code string | signature string | docstring string | loss_without_docstring float64 | loss_with_docstring float64 | factor float64 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
if isinstance(el, NavigableString):
return type(el)(el)
copy = Tag(None, el.builder, el.name, el.namespace, el.nsprefix)
# work around bug where there is no builder set
# https://bugs.launchpad.net/beautifulsoup/+bug/1307471
copy.attrs = dict(el.attrs)
for attr in ('can_be_empty_el... | def clone_bs4_elem(el) | Clone a bs4 tag before modifying it.
Code from `http://stackoverflow.com/questions/23057631/clone-element-with
-beautifulsoup` | 3.585169 | 3.543571 | 1.011739 |
self._session.get(Zhihu_URL)
r = self._session.get(self._get_captcha_url())
return r.content | def get_captcha(self) | 获取验证码数据。
:return: 验证码图片数据。
:rtype: bytes | 6.398108 | 6.285144 | 1.017973 |
data = {'email': email, 'password': password,
'remember_me': 'true'}
if captcha is not None:
data['captcha'] = captcha
r = self._session.post(Login_URL, data=data)
j = r.json()
code = int(j['r'])
message = j['msg']
cookies_str ... | def login(self, email, password, captcha=None) | 登陆知乎.
:param str email: 邮箱
:param str password: 密码
:param str captcha: 验证码, 默认为None，表示不提交验证码
:return:
======== ======== ============== ====================
元素序号 元素类型 意义 说明
======== ======== ============== ====================
0 ... | 2.73551 | 2.49153 | 1.097924 |
if os.path.isfile(cookies):
with open(cookies) as f:
cookies = f.read()
cookies_dict = json.loads(cookies)
self._session.cookies.update(cookies_dict) | def login_with_cookies(self, cookies) | 使用cookies文件或字符串登录知乎
:param str cookies:
============== ===========================
参数形式 作用
============== ===========================
文件名 将文件内容作为cookies字符串
cookies 字符串 直接提供cookies字符串
============== ==========================... | 2.633849 | 2.432363 | 1.082836 |
print('====== zhihu login =====')
email = input('email: ')
if use_getpass:
password = getpass.getpass('password: ')
else:
password = input("password: ")
if need_captcha:
captcha_data = self.get_captcha()
with open('captch... | def login_in_terminal(self, need_captcha=False, use_getpass=True) | 不使用cookies，在终端中根据提示登陆知乎
:param bool need_captcha: 是否要求输入验证码，如果登录失败请设为 True
:param bool use_getpass: 是否使用安全模式输入密码，默认为 True，
如果在某些 Windows IDE 中无法正常输入密码，请把此参数设置为 False 试试
:return: 如果成功返回cookies字符串
:rtype: str | 2.578979 | 2.606441 | 0.989464 |
cookies_str = self.login_in_terminal(need_captcha, use_getpass)
if cookies_str:
with open(file, 'w') as f:
f.write(cookies_str)
print('cookies file created.')
else:
print('can\'t create cookies.') | def create_cookies(self, file, need_captcha=False, use_getpass=True) | 在终端中执行登录流程，将 cookies 存放在文件中以便后续使用
:param str file: 文件名
:param bool need_captcha: 登录过程中是否使用验证码， 默认为 False
:param bool use_getpass: 是否使用安全模式输入密码，默认为 True，
如果在某些 Windows IDE 中无法正常输入密码，请把此参数设置为 False 试试
:return: | 2.943454 | 3.336029 | 0.882323 |
from random import choice
if https:
self.proxies = [{'http': p, 'https': p} for p in proxies]
else:
self.proxies = [{'http': p} for p in proxies]
def get_with_random_proxy(url, **kwargs):
proxy = choice(self.proxies)
kwargs['prox... | def set_proxy_pool(self, proxies, auth=None, https=True) | 设置代理池
:param proxies: proxy列表, 形如 ``["ip1:port1", "ip2:port2"]``
:param auth: 如果代理需要验证身份, 通过这个参数提供, 比如
:param https: 默认为 True, 传入 False 则不设置 https 代理
.. code-block:: python
from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
auth = HTTPProxyAuth('laike9m', '123')
... | 1.797325 | 1.935954 | 0.928393 |
self.proxies = None
self._session.get = self._session.original_get
self._session.post = self._session.original_post
del self._session.original_get
del self._session.original_post | def remove_proxy_pool(self) | 移除代理池 | 3.279792 | 3.082333 | 1.064061 |
from .me import Me
headers = dict(Default_Header)
headers['Host'] = 'zhuanlan.zhihu.com'
res = self._session.get(Get_Me_Info_Url, headers=headers)
json_data = res.json()
url = json_data['profileUrl']
name = json_data['name']
motto = json_data['bio... | def me(self) | 获取使用特定 cookies 的 Me 实例
:return: cookies对应的Me对象
:rtype: Me | 3.873699 | 3.742579 | 1.035035 |
self._make_soup()
parent_topic_tag = self.soup.find('div', class_='parent-topic')
if parent_topic_tag is None:
yield []
else:
for topic_tag in parent_topic_tag.find_all('a'):
yield Topic(Zhihu_URL + topic_tag['href'],
... | def parents(self) | 获取此话题的父话题。
注意：由于没找到有很多父话题的话题来测试，
所以本方法可能再某些时候出现问题，请不吝反馈。
:return: 此话题的父话题，返回生成器
:rtype: Topic.Iterable | 3.78043 | 3.249895 | 1.163247 |
self._make_soup()
child_topic_tag = self.soup.find('div', class_='child-topic')
if child_topic_tag is None:
return []
elif '共有' not in child_topic_tag.contents[-2].text:
for topic_tag in child_topic_tag.div.find_all('a'):
yield Topic(Zhihu... | def children(self) | 获取此话题的子话题
:return: 此话题的子话题， 返回生成器
:rtype: Topic.Iterable | 3.438081 | 3.311765 | 1.038142 |
from .author import Author, ANONYMOUS
self._make_soup()
gotten_data_num = 20
data = {
'_xsrf': self.xsrf,
'start': '',
'offset': 0
}
while gotten_data_num == 20:
res = self._session.post(
Topic_Get_M... | def followers(self) | 获取话题关注者
:return: 话题关注者，返回生成器
:rtype: Author.Iterable | 4.226947 | 4.118792 | 1.026259 |
img = self.soup.find('a', id='zh-avartar-edit-form').img['src']
return img.replace('_m', '_r') | def photo_url(self) | 获取话题头像图片地址.
