausmann v. Sutter St. R. Co., 139 Cal 174, 72 P 905; 4 CJ 833; 5 CJS 525. The existence of such power is impliedly recognized in the Paul and Ranney cases, supra. See also, State v. Newell, 71 Vt 476, 45 A 1045, and Johnson v. Shumway, 65 Vt 389, 26 A 590.
We have had occasion to discuss to some extent in this opinion the various rules which prevail in the trial court and in this Court in deciding questions arising from a motion to set aside a verdict. Nothing that we have said in this discussion should be taken to indicate in any way our view as to how the lower court on remand should dispose of the motion in this case or what action we would take, if occasion should require, on the ruling made below.
Judgment reversed, and cause remanded for the correction of errors subsequent to the rendition of the verdict. | CASELAW |
/* NOMMU mmap support for RomFS on MTD devices * * Copyright © 2007 Red Hat, Inc. All Rights Reserved. * Written by David Howells (dhowells@redhat.com) * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version * 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. */ #include #include #include "internal.h" /* * try to determine where a shared mapping can be made * - only supported for NOMMU at the moment (MMU can't doesn't copy private * mappings) * - attempts to map through to the underlying MTD device */ static unsigned long romfs_get_unmapped_area(struct file *file, unsigned long addr, unsigned long len, unsigned long pgoff, unsigned long flags) { struct inode *inode = file->f_mapping->host; struct mtd_info *mtd = inode->i_sb->s_mtd; unsigned long isize, offset, maxpages, lpages; int ret; if (!mtd) return (unsigned long) -ENOSYS; /* the mapping mustn't extend beyond the EOF */ lpages = (len + PAGE_SIZE - 1) >> PAGE_SHIFT; isize = i_size_read(inode); offset = pgoff << PAGE_SHIFT; maxpages = (isize + PAGE_SIZE - 1) >> PAGE_SHIFT; if ((pgoff >= maxpages) || (maxpages - pgoff < lpages)) return (unsigned long) -EINVAL; if (addr != 0) return (unsigned long) -EINVAL; if (len > mtd->size || pgoff >= (mtd->size >> PAGE_SHIFT)) return (unsigned long) -EINVAL; offset += ROMFS_I(inode)->i_dataoffset; if (offset > mtd->size - len) return (unsigned long) -EINVAL; ret = mtd_get_unmapped_area(mtd, len, offset, flags); if (ret == -EOPNOTSUPP) ret = -ENOSYS; return (unsigned long) ret; } /* * permit a R/O mapping to be made directly through onto an MTD device if * possible */ static int romfs_mmap(struct file *file, struct vm_area_struct *vma) { return vma->vm_flags & (VM_SHARED | VM_MAYSHARE) ? 0 : -ENOSYS; } const struct file_operations romfs_ro_fops = { .llseek = generic_file_llseek, .read = do_sync_read, .aio_read = generic_file_aio_read, .splice_read = generic_file_splice_read, .mmap = romfs_mmap, .get_unmapped_area = romfs_get_unmapped_area, }; | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
This Day in History: December 7, 1941, Attack on Pearl Harbor
On Sunday, December 7, 1941 at 7:55 a.m. Hawaii Standard Time (HST) Japanese aircraft began an assault on the Hawaiian island of Oahu. It was the beginning of an attack on Pearl Harbor that would ultimately plunge the United States into World War II. The attack was carried out with devastating effectiveness due to the fact that it was completely unexpected and that, at this point in time, Japanese carrier based fighter-bombers were the best in the world.
The attack was designed to cripple the United States fleet in the Pacific and, against the ships that were docked at Pearl Harbor on that day it was extremely effective. On December 7, 1941 there were 53 major ships at anchor at Oahu, Hawaii, including 8 battleships, 8 cruisers, 30 destroyers, 4 submarines, and 3 Coast Guard cutters. Of these ships, 19 were either sunk or damaged. This included 4 battleships sunk and the remaining 4 battleships severely damaged. Additionally, almost all of the ground based aircraft stationed on Oahu were destroyed or damaged in the raid and America’s most established naval base in the Pacific, the headquarters of its Pacific fleet, was in complete disarray.
The Japanese attack failed, however, to complete one critical mission objective, which was the destruction of three American aircraft carriers that were thought to have been docked at Pearl Harbor. The USS Enterprise, USS Lexington, and USS Saratoga were all away for various reasons. Given the surprise of the attack, their presence would have likely not affected the result of the battle and their loss in the raid would have certainly put America at an extreme disadvantage at the outset of the war in the Pacific.
Shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese forces attacked British held Malaya and Hong Kong as well as the American territories of Wake Island, Midway, Guam, and the Philippines. These campaigns would bring the United Kingdom and the United States into the Pacific Theater of World War II, which would last until Japan’s eventual surrender on September 2, 1945.
In total, 2,335 American service members and 68 civilians were killed during the Attack on Pearl Harbor. Today, we remember the sacrifice of these people not only because they died defending our nation during a time of war, but also because they died on a day that began in a time of peace. In the early morning of December 7, 1941, those service members knew not of the fight that awaited them, but they were present nonetheless, to defend our nation from attack. Their mere presence in the Pacific so terrified their adversary that it led them to launch one of the most elaborate surprise attacks in the history of warfare. And although that attack was effective, the presence of these service members gave our country the time it needed to band together and to mount a defense that would ultimately result in the defeat of the Japanese in the Pacific. What is truly amazing, though, is that since the Attack on Pearl Harbor, despite the knowledge of the potential dangers, thousands upon thousands of American citizens have enlisted to protect our nation and the freedoms that all Americans hold dear.
Keep this in mind today, and be thankful that there are those among us who are willing to put themselves in harms way to protect your freedom as an American. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Samira Bandaru
Samira Bandaru
Title
High School First Place Winner - 2013 Essential to Our Health Essay Contest
Address
Madison, Connecticut
The Mechanical Heart
“...I’d be friends with the sparrows and the boys who shoot the arrows, if I only had a heart...well, suppose the wizard wouldn’t give me a heart when we got there?” the Tin Man laments to Dorothy.
Dorothy replies, “Oh, but he will! He must! We’ve come such a long way already...”
And we have, indeed, come a long way in the evolution of the heart pump technology, one of the most important advances in the past century. The amount of heart disease and death by heart failure is only increasing. Heart failure alone kills a shocking 300,000 Americans each year, and heart diseases wipes out at least 600,000, making it the leading cause of death in America. (5) However, with the help of biomedical engineers, we are making progress in tackling the challenge of the rapid rise in death due to cardiovascular disease.
Transplantation of the heart is a tricky and dangerous endeavor. It involves taking out the failing heart and replacing it with a completely new donor heart. One malfunction could immediately extinguish the victim’s life. However, with the right equipment, design, and of course, engineers, millions of lives can be saved. About 35,000 heart transplants from donors are performed around the world. However, donated hearts are not accessible to everyone. In 1998, 7,700 people were on the list for a heart transplant, but only 30% of those people received treatment. That was when the only cure for heart failure was an organ transplant from a donor. (5) Now we have artificial hearts.
Before we delve into the design and inner workings of an artificial heart, we need to know a bit about how the heart actually works. The human heart is a complex organ, responsible for powering all bodily functions. Despite the importance of the heart muscle, the process of pumping blood is fairly straightforward. Essentially, the heart pumps blood from it’s top two chambers, the left and right atrium, into the bottom two chambers, the left and right ventricle, respectively. This process circulates blood through the body. After each contraction of the heart, the muscle relaxes, allowing time for the heart to fill up with blood again. The deoxygenated blood in the left ventricle travels through the lungs via the pulmonary artery to become re-oxygenated and then returns to the right atrium of the heart. The contraction of the heart propels the oxygenated blood in the right ventricle from the heart via the aorta to the rest of the body. After distributing the oxygen to the body, the blood returns, deoxygenated, to the left atrium of the heart, and the process repeats.
Medical engineers have been attempting to create a replacement for the heart since 1911. One of the greatest developments in medical technology in the past century was the invention of the Total Artificial Heart by Willem Kolff, one of his most prolific inventions out of his other revolutionary artificial organ devices. (3)
Thanks to the collaboration of engineers from various fields, the artificial heart has so far been a success in saving lives.
One of the first steps in creating an artificial heart is the design process. Different types of artificial hearts such as the Syncardia, CardioWest, and AbioCor artificial heart systems have varying structures, but are all based on a pump model hat assists the contraction of ventricles. The artificial heart is designed in such a way that it uses an air pump to control the systole—the contraction of the heart, and the diastole—the expansion of the heart. The artificial heart has a shape similar to a normal heart and is attached to the necessary arteries and veins to allow the circulation of blood throughout the body. (4)
Choosing the proper materials is a crucial part in building an artificial heart. Ideally, the materials in an artificial heart should be similar to those of an actual heart while also maintaining durability and flexibility. This is where chemical engineers come into play. The basic framework of the artificial heart is often composed of plastic, titanium, polyurethane, and even animal parts such as heart valves from pigs. An alloy, which is a metallic mixture, primarilycomposed of titanium, aluminum, and vanadium, is used for the pump, motor, and other metallic parts of the heart. A special coating of titanium is used on blood contacting surfaces, allowing blood cells to adhere to the metal, creating a living surface that mimics a real heart. The diaphragm within the pump is made from polyurethane, an easily modifiable, chemical-resistant material, also chosen because blood can easily adhere to its surface. Chemical engineers must carefully choose the right materials to ensure that they are optimal for the function of the artificial heart.
There are different types of systems used to control the contraction, expansion, and distribution of the artificial heart pump.
Pneumatic engineering is categorized under mechanical engineering and deals with air as a power source. The Syncardia and CardioWest artificial heart systems are basically electrical pumps with two internal diaphragms, one in the left ventricle and one in the right that mimics the actual motion of a heart pumping blood. When the diaphragm in the ventricle expands, it provides enough pressure to eject blood. A vacuum supplied by a pneumatic power source pulls the diaphragm down, allowing blood to fill the ventricle. Engineers must manage the systolic function and the diastolic function in the process of pumping blood. Engineers must create the systolic and diastolic function in such a way that each motion happens in the same amount of time in order for pumping of the heart to be synchronized and give the heart a chance to re-fill with oxygenated blood. (2)
An important factor to consider when developing models such as the AbioCor artificial heart is fluid dynamics. The core mechanism of this artificial heart system is a hydraulic pump that actively moves the blood from side to side of the heart. The porting valve in the top middle of the artificial heart opens and closes, allowing blood on the right side of the heart to get pumped through to the lungs through an artificial ventricle when the hydraulic fluid is pushed in the opposite direction. When the hydraulic fluid moves to the left, the blood is pumped to the rest of the body. (1)
In some models of the artificial heart, such as the Syncardia version, the power source is completely external, while in other versions; the electronics package is implanted in the abdomen along with an external power supply. The role of the electrical engineers is to ensure that these power sources are efficient and reliable. The wireless energy-transfer system, or Transcutaneous Energy Transfer (TET) is the main power source for the hydraulic pump artificial heart. Itconsists of two coils, one connected to an external battery pack, and the other connected to an internal rechargeable battery implanted in the patient’s abdomen as well as an internal controller unit that monitors the pumping speed of the heart using ultrasound—high-frequency radio waves that bounce off of blood cells coming out of the heart. The speed and volume of the blood can be determined using this technique, commonly known as radar. (1) We rely on mechanical engineers to ensure that this hydraulic system works 24/7 and electrical engineers to create a faultless electrical system.
As in any process that tests the efficiency of a device, mechanical engineers must test how the artificial heart would respond under the pressures of the human body. To do this, the artificial heart is connected to a machine called a mock loop, which imitates the natural pressures of the human body. This allows engineers to create certain scenarios that could be seen in a patient and train the heart to respond to these scenarios. (4)
Now that scientists know how to replace one of the most important organs in the body with a mechanical pump, they can work on developing technology to improve other complex aspects of the heart. Currently, the transplantation of the artificial heart is a temporary solution and can only extend a life for a few years. Thanks to engineers, we are rapidly progressing in the development and improvement of the artificial heart. Researchers are currently working on creating a longer last and potentially permanent artificial heart. We have come so far in the development of this technology that we are able to do what only a few years ago we might have thought as impossible. Instead of the Wizard of Oz, we have biomedical engineers, the true geniuses of modern technology in health.
Work Cited:
(1) http://www.physics.org/article-questions.asp?id=74
(2) http://www.syncardia.com/Medical-Professionals/physiologically-responsive.html
(3) http://www.syncardia.com/component/option,com_arttimeline/Itemid,707/timelineid,1/
(4) http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5E29D964AA35270B
(5) http://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Pirate With A Scarf
The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 01:44, 4 August 2005 (UTC)
The Pirate With A Scarf
Minor character in a relatively unknown book. No useful info about him either, just opinions. -- Marcika 10:32, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
* Delete -- or merge if somebody knows where. - Longhair | Talk 12:59, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
* Delete. Pavel Vozenilek 19:32, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
* Suggestion: Link this page to whatever computer game this is a character in. Then we can decide if this game is vivid and detailed enough to warrant a seperate article for every minor character. I rather suspect that even if we knew what this game (book? other?) was, my vote would still be... Delete. Ravenswood 22:46, July 31, 2005 (UTC)
* Delete - lacking enough information to keep - Tεx τ urε 17:24, 3 August 2005 (UTC)
| WIKI |
User:Kosovan Nightmares
Hello, i am Kosovan Nightmares. I am not from Kosovo, i just couldn't come up with a better name.
Yeah, i'm quite recent here.
Not all of my edits are gonna be expert, i'll probably just correct some grammar mistakes. | WIKI |
Page:Mind (New Series) Volume 6.djvu/337
TYPES OF WILL. 321 the discovery of these alternative phrases, so far from having resolved the imperative into a categorical judgment, it persists as the indispensable basis of that judgment. From our failure to analyse the imperative as will, we infer that, like negation and the types of judgment, like the distinction between pleasure and pain, and the distinctive varieties of sensation, it is a differentiation of thought, or more correctly of thought and will, of which we may per- haps furnish a genetic, but never an analytic explanation. VII. DESIRE AND WILL. In all volitions, according to the common opinion of psy- chologists, we either desire their immediate result or some remoter consequence. But our situation may be so desperate that, instead of a choice between desires, we have only a choice between aversions. A woman may have to choose between death and dishonour. A man suffering from an incurable disease may prefer the alternative of suicide ; and a condemned man has sometimes been permitted to select the manner of his death. He may have an aversion to death in every form ; and if we take aversion to mean desire to escape from an object, he has several such desires. He desires to escape from death altogether, and each death, as he imagines it, he shrinks from. But a power that heeds not his desires holds him fast. Powerless and despairing, he cannot will to escape from it. There is no good that he can choose ; he can only avoid the greater evil. Some death appears to him less horrible than others. His aversion to it is less strong, and he perforce selects it. In this type, there is a volition present and even a rational choice ; but can we find any desire for the death selected ? We may say that the motive which determines the man's choice is desire to escape the greater evil. He sees a course that offers him escape. He therefore desires to follow that course. But this argument is based on a false simplification of his state of mind. Desire may indeed be present in the state anteceding his volition ; but at the moment of will it is transformed into aversion. He desires to escape the greater evil : he desires also to escape the less ; and the course which he represents as an escape from the greater is that which leads directly to the less. Were it not for the less, he would desire to follow this course ; but the presence of this evil at the end of it transforms desire into aversion. Were it not for the greater evil at the opposite end, he would desire to retrace his steps ; but the presence of this greater 21 | WIKI |
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Navigation and Refactoring
Xomega Editor provides a set of familiar navigation and refactoring features for Xomega models that help you browse and edit the models, as described below.
Going to the definition
This feature should be familiar to you from other Visual Studio languages by pressing F12 or selecting the Go To Definition menu which allows you to quickly navigate to the definition of the referenced entity under the cursor.
For example, if you right-click on the sales territory type on the field territory id, and select Go To Definition menu, as shown below, Xomega Editor will take you to the definition of the sales territory type in another .xom file.
Go to definition
This is useful, for example, if you want to view the details of the type definition you are using for a field or as a base type. Or when you have a reference to a structure, data object, or any other entity defined in the model, and want to go to its definition.
tip
You can then navigate back via the standard Visual Studio action Navigate Backward, or with the Ctrl+- shortcut.
Finding all references
Finding all model references to the entity under the cursor is another standard Visual Studio action, which you can invoke using the Find All References context menu or the corresponding shortcut, e.g. Shift+F12 or Ctrl+K, R. It displays the references in a concise and easy-to-read form in the standard Find Symbol Results window.
tip
You don't necessarily need to be on the actual definition of the model entity to find all the references. You can also invoke it from any other place where it's referenced.
For example, if you right-click on the state province type on the state province id field of the address object, and select the Find All Reference menu, then you'll see all the fields and keys that use that type in the Find Symbol Results window, including the one you just clicked on, as illustrated below.
Find references
This helps you better understand the structure of your model and dependencies between different model elements, as well as easily refactor your model, as you can see below.
Renaming model entities
Xomega Editor allows you to rename model entities and automatically update all the references using a standard Visual Studio action, which you can invoke by selecting Rename context menu or by using the F2 shortcut. It will show all references that will be updated in the Find Symbol Results window and will pop up a Rename dialog, where you can supply a new name for the entity.
This can help you build models that are easier to navigate and understand, which will result in improved productivity and fewer errors.
tip
It becomes especially useful if you start building your model by importing it from a database. The system will generate the necessary types which will be automatically named based on the database metadata. However, you'll find it useful to give them more logical names.
For example, most of the fields that represent some kind of a name in AdventureWorks model are of length 50 and hence are imported with a type string50. You may want to rename this type to name so that when developers are adding another field that is a name, they will more likely use this type, and therefore keep it consistent with the other names, as illustrated below.
Rename
caution
If you don't explicitly specify a table name for a domain object, it will be derived from the object's fully qualified name. So, renaming an object would effectively result in renaming the underlying table, which may or may not be intended.
If you also generate a DB change script after that, it may also result in some issues, where the original table will be dropped, and a new table will be added, instead of just renaming the original table. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Mountains and Climate Change
climate change
Gasherbrum mountain massif in Karakoram range, K2 trek, Pakistan, Asia
It is well known that the current rate of warming in response to increasing ‘greenhouse-gas’ concentrations (e.g. CO2) is amplified at high latitudes and with increasing elevation in mountains. This rapid warming has important implications for ecosystems, human activities, and alpine biota. Linked to this warming are a glacial retreat and upward shift of tree-lines, creating further threats to alpine biodiversity.
Alpine plants grow above the tree-line in mountains globally. They occur in areas with low temperatures, very low night-time temperatures, frost, short growing season, and high winds or extended snow-lie. Many grow very slowly; some living for 100+ years. They inhabit such extreme habitats because of their physiological tolerances and inherent requirements for cold and/or intolerance to competition from taller, rapidly growing plants of lower elevations. Some alpines, but not all, can be grown in lowland gardens in the absence of competition. Because of their ecological specialisation, alpines are potentially sensitive to climate change.
In the absence of long-term permanent recording plots, studying how alpines are responding to climate change requires (1) reliable botanical records from the past 100 years, (2) a repeat survey today using identical methods as the original survey, and (3) a critical comparison of past and present species occurrences.
Investigations in the European Alps show increased species richness on high (>3000 m) summits during the last 100–150 years. Kari Klanderud showed that richness between 1600– 1800 m elevation had increased since 1930 by 8–14 species and between 1800–2000 m by 5–8 species, but that richness above 2000 m showed little change in the Jotunheimen mountains (central Norway). Grasses and dwarf-shrubs (e.g. mountain heath, crowberry; figure 1) have expanded their elevational limits by 200–300 m since 1930. No high-alpine summit species such as the glacier buttercup or tufted saxifrage (figure 1) have gone extinct.
Many such resampling studies have now been done in Europe, the Caucasus and Ural Mountains, parts of East Africa, and the Americas. John-Arvid Grytnes has synthesised the results of 114 resurveys of European mountains to test competing hypotheses about the causes of species shifts – atmospheric nitrogen-deposition, precipitation, temperature, land-use changes, etc. Seventy per cent of species showing detectable changes in their upper limits has moved upwards. The same species tended to move up on different mountains. There were large differences between mountains in the proportion of species shifting upwards. This proportion is not related statistically to temperature changes. Species associated with late snow-lie have become commoner on summits. These findings suggest that plants are partly responding to climate through elevational changes in snow lie resulting from a complex of temperature and precipitation changes. Such changes allow more competitive plants to expand upwards. This synthesis suggests that recent climate change is affecting alpine plants but that the link is more complex than a simple species response to increasing temperatures.
These field-based results contrast with predictions about impacts of future climate change on alpines from species–climate ‘niche’ models. The models suggest drastic changes with many species going extinct by the next century, but, caution is needed because their coarse spatial scale (e.g. 50´50 km) fails to capture the fine-scale topographic and microclimatic variations so characteristic of alpine landscapes.
One important result of the resurveys is that there is little evidence for local extinctions, especially at the highest elevations where climate warming would be expected to have the greatest impact. Daniel Scherrer and Christian Körner (Basel) have shown that there is great variation in soil and surface temperatures due to numerous microhabitats within an alpine landscape created by high topographical variation (ridges, hollows, streams, etc.). Local-scale variations (7.2K for mean growing-season soil temperature,) exceed IPCC warming predictions for the next 100 years. A 2K regional regional scale warming leads to a 3% loss of the currently coldest microhabitats in their study areas. Such cold microhabitats will not be lost altogether. Warm microhabitats will become more frequent and new warmer microhabitats may develop. The observed increases in plant richness seen on European mountains are likely a response to increased microhabitat diversity. Rugged alpine terrain is a ‘safer’ place to live under conditions of rapid climate change than flat terrain that offers no nearby ‘escapes’ from new thermal regimes.
Are entire alpine ecosystems changing in response to recent environmental changes? Studies of algae and animals show that major biological changes have occurred in alpine lakes during the last 100 years. These changes may result from increased atmospheric nitrogen deposition, acid-rain, or climate change, or interactions between these drivers. However, the nitrogen and acid-rain hypotheses are unlikely to be driving changes in remote lakes in the Andes studied by Neal Michelutti, Andrew Labaj, and colleagues (Kingston). Such studies demonstrate the recent development of new ecological states in remote alpine lakes, just as there have been major shifts in many arctic and temperate alpine lakes and in arctic and alpine floras.
Although alpine habitats and their biota are often thought of as ‘pristine’, they are being increasingly impacted, to varying extents, by climate change, nitrogen-deposition, tourism, hydroelectricity development, land-use changes, introduced species, and over-exploitation leading to erosion and landscape degradation.
Mountains cover 24% of the Earth’s land surface and 26% of the world’s population lives in or by mountains. They provide water for over half of mankind directly or indirectly as mountains hold about 66% of the world’s freshwater as snow or ice. Stephen Venables recently wrote, “Mountains are the ultimate litmus test of what is happening on our planet.” Alpine plants and their recent changes are an important part of this ‘litmus test’. They warrant greater study as they have much to tell us about biodiversity responses to future changes.
H John B Birks
Professor Emeritus
Ecological and Environmental Change Research Group (EECRG)
Department of Biology
University of Bergen
Norway & Environmental Change Research Centre (ECRC)
University College London, UK
Tel: +47 5558 3350
john.birks@uib.no
www.eecrg.uib.no/Homepages/John-Birks.htm
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Born blonde: a recessive loss-of-function mutation in the melanocortin 1 receptor is associated with cream coat coloration in Antarctic fur seals
Peters L, Humble E, Kröcker N, Fuchs B, Forcada J, Hoffman J (2016)
Ecology and Evolution 6(16): 5705-5717.
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Journal Article | Original Article | Published | English
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; ; ; ; ;
Abstract
Although the genetic basis of color variation has been extensively studied in humans and domestic animals, the genetic polymorphisms responsible for different color morphs remain to be elucidated in many wild vertebrate species. For example, hypopigmentation has been observed in numerous marine mammal species but the underlying mutations have not been identified. A particularly compelling candidate gene for explaining color polymorphism is the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), which plays a key role in the regulation of pigment production. We therefore used Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) as a highly tractable marine mammal system with which to test for an association between nucleotide variation at the MC1R and melanin-based coat color phenotypes. By sequencing 70 wild-type individuals with dark-colored coats and 26 hypopigmented individuals with cream-colored coats, we identified a nonsynonymous mutation that results in the substitution of serine with phenylalanine at an evolutionarily highly conserved structural domain. All of the hypopigmented individuals were homozygous for the allele coding for phenylalanine, consistent with a recessive loss-of-function allele. In order to test for cryptic population structure, which can generate artefactual associations, and to evaluate whether homozygosity at the MC1R could be indicative of low genome-wide heterozygosity, we also genotyped all of the individuals at 50 polymorphic microsatellite loci. We were unable to detect any population structure and also found that wild-type and hypopigmented individuals did not differ significantly in their standardized multilocus heterozygosity. Such a lack of association implies that hypopigmented individuals are unlikely to suffer disproportionately from inbreeding depression, and hence, we have no reason to believe that they are at a selective disadvantage in the wider population.
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Article Processing Charge funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Open Access Publication Fund of Bielefeld University.
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Cite this
Peters L, Humble E, Kröcker N, Fuchs B, Forcada J, Hoffman J. Born blonde: a recessive loss-of-function mutation in the melanocortin 1 receptor is associated with cream coat coloration in Antarctic fur seals. Ecology and Evolution. 2016;6(16):5705-5717.
Peters, L., Humble, E., Kröcker, N., Fuchs, B., Forcada, J., & Hoffman, J. (2016). Born blonde: a recessive loss-of-function mutation in the melanocortin 1 receptor is associated with cream coat coloration in Antarctic fur seals. Ecology and Evolution, 6(16), 5705-5717. doi:10.1002/ece3.2290
Peters, L., Humble, E., Kröcker, N., Fuchs, B., Forcada, J., and Hoffman, J. (2016). Born blonde: a recessive loss-of-function mutation in the melanocortin 1 receptor is associated with cream coat coloration in Antarctic fur seals. Ecology and Evolution 6, 5705-5717.
Peters, L., et al., 2016. Born blonde: a recessive loss-of-function mutation in the melanocortin 1 receptor is associated with cream coat coloration in Antarctic fur seals. Ecology and Evolution, 6(16), p 5705-5717.
L. Peters, et al., “Born blonde: a recessive loss-of-function mutation in the melanocortin 1 receptor is associated with cream coat coloration in Antarctic fur seals”, Ecology and Evolution, vol. 6, 2016, pp. 5705-5717.
Peters, L., Humble, E., Kröcker, N., Fuchs, B., Forcada, J., Hoffman, J.: Born blonde: a recessive loss-of-function mutation in the melanocortin 1 receptor is associated with cream coat coloration in Antarctic fur seals. Ecology and Evolution. 6, 5705-5717 (2016).
Peters, Lucy, Humble, Emily, Kröcker, Nicole, Fuchs, Birgit, Forcada, Jaume, and Hoffman, Joseph. “Born blonde: a recessive loss-of-function mutation in the melanocortin 1 receptor is associated with cream coat coloration in Antarctic fur seals”. Ecology and Evolution 6.16 (2016): 5705-5717.
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96 References
Data provided by Europe PubMed Central.
Genepop (version 1.2) – population genetics software for exact tests of ecumenicism
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Inheritance and population structure of the white-phased "Kermode" black bear.
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Pigmentation phenotypes of variant extension locus alleles result from point mutations that alter MSH receptor function.
Robbins LS, Nadeau JH, Johnson KR, Kelly MA, Roselli-Rehfuss L, Baack E, Mountjoy KG, Cone RD., Cell 72(6), 1993
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Nuclear gene indicates coat-color polymorphism in mammoths.
Rompler H, Rohland N, Lalueza-Fox C, Willerslev E, Kuznetsova T, Rabeder G, Bertranpetit J, Schoneberg T, Hofreiter M., Science 313(5783), 2006
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The structure and function of G-protein-coupled receptors.
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Isolation and cross‐species amplification of novel microsatellite loci in a charismatic marine mammal species, the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris)
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Loss of function mutations of the human melanocortin 1 receptor are common and are associated with red hair.
Schioth HB, Phillips SR, Rudzish R, Birch-Machin MA, Wikberg JE, Rees JL., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 260(2), 1999
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The genetics of cream coat color in dogs.
Schmutz SM, Berryere TG., J. Hered. 98(5), 2007
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Schmutz SM, Berryere TG, Goldfinch AD., Mamm. Genome 13(7), 2002
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Chemical fingerprints encode mother-offspring similarity, colony membership, relatedness, and genetic quality in fur seals.
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First confirmed record of a leucistic Antarctic fur seal pup born outside the Scotia Arc Islands
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Development of new microsatellite loci and evaluation of loci from other pinniped species for the Galapagos sea lion (Zalophus californianus wollebaeki)
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Santiago de Cassurrães e Póvoa de Cervães
Santiago de Cassurrães e Póvoa de Cervães is a civil parish in the municipality of Mangualde, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Santiago de Cassurrães and Póvoa de Cervães. The population in 2011 was 1,414, in an area of 30.03 km2. | WIKI |
2007–08 Newcastle United F.C. season
During the 2007–08 season, Newcastle United participated in the Premier League. Newcastle started the season reasonably well under the management of Sam Allardyce and looked to be in the hunt for European places by the end of October, but a poor November saw the team slide down the table as fans began doubting Allardyce's ability. Despite a reasonable upturn in early December, the team fell further form wise and in the end Mike Ashley chose to terminate Allardyce's contract by mutual consent.
To the surprise of many football fans, the club re-appointed Kevin Keegan as manager, but he was unable to stop the team sliding down the league and fans begun to doubt the appointment. However, Keegan was able to save Newcastle from relegation and the club finished the season in 12th. The team kit for the 2007–08 season was produced by Adidas. The main shirt sponsor was Northern Rock.
Season summary
Manager Sam Allardyce signed several players, including David Rozehnal, Caçapa, Habib Beye, Alan Smith, Joey Barton and Mark Viduka. The season started brightly for Newcastle, with two wins and two draws from their first five games, but they then became the first (and only) side to lose to Derby County that season. Newcastle won only five out of their next 25 Premier League games and could only draw with Derby in the reverse fixture. They also made a third round exit to Arsenal in the League Cup, but made a FA Cup third round draw with Championship club Stoke City. The game against Stoke, however, proved to be Allardyce's last in charge of Newcastle; three days later he was sacked by owner Mike Ashley after pressure from the fans, who were unimpressed with his exclusion of fan favourites from the starting line-up and poor results, despite Allardyce only having been there eight months.
Critics consistently questioned Allardyce's exit from the club, claiming he may not have been given the time needed to impact upon the club in the build-up to the next appointment. There were a number of candidates lined up for the job, including Harry Redknapp, Didier Deschamps, Gérard Houllier and even former England and Middlesbrough manager Steve McClaren. Redknapp turned down the opportunity to manage the club, claiming he felt his job at Portsmouth was yet to be completed.
On 16 January, it was sensationally announced that Kevin Keegan would be returning to the club for a third time, after previous spells both as a player and manager.
The announcement had an immediate impact. On that day the club had a scheduled FA Cup third round replay against Stoke City at home, which was not expected to reach even half capacity; but, upon distribution of the news, 20,000 extra tickets were sold within a couple of hours and the kick-off was delayed to allow the extra fans time to get into the game. The Keegan effect seemed to work on the pitch too as Newcastle convincingly beat Stoke 4–1, even though he was not in the dugout for the match, having arrived during the first half to sit with owner Mike Ashley and the directors.
Shortly after his appointment, Dennis Wise left his position as manager at Leeds United to become director of football at Newcastle. The creation of the new role at the club proved questionable amongst critics and fans, but both Wise and Keegan insisted that the manager would have the final say in all matters regarding the squad. Further appointments saw Tony Jimenez join the club as the vice-president of player recruitment and Jeff Vetere as technical co-ordinator. The idea was to complete a continental-style management structure working in support of Keegan, with Wise and Vetere making the initial assessment before calling in Jimenez to do the deal. David Williamson was also appointed, as director of operations in April.
Keegan's comeback initially did not live up to expectations, with a run of eight games without a win, an FA Cup exit and talk even of a relegation battle. March proved to be a turning point, and, following a change to an attacking line-up with Owen supporting Martins and Viduka up front, the team started to produce results in time for Keegan to maintain his perfect record in the Tyne-Wear derby with a 2–0 home win on 20 April, which put Newcastle's survival beyond all doubt and allowed Keegan to plan for his stated contract length of the next three seasons at the club. With a 2–2 away draw for the following game at West Ham United, the eight-game run of no wins had been turned into a seven-game unbeaten run with two games left to the end of the season. In the final table, Newcastle occupied 12th place on 43 points.
On 22 May, Habib Beye, signed by Allardyce at the start of the season, was named Newcastle's player of the season based on fan votes to a poll organised by the Evening Chronicle.
Chronological list of events
* 7 June 2007: Mark Viduka was signed from Middlesbrough.
* 14 June 2007: Joey Barton was signed from Manchester City.
* 29 June 2007: Mike Ashley increased his stake in Newcastle United to 93.2%. David Rozehnal was signed from Paris Saint-Germain.
* 3 July 2007: Geremi Njitap was signed from Chelsea.
* 24 July 2007: Newcastle United deputy chairman Chris Mort replaced Freddy Shepherd as chairman of the club.
* 3 August 2007: Alan Smith was signed from Manchester United.
* 3 August 2007: Caçapa was signed from Lyon.
* 6 August 2007: José Enrique was signed from Villarreal.
* 31 August 2007: Abdoulaye Faye was signed from Bolton Wanderers.
* 31 August 2007: Habib Beye was signed from Marseille.
* 4 September 2007: Charles N'Zogbia signed a new five-year contract.
* 13 November 2007: Adam Sadler was appointed new reserve team manager.
* 19 November 2007: Paul Barron was appointed new goalkeeping coach.
* 21 December 2007: Nicky Butt signed a new one-year contract.
* 7 January 2008: Ben Tozer was signed from Swindon Town.
* 8 January 2008: Wesley Ngo Baheng was signed from Le Havre.
* 9 January 2008: Sam Allardyce sacked as manager.
* 16 January 2008: Kevin Keegan hired as manager.
* 18 January 2008: Tamás Kádár was signed from Zalaegerszegi TE.
* 21 January 2008: Arthur Cox joined the coaching staff again as first team coach, reuniting with Keegan and McDermott.
* 29 January 2008: Dennis Wise was appointed as Executive Director or Football alongside Tony Jimenez as Vice President of Player Recruitment and Jeff Vetere as Technical Co-ordinator.
* 31 January 2008: Fabio Zamblera was signed from Atalanta B.C.; Ole Söderberg was signed from BK Häcken.
* 21 February 2008: David Henderson joined the coaching staff as physio from Hearts.
* 25 February 2008: Chris Hughton joined the coaching staff as first-team coach.
* 7 March 2008: Lamine Diatta was signed as a free agent.
* 21 March 2008: Lil Fuccillo was appointed chief scout.
* 5 April 2008: David Williamson was appointed Executive Director of Operations.
Premier League
Last updated: 7 May 2008
Appearances and goals
! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Goalkeepers
! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Defenders
! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Midfielders
! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Forwards
! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Players transferred out during the season | WIKI |
The First War of Scottish Independence was a pivotal event in the history of Scotland and England. It marked the beginning of a long struggle for Scottish sovereignty and identity, and shaped the political and cultural landscape of both nations for centuries to come.
The war lasted from 1296 to 1328, with several periods of truce and negotiation. It involved many battles, sieges, raids, massacres, betrayals, alliances, and heroics on both sides. It also featured some of the most famous figures in Scottish history, such as William Wallace, Robert the Bruce, James Douglas, Andrew Moray, John Comyn, Edward I of England (also known as Longshanks or Hammer of the Scots), Edward II of England (also known as Edward of Caernarfon), and Edward III of England.
It all began with a succession crisis in Scotland after the death of King Alexander III in 1286. He had no surviving sons or brothers, and his only heir was his three-year-old granddaughter Margaret (also known as Maid of Norway). A group of Scottish nobles and bishops formed a council to govern Scotland until Margaret came of age. However, Margaret died on her way to Scotland in 1290.
This left Scotland without a clear successor to the throne. There were several claimants who had some degree of kinship with Alexander III or his ancestors. The most prominent ones were John Balliol (also known as Toom Tabard or Empty Coat), Robert Bruce (grandfather of Robert the Bruce), John Hastings (Lord of Abergavenny), John Comyn (Lord of Badenoch), William de Vesci (Lord of Alnwick), Nicholas de Soules (Lord Chancellor), Patrick Dunbar (Earl of March), Roger de Mandeville (Earl Marshal), Eric II (King of Norway), Floris V (Count of Holland), and Edward I himself.
To avoid civil war among these claimants, the council decided to ask Edward I to arbitrate their claims. Edward agreed on condition that he would be recognized as Lord Paramount or overlord of Scotland. The council accepted this condition reluctantly.
Edward held a court at Berwick-upon-Tweed in 1291-92 to hear the arguments
of each claimant. He eventually chose John Balliol as King of Scots because he had the strongest genealogical claim and was also seen as weak and pliable by Edward.
Edward began interfering in Scottish affairs, undermining King John. The final straw came in 1294 when King Edward requested that Scotland provide troops and funds for his campaign against France. Several powerful Scottish lords persuaded John to refuse. Edward responded by invading Scotland at the head of a large army and defeated the Scots at the Battle of Dunbar in April of 1296.
In July, King John was deposed and imprisoned in the Tower of London. Edward convened a parliament at Berwick, where the Scottish nobles (Robert the Bruce among them) paid homage to him. Scotland had been effectively placed under Edward’s rule.
A revolt by the Scottish nobility against Edward in 1297 ended in capitulation at Irvine in July of that year. Despite the setback at Irvine, William Wallace and Andrew Murray continued the resistance and their forces inflicted a stunning defeat on the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge on 11 September 1297, where Murray was mortally wounded.
The following year Wallace was defeated at the Battle of Falkirk by an English army led by Edward himself. In 1305 Wallace was captured and executed.
In February 1306, Robert the Bruce, Earl of Carrick, made his move for the vacant Scottish throne in rather dramatic fashion when he and his supporters killed his rival, John ‘The Red’ Comyn, Lord of Badenoch, before the high altar inside Greyfriars church in Dumfries.
Bruce and his supporters were soon defeated and he was forced to seek refuge in the western highlands and islands. He returned to his earldom of Carrick in early 1307 and it was here that he began a seven-year campaign in Scotland that would culminate with his victory over Edward II of England at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, although the war would continue until 1328. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Tony Underwood
Tony Underwood (born 17 February 1969 in Ipoh, Malaysia) is a former English rugby union footballer who played as a wing three-quarter back. He is of Malaysian-English parentage.
Rugby career
Underwood's rugby talent was first nurtured at Barnard Castle School. Upon leaving he was educated at Leicester University and St Edmund's College, Cambridge, where he studied from 1990 to 1992 and won a blue whilst a member of Cambridge University R.U.F.C.
Following his elder brother Rory, he played for Leicester Tigers and England. Tony had another brother called Gary, who played at under-21 level for England. He made his England debut in October 1992 against Canada, and went on to win a total of 27 English caps. Tony and Rory were the first brothers to play for England together since Harold and Arthur Wheatley in England's 1937 6–3 win over Scotland, and partnered in the 1995 Five Nations Grand Slam win.
He played in the Rugby World Cup in 1995, and in the Quarter final match against Australia he scored a try that many regard as one of the finest in running Rugby, with his right-wing counterpart Damien Smith failing to tackle him, and that helped England to reach the Semi-finals. In the Semi-final he had another memorable moment in which his opposite number, Jonah Lomu, ran a ring around him, before powering straight over the tackle of full back Mike Catt to score what would be one of his four tries in that game. In 1995, he left Leicester for Newcastle Falcons. At Newcastle he made 11 appearances as they won the 1997-98 Premiership. His last cap for England came in December 1998 against South Africa where he was replaced early; England went on to win. He would later feature in a Pizza Hut advertising campaign alongside Lomu.
Post rugby
He is now retired from international rugby and having trained as a pilot, went on to fly for EasyJet. He then became a long-haul pilot for Virgin Atlantic. He was seen on ITV's Airline training to be a pilot, graduating, and completing his first flight with easyJet from London Luton Airport to Zurich. He used to live in Monkston, Milton Keynes. He lived in Dubai, where he flew the Airbus A380 as a captain for Emirates. He is married, with two children. | WIKI |
Carlijn Welten
Carlijn Welten (born 30 October 1987) is a Dutch field hockey player, born in Utrecht but grown up and living in Heerlen, who plays as a forward for Dutch club Stichtse Cricket en Hockey Club. She also plays for the Netherlands national team and she was part of the Dutch squad that became 2007 Champions Trophy winner. | WIKI |
Stats.con
Authors
Stats.con . by James Penston. . The London Press , London , 2010 , £12.99 , 318 pp. ISBN 978-1-907313-33-2.
The scientific status of many disciplines, including sociology, economics and much of clinical medicine, is derived in part from their use of statistical methods. Yet James Penston argues that the method is fundamentally flawed. Building on a previous shorter book [1], he investigates the history, methodology, consequences and philosophy of statistical methods in a beautifully written critical review.
Penston cites under-reported squabbles over the probability theories upon which hypothesis tests are based [2], and ongoing disputes over the correct way to implement the method [3,4]. On top of these intrinsic problems there is a great deal of bias in the production and reporting of statistics. To cite just one example, Penston notes that during the last Conservative Government in the UK, the definition of unemployment changed more than 20 times in an attempt to hide the increasing number of people without work. Then there are numerous examples of outright fraud, often perpetrated by those with a financial interest in getting a particular result.
It should come as no surprise, then, when conclusions derived from statistical methods are contradictory. One study claims that coffee increases the risk of pancreatic cancer, another suggests it does not. One study suggests that red meat increases the risk of colorectal cancer, another suggests it does not . . . Such conflicting findings are familiar to anyone who watches the news or reads the daily paper. If any other discipline produced so many conflicting results, it would be thrown into disrepute.
Penston focuses his attack on the ‘golden child’ of the statistical method, namely the large-scale randomized trial. If these trials can be revealed as flawed, then a forteriori, Penston argues, the whole methodology topples.
Large-scale randomized trials only reveal only small absolute effects; otherwise they would not need to be so large. Small apparent effects, Penston argues, are rarely indicative of actual (ontological) differences in the two interventions being compared. For example, the investigators in the EUROPA study randomized 12 218 patients in 23 countries with stable ischaemic heart disease to receive perindopril or placebo. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest. Compared with 8% in the experimental group, 9.9% of the participants in the ‘placebo’ group experienced the outcome: perindopril appeared to have a 1.9% absolute effect. Based on this result, it was suggested that all patients with ischaemic heart disease take perindopril.
The first problem with small absolute effects is that they are often presented in terms of relative risk reductions, which exaggerate the differences (and which many people, including educated doctors, mistake for absolute differences). Second, the fact that the trials are described accurately as ‘large’ makes them appear more definitive. More fundamentally, it only takes small biases during the allocation, treatment or reporting phases, to tip the scales [5].
In fact, Penston gives us good reason to believe that small biases are inevitable, and there is a large body of empirical work supporting the view that these biases often exaggerate the apparent benefits of the treatment [6–8]. In the EUROPA study, for example, Penston calls our attention to the following:
• 1Differential dropout rates (23% in the perindopril group, 21% in the placebo group).
• 210.5% of the patients in the run-in phase of the trial were excluded, mostly for reasons related to treatment with perindopril (this would be likely to affect the external validity of the trial).
• 3While randomization, combined with the empirical law of large numbers, reduces the chances of baseline imbalances, small imbalances can produce small absolute effect differences.
• 4All five members of the EUROPA executive committee declared a conflict of interest.
Either by themselves, or certainly combined, these biases could have accounted for the apparent positive benefit of perindopril in the study.
Subsequently, the PEACE study randomized 8290 patients in four countries to receive trandolapril or placebo; the PEACE study failed to show any difference. The PEACE authors claimed that differences between PEACE and EUROPA conclusions could have been due to the fact that the treatment was slightly different, or that the patients were slightly different. Yet Penston rightly complains that these claims were made after the fact to explain the discrepancy. An alternative view is that small absolute effects are not indicative of any real difference between experimental treatment and placebo.
In spite of its many strengths, the book can be criticized on two grounds. First, Penston's position lacks subtlety and second his solutions are at least equally problematic.
There are at least some circumstances when small effects produced by large-scale studies are important. For example, a large body of consistent epidemiological studies suggested that, contrary to what Dr Spock suggested, significantly more babies who slept on their backs survived [9,10]. Moreover, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) rates have historically been very low in countries where babies traditionally sleep on their backs [11]. It is also relevant that the studies were not contaminated by additional commercial or political influences. The absolute benefit of placing babies to sleep on their backs is small – 0.6 to 0.3 in 1000 in the USA and the UK. But the outcome is undoubtedly important. Here we have a case where large-scale studies provide important information. Another example is the small absolute benefit of corticosteroid injections to reduce mortality in premature babies [12].
Then, while statistical results may not help us predict what will happen to an individual, they do matter. Paul Meehl expressed his frustration at those who denied this fundamental point in an amusing way: ‘An advocate of this anti-actuarial position would have to maintain, for the sake of logical consistency, that if one is forced to play Russian roulette a single time and is allowed to select a gun with one or five bullets in a chamber, the uniqueness of the event makes the choice arbitrary’[13].
Then, Penston does not spell out any alternatives in any detail. The extent to which he does propose other methods (clinical experience and basic science research) falls prey to the very same objections he levies against the statistical method. Human nature being what it is, individual clinicians and basic scientists are – and indeed have been – known to be strongly influenced by commercial and political pressures. In fact, it is far cheaper to influence a group of experts than it is to conduct a large-scale trial. Hence, Penston's own criticisms of bias and fraud (chapters III and IV) apply all the more to the other methods. He admits this tacitly when he notes, ‘Fraud, in one form or another, is found in every walk of life’ (p. 177). Furthermore – and this problem has been all but ignored – the problems with external validity (chapter V) apply equally to studies of underlying biological mechanisms. Finally, untamed clinical reasoning is notoriously problematic. A clinician might observe dramatic remission from depression after antidepressant therapy, but without further examination it is impossible to rule out that the recovery was due to ‘placebo’ effects. These problems are exacerbated by naïve and well-educated clinicians' (and most other people's) common reasoning fallacies [14,15].
To conclude, Penston's three major points are defensible:
• 1the foundation of the statistical method is the subject of a lively but under-reported debate;
• 2bias in the production, interpretation and reporting of statistics makes their results problematic; and
• 3small absolute differences revealed in large-scale randomized trials must be viewed with great suspicion.
I look forward to Penston's next book, where he might provide guidelines for when we might use statistical methods more fruitfully, and where he spells out a better alternative in more detail.
Ancillary | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Seeing out and staying cool
Seeing out and staying cool
If you're going to be sitting in your car for hours, you'd better make sure your visibility is good, and that you're comfortable inside.
Can you see out?
Peering around a thick sludge of dead bugs that you can't clear off your windscreen is neither pleasant nor safe, so make sure your washer fluid is topped right up before you leave.
Don't be tempted to just top up the reservoir with tap water, though. This will progressively dilute the solution more and more and make it increasingly less effective at clearing the screen.
Check the condition of your wiper blades. Clean off any stuck-on gunk to help them wipe the windscreen better, and replace them if you detect any cracks.
Lastly, if the nozzles' aim isn't true, two minutes with a pin, a bit of twiddling with your nozzles, and you'll once again be spraying your windscreen rather than the unsuspecting people waiting at the bus stop.
Stay cool
If you normally use the car just for the quick commute to work, a long journey with kids and paraphernalia on board can put your car under sudden strain.
You don't want your family to end up sunburnt by the side of the motorway as steam rises from the engine - and dad's ears - so check the coolant levels when the car is cold and top them up if necessary.
You'll probably have to dilute some coolant before you add it, but no harder than topping up your washer reservoir and is essential basic maintenance.
Afterwards, clean off any splashes from the paintwork of your car to prevent paintwork damage, and wash your hands.
You'll also want to keep the family - as well as the car - running at the right temperature, and if your air-conditioning has been struggling to keep you cool on the commute, it's going to have no chance with more people on board and more work to do.
So, get down to the workshop to have the system checked over and re-gassed if necessary.
Spinner | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Draft:Westpac Northern Region Rescue Helicopter Service
Westpac Northern Region Rescue Helicopter Service is a branch of the wider Westpac Lifesaver Rescue Helicopter Service and has based in Lismore, Newcastle and Tamworth. The service has operated 4 AugustaWestland AW139 since 2016 with the service providing 24/7 care. | WIKI |
PowePoint - Early epidemic detection
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PowePoint - Early epidemic detection
1. 1. MODELS FOR EARLY DETECTION OF MALARIA EPIDEMIC IN EAST AFRICA Dr. A. K. Githeko PhD Principal Investigator
2. 2. Epidemic detection Intervention Epidemic early prediction Risk communication Intervention Time Outbreak Epidemic Epidemic detection using clinical data Early epidemic prediction using climate data Epidemic prevented
3. 3. Climate Drivers Increase in mean temperature Temperature variability Deforestation Swamp reclamation Typical impact on ambient temperature 0.5-1oC 1-5oC 1-2oC Water temp 2-5oC Ambient temp 1oC Effects on malaria transmission Additive effect to threshold transmission temperature 18oC 18.5-19oC 19-23oC 19-20oC 19oC Enable Epidemic Enable Enable Spatial impacts of drivers Increase in mean temp Temp variability Deforestation Swamp reclamation Regional Local Greatest impact of drivers on Plasmodium falciparum malaria occurs in the exponential phase 18-22oC of parasite development in the vector
4. 4. NOTES Changes in temperature affects both Plasmodium falciparum and Anopheles gambiae rates of development Anopheles gambiae the major African malaria vector in Kenya requires at least 150 mean monthly rainfall for its population to increase in poorly drained ecosystem and 250-300 mm in well drained ecosystems. Rainfall has no effects on Plasmodium falciparum development rates. The highlands lie in the temperature range of 16-19oC. The most sensitive development phase of Plasmodium falciparum in the mosquito lies between 18-22oC (exponential phase). The macroclimate and microclimate drivers can interact and enhance malaria transmission.
5. 5. MODELS DETECT CHANGES IN MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL IN THE HIGHLANDS. THESE CHANGE CAN INITIATE MALARIA EPIDEMICS
6. 6. 100 2 xER mm ii MT RT 100 2 xER mm ii xRT xRT 10018 xER mm ii xRT xRT Additive model Multiplicative model Models using climate data 18+C model
7. 7. KAKAMEGA 1997: EARLY EPIDEMIC PREDICTION SEQUENCE 4oC Rainfall 100.0% Epidemic risk 145.6% Case increase 1 First signal Temperature anomaly Epidemic risk confirmed EPIDEMIC OCCURES FEB-97 MAR APR MAY JUN
8. 8. KAKAMEGA 1998: EARLY EPIDEMIC PREDICTION SEQUENCE 4OC Rainfall 81.8% Epidemic risk 330.1% Case increase First signal Temperature anomaly Epidemic risk confirmed EPIDEMIC OCCURES AUG-97 SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN_98
9. 9. KAKAMEGA 1999: EARLY EPIDEMIC PREDICTION SEQUENCE 2OC Rainfall 40.9% Epidemic risk 272.7% Case increas e First signal Temperatur e anomaly Epidemic risk confirmed EPIDEMIC OCCURES JAN_99 FEB MAR APR MAY
10. 10. KAKAMEGA: ADDITIVE MODEL Sensitivity 1 Specificity 1 Positive predictive value 1
11. 11. NANDI: MULTIPLICATIVE MODEL Sensitivity 0.78 Specificity 0.99 Positive predictive value 0.86
12. 12. AUTOMATED KAKAMEGA MODEL FOR USERS OUTPUT IN GRAPH: INPUTS ARE MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL KAKAMEGA MALARIA EPIDEMIC EARLY DETECTION SYSTEM YEAR MAX TEMP INPUT COLUMM LTM max temp MAX TEMP ANOMALY RAINFALL INPUT COLUMM RAINFALL CODES TEMP ANOMALY CODES ADDITIVE MODEL: Percent risk JAN 09 29.5 28.3 1.2 163.8 1 4 #REF! FEB 30.6 29.2 1.4 8.0 0 4 18.2 MAR 31.1 29.1 2.0 125.7 0 4 18.2 APR 27.6 27.3 0.3 267.0 5 1 40.9 MAY 27.2 26.4 0.8 210.2 3 1 18.2 JUN 27.7 25.8 1.9 132.1 0 4 4.5 JUL 26.9 25.6 1.2 91.0 0 4 18.2 AUG 27.6 26.1 1.5 180.5 0 4 18.2 SEP 27.4 26.9 0.5 227.4 2 1 27.3 OCT 26.7 27.0 -0.3 124.9 4 0 22.7 NOV 27.5 26.9 0.7 98.2 0 1 0.0 DEC 29.7 27.5 2.1 178.3 0 9 4.5 JAN 10 28.8 28.3 0.6 38.7 2 1 50.0 FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Malaria early epidemic prediction: Kakamega 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 JAN 09 MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV JAN 10 MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV Time (Month) Epidemicrisk
13. 13. OTHER DRIVERS OF MALARIA Topography and drainage
14. 14. FLAT BOTTOMED “U” SHAPED VALLEY POOR DRAINAGE, GOOD FOR MOSQUITO BREEDING
15. 15. 3D SATELLITE IMAGE OF “U” SHAPED VALLEY
16. 16. NARROW “V” SHAPED VALLEY WITH FAST FLOWING STREAM
17. 17.
18. 18. “U” SHAPED VALLEY HAVE 2.9-FOLD MORE MALARIA MOSQUITOES THAN “V” SHAPED VALLEYS THIS AFFECTS MALARIA TRANSMISSION AND IMMUNITY TO MALARIA
19. 19. ASSESSING MALARIA PREVALENCE AND IMMUNE RESPONSE IN “U” AND “V” SHAPED ECOSYSTEMS
20. 20. MANY EPISODES OF MALARIA PER YEAR IN “U” SHAPED VALLEY
21. 21. FEW EPISODES OF MALARIA IN “V” SHAPED VALLEY ECOSYSTEM
22. 22. CSP-MSP Antibody positive children 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN Time Proportion+ve MARANI "V" FORTTERNAN "V" SHIKONDI "plateau" IGUHU "U" EMUTETE "U"
23. 23. SENSITIVITY OF HIGHLAND ECOSYSTEMS TO MALARIA EPIDEMIC: RAINFALL “U” shaped ecosystems require mean rainfall of 150mm/month for mosquito populations to increase “V” shaped valleys require mean rainfall of 250-300mm/month for mosquito population to increase
24. 24. Vector breeding and population size in the U and V shaped valleys The U shaped valleys has more that twice the size of breeding habitats compared to the V shaped valley The U shaped valley has 3 time more adult Anopheles gambiae females that the V shaped valley
25. 25. SENSITIVITY OF HIGHLAND ECOSYSTEMS TO MALARIA EPIDEMICS IMMUNE PROFILE The ratio of immune response to malaria parasites antigens (CSP & MSP) is 1:2.2 between the “V” shaped and “U” shaped valleys ecosystem 2.2 more people in the “U” shaped valley have an immune response to malaria compared to the “V” shaped valley ecosystem
26. 26. CONCLUSION Human populations in the “V” shaped valleys are less immune to malaria due to lower transmission rates and low immunity Heavy rains are required to precipitate epidemics in the “V” shaped ecosystems Plateau ecosystems have a similar response to malaria as the “V” shaped ecosystems
27. 27. TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING FOR USE OF THE MODELS: NATIONAL EXPERTS TRAINING WORKSHOP, NAIROBI
28. 28. PROVINCIAL TRAINING WORKSHOP: KISUMU
29. 29. DISTRICT LEVEL TRAINING: DAR ES SALAAM TANZANIA
30. 30. District level end user training workshop Uganda
31. 31. MODELS USED AT THE SEASONAL CLIMATE OUTLOOK FORUM OF THE GREATER HORN OF AFRICA TO FOR SIMULATION OF MALARIA EPIDEMICS
32. 32. MSC TRAINING 2 MSc students from Tanzania 1 MSc student from Uganda 1 MSc student from Kenya
33. 33. Collaborators • Dr. Andrew K. Githeko (KEMRI) • Dr. Martha Lemnge (NIMR, Tanzania) • Mr. Michael Okia (MOH, Uganda) • Prof. Laban Ogallo (ICPAC) • COHESU (NGO) • Dr. John Waitumbi (WRP) • Dr. John I Githure (ICIPE) Collaborating Institutions 1. Kenya Medical Research Institute 2. National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) Tanzania 3. Ministry of Health Uganda 4. Igad Climate Prediction and Application Centre (ICPAC) 5. Community Health Support Program (COHESU) 6. Walter Reed Project, (WRAIR) Kenya International Centre for 7. Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE)
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Stainless steel faucet leak how to repair?
1, stainless steel faucet leak repair, the first step to turn off the main valve of the water pipe at home. Prepare tools screwdriver and wrench.
2, there is a water dragon and no spout leakage: when the faucet within the axis of the gasket wear will appear in this case. Solution: According to the size of the faucet select the corresponding pliers will faucet gland unscrewed, and use the clamp to remove the worn shaft gasket, and then replaced with a new auxiliary gasket to solve the problem.
3, the faucet take over the joint leakage: check whether the screw cap at the receiver is loose. Solution, the nut tightened or replaced with a new U-shaped gasket.
4, the faucet is leaking from the lower gap: that is because the triangle gasket wear caused by the gland. You can turn the screw loose to take off the tether head, then the gland to get loose to take off, and then the gland inside the triangle seal store to take out, replace the new can.
Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
02-07
Care and cleaning
The quality of the water jet can be improved by cleaning or replacing the so-called aerator. Never spray cleaning agents directly onto mixers or showers
01-31
The spray from overhead sprinklers flows unevenly from the sprinklers. Can not form fine spray condition. What should I do?
Clean the spout. For this, it is best to use a plastic scraper. Run the scraper through the spray nozzle completely in the case of running water. Particles can be rinsed off immediately.
01-31
What types of common taps do we have in life
Ordinary cold water faucet:Also called tap water faucet. It is installed in the tap line and used to release water. According to the valve body material can be divided into copper faucet, malleable iron faucet and cast iron faucet 3 kinds, the latter two are more widely used. The nominal diameter is generally 15mm, 20mm, and 25mm, and the nominal pressure is 0.6MPa.
01-31
How to properly maintain stainless steel faucets?
Most of the faucets used in modern decoration are made of stainless steel, good-looking appearance, practical and durable, but in the use of such products should also pay attention to maintenance, so that the product life is also longer, I am here to teach you how to properly maintain stainless steel faucets. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Life of Henry Clay (Schurz; v. 2).djvu/335
Rh to the formation of a sectional and Northern party, which will, sooner or later, take permanent and exclusive possession of the government.” These were the ideas Clay brought with him to Washington, in December, 1849.
The opening of the session was inauspicious. For three weeks a struggle about the speakership convulsed the House of Representatives. The slavery question formed the subject of furious debates, during which members almost came to blows. At last Cobb of Georgia was elected. President Taylor sent his message to Congress on December 24. As to the burning question, he simply announced the fact that the people of California, “impelled by the necessities of their political condition,” had framed a state constitution and would soon apply for admission as a state, and he recommended their wish to the favorable consideration of Congress. He expected the people of New Mexico would shortly take the same course, and hoped that, “by awaiting their action, all causes of uneasiness might be avoided, and confidence and kind feeling preserved.” In other words, California and New Mexico should be received without further question, even as Free States, if the people thereof so desired. In a special message of January 21, 1850, Taylor declared that he had favored prompt action by the people of the new territories, without attempting to exercise any influence as to what that action should be concerning slavery. He again urged as prompt as possi- | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Map data/Wikipedia KML/Iowa Highway 14
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Talk:Indo-Greek Kingdom/Archive 2
Featured article candidates
What a fantastic article. Are the authors aiming to nominate it as a Featured article? -- ALoan (Talk) 11:16, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
That would certainly be an idea. PHGshould take most of the credit, I reckon.--Sponsianus 12:48, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
Absolutely. Or as an alternative there is the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, also mainly by PHG, which could be considered as a candidate. The truth is PHG has really made a phantastic work in this historical and geographical area! Aldux 13:45, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
* Thank you for the comments! Actually several related articles are already FA, such as Greco-Buddhism and History of Buddhism, where the Indo-Greeks are mentionned. Indo-Greeks still needs a little more work (as far as I know most of the available data is pretty much in there, but I guess the flow of the article still has to be smoothened). It's also a lot of work to get an FA through! (usually one week of intense editing to answer all voter's comments and requests): I will try to see when my next window of opportunity is. Thanks! PHG 22:40, 3 December 2005 (UTC)
Ye ole BC/AD
This article was originally given BC/AD dates. I was told (after previously editing the BCEs on a different page) that it causes alot of controverse on wikipedia and the best policy is to keep it with the dates given from it's creation. Well folks this is BC/AD...and I'll revert, and get every user I can think of to view this page. Thank you, Chooserr
* Hi Chooser. I am the original creator of this article, and have been developing it consistently beyond its original stub state along the BCE/CE format. This choice became all the more obvious as many linked subjects have nothing to do with "Anno Domini/ Year of the Lord" concepts (Buddhism, Indian kingdoms etc...). Within the BC/AD-BCE/CE debate I clearly have a preference for the progressiveness of the latter, especially where cultural sensitiveness is required. Best regards. PHG 22:40, 3 December 2005 (UTC)
Alexander
The article appears well-written and would no doubt be a good FA bet. However, I was wondering if some text in the intro can talk of Alexander's exploits in India as an inspiration to the Indo-Greek kingdom. --Gurubrahma 07:07, 21 January 2006 (UTC)
Yavanajataka
The section on astronomy gives a misleading impression since the Yavanajataka is primarily a work of astrology, and incidentally contains the astronomy needed to calculate horoscopes. I would also refer to Pingree's introduction to this work for information on three periods of Greek emigration to India. Zeusnoos 15:05, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
Alexander and Narain
I recently added a brief condensation of the history of Alexander's campaigns in India.
I'm also interested to know if it has been decided somewhere that Dr. AK Narain's treatise on the Indo-Greeks would be disregarded in favor Tarn's?
-Antialcidas, hehe - love the whimsical nomenclature (unsigned comment by Antalcidas)
* I've removed your edits because they were in the wrong place: this article speaks of the Indo-Greek kingdom started much later than Alexander.--Aldux 23:49, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
As you wish; though you'll note that every major history of the Indo-Greeks opens with a history of Alexander's exploits there. As the Indo-Greeks are a major area of my personal study, I need no correction; it merely occured to me as an appropriate addition in light of Alexander's role in potentially establishing the local dynast "Sophytes" as a possible "Indo-Greek" ruler, it's simple pertinance to the subject of Greeks in India, and the traditional written precedant of it's mention in relation to the subject.
South Asia versus India
Regarding the following passage: "The kingdom was founded when the Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius invaded India in 180 BCE, ultimately creating an entity which seceded from the powerful Greco-Bactrian Kingdom centered in Bactria (today's northern Afghanistan)."
It is proper to refer to the invaded region as South Asia rather han India per se for a couple of reasons. The territory that Demetrius I controlled was primarily in the north west.
"However, the campaigns to Pataliputra are generally attested to the later king Menander I and Demetrius I probably only invaded areas in Punjab, Kashmir and Pakistan, the latter including areas taken from the Seleucid kings, who were weakened after their defeat to the Romans in 190. Other kings may have expanded the territory as well." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria#Invasion_of_India
"At the same time the Milindapanha (1,2) describes the West Punjab as "the country of the Yonana," because in the time of Menander the Hellenized members of the local aristocracy and the descendants of the Graeco-Macedonian invaders constituted here the ruling substratum of slave owning society.
"The top of society harboured the Greek language: by the testimony of Philostratus Fraotes, King of Taxila (the latter half of the first century A.D.) spoke Greek fluently. It is in Greek, as Strabon states, that the message of the Indus King Por to the Roman Emperor Augustus (27 B.C. to A.D. 14) was composed. Some scholars hold that Greek was fostered as a living tongue at the court of the Saka rulers in North-West sub-continent." (The Peoples of Pakistan, By Yu. V. Gankovsky).
Also, India today refers to the Republic of India which is not synonymous with the use of the word in ancient times. India in ancient times refered to a particular area in the northwest of the subcontinent i:e river indus and the land associated with it or the "Indus country": Alexander recruited 10,000 peoples to inhabit a city he had founded in the Lower Indus. Seleucus Nicator carried on town construction too; he built many towns all over his vast kingdom, including "Alexandropolis in the land of the Indus" (The Peoples of Pakistan, By Yu. V. Gankovsky).
Greek maps would stop roughly at the Thar desert beyond which they thought was nothing else but ocean.
John Keay in "India: A History":
"Herodotus, of course, knew only of the Indus region, and that by hearsay. Hence he did not report that the land of Hindu was of sensational extent, nor did he deny the popular belief that beyond its furthest desert, where in reality the Gangetic plain interminably spreads, lay the great ocean which supposedly encircled the world; Hindu or `India' (but in fact Pakistan) was therefore believed to be the end of terra firma, a worthy culmination to any emperor's ambitions as well as a fabulous addition to his portfolio of conquests. "
"In Persian and Greek minds alike, the association of Hindu with elephants was thereafter almost as significant as its connection with the mighty Indus. To Alexander of Macedon, following in the Achaemanids' footsteps two centuries later, the river would be a geographical curiosity, but the elephants were a military obsession.
If Gandhara was already under Achaemenid rule, Darius' Hindu must have lain beyond it, and so to the south or east. Later Iranian records refer to Sindhu, presumably an adoption of the Sanskrit spelling, whence derives the word `Sind', now Pakistan's southernmost province. It seems unlikely though, that Sindhu was Sind in the late sixth century BC, since Darius subsequently found it necessary to send a naval expedition to explore the Indus. Flowing through the middle of Sind, the river would surely have been familiar to any suzerain of the region. More probably, then, Hindu lay east of Gandhara, perhaps as a wedge of territory between it, the jana-padas of eastern Panjab, and deserts of Rajasthan. It thus occupied much of what is now the Panjab province of Pakistan."
I suggest we use more historically and acaemically proper terms. omerlivesOmerlives 14:27, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
* Hi Omerlives. As explained in the article "Although "India" only meant the upper Indus for Alexander the Great, since the embassies of Megasthenes in the 3rd century BCE "India" meant to the Greeks most of the northern half of the Indian subcontinent, an area roughly corresponding to the extent of the Mauryan Empire at its largest." Indeed, the knowledge of India by the Greek changed drastically from the time of the embassies to the Mauryan court in Pataliputra, and by the 2nd century BCE already clearly meant most of current northern India (the geographical zone described in Megasthenes's Indica).