:return: 话题头像url
:rtype: str | 13.296858 | 14.145775 | 0.939988 |
from .author import Author, ANONYMOUS
self._make_soup()
t = self.soup.find('div', id='zh-topic-top-answerer')
if t is None:
return
for d in t.find_all('div', class_='zm-topic-side-person-item-content'):
url = Zhihu_URL + d.a['href']
na... | def top_authors(self) | 获取最佳回答者
:return: 此话题下最佳回答者，一般来说是5个，要不就没有，返回生成器
:rtype: Author.Iterable | 5.251022 | 4.71797 | 1.112983 |
from .question import Question
from .answer import Answer
from .author import Author, ANONYMOUS
top_answers_url = Topic_Top_Answers_Url.format(self.id)
params = {'page': 1}
while True:
# 超出50页直接返回
if params['page'] > 50:
r... | def top_answers(self) | 获取话题下的精华答案.
:return: 话题下的精华答案，返回生成器.
:rtype: Answer.Iterable | 2.611468 | 2.510453 | 1.040238 |
from .question import Question
question_url = Topic_Questions_Url.format(self.id)
params = {'page': 1}
older_time_stamp = int(time.time()) * 1000
while True:
res = self._session.get(question_url, params=params)
soup = BeautifulSoup(res.content)
... | def questions(self) | 获取话题下的所有问题（按时间降序排列）
:return: 话题下所有问题，返回生成器
:rtype: Question.Iterable | 2.757412 | 2.614891 | 1.054504 |
from .question import Question
question_url = Topic_Unanswered_Question_Url.format(self.id)
params = {'page': 1}
while True:
res = self._session.get(question_url, params=params)
soup = BeautifulSoup(res.content)
if soup.find('div', class_='err... | def unanswered_questions(self) | 获取话题下的等待回答的问题
什么是「等待回答」的问题：https://www.zhihu.com/question/40470324
:return: 话题下等待回答的问题，返回生成器
:rtype: Question.Iterable | 3.041194 | 2.788214 | 1.090732 |
from .question import Question
from .answer import Answer
from .author import Author, ANONYMOUS
newest_url = Topic_Newest_Url.format(self.id)
params = {'start': 0, '_xsrf': self.xsrf}
res = self._session.get(newest_url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(res.content)
... | def answers(self) | 获取话题下所有答案（按时间降序排列）
:return: 话题下所有答案，返回生成器
:rtype: Answer.Iterable | 3.050071 | 2.851848 | 1.069507 |
from .question import Question
hot_questions_url = Topic_Hot_Questions_Url.format(self.id)
params = {'start': 0, '_xsrf': self.xsrf}
res = self._session.get(hot_questions_url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(res.content)
while True:
questions_duplicate = soup.fi... | def hot_questions(self) | 获取话题下热门的问题
:return: 话题下的热门动态中的问题，按热门度顺序返回生成器
:rtype: Question.Iterable | 3.664018 | 3.478378 | 1.05337 |
from .question import Question
from .author import Author
from .answer import Answer
hot_questions_url = Topic_Hot_Questions_Url.format(self.id)
params = {'start': 0, '_xsrf': self.xsrf}
res = self._session.get(hot_questions_url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(res.... | def hot_answers(self) | 获取话题下热门的回答
:return: 话题下的热门动态中的回答，按热门度顺序返回生成器
:rtype: Question.Iterable | 2.964578 | 2.892556 | 1.024899 |
return re.match(r'^.*/([^/]+)/$', self.url).group(1) \
if self.url is not None else '' | def id(self) | 获取用户id，就是网址最后那一部分.
:return: 用户id
:rtype: str | 6.509048 | 6.439113 | 1.010861 |
div = self.soup.find('div', class_='zm-profile-header-op-btns')
if div is not None:
return div.button['data-id']
else:
ga = self.soup.find('script', attrs={'data-name': 'ga_vars'})
return json.loads(ga.text)['user_hash'] | def hash_id(self) | 获取作者的内部hash id（用不到就忽视吧~）
:return: 用户hash id
:rtype: str | 5.628383 | 4.881176 | 1.153079 |
if self.url is None:
return '匿名用户'
if self.soup is not None:
return self.soup.find('div', class_='title-section').span.text
else:
assert self.card is not None
return self.card.find('span', class_='name').text | def name(self) | 获取用户名字.
:return: 用户名字
:rtype: str | 4.487101 | 4.102652 | 1.093708 |
if self.url is None:
return ''
else:
if self.soup is not None:
bar = self.soup.find(
'div', class_='title-section')
if len(bar.contents) < 4:
return ''
else:
retur... | def motto(self) | 获取用户自我介绍，由于历史原因，我还是把这个属性叫做motto吧.
:return: 用户自我介绍
:rtype: str | 3.457884 | 3.44955 | 1.002416 |
if self.url is not None:
if self.soup is not None:
img = self.soup.find('img', class_='Avatar Avatar--l')['src']
return img.replace('_l', '_r')
else:
assert (self.card is not None)
return PROTOCOL + self.card.img['s... | def photo_url(self) | 获取用户头像图片地址.
:return: 用户头像url
:rtype: str | 6.954608 | 6.543668 | 1.0628 |
if self.url is None:
return 0
else:
number = int(self.soup.find(
'div', class_='zm-profile-side-following').a.strong.text)
return number | def followee_num(self) | 获取关注了多少人.
:return: 关注的人数
:rtype: int | 5.83357 | 5.037823 | 1.157955 |
if self.url is None:
return 0
else:
number = int(self.soup.find(
'div', class_='zm-profile-side-following zg-clear').find_all(
'a')[1].strong.text)
return number | def follower_num(self) | 获取追随者数量，就是关注此人的人数.