* In my own opinion "Invaded South Asia" is too vague a descriptive. Indeed, to use a geographical term (rather than a political one), how about "Invaded the Indian subcontinent"? PHG 22:05, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
Hi PHG. I said South Asia because it corresponds to the general geaographial realm like other geographically close term: central asia. However, I beleive Indian Subcontinent would be a better term to employ than India just like the map shows pictorially. Thanks PHG. omerlivesOmerlives 23:01, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
The Map
The map dosent seem to coincide much with the only other historical map of the kingom I have found here: Map of Post-Mauryan states
I think it is wildly out of proportion - it covers the entire northwest quarter of South Asia. It has been drawn from sources which no doubt simply mention campigns into certain areas - and thus these areas may not have ever been part of the Indo-Greek kingdom. The map should indicate something more like this:
Where red represents the Shungas, green the Indo-Greek kingdom, and blue the Satavahanas. This map is thus more approximate to the holdings of the Indo-Greek kingdom:
I will change the map for now - the old one for instance included Pataliputra within the borders of the Indo-Greek kingdom - this dosent make historical sence, as a dynasty which lost its capital would not later be able to negotiate a peace treaty along much larger borders, as indicated by the Heliodorus pillar. Vastu 15:08, 10 June 2006 (UTC)
* Thanks for the quality of your contribution. It is clearly a more conservative (and consensual?) map, which doesn't show the temporary attacks/conquests farther east to Pataliputra. In view of the available historical material it fails to show the possession of the Greeks in the Gujarat as far as Surat according to Strabo:
* "The Greeks... took possession, not only of Patalena, but also, on the rest of the coast, of what is called the kingdom of Saraostus and Sigerdis."'' (Strabo 11.11.1)
* In the east, it cuts short the Kulindrene (Kuninda) territory described by Ptolemy. Also as far as I know, the Greeks were for a long period of time in Mathura (where they retreated from Pataliputra according to the Hathigumpta inscription), and where later the Indo-Scythians would rule after them (reign of Rajuvula for example).
* I do not understand your point on Pataliputra: it is perfectly possible for the Sunga to lose their capital once, and then to re-take it once the Indo-Greeks have left. The conquest of Pataliputra by the Indo-Greeks is supported by the most recent analysis of the Yuga Purana (2002 translation), although it is not known for how long they held the city. Regards PHG 22:38, 10 June 2006 (UTC)
* Thanks for your reply. If the map includes only temporary conquests, is this conformative with other political maps of old dynasties and states? Afterall, if the Indo-Greek kingdom mearly ran through the lands near Pataliputra, they likely never administrated those land as part of their state. I am not sure what the wikipedia guidelines are for maps, if there are any, but my instinct would be to only show the non-fluctuating parts of a kingdom - i.e. the average holdings - which were mainly confined to Bactria and the regions around the Indus Valley. What I was trying to say about Pataliputra is that it is unlikely a dynasty could survive the loss of its capital and the lands between being administered by another state, which is what the previous map seemed to indicate, i.e. the Indo-Greeks may have reached Pataliputra but not held those lands - an unbroken border line implies the Indo-Greek state administered that territory - i.e. that those were the limits of the Indo-Greek state, where in reality they are approximate holdings. Your new map shows that the eastern territories were likely disputed, but perhaps the entire border should be a broken line to indicate that it is an approximate sphere of military influence? Or perhaps a solid blue area indicating the likely core state, surrounded by a broken line indicating sphere of influence or temporary conquest/raid? Great work on this article btw, it is one of my favorites, its just that the map currently implies to laymen viewing the article, that a Hellenic state ruled the entire north of South Asia for over a century, where the core state was probably more similar to the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, plus holdings in the Indus valley. Regards, Vastu 15:08, 11 June 2006 (UTC)
* [[Image:Indo-GreekKingdomMap4.JPG|200px]]
* Another opinion of the territory of the Indo-Greek states
* [[Image:Indo-GreekKingdomMap3.jpg|200px|thumb|"Map No3"]]Hi Vastu. I tend to favour the dotted lines, because they allow for a doubt whether a given territory was "governed" or not, in the case the evidence is inconclusive. In the case of Pataliputra, some argue the city was taken and ruled for some time (... that the Indo-Greeks even followed in the steps, and ruled the territory, of the Mauryas), whereas others just speak about raids. For the other areas however, especially the southern area of Surastrene (Kathiawar peninsula) I do not think there is much doubt, as numerous author describe Greek rule there (Ptolemy, Strabo, and indirectly the Periplus: I have added some of the details in the article). Therefore, in view of the available evidence (primary sources), I would still prefer "Map No3". Curiously, the two maps you found on the Internet seem to disregard all the available sources regarding the southern possessions of the Indo-Greeks. Regards. PHG 13:11, 12 June 2006 (UTC)
* PHG, I was recently contacted by another wikipedian who is concerned about the size of the map - the original map has been distributed across the internet by wikipedia-quoting websites, and I fear it may have given people a wrong impression of Indian history. This wikipedian pointed out that every history book on the subject he has seen has been far more conservative - some not even depicting borders, but simply campaigns. A think border line, dotted or not, really gives the impression of a long lasting permenant presence there - yet the Hellenic influence on modern India does not speak of any occupation by a Greek power - mearly trade. Today, the few Hellenic shrines left in the subcontinent are almost entirely in Afghanistan and Pakistan - and the ones in Pakistan are mostly small, not indicative of a kingdom covering an area the sizer of western Europe - the impression that the map currently gives. I urge you to re-draw it, or accept a new map proposal, as every source I have seen depicts either a kingdom more in line with the Greco-Bactrian one, or mearly a conservative collection of campaign arrows. I am not a cultural chauvenist, but I do think this map gives the wrong impression - especially when sources of this time period are not the most reliable - can we really trust every Greek account in this matter, let alone one indirectly reffered to by a Roman historian who likely never visited South Asia? Additionally, the map seems to liberally favour the Greco-Indian kingdom, whilst conservatively interpreting the Shunga kingdom - almost all historical maps project the stable boundries of a kingdom, and dont assume all campaigns were successfull - drawing borders gives exactly that impression. Vastu 00:40, 17 July 2006 (UTC)
* Based on the online online map I can find from a historical book, http://www215.pair.com/sacoins/images/maps/indo_greek.gif, I will change it for now:
* Hi Vastu. Thank you for your interest in this page. I do not know where your Internet map comes from, or what its references are, but it contradicts all available historical sources. First, I am not sure all Bactria should be included in the Indo-Greek realm, as only parts of the Indian subcontinent could qualify as Indo-Greek. Then, Sialkot, also called Euthymedia, was the capital of Menander, so the city itself, and to a large extent the territories around it (Menander ruled a huge realm) should be considered part of the Indo-Greek territory. For the south, all Greco-Roman sources point to Patalene as a part of the Indo-Greek territory. For the dotted lines, I understand they could be misleading, but history is indeed not clear whether the Greeks ruled, or just raided in these areas up to Pataliputra (even Indian sources say the Greeks ruled and toppled local governments there): maybe we could add a legend saying the dotted line means "raids or temporary conquest". By the way, as far as I know, the current map is generally consistent with Westermanns "Atlas der Welt Geschichte". Regards. PHG 15:25, 17 July 2006 (UTC)
* Thanks for the reply. Isnt Bactria's geographical location outside of South Asia irrelevent to whether or not a certain kingdom occupied it? Bactria was at the time Buddhist, and likely part of the Indo-Greek kingdom, until central asian people moved into the area. As for Sialkot - my map isnt perticularily good - I was trying to emulate the one from the link - which does include Sialkot's area within the kingdom - one of multiple capitals of the kingdom. Same with Patalene - also note that ancient sources tend to say 'king X ruled province X' without stating how much of such an area was ruled (perhaps a fraction) - and Patalene covered areas of modern Balochistan - therefore the map may not even be wrong in this respect. I therefore still favour the general outline of my map, buy with modifications. Vastu 09:25, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
* "but history is indeed not clear whether the Greeks ruled, or just raided in these areas up to Pataliputra (even Indian sources say the Greeks ruled and toppled local governments there)" - this in perticular is why a thick border is misleading, and in such circumstances, the conservative estimate is favoured - the map below in reality, is not that conservative, as it shows the Indo-Greek kingdom at possibly its furthest extent, gives it a well defined border, etc - and assumes several things, such as that those territories were ruled simultaniously - thus the Indo-Greek kingdom may not have even stretched this far:
* Or perhaps this map, which dosent include Bactria? Vastu 09:41, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
Hi Vastu. Thank you for your cartographical efforts, but I am afraid your maps are unduly restrictive. Territories: cutting Indo-Greek tighly around Menander's capital of Sialkot goes against geopolitical common sense as Menander most probably had some territory, some buffer zone around his capital. You also miss two important territories which are documented in ancient sources: Kulindrene to the North, and Surastrene to the South (references in the text). Regarding the extension to the East, by just making it an arrow suggests that the Indo-Greeks never ruled up to Pataliputra: some sources support they did rule, and some don't, hence the meaning of the original dotted lines. I am afraid that just making it an arrow overly supports the view that these incursions were just raids, which is not a matter of consensus. Regards. PHG 03:06, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
* Thanks for your reply PHG. My map drawing skills are not the best amongst wikipedians, although I do support the urgent need for the original map to be re-drawn, and believe my latest interpretation is acceptable. The person who contacted me to encourage further discussion on the issue mentioned that - "While there is a dearth of maps online, the maps that I have seen in books to-date have been more conservative in treatment (at best utilizing arrows to denote the campaigns of Menander--which were not lasting), and rightfully so. There is, after all, very little certainty that we can apply to this period, and thus, this warrants cautious treatment and not wishful thinking." The user also noted that in his opinion, you were attempting to maximise all possible Hellenic conquests and contributions to the subcontinent - i.e. engaging in Hellenic-centrism. I would not go this far, but do think you may be biased by either interest, or perhaps just historical sources which were notorious for attempting to 'aryan-ise' Indian history, but which formed the basis of modern scholarship on the topic. Indeed, in matters of ancient history, where ancient Greco-Roman or colonial-era British historical scholarship was not what it is today, I would argue that a maximal interpretation of the Indo-Greek kingdom is 'wishfull thinking', and the reality warrants more caution.
* I think that the current interpretation liberally favours the Greco-Indians, and conservatively disfavours bordering dynasties - you mentioned "some sources support they did rule, and some don't, hence the meaning of the original dotted lines" - but dotted lines in this instance favours the interpretation that they did rule, and not the latter interpretion - "I am afraid that just making it an arrow overly supports the view that these incursions were just raids, which is not a matter of consensus" - campaign lines are a legitimate way of depicting the ambiguity of whether a certain power ruled a certain area - for example, when one source says that "kingdom X raided province Y and was driven away" and one sources says "kingdom X invaded province Y and ruled it shortly" - a campaign line supports both sources, which both mention a campaign - only one supports a border - thus the campaign mentioned by both is the legitimate depiction, the border line only supported by one is not.
* I am most certain of this - I am 100% sure that this map should at the very least depict a campign line as opposed to the border line - in your comment above you cited common sense about one of the Indo-Greek capitals being further from a border (which I dont think is neccecarily true, but I will accept), I must also point then to the prior argument of common sense that a kingdom capable of annexing the major cities of the Shunga dynasty would likely not be forced to capituate in an unfavourable treaty not long after, which is similar logic. Even if you do not favour this point of argument, there is still a lot more reasons for a less liberal use of borders, i.e. as in the latest map that I have drawn. The map below shows a version of your original map, altered only in one way - the ambigious conquests, marked by border, have been replaced with a campaign line.
* I strongly encourage you to accept this change - the article may have been peer reviewed, but can always be further enhanced through interesting debate like this - and I think this new version is still a liberal interpretation, that in my opinion still gives the Indo-Greeks 'benefit of the doubt' on almost every issue of ambiguity, so I hope that this new map is a good compromise, that we can both accept as a permenant solution to this issue. I dont believe this new map can be disproven by sources that are not either ambigious or contradictory, and so should remain the final map in absence of alternative that dosent make use of speculation. Regards, Vastu 10:16, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
* I agree heartily with Vastu's request for campaign arrows rather than defined borders. To claim that temporarily holding a territory somehow makes it part of an "Indo-Greek Kingdom" gives the wrong impression of the scope of Indo-Greek contributions East of the Punjab. It would be analogous to drawing dotted lines all over Western Europe, Vietnam, Korea, Japan, South America, and the Middle East to encompass the United States of America simply because the USA had a military presence in those areas at some point in time. -- Pav
* Where did the latest part of this discussion go - the edits no longer show in history either - there was some server trouble earlier, which I guess must be to blame... Anyway, just to re-iterate, the latest map has enlarged the thinkness of the campaign line, and drawn it towards Pataliputra, as you suggested in the vanished section of the discussion, I hope that you find this version acceptable - from what I understood, you were willing to accept the camapign line as opposed to border, as long as it was extended in this manner - we had reached a consensus on the western side of the Indo-Greek kingdom, and I hope that this will put the issue of the eastern border to rest. Again, thanks for the previous reply, and regards, Vastu 23:39, 21 July 2006 (UTC) [[Image:Indo-GreekKingdomMap11.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Latest map]]
* P.S. rather than start another topic, id just like to add that in the languages part of the info box, perhaps Old Persian or Avestan (im not too familiar with linguistic history of Persia (perhaps written in the Aramaic script)) should be included. It was the literlugical language of Zoroastrianism presumably, and presumably wouldnt have fallen out of use in an area which had been ruled by the Persian Empire. Regards, Vastu 00:14, 22 July 2006 (UTC)
* Hi Vastu. Indeed, I think the main issue is about how to show temporary conquests (dotted lines or arrows?), although I agree there is a lot of contentious debate about the extent and durability of these conquests to the east of India. I was reading again a summary by Mario Bussagli (The Art of Gandhara), who, for example says the Indo-Greeks probably ruled in Pataliputra from 175 to 168, which probably would justify putting the Pataliputra territory as part of the "maximum extent" of the Indo-Greek kingdom. However I agree your map is more in conformity with the usual cartography of the Indo-Greeks. Let's put it in the article and see for a while how it feels. Congratulations for your approach to the issue. On my side, be reassured I am not particularly Helleno-centric, but just trying to give these often forgotten kingdoms their fair share of History. Best regards. PHG 12:46, 22 July 2006 (UTC)
* Thanks PHG, I must say ive also enjoyed the way this debate was conducted - I agree with your sentiments about giving these kingdoms their due coverage, and am interested in some of the cultures produced by Indic interaction with central asia, Persia and the Hellenic world in the northwest subcontienent, i.e. the Sakas, Bactrians, Hunas, Kushans, Indo-Pathians, Indo-Greeks, etc, (as part of a general interest in Indology) - having seen a number of your articles on Indian history on wikipedia, I think your contributions have been great, ive really enjoyed this article in perticular. Best regards, Vastu 13:49, 22 July 2006 (UTC)
* P.S. I was doing some looking around, and think that maybe soem combination of Aramaic, Bactrian, Old Persian and Avestan may have been spoken or written in the Indo-Greek kingdom, in addition to Greek, Sanskrit and Prakrits - I dont own much material on that, so ill leave it to you to decide whether to add them to the infobox :) Regards, Vastu 15:08, 22 July 2006 (UTC)
* Hi I just read the debate on the map and I would like to make a point. That on the Roman Empire article, the maximum extent of the Empire includes Trajan's temporary holdings in the East including Mesopotamia. These territories were held for just a year before being returned to Parthia yet they are clearly shown in many good encyclopaedias and reference books hence the arguement that lines (which is in my opinion short because they occupied Pataliputra not just get stopped near it) are more than adequate doesn't hold much strength in the face of this considering the Greek hold on Pataliputra was about 8 years.
* Thank you. Looking again at other historical empires, I must say that the map shown in the Achaemenid Empire also includes the Greek mainland, which, as far as I know, was occupied for just 1 year by the armies of Xerxes I.PHG 04:57, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
With the above in mind I think we should restore the old map without the dotted lines amd label the map as being the greatest extent circa 170 BC
* In ref to the above paragraphs - we do not even know if the Indo-Greek kingdom ever ruled that far, so I fail to see how the fact that other maps have chosen to include temporary conquests makes a difference - or how the example of some other maps choosing that route means this article must. In addition, here is another map favoring the current one: http://www.payer.de/kautilya/kautilya0101.gif Vastu 10:18, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
* "the old one for instance included Pataliputra within the borders of the Indo-Greek kingdom - this dosent make historical sence, as a dynasty which lost its capital would not later be able to negotiate a peace treaty along much larger borders" why should a dynasty have to topple, you write it as though it is inevitable that the Sunga line should disappear if the capital was lost.
* "we do not even know if the Indo-Greek kingdom ever ruled that far" than you have not read PHG's side of the debate, as the Yuga Purana mentions how the Greeks caused society to collapse by imposing their own social ways and how it seemed inevitable that Pataliputra would fall. Then there is Strabo who mentions them of temporarily holding lands upto the Ganges.
* "how the example of some other maps choosing that route means this article must" I fail to see how this part of history is being treated differently from any other. Also you seem to brush aside the mentioned articles about the Roman Empire and Achaemenid Empire as though they are insignificant or of little value to learn from (editing wise). Considering those artciles are of high importance and would attract a lot of interest, it has been edited in such a way that has deemed fit and that wikipedia seems to follow such a policy where a political entity is shown by the greatest extent that it has encompassed geographically. So to stay in league with other high quality articles it would be in the articles best interest to follow suit.
* "lost its capital would not later be able to negotiate a peace treaty along much larger borders, as indicated by the Heliodorus pillar" the Heliodorus pillar was erected 60 years after Pataliputra was taken by the Greeks and within the same time was taken back by the Sunga Empire.
* All of what you have just quoted played no part in the final decision - and is thus completely irrelevent. The final decision was that, given the ambiguity of the Indo-Greek campaign, a map that depicted their definite conquests, including a camapign line to denote the attempt mentioned in Greek sources would be included. This decision was essentially reached by consensus - and is the logical one, given conflicting accounts - as a border of any kind implies one unverified scholary theory is more right than the other - see Verifiability and Neutral point of view. It is also interesting to note that every single map I have ever found on the internet depicts an Indo-Greek border in the region of the Indus - so one has to ask, are you engaging in 'original research'? If so, see No original research. The current state of the map is not only consistent with wikipedia rules, but also consistent with logic - it should be left as such until a new scholary work comprehensibly proving either viewpoint over the other is presented, and accepted by the vast majority of scholars. Until then, the map should remain. Vastu 15:06, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
* Hi I do not wish to argue however in the article itself, it implicitly mentions how the Greeks retreated to Mathura from Pataliputra many times in the article which is sourced therefore by logic Mathura should definately be within the border. I am not fabricating original research as it is all already in the article. It would be appropriate if you were to provide sources contradicting their occupation of such areas within those dates if the article is wrong. As for the lines drawn, as far as I've seen in books they are only used to show the movement of armies in detailed books of military campaigns and are never shown on a map depicting the extent of a kingdom. As mentioned before due to the other articles following such a rule the border should enclose Pataliputra as an occupation period of 8 years is enough I think especially if many other pages include territories that have been held for only a year and these articles (mentioned above) have been peer reviewed. Giani g 19:05, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
Article Length
This article is really really long. Perhaps it's time parts of it get spun off into independant articles with short blurbs and links leading to them?
The "Evidence of invasion," "art," and "religion" sections could probably all benefit from being listed under their own articles.
Come to think of it, the discussion page is a bit of a mess too. Methinks it's time to archive everything prior to the discussion with Vastu. (The Map) But I really don't know how.
<IP_ADDRESS> 03:01, 10 August 2006 (UTC) Pav
* I agree on the length issue. I'll try to find reasonnable way to outlink some of the material. Regards. PHG 10:58, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
New map
I took the liberty to make a new, more precise map. Several of the previous locations were imprecise, an issue which was solved by the addition of the main river systems. I also modified the way the eastern expansion of the Indo-Greek kings is represented, a central point of contention in the above debate. The main reason is that it has become clear to me that there are two main scholarly positions on this expansion: either it is said to have consisted in simple, short raids, possibly under the guidance of local rulers such as the Panchala (a view mainly held by local historians such as A.K. Narain); or it consisted in a massive occupation of the region up to Pataliputra that lasted for about eight years (a mainly Western view, most recently voiced by McEvilley or Mario Bussagli). Now, when we try to express this graphically, a simple arrow to Pataliputra clearly refers to the former view, and is therefore one-sided. Conversely, clearly marking the territory as Indo-Greek refers to the latter view, and therefore is also one-sided. The only solution I can find is to mark this territory with doted lines. I am afraid it is the only way to maintain the balance between both historical interpretations. Regards to all. PHG 07:12, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
Although I am glad that the initiator of the new map has finally deigned to discuss the matter with the rest of us, I am afraid that this is yet again an attempt to aggrandize the Indo-Greek Kingdom. If anything, the previous map was a compromise as the first view (that of Narain's) mentions the greeks as only joining a raid led by Indian Kings--hardly meriting mention of Greek conquest or raid here since it was not led by them. Moreover, contributors on this end of the debate already compromised on the extending of greek holdings into Gujarat in spite of previous maps, as provided by contributor vastu, not demonstrating any such holdings and no archaeological evidence existing to demonstrate it thus. In fact, archaeological evidence provides only for holdings in what is now Pakistani Punjab. In spite of this, compromise has already been made in an attempt to reconcile classical texts with a Western push for greek expansion. This stands in stark contrast to the Shunga dynasty map, which does not even indicate the greatest extent of that Empire's territory. Shunga claims extend well into the Punjab (as confirmed by inscriptions in that region), and there is textual evidence to indicate that it did extend as far as the Indus. Nevertheless, this was once again resolved in favor of the Indo-Greeks. The Satavahana Empire is credited with ending the Kanva dynasty of Magadha and ruling over Pataliputra (this point being uncontested by historians), yet the same corollary was not applied to them in the very map created by the above signed contributor. And there we have it, territorial claims that are backed up by archaeology are sidelined and a shoddy construction supported by creative interpretation of scripture and classical propaganda are favored, hardly NPOV. In light of this, there is a clear basis to retain the old map.
Regards,
Devanampriya
* Hi Devanampriya. The Sunga map is not mine, but belong to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Of course should you have a better referenced map, let's look at it. Regarding the most recent Indo-Greek map, the territorial extension of the Indo-Greeks in the north is fairly restrictive (up to Sagala), although many claim that they also ruled in Mathura until around 100 BCE. The southern extension is attested by rich numismatic finds (expansion of Appolodotus) and numerous sources, both Western and Indian. For the invasion of the Indian heartland, Narain's is but one point of view, and rather farfetched and imaginative (as you said, "the greeks only joining a raid led by Indian Kings--hardly meriting mention of Greek conquest or raid here since it was not led by them."). This is not everybody point of view, others saying occupation lasted for several year. Hence dotted lines. Regards. PHG 06:23, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
PHG,
Um yeah, but the Satavahana map was created by you, so why slide out of that point? Numismatic evidence? Ok, so then clearly the Romans had holdings in the deccan plateau because of the massive coin hoards of denarii found there... Narain is one of the preeminent scholars on this topic and his views are voiced by numerous other scholars, so please don't denigrate that. Also, what is the basis for positing an 8 year occupation here? Virtually nothing. All those indian texts were creatively interpreted (interpretations which are contested by longstanding scholars of that field) and the second basis, even your own description notes as not always accurate. Lastly, if you're going to construct arguments, please make sure they make sense (my quote is totally misused). Your map is biased and runs contrary to the numerous other kingdoms in northern and western India.
Regards,
Devanampriya
* Hi Devanampriya. There's a principle on Wikipedia: we just put together views which have been published by reputable authors. If Mario Bussagli, the foremost Italian authority on the subject, concludes that the Greeks occupied Pataliputra for 8 years (referenced in the article), his view deserved to be mentionned. Just as Narai does. It's really not your opinion against mine or endless debating. For the map, the maximum occupation at least to Taxila to the East, and to Patalene to the south is highly shared, because of all the textual evidence (Strabo, Peryplus of the Erythrean sea...), and yes, the coinage repartition of several of the kings, in comparison to which Roman coinage in India is minuscule. The only issue is the representation of Indo-Greek expansion to the east, and here again there are two opinions: raids (which should be illustrated by an arrow) and occupation (which should be illustrated as part of Indo-Greek territory). The dotted line is just a fair balance between the two. Regards. PHG 05:09, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
* PHG,
* Mario Bussagli is the foremost Italian authority on the subject? I'm sorry is there such a dearth of Indologists in Italy that art historians constitute the foremost authorities? Or did he just take time off from studying the art of the region to do some rigorous archaeological studies on the strategic climate of the era? I'm sorry, but he hardly seems like the kind of person one would go to as an "authority." Especially when you have a far more credible historian whose expertise is actually within the field in question (A.K. Narain) to compare to. McEvilley is, likewise, an unreliable source. The content of his work is not a study of the territorial holdings of the Indo-Greeks. It is an analysis of philosophical and artistic developments due to cultural exchange. He's not exactly a reliable authority on the more specific points of who was where.
* The problem with your map is that you're trying to make the geopolitical layout of ancient India seem like it is analogous to modern conceptions of nation-states as territorially bound entities. There is no credible evidence of meaningful political connections between the area and the central administration that would merit any sort of encapsulation of the region. Especially considering that the Indo-Greeks likely did not even lead the raid! I fear you are cherry-picking sources to aggrandize the acheivements of your pet historical figures again.
* The keys here are academic consensus and preponderance of evidence. There are, likewise, speculations that Parmenides and Pythagoras adopted Indian ideas, that the Christian monastic tradition developed out of Ashoka's Buddhist missionaries, and that Jesus actually visited India and appropriated aspects of Hindu thought. Yet nobody mentions these speculations in those articles because there is no preponderance of evidence. Encyclopedia articles are meant to give the reader a general overview of a subject. These are, at the very most, minor footnotes. Just like the vast majority of the speculations you are citing as to the impact of the Indo-Greeks are, to be charitable, minor footnotes.
* We want an account of history that is objective, accurate, and representative of what was the most likely thing to have happened. Instead, what I have seen going on here strikes me as fanciful and imaginative at best. Propagandistic at worst. The arguments being presented to "teach every perspective" are, likewise, about as convincing as creationists trying to sneak intelligent design into science classes under the guise of "teaching all the perspectives."
* Pavanapuram 19:55, 15 December 2006 (UTC)
PHG,
You might want to review your geography, because Patala (aka patalene) is in the modern sindh not gujarat. That is where the Indus delta is--in the region west of Gujarat and not gujarat itself. The region of Gujarat and Saurashtra was known as the Lat country in Ancient India ( just as a little history lesson for you, Gujarat comes from Gujjar-a late ancient and early medieval tribe in western india), so you're violating wikipedia principles by making your own painfully mistaken assertions instead of sourcing them. Also, no one is denying Taxila and Sindh, so stop prevaricating and actually read and respond to what is written. Accordingly, you're application of "respectable author" title is questionable at best considering your support for the numerous Jat scholars that proclaim ever Indian figure under the sun as a Jat (Chandragupta Maurya Origin Talk Page). Lastly, you've ignored my remark on the Satavahanas again, thereby demonstrating your dishonesty and your unwillingness to cooperate with other community members. Like the poor unnamed sap who reverted my edits, you too are attempting to cloud the judgement of others by calling me a xenophobe when that clearly is not the case. In fact, all you both are doing is demonstrating your eurocentric bias and your raging philhellenism in your quest to subvert history. I'm through discussing this with you; the consensus map ( a very generous one to the indo greeks by any measure) shall stay.
Devanampriya
* Hi Devanampriya, and... Pavanapuram. You do not have to slander every Western source that speaks about extensive Indo-Greek territories in India. It is not only McEvilley or Bussagli, but for example also Bopearachchi (a renowmed archaelogist and numismat), Rosenfield (History of the Kushans) and numerous other authors. Among ancient authors Strabo actually speaks about Patalene and Saraostus (please look at the actual quote) which indeed includes parts of Gujarat. And ancient Indian sources actually describe Yavanas conquering and ruling Pataliputra. There's no reason why all views should be aligned with your Narain, especially as there is not a single evidence to back up his claim that Indo-Greek conquests were simply "raids". As a balance, the map clearly labels unconfirmed Indo-Greek territory as such (dotted lines), whereas the previous one (the arrow) privileges Narain's view (hypothetical raids). By the way, there is no need to remove huge parts of the article when you just wish to revert a map. PHG 23:25, 15 December 2006 (UTC)
* PHG,
* Slander implies untruth. There is nothing untrue about my statement that McEvilley and Bussagli's fields of expertise are not in the military or politicial histories, but in the study of art and culture, which does not make them credible authorities when stacked against someone whose expertise is actually in the field. The rest of your reply sounds a lot like independant research to me. I mean, you admitted yourself that Vastu's map was more in-line with the usual cartography of the Indo-Greeks. So why wouldn't we use it? Personally I don't even see the point in drawing a firm border at all since the idea of a territorially bound state is more of a modern convention than anything they operated on back then. In my eyes it would make more sense to just write "Indo-Greek Kingdom" around roughly the zone that they covered, just like you did with the Sunga Empire on that map. Perhaps color code the relevant cities. At most, a transparent splash of color around the confirmed central holdings would make sense.
* Sorry about removing the other info. I didn't notice that there were other edits I just assumed he had reverted the map alone. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:55, 16 December 2006 (UTC).
* Hi. I cannot agree with an interpretation that Bussagli is not a reputable source. His original field of expertise is indeed in art (he was professor of art for Indian and Central Asia in Rome), but he is acknowledged as the author of "the reconstitution, for the first time and under all its aspects, of the panorama of Gandharan civilization" (Encyclopedies d'aujourd'hui, 1996), more recently, and using much more archaeological research that someone like Narai. Should you need an historian, numismat and archaeologist as a source, there is for example Bopearachchi (of Sri Lankan origin, and one of the leading contemporary experts of the period) who quotes the "Yavana taking Saketa and reaching Pataliputra" and explains "the conquest of the Ganges valley" by Menander (Monnaies Greco-bactriennes et Indo-Grecques", 1991, p83-85). To me Narai is a little like the reverse of Tarn, less the sources: he clearly tries to diminish as much as possible any aspect of the Greek involvement in India, without much facts to back his claims, and he is quite dated now (1956?). I don't mind anyway, the point is just that these views have to be balanced, and I don't think we should have a map that privileges Narain's views. For the treatment of ancient maps, please look at Achaemenid Empire for example. There's no reason why we should have a different kind of approach. PHG 08:38, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
PHG,
You do not have to slander every indian author, and western as well, that raises valid questions about the theories devised by the philhellenic Tarn. Tarn's interpretations, especially his Alexander Unity of Mankind theory, have been question by numerous academics, including Frank Holt and A.K. Narain. The fact of the matter is that there is no serious evidence that demonstrates a Greek conquest of the Gangetic. The numismatic evidence regarding Barygaza is questionable especially considering it was a major trading port. And Narain and others accurately point out that the assertion of Gujarat (like Kulinda which you yourself note) is uncertain if not outright wrong.
Regarding your points above: I strongly suggest you do some real research. First and foremost, considering your overwhelming reliance on Tarn,an author who certainly predates Narain, I suggest you steer clear from charges of obsolescence. Second of all, Narain is not the only one to mention a theory regarding raids, see thapar, keay, jha, and majumdar. So stop trying to mischaracterize Narain. “Tarn less the sources”? Maybe you should actually read work by Narain before citing him without knowledge. Your minute on Narain betrays your generally ignorance and bias on the topic. Frankly, no one cares what you think of him, since he's a well-respected authority on the topic, and very much alive making him contemporary. You are hardly a voice for balance considering your reliance on "independent research" and selective intepretation of quotes, images, and texts. Your work on this article and others is blatantly couched in helleno-centrism.
As for the achaemenids, there is no debate on the extent of their western territories as well as the nature of their expansion, but there is on the indo-greek territory in the east. The achaemenid map is based on facts, yours is not, so I suggest you do a better job of drawing comparisons. There is a reason why every map of the indo greeks both in books and online echo the current version. That is because theories about conquests in the gangetic are speculation. They are uncorroborated by hard evidence—the lifeblood of history. Your map is an abomination at best and a mockery of wikipedia's standards at worst.
Devanampriya
---Today, the few Hellenic shrines left in the subcontinent are almost entirely in Afghanistan and Pakistan - and the ones in Pakistan are mostly small, not indicative of a kingdom covering an area the sizer of western Europe - the impression that the map currently gives. I urge you to re-draw it, or accept a new map proposal, as every source I have seen depicts either a kingdom more in line with the Greco-Bactrian one, or mearly a conservative collection of campaign arrows. I am not a cultural chauvenist, but I do think this map gives the wrong impression - especially when sources of this time period are not the most reliable - can we really trust every Greek account in this matter, let alone one indirectly reffered to by a Roman historian who likely never visited South Asia?-- Additionally, the map seems to liberally favour the Greco-Indian kingdom, whilst conservatively interpreting the Shunga kingdom - almost all historical maps project the stable boundries of a kingdom, and dont assume all campaigns were successfull - drawing borders gives exactly that impression. Vastu 00:40, 17 July 2006 (UTC) Based on the online online map I can find from a historical book, http://www215.pair.com/sacoins/images/maps/indo_greek.gif, I will change it for now.
Oh Please give me a break. Hieun Tsang describes 50 viharas in the vicinity of Jalandhar. I don't think there is even a trace of them left so, shall we conclude that Buddhism was never practiced there. This is why HISTORICAL accounts are so important. Most indo-greek sites that survive in Afghanistan or NWFP are in remote mountainous areas and were away from the marauding hordes of later centuries that destroyed everything in their path, because of religious zealotry or in the case of Huns and Monglos for the love of destruction. If you are going to go by present day Indo-Pak boundary on everything then you might as well not bother opening a history book. 'We are indigenous we never had anyone influence our culture, there was no religion or culture except our religion, everyone else was a foreigner who conquered and left i have heard these words too many times in the past decade mostly coming from India's right-wing, we are indigenous, no foreign blood/influence here except for the muslim conquerers(too recent to deny it huh??? and plus how else would you bash muslims never mind that 98% of them are indigenous converts to islam both in India and Pakistan). wow 21:30, 12 March 2007
In the Milindapanha, the city is described in the following terms:
"There is in the country of the Yonakas a great centre of trade, a city that is called Sâgala, situated in a delightful country well watered and hilly, abounding in parks and gardens and groves and lakes and tanks, a paradise of rivers and mountains and woods. Wise architects have laid it out, and its people know of no oppression, since all their enemies and adversaries have been put down. Brave is its defence, with many and various strong towers and ramparts, with superb gates and entrance archways; and with the royal citadel in its midst, white walled and deeply moated. Well laid out are its streets, squares, cross roads, and market places. Well displayed are the innumerable sorts of costly merchandise with which its shops are filled. It is richly adorned with hundreds of alms-halls of various kinds; and splendid with hundreds of thousands of magnificent mansions, which rise aloft like the mountain peaks of the Himalayas.
The last mountainous area that river Ravi flows through is east of Madhopur between Pathankot(Punjab), Jammu(J&K) and Himachal border. So, Sagala must be somewhere on the Jammu-Punjab/himachal border in India. Sagala definitely wasn't Sialkot as it is neither mountains nor well watered, infact the entire stretch of well watered mountainous territory between Chenab and Ravi rivers lies well with in India, much further away from Sailkot or the current border that Sialkot sits on today. So, this raises another important point, if Sagala was the capital, the kingdom must have included territory to much further east and south of it i.e Eastern Punjab, Jammu region, Himachal or even the areas along the Yamuna, which is consistent with the hoards of coins discovered at Mathura. Also, in another such case, Kanishka's Statue was discovered at Mathura along with other Kushan artifacts, this is how the entire ancient Indian history has been reconstructed, archeological finds that corresponds with places mentioned in historical records, play a definitve role. Mathura has both in the case of indo-greeks, Mathura it appears was an important outpost for north-western empires trying to expand into the Ganges valley heartland and central India. The repeated mention of Mathura in this context during this period and the abscence of any other dynasty ruling Mathura at this time is a strong indication that Mathura at the least was the farthest indo-greek territory extented, also the importance of the mention of Menander/Milinda in indian historical records is not a matter of chance, he must have had an empire that stretched at least as far as the north-west half of India, a marginal frontier king would not be such an important factor in historical and religious records...... Anon.
Map Issues
Wow is this ever a detailed article. I can tell a lot of work has gone into it. I do agree about the length thing though. Is anyone working on that? Shall I? Additionally, from an aesthetic standpoint that map is. . . well it's atrocious. There is no beating around that bush. I took the liberty of making a new one and when I checked here I noticed there was already a huge discussion about it. A little too huge and involved for me to get involved in. Vastu's original map above, however, seems to most closely mirror the ones I have seen. So I worked off of that to make mine. I hope it goes over well. Windy City Dude 02:53, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
* Okay, that was much less easy than I expected, but it's done. I expect this to elicit a bit of discussion so I anticipate having to alter the map eventually. When I do I intend to take the empire names off the map and put them on a legend off to the side where they don't take up so much space. As it is they look a little cluttered. Would it have killed the Satavahanas to drop a syllable or two? Great Scott! I am sure long-named empires occupying small parts of the map have been the bane of many a cartographer. But color-coded cities gets the idea of geographic influence across well enough. Especially considering that those are the only places where an imperial government really had any presence back then anyway. I'm not even sure how I feel about having that clearly defined black border for the Indo-Greeks either. Borders were fuzzy in those days. So I might just show the territory as a slightly transparent red to highlight it and dull the opacity as we go further out of their sphere of influence.
When I get the time I'll revise the map for the Sathavana dynasty page as well. And it seems the Sunga Empire page has lost its map (which was, as I recall, an actual professional one) which is a travesty. So I'll whip one up for it as well. Windy City Dude 03:42, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
* Hi Windy City Dude and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for the great map. Artistically it is a clear improvement from the previous one. Some information was lost in the process though: we would need to show the expansion of the Indo-Greeks to Pataliputra (the area for the Sunga Empire you show would be before the Indo-Greek actually existed), their territories down to Barigaza, and I think it would still help to show Vidisa and Anuradhapura for the embassies. Also Kapisa is located around Kabul, not in Bactria. There are also two known Alexandrias (of the Arachosians/ in the Caucassus). Best regards. PHG 05:04, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
* PHG,
* I used a map I found online as a model for where the borders were and noticed it bore a close resemblance to Vastu's colored map up there. So I figured it was sensible enough. My big thing was that I think it's important to explain where the Indo-Greeks were in context with who they were around instead of just having a border around them and no reference as to who else they were interacting with. After all, you can't talk to someone about French history if they don't know where Spain, Britain, and Germany are. I'll do a little more research and get back to you.
* And I just noticed what you mean about Kapisa. I think what happenned was that I put down the dot for Alexandria and mislabelled it as Kapisa. I'll work on another revision this weekend and have it done around Monday or so. Until then.
Windy City Dude 17:40, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
Hi Windy City Dude. May I suggest you put your map in this featured-article only once it's free of errors and does not contitute a loss of information compared to the previous maps? (eastern conquests, embassies etc...) In the meantime, I will revert to the former map (I added Satavahana Empire following your suggestion and adopted your color scheme). Regards PHG 19:17, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
* PHG,
* Nice improvement, but I still like mine better. :-p
* And I am going to have to take umbrage at that "errors" remark. I knew I my reference wasn't wrong with where I had Kapisa. It turns out that your very own article on Alexandria_of_the_Caucasus says that it and Kapisa are one and the same! You sly dog. You even had me doubting myself.
* But I think I might have to take issue with some things you said. The main map for an article is just supposed to show the empire itself. All information about military campaigns and embassies ought to be detailed in the article.
* If you really really really want a graphical representation of military expeditions, I can make a map for you with spiffy campaign arrows and upload it to the relevant section of the article. (Although I would be leery of adding even more images to an already bloated article.) Campaign arrows, by the way, are the preferred way to represent that sort of thing. Dotted lined borders like that are used to represent the steady growth of an empire over time. So you would have one border for XXX BCE. Then a dotted line border for XX BCE. Then a striped border or something for X BCE.
* Since I drew the Eastern and Southern borders based on maps I saw of the Sunga and Satavahana empires, mine seems pretty accurate to me. In fact, the maps I have seen have the Indo-Greek and Indo-Parthian civilizations stopping pretty much at modern-day Pakistan. I was actually concerned that I was coloring in too much of Rajastan and the Punjab. Every map I have ever seen of the Sunga empire has their border stop right outside Mathura. So the dotted-lined border you drew looks more like the Kushan empire.
* As for Gujarat, I have never heard of the Indo-Greeks getting past the Rann of Kutch and Barigaza is right on the banks of the Narmada river! What are you basing this on? Every map of the Satavahanas I have ever seen has them in complete control of the Narmada delta by the time of the Kushans. The only reason I didn't color Barigaza green right here was because I wasn't certain whether it was under Satavahana control by this period or not so I chose to err on the side of caution and leave it unaffiliated. :Embassies, meanwhile, are such a small thing that they're not really worth taking up screen-space to show. You could just as easily write a sentence and as long as the city itself is on the map the point gets across.
* By the way, arrows on maps are only used to represent routes, either for an explorer or a military campaign. If you want to show an embassy you would just put a star next to the city and indicate it in a corner somewhere.
* Windy City Dude 03:15, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
Hi Windy City Dude. You seem very involved (and proficient) for someone's first contributions ever to wikipedia. Might you be someone we already know who is just using a different name? Regards PHG 04:48, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
* Kapisa is Alexandria in the Caucasus, and it is not in Bactria but in the Hindu Kush (Paropamisadae). The problem is with your coordinates, which are quite wrong. I would suggest you check your geography references.
* You fail to show the eastern conquests of the Indo-Greeks to Pataliputra, which is thought to have lasted for up to about eight years: it is normal for maps to show conquests (even temporary), as in Image:Map of the Achaemenid Empire.jpg. This is fully referenced in the article.
* I do not know of any rule against showing embassies on such maps, especially as these embassies as so significant to understand the involvement of the Indo-Greeks.
* For territory as far as Barigaza, please check Strabon, the Periplus of the Erythrean sea, Tarn, Bussagli (all the sources are in the article).
* PHG,
* I placed that Alexandria as close to the edge of the mountain range as I could while trying to keep it somewhere close to the Indus. I can move it, but you're making a mountain out of a molehill. Especially considering the far out claims you are making here that I, honestly, have never heard before and cannot for the life of me corroborate from any online source. As for the Achaemenid thing. Firstly, that map isn't making as much of a stretch. I can find plenty of other maps that show the Achaemenids stretching up to Bactria and Gandhara. I would say the one you linked actually does stretch a little farther North than would be geographically logical, but it's not that big of a deal.
* Your map, on the other hand, is making a claim that I cannot corroborate with anything I have on hand. The Iranian government's tourism site (more or less) corroborates that Achaemenid map. The Indian government's tourism site, likewise, more closely resembles mine.
* Secondly, I'll have to go ahead and say that one example doesn't really establish "normalness."
* Your map doesn't adhere to the format of any professional map I have ever seen. Cartographic standards are, well, standards. If you're going to talk about conquests you need to establish a time frame for your map. You can't just shade an area because they were there at some point in time. It needs to be time-sensitive. You need to put an approxomate year for them being there.
Image:OttomanEmpireIn1683.png <-That, right there, is how you represent conquests.
* You don't need a rule against showing embassies. Not having random arrows running all over the place, however, is just plain common sense. Not cluttering up what is supposed to be a simple geographical representation of where the Indo-Greeks were with extraneous and unnecessary information that adds little utility to the article, likewise, is also just plain common sense. I told you before that arrows are used to denote routes. Either for an explorer or a military expedition. It makes no sense whatsoever to use them as indicators of an embassy. Moreover, look at every other map of every other empire ever. Do you see any of them showing embassies? Let alone using campaign arrows to point to them?
* Those are all mighty obscure sources. Think logically for a minute here. There are plenty of accounts of perpetual conflict between the Sakas and the Satavahanas. How many accounts do you see of conflict between the Indo-Greeks and the Satavahanas? What is the actual arcaeological evidence those sources used to arrive at this conclusion anyway? Because like I said, none of my sources corroborate it. Not even good old Britannica.
* Do people need to edit wikipedia to have proficiency with computers?
Hi Windy City Dude,
* Kapisa=Alexandria in the Caucasus, and it is not at the edge of the Hindu Kush (Paropamisadae), but in the middle of it.
* Strabo, the Periplus of the Erythrean sea, Tarn or Bussagli are certainly not "mighty obscure sources", and in any case probably have more historical weight than the "Indian government's tourism site".
* Your map fails to show conquests to Pataliputra and supposed territory down to Barigaza.
* I have adopted your comments on the arrows, and shown disputed conquests as such.
* I was refering to your Wikipedia editing proficiency which is not consistent with a newcomer PHG 19:52, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
* For the next revision I put Kapisa at about the same spot you did. So I guess that's settled.
* I have heard of Tarn. The rest, not so much. And Tarn doesn't have the status of a priviledged source over everyone else IMHO. I am inclined to treat him as somewhat questionable in light of more contemporary research.
* My map doesn't show it because I don't think it should be in the main map. I am currently working on one with campaign arrows that I intend to upload to the "Eastern expansion" section of the article. It will have an arrow with a point of origin and a destination point for each attack and, most importantly, a time-stamp on each one. I need to do more research on when each attack took place. You can probably help by giving me an easily referenceable list of attacks and their outcomes for me to put in if you don't mind. The final outcome, I think, will be more rich in information than what you're proposing.
* The starred cities implies a capital of some sort. I still think an asterisk or a highlight around the city makes more sense.
* Well keep in mind it took me something like 2 and a half hours to upload that map. That's and hour longer than it took me to make it in the first place. By the way, I looked and can't seem to find a way to modify an image once I upload it. I don't want to fill up the wikimedia server with a bunch of minor revisions on the same thing.
* Windy City Dude 04:36, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
Hi Windy City Dude, PHG 07:10, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
* If you never heard of Strabo or the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, I suggest you have a look, since these are primary sources regarding the presence and expansion of the Indo-Greeks in India. Bussagli is one of the leading Italian authorities on the subject as well. May I suggest you read the article in depth and look at the references before making major changes.
* I cannot agree with you point of view that eastern expansion should not be shown on the main map. For several historians, we are talking about an occupation of about 8 years as far as Pataliputra (from circa 175 BCE to 170 BCE), and 90 years as far as Mathura (from circa 175 BCE to 70 BCE). This is important, and has to be shown in an article on the Indo-Greeks, even if it is labelled "disputed" and uses dotted lines as I suggested. Others claim these were just short military campaigns, but there is no reason to favour that version to the exclusion of others.
* When uploading, choose "upload a new version of this file" in the description file of the map you wish to overwrite. After some time, the old versions are automatically discarded.
Hi Windy City Dude, I think most of the issues you raised have been solved by now: the map is now aestetically great, long "campaign arrows" for embassies were dropped for short pointer arrows, and expansion campaigns are shaded and dated the same way the map you suggested. Overall, this discussion led to a much better map, in which the global dynamic of the Indo-Greek kingdom can be perceived at a glance in a pleasing way. Regards. PHG 22:19, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
* In all honesty, many of your references for claims strike me as being stretched at best. And I don't see why we need to priviledge the view of Bussagli and Tarn at the expense of more well known/current authorities like Frank Holt or A.K. Narain. You seem to be glossing over these fellows in favor of sources that are either less trustworthy or outdated. That and I am not sure how true it is to call Bussagli the "leading Italian authority on the subject." Let alone how much being the "leading Italian authority" is worth.
* You mean to tell me that they took over the capital of the Sunga empire for 8 years and the Sungas somehow managed to not only keep on ticking for another 50 to 90 years, but to reconquer their way all the way back to Mathura and start engaging Greek forces in the Northwest? The only other place they ever ruled from was Vidisa, and even that was only because Bhagabradha held court there occasionally (since it was such an important hub of trade and culture and all.) That is patently absurd, what is this based on?
* You say that calling them mere raids favours their view over yours, but I don't see how that is an argument for your map favouring your view? It would make a great deal more sense for a map to show confirmed and accepted information and move the discussion of disputes and inaccuracies to the relevant section of the article. Even according to your source, the Yuga Purana, the attack on Pataliputra was a joint raid by Maturas and Panchalas that frequently quarrelled amongst themselves. I don't see where this mentions anything about actually ruling the city. A map that shows the time and location of attacks and details the outcomes in the article would be perfectly acceptable. I think history would be best served if the speculations and editorializing were kept to a minimum though.
* I still think my edition of the map is better from an aesthetic perspective. And I still don't understand why you're so wedded to the idea of making such a hooplah over the embassies. They are a relatively minor point and don't add much to the article. It is best left to the article. Cramming too much into the map just makes it look cluttered. The eye is not sure what it is supposed to focus on. I come from the minimalist school of design and adhere strictly to the KISS principle. Keep It Simple Stupid. A graphical representation, be it a map, a chart, or a graph, needs to have a clearly defined purpose. There should be no doubt as to what it is showing you and it is best if it does not try to do too many things at once. If you need to put a caption on your graphic to explain what it is, you have already failed. If the map is meant to show a military history, it can do that. I explained how. If it's meant to give a rough understanding of who these people were and where they lived (as the headlining map on an article ought to) that's what it should do. If you want to detail their diplomatic relations to their neighbors, you can do that seperately. But it is best not to try to do it all at once. The article would be better served if we could break all this information up into its constituent parts and put each where they belong. The problem when you try to cram all of these perspectives into one map is that it does not do anything particularly well. You look at it and you have no idea what frame of mind you are supposed to read it as. Am I looking at a general information thing or am I looking at a detail on military campaigning? I can't really tell.
* Windy City Dude 01:28, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
Hi I've been reading the debate and I'd like to know which books have been used to contribute to your map PHG that is causing much controversy. Also I don't see why the Western scholars are seen as "Eurocentric" or "philhenic". Just because they are European doesn't mean they are Greek, Tarn is British (hence of Germanic or Celtic origin) and Busagali would only go back to Rome if he was trying to stretch that far back. I really can't imagine how these two could get any satisfaction from publishing how one unrelated culture had once conquered (partially if even that) another unrelated culture. I think some people on this article really believe this is a smear campaign against Indians which is quite unfortunate as this all seems like a rather childish tug of war.
Also I think the genetics section should be removed as it basically says how there is 'no evidence that ancient Greeks have made a genetic contribution, though more tests are needed' which I think you don't need an encyclopedia to tell you. [[User:Giani g|Giani g]] 00:40, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
* I looked at A.K. Narain's book, a short paper by Dr. Nagendra Rao about post-Mauryan India, a World history textbook co-written by Holt, and the only online map of the Indo-Greeks I could find that was not created by PHG himself. []
* Also, I don't recall ever levelling that charge, so I would kindly ask that you not try to erect strawmen.
* Windy City Dude 01:45, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
Hi Windy City Dude,
* I have again redrawn a map with embassies shown less compicuously (circles), hope you like it (it seems I am really the only one making adjustments and compromise here). Putting conquests with dates on a map is standard practice, as you yourself mentionned before (Image:OttomanEmpireIn1683.png), and I modified the map accordingly, so your insistence to take them away now seems rather unfair.
* It seems your real point from the beginning is to avoid showing Indo-Greek conquests in India proper. There are only a few maps doing so, but an example is Westermanns "Atlas der Welt Geschichte" (referred to me by Sponsanius). In an argument nearly identical to someone like User:Devanampriya, you rely on A.K. Narain whose main work on the subject dates to 1956, which insists on interpreting Indo-Greek expansion in India as "just raids". Since then, I think most researchers agree that presence as far as Patiliputra probably lasted several years (based on available scriptural evidence, quoted in the text), and to Mathura several decades (confimed by the Maghera inscription). Regards. PHG 06:17, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
* The "Eurocentric" and "philhenic" charge wasn't aimed at you Windy City Dude, read the debate earlier and you will see some users accusing the old map of bias and aggrandizing the Indo-Greeks. [[User:Giani g|Giani g]] 09:08, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
* Then why bring it up? Besides, Tarn is pretty widely acknowledged as being very interested in aggrandizing Alexander and his impact on history. One doesn't have to be a nationalist of a country to have an affinity for it or certain characters in its history.
* Windy City Dude 01:13, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
Hello to all. I am reverting to the former map of the Indo-Greeks, because I do not feel it is fair to eliminate the representation of the Indo-Greek expansion into India. This expansion is referenced in detail throughout the article (about 20 works, from Classical to very recent, from Europe to Asia), whether we talk about rule in Saurastra (Strabo), or the occupation of territory towards Pataliputra (Boppearachchi, Bussagli, etc...). As far as I know, as a matter of modern interpretation, everybody agrees that the Indo-Greeks expanded into India, with interpretations ranging from "raids" in collaboration with Indian tribes (typically Narain), to actual rule about 8 years in Pataliputra and a hundred years rule in Mathura (Boppearachchi, Bussagli etc...) Since interpretations vary on the exact nature and duration of these invasion, I used dotted line, and mention that the subject is disputed. On the contrary, I am afraid suppressing any representation of these expansion does not make justice to the state of knowledge on the subject. Regards to all. PHG 19:06, 17 January 2007 (UTC)
* PHG,
* Sorry I have been gone for so long. I have been terribly busy and it seems the article has been locked in my absence.
* I have to say that I am afraid you are using a strawman when you say it is eliminating representation of Indo-Greek expansion. I have said, time and time again, that the article's headlining map is supposed to show the settled borders of the empire. Information on conquests and the like belong in the relevant section of the article that talks about expansion and conquests.
* So I'd like it if you stopped talking as if I'm on some "book burning" crusade, assumed good faith, and addressed my point honestly.
* Windy City Dude 01:13, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
* Showing territorial conquests on a map is such a standard practice (Persian Empire map, Turkish Empire, Roman Empire etc...) that your insistence here to take them off is quite hard to understand. I also do not know of a Wikpipedia policy against that practice either, and your "the article's headlining map is supposed to show the settled borders of the empire" is just your opinion. On the contrary, as long as the map is not overly clutered, showing conquests enriches the map's informational content. Conquests are also central to the existence of the Indo-Greek kingdom: wasn't all Indo-Greek territory conquered to start with? PHG 07:04, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
Flawed but not refuted sources
Hi PHG & everybody!
A very interesting discussion, though some of the ”contestants” should have voiced their criticisms of PHG’s work in a little less vitriolic fashion and check out the ancient sources before they try to change things around.
However, there is a point: many of the works which are referred to here are indeed dubious. Because, with Indo-Greek scholarship, we have had a very paradoxal situation: a sort of inverted development where “knowledge” (i.e. speculations) disappears. The older the source, the more cock-sure the author is about what happened. Take for instance Tarn, who fantasises about Eukratides being the agent of Antiochos Epiphanes upon dubious premises, and produces an entire stemma of the Bactrian dynasties. Much of what he writes are clearly vague speculations.
Modern scholars, on the contrary, concentrate on more minute details such as coin studies, and often refrain from speculating on these questions. They sometimes accept that we don’t know enough to put together a trustworthy picture.
This situation actually befits Wikipedia’s original research policy extremely badly. Because fact is, you can often find an older source explaining details which later authors avoid altogether. Consequently, the older scholars are not properly “refuted” and after a manner still meet Wikipedia’s standards, even though their opinions are clearly outdated.
Take for instance the seven years of rule in Pataliputra suggested by Bussagli. I haven’t read his work, but since there are no sources dealing with the time of Indo-Greek rule there, the background for this statement could only be one: Bussagli is trying to correlate the conquest with the civil wars among the Greeks. Namely: Bussagli assumes that Demetrios I conquered Pataliputra c. 175 BCE, and in c. 168 BCE Demetrios I was defeated by Eucratides I (the “terrible war” mentioned in the Yuga Puranha).
It’s only that this view is utterly obsolete. The modern view is that Demetrios I died before 175 BCE, and anyway the war between Eucratides and a king named Demetrios (i.e. Demetrios II or III) mentioned by Justin took place during the latter part of Eucratides’ reign, perhaps in the 150s BCE if Justin is correct. So what Bussagli is saying is certainly totally irrelevant. The question is: is it original research to point this out?
(And Demetrios I certainly never ruled eastern Punjab. His coins are never found there, and another reading of the Hathigumpa inscription is that the name of the Greek king in Mathura should not read DEMETRIOS but AMYNTAS, a much later king whose coins have been found as far east as New Delhi. This new interpretation indicates that the Indo-Greeks held Mathura for a considerable time: the kingdom collapsed soon after Amyntas’ death. Certainly Pataliputra was taken by Menander, for the blunt reason that if it was done before his reign, there were no territories left for him to conquer, and Menander is described as a great conqueror by both Greek and Indian sources.)
There are several other references which could be more or less refuted as well by a competent layman: the state of Indo-Greek research is as mentioned not matching a dictionary of Wikipedia’s type. This is not to say that anyone has done wrong to publish them: for what is the alternative, especially if original research is prohibited?
As for the map: why don’t we scan the map from “Atlas der Welt Geschichte”? I can do that. It is a very well respected work, but we should know that it is incorrect in its exactness: the attack on Pataliputra is scheduled (again) to 168 BCE. Anyway, the Welt Geschichte map is neither better nor worse than many other maps here, which are either aged or drawn by amateurs.
For instance: The Persian map is not good. It is a century old, and the purpose of it is to show the empire at its apogee – which is now an outdated approach. The same goes for the map of the Roman empire: this one is relevant only under the article of Trajan. The Ottoman map is a mess: it doesn’t separate the vasall kingdoms from the provinces. To give a comparison: Gothic Italy and Spain were vasall kingdoms of Eastern Rome. Yet nobody would dream of creating a map of Eastern Rome in 500 AD which marks Italy and Spain as imperial territories!
It seems as though older works give more exact maps: modern scholars are not interested in comparing how much territory an empire held at its absolute peak. The amateurs building Wikipedia (including myself) on the contrary find such maps very interesting.
Anyway, on the whole this page is a brilliant resource. Sponsianus 09:21, 24 January 2007 (UTC)
* Sponsianus,
* Nice. I agree with most of what you say. The Indo-Greeks didn't leave much but statues and coins so there isn't much to go on for any historians. And since this article is mainly sourced by Tarn, I'm a little leery of how "high-falootin" a lot of those claims are. My issue wasn't so much with sources and stuff though. My concern was with the layout of how an article ought to look. I don't think cluttering up the article's main map communicates an accurate picture of how things went down. The main map ought to cover the settled, established borders. The other stuff is details and should be where details go.
* I am not sure how I would feel about the map you talked about. I would need to see it myself first. This is the map I based mine on. The biblio entry says
* An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula, C. Collin Davis, Oxford University Press, May 1949
* All I did was pretty-it up. In fact, according to this map I stretched them a little too far. When I drew it I traced my lines based on logical geographical boundaries (e.g. rivers) although I probably should have paid more attention to the Thar desert.
* As an aside, there is a good reason "modern scholars are not interested in comparing how much territory an empire held at its absolute peak." It is because the question is pretty meaningless in context. "Holding territory" in those days didn't mean much. Most "conquered" lands were loosly affiliated with the imperial government. The only territory they actually cared about were the ones that offerred a valuable strategic resource like fertile soil, precious metals, or access to trade. All the other places were "wild-and-wooly" and their participation with the empire was little more than a loyalty oath and regular tribute payments. Think Texas before "the West was won" and you'll have a good idea of how central, heavily administrated sections of an ancient empire would look. That should, in turn, give you an idea of how ancillary areas probably were.
* They didn't have these clear-cut borders we draw on maps and the further out you go the less these things make sense. In SouthEast Asia you'd have several kings all laying claim to the same chunk of land at once and nobody would bat an eyelash. They wouldn't even fight over it as long as the people who lived there paid their tribute.
* Windy City Dude 02:40, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
* Hi Sponsianus. Nice to see you back and thanks for the great comments! The state of knowledge on the Indo-Greeks being what it is, I guess the best we can do is mention known facts and primary sources and epigraphical evidence, and then mention the various historical interpretations on the subject. To me there was a very partisan and bi-polar debate between Tarn and Narain during the 1950s (one tending to agrandize, the other to diminish Indo-Greek influence), and since then more subtle contributions by various archaeologist and historians. Bussagli is actually fairly recent (his original book in Italian was published in 1984, and the French edition is 1996), as are Boppearachchi or McEvilley, so fairly clearcut opinions on the subject are not only a thing of the past (although clearly not to the extent of Tarn or Narain). I think Bussagli's interpretation of Demetrius is that he himself may have remained in the northwest, but his armies, led by Menander as general, went as far as Pataliputra and occupied the city. I would be greatly interested if you could further document the source for the alternate reading of the Hathigumpta inscription to Amyntas. For the “Atlas der Welt Geschichte”map, since we are not supposed to upload copyrighted material on Wikipedia, could you e-mail it to me? Best regards. PHG 19:51, 24 January 2007 (UTC)
* PHG,
* I think you're really being unfair to Narain here. Have you read his book? He isn't nearly as partisan as you make him seem and there isn't much in the way of an agenda. He spends most of his time pointing out flaws in Tarn's methodology (of which there are many) and refuting those claims. He doesn't make too many affirmative claims on his own though. He focuses mainly on describing the Indo-Greeks and framing their contributions. It's not like he has some irrational hate-on for the Greeks. Just because he insists on being more modest that Tarn's overly zealous claims does not mean he is out to diminish the Indo-Greek role in history.
* Windy City Dude 02:40, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
Hi again PHG!
Thanks for your quick answer. As I've said, I have not read Bussagli, but what you refer to sounds very much like he is based on Tarn's ideas of subkings. I think Bopearachchi's, Senior's and a few other numismaticians have modernised the topic considerably and shifted focus to coin studies to an extent where many previous authors who are not numismaticians should be regarded with some scepsis.
It seems to me that Tarn, as well as earlier scholars still, tried to reconstruct history from the sources, which meant they emphasised on those kings mentioned there. This paradigm lead them to believe Demetrios I fought Eucratides, and that the Buddhist symbols on the coins of Menander II were connected with the conversion of Menander I etc. Other kings were neglected and seen as sub-rulers - why else were they omitted from the sources? But this paradigm is not realistic: the sources being far too scarce for such generalisations.
Bussagli's view would require that Pantaleon, Apollodotos I, Menander I, Agathocles, Euthydemos II, and Antimachos I all acted as subordinate kings of Demetrius I in different part of the empire, which is a highly dubious speculation, especially since at least the latter three all ruled in Bactria.
Further, the nickel alloy coins appear after Demetrios I and disappear before Menander and Eucratides, so clearly Demetrius disappeared before they were introduced, and Agathocles' commemorative coins also indicate that he was posterior to Demetrios I. All in all, we certainly agree that the coin evidence show us that Demetrius I was not a contemporary of Menander.
So I think Bussagli's view is outdated, even though it is quite recent. This is not to say that the Greeks could not have held Pataliputra for several years, only that the circumstances were different from how Bussagli imagined them.
This may be beside the scope of Wikipedia, but this "old paradigm" has other consequences as well. For instance, the coins said to have been Eucratides', commemorating Heliocles and Laodice are probably misinterpreted, since the grammatic forms on the legend clearly indicate that Heliocles and Laodice issued the coins, commemorating Eucratides! (Heliocles was possibly stewart of Bactria under the formal suzerainity Mithradates of Parthia, until he rebelled and became king. That partis my own theory and not suitable for Wikipedia, of course :) The irony is that when we actually may have a sub-ruler, he went undetected.)
This interpretation also explains why these coins were not found in Ai Khanoum: they are later than Eucratides. But source-centered early scholars interpreted the legend as containing the "understood" phrase "son of", keen as they were to attribute the coins to a known ruler. With that gone, the connection between Eucratides and the Seleucids vanishes as well.
I posted what Mark Passehl had to say about the Hathigumpta inscription on your page, which is all I know. "Atlas der Welt Geschichte" is from the fifties IIRC. Is it still copyrighted? I'll scan the map and mail it - but what is your email? I think your map is good, and the embassies deserve their place as unique historical documents, but perhaps the critics would object less to a published map. Best regards <IP_ADDRESS> 15:07, 25 January 2007 (UTC) '' PS You had the Hellenistica Yahoo group among your links - are you a member? DS''
* Hi Sponsianus. Thank you for the insights. Hopefully there will be a definite history of the Indo-Greeks one day! For the map, please e-mail me through the "E-mail this user" on my page, to what I will answer with my e-mail address. You can then send me the map. If it was done in the 50s, it is still copyrighted (it would have to have about 100 years to be free). I am not an active participant of the Hellenistica Yahoo group, I just look around sometimes. Best regards. PHG 20:28, 25 January 2007 (UTC)
* PHG,
* AFAIK maps are okay as long as they were published before 1956.
* Any source for that assertion? I doubt this is true in light of the usual dispositions of copyrights. PHG 06:52, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
* Sorry, it was 1959. Works published between 1923 and 1963 have a standard copyright period of 28 years before they pass into public domain. It can be renewed for up to 47 years thus making it 1959 (for some reason I thought it was 44 years before.) It can be renewed for another 20 years as well, but I doubt such a little-known work published in a foreign country would have bothered with that. It's questionable whether or not they bothered with the 47 year renewal for the second term. It's at www.copyright.gov. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Windy City Dude (talk • contribs) 19:12, 27 January 2007 (UTC).
* As far as I know, this is not compliant with Wikipedia copyright policy (Copyright FAQ). Typically, a work only becomes Public Domain 70 years after the death of the creator. PHG 20:12, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
Hello Sponsianus,
It is a pleasure to see you again on the indo greek talk pages, especially since you were the early contributor to it. Many of your points, as always, are helpful in furthering our aim of an accurate and verifiable article. Regarding your note about vitriol, it is indeed unfortunate that the discussion devolved into an argument; however, it was definitely a multi-sided affair on account of lack of cooperation.
You will note that a consensus map had been previously agreed to by myself, phg, and an individual named vastu (who designed this map). However, phg unilaterally changed the map several months later.
As you all too well know, there are many, many holes in the historical record from this period. Accordingly, previous maps, indeed the vast majority, have restricted the indo greeks to the punjab on account of lack of evidence otherwise. PHG seems far too liberal with his interpretations. When the wikipedia standard, i.e. parthian and roman empires, is typical borders and verified adminstative regions, why are we making a special exception for the Indo Greeks? We are even going so far as to attribute a raid (Keay notes that menander joined a raid of indian kings) or Kushan conquests, to the Indo Greeks. As you noted in your post from hellenistica, Dimita could very well be Vima or Vimaka. The fact of the matter is, nothing is verifiable beyond the punjab.
PHG's current revision, apparently based on the german map you recommended, essentially continues this tradition, with some minor changes, and in some cases, exacerbating the issues. I have not seen the map you recommended; however, I must strongly contest this interpretation, and others, by PHG. It extends indo greek domains well into maharashtra, even though we have no real evidence of any extension into gujarat, and perhaps not even into sindh (according to Narain).
I urge you to consider these points, and those raised by other contributors, so that you may join us in calling for a restoration to the consensus map. I am only seeking accuracy and npov. Unfortunately, we have not been able to achieve it in this article to date. The map provided by Windy City Dude provides the best referenced and most verifiable version we have. Please join us in calling for this so that we may put an end to the article lockup.
Let me know if you have any questions and concerns.
Best Regards,
Devanampriya 06:07, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
* What are "the vast majority" of Indo-Greek maps you are refering to? I personally know only two published ones: one by the Indian Ministry of Tourism on Internet (minimalist), and now one by the "Atlas der Welt Geschichte", which visibly takes into account all available sources, and is probably more respectable as a historical reference. Any reference for this claim on "the vast majority" of Indo-Greek maps?
* About "only verified administrative regions" for a map: a map is not only based on "verified archaeological data" as you seem to claim. Literary sources also play a major role. There is almost no archaeological evidence of Alexander's campaings in India, only litterary evidence, which are nevertheless the source for all the maps of Alexander in India. In the case of the Indo-Greeks, we have a combination of archaeological and very varied literary evidence (both Greek and Indian) relating their conquests, which is visibly the base of the "Atlas der Welt Geschichte" as well as my previous maps.