:return: 追随者数量
:rtype: int | 5.478661 | 4.761305 | 1.150664 |
if self.url is None:
return 0
else:
number = int(self.soup.find(
'span', class_='zm-profile-header-user-agree').strong.text)
return number | def upvote_num(self) | 获取收到的的赞同数量.
:return: 收到的的赞同数量
:rtype: int | 6.477684 | 5.545155 | 1.16817 |
if self.url is None:
return None
else:
tmp = self.soup.find(
'a', class_='zm-profile-header-user-weibo')
return tmp['href'] if tmp is not None else 'unknown' | def weibo_url(self) | 获取用户微博链接.
:return: 微博链接地址，如没有则返回 ‘unknown’
:rtype: str | 5.379034 | 4.318594 | 1.245552 |
if self.url is not None:
tag = self.soup.find('div', class_='zm-profile-side-topics')
if tag is not None:
return int(re_get_number.match(
tag.parent.strong.text).group(1))
return 0 | def followed_topic_num(self) | 获取用户关注的话题数
:return: 关注的话题数
:rtype: int | 5.43146 | 5.259185 | 1.032757 |
from .question import Question
if self.url is None or self.question_num == 0:
return
for page_index in range(1, (self.question_num - 1) // 20 + 2):
html = self._session.get(
self.url + 'asks?page=' + str(page_index)).text
soup = Beaut... | def questions(self) | 获取用户的所有问题.
:return: 用户的所有问题，返回生成器.
:rtype: Question.Iterable | 2.860006 | 2.693595 | 1.06178 |
from .question import Question
from .answer import Answer
if self.url is None or self.answer_num == 0:
return
for page_index in range(1, (self.answer_num - 1) // 20 + 2):
html = self._session.get(
self.url + 'answers?page=' + str(page_ind... | def answers(self) | 获取用户的所有答案.
:return: 用户所有答案，返回生成器.
:rtype: Answer.Iterable | 2.573105 | 2.489663 | 1.033515 |
from .collection import Collection
if self.url is None or self.collection_num == 0:
return
else:
collection_num = self.collection_num
for page_index in range(1, (collection_num - 1) // 20 + 2):
html = self._session.get(
... | def collections(self) | 获取用户收藏夹.
:return: 用户收藏夹，返回生成器
:rtype: Collection.Iterable | 3.40947 | 3.213354 | 1.061032 |
from .column import Column
if self.url is None or self.post_num == 0:
return
soup = BeautifulSoup(self._session.get(self.url + 'posts').text)
column_list = soup.find('div', class_='column-list')
column_tags = column_list.find_all('div', class_='item')
... | def columns(self) | 获取用户专栏.
:return: 用户专栏，返回生成器
:rtype: Column.Iterable | 3.091011 | 2.813909 | 1.098476 |
from .column import Column
if self.url is None:
return
if self.followed_column_num > 0:
tag = self.soup.find('div', class_='zm-profile-side-columns')
if tag is not None:
for a in tag.find_all('a'):
yield Column(a['h... | def followed_columns(self) | 获取用户关注的专栏.
:return: 用户关注的专栏，返回生成器
:rtype: Column.Iterable | 3.51045 | 3.323222 | 1.05634 |
from .topic import Topic
if self.url is None:
return
if self.followed_topic_num > 0:
tag = self.soup.find('div', class_='zm-profile-side-topics')
if tag is not None:
for a in tag.find_all('a'):
yield Topic(Zhihu_URL... | def followed_topics(self) | 获取用户关注的话题.
:return: 用户关注的话题，返回生成器
:rtype: Topic.Iterable | 3.48986 | 3.383555 | 1.031418 |
from .activity import Activity
if self.url is None:
return
gotten_feed_num = 20
start = '0'
api_url = self.url + 'activities'
while gotten_feed_num == 20:
data = {'_xsrf': self.xsrf, 'start': start}
res = self._session.post(a... | def activities(self) | 获取用户的最近动态.
:return: 最近动态，返回生成器，具体说明见 :class:`.Activity`
:rtype: Activity.Iterable | 5.08177 | 4.883243 | 1.040655 |
self._make_soup()
act = self.soup.find(
'div', class_='zm-profile-section-item zm-item clearfix')
return int(act['data-time']) if act is not None else -1 | def last_activity_time(self) | 获取用户最后一次活动的时间
:return: 用户最后一次活动的时间，返回值为 unix 时间戳
:rtype: int | 5.891836 | 5.975665 | 0.985972 |
return self.upvote_num + self.thank_num + \
self.question_num + self.answer_num == 0 | def is_zero_user(self) | 返回当前用户是否为三零用户，其实是四零： 赞同0，感谢0，提问0，回答0.
:return: 是否是三零用户
:rtype: bool | 8.407869 | 5.015746 | 1.676295 |
f.mcache = {}
f.mrefresh_keyword = refresh_keyword
return decorator.decorator(_memoize, f) | def memoize(f, refresh_keyword='mrefresh') | Memoize decorator. The refresh keyword is the keyword
used to bypass the cache (in the function call). | 6.847397 | 10.178571 | 0.672727 |
# handle string input
if type(arg) == str:
arg = arg.strip()
# parse csv as tickers and create children
if ',' in arg:
arg = arg.split(',')
arg = [x.strip() for x in arg]
# assume single string - create single item list
else:
arg =... | def parse_arg(arg) | Parses arguments for convenience. Argument can be a
csv list ('a,b,c'), a string, a list, a tuple.
Returns a list. | 5.877699 | 5.80276 | 1.012914 |
pattern = re.compile('[\W_]+')
res = pattern.sub('', ticker.split(' ')[0])
return res.lower() | def clean_ticker(ticker) | Cleans a ticker for easier use throughout MoneyTree
Splits by space and only keeps first bit. Also removes
any characters that are not letters. Returns as lowercase.
>>> clean_ticker('^VIX')
'vix'
>>> clean_ticker('SPX Index')
'spx' | 4.554669 | 5.039972 | 0.903709 |
if val < src[0]:
return dst[0]
if val > src[1]:
return dst[1]
return ((val - src[0]) / (src[1] - src[0])) * (dst[1] - dst[0]) + dst[0] | def scale(val, src, dst) | Scale value from src range to dst range.
If value outside bounds, it is clipped and set to
the low or high bound of dst.