* "Dimita could very well be Vima or Vimaka." You failed to read the rest, which states that Vima or Vimaka is not considered as a proper hypothesis since the king is qualified as a "Yavana", an unknown occurence for Kushans, and the paleography indicate a 2nd century BCE date. PHG 19:04, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
PHG,
If you have not read widely enough on the topic to encounter more maps, I'm afraid I can't account for that. Windy City Dude has already provided us with a published map and sufficient references, unlike the previous incarnations of your maps. Vastu provided us with another. And I have seen numerous others in published works, which I unfortunately do not have access to for our purposes.
Also, please do not make assumptions that do not help your case. I absolutely did read the rest, and I know that the author was making a case for Amyntas; however, he did not close the door on Vimaka, but simple said that there were cases against it. I will point out, that the Kushans have a greater case of being that far east than the Indo greeks, regardless of your heuristics.
Regarding Alexander: there is no serious case at this time contesting the extent of his campaigns in India. However, there is for the indo greeks; hence, literary evidence must absolutely be weighed against the archaeological evidence.
I believe you've failed to recognize the application of the word Yavana. It has been used for a number of various foreign tribes, including the arabs and turks. This of course leaves open the possibility for use for the Kushanas. After all, Gautamiputra Satakarni surely encountered the Kushanas during his rule, but mention was made only of the Yavanas ( always indo greeks in your interpretation) (who had since faded away). So please, don't be so close-minded.
Lastly, please do not let your love of the indo greeks color your understanding of history. You referred to the Indo Greek Map from the tourism site as minimalist. But considering other scholarly works, such as the one provided by The Dude, are in line with that, have you considered the fact that your version is aggrandized? Regardless, I hope we can reach a reasonable understanding and end this debate on civil terms.
Best Regards,
Devanampriya 20:32, 9 February 2007 (UTC)
* The whole point of Wikipedia is to rely on published material from respectable sources. Non-referenced material, including personal opinions, such as yours or mine, is irrelevant. If you cannot provide sources for your claim about the "the vast majority" of Indo-Greek maps, which you "do not have access to for our purposes", then your claim does not deserve representation on Wikipedia until you provide more information. The data I have been providing on the Indo-Greeks is based on about 20 books I own personally, which are properly referenced throughout the article.
* The variety of sources has to be respected, specifically you cannot use one source do deny all others. Generally, P.L.Gupta's "Vimaka" interpretation of the "Hathigumpha inscription" is rejected. His interpretation is interesting in its own right though and worth mentionning, which by the way I did two days ago in the Kharavela article. Likewise, just because Narain says one thing about the Indo-Greeks does not mean other interpretations should not be represented.
* The great majority of historical sources, as well as Indian sources of the period (cf "The Yavana king Antiochos", "The Yona king Antialcidas"), do identfy the Yavanas with the Indo-Greeks. Your reference to Arabs or Turks is a much later development (5th-10th century), in which Yavana came to designate many other foreigners. Your rejection of the identification of Yavanas as Indo-greeks is therefore an anachronism, which is not supported by the scientific community, although, again, it deserves mention if some scholar has published this opinion at one point (references please). Also, it is generally considered Gautamiputra Satakarni did encounter the Yavana, Saka and Pallava remnants he claims to have defeated, at the end of the 1st century CE, whereas the Kushans were on the contrary just beginning to establish themselves as an Empire and Satakarni could hardly have claimed to have erased them from the face of the earth.
* At this point, the "Atlas der Welt Geschichte" map is the only detailed referenced map published by a respectable source which we have, and I must say it quite nicely illustrates the various sources in the article. This fully authorizes its use as a reference map on Wikipedia, even if you are personally not in accordance with what it shows. PHG 05:53, 10 February 2007 (UTC)
PHG,
Please do not ignore information that has already been presented. The "Atlas der Welt Geschichte" map is not the only referenced map, as we have the Oxford map provided by Windy City Dude. Accordingly, the only other map that was found online, the multicolored version submitted by vastu, was also presented.
Your personal library is apparently obsolete, and its expanse frankly irrelevant, as Tarn's interpretations have lost credibility. Tarn, as evidenced by our earlier debates, proved to be your basis for much of the article. This calls into question the accuracy of much that has been incorporated here, not in the least your maps. Oh, and if you want references, Holt and Narain.
As for anachronisms, we do not even have a date on the Gargi Samahita, the astrological work to which the Yuga Purana is appended. Moreover, given that the statement of this being history written in the form of prophecy is subject to interpretation, this hardly proves this to be anachronism considering that it may well have simply been prophecy. Accordingly, as previous historians have noted, there is a tendency for westerners to interpret Yavanas as only meaning greeks. You have demonstrated just such a tendency, although I wouldn't call either of us historians.
"P.L. Gupta's interpretation is rejected"--in what work? Where is your reference? Since you just mentioned that our opinions are irrelevant and that we need verifiable and credible works, you've just contradicted yourself. The author of that post mentioned that this may very likely have been amita, but where is your certifiable, published reference? You can't have your cake and eat it too.
Here's the bottom line: I am not saying I believe any theory one way or the other (regarding hathigumpha, since there's plenty of room for doubt). I am merely saying that there are enough questions out there to invalidate Tarn's constructs (cartographical and theoretical), be it supported by newer and lesser known sources such as bussagli or not(P.L. Gupta, btw, was published within the last decade). The goal here is to accurately demonstrate as much as we can and not latch on to antiquated notions and poorly constructed theories. Even Sponsianus has noted the questionable nature of south-eastern part of the "Atlas der Welt Geschichte" map--calling its credibility into serious question (what evidence is offered by this work or any other to so such a preposterous extension?). You are now showing regions well past prime satavahana territory and unsupported by any archaeological evidence. Tarn looked at the Indo-Greek through the lens of british colonialism. I would hope that your approach to this topic is not the same...
Regards,
Devanampriya 19:16, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
* The "Oxford map" has not been actually shown to any of the contributors here, it is older (1946?), and is very limited in its details on the Indo-Greeks (see Sponsianus's comments above). The multicolored online map is not referenced.
* My personal library covers about 20 books ranging between the 1920's to the early 2000's. Not especially obsolete, thank you, especially when compared to Narain's work (1950s). All claims in the article are referenced, and only a small portion of them related to Tarn.
* For details on the Yuga Purana and interpretations by historians, please refer to that article.
* P.L Gupta hypotheses is contrary to general opinion on the subject (Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XX. Delhi: Manager of Publications et al.). The Amyntas hypothesis is not mine, but was relayed by Sponsianus from the Hellenistica forum as a suggestion.
* I would suppose the Westermann's "Atlas der Welt Geschichte" map relies for its southeastern part on the existence of sculptures of 2nd century BCE Greek soldiers in Sanchi (where they are shown paying their respects to the Sanchi stupa) and Bharhut.
* Devanampriya, please keep in mind that on Wikipedia articles are not based on personal opinions but only on material by published sources, so your continued obstruction against Westermann's "Atlas der Welt Geschichte" map basically goes against Wikipedia editing rules and is therefore invalid. Deleting referenced material is even considered as vandalism. On the other hand, contrary opinions on the extent of Indo-Greek rule can of course be included in the article, and are very welcome, as long as they are properly referenced (author, book, page number, quote if possible) and do not involve deletion of other sources. PHG 20:41, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
PHG,
-You provided no quote for your line on P.L. Gupta as evidence. -Narain is a living contributor who still writes on the topic (most recently in 2002); hardly obsolete -Mitchiner's interpretation of the Yuga Purana (which you use copiously) has been questioned by Indian Academic such as Kak -PHG, please bear in mind that original research is contrary to wikipedia's policies, but you rely on it openly as you did with your post below on Ujjain. Moroever, you have an unfortunate track record of relying on questionable websites without a firm rooting in history to develop unsustainable theses (A madhya pradesh tourist site? Really PHG... Also, it mentions the sakas as the reason for any spread of greek culture, hence the extinguishment during the Gupta period). You will also note that the incorporation of weasel words, something you are notorious for, is considered to be vandalism. -Wikipedia doesn't subscribe to all sources, but all reliable sources. Unfortunately, you have rarely furnished any to date. -Lastly, please refrain from obfuscation. I criticized Atlas der Welt Geschichte, one published work, but favored the Oxford map, which comes from another published work. You on the other hand have continually put your own spin on things and injected personal opinion and weasel words wherever you desire. Please refrain from attempting to mischaracterize me. Perhaps you should reflect on your own practices. I trust that we can reach an acceptable conclusion to this on going debate. Moreover, I hope that we can continue our discussion in a civil manner and with understanding.
Best Regards,
Devanampriya 06:19, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
Sorry about that, it wasn't aimed at anyone in particular, I've already posted Vastu's map in my last response to demonstrate his lack of credibility i.e. he revealed his minimalist agenda. Another thing to note "...for its southeastern part on the existence of sculptures of 2nd century BCE Greek soldiers in Sanchi (where they are shown paying their respects to the Sanchi stupa) and Bharhut."
Well that doesn't necessarily mean conquest as they may have been mercenaries or allies of some sort. Post the quotation and explain the context of that text please PHG. ([[User:Giani g|Giani g]] 12:59, 16 February 2007 (UTC))
* Hi Giani, as I wrote, it is just my supposition that they may have relied on such sculptures among other sources. Otherwise, the spread of the Indo-Greeks to Ujjain is commonly refered to as in this Indian site, or deducted from numismatic evidence: "A series of Indo-Greek coins have been found at Dewas near Ujjain, supporting the Yavana presence in Malwa." here PHG 17:33, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
New referenced map
Following on the suggestion to use a published map, Sponsianus kindly sent me a scan of the Indo-Greek map of the "Atlas der Welt Geschichte", which I just finished transcribing with its precise territorial limits, campaigns and dates, into a copyright-free map (shown here). We now have a clear and quite complete map referenced by a proper source, which I suggest we use as our new standard map for the Indo-Greek page. Of course there will still be a lot of discussions about what the Indo-Greeks did or did not occupy territorially, and what the exact dates are, but this is a characteristic of the subject: we will just have to go on describing and balancing the various sources and scholarly opinions available. PHG 21:10, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
* Good work on the map! A minor suggestion: perhaps the date references to Pataliputra etc. could be removed, since these are very likely obsolete. Your version of the map is already modified: I see you have transferred Arachosia from the Graeco-Bactrian kingdom to the Indo-Greek. This is of course consequent, since you aim to portray the empire at the apogee of Menander's conquests, and he held Arachosia, but then the arrows become somewhat contradictory. The one describing conquests in Pakistan should for instance not start from within the Indo-Greek empire - surely the cartographer meant this to represent a campaign of Demetrios I starting from within Bactrian territory?
* Sponsianus 14:33, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
* To Windy City Dude: What you say about precise maps certainly makes sense - that is indeed why the focus has shifted to more important issues. The outer regions of the Indo-Greek kingdom were probably loosely attached and some of them held only briefly. The map you suggested is however problematic, for it tries to compress several centuries into one picture. For instance, it merges the Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms into one entity. This may be a justified simplification for an overview of a map, but this article goes into much more detail.
* And on one occasion, "your" map is incorrect. The Indo-Greeks certainly held eastern Punjab for a considerable period - this was suggested by the ancient sources, and is confirmed by numismatic evidence. There are hoards found around Mathura which exclusively contain coins of Menander or Straton (whose rule probably was far later than Menander's). Tarn knew about these and his account of Greek rule there still stands - even though Narain was certainly right to criticise many of Tarn's more vainglorious statements.
* A flaw committed by Tarn and other older sources was instead to minimise the impact of the later kings, those unknown in the sources. However, if the coins count, late kings like Lysias, Antialkidas and Apollodotos II were among the most important. Demetrios I himself, around whom most of the early reconstructions are centered, actually struck fewer coins than each of these three kings, who ruled after the decline and isolation of the Indo-Greeks had begun.
* The doubts about the new map which PHG suggested might be placed around the south-eastern prong of the Indo-Greek conquests. Here, we have to rely on ancient sources, and if these territories belonged to the empire it was probably as client-states. Still, there is no absolute rule against this, and the article clearly reflects that the center of the kingdom was in the north-west. For lack of better original (or nearly so) maps, I support the new one.
* Best regards Sponsianus 15:08, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
* I had not checked in on this article in some time and I think it is a travesty that all the attempts made at a consensus were ignored by PHG. He treats this page like his own personal article. Whenever Devanampriya or I had managed to beat him at an argument he would simply say "Nobody is stopping you from editing it yourself" only to revert any edits he does not agree with. It is not in the spirit of fair discussion. I thought Vastu had finally managed to hammer out a fair and reasonable compromise only to have PHG unilaterally alter the map to its most extreme iteration of Indo-Graecophilia yet when it became clear that the other parties had stopped paying attention.
* After getting fully caught up on the discussion so far I do believe the map in orange was the best one. The idea of fluid and flexible borders is what I have been saying all along and I appreciate that the unverifiable claims of "conquest" of Pataliputra were ultimately put to rest. I would make some alterations to the western part as well as how far into the Punjab they managed to go, but overall it was good.
* The map we have now is not as good but better than the travesty we had before. The extensions into Bharhut and Ujjain are, however, completely ridiculous. Coin-hoards in a trading post aren't especially convincing and it is absurd to say the Indo-Greeks managed to make their way to the edge of Pratishtana without any references to conflicts with the Satavahana Empire being mentioned. The Satavahana dynasty outlasted the Indo-Greeks after all. Dynasties often do not survive long after having other powers gobble up their territory. Especially territory as valuable as their entire Western coast.
* Pavanapuram 16:48, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
* Hi Pavanapuram,
* The "compromise" I had reached with Vastu on the previous map was clearly conditional, non-binding and temporary since I specifically wrote "Let's put it in the article and see for a while how it feels" (see above). It indeed stayed for 3 months, but as the content of the article further evolved (mentions of Bussagli etc...), it was only normal to bring new graphical solutions to reflect them (explained above). It is not my fault if Vastu has vaporized since then.
* I don't think I ever "blocked" you from edits (you only edited the Indo-Greek article once, an edit which involved major deletions to the article here, and was actually a revert to a previous deliterious version by Devanampriya. This is by the way usually rather suspect of sock-pupetting, as is your mono-subject contribution record here).
* Since we now have a fully referenced map by a respectable source (the "Atlas der Welt Geschichte" map), I think the discussion on the maps is basically over. We are not going to spend our lives discussing each contributor's theories about Indo-Greek territory. Let's go with the published map and get over with it. Discussions about actual extent can go into the article, with proper references of course. PHG 18:15, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
* I do not think you get to call when discussions are over. This goes back to you treating this article like your personal playground.
* You did not check or seek consensus for the new map. You opted, instead, to change it unilaterally. You only modified it when someone else came along with a better one. Had he checked with you first there is no doubt you would have stonewalled him on that too.
* I was referring to the many revisions made by Devanampriya that you subsequently reverted without consensus or good cause, not just that one. I made that reversion looking at just one part. I was not aware that there was other information that had been removed. I believe I have already explained this to you once. So levelling the accusation of vandalism again along with this claim of sock-puppetry just sounds like you are trying to smear me. My contributions have mostly centered on this article because your map seems to have proliferated throughout the web (use google image search) from the myriad sources that reference Wikipedia with absolutely nothing else to counter it.
* And of course we are not going to spend our lives discussing anything since it seems only your opinions get the final say here. It is incredibly frustrating to see this kind of bias go unchecked. Vastu also put up a well referenced map and, as far as I can see, the only reason your's gets put up is because you like it better. Never mind what anyone else thinks.
* Pavanapuram 23:28, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
* Hi Pavanapuram,
* None of the above, and please remain civil. As also agreed by some other users, the "Atlas der Welt Geschichte" map is the only detailed referenced map published by a respectable source which we have, and it does illustrate quite properly the various sources in the article. The other maps we have seen so far are either personal creations, older material, or unprecise approximations. We now have a great published map, and it is therefore the obvious choice to go ahead with. Regards. PHG 05:45, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
Vastu blatantly threw away his credibility when he revealed this map: So I don't think we have to go over wether Vastu was right or not. I must say I prefer PHG's map to any other seen here so far. As for the unjust and pedantic criticism aimed at the article, well the article was peer reviewed and made featured status. I really don't see the bias or the POV in the article because it just doesn't exist, "aggrandize" my arse! I seriously would like quotes from the critics to be lifted out of the article if it's that bad. ([[User:Giani g|Giani g]] 16:58, 12 February 2007 (UTC))
* Giani G,
* The usage of crude language really does not ameliorate the situation. If you would like to contribute, please make valid points that are supported. How did vastu throw away his credibility? It seems as if you are driven by your emotion in support of PHG rather than on the basis of fact. PHG's latest proposal, I'm afraid, is barren of fact. There is absolutely nothing to support an extension into the Deccan and Madhya Pradesh. He is using, and these are Sponsianus' words "obsolete sources" to make his maps. This is our concern. In Tarn's construct he had Demetrius take over all of Northern India with Apollodotus going south; however, this has been disproved since Tarn had nothing to base it on except his own fancy. Please assist us in a logical fashion so that we can end this map debate in a fair and civil manner.
* Regards,
* Devanampriya 18:29, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
* Devanampriya, discussion is not possible if you keep distorting the truth. The latest map is based on Westermann's "Atlas der Welt Geschichte" (here), it has nothing to do with Tarn, and Sponsianus certainly does not consider it as an "obsolete source" (only the campaign dates may be obsolete). PHG 19:59, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
* PHG,
* Responsible and productive discussion is not possible if you continue to prevaricate. Read Sponsianus' post, and you will find that this inaccurate map has everything to do with Tarn. Moreover, there is nothing to support an expansion into the deccan. Your embrace of this map, which dilutes eastern territory in order to provide for a southern grab (even less defensible) only demonstrates your motives to aggrandize indo greek territory and influence on the subcontinent, whatever the means.
* Look, I do not know why you want to color as much indian territory as possible, and frankly, I don't care. But we have a responsibility to generate a map that is reflective of reliable sources and accepted facts from published authors. Not generate original maps, based on original research, and outlandish speculation. This map has been referenced by users around the world. We have a responsibility to make it as accurate as possible. The German map is not reflective of that and neither is your rendition of it.
* Regards,
* Devanampriya 06:02, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
* Hi everybody,
* I have posted a message on Devanampriya's homepage, which explains in some detail my view on the "Welt Geschichte" map. I embrace it to a certain extent - that is why I recommended it in the first place. My criticism, which Devanampriya refers to, mainly concerns the dates of campaigns, which PHG has already removed. However I agree that the south-eastern extensions beyond Barigaza is perhaps exaggerated. The paradox is that PHG:s earlier map, the one featured right now, actually meets this criticism better.
* It would be nice if PHG or anybody else could look up what Tarn has to say about Ozene / Ujjain, the disputed territory.Sponsianus 20:08, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
* Hi Sponsianus,
* Of course, on principle I would be quite reluctant to alter a published map such as the "Welt Geschichte" based on the complaints of one contributor (namely Devanampriya), or even several contributors. The map would in effect become "original research", and that's a no-go on Wikipedia. I agree that my previous map (the one currently on the page) was overall more conservative than the "Welt Geschichte" though. So much for all the critiscism back then.
* I just checked Tarn, but he does not say anything about Bharhut or Sanchi as part of the Indo-Greek territory. I think it may come from Marshall, who I think claimed Greek engineering for Sanchi (I would have a hard time to find again the reference for that, but it's somewhere out there).
* Regarding Ujjain, Tarn extrapolates from the occupation of Barigaza south-west of Ujjain, and of Madhyamika 80 miles north of it, that they probably held Ujjain as well. He also explains that the Indo-Scythians occupied Ujjain, and that in general the Indo-Scythians occupied territory previously held by the Greeks (p150-151). Online, Pradip Bhattacharya, an Indian authority, quotes Indo-Greek coins hoards in Ujjain as indicators of their rule there (source). PHG 20:39, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
* Hi PHG!
* Many thanks for the links and info. Yes, ironically enough a modified map would be rather similar to your current version, which you said was based on the Welt Geschichte IIRC. So the "original sin" :) has already been committed. Still, Wikipedia policies should be respected.
* On the whole, I think your more restrictive map was better, for Devanampriya certainly has a point that we cannot equal the farthest coin findings with the actual borders - and Tarn is a bit extravagant there. As you know, I suggested the Welt Geschichte mostly for formal reasons. If your map is kept, this entire discussion will have arrived at nothing - but in the very least I think the old arguments have been aired and new ones brought forth.
* BTW, I wrote to Senior to get a picture of Thrason for this page. It does however seem that there is none available - the numismatic who owns the coin is a bit of an eccentric.
* Mark Passehl has also suggested that Strato Soter/Dikaios and Strato Soter Epiphanes are two different kings - and he certainly has a point. Portraits, monograms and bronzes are wholly different, and Strato S/D uses at least two unique reverses. Have you got any closer info on the overstrikes regarding these kings? All my references treat them as the same ruler.
* Yet another problem is the case of the Bactrian tetradrachms, totally non-related to any Indian coinage, of kings Theophilos and Apollodotos. If there was any available article, I would gladly include the alternative view that these may have been separate kings during the later period of Bactria. Perhaps you have seen Mark's suggestion that the phrase "and Apollodotos" fits in perfectly in the tax-receipt, where there is a lacuna after the names Eumenes and Antimachos, the sons of Antimachos Theos. Fascinating subject, really.Sponsianus 22:36, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
* The map currently displayed in the article doesnot show Ambala and Sonepat two places where the strongest evidence of indo-greek presence has been unerathed, as territory surely held by indo-greeks rather its shown in the gray area, also Mathura appears to have beeen a frontier town, if this article is to have any authenticity as a historical article it should at least include areas north and west of Mathura in the indo-greek kingdom, which is an established historical fact now, after several sources have pointed to it coupled with irrefutable archeological evidence discovered at above mentioned places, that conforms with the chronology of the kingdoms as well. March 23, 2007 —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)
* Could you describe your sources and references for Ambala and Sonepat, and maybe give some more details that could possibly be integrated in the article? Thank you. PHG 10:36, 24 March 2007 (UTC)
* The Hathigumpha inscription, written by the king of Kalinga, Kharavela, also describes the presence of the Yavana king "Demetrius" with his army in eastern India, apparently as far as the city of Rajagriha about 70 km southeast of Pataliputra and one of the foremost Buddhist sacred cities, but claims that Demetrius ultimately retreated to Mathura on hearing of Kharavela's military successes further south:
* "Then in the eighth year, (Kharavela) with a large army having sacked Goradhagiri causes pressure on Rajagaha (Rajagriha). On account of the loud report of this act of valour, the Yavana (Greek) King Dimi[ta] retreated to Mathura having extricated his demoralized army and transport." Hathigumpha inscription, in Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XX.[34]
* This is from an Inscrption from an eastern Indian king. Why did he retreat to Mathura if it was not in safe indo-greek territory??? The map shows Mathura as a possible conquest, who is playing politics with history here??? raising doubts about something is one thing but trying to erase historical facts based on sound archeological evidence is totally unprecendented. March 29, 2007 —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)
Revision of later chronology
I have now started in all modesty to update the chronology after Menander I. I begun with the last kings, and have not distorted any of the structure. However, I would eventually prefer to remove the division of Bopearachchi, especially the dating of Straton I which is clearly outdated, and replace it with Senior's more modern schedule. I suggest the following categories:
* 1A The successors of Menander: Zoilus, (Thrason), Lysias, Antialkidas, Philoxenus
* 1B "The Kabul valley kingdom": Theophilus, Nicias (their chronology is disputed, either before or after Philoxenus)
Final division after death of Philoxenus
* 2A "Western" kings with Attic coinage: Diomedes (very likely the son of Philoxenus), Hermaios (perhaps a Saka), Amyntas and Archebius. The term is problematic, for coins of kings like Amyntas and Hermaios have been found in Punjab as well, but they must have held territory adjacent to Bactria.
* 2B "Eastern" kings without Attic coinage: Agathocleia & Straton I, Polyxenios, Peucolaos, Epander, Heliocles II (who perhaps struck some Attic coins). Peucolaos may in fact be a Western king: his reign was so insignificant that the absence of Attic coins may not mean anything.
(Maues in Taxila, Attic coinage ends)
* 3A Central kings after Maues: Artemidorus the son of Maues, Menander II, Telephus
* 3B & A Eastern kings after Maues: Apollodotus II
(Apollodotus II reconquers Taxila)
4 Late kings A Hippostratus (western territories) B Dionysius, Zoilus II, Apollophanes, Strato II & III.
If anybody wants a closer description of Senior's work, please contact me. I won't destroy the current division without some consensus. The Menander I article should however be rewritten: all the references to Menander II Dikaios can be removed, since not even Boperachchi supports this. Best regards Sponsianus 22:01, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
* Hi Sponsianus,
* Thank you for all the work in including research results by Senior into the various articles. I don't know how you would like to reflect Senior's proposal of the overall structure of later Indo-Greek kings, but an idea could be to add a template reflecting his views. Until something really final on the chronology appears oneday, I suppose we could live with one template reflecting Bopearachchi, and another reflecting Senior. What do you think? PHG 19:58, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
Hi again! My new attempted approach of how the later kings are presented includes: "Time of reign" followed by double dates from Bopearachchi and Senior "Coin types" - a more standardised presentation, including the issue of Attic coins. I have not uploaded any coin images yet. As for general references (except overstrikes etc), I hope it's enough to place these on the History of the Indo-Greeks page and not repeat them for every king.
No changes have been made to the general structure. I have however rewritten the Menander I page: Menander II is now presented as definitely a separate king, but I have tried to salvage as much as I could of the old version: the beautiful quote from Milinda panha about Menander being cornered remains, with a somewhat different angle. Info about the development of Straton's epithets has also been removed: this is well presented on his own page where it belongs and now his double epithet Soter Dikaios is no longer as relevant to prove his relationship with Menander I. There are two versions of what happened after Menander's death presented side by side. Sponsianus 20:15, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
Just missed your post, PHG. We are probably thinking along the same lines here.Sponsianus 20:17, 22 February 2007 (UTC) | WIKI |
Travis Triangle
Travis Triangle is a narrow green space in the Murray Hill/Flushing neighborhoods of Queens, New York City. It is formed by the separation of Murray Street and Murray Lane, both of which were named after the Murray family, which owned land on the site of these streets from the late colonial period through the early 19th century. In 1932, New York City's Board of Aldermen passed a resolution to name this site Travis Triangle in honor of local American Civil War veteran Ira Underhill Travis (1839-1921), who fought under the name Ira Wilson, in the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment also known as Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth’s Zouaves.
In the incident at Marshall House Inn during the Union Army's occupation of Alexandria, Virginia, his commander was killed after removing a Confederate flag. Travis kept a piece of the flag as a souvenir for his family In July 1861, Travis received a bullet wound in his shoulder in the First Battle of Manassas. The bullet remained lodged in his shoulder for the rest of his life. Travis was buried at Flushing Cemetery.
With the arrival of the subway to Flushing in 1928, the neighborhood expanded to the north and east and parks were built to accommodate the new residents. Parcels that were too small to develop, such as this site, were designated as green spaces maintained by the city's Parks Department.
The park contains plots for 24 trees and a bench on its northern side. Continuing north, Murray Lane gradually narrows, taking on the appearance of a countryside lane, having changed little as the surrounding neighborhood transformed over a century from farmland towards residential. | WIKI |
Page:The World as Will and Idea - Schopenhauer, tr. Haldane and Kemp - Volume 3.djvu/414
398 attacks the beautiful poem of Voltaire which has just been referred to with ill-founded, shallow, and logically false reasoning, in the interests of optimism, in his long letter to Voltaire of 18th August 1756, which is devoted simply to this purpose. Indeed, the fundamental characteristic and the of Rousseau's whole philosophy is this, that in the place of the Christian doctrine of original sin, and the original depravity of the human race, he puts an original goodness and unlimited perfectibility of it, which has only been led astray by civilisation and its consequences, and then founds upon this his optimism and humanism.
As in "Candide" Voltaire wages war in his facetious manner against optimism, Byron has also done so in his serious and tragic style, in his immortal masterpiece, "Cain," on account of which he also has been honoured with the invectives of the obscurantist, Friedrich Schlegel. If now, in conclusion, to confirm my view, I were to give what has been said by great men of all ages in this anti-optimistic spirit, there would be no end to the quotations, for almost every one of them has expressed in strong language his knowledge of the misery of this world. Thus, not to confirm, but merely to embellish this chapter, a few quotations of this kind may be given at the end of it.
First of all, let me mention here that the Greeks, far as they were from the Christian and lofty Asiatic conception of the world, and although they decidedly stood at the point of view of the assertion of the will, were yet deeply affected by the wretchedness of existence. This is shown even by the invention of tragedy, which belongs to them. Another proof of it is afforded us by the custom of the Thracians, which is first mentioned by Herodotus, though often referred to afterwards – the custom of welcoming the new-born child with lamentations, and recounting all the evils which now lie before it; and, on the other hand, burying the dead with mirth and jesting, because they are no longer exposed to so many and great sufferings. In a | WIKI |
One Crowded Hour
"One Crowded Hour" is a song by Australian indie rock band Augie March written by Glenn Richards. The song was released in April 2006 as the first single released from their third studio album, Moo, You Bloody Choir.
The song had been played by both the band and acoustically by frontman, Glenn Richards, for upwards of two years before the album was finally released.
Details
The song’s title comes from a poem by Thomas Osbert Mordaunt.
During the band's appearance on the live music TV show Cold: Live At The Chapel, Richards revealed the song was written while he was housesitting for Deborah Conway, and was inspired by, and named after, a book she owned about an Australian wartime photographer Neil Davis. Richards has said, "Deborah has a wonderful collection of records and books. She was on holidays, so I was looking after the house and taking advantage of all that. I was also listening to a lot of early Bob Dylan, which would explain the chord progression."
The song was picked up and played by radio station Triple J then later by Nova, giving the song more radio exposure. During its original chart run in 2006, the song reached number 33 on the ARIA Singles Chart. In January 2007, the song was ranked No. 1 on the Triple J Hottest 100 of 2006. Following its win, the track re-entered the ARIA chart at number 29, its peak, the next month.
In 2013, Australian singer Taylor Henderson recorded a version for his album Taylor Henderson.
Reception
In June 2007, the song won Song of the Year at the Australian Performing Rights Association Awards. The song was voted at No. 59 on the Triple J Hottest 100 of All Time in 2009. It was also voted No. 24 on the Triple J Hottest 100 20 Years countdown.
Rolling Stone Australia noted the, "Twisting, romantic wordplay that is at turns both clever and earnest—it was upon penning this chorus Augie March would create a timeless pop song. The kind that hangs around like ether in our collective consciousness; somehow we know the words without trying—as if they were planted in a dream."
Music video
The video clip for "One Crowded Hour" is set in a gloomy forest where Richards and the band perform. Plastic animals like deer and bears are seen passing by the band. The clip's atmosphere is very dreary and mysterious, represented by the band's clothes, instruments and the sky in grey.
APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are presented annually by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA).
* 2007 || "One Crowded Hour" – Glenn Richards || Song of the Year || Won
* 2007 || "One Crowded Hour" – Glenn Richards || Song of the Year || Won
Track listing
Australian maxi-CD
* 1) "One Crowded Hour" (single mix) – 4:16
* 2) "There Is No Such Place" (acoustic version) – 3:06
* 3) "Passed Out in Clarkefield" – 4:34
* 4) "Asleep in Perfection" (acoustic version) – 4:26
* 5) "Clockwork" (acoustic version) – 4:05 | WIKI |
Everyone familiar with data warehousing knows about the date dimension. It’s one of the first steps in the creation of an ETL and exists in almost every data warehouse.
Despite how ubiquitous it is, many still fall for some common pitfalls such as:
• Weeks shouldn’t be children of months
• Missing or wrong week of year
These and other common pitfalls are described in a previous post: http://ubiquis.co.uk/dwh/date-dimensions/
Another commonly faced pitfall is that the date dimension often requires a field containing the relevant national public holidays to make it easy to correlate with an increase or decrease in sales. However it is not trivial to add these to your date dimension.
Here, we tackle this issue by creating an ETL that demonstrates the calculation of public holidays for France with particular focus on Easter and related holidays without neglecting fixed date holidays.
What’s a Holiday?
For the purpose of this exercise, we divide holidays into three categories: fixed date, variable date and Easter based date holidays. We consider fixed date holidays to be those that occur on the same date every year; variable dates are those that do not have a set date, like Thanksgiving, which occurs on the 4th Thursday in November; Easter based dates are observed a fixed number of days before or after Easter.
Fixed Date Holidays
A naive approach to generating fixed date holidays in PDI uses a Modified JavaScript value containing a condition to set the holiday field value if the day and month matches, e.g.,
is_holiday = 0;
holiday_description = "";
if (month_number == 12 && day_of_month == 25) {
is_holiday = 1;
holiday_description = "Christmas Day";
}
This is good if you only have a few fixed holidays but the code quickly becomes unwieldy as their numbers grow. Ideally this will be generalised into a single condition using variables for month_number and day_of_month.
Variable Date Holidays
Holidays defined as “the first Monday in May”, as is the case with May Day Bank Holiday in the UK, can be calculated in a similar way to fixed date holidays with an added condition week_of_month == 1.
Memorial Day, which occurs on the last Monday in May will require you to calculate if it is the last week of the month, in JavaScript it may look like this:
if (month_number == 5 && day_of_month >= 25 && day_of_week = 1){
is_holiday = 1;
holiday_description = "Memorial Day";
}
This only works for months with 31 days, 30 day months require day_of_month >= 24 instead; some tweaking would also be necessary in February, which doesn’t have a fixed number of days.
Easter based holidays
Some holidays rely on the day that Easter falls that year, eg. Good Friday, Easter Monday, Whit Sunday.
The complication with calculating these dates is that Easter is not a fixed date.
Easter falls on the Sunday following the full moon on or after the northern hemisphere spring (vernal) equinox. However, the vernal equinox and the full moon are not determined by astronomical observation. The vernal equinox is fixed to fall on 21 March.
Luckily there is a calculation for Easter Sunday called Computus (Latin for “computation”) The name has been used for this procedure since the early Middle Ages, as it was considered the most important computation of the age. We used the version found on wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computus#Gauss’_Easter_algorithm
Solution
We have produced a generic solution to calculate fixed date and Easter based holidays for France. We have not included variable date holidays as there are none in the French calendar.
Additionally, to get a better understanding of how different techniques could be implemented and how they perform; we created a transformation using both a Modified JavaScript value and a User defined Java class in PDI.
The following is the general algorithm we wrote for the purpose of generating a field containing the holidays for our date dimension:
1. On the first day of the year
1. Store all of the fixed date holiday descriptions and their dates in a dedicated object for later reuse.
2. calculate the date that Easter will fall on and store it for later use.
3. As we are interested in Easter Monday, rather than Easter Sunday, we add a day to the previously calculated date and store it in our object.
2. If the holiday is in our object, set the flag is_bank_holiday to 1, bank_holiday_desc_en to the name of that holiday in English and bank_holiday_desc_fr to the name of that holiday in French.
3. Output the three new fields: is_bank_holiday, bank_holiday_desc_en, bank_holiday_desc_fr
The Result
The algorithm stated above has been introduced to our standard date dimension to give a transformation that looks like:
The effect of calculating holidays as we have is shown in the table snippet below (some columns have been omitted and others have been renamed to make it easier to see the result).
From the table, we can see that Good Friday has been successfully calculated as two days before Easter Sunday and Easter Monday occurs the day after Easter, as expected.
The fixed date holidays: Labour Day and Victory Day 1945 are also present and correct.
Common Pitfalls
In Java and JavaScript (and almost all other languages) month numbers do not go from 1 to 12 like the output of Gauss’s Easter algorithm does. Instead the months run from 0 to 11, where 0 is January and 11 is December. You’ll need to add or subtract 1 to convert from or to Java / Javascript dates.
What Next
If two holidays coincide, only the last occurrence will be written to the stream. One solution to this would be to concatenate the strings of holidays that occur on the same day.
If you want to include holidays for multiple countries you’ll need an additional column for each country to avoid confusing days marked as holidays in France when analysing sales data from Germany, for example.
If you need many countries, you’re probably better off by having a holidays dimension that accounts for all countries and has a key on the fact table.
In some countries, like the UK, if a bank holiday is on a weekend, a ‘substitute’ weekday becomes a bank holiday, normally the following Monday. Accounting for this would be valuable in the UK and USA.
Where Can I Get the Transformation?
Our implementation of a date dimension with Easter based holidays and fixed date holidays is available to download as a PDI transformation here: dim_date_holidays.ktr
2 Comments
1. Sowe
Amazing post. For this problem i use this API https://holidayapi.com/ about the holiday per country do you think is enough with one column for country?
• Kunal Pattni
Thanks a lot! Using an api is also a good option, especially if you need the holidays for many countries and to account for countries changing their public holidays in the future. However you will have to adhere to their terms of use. One column per country can work if you concatenate when there are multiple holidays on the same day. The best option for multiple countries would be to have a holiday dimension with a key on the fact table, which means there’s no need to concatenate holidays together. It will always depend on your use case and what the client needs.
Leave a Reply to Kunal Pattni / Cancel Reply | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
This week is Road Safety Week at Cathedral School.
In assembly we thought about different ways to stay safe and over the week all pupils will be learning about keeping safe as they cross the road. Events include visits from a Road Safety Officer and Pedestrian Training for Years 4 and 5.
If you would like to read about the Highway Code for young road users please click on the link.
Why not test your knowledge with some online activities?
For a full range of activities for your age group please visit the Think Education website for videos, activities, games, stories and information.
What are you tips for staying safe on the roads?
The Think! Education website also information for parents about how to help keep children safe on the road and home-link sheets to complete with your child related to the classroom activities that your child might have completed in school. In addition you can order free road safety resources on the Department for Transport catalogue.
0 thoughts on “Road Safety”
Even though I am 10 I can still learn more detailed rules about road safety. The website was very helpful and maybe one day I will teach other children younger then me on how to cross the road safely and what to do and what not to do for example: cross at a safe place, (subway. zebra crossing, traffic lights a quiet straight road with no parked cars, a lollipop man will guide you to safety across the road sometimes). What not to do: do not run across busy, main roads or any road with cars coming up and down, do not be impatient and not wait for the greenman and just run across the road.
I really like how this can help little children and older children because even though the older children have more experience in crossing the road, bike safety and many others, they can still learn more about how to be safe with anything that has to do with the road.
I really enjoyed learning about road safety because I am in Year 5 now and I get to go home alone. I will be skilled in knowing how to be safe on the roads. I learnt that you have to not run on the road and sometimes I run across the road and I know that should break that habit. Now I am a road safety expert and ready to take on the road !
We really enjoyed learning about road saftey and the Highway Code. We think that road safety week is a really important week and is one that you can learn lots from, it is important to know the things the website taught us and now both of us can rollerblade safely, we can also ride our bikes safely in the dark,with our protective gear on!
This week already we have learnt so much and learning new things or going over important things that can help us as we progress, is great.
I learnt many different things about Road Safety. I learnt new signs( ->) means one way street
These games have helped me understand the roads and their rules. Now when I go out and about on my own I can be safe crossing roads. Also, if I am in the car I now know not to distract the driver. I am really enjoying road safety week
This games have helped me understand the roads and their rules. Now when I go out and about on my own I can be safe crossing roads. Also, if I am in the car I now know not to distract the driver. I am really enjoying road saftey week.
I played the Don’t Distract Dad game and I learnt how to be a safe passenger in my car. This game asked me questions about how I should behave in the car and would tell me why I should or shouldn’t do something. I also played a game in which you had to find 13 clues about a crash scene, write a police report, then looked at what the people involved in the accident should have done to prevent the whole thing from happening.
The road safety games help me find the best places to cross when I go by myself, they remind me to look left and right in addition to listening for any cars or buses coming up or down the road.
I tried the first game and it was fantastic I would recommend it to anyone.
I really enjoyed playing the game. If traffic is coming, let it pass.
I think road safety week is a really good idea, as it teaches -and reinforces- how to be safe on roads to everyone. I really enjoyed the activities, and I think this will benefit young children as much as it benefited me. Here is my police report on the crash in one of the games:
A cyclist was going down the road while carrying a bag on the handlebars. When a dog ran onto the road, the cyclist suddenly stopped, and the bag got caught in the wheels, sending the cyclist into the air. Also, this meant that the taxi behind, going very fast, suddenly stopped, and the door, which had not been closed properly, flew open, and the passenger flying out onto the road with her parcel she wanted to deliver. The reason why the taxi was going so fast was because the post office was about to close, and the woman wanted to post the parcel quickly.
I think that these games can really help people when crossing the road. Even for the more experienced people, they can still be really useful. The games manage to cover everything you need to learn when crossing the road (where to stop, how to cross etc.) in a series of fun activities. These games are definitely worth playing.
The road safety was very useful to me because it helped me to remember the rules.
I loved learning about road safety because it taught me about crossing a road safely for future reference.
Even though I am ten years old I still need to know about road safety. Also I have learnt that even though there are no cars or bikes coming you still need to look both sides.
I loved learning about road safety! The games are also fun but a good way to show you when to cross a road
I thought the website was very helpful and useful; I learnt a lot of different things from it. These games can help anyone no matter what age you are. They remind you to look left and right also they remind to always cross in the right place. The games and the website helps you a lot. I learnt how to cross safely and how to be safe on the road.
The games are really helpful and I am eleven and I have lots of experience on crossing roads, but I still need to learn new things like how to be safe when bikes are coming, not only when I am riding my bike. The games can really help smaller children to understand the rules of the road. I really enjoyed playing them.
FOLLOW THE RULES OF THE ROAD !
The website has definitely built my confidence on crossing roads/road safety, as you have to solve problems as if it were the real world. Any of those problems you may discover, but then the website then gives you advice on how you can solve each problem which I find very useful. I strongly recommend this game to everyone no matter what age because it really helps you whenever you are unsure about crossing roads or when you need to stop and listen for the traffic. The things I have learnt are: you have to cross at a zebra crossing or where you can see traffic lights, make sure you stop and listen for the traffic, make sure you are always concentrating on the road and do not run when it is time to go.
I think it is important for children to learn about road safety; but this website does more then that, it helps you to understand at any age to learn what to do if you were on any transport or on the road, it even says what to do if you had a animal which can also be helpful.The best thing is that it is for all ages so your parents can get involved.
The road safety games are really good because they help you to be safe on the road whatever age you are and that is why people should listen to what is said and not just take it for granted.
I really liked these games; I thought they were very informative but still fun and I would recommend them to anyone who wants to know how to cross a road safely. Also I think that Road Safety week is a really good idea because it lets people know how to cross a road easily and fast.
I have learnt that you should not run across the road. I loved it it was really fun 🙂
I really had fun doing the road safety. I learnt a lot of new things.
I really enjoyed using Tales Of The Road. I thought they were very interesting facts! | FINEWEB-EDU |
Hugo (footballer, born 1997)
Hugo Ferreira de Farias (born 29 August 1997), simply known as Hugo, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a left back for Corinthians.
Early career
Hugo was born in Arapiraca, Alagoas, and was a CRB youth graduate. In 2018, he joined Jaciobá, and made his senior debut in the year's Campeonato Alagoano Segunda Divisão.
On 1 May 2019, Hugo joined ABC on loan for two years. On 13 November, after just five matches for the club, his loan was cut short.
In January 2020, Hugo returned to his former side CRB. A backup option to Guilherme Romão, he left the club in May 2021.
Goiás
On 18 May 2021, Hugo was announced at fellow Série B side Goiás. A regular starter, he scored two goals as the club achieved promotion to the Série A.
Hugo made his top tier debut on 10 April 2022, starting in a 2–0 away loss to Coritiba. He scored his first goal in the category (which was also his first senior goal) on 18 October 2023, netting the opener in a 2–0 home win over São Paulo.
Corinthians
On 11 January 2024, Hugo was announced at Corinthians on a three-year deal.
Honours
Jaciobá
* Campeonato Alagoano Segunda Divisão: 2018
CRB
* Campeonato Alagoano: 2020
Goiás
* Copa Verde: 2023 | WIKI |
The five classifications of jellyfish
There are five classes of jellyfish. The true jellyfish or Scyphozoa, also known as a medusa, is a hollow, transparent creature that looks like an inverted bowl or umbrella. There are also four other groups of ocean creatures which have a similar medusa form for all or part of their life cycle: stalked jellyfish, box jellyfish, comb jellies, and hydrozoa.
True jellyfish
Scyphozoa, or true jellyfish, are found in all the oceans of the world, both floating close to the surface and swimming in deep waters. Scyphozoa generally have two life stages. In the summer, they are seen floating in the ocean in their medusa form, which may range in size, depending on the species, from two centimeters to two meters across. In the winter, they become bottom-dwelling polyps, which produce new medusae in the spring. Medusae have tentacles which hang down from a central dome and contain nematocysts, the stinging cells that they use to stun their prey. The stings of some species of jellyfish are poisonous to humans.
Stalked jellyfish
There are about 50 species of stalked jellyfish or Stauromedusae. They have a trumpet-shaped body with upward pointing tentacles and do not alternate between polyp and medusa life phases.
Box jellyfish
There are probably 20 species of box jellyfish, or Cubozoa, which live mainly in tropical and sub-tropical oceans. They are cube-shaped, and have a more developed nervous system than other jellyfish. Unlike other jellyfish, they have true eyes, complete with retinas, corneas and lenses. They are almost transparent and umbrella-shaped, can move rapidly and actively hunt small fish. Their tentacles contain cnidocytes which inject venom into their prey. Some species are extremely poisonous and can be fatal to humans.
Comb jellies
There are also around 150 species of comb jellies, or Ctenophora, varying in size from one millimeter to one and a half meters in diameter. Although different species exhibit a variety of body shapes, a typical comb jelly is egg-shaped, and has a pair of fringed tentacles covered with sticky cells, known as colloblasts, which it uses to capture its prey. The combs from which it gets its name are rows of cilia, hairlike extensions along their bodies that are used for swimming.
Hydrozoa
Hydrozoa is a large and diverse group which includes approximately 3,800 species that inhabit both salt and fresh water. While many hydrozoa have a similar life cycle to the true jellyfish, alternating between polyp and medusa forms, not all Hydrozoa have a medusa or jellyfish form, and may spend all their lives as bottom-dwelling polyps. Hydrozoan medusae are very small, and may range in size from half a centimeter to six centimeters in diameter. Their bodies are domed umbrellas to which their tentacles are attached, and most only have four tentacles.
Being stung by a jellyfish is a hazard of ocean swimming, particularly in warmer waters. The stings of most jellyfish will result in nothing more than an irritating rash. However, beach-goers should take careful heed of advisories concerning the presence of more venomous jellyfish species. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Energy Sector Update for 02/27/2015: CLNE,TTI,KBR
Top Energy Stocks
XOM -0.15%
CVX -0.31%
COP -0.94%
SLB +0.33%
OXY -0.52%
Energy stocks gave back most of their earlier gains and finishing little changed Friday with the NYSE Energy Sector Index less than 0.1% while shares of energy companies in the S&P 500 were down 0.3% as a group. Crude oil for April delivery settled $1.59 higher at $49.76 per barrel while April natural gas futures rose 4 cents to $2.73 per 1 million BTU.
In company news, Clean Energy Fuels Corp. ( CLNE ) surged Friday after the compressed and liquefied natural gas provider for truck fleets posted a surprise Q4 profit as revenue grew faster than analyst projections.
Net income during the final three months of 2014 was $1.33 million, or $0.01 per share, reversing a $32.3 million net loss during the same quarter last year. Excluding stock-bsed compensation, mark-to-market gains and losses on the company's Series 1 warrants and other one-time items, it earned $10.37 million, or $0.10 per share, turning around from $23.8 milion adjusted loss last year and beating the Capital IQ consensus by $0.20 per share.
Revenue rose 55.4% over year-ago levels to $132.1 million, beating analyst estimates by around $19.37 million. Revenue during the quarter included $28.4 mln of excise tax credits for alternative fuels other than ethanol, up from $7.3 million last year. Excluding the excise tax credits, revenue grew 33% from last year, supported by higher volumes and improved station sales.
Deliveries climbed 30% from last year to 55.5 million gallons, lifting the year-end total to 265.1 million gallons.
CLNE shares were up more than 21% at $6.10 a share in late trade, easing from a session high of $6.25 a share earlier today. The stock has traded within a 52-week range of $3.99 to $11.79 a share, declining nearly 43% over the past year prior to today's price gain.
In other sector news,
(+) TTI, Q4 adjusted earnings of $0.09 per share beat analyst estimates by $0.01 per share. Revenue climbs 40.6% from year-ago levels to $315.1 mln, trailing Capital IQ consensus by $2.02 mln.
(-) KBR, Q4 net loss widens to $1.24 bln, or $8.57 per share, from $56 mln last year and trailing Capital IQ consensus looking for $0.21 per share profit. Revenue falls 15.7% to $1.42 bln., lagging Street view by $210 mln.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
Copyright (C) 2016 MTNewswires.com. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is strictly prohibited.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Autotrace running total : autotrace « SQL Plus « Oracle PL / SQL
Autotrace running total
SQL>
SQL> set echo on
SQL>
SQL> create table t
2 as
3 select object_name ename,
4 mod(object_id,50) deptno,
5 object_id sal
6 from all_objects
7 where rownum <= 1000
8 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> create index t_idx on t(deptno,ename);
Index created.
SQL>
SQL> select ename, deptno, sal,
2 (select sum(sal)
3 from t e2
4 where e2.deptno < emp.deptno
5 or (e2.deptno = emp.deptno and e2.ename <= emp.ename ))
6 running_total,
7 (select sum(sal)
8 from t e3
9 where e3.deptno = emp.deptno
10 and e3.ename <= emp.ename)
11 department_total,
12 (select count(ename)
13 from t e3
14 where e3.deptno = emp.deptno
15 and e3.ename <= emp.ename) seq
16 from t emp
17 order by deptno, ename
18 /
1000 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 92139442
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1000 | 43000 | 4 (25)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | 43 | | |
|* 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | T | 50 | 2150 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 3 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | 43 | | |
| 4 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| T | 1 | 43 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 5 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | T_IDX | 1 | | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 6 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | 30 | | |
|* 7 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | T_IDX | 1 | 30 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 8 | SORT ORDER BY | | 1000 | 43000 | 4 (25)| 00:00:01 |
| 9 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | T | 1000 | 43000 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - filter("E2"."DEPTNO"<:B1 OR "E2"."DEPTNO"=:B2 AND "E2"."ENAME"<=:B3)
5 - access("E3"."DEPTNO"=:B1 AND "E3"."ENAME"<=:B2)
7 - access("E3"."DEPTNO"=:B1 AND "E3"."ENAME"<=:B2)
Note
-----
- dynamic sampling used for this statement
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
39 recursive calls
0 db block gets
15678 consistent gets
4 physical reads
0 redo size
44533 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
1106 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
68 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
1 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1000 rows processed
SQL>
SQL> set autotrace off
Related examples in the same category
1.autotrace command
2.Autotrace on and off
3.Autotrace lower text function
4.Autotrace a query on a huge table
5.Autotrace a large table
6.Autotrace a query with group clause
7.Execution Plan
8.autotrace a nested query
9.set autotrace on explain for every single statement
10.set autotrace traceonly explain for bitmap index
11.set autotrace traceonly explain, and condition
12.set autotrace traceonly statistics
13.set autotrace traceonly statistics for 'select * from tableName'
14.set autotrace traceonly
15.AUTOTRACE exists (subquery)
16.AUTOTRACE table joining
17.AUTOTRACE table joining and aggregate function
18.autotrace ansi full outer join
19.autotrace count(*)
20.autotrace ctxsys.context index
21.autotrace merge command
22.autotrace table with/without an index | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Bing Product Upload
Bing Product Upload (codenamed Agora, formerly Windows Live Product Upload and Live Search Product Upload) was part of Microsoft's Bing search engine. It enabled online shoppers using Bing Shopping to find easily find merchant's products.
Product Upload helped merchants to upload their product catalogs in either text or XML file formats. It supported bulk uploads using FTP and browser-based uploads using HTTP. After the products were uploaded, they became visible to online shoppers using Bing Shopping. Shoppers were able to view prices, descriptions, and product images, and a direct link to the merchant's website to purchase their products. Merchants required a Windows Live ID to log in and sign up.
Bing Product Upload was discontinued on 15 May 2009.
Catalog Management
Merchants might upload their product catalogs in any of the formats supported: text or XML through either HTTP upload or FTP. Products could include images, description, price, and links to web addresses on the merchant's website. They could upload any number of catalogs with no specific limits. Once the catalog was successfully published and has passed the validation steps it would be searchable through Bing Shopping.
Reporting
Merchants could use Product Upload to keep up to date on the status of their catalogs and keep track of their products on Bing Shopping. | WIKI |
De Bruijn sequences
Given a finite alphabet Σ of size s and an integer n, a de Bruijn sequence is a cyclic string of s^n symbols, such that each n-symbol string over Σ appears exactly once. For example, taking Σ to be an alphabet of four colours and choosing n = 3 gives the following de Bruijn sequence of length 64:
de-bruijn-torus
It is, quite obviously, the shortest (oriented) loop that contains all possible strings of length 3 over an alphabet of 4 symbols. If we take the alphabet to be the four nucleotide bases of DNA, then this loop of 64 base pairs has the following interesting property: it contains all 64 possible DNA codons.
If one were to actually realise this loop of DNA and effect the process of transcription, then a continual periodic string of RNA would be produced, forming at a site which constantly circumnavigates the DNA loop. Due to the serendipity of 3 and 64 being coprime, this would be translated into a period-64 sequence of all possible amino acids.
Another application of de Bruijn sequences is attempting to break into an electronic safe, which opens when the last four digits pressed matches a particular passcode. The naïve approach of trying each passcode in lexicographical order involves 40000 key presses:
00000001000200030004 [...] 99959996999799989999
Much more efficient is the use of a de Bruijn sequence, which (when the first three digits are re-appended to the end to produce a linear, rather than cyclic, string) is only 10003 digits long.
It can be shown that de Bruijn sequences exist for any ordered pair (s, n), and that the number of such sequences is \dfrac{(k!)^{k^{n-1}}}{k^n}. Even more impressive is that the concept generalises to de Bruijn tori, which are known to exist in the square case. For example, here is a 4 \times 4 torus with 2 colours and every possible 2 \times 2 block as a subregion:
de-bruijn-torus2
Permutations instead of tuples
Nathaniel Johnston considers a similar problem, where the shortest linear string containing all permutations of {1, 2, …, n} is desired. Optimal solutions are known for n \leq 4, but larger cases are beyond the capabilities of brute-force exhaustive search.
The analogous problem to the electronic safe-cracking is a situation in which a monk has to ring every permutation of six monastery bells. The usual approach is to perform each permutation in succession by use of the Steinhaus-Johnson-Trotter algorithm. However, this particular monk is very lazy, so decides to employ the suspected optimal solution to reduce his workload from 4320 bells to just 873 (see Sloane’s A180632).
This entry was posted in Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink.
2 Responses to De Bruijn sequences
1. Sadly, the translation of that RNA strand would halt after a short time when one of the three stop codons cropped up.
Is the sequence at the top of the post unique up to rotations, reflections, and permutation of the four colors?
The sequence is, by inspection, asymmetric with respect to the four colors — no two can be exchanged and the whole thing rotated and/or flipped to return it to the original — and by definition has no shorter period (so, no rotational symmetry); the unique occurrences of three-of-a-kind-in-a-rows for each color prohibit reflection symmetry (at most two could lie on the symmetry axis, out of four). Thus, it seems to be devoid of any symmetries.
• apgoucher says:
It is by no means unique. Up to rotation, there are 189321481108517289984 distinct de Bruijn sequences; colour permutations and reflections can only account for 48 of those.
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Connecting to %s | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Jasin–NSE Highway
Jasin–NSE Highway is a dual-carriageway highway in Malacca State, Malaysia. It is also a main route to North–South Expressway Southern Route via Jasin Interchange. | WIKI |
Paul Haenle
Paul Thomas Haenle (born April 21, 1966) is an American analyst and China specialist currently serving as Maurice R. Greenberg Director’s Chair at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Education
Haenle holds a BS from Clarkson University and a MA in Asian studies from Harvard.
Career
He established Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy (CTC), the Beijing-based think tank of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, at Tsinghua University in 2010.
In addition to his role at Carnegie, Haenle is also Asia Pacific Region Chair at Teneo and a senior advisor at Rice, Hadley, Gates & Manuel LLC, where he assists U.S. and foreign businesses with their cross-border business strategy, including the development of key government relationships, crisis management, and public relations. Haenle also serves as senior advisor to SAGE Worldwide, a global events and speaker company; the Royal Asiatic Society, Beijing Chapter; and the Young China Watchers, a global platform for facilitating dialogue between international and Chinese young professionals. He is also an adjunct professor at Tsinghua University, where he teaches undergraduate and graduate-level courses on international relations and global governance. In 2018, Haenle was elected to the board of directors of the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations.
Prior to joining Carnegie, Haenle served as the White House China director on the National Security Council under former Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama. He was also the White House representative to the U.S. negotiating team at the Six-Party Talks from June 2007 to January 2009. During his government service, Haenle served as special assistant to Condoleezza Rice and Stephen Hadley from 2004 to 2007, and in the Pentagon as a China advisor for the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Haenle is an expert on U.S.-China relations, China’s foreign and defense policy, and North Korea. He hosts CTC's biweekly "China in the World" podcast, which features a series of conversations with Chinese and international experts on China’s foreign policy & relations.
Trained as a China foreign area officer in the U.S. Army, Haenle was twice assigned to the U.S. Embassy in Beijing. He served as a U.S. Army company commander during a two-year tour to the Republic of Korea. Early assignments in the U.S. Army included postings in Germany, Desert Storm, Korea, and Kuwait. He retired from active duty as a lieutenant colonel in October 2009.
Haenle is a participant of the Task Force on U.S.-China Policy convened by Asia Society's Center on US-China Relations.
Publications
* “Carnegie China Scholars on the Biden-Xi Meeting” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, November 2023)
* “Biden and Xi Meet at APEC” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, November 2023)
* “Vietnam’s Response to China’s Global Security Initiative” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 2023)
* “How Biden’s New Outbound Investment Executive Order Will Impact U.S.-China Relations” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, August 2023)
* “China’s New Diplomacy Amid Intensifying U.S.-China Competition” (East Asian Institute, August 2023)
* “Negotiating U.S.-China Competition” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, July 2023)
* “Why Won’t China Admit That It’s Competing With the United States?” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, June 2023)
* “China’s Rising Influence in the Middle East” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, June 2023)
* “China’s View of Putin’s Grip on Power” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, June 2023)
* “ASEAN’s Response to China’s New Foreign Policy Initiatives” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, June 2023)
* “Is Europe Aligned on China?” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, May 2023)
* “What the Bush-Obama China Memos Reveal” (Foreign Policy, April 2023)
* “Is China Providing Russia With Military Support?” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 2023)
* “The Missed Opportunity of Philippine President Marcos Jr’s First Visit to China” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2023)
* “A Comparative Analysis of the Biden Administration’s Indo-Pacific Strategy vs. the Trump Administration’s” (East Asian Policy, January 2023)
* “Renewed Clashes on the China-India Border” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, December 2022)
* “Positive-Sum Competition in Southeast Asia” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, December 2022)
* “Carnegie Hosts and Producers’ Favorite Podcast Episodes of 2022” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, December 2022)
* “China’s Zero COVID Policy Is a Double-Edged Sword” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, December 2022)
* “U.S.-China Dynamics in Southeast Asia” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, November 2022)
* “Southeast Asia Between the United States and China” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, November 2022)
* “What Can Biden and Xi Achieve in Bali?” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, November 2022)
* “Why Tensions Over Taiwan Aren’t Likely to Die Down Soon” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2022)
* “To Change, to Compete, or to Coexist? The United States’ Perceptions of the Communist Party of China from Mao to Now” (National University of Singapore, September 2022)
* “Breaking the US-China Cycle of Escalation over Taiwan” (The Straits Times, September 2022)
* “The Paradox of the Russia-China Relationship” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, August 2022)
* “How Pelosi’s Taiwan Visit Has Set a New Status Quo for U.S-China Tensions” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, August 2022)
* “Why the U.S. Needs to Say Less and Do More on Taiwan” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, July 2022)
* “Think Regional, Act Local - The Better Us Approach to South-East Asia” (The Straits Times, June 2022)
* “Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine Has Jeopardized the China-EU Relationship” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, May 2022)
* “How China Has Handled Its Strategic Dilemma Over Russia’s Invasion” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, April 2022)
* “China’s Ukraine Calculus Is Coming Into Focus” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, April 2022)
* “China’s Calculus on the Invasion of Ukraine” (Chinafile, March 2022)
* “Why U.S.-China Relations Are Locked in a Stalemate” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 2022)
* “How the Transatlantic Relationship Has Evolved, One Year Into the Biden Administration” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, January 2022)
* “At Biden and Xi’s Virtual Summit, What Can Be Accomplished?” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, November 2021)
* “Competing with China Requires Engaging the Developing World” (The National Interest, November 2021)
* “Why the U.S. and Chinese Militaries Aren’t Talking Much Anymore” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, August 2021)
* “Setting the Table for U.S.-China Strategic Competition” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, April 2021)
* “Realigning the Transatlantic Relationship on China” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, January 2021)
* "China isn't riding to rescue the Australian economy" (Financial Review, June 2020)
* “How the World Is Responding to a Changing China” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, June 2020)
* “Security Concerns in Asia-Pacific Escalate Amid Coronavirus Scramble” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, April 2020)
* “Amid Coronavirus Pandemic, China Seeks Larger Role on World Stage” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, April 2020)
* “U.S.-China Cooperation on Coronavirus Hampered by Propaganda War” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, March 2020)
* “What the Coronavirus Means for China’s Foreign Policy” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, March 2020)
* "Can the United States and China Cooperate on the Coronavirus?" (China-US Focus, February 2020)
* "The United States and China See Things Differently. Can They Reach an Understanding?" (Carnegie-Tsinghua Center, December 2019)
* "Hong Kong: Continued Unrest with No Clear Path to a Resolution" (Teneo, December 2019)
* "U.S.-China Trade War, Light at the End of the Tunnel?" (Teneo, November 2019)
* "Chaos in Hong Kong: Protests and Unrest Persist" (Teneo, October 2019)
* "Trump Is Beijing’s Best Asset" (Foreign Policy, October 2019)
* "How Has the U.S.-China Relationship Changed Over Seventy Years?" (Carnegie-Tsinghua Center, September 2019)
* "What Exactly Is the Story with China’s Rare Earths?" (Chinafile, May 2019)
* "How Are Various Countries Responding to China’s Belt and Road Initiative?" (Carnegie-Tsinghua Center, April 2019)
* "Is This the End of Belt and Road, or Just the Beginning?" (Chinafile, April 2019)
* "The Belt and Road Initiative: Views from Washington, Moscow, and Beijing" (Carnegie-Tsinghua Center, April 2019)
* "What Will Happen at the Second Trump-Kim Nuclear Summit?" (Carnegie-Tsinghua Center, February 2019)
* "Global Trade Outlook" (Teneo, February 2019)
* "A Tale of Two Cities: Singapore and Hanoi" (The Geopolitics, February 2019)
* "U.S.-China Relations at the Forty-Year Mark" (Carnegie-Tsinghua Center, January 2019)
* "Tempering Expectations Ahead of the G20" (Caixin, November 2018)
* "China’s Deleveraging Overshadows Trade War" (Teneo, November 2018)
* "On Secretary of State Pompeo’s Upcoming North Korea Visit" (China Review News Agency, July 2018). Translated version here.
* "Foreign Policy Experts on the Singapore Summit and What Comes Next" (Carnegie-Tsinghua Center, June 2018)
* "Mapping Regional Agendas for the Singapore Summit" (Carnegie-Tsinghua Center, June 2018)
* "More than a Belt, More than a Road" (SuperReturn365, April 2018)
* "Does China Want the Koreas to Reconcile?" (Chinafile, April 2018)
* "China Seizes the Initiative in Complicated North Korea Diplomacy" (China-US Focus, April 2018)
* "China: Trade Tensions, Talks with North Korea and Term Limits" (Teneo, April 2018)
* "China’s Future Under Xi Jinping" (Teneo, November 2017)
* "Trump’s Wake-Up Call on China" (Carnegie-Tsinghua Center, November 2017)
* "What Will a Powerful Xi Mean For the China-U.S. Relationship?" (CNN, October 2017)
* "China and the World After the 19th Party Congress" (Carnegie-Tsinghua Center, October 2017)
* "New Reformists Emerging in China" (Teneo, October 2017)
* "Bannon Says the U.S. Is at ‘Economic War with China’" (Chinafile, September 2017)
* "U.S. and Chinese Scholars Take on the U.S.-China Economic Dialogue" (Carnegie-Tsinghua Center, July 2017)
* "Trump and Xi at G20 in Hamburg: Time to Abandon Illusions" (CNN, July 2017)
* "The World Is Deserting Taiwan. How Should the U.S. Respond?" (Carnegie-Tsinghua Center, June 2017)
* "Shanghai Cooperation Organization at Crossroads: Views From Moscow, Beijing and New Delhi" (Carnegie-Moscow Center, June 2017)
* "Xi’s Vision for China’s Belt and Road Initiative" (Carnegie-Tsinghua Center, May 2017)
* "The Mirage of the Deal: Trump’s Grand Bargains with Russia and China" (China-US Focus, April 2017)
* "Don’t Call it the New Chinese Global Order (Yet)" (Foreign Policy, March 2017).
* "Is the Trump Era Really the Xi Era?" (Chinafile, February 2017)
* "How Trump’s Call With Taiwan Could Affect U.S. Goals in Asia" (New York Times, December 2016)
* "The Next U.S. President and Beyond" (China Daily, November 2016)
* "How Should Trump Deal With China, and How Should China Deal With Trump?" (Chinafile, November 2016)
* "Will Trump Strike a Grand Bargain With China?" (Foreign Policy, November 2016)
* "The Real Answer to China’s THAAD Dilemma" (The Diplomat, September 2016)
* "New Realities in the U.S.-China Relationship" (China-US Focus, September 2015)
* "Mounting Difficulties For Doing Business in Xi Jinping’s China" (Teneo, September 2015)
* "The Catch-22 in U.S.-Chinese Relations" (Foreign Affairs, February 2015)
* "A Reference Point for Internationalizing Chinese Think Tanks" (China.org, February 2015) Translated version here.
* "The World in 2015" (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, late 2014)
* "China Flexes Diplomatic Muscles to Match Growing Economic Size" (Insight, December 2014)
* "Building Strategic Trust in the U.S.-China Relationship" (National Bureau of Asian Research, November 2014)
* "North Korea’s Charm Offensive: New Cards, Same Player" (The Diplomat, October 2014)
* "Moving Beyond China’s Confident Rhetoric on Syria" (Carnegie-Tsinghua Center, June 2014)
* "U.S.-China Relations: Moving Beyond the Script" (China International Strategy Review, April 2014).