Ex:
scale(0, (0.0, 99.0), (-1.0, 1.0)) == -1.0
scale(-5, (0.0, 99.0), (-1.0, 1.0)) == -1.0 | 1.620307 | 1.798956 | 0.900693 |
if isinstance(item, pd.Series):
return item.map(lambda x: format(x, format_str))
elif isinstance(item, pd.DataFrame):
return item.applymap(lambda x: format(x, format_str)) | def as_format(item, format_str='.2f') | Map a format string over a pandas object. | 1.793384 | 1.613469 | 1.111508 |
return (returns.replace(to_replace=np.nan, value=0) + 1).cumprod() * start | def to_price_index(returns, start=100) | Returns a price index given a series of returns.
Args:
* returns: Expects a return series
* start (number): Starting level
Assumes arithmetic returns.
Formula is: cumprod (1+r) | 4.052061 | 5.911827 | 0.685416 |
if isinstance(prices, pd.Series):
return PerformanceStats(prices)
elif isinstance(prices, pd.DataFrame):
return GroupStats(*[prices[x] for x in prices.columns])
else:
raise NotImplementedError('Unsupported type') | def calc_stats(prices) | Calculates performance stats of a given object.
If object is Series, a PerformanceStats object is
returned. If object is DataFrame, a GroupStats object
is returned.
Args:
* prices (Series, DataFrame): Set of prices | 4.591638 | 3.131911 | 1.466082 |
# make a copy so that we don't modify original data
drawdown = prices.copy()
# Fill NaN's with previous values
drawdown = drawdown.fillna(method='ffill')
# Ignore problems with NaN's in the beginning
drawdown[np.isnan(drawdown)] = -np.Inf
# Rolling maximum
roll_max = np.maximum.a... | def to_drawdown_series(prices) | Calculates the `drawdown <https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/drawdown.asp>`_ series.
This returns a series representing a drawdown.
When the price is at all time highs, the drawdown
is 0. However, when prices are below high water marks,
the drawdown series = current / hwm - 1
The max drawdown ca... | 3.922082 | 4.353952 | 0.90081 |
is_zero = drawdown == 0
# find start dates (first day where dd is non-zero after a zero)
start = ~is_zero & is_zero.shift(1)
start = list(start[start == True].index) # NOQA
# find end dates (first day where dd is 0 after non-zero)
end = is_zero & (~is_zero).shift(1)
end = list(end[en... | def drawdown_details(drawdown, index_type=pd.DatetimeIndex) | Returns a data frame with start, end, days (duration) and
drawdown for each drawdown in a drawdown series.
.. note::
days are actual calendar days, not trading days
Args:
* drawdown (pandas.Series): A drawdown Series
(can be obtained w/ drawdown(prices).
Returns:
*... | 2.847473 | 2.888379 | 0.985838 |
start = prices.index[0]
end = prices.index[-1]
return (prices.iloc[-1] / prices.iloc[0]) ** (1 / year_frac(start, end)) - 1 | def calc_cagr(prices) | Calculates the `CAGR (compound annual growth rate) <https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cagr.asp>`_ for a given price series.
Args:
* prices (pandas.Series): A Series of prices.
Returns:
* float -- cagr. | 3.117695 | 3.762838 | 0.828549 |
diff_rets = returns - benchmark_returns
diff_std = np.std(diff_rets, ddof=1)
if np.isnan(diff_std) or diff_std == 0:
return 0.0
return np.divide(diff_rets.mean(), diff_std) | def calc_information_ratio(returns, benchmark_returns) | Calculates the `Information ratio <https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/informationratio.asp>`_ (or `from Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_ratio>`_). | 2.69944 | 2.735784 | 0.986715 |
return t.cdf(returns.calc_information_ratio(other_returns),
len(returns) - 1) | def calc_prob_mom(returns, other_returns) | `Probabilistic momentum <http://cssanalytics.wordpress.com/2014/01/28/are-simple-momentum-strategies-too-dumb-introducing-probabilistic-momentum/>`_ (see `momentum investing <https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/momentum_investing.asp>`_)
Basically the "probability or confidence that one asset
is going to outp... | 11.296884 | 16.522074 | 0.683745 |
dfs = []
for s in series:
if isinstance(s, pd.DataFrame):
dfs.append(s)
elif isinstance(s, pd.Series):
tmpdf = pd.DataFrame({s.name: s})
dfs.append(tmpdf)
else:
raise NotImplementedError('Unsupported merge type')
return pd.concat(... | def merge(*series) | Merge Series and/or DataFrames together.
Returns a DataFrame. | 2.27849 | 2.277547 | 1.000414 |
names = set(df.columns)
for n in names:
if len(df[n].shape) > 1:
# get subset of df w/ colname n
sub = df[n]
# make unique colnames
sub.columns = ['%s-%s' % (n, x) for x in range(sub.shape[1])]
# get colname w/ max # of data
ke... | def drop_duplicate_cols(df) | Removes duplicate columns from a dataframe
and keeps column w/ longest history | 4.568271 | 4.237298 | 1.078109 |
return series.asfreq_actual('M', method=method, how=how) | def to_monthly(series, method='ffill', how='end') | Convenience method that wraps asfreq_actual
with 'M' param (method='ffill', how='end'). | 8.054525 | 3.514014 | 2.292116 |
orig = series
is_series = False
if isinstance(series, pd.Series):
is_series = True
name = series.name if series.name else 'data'
orig = pd.DataFrame({name: series})
# add date column
t = pd.concat([orig, pd.DataFrame({'dt': orig.index.values},
... | def asfreq_actual(series, freq, method='ffill', how='end', normalize=False) | Similar to pandas' asfreq but keeps the actual dates.
For example, if last data point in Jan is on the 29th,
that date will be used instead of the 31st. | 3.324636 | 3.291755 | 1.009989 |
# calc vols
vol = np.divide(1., np.std(returns, ddof=1))
vol[np.isinf(vol)] = np.NaN
volsum = vol.sum()
return np.divide(vol, volsum) | def calc_inv_vol_weights(returns) | Calculates weights proportional to inverse volatility of each column.
Returns weights that are inversely proportional to the column's
volatility resulting in a set of portfolio weights where each position
has the same level of volatility.
Note, that assets with returns all equal to NaN or 0 are exclud... | 4.130804 | 5.667283 | 0.728886 |
def fitness(weights, exp_rets, covar, rf):
# portfolio mean
mean = sum(exp_rets * weights)
# portfolio var
var = np.dot(np.dot(weights, covar), weights)
# utility - i.e. sharpe ratio
util = (mean - rf) / np.sqrt(var)
# negative because we want to maximize... | def calc_mean_var_weights(returns, weight_bounds=(0., 1.),
rf=0.,
covar_method='ledoit-wolf',
options=None) | Calculates the mean-variance weights given a DataFrame of returns.
Args:
* returns (DataFrame): Returns for multiple securities.
* weight_bounds ((low, high)): Weigh limits for optimization.
* rf (float): `Risk-free rate <https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/risk-freerate.asp>`_ used in uti... | 3.043145 | 2.928672 | 1.039087 |
def fitness(weights, covar):
# total risk contributions
# trc = weights*np.matmul(covar,weights)/np.sqrt(np.matmul(weights.T,np.matmul(covar,weights)))
# instead of using the true definition for trc we will use the optimization on page 5
trc = weights * np.matmul(covar, weight... | def _erc_weights_slsqp(
x0,
cov,
b,
maximum_iterations,
tolerance
) | Calculates the equal risk contribution / risk parity weights given
a DataFrame of returns.
Args:
* x0 (np.array): Starting asset weights.
* cov (np.array): covariance matrix.
* b (np.array): Risk target weights. By definition target total risk contributions are all equal which makes this redund... | 4.487516 | 4.181559 | 1.073168 |
n = len(x0)
x = x0.copy()
var = np.diagonal(cov)
ctr = cov.dot(x)
sigma_x = np.sqrt(x.T.dot(ctr))
for iteration in range(maximum_iterations):
for i in range(n):
alpha = var[i]
beta = ctr[i] - x[i] * alpha
gamma = -b[i] * sigma_x
x_t... | def _erc_weights_ccd(x0,
cov,
b,
maximum_iterations,
tolerance) | Calculates the equal risk contribution / risk parity weights given
a DataFrame of returns.
Args:
* x0 (np.array): Starting asset weights.
* cov (np.array): covariance matrix.
* b (np.array): Risk target weights.
* maximum_iterations (int): Maximum iterations in iterative solutio... | 2.859864 | 2.833553 | 1.009286 |
n = len(returns.columns)
# calc covariance matrix
if covar_method == 'ledoit-wolf':
covar = sklearn.covariance.ledoit_wolf(returns)[0]
elif covar_method == 'standard':
covar = returns.cov().values
else:
raise NotImplementedError('covar_method not implemented')
# in... | def calc_erc_weights(returns,
initial_weights=None,
risk_weights=None,
covar_method='ledoit-wolf',
risk_parity_method='ccd',
maximum_iterations=100,
tolerance=1E-8) | Calculates the equal risk contribution / risk parity weights given a
DataFrame of returns.
Args:
* returns (DataFrame): Returns for multiple securities.
* initial_weights (list): Starting asset weights [default inverse vol].
* risk_weights (list): Risk target weights [default equal weig... | 2.379554 | 2.266916 | 1.049688 |
x = pd.to_datetime('2010-01-01')
delta = x - (x - offset)
# convert to 'trading days' - rough guestimate
days = delta.days * 0.69
if period == 'd':
req = days * perc_required
elif period == 'm':
req = (days / 20) * perc_required
elif period == 'y':
req = (days /... | def get_num_days_required(offset, period='d', perc_required=0.90) | Estimates the number of days required to assume that data is OK.
Helper function used to determine if there are enough "good" data
days over a given period.
Args:
* offset (DateOffset): Offset (lookback) period.
* period (str): Period string.
* perc_required (float): percentage of ... | 3.814085 | 4.047316 | 0.942374 |
# calculate correlation
corr = returns.corr()
# calculate dissimilarity matrix
diss = 1 - corr
# scale down to 2 dimensions using MDS
# (multi-dimensional scaling) using the
# dissimilarity matrix
mds = sklearn.manifold.MDS(dissimilarity='precomputed')
xy = mds.fit_transform(d... | def calc_clusters(returns, n=None, plot=False) | Calculates the clusters based on k-means
clustering.
Args:
* returns (pd.DataFrame): DataFrame of returns
* n (int): Specify # of clusters. If None, this
will be automatically determined
* plot (bool): Show plot?
Returns:
* dict with structure: {cluster# : [col ... | 3.335124 | 3.288474 | 1.014186 |
# cluster index (name)
i = 0
# correlation matrix
corr = returns.corr()
# remaining securities to cluster
remain = list(corr.index.copy())
n = len(remain)
res = {}
while n > 0:
# if only one left then create cluster and finish
if n == 1:
i += 1
... | def calc_ftca(returns, threshold=0.5) | Implementation of David Varadi's `Fast Threshold Clustering Algorithm (FTCA) <http://cssanalytics.wordpress.com/2013/11/26/fast-threshold-clustering-algorithm-ftca/>`_.
http://cssanalytics.wordpress.com/2013/11/26/fast-threshold-clustering-algorithm-ftca/ # NOQA
More stable than k-means for clustering purpos... | 2.783742 | 2.707183 | 1.02828 |
if 1.0 / limit > len(weights):
raise ValueError('invalid limit -> 1 / limit must be <= len(weights)')
if isinstance(weights, dict):
weights = pd.Series(weights)
if np.round(weights.sum(), 1) != 1.0:
raise ValueError('Expecting weights (that sum to 1) - sum is %s'
... | def limit_weights(weights, limit=0.1) | Limits weights and redistributes excedent amount
proportionally.
ex:
- weights are {a: 0.7, b: 0.2, c: 0.1}
- call with limit=0.5
- excess 0.2 in a is ditributed to b and c
proportionally.