* "Baucus Can Bring China to Congress" (Carnegie-Tsinghua Center, February 2014)
* "What Does a New Type of Great-Power Relations Mean for the United States and China?" (Phoenix Weekly, January 2014)
* "Charm Offensive At Sea" (Carnegie-Tsinghua Center, January 2014)
* "Time to Reopen Talks With North Korea?" (Carnegie-Tsinghua Center, October 2013)
* "China Misses a Golden Opportunity in Syria" (Financial Times Chinese, October 2013) Translated version here.
* "Xi and Abe Need to Talk" (Carnegie-Tsinghua Center, September 2013)
* "North Korea is China’s Problem Now" (CNN, June 2013)
* "Moving Beyond the Script at the U.S.-China Summit" (Carnegie-Tsinghua Center, June 2013)
* "The Middle East at the U.S.-China Summit" (Washington Institute for Near East Policy, June 2013)
* "North Korea’s Defiance May Reshape China’s Strategic Calculus" (World Politics Review, February 2013)
* "Sino-U.S. Ties Need New Approach" (China Daily, December 2012)
* "A New Great-Power Relationship With Beijing" (Carnegie Endowment Global Ten, November 2012)
* "The China Factor in the U.S. Presidential Election: Separating Rhetoric from Action" (Carnegie-Tsinghua Center, October 2012)
* "Overcoming Mistrust in U.S.-China Relations" (Carnegie-Tsinghua Center, January 2011). | WIKI |
Magetan
Magetan is a regency in East Java. Magetan Regency is famous for its beautiful mountain tourism, cool air, with stunning natural panoramas. Magetan has mainstay tourist attractions, namely Telaga Sarangan and Telaga Wahyu which are located on the slopes of Mount Lawu.
Orientation
Magetan Regency is at the middle west end of East Java. It is directly adjacent to Tawangmangu and Wonogiri of Central Java in the west.
Climate
The Magetan Regency area has a tropical monsoon climate with two seasons which are influenced by the monsoon winds. The dry season is influenced by the east monsoon wind which is dry and cold. The rainy season is influenced by the west monsoon wind which is wet and damp. The dry season takes place when the easterly monsoon blows, namely in the period May – October with the peak of the dry season being August. Meanwhile, the rainy season takes place when the westerly monsoon blows, namely in the November – April period with the peak of the rainy season being January.
By car
From Tawangmangu, take to the east and after passing the border between Central Java and East Java, you will be in Magetan.
Get around
Small buses by state-owned DAMRI, serve the route from downtown Magetan to Plaosan District where Lake Sarangan resides. It is more flexible to use a car or motorbike for going to tourist attractions.
Do
* Boating around Lake Sarangan with a speed boat.
* Climbing Mount Lawu via Cemoro Sewu basecamp.
Buy
Magetan is known for its leather crafts (for footwear and bags), woven bamboo, rengginan, and the production of pomelo (grapefruit), as well as its plate crackers made from rice.
Food souvenirs
* Manisan kurmelo, a candied pomelo peel.
* Telur asin aneka rasa, salted eggs with many variants flavours.
Oyster mushroom dishes
As a regency that produces oyster mushrooms, there are many specialty dishes made from mushrooms.
Connect
The dialing code for Magetan is 0351.
Go next
* Madiun
* Ngawi
* Ponorogo
* Tawangmangu | WIKI |
The dynamics of the extratropical response to Madden–Julian Oscillation convection
Katherine E. Lukens, Steven B. Feldstein, Changhyun Yoo, Sukyoung Lee
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
21 Scopus citations
Abstract
The Rossby wave source (RWS) and the corresponding extratropical wave response to tropical convection associated with different phases of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) is investigated with the dynamical core of a climate model. The initial flow is specified to correspond to the boreal winter climatological flow and an imposed tropical heating that is derived from the observed precipitation for all eight MJO phases. One key question addressed here is why does the extratropical Rossby wave train depart the subtropics at a longitude well to the east of the RWS. For all eight MJO phases, it is found that the extratropical response over the North Pacific and North America is almost entirely due to the MJO convection over the western tropical Pacific. The RWS is excited within the first 24 h after the model heating is turned on. For MJO phases 1–3 and 8, the RWS leads to the development of a cyclonic anomaly over southeast Asia via advection of the climatological absolute vorticity by the anomalous divergent wind in the subtropics and by horizontal convergence in the Tropics. MJO phases 4–7 show opposite features. The resulting anomaly is then advected eastward by the climatological zonal wind toward the central Pacific, after which dispersion into the extratropics and the excitation of a Pacific/North American teleconnection pattern takes place.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)1095-1106
Number of pages12
JournalQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
Volume143
Issue number703
DOIs
StatePublished - Jan 1 2017
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
• Atmospheric Science
Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'The dynamics of the extratropical response to Madden–Julian Oscillation convection'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Jonathan Birch (translator)
Jonathan Birch of Gower Street
The Survey of London suggests that the Jonathan Birch living at 103 Gower Street 1824 to 1849 could be this one. That can be ruled out, firstly because this Jonathan Birch of Henrietta Street appears simultaneously with JB of Upper Gower Street in directories of the 1840s; and also because JB of Gower Street married Mary Elizabeth Morice, daughter of the Rev. William Morice, and died in Alford.
Quite a different person. Might possibly be the missing uncle. Charles Matthews (talk) 10:50, 8 February 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
Page:The Story of the House of Cassell (book).djvu/161
device of the Order, and the presentation was accompanied by an illuminated address. Further accessions to the Order were stopped by the exhaustion of the ample fund placed by the proprietors at the editor's disposal, but even now applications continue to come in from servants with thirty, forty, and even fifty years' record of service.
A few years ago Mr. David Williamson, during his editorship, offered prizes for handicraft and needlework of any kind made at a cost not exceeding one shilling. In a few weeks thousands of articles from all parts of the world poured into the editor's room until it became a veritable repository. The whole stock of articles was divided equally between Dr. Barnardo's Homes and the Church Army, after the prizes had been awarded.
Although the magazine celebrated its jubilee in 1911 the editorial chair has had comparatively few occupants. John Cassell's successor was the Rev. Henry Wright, who was followed by J. E. Gore, and he by J. Willis Clark. Then came the Rev. T. Teignmouth Shore, and after him his assistant, Bonavia Hunt, who was associated with the Quiver as sub-editor and editor for forty years. He was followed in 1905 by Mr. David Williamson, and on his retirement in 1909 the present editor, Mr. H. D. Williams, was installed.
The literary history of the Quiver has been distinguished. Not only have many of the most notable writers of the day contributed to its columns, but many authors of world-wide reputation received from it their first commissions. For instance. Dean Farrar began writing for the magazine when still a master at Harrow, and continued his contributions over a period of more than thirty years. Among divines who have written in its pages are Thomas Binney, Charles Haddon Spurgeon, John Gumming, Morley Punshon, Henry Allon, Hugh Macmillan, and P. B. Power; among novelists, Mrs. Henry Wood and Ellen Thorneycroft Fowler; while present-day writers whose contributions appear in it from time to time | WIKI |
Talk:Coal town
Coal towns are not the same as a Company town. Removed redirect.
* We need to build a concensus on what a coal town actually is or was. I am a member of the Wiki projects for West Virginia, Ghost Towens and Appalachia and would very much like to create an agreed upon definition, ANY ideas???Coal town guy (talk) 13:43, 4 April 2012 (UTC)
Creating Coal Town Page soon, will remove redirect from this page. Coal Towns are NOT the equivalent of a company town..Coal town guy (talk) 23:10, 4 April 2012 (UTC)
I feel like this entire article needs scrapped and started over, preferably by anyone who has knowledge of what a coal town actually is. Coal town guy had a great page here, but other editors wouldn't leave it alone. I understand that Wiki pages aren't supposed to remain static, really, but, honestly, Coal town guy is right -- "coal town" and "coal camp" are two very distinctly different things, and the definition of "coal camp" has absolutely taken over what this article was supposed to be. Mari Adkins
PAID in scrip
The percentage of coal miners who were actually PAID in scrip is rather small considering that most major coal towns had their own banks......I see the miners were paid in scrip added here repeatedly with no sourcing....IF YOU READ THE BOOKS, AND LIVED THERE, you would KNOW that usage of scrip was a credit. Was it unfair and open to misuse? YES. Was it the norm and thus can be used to advance a POV on wikipedia, NO. IF it is unsourced, WHY just stick it in there?Coal town guy (talk) 13:41, 18 June 2015 (UTC) | WIKI |
Talk:WengoPhone
I wouldn't consider the lack of H.261 much of a limitation, as it is an old video codec. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:40, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
Why the firefox box? It seems irrelevant.
Is Qt a Limitation?
Why Qt is a limitation? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:18, 1 January 2007 (UTC).
Dial up?
"Needs a broadband connection, unusable on dial-up connections (unlike Skype)" How is this true?! With wengo you can use the audio iLBC codec (for example) witch uses a mere 8 kbits, a lot less that even the most pathetic of dial-up connections
Out of date
in the section 'future' is written : 'by mid 2006'. This seems extremely out of date.
<IP_ADDRESS> 17:13, 4 October 2007 (UTC) | WIKI |
This issue tracker has been migrated to GitHub, and is currently read-only.
For more information, see the GitHub FAQs in the Python's Developer Guide.
classification
Title: Load average in test suite too high
Type: resource usage Stage: resolved
Components: Tests Versions: Python 3.10, Python 3.9, Python 3.8
process
Status: closed Resolution: out of date
Dependencies: Superseder:
Assigned To: Nosy List: ezio.melotti, pitrou, serhiy.storchaka, skrah, vstinner
Priority: normal Keywords:
Created on 2015-08-08 15:38 by skrah, last changed 2022-04-11 14:58 by admin. This issue is now closed.
Messages (13)
msg248275 - (view) Author: Stefan Krah (skrah) * (Python committer) Date: 2015-08-08 15:38
On my machine (Lenovo T400, Linux) the load average during running
the 2.7 test suite is about 0.5 (with some exceptions like test_io).
The system is still usable even during test_io.
In 3.6 the load average is > 2.0, with some tests making
the system practically unusable (e.g. test_mmap).
msg248276 - (view) Author: Stefan Krah (skrah) * (Python committer) Date: 2015-08-08 15:46
Scratch the comment about test_io in 2.7: It also renders the
system unusable.
msg248283 - (view) Author: Antoine Pitrou (pitrou) * (Python committer) Date: 2015-08-08 16:30
Just to diagnose this, try to run the test suite with "nice". If it still make the system unusable, then it's probably an I/O issue rather than CPU scheduling.
msg248295 - (view) Author: Serhiy Storchaka (serhiy.storchaka) * (Python committer) Date: 2015-08-08 20:03
Any specific tests or all tests? 3.x has many new features in comparison with 2.x, and new tests for these features. For example zipfile and tarfile tests run much longer due to testing with bzip2 and lzma compressions.
msg248322 - (view) Author: Stefan Krah (skrah) * (Python committer) Date: 2015-08-09 11:56
It's very likely an I/O issue. There are several large file
tests that run even if 'largefile' is disabled. It already
helps a lot if the following tests are decorated with requires_resource('largefile'):
test_mmap: class LargeMmapTests()
test_io: large_file_ops()
test_largefile: all tests
msg248325 - (view) Author: Antoine Pitrou (pitrou) * (Python committer) Date: 2015-08-09 13:17
Note some of those large file tests work on sparse files, which shouldn't be a problem if they are supported by the filesystem (which is most Linux filesystems, AFAIK).
msg248326 - (view) Author: Stefan Krah (skrah) * (Python committer) Date: 2015-08-09 14:16
Thanks, this clears up the mystery! -- I made the mistake of choosing
the eCryptfs-homedir option when installing Ubuntu, so now I have eCryptfs on top of LVM on top of full-disk encryption.
So I can't create sparse files in my home directory, but I *can*
create sparse files with zero overhead in /tmp.
The test suite runs smoothly from /usr/local. Should we perhaps create
temp files in /tmp rather than in a subdir of the build directory?
msg248331 - (view) Author: Antoine Pitrou (pitrou) * (Python committer) Date: 2015-08-09 18:25
> Should we perhaps create
temp files in /tmp rather than in a subdir of the build directory?
That would sound reasonable, I don't know why it hasn't been done like that from the start. Perhaps Ezio or Victor know.
msg248350 - (view) Author: STINNER Victor (vstinner) * (Python committer) Date: 2015-08-10 08:25
There is not option to choose the temporary directory like $TMPDIR?
I had issues with /tmp when creating large files because /tmp is now a
tmpfs on Fedora by default.
Maybe we can blacklist some filesystems to choose the temporary directory.
msg248352 - (view) Author: Serhiy Storchaka (serhiy.storchaka) * (Python committer) Date: 2015-08-10 08:35
Lib/test/regrtest.py:
# When tests are run from the Python build directory, it is best practice
# to keep the test files in a subfolder. This eases the cleanup of leftover
# files using the "make distclean" command.
if sysconfig.is_python_build():
TEMPDIR = os.path.join(sysconfig.get_config_var('srcdir'), 'build')
else:
TEMPDIR = tempfile.gettempdir()
msg248355 - (view) Author: Stefan Krah (skrah) * (Python committer) Date: 2015-08-10 10:14
Yes, the current scheme is probably good for easy buildbot cleanup.
> Maybe we can blacklist some filesystems to choose the temporary directory.
If that's easily possible, it would be a good solution at least
for ecryptfs.
I've removed ecryptfs from my setup, since speedwise it's not
production-ready for encrypting an entire home directory.
The Ubuntu setup is a bit of a trap, since the encryption is
completely transparent to the user (i.e. mounting ecryptfs
occurs automatically on login).
So if you install Ubuntu as the first system on new hardware
and choose the ecryptfs option, after a while you forget about
ecryptfs entirely and blame any slowness on the hardware or
the software.
msg248356 - (view) Author: Stefan Krah (skrah) * (Python committer) Date: 2015-08-10 10:25
Actually, for ecryptfs we could just check for ~/.ecryptfs and
then use /tmp.
msg380814 - (view) Author: STINNER Victor (vstinner) * (Python committer) Date: 2020-11-12 11:27
No activity for 5 years, so far this issue is more an open discussion than a list of concrete changes, so I close the issue as out of date.
If some tests are too CPU or I/O intensive, you can skip them using the -x option. Use --ignorefile to only skip specific test methods.
About the temporary directory, regrtest now has a --tempdir option.
History
Date User Action Args
2022-04-11 14:58:19adminsetgithub: 69019
2020-11-12 11:27:43vstinnersetstatus: open -> closed
resolution: out of date
messages: + msg380814
stage: needs patch -> resolved
2020-11-11 23:32:52iritkatrielsetversions: + Python 3.8, Python 3.9, Python 3.10, - Python 3.6
2015-08-10 10:25:42skrahsetmessages: + msg248356
2015-08-10 10:14:08skrahsetpriority: high -> normal
messages: + msg248355
2015-08-10 08:35:18serhiy.storchakasetmessages: + msg248352
2015-08-10 08:25:33vstinnersetmessages: + msg248350
2015-08-09 18:25:55pitrousetnosy: + vstinner, ezio.melotti
messages: + msg248331
2015-08-09 14:16:36skrahsetmessages: + msg248326
2015-08-09 13:17:41pitrousetmessages: + msg248325
2015-08-09 11:56:30skrahsetmessages: + msg248322
2015-08-08 20:03:08serhiy.storchakasetnosy: + serhiy.storchaka
messages: + msg248295
2015-08-08 16:30:54pitrousetnosy: + pitrou
messages: + msg248283
2015-08-08 15:46:29skrahsetmessages: + msg248276
2015-08-08 15:38:48skrahcreate | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wiktionary talk:Copyrights
NOAD's McKean discussing dictionary making.
On 21 July 2005, at 01:00 GMT Erin McKean, editor of the New Oxford American dictionary will be taking part in a moderated discussion, talking about dictionary making. See http://wordsmith.org/chat/mckean.html — Jeandré, 2005-07-07t11:50z
* Anyone know of any potential copyright complexities from any of us participating in this? Should we (Wiktionary) be attempting to get a GFDL copy of the transcript from them perhaps? Or is this something that every regular Wiktionarian should avoid? --Connel MacKenzie 9 July 2005 00:10 (UTC)
* What copyright complexities? There is certainly no consideration of putting a copy of the transcript in Wiktionary. If you are a participant in the discussion what you do with the copyrights on your words is entirely your own business. Licensing your contributions to Wiktionary under GFDL has no bearing on your contributions to other places. Eclecticology 17:18, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
* Well, the archive is an interesting read. I managed to forget this entirely. The OAD seems to have a tool they call a language "corpa" that accomplishes the same thing my Wikipedia top 5,000 list did...and that I still plan to do with the contents of Project Gutenberg.
* It is neat to see they include words purely for entertainment value (failing to meet all other criteria for inclusion.)
* Interesting philosophical view on the "proscriptive/descriptive issue".
* It was also to see how important "meaning" order is to them. (We currently are not ordered at all - our numbering is random.) She listed "Historical," "Frequency" and "Core-sense, Sub-sense." I think the latter of those would be similar to Ncik's proposed nesting of definitions that I personally dislike so very much.
* Ebonics vs. AAVE, duct tape, internet abbreviations. A fun read. Wish I had remembered it. --Connel MacKenzie 15:32, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
Copyrighted material in a dictionary...?
Can we just copy definitions, word for word, from a source such as (say) dictionary.com? If not, then is the preferred method of adding words to Wiktionary to either a) make up fictitious definitions for words (which fits the general Wikipedia theme as well) or b) leave valid definitions out of Wiktionary entirely? --<IP_ADDRESS> 01:55, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
* Although there is some court indication that a word's definition cannot, per se, be copyright, wholesale copying from a copyrighted collection of terms and definitions could result in a copyright infringement. The creation of a definition for a term is not "fictitious"; how do you think any dictionary ever creates it's definitions? they, and we, base our definitions on actual usage (descriptive, rather than prescriptive or proscriptive.) Commercial dictionaries are quite as likely to have invalid definitions as Wiktionary; that is, it is not a goal of Wiktionary to include them, there are processes to avoid their inclusion and, if included, to remove them, just as there are in the proprietary dictionaries.
* More directly: please research any definition you wish to submit on Wiktionary, but do not plagiarize unnecessarily from any one source - it may not be reliable. Be prepared to present examples of your definition in use in publications where it is not describing the term itself. Check the criteria for inclusion guidelines. - Amgine/talk 02:27, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
creative expressions
I opened up the article just to quickly learn, whether I could read and reformulate existing proprietary dictionary entries for Wiktionary entry. But I had to spend quite some time until finding the paragraph Note that copyright law governs the creative expression of ideas, not the ideas or information themselves. Therefore, it is perfectly legal to read a dictionary entry, or other work, reformulate it in your own words, and submit it to Wiktionary. (See plagiarism and fair use for discussions of how much reformulation is necessary in a general context.)
I assume that, especially in a dictionary, one of the most important question a new editor can have regarding to copyright, is howfar he/she is permitted to use an individual definiton from an existing proprietary dictionary.
Therefore, I would like to have this information more prominently placed, such as to save the needing editor some time, instead of lengthily and abstractly introducing principles of copyright.
--Utonsal (talk) 20:16, 4 February 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
script runner post function custom script doesn't do anything
Hi
i have a transition with a customfield ( type : Hideable Free Text Field )
and the system field "Comment", set by default on my transition screen.
what i want to do is to copy the value of the comment into the customfield ( it will be hiden) on a postfonction custom script with script runner.
the customfield is also configured on the edit screen of the issue type i'm working on.
after searching, i came up with this code :
import com.atlassian.jira.issue.Issue
import com.atlassian.jira.issue.MutableIssue
import com.atlassian.jira.issue.ModifiedValue
import com.atlassian.jira.issue.util.DefaultIssueChangeHolder
import com.atlassian.jira.component.ComponentAccessor
MutableIssue issue = (MutableIssue) issue;
def customFieldManager = ComponentAccessor.getCustomFieldManager()
def tgtField = customFieldManager.getCustomFieldObjects(issue).find {it.name == "test_Commentaire_client"}
def changeHolder = new DefaultIssueChangeHolder()
tgtField.updateValue(null, issue, new ModifiedValue(issue.getCustomFieldValue(tgtField),transientVars.comment as string),changeHolder)
I do not have any errors on my logs , but the customfield is never updated after calling my transition.
Can you help me ?
3 answers
1 accepted
You need to use issue.setCustomFieldValue to set the field's value in a postFunction. Also, use String, not 'string', which isn't a keyword in Java.
import com.atlassian.jira.issue.MutableIssue
import com.atlassian.jira.issue.ModifiedValue
import com.atlassian.jira.issue.util.DefaultIssueChangeHolder
import com.atlassian.jira.component.ComponentAccessor
log.debug("Running script")
MutableIssue issue = (MutableIssue) issue;
def customFieldManager = ComponentAccessor.getCustomFieldManager()
def tgtField = customFieldManager.getCustomFieldObjects(issue).find {it.name == "test_Commentaire_client"}
def changeHolder = new DefaultIssueChangeHolder()
def comment = transientVars.comment as String
log.debug("$comment")
issue.setCustomFieldValue(tgtField, comment)
log.debug("Done")
As a side tip, you can put logging statements in your script to help you find its execution details in the logs. I have my logger set to show the debug statements shown above, but you'll probably have a higher setting by default (like log.warn).
Last line might need to be changed to
tgtField.updateValue(null, issue, new ModifiedValue(issue.getCustomFieldValue(tgtField),transientVars.comment as String),changeHolder)
as 'string' isn't a valid keyword in java/groovy.
thx for your answer Jonny,
but it works only if i set my Hideable Free Text Field customfield to "visible".
If I hide it, there is no update and the field sad
I'll try to search why, but if you have any idea ...
setCustomField should work, even on hidden fields. How are you checking the value of the field? That is, how do you read the value of the field once it's hidden to confirm its value isn't getting set. Maybe this is a new question in its own right?
I am checking the value in the database , table "customfieldvalue" .
When the field is visible , the value is updated, but when i hide it with the behavior plugin,
the value isn't getting updated.
So do you want me to create a new ticket for this ?
Those hideable field types are a semi-experimental feature of ScriptRunner, and it occurs to me that what you're experiencing may be normal behaviour. Hideable fields marked as hidden by a behaviour can't even be read via the REST API. It would make sense to me that you wouldn't be able to set their value via the UI, as its existence ought to basically be hidden.
If you think that's not how it should work, feel free to raise an issue with us.
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Atlassian Community Anniversary
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This community is celebrating its one-year anniversary and Atlassian co-founder Mike Cannon-Brookes has all the feels.
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Career change courtesy of Our Lady of Guadalupe
(CNN)I thought my career was set when I was 22. I was about to graduate from The University of Texas at Austin with a bachelor's degree in business administration and a master's in accounting, and I was recruited by the largest accounting firms in the world. The only thing outstanding for me to do was to pass the certified public accountant exam. My confidence was sucker-punched when I learned that the CPA exam's national passing rate for first time takers was as low as 10%. I knew I was in trouble. So, I did what my mother and my grandmother taught me to do as a child. I prayed to Our Lady of Guadalupe, or "Virgencita," as I call her in Spanish. I prayed for guidance, not realizing that putting my future in her hands would change my life's direction. I made a promise to Our Lady of Guadalupe that if I passed the CPA exam I'd deliver food and clothing to the indigent in Mexico. I studied day and night with a faith so strong it left no room for doubt about my success. Sitting for the CPA exam was a marathon. At the time, it was nearly a 16-hour paper and pencil test divided into four parts and taken over two days. I remember walking out of the 16th hour of testing with bruised confidence and thinking, "Virgencita, sorry, there's no way I passed that test." Several months later, I learned that I passed on the first try, and I landed a job with KPMG, one of the largest accounting firms in the world. "Virgencita, this was all you,'"I thought. Fulfilling a promise In haste, I packed my stuff and drove from Austin, Texas, to the southernmost tip of Texas to the place where I grew up, the Rio Grande Valley. Delivering on my promise to Our Lady of Guadalupe became a family project, with my mom, grandmother, nieces and nephews hopping into a truck to shop for food and clothing and then driving into Nuevo Progreso, Mexico, to hand deliver the goods to people. I met hungry children and senior citizens who changed my life. I met people from Central America who had walked through much of Mexico to get to the border with the United States. Most of them owned nothing else but the clothes on their backs and the little cardboard shacks they made on the levee of the Rio Grande for shelter. As I was delivering food to moms and toys to kids, one young boy said, "Can I please have the food and not toys? My mom is bedridden, and she can't come get the food." My heart stopped, and somehow a giant void was created in my chest, a heavy void that I couldn't explain. It sounds cliche, but that moment truly changed my life. I was no longer the 22 year old who thought she had everything figured out. I knew I had been touched by the power of prayer, but I didn't know where that epiphany would take me. "Virgencita what does this mean? What should I do?" I prayed. Finding my calling For the next two years, I was on a mission to find my new path. I volunteered for every imaginable nonprofit organization and even earned KPMG's national award for community service. I thought, "Maybe I'm supposed to teach children." So, I applied for teaching jobs and never got a call back. Then I thought, "I need to run a charity." So, I applied for jobs in the nonprofit sector and never got a call back. I returned to Nuevo Progreso to deliver food and clothing and to look for the little boy who changed the direction of my life, but I never found him or his mother. Then on a typical day at the office, my prayer was answered. Something hit me. I knew exactly what I needed to do. I realized it was the stories of the people I met in Mexico that changed my life: the little boy with a sick mom, the elderly who didn't have blankets, the families whose homes had three cardboard walls. I quit my job as a CPA shortly thereafter and went back to UT Austin for a bachelor's degree in broadcast journalism. My friends and family thought I had gone crazy. My only hope was to tell stories. To tell stories like the ones that changed my life. Jobs in television followed quickly, starting in Oklahoma City then, Houston, New Orleans and Baton Rouge. Less than a decade later, I joined CNN, where I currently have the privilege of covering stories nationally and internationally. Is it a coincidence? I like to call it faith. An answered prayer. Or what happens when you surrender your life to something much bigger than yourself. All I know is that every story I cover that sheds light on a forgotten community or on the poor reminds me of that little boy who preferred the food over the toys and the giant void I felt in my chest after meeting him. Has it been easy? Let me put it this way, I pray to Virgencita every day. If you don't believe, it might be difficult for you to understand. But, I know she places opportunities in my path that will continue to fill in that void, that yearning to tell the stories of the poor, the less fortunate, the voiceless. Covering Pope Francis' visit to Ecuador, Bolivia and Paraguay is a perfect example. I profiled stories of women such as "Abuela Asuncion," who cooked for Francis out of her dirt floor home, and Mary Torres who raised cockfighting roosters to make ends meet. Flying with Pope Francis on the papal plane during his visit to Cuba and the United States is yet another example. On board the plane, I shared my devotion to Virgencita with the Pope and gave him a prayer card of Our Lady of Guadalupe. Not only was I devout to Virgencita; all of my research on Pope Francis indicated he was, too. We were on the papal plane 10,000 feet up in the air somewhere between Rome and Cuba. During our 45 second exchange, Pope Francis scorned a priest, popped a joke and gave me his blessing. When I showed him the prayer card, he grabbed it from my hand and started kissing it. Now that I'm flying on the papal plane again with Pope Francis, the Pope of the poor, during his visit to Mexico I reflect on that promise I made to Our Lady of Guadalupe years ago. And how delivering on that promise in Mexico triggered a career change that has allowed me to tell the stories of the poor nationally and internationally. How I'll never forget that little boy who preferred the food over the toys. He was probably grateful because I fed him that one day; I'm grateful because he will feed my soul for the rest of my life. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Don't Use React Props for Theming
So we all know that in most cases, using the style prop is considered back practice in React:
<div style={{ color: 'red' }} />
Using a class name (if possible with CSS modules) is cleaner:
import styles from './Component.style.scss`;
<div className={styles.alertContainer} />
But I think there's also an important rule around using props to customise and apply styling that often gets overlooked:
const Icon = ({ name, color, size, className, ...props }) => {
return (
<span
className={`icon-${name} ${className}`}
style={{ width: `${size}px`, color }}
{...props}
/>
);
}
Instead, where possible, don't introduce props like color and size, and only allow specifying a className prop.
This gives the user of the component a way to style the element, without the need to remember whether that prop was called size or width and if it takes a string or a number as the value. It's easier to do this through CSS. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Peterdactyl
The result was speedy delete. Per criterion G3 as blatant hoax. So Why 11:08, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
Peterdactyl
* – (View AfD) (View log)
Article is clearly Vadalism and utterly pointless. To be brutally honest, i'm not totally sure how many categories this article should come under. Please, read the article for yourself to see exactly what I mean RWJP (talk) 11:05, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
| WIKI |
User:Keith Hodges
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
I live in Knowle
I am interested in editing and contributing to Theophostic This is my specialist topic. I wonder how far we can/should go with it.
Other topics of interest: Dissociative identity disorder | WIKI |
2005 Iraqi elections
There were two national legislative elections in Iraq in 2005:
2005 Iraqi elections may refer to:
* January 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election for an assembly to draft a Constitution and
* December 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election for the first assembly under the new constitution
There was also a local election held in 2005:
* 2005 Iraqi governorate elections, held in Iraq on 30 January 2005 | WIKI |
While the Smoke Rolled
While the Smoke Rolled
"The War of 1812 might have had a very different ending if Sir Wilmot Pembroke had succeeded in his efforts to organize the Western Indians into one vast confederacy to hurl against the American frontier; just why he did fail is as great a mystery as is the nature of the accident which forced his companions to carry him back to Canada on a stretcher."
--Wilkinson's "History of the Northwest."
Wolf Mountain, Texas. March 10, 1879 Mister WN. Wilkinson. Chicago, Illinoy.
Dear Sir:
The schoolmarm down to Coon Creek was reading the above passage to me out of yore history book which you writ. It ain't no mystery. It's all explained in this here letter which I'm sending you which has been sticking in the family Bible along with the birth records for years. It was writ by my grandpap. Please send it back when you've read it, and oblige.
Yores respeckfully.
Pike Bearfield, Esquire.
* * * *
Aboard the keelboat Pirut Queen. On the Missoury. September, 1814. Mister Peter Bearfield. Nashville, Tennessee.
Dear Sir:
Well, pap, I hope you air satisfied, perswading me to stay out here on the Missoury and skin bufflers and fight musketeers, whilst everybody else in the family is having big doings and enjoying theirselves. When I think about Bill and John and Joel marching around with Gen'ral Hickory Jackson, and wearing them gorgeous unerforms, and fighting in all them fine battles yore having back there I could dang near bawl. I ain't going to be put on no more jest because I'm the youngest. Soon's I git back to Saint Louis I'm going to throw up my job and head for Tennessee, and the Missoury Fur Company can go to hell. I ain't going to spend all my life working for a living whilst my wuthless brothers has all the fun, by golly, I ain't. And if you tries to oppress me any more, I'll go and enlist up North and git to be a Yankee; you can see from this how desprut I be, so you better consider.
Anyway, I jest been through a experience up beyond Owl River which has soured me on the whole dern fur trade. I reckon you'll say what the hell has he been doing up the river this time of year, there ain't no furs up there in the summer. Well, it was all on account of Big Nose, the Minnetaree chief, and I git sick at my stummick right now every time I see a Minnetaree.
You know the way the guvment takes Injun chiefs East and shows 'em the cities and forts and armies and things. The idea being that the chief will git so scairt when he sees how strong the white man is, that when he gits home he won't never go on the war-path no more. So he comes home and tells the tribe about what he seen, and they accuse him of being a liar and say he's been bought off by the white folks; so he gits mad and goes out and sculps the first white man he meets jest to demonstrate his independence. But it's a good theery, anyway.
So they taken Big Nose to Memphis and would of took him all the way to Washington, only they was scairt they'd run into a battle somewheres on the way and the cannon would scare Big Nose into a decline. So they brung him back to Saint Charles and left him for the company to git him back to his village on Knife River. So Joshua Humphrey, one of the clerks, he put a crew of twenty men and four hunters onto the Pirut Queen, and loaded Big Nose on, and we started. The other three hunters was all American too, and the boatmen was Frenchies from down the Mississippi.
I wisht you could of saw Big Nose. He had on a plug hat they give him, and a blue swaller-tailed coat with brass buttons, and a big red sash and broadcloth britches--only he'd cut the seat out of 'em like a Injun always does; and the boots they give him hurt his flat feet, so he wore 'em tied around his neck. He was the most pecooliar-looking critter I ever laid eyes onto, and I shuddered to think what'd happen when the Sioux first ketched sight of him. Big Nose shuddered too, and more'n I did, because the Sioux hated him anyhow, and the Tetons had swore to kiver a drum with his hide.
But all the way up the Lower River he was like a hawg in clover, because the Omahas and Osages and Iowas would come down to the bank and look at him, clap their hands over their open mouths to show how astonished and admireful they was. He strutted and swelled all over the boat. But the further away from the Platte we got the more his feathers drooped; and one day a Injun rode up on the bluffs and looked at us as we went past, and he was a Sioux. Big Nose had a chill and we had to revive him with about a quart of company rum, and it plumb broke my heart to see all that good licker going to waste down a Injun's gullet. When Big Nose come to, he shed his white man's duds and got into his regular outfit--which was mostly a big red blanket that looked like a prairie fire by sunset. I told Joshua he better throw the blanket overboard, because it was knowed all up and down the river, and any Sioux would recognize it at a glance. But Joshua said if we threw it overboard we'd have to throw Big Nose overboard too, because he thought it was big medicine. Anyway, he said, they warn't no use trying to keep the Sioux from knowing we was taking Big Nose home. They knowed it already and would take him away from us if they could. Joshua said he aimed to use diplomacy to save Big Nose's sculp. I didn't like the sound of that, because I notice when somebody I'm working for uses diplomacy it generally means I got to risk my neck and he gits the credit. Jest like you, pap, when you git to working and figgering, like you say, the way it always comes around you do the figgering and I do the working.