- result is {a: 0.5, b: 0.33, c: 0.167}
Args:
* weights (Seri... | 4.19982 | 4.170558 | 1.007016 |
low = bounds[0]
high = bounds[1]
if high < low:
raise ValueError('Higher bound must be greater or '
'equal to lower bound')
if n * high < total or n * low > total:
raise ValueError('solution not possible with given n and bounds')
w = [0] * n
tgt =... | def random_weights(n, bounds=(0., 1.), total=1.0) | Generate pseudo-random weights.
Returns a list of random weights that is of length
n, where each weight is in the range bounds, and
where the weights sum up to total.
Useful for creating random portfolios when benchmarking.
Args:
* n (int): number of random weights
* bounds ((low,... | 3.667985 | 3.935066 | 0.932128 |
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=figsize)
heatmap = ax.pcolor(data, vmin=vmin, vmax=vmax, cmap=cmap)
# for some reason heatmap has the y values backwards....
ax.invert_yaxis()
if title is not None:
plt.title(title)
if show_legend:
fig.colorbar(heatmap)
if show_labels:
... | def plot_heatmap(data, title='Heatmap', show_legend=True,
show_labels=True, label_fmt='.2f',
vmin=None, vmax=None,
figsize=None, label_color='w',
cmap='RdBu', **kwargs) | Plot a heatmap using matplotlib's pcolor.
Args:
* data (DataFrame): DataFrame to plot. Usually small matrix (ex.
correlation matrix).
* title (string): Plot title
* show_legend (bool): Show color legend
* show_labels (bool): Show value labels
* label_fmt (str): L... | 1.984988 | 2.04528 | 0.970521 |
res = data.copy()
res[:] = np.nan
n = len(data)
if window > n:
return res
for i in range(window - 1, n):
res.iloc[i] = fn(data.iloc[i - window + 1:i + 1])
return res | def rollapply(data, window, fn) | Apply a function fn over a rolling window of size window.
Args:
* data (Series or DataFrame): Series or DataFrame
* window (int): Window size
* fn (function): Function to apply over the rolling window.
For a series, the return value is expected to be a single
number.... | 2.481694 | 3.237607 | 0.766521 |
if isinstance(x, pd.Series):
if x.count() == 0:
return x
notnanx = ~np.isnan(x)
x[notnanx] = scipy.stats.mstats.winsorize(x[notnanx],
limits=limits)
return x
else:
return scipy.stats.mstats.winsorize(x, l... | def _winsorize_wrapper(x, limits) | Wraps scipy winsorize function to drop na's | 2.458584 | 2.239484 | 1.097835 |
# operate on copy
x = x.copy()
if isinstance(x, pd.DataFrame):
return x.apply(_winsorize_wrapper, axis=axis, args=(limits, ))
else:
return pd.Series(_winsorize_wrapper(x, limits).values,
index=x.index) | def winsorize(x, axis=0, limits=0.01) | `Winsorize <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsorizing>`_ values based on limits | 3.216815 | 3.478717 | 0.924713 |
def innerfn(x, min, max):
return np.interp(x, [np.min(x), np.max(x)], [min, max])
if isinstance(x, pd.DataFrame):
return x.apply(innerfn, axis=axis, args=(min, max,))
else:
return pd.Series(innerfn(x, min, max), index=x.index) | def rescale(x, min=0., max=1., axis=0) | Rescale values to fit a certain range [min, max] | 2.46394 | 2.364665 | 1.041983 |
if type(rf) is float and rf != 0 and nperiods is None:
raise Exception('nperiods must be set if rf != 0 and rf is not a price series')
er = returns.to_excess_returns(rf, nperiods=nperiods)
negative_returns = np.minimum(returns[1:], 0.)
std = np.std(negative_returns, ddof=1)
res = np.d... | def calc_sortino_ratio(returns, rf=0., nperiods=None, annualize=True) | Calculates the `Sortino ratio <https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sortinoratio.asp>`_ given a series of returns (see `Sharpe vs. Sortino <https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/010815/what-difference-between-sharpe-ratio-and-sortino-ratio.asp>`_).
Args:
* returns (Series or DataFrame): Returns
... | 4.16068 | 4.155534 | 1.001238 |
if type(rf) is float and nperiods is not None:
_rf = deannualize(rf, nperiods)
else:
_rf = rf
return returns - _rf | def to_excess_returns(returns, rf, nperiods=None) | Given a series of returns, it will return the excess returns over rf.
Args:
* returns (Series, DataFrame): Returns
* rf (float, Series): `Risk-Free rate(s) <https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/risk-freerate.asp>`_ expressed in annualized term or return series
* nperiods (int): Optional. If... | 5.279886 | 3.877302 | 1.361742 |
dd = prices.to_drawdown_series()
return np.divide(np.sqrt(np.sum(np.power(dd, 2))), dd.count()) | def to_ulcer_index(prices) | Converts from prices -> `Ulcer index <https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/ulcerindex.asp>`_
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulcer_index
Args:
* prices (Series, DataFrame): Prices | 6.428133 | 7.979998 | 0.805531 |
if type(rf) is float and rf != 0 and nperiods is None:
raise Exception('nperiods must be set if rf != 0 and rf is not a price series')
er = prices.to_returns().to_excess_returns(rf, nperiods=nperiods)
return np.divide(er.mean(), prices.to_ulcer_index()) | def to_ulcer_performance_index(prices, rf=0., nperiods=None) | Converts from prices -> `ulcer performance index <https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/ulcerindex.asp>`_.
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulcer_index
Args:
* prices (Series, DataFrame): Prices
* rf (float, Series): `Risk-free rate of return <https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/risk-freerate... | 5.555897 | 6.945306 | 0.79995 |
# stats = []
if type(returns) is pd.Series:
stats = pd.Series(index=range(num_trials))
elif type(returns) is pd.DataFrame:
stats = pd.DataFrame(
index=range(num_trials),
columns=returns.columns
)
else:
raise(TypeError("returns needs to be a S... | def resample_returns(
returns,
func,
seed=0,
num_trials=100
) | Resample the returns and calculate any statistic on every new sample.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resampling_(statistics)
:param returns (Series, DataFrame): Returns
:param func: Given the resampled returns calculate a statistic
:param seed: Seed for random number generator
:param num_trials: Nu... | 2.396432 | 2.415652 | 0.992044 |
PandasObject.to_returns = to_returns
PandasObject.to_log_returns = to_log_returns
PandasObject.to_price_index = to_price_index
PandasObject.rebase = rebase
PandasObject.calc_perf_stats = calc_perf_stats
PandasObject.to_drawdown_series = to_drawdown_series
PandasObject.calc_max_drawdown ... | def extend_pandas() | Extends pandas' PandasObject (Series, Series,
DataFrame) with some functions defined in this file.