The further north we got, the closter Big Nose stayed in the cabin which ain't big enough to swing a cat in; but Big Nose didn't want to swing no cat, and every time he come on deck he seen swarms of Sioux all over the bluffs jest fixing for to descent on him. Joshua said it was hallucernations, but I said it would be delirium trimmings purty soon if that jug warn't took away from him.
We made purty good time, ten to twenty miles a day, except when we had winds agen us, or had to haul the boat along on the cordelle--which is a big line that the Frenchies gits out and pulls on, in case you don't know. Towing a twenty-ton keelboat in water up to yore neck ain't no joke.
Every day we expected trouble with the Sioux, but we got past the mouth of the Owl River all right, and Joshua said he guessed the Sioux knowed better'n to try any monkey business with him. And that very day a Yankton on a piebald hoss hailed us from the bluffs, and told us they was a hundred Tetons laying in ambush for us amongst the willers along the next p'int of land. We'd have to go around it on the cordelle; and whilst the boatmen was tugging and hauling in water up to their waists, the Sioux aimed to jump us. The Yankton said the Tetons didn't have nothing personal agen us white men, and warn't aiming to do us no harm--outside of maybe cutting our throats for a joke--but you oughta herd what he said they was going to do to Big Nose. It war plumb scandalous.
Big Nose ducked down into the cabin and started having another chill; and the Frenchies got scairt and would of turnt the boat around and headed for Saint Charles if we'd let 'em. Us hunters wanted Joshua to put us ashore and let us circle the p'int from inland and come onto the Sioux from behind. We could do a sight of damage to 'em before they knowed we was onto 'em. But Joshua said not even four American hunters could lick a hundred Sioux, and he furthermore said shet up and let him think. So he sot down on a kag and thunk for a spell, and then he says to me: "Ain't Fat Bear's village out acrost yonder about five mile?"
I said yes, and he said: "Well, look, you put on Big Nose's blanket and git on the Yankton's hoss and head for the village. The Sioux'll think we've throwed Big Nose out to root for hisself; and whilst they're chasin' you the boat can git away up the river with Big Nose."
"I don't suppose it matters what happens to me!" I says bitterly.
"Oh," says he, "Fat Bear is yore friend and wunst you git in his village he won't let the Sioux git you. You'll have a good start before they can see you, on account of the bluffs there, and you ought to be able to beat 'em into the village."
"I suppose it ain't occurred to you at all that they'll shott arrers at me all the way," I says.
"You know a Sioux cain't shoot as good from a runnin' hoss as a Comanche can," he reassured me. "You jest keep three or four hundred yards ahead of 'em, and I bet they won't hit you hardly any at all."
"Well, why don't you do it, then?" I demanded.
At this Joshua bust into tears. "To think that you should turn agen me after all I've did for you!" he wept--though what he ever done for me outside of trying to skin me out of my wages I dunno. "After I taken you off'n a Natchez raft and persuaded the company to give you a job at a princely salary, you does this to me! A body'd think you didn't give a dern about my personal safety! My pore old grandpap used to say: 'Bewar' of a Southerner like you would a hawk! He'll eat yore vittles and drink yore licker and then stick you with a butcher knife jest to see you kick!' When I thinks--"
"Aw, hesh up," I says in disgust. "I'll play Injun for you. I'll put on the blanket and stick feathers in my hair, but I'll be derned if I'll cut the seat out a my britches."
"It'd make it look realer," he argued, wiping his eyes on the fringe of my hunting shirt.
"Shet up!" I yelled with passion. "They is a limit to everything!"
"Oh, well, all right," says he, "if you got to be temperamental. You'll have the blanket on over yore pants, anyway."
So we went into the cabin to git the blanket, and would you believe me, that derned Injun didn't want to lemme have it, even when his fool life was at stake. He thought it was a medicine blanket, and the average Injun would ruther lose his life than his medicine. In fack, he give us a tussle for it, and they is no telling how long it would of went on if he hadn't accidentally banged his head agen a empty rum bottle I happened to have in my hand at the time. It war plumb disgusting. He also bit me severely in the hind laig, whilst I was setting on him and pulling the feathers out of his hair--which jest goes to show how much gratitude a Injun has got. But Joshua said the company had contracted to deliver him to Hidatsa, and we was going to do it if we had to kill him.
Joshua give the Yankton a hatchet and a blanket, and three shoots of powder for his hoss--which was a awful price--but the Yankton knowed we had to have it and gouged us for all it was wuth. So I put on the red blanket, and stuck the feathers in my hair, and got on the hoss, and started up a gully for the top of the bluffs. Joshua yelled: "If you git to the village, stay there till we come back down the river. We'll pick you up then. I'd be doin' this myself, but it wouldn't be right for me to leave the boat. T'wouldn't be fair to the company money to replace it, and--"
"Aw, go to hell!" I begged, and kicked the piebald in the ribs and headed for Fat Bear's village.
When I got up on the bluffs, I could see the p'int; and the Sioux seen me and was fooled jest like Joshua said, because they come b'iling out of the willers and piled onto their ponies and lit out after me. Their hosses was better'n mine, jest as I suspected, but I had a good start; and I was still ahead of 'em when we topped a low ridge and got within sight of Fat Bear's village--which was, so far as I know, the only Arikara village south of Grand River. I kept expectin' a arrer in my back because they was within range now, and their howls was enough to freeze a mortal's blood; but purty soon I realized that they aimed to take me alive. They thought I was Big Nose, and they detested him so thorough a arrer through the back was too good for him. So I believed I had a good chance of making it after all, because I seen the piebald was going to last longer'n the Tetons thought he would.
I warn't far from the village now, and I seen that the tops of the lodges was kivered with Injuns watching the race. Then a trade-musket cracked, and the ball whistled so clost it stang my ear, and all to wunst I remembered that Fat Bear didn't like Big Nose no better'n the Sioux did. I could see him up on his lodge taking aim at me again, and the Sioux was right behind me. I was in a hell of a pickle. If I taken the blanket off and let him see who I was, the Sioux would see I warn't Big Nose, too, and fill me full of arrers; and if I kept the blanket on he'd keep on shooting at me with his cussed gun.
Well, I'd ruther be shot at by one Arikara than a hundred Sioux, so all I could do was hope he'd miss. And he did, too; that is he missed me, but his slug taken a notch out of the piebald's ear, and the critter r'ared up and throwed me over his head; he didn't have no saddle nor bridle, jest a hackamore. The Sioux howled with glee and their chief, old Bitin' Hoss, he was ahead of the others; and he rode in and grabbed me by the neck as I riz.
I'd lost my rifle in the fall, but I hit Bitin' Hoss betwixt the eyes with my fist so hard I knocked him off'n his hoss and I bet he rolled fifteen foot before he stopped. I grabbed for his hoss, but the critter bolted, so I shucked that blanket and pulled for the village on foot. The Sioux was so surprized to see Big Nose turn into a white man they forgot to shoot at me till I had run more'n a hundred yards; and then when they did let drive, all the arrers missed but one. It hit me right where you kicked Old Man Montgomery last winter and I will have their heart's blood for it if it's the last thing I do. You jest wait; the Sioux nation will regret shooting a Bearfield behind his back. They come for me lickety-split but I had too good a start; they warn't a hoss in Dakota could of ketched me under a quarter of a mile.
The Arikaras was surprized too, and some of 'em fell off their tipis and nearly broke their necks. They was too stunned to open the gate to the stockade, so I opened it myself--hit it with my shoulder and knocked it clean off'n the rawhide hinges and fell inside on top of it. The Sioux was almost on top of me, with their arrers drawed back, but now they sot their hosses back onto their haunches and held their fire. If they'd come in after me it would of meant a fight with the Arikaras. I half expected 'em to come in anyway, because the Sioux ain't no ways scairt of the Arikaras, but in a minute I seen why they didn't.
Fat Bear had come down off of his lodge, and I riz up and says: "Hao!"
"Hao!" says he, but he didn't say it very enthusiastic. He's a fat-bellied Injun with a broad, good-natured face; and outside of being the biggest thief on the Missoury, he's a good friend of the white men--especially me, because I wunst taken him away from the Cheyennes when they was going to burn him alive.
Then I seen about a hundred strange braves in the crowd, and they was Crows. I recognized their chief, old Spotted Hawk, and I knowed why the Sioux didn't come in after me in spite of the Arikaras. That was why Fat Bear was a chief, too. A long time ago he made friends with Spotted Hawk, and when the Sioux or anybody crowded him too clost, the Crows would come in and help him. Them Crows air scrappers and no mistake.
"This is plumb gaudy!" I says. "Git yore braves together and us and the Crows will go out and run them fool Tetons clean into the Missoury, by golly."
"No, no, no!" says he. He's hung around the trading posts till he can talk English nigh as good as me. "There's a truce between us! Big powwow tonight!"
Well, the Sioux knowed by now how they'd been fooled; but they also knowed the Pirut Queen would be past the p'int and outa their reach before they could git back to the river; so they camped outside, and Bitin' Hoss hollered over the stockade: "There is bad flesh in my brother's village! Send it forth that we may cleanse it with fire!"
Fat Bear bust into a sweat and says: "That means they want to bum you! Why did you have to come here, jest at this time?"
"Well," I says in a huff, "air you goin' to hand me over to 'em?"
"Never!" says he, wiping his brow with a bandanner he stole from the guvment trading post below the Kansas. "But I'd rather a devil had come through that gate than a Big Knife!" That's what them critters calls a American. "We and the Crows and Sioux have a big council on tonight, and--"
Jest then a man in a gilded cock hat and a red coat come through the crowd, with a couple of French Canadian trappers, and a pack of Soc Injuns from the Upper Mississippi. He had a sword on him and he stepped as proud as a turkey gobbler in the fall.
"What is this bloody American doing here?" says he, and I says: "Who the hell air you?" And he says: "Sir Wilmot Pembroke, agent of Indian affairs in North America for his Royal Majesty King George, that's who!"
"Well, step out from the crowd, you lobster-backed varmint," says I, stropping my knife on my leggin', "and I'll decorate a sculp-pole with yore innards--and that goes for them two Hudson Bay skunks, too!"
"No!" says Fat Bear, grabbing my arm. "There is a truce! No blood must be spilled in my village! Come into my lodge."
"The truce doesn't extend beyond the stockade," says Sir Wilmot. "Would you care to step outside with me?"
"So yore Teton friends could fill me with arrers?" I sneered. "I ain't as big a fool as I looks."
"No, that wouldn't be possible," agreed he, and I was so overcame with rage all I could do was gasp. Another instant and I would of had my knife in his guts, truce or no truce, but Fat Bear grabbed me and got me into his tipi. He had me set on a pile of buffler hides and one of his squaws brung me a pot of meat; but I was too mad to be hungry, so I only et four or five pounds of buffler liver.
Fat Bear sot down his trade musket, which he had stole from a Hudson Bay Company trapper, and said: "The council tonight is to decide whether or not the Arikaras shall take the warpath against the Big Knives. This Red-Coat, Sir Wilmot, says the Big White Chief over the water is whipping the Big White Father of the Big Knives, in the village called Washington."
I was so stunned by this news I couldn't say nothing. We hadn't had no chance to git news about the war since we started up the river.
"Sir Wilmot wants the Sioux, Crows and Arikaras to join him in striking the American settlements down the river," says Fat Bear. "The Crows believe the Big Knives are losing the war, and they're wavering. If they go with the Sioux, I must go too; otherwise the Sioux will burn my village. I cannot exist without the aid of the Crows. The Red-Coat has a Soc medicine man, who will go into a medicine lodge tonight and talk with the Great Spirit. It is big medicine, such was never seen before on any village on the Missouri. The medicine man will tell the Crows and the Arikaras to go with the Sioux."
"You mean this Englishman aims to lead a war-party down the river?" I says, plumb horrified.
"Clear to Saint Louis!" says Fat Bear. "He will wipe out all the Americans on the river!"
"He won't neither," says I with great passion, rising and drawing my knife. "I'll go over to his lodge right now and cut his gizzard out!"
But Fat Bear grabbed me and hollered: "If you spill blood, no one will ever dare recognize a truce again! I cannot let you kill the Red-Coat!"
"But he's plannin' to kill everybody on the river, dern it!" I yelled. "What'm I goin' to do?"
"You must get up in council and persuade the warriors not to go on the war-path," says he.
"Good gosh," I says, "I can't make no speech."
"The Red-Coat has a serpent's tongue," says Fat Bear, shaking his head. "If he had presents to give the chiefs, his cause would be as good as won. But his boat upset as he came along the river, and all his goods were lost. If you had presents to give to Spotted Hawk and Biting Horse--"
"You know I ain't got no presents!" I roared, nigh out of my head. "What the hell am I goin' to do?"
"I dunno," says he, despairful. "Some white men pray when they're in a pickle."
"I'll do it!" I says. "Git outa my way!" So I kneeled down on a stack of buffler robes, and I'd got as far as: "Now I lay me down to sleep--" when my knee nudged something under the hides that felt familiar. I reched down and yanked it out--and sure enough, it was a keg!
"Where'd you git this?" I yelped.
"I stole it out of the company's storehouse the last time I was in Saint Louis," he confessed, "but--"
"But nothin'!" exulted I. "I dunno how come you ain't drunk it all up before now, but it's my wampum! I ain't goin' to try to out-talk that lobster-back tonight. Soon's the council's open, I'll git up kind of casual and say that the Red-Coat has got a empty bag of talk for 'em, with nothin' to go with it, but the Big White Father at Washington has sent 'em a present. Then I'll drag out the keg. T'aint much to divide up amongst so many, but the chiefs is what counts, and they's enough licker to git them too drunk to know what Sir Wilmot and the medicine man says."
"They know you didn't bring anything into the village with you," he says.
"So much the better," I says. "I'll tell 'em it's wakan and I can perjuice whiskey out of the air."
"They'll want you to perjuice some more," says he.
"I'll tell 'em a evil spirit, in the shape of a skunk with a red coat on, is interferin' with my magic powers," I says, gitting brainier every minute. "That'll make 'em mad at Sir Wilmot. Anyway, they won't care where the licker come from. A few snorts and the Sioux will probably remember all the gredges they got agen the Socs and run 'em outa camp."
"You'll get us all killed," says Fat Bear, mopping his brow. "But about that keg, I want to tell you--"
"You shet up about that keg," I says sternly. "It warn't yore keg in the first place. The fate of a nation is at stake, and you tries to quibble about a keg of licker! Git some stiffenin' into yore laigs; what we does tonight may decide who owns this continent. If we puts it over it'll be a big gain for the Americans."
"And what'll the Indians get out of it?" he ast.
"Don't change the subjeck," I says. "I see they've stacked buffler hides out at the council circle for the chiefs and guests to get on--and by the way, you be dern sure you gives me a higher stack to get on than Sir Wilmot gits. When nobody ain't lookin', you hide this keg clost to where I'm to set. If I had to send to yore lodge to git it, it'd take time and look fishy, too."
"Well," he begun reluctantly, but I flourished a fist under his nose and said with passion: "Dang it, do like I says! One more blat outa you and I busts the truce and yore snoot simultaneous!"
So he spread his hands kinda helpless, and said something about all white men being crazy, and anyway he reckoned he'd lived as long as the Great Spirit aimed for him to. But I give no heed, because I have not got no patience with them Injun superstitions. I started out of his lodge and dang near fell over one of them French trappers which they called Ondrey; t'other'n was named Franswaw.
"What the hell you doin' here?" I demanded, but he merely give me a nasty look and snuck off. I started for the lodge where the Crows was, and the next man I met was old Shingis. I dunno what his real name is, we always call him old Shingis; I think he's a Iowa or something. He's so old he's done forgot where he was born, and so ornery he jest lives around with first one tribe and then another till they git tired of him and kick him out.
He ast for some tobaccer and I give him a pipe-full, and then he squinted his eye at me and said: "The Red-Coat did not have to bring a man from the Mississippi to talk with Waukontonka. They say Shingis is heyoka. They say he is a friend of the Unktehi, the Evil Spirits."
Well, nobody never said that but him, but that's the way Injuns brag on theirselves; so I told him everybody knowed he was wakan, and went on to the lodge where the Crows was. Spotted Hawk ast me if it was the Red-Coats had burnt Washington and I told him not to believe everything a Red-Coat told him. Then I said: "Where's this Red-Coat's presents?"
Spotted Hawk made a wry face because that was a p'int which stuck in his mind, too, but he said: "The boat upset and the river took the gifts meant for the chiefs."
"Then that means that the Unktehi air mad at him," I says. "His medicine's weak. Will you foller a man which his medicine is weak?"
"We will listen to what he has to say in council," says Spotted Hawk, kind of uncertain, because a Injun is scairt of having anything to do with a man whose medicine is weak.
It was gitting dark by this time, and when I come out of the lodge I met Sir Wilmot, and he says: "Trying to traduce the Crows, eh? I'll have the pleasure of watching my Sioux friends roast you yet! Wait till Striped Thunder talks to them from the medicine lodge tonight."
"He who laughs last is a stitch in time," I replied with dignerty, so tickled inside about the way I was going to put it over him I was reconciled to not cutting his throat. I then went on, ignoring his loud, rude laughter. Jest wait! thunk I, jest wait! Brains always wins in the end.
I passed by the place where the buffler hides had been piled in a circle, in front of a small tipi made out of white buffler skins. Nobody come nigh that place till the powwow opened, because it was wakan, as the Sioux say, meaning magic. But all of a sudden I seen old Shingis scooting through the tipis clostest to the circle, making a arful face. He grabbed a water bucket made out of a buffler's stummick, and drunk about a gallon, then he shook his fists and talked to hisself energetic. I said: "Is my red brother's heart pained?"
"#%&*@!" says old Shingis. "There is a man of black heart in this village! Let him beware! Shingis is the friend of the Unktehi!"
Then he lit out like a man with a purpose, and I went on to Fat Bear's lodge. He was squatting on his robes looking at hisself in a mirrer he stole from the Northwest Fur Company three seasons ago.
"What you doin'?" I ast, reching into the meat pot.
"Trying to imagine how I'll look after I'm scalped," says he. "For the last time, that keg--"
"Air you tryin' to bring that subjeck up agen?" I says, rising in wrath; and jest then a brave come to the door to say that everybody was ready to go set in council.
"See?" whispers Fat Bear to me. "I'm not even boss in my own village when Spotted Hawk and Biting Horse are here! They give the orders!"
We went to the powwow circle, which they had to hold outside because they warn't a lodge big enough to hold all of 'em. The Arikaras sot on one side, the Crows on the other and the Sioux on the other. I sot beside Fat Bear, and Sir Wilmot and his Socs and Frenchmen sot opposite us. The medicine man sot cross-legged, with a heavy wolf-robe over his shoulders--though it was hot enough to fry a aig, even after the sun had went down. But that's the way a heyoka man does. If it'd been snowing, likely he'd of went naked. The women and chillern got up on top of the lodges to watch us, and I whispered and ast Fat Bear where the keg was. He said under the robes right behind me. He then started humming his death-song under his breath.
I begun feeling for it, but before I found it, Sir Wilmot riz and said: "I will not worry my red brothers with empty words! Let the Big Knives sing like mosquitos in the ears of the people! The Master of Life shall speak through the lips of Striped Thunder. As for me, I bring no words, but a present to make your hearts glad!"
And I'm a Choctaw if he didn't rech down under a pile of robes and drag out Fat Bear's keg! I like to keeled over and I hear Fat Bear grunt like he'd been kicked in the belly. I seen Ondrey leering at me, and I instantly knowed he'd overheard us talking and had stole it out from amongst the hides after Fat Bear put it there for me. The way the braves' eyes glistened I knowed the Red-Coats had won, and I was licked.
Well, I war so knocked all of a heap, all I could think of was to out with my knife and git as many as I could before they got me. I aimed to git Sir Wilmot, anyway; they warn't enough men in the world to keep me from gutting him before I died. A Bearfield on his last rampage is wuss'n a cornered painter. You remember great-uncle Esau Bearfield. When the Creeks finally downed him, they warn't enough of 'em left alive in that war party to sculp him, and he was eighty-seven.
I reched for my knife, but jest then Sir Wilmot says: "Presently the milk of the Red-Coats will make the hearts of the warriors sing. But now is the time for the manifestations of the Great Spirit, whom the Sioux call Waukontonka, and other tribes other names, but he is the Master of Life for all. Let him speak through the lips of Striped Thunder."
So I thought I'd wait till everybody was watching the medicine lodge before I made my break. Striped Thunder went into the lodge and closed the flap, and the Socs lit fires in front of it and started dancing back and forth in front of 'em singing:
"Oh, Master of Life, enter the white skin lodge!
Possess him who sits within!
Speak through his mouth!"
I ain't going to mention what they throwed on the fires, but they smoked something fierce so you couldn't even see the lodge, and the Socs dancing back and forth looked like black ghosts. Then all to wunst they sounded a yell inside the lodge and a commotion like men fighting. The Injuns looked like they was about ready to rise up and go yonder in a hurry, but Sir Wilmot said: "Do not fear! The messenger of the Master of Life contends with the Unktehi for possession of the medicine man's body! Soon the good spirit will prevail and we will open the lodge and hear the words of Waukontonka!"
Well, hell, I knowed Striped Thunder wouldn't say nothing but jest what Sir Wilmot had told him to say; but them fool Injuns would believe they was gitting the straight goods from the Great Spirit hisself.
Things got quiet in the lodge and the smoke died down, and Sir Wilmot says: "Thy children await, O Waukontonka." He opened the door, and I'm a Dutchman if they was anything in that lodge but a striped polecat!
He waltzed out with his tail h'isted over his back and them Injuns let out one arful yell and fell over backwards; and then they riz up and stampeded--Crows, Arikaras, Sioux, Socs and all, howling: "The Unktehi have prevailed! They have turned Striped Thunder into an evil beast!"
They didn't stop to open the gate. The Sioux clumb the stockade and the Crows busted right through it. I seen old Biting Hoss and Spotted Hawk leading the stampede, and I knowed the great Western Injun Confederation was busted all to hell. The women and chillern was right behind the braves, and in sight of fifteen seconds the only Injun in sight was Fat Bear.
Sir Wilmot jest stood there like he'd been putrified into rock, but Franswaw he run around behind the lodge and let out a squall. "Somebody's slit the back wall!" he howled. "Here's Striped Thunder lying behind the lodge with a knot on his head the size of a egg! Somebody crawled in and knocked him senseless and dragged him out while the smoke rolled!"
"The same man left the skunk!" frothed Sir Wilmot. "You Yankee dog, you're responsible for this!"
"Who you callin' a Yankee?" I roared, whipping out my knife.
"Remember the truce!" squalled Fat Bear, but Sir Wilmot was too crazy mad to remember anything. I parried his sword with my knife as he lunged, and grabbed his arm, and I reckon that was when he got his elber dislocated. Anyway he give a maddened yell and tried to draw a pistol with his good hand; so I hit him in the mouth with my fist, and that's when he lost them seven teeth he's so bitter about. Whilst he was still addled, I taken his pistol away from him and throwed him over the stockade. I got a idee his fractured skull was caused by him hitting his head on a stump outside. Meanwhile Ondrey and Franswaw was hacking at me with their knives, so I taken 'em by their necks and beat their fool heads together till they was limp, and then I throwed 'em over the stockade after Sir Wilmot.
"And I reckon that settles that!" I panted. "I dunno how this all come about, but you can call up yore women and chillern and tell 'em they're now citizens of the United States of America, by golly!"
I then picked up the keg, because I was hot and thirsty, but Fat Bear says: "Wait! Don't drink that! I--"
"Shet up!" I roared. "After all I've did for the nation tonight, I deserves a dram! Shame on you to begredge a old friend--"
I taken a big gulp--and then I give a maddened beller and throwed that keg as far as I could heave it, and run for water. I drunk about three gallons, and when I could breathe again I got a club and started after Fat Bear, who clumb up on top of a lodge.
"Come down!" I requested with passion. "Come down whilst I beats yore brains out! Whyn't you tell me what was in that keg?"
"I tried to," says he, "but you wouldn't listen. I thought it was whiskey when I stole it, or I wouldn't have taken it. I talked to Shingis while you were hunting the water bucket, jest now. It was him that put the skunk in the medicine lodge. He saw Ondrey hide the keg on Sir Wilmot's side of the council circle; he sneaked a drink out of it, and that's why he did what he did. It was for revenge. The onreasonable old buzzard thought Sir Wilmot was tryin' to pizen him."
So that's the way it was. Anyway, I'm quitting my job as soon as I git back to Saint Louis. It's bad enuff when folks gits too hifaluting to use candles, and has got to have oil lamps in a trading post. But I'll be derned if I'll work for a outfit which puts the whale-oil for their lamps in the same kind of kegs they puts their whiskey.
Your respeckful son.
Boone Bearfield.
THE END | WIKI |
Autocompletar ASP clasico, AJAX y Javascript
Código ASP clásico
A continuación se muestra un código en ASP clásico para autocompletar (suggest) registros de una base de datos en Access o en SQL Server. Para ello utilizaremos Ajax- y Javascript:
<%
response.expires=-1
Dim rsWords, rsWords_numRows, q, b, hint
q=ucase(request.querystring("q"))
b=(request.querystring("b"))
f=(request.querystring("f"))
a=(request.querystring("a"))
hint=""
Set rsWords = Server.CreateObject("ADODB.Recordset")
rsWords.ActiveConnection = <connection string>
rsWords.Source = "SELECT medName FROM dbo.prescMeds WHERE (medName LIKE'" + q + "%') ORDER BY medName"
rsWords.CursorType = 2
rsWords.CursorLocation = 2
rsWords.LockType = 3
rsWords.Open()
rsWords_numRows = 5
If Not rsWords.EOF Then
Do While Not rsWords.EOF
If trim(hint) = "" Then
hint = "<a href=""javascript:setTextBox('" & rsWords("medName") & "','" & b & "','" & f & "','" & a & "');"">" & rsWords("medName") & "</a>"
Else
hint = hint & " <br /><br /> <a href=""javascript:setTextBox('" & rsWords("medName") & "','" & b & "','" & f & "','" & a & "');"">" & rsWords("medName") & "</a>"
End If
rsWords.MoveNext()
Loop
End If
if trim(hint)="" then
response.write("no suggestion")
else
response.write(hint)
end if
rsWords.Close()
Set rsWords = Nothing
%>
El código Javascript/AJAX para procesar las sugerencias es el siguiente:
var xmlHttp
function showHint(str, box, thisForm, autoSubmit)
{
if (str.length==0)
{
document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML="";
return;
}
xmlHttp=GetXmlHttpObject()
if (xmlHttp==null)
{
alert ("Your browser does not support AJAX!");
return;
}
var url="gethint.asp";
url=url+"?q="+str;
url=url+"&b="+box;
url=url+"&f="+thisForm;
url=url+"&a="+autoSubmit;
url=url+"&sid="+Math.random();
xmlHttp.onreadystatechange=stateChanged;
xmlHttp.open("GET",url,true);
xmlHttp.send(null);
}
function stateChanged()
{
if (xmlHttp.readyState==4)
{
document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML=xmlHttp.responseText;
}
}
function GetXmlHttpObject()
{
var xmlHttp=null;
try
{
// Firefox, Opera 8.0+, Safari
xmlHttp=new XMLHttpRequest();
}
catch (e)
{
// Internet Explorer
try
{
xmlHttp=new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP");
}
catch (e)
{
xmlHttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
}
}
return xmlHttp;
}
//this function allows for Clickable suggestions
function setTextBox(thisText,thisBox,thisForm,autoSubmit)
{
document.getElementById(thisBox).value = thisText
//this autoSubmits the form after a suggestion is clicked - it is not working :(
//if(autoSubmit=='true'){
// alert(thisForm);
// document.getElementById(thisForm).submit();
//
}
}
El código html que usará el script de ASP clásico y el de Javascript / Ajax es el siguiente:
<form action="prescriptions4.asp" method="post">
<input type="text" id="txt1" onkeyup="showHint(this.value,'txt1','form1',true)" />
</form>
<div id="txtHint"></div>
tags: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
'A Tyrannical Situation'; Farmers Caught in Conflict Over Illegal Migrant Workers
Farmers across US are caught in conflict over illegal migrant workers from Mexico on whom their harvests depend; recognition that something needs to be changed is growing on both sides of border, but so is opposition; Republican lawmakers in Washington are pushing biggest temporary-worker legislation since Bracero program, which brought in waves of Mexican workers in 1940's and 1950's; Mexico's president-elect, Vicente Fox, says US should allow Mexican workers to cross Rio Grande as easily as products that make up $196 billion in two-way trade; Clinton administration has rejected both proposals; General Accounting Office estimates that 52 percent of nation's 1.6 million farm workers are in US illegally; Mark Rice, who runs apple orchards in Gradners, Pa, comments on hiring Mexican-born apple pickers; graph; photos (M) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Garmin (GRMN) Beats Earnings & Revenue Estimates in Q2
Garmin Ltd.GRMN reported better-than-expected results in the second quarter of 2018, with revenues and earnings both surpassing the Zacks Consensus Estimate.
Earnings of 99 cents per share beat the consensus mark by 12 cents. Earnings were up 46% sequentially and 13% year over year.
Management focuses on continued innovation, diversification and market expansion to explore growth opportunities in all its business segments. However, macroeconomic challenges remain part of the operating environment.
We observe that shares of Garmin have gained 24.9% in the past 12 months, outperforming the industry 's 6.8% rally.
Let's delve deeper into the numbers.
Revenues
Garmin's second-quarter revenues of $894.5 million beat the Zacks Consensus Estimate of $852.2 million, increasing 25.8% sequentially and 7.6% from the prior-year quarter. The increase was backed by higher demand across fitness, outdoor, marine and aviation segments.
Segmental Revenues
Garmin's Outdoor, Fitness, Marine, Auto/Mobile and Aviation segments generated 23%, 25%, 15%, 20% and 17% of quarterly revenues, respectively. Seasonality resulted in considerable variations in Garmin's quarterly revenues.
Outdoor revenues were up 39.8% sequentially and 3.5% year over year. The year-over-year increase was driven mainly by robust demand for wearables.
The Fitness segment increased 35.6% sequentially and 24.3% from the year-ago quarter. The year-over-year increase was driven by strength in advanced wearables and cycling.
The Marine segment increased 18.5% sequentially and 24% year over year. The year-over-year growth was driven by strength in new products. Also, Navionics' acquisition added to the growth.
The Auto/Mobile segment was up 27.5% sequentially but down 19.3% on a year-over-year basis. The year-over-year decrease was mainly due to shrinking of the personal navigation device (PND) market.
Aviation segment revenues were up 5% sequentially and 23.3% from the prior-year quarter. The increase was mainly driven by new product introductions such as the G5 indicator system, TXi displays and GFCTM 500/600 autopilots.
Revenues by Geography
While America generated 49% (up 26.3% sequentially and 8.9% year over year) of the total revenues, EMEA and APAC contributed 35% (up 25.7% on a sequential basis but down 1.8% on a year-over-year basis) and 16% (up 24.6% sequentially and 28.4% from the year-ago quarter), respectively.
Operating Results
Gross margin was 58.5%, up 30 basis points from the year-ago quarter. Stronger demand across all segments led to gross margin expansion on a year-over-year basis.
Operating expenses of $305.8 million were up 12% from $274.5 million in the year-ago quarter.
GAAP net income was $190.3 million compared with $177 million a year ago.
Balance Sheet
Inventories were down 8.4% sequentially to $501.5 million. Cash and marketable securities were approximately $1.12 billion compared with $1.07 billion in the last reported quarter. The company has no long-term debt.
As the end of the second quarter, the company generated cash flow of $223.9 million from operating activities and free cash flow of $157.1 million.
2018 Guidance
For full-year 2018, management raised its revenues to $3.3 billion from prior expectation of $3.2 billion and pro-forma earnings to $3.30 per share versus earlier projection of $3.05.
The Zacks Consensus Estimate for 2018 revenues and earnings is pegged at $3.25 billion and $3.14 per share, respectively.
Garmin Ltd. Price, Consensus and EPS Surprise
Garmin Ltd. Price, Consensus and EPS Surprise | Garmin Ltd. Quote
Zacks Rank and Other Stocks to Consider
Currently, Garmin carries a Zacks Rank #2 (Buy). Other top-ranked stocks in the same industry include Groupon GRPN , IAC/InterActiveCorp IAC and Integrated Device Technology, Inc. IDTI . While Groupon and IAC/InterActiveCorp sport a Zacks Rank #1 (Strong Buy), Integrated Device Technology holds a Zacks Rank #2. You can see the complete list of today's Zacks #1 Rank stocks here .
Long-term earnings growth for Groupon, IAC/InterActiveCorp and Integrated Device Technology is currently projected to be 3%, 7.5% and 10.9%, respectively.
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To read this article on Zacks.com click here.
Zacks Investment Research
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Life of Colonel Jack (1810).djvu/36
said he, it is business of consequence, I cannot talk here; so we walked out: As soon as we were come out into a narrow lane, by the glass-house, Look here, says he, and pulls out his little hand almost full of money.
I was surprised at the sight, when he puts it up again, and bringing his hand out, Here, says he, you shall have some of it; and gives me a sixpence, and a shillings worth of the small silver pieces. This was very welcome to me, who, as much as I was of a gentleman, and as much as I thought of myself upon that account, never had a shilling of money together before in all my life, not that I could call my own.
I was very earnest then to know how he came by this wealth, for he had for his share 7s. 6d. in money, the silver thimble, and a silk handkerchief, which was in short an estate to him, that never had, as I said of myself, a shilling together in his life.
And what will you do with it now, Jack, said I? I do ? says he, the first thing I do, I'll go into Rag-Fair and buy me a pair of shoes and stockings. That's right, says I, and so will I too; so away we went together, and we bought each of us a pair of Rag-Fair stockings in the first place for 5d, not 5d. a pair, but 5d. together, and good stockings they were too, much above our wear, I assure you. | WIKI |
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