This facilitates common functional composition used in quant
finance.
Ex:
prices.to_returns().dropna().calc_clusters()
(where prices would be a DataFrame) | 2.533129 | 2.436946 | 1.039469 |
self.rf = rf
# Note, that we recalculate everything.
self._update(self.prices) | def set_riskfree_rate(self, rf) | Set annual risk-free rate property and calculate properly annualized
monthly and daily rates. Then performance stats are recalculated.
Affects only this instance of the PerformanceStats.
Args:
* rf (float): Annual `risk-free rate <https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/risk-freerate.a... | 17.087055 | 14.893752 | 1.147263 |
print('Stats for %s from %s - %s' % (self.name, self.start, self.end))
if type(self.rf) is float:
print('Annual risk-free rate considered: %s' % (fmtp(self.rf)))
print('Summary:')
data = [[fmtp(self.total_return), fmtn(self.daily_sharpe),
fmtp(self.c... | def display(self) | Displays an overview containing descriptive stats for the Series
provided. | 2.135701 | 2.113346 | 1.010578 |
data = [['Year', 'Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May',
'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec', 'YTD']]
for k in self.return_table.index:
r = self.return_table.loc[k].values
data.append([k] + [fmtpn(x) for x in r])
print(tabulate(data, heade... | def display_monthly_returns(self) | Display a table containing monthly returns and ytd returns
for every year in range. | 3.090467 | 2.728934 | 1.132482 |
if title is None:
title = self._get_default_plot_title(
self.name, freq, 'Return Histogram')
ser = self._get_series(freq).to_returns().dropna()
plt.figure(figsize=figsize)
ax = ser.hist(bins=bins, figsize=figsize, normed=True, **kwargs)
ax.s... | def plot_histogram(self, freq=None, figsize=(15, 5), title=None,
bins=20, **kwargs) | Plots a histogram of returns given a return frequency.
Args:
* freq (str): Data frequency used for display purposes.
This will dictate the type of returns
(daily returns, monthly, ...)
Refer to pandas docs for valid period strings.
* figsi... | 3.69052 | 3.598095 | 1.025687 |
stats = self._stats()
data = []
first_row = ['Stat', self.name]
data.append(sep.join(first_row))
for stat in stats:
k, n, f = stat
# blank row
if k is None:
row = [''] * len(data[0])
data.append(sep.j... | def to_csv(self, sep=',', path=None) | Returns a CSV string with appropriate formatting.
If path is not None, the string will be saved to file
at path.
Args:
* sep (char): Separator
* path (str): If None, CSV string returned. Else file written
to specified path. | 2.923039 | 2.976406 | 0.98207 |
for key in self._names:
self[key].set_riskfree_rate(rf)
# calculate stats for entire series
self._update_stats() | def set_riskfree_rate(self, rf) | Set annual `risk-free rate <https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/risk-freerate.asp>`_ property and calculate properly annualized
monthly and daily rates. Then performance stats are recalculated.
Affects only those instances of PerformanceStats that are children of
this GroupStats object.
... | 9.047575 | 7.620552 | 1.18726 |
start = self._start if start is None else pd.to_datetime(start)
end = self._end if end is None else pd.to_datetime(end)
self._update(self._prices.loc[start:end]) | def set_date_range(self, start=None, end=None) | Update date range of stats, charts, etc. If None then
the original date range is used. So to reset to the original
range, just call with no args.
Args:
* start (date): start date
* end (end): end date | 3.194659 | 3.788594 | 0.843231 |
data = []
first_row = ['Stat']
first_row.extend(self._names)
data.append(first_row)
stats = self._stats()
for stat in stats:
k, n, f = stat
# blank row
if k is None:
row = [''] * len(data[0])
d... | def display(self) | Display summary stats table. | 3.430615 | 3.326663 | 1.031248 |
return self.lookback_returns.apply(
lambda x: x.map('{:,.2%}'.format), axis=1) | def display_lookback_returns(self) | Displays the current lookback returns for each series. | 5.755013 | 4.44975 | 1.293334 |
if title is None:
title = self._get_default_plot_title(
freq, 'Equity Progression')
ser = self._get_series(freq).rebase()
return ser.plot(figsize=figsize, logy=logy,
title=title, **kwargs) | def plot(self, freq=None, figsize=(15, 5), title=None,
logy=False, **kwargs) | Helper function for plotting the series.
Args:
* freq (str): Data frequency used for display purposes.
Refer to pandas docs for valid freq strings.
* figsize ((x,y)): figure size
* title (str): Title if default not appropriate
* logy (bool): log-s... | 5.912335 | 6.259909 | 0.944476 |
if title is None:
title = self._get_default_plot_title(
freq, 'Return Scatter Matrix')
plt.figure()
ser = self._get_series(freq).to_returns().dropna()
pd.scatter_matrix(ser, figsize=figsize, **kwargs)
return plt.suptitle(title) | def plot_scatter_matrix(self, freq=None, title=None,
figsize=(10, 10), **kwargs) | Wrapper around pandas' scatter_matrix.
Args:
* freq (str): Data frequency used for display purposes.
Refer to pandas docs for valid freq strings.
* figsize ((x,y)): figure size
* title (str): Title if default not appropriate
* kwargs: passed to pa... | 4.892009 | 5.155019 | 0.94898 |
if title is None:
title = self._get_default_plot_title(
freq, 'Return Histogram Matrix')
plt.figure()
ser = self._get_series(freq).to_returns().dropna()
ser.hist(figsize=figsize, **kwargs)
return plt.suptitle(title) | def plot_histograms(self, freq=None, title=None,
figsize=(10, 10), **kwargs) | Wrapper around pandas' hist.
Args:
* freq (str): Data frequency used for display purposes.
Refer to pandas docs for valid freq strings.
* figsize ((x,y)): figure size
* title (str): Title if default not appropriate
* kwargs: passed to pandas' hist... | 5.446325 | 5.848025 | 0.93131 |
if title is None:
title = self._get_default_plot_title(
freq, 'Return Correlation Matrix')
rets = self._get_series(freq).to_returns().dropna()
return rets.plot_corr_heatmap(title=title, figsize=figsize, **kwargs) | def plot_correlation(self, freq=None, title=None,
figsize=(12, 6), **kwargs) | Utility function to plot correlations.
Args:
* freq (str): Pandas data frequency alias string
* title (str): Plot title
* figsize (tuple (x,y)): figure size
* kwargs: passed to Pandas' plot_corr_heatmap function | 4.828103 | 4.598275 | 1.049981 |
data = []
first_row = ['Stat']
first_row.extend(self._names)
data.append(sep.join(first_row))
stats = self._stats()
for stat in stats:
k, n, f = stat
# blank row
if k is None:
row = [''] * len(data[0])
... | def to_csv(self, sep=',', path=None) | Returns a CSV string with appropriate formatting.
If path is not None, the string will be saved to file
at path.
Args:
* sep (char): Separator
* path (str): If None, CSV string returned. Else file
written to specified path. | 2.669036 | 2.785176 | 0.958301 |
if provider is None:
provider = DEFAULT_PROVIDER
tickers = utils.parse_arg(tickers)
data = {}
for ticker in tickers:
t = ticker
f = None
# check for field
bits = ticker.split(ticker_field_sep, 1)
if len(bits) == 2:
t = bits[0]
... | def get(tickers, provider=None, common_dates=True, forward_fill=False,
clean_tickers=True, column_names=None, ticker_field_sep=':',
mrefresh=False, existing=None, **kwargs) | Helper function for retrieving data as a DataFrame.
Args:
* tickers (list, string, csv string): Tickers to download.
* provider (function): Provider to use for downloading data.
By default it will be ffn.DEFAULT_PROVIDER if not provided.
* common_dates (bool): Keep common dates ... | 2.570698 | 2.466571 | 1.042216 |
if source == 'yahoo' and field is None:
field = 'Adj Close'
tmp = _download_web(ticker, data_source=source,
start=start, end=end)
if tmp is None:
raise ValueError('failed to retrieve data for %s:%s' % (ticker, field))
if field:
return tmp[field]
... | def web(ticker, field=None, start=None, end=None,
mrefresh=False, source='yahoo') | Data provider wrapper around pandas.io.data provider. Provides
memoization. | 3.232705 | 3.527082 | 0.916538 |
# set defaults if not specified
if 'index_col' not in kwargs:
kwargs['index_col'] = 0
if 'parse_dates' not in kwargs:
kwargs['parse_dates'] = True
# read in dataframe from csv file
df = pd.read_csv(path, **kwargs)
tf = ticker
if field is not '' and field is not None:
... | def csv(ticker, path='data.csv', field='', mrefresh=False, **kwargs) | Data provider wrapper around pandas' read_csv. Provides memoization. | 3.110095 | 3.059613 | 1.0165 |
# determine defaults
if limit == 0:
limit = config.look_limit
if vrepr is None:
vrepr = config.look_vrepr
if index_header is None:
index_header = config.look_index_header
if style is None:
style = config.look_style
if width is None:
width = config.lo... | def look(table, limit=0, vrepr=None, index_header=None, style=None,
truncate=None, width=None) | Format a portion of the table as text for inspection in an interactive
session. E.g.::
>>> import petl as etl
>>> table1 = [['foo', 'bar'],
... ['a', 1],
... ['b', 2]]
>>> etl.look(table1)
+-----+-----+
| foo | bar |
+=====+=====+
... | 1.795305 | 1.954374 | 0.918609 |
kwargs['vrepr'] = str
return look(table, limit=limit, **kwargs) | def lookstr(table, limit=0, **kwargs) | Like :func:`petl.util.vis.look` but use str() rather than repr() for data
values. | 8.259012 | 6.367799 | 1.296996 |
# determine defaults
if limit == 0:
limit = config.see_limit
if vrepr is None:
vrepr = config.see_vrepr
if index_header is None:
index_header = config.see_index_header
return See(table, limit=limit, vrepr=vrepr, index_header=index_header) | def see(table, limit=0, vrepr=None, index_header=None) | Format a portion of a table as text in a column-oriented layout for
inspection in an interactive session. E.g.::
>>> import petl as etl
>>> table = [['foo', 'bar'], ['a', 1], ['b', 2]]
>>> etl.see(table)
foo: 'a', 'b'
bar: 1, 2
Useful for tables with a larger number of ... | 2.292089 | 2.639462 | 0.868392 |
from IPython.core.display import display_html
html = _display_html(table, limit=limit, vrepr=vrepr,
index_header=index_header, caption=caption,
tr_style=tr_style, td_styles=td_styles,
encoding=encoding, truncate=truncate,
... | def display(table, limit=0, vrepr=None, index_header=None, caption=None,
tr_style=None, td_styles=None, encoding=None, truncate=None,
epilogue=None) | Display a table inline within an IPython notebook. | 1.670899 | 1.686556 | 0.990717 |
return XLSXView(filename, sheet=sheet, range_string=range_string,
row_offset=row_offset, column_offset=column_offset,
**kwargs) | def fromxlsx(filename, sheet=None, range_string=None, row_offset=0,
column_offset=0, **kwargs) | Extract a table from a sheet in an Excel .xlsx file.
N.B., the sheet name is case sensitive.
The `sheet` argument can be omitted, in which case the first sheet in
the workbook is used by default.
The `range_string` argument can be used to provide a range string
specifying a range of cells to extr... | 2.326663 | 2.931928 | 0.793561 |
import openpyxl
if encoding is None:
encoding = locale.getpreferredencoding()
wb = openpyxl.Workbook(write_only=True)
ws = wb.create_sheet(title=sheet)
for row in tbl:
ws.append(row)
wb.save(filename) | def toxlsx(tbl, filename, sheet=None, encoding=None) | Write a table to a new Excel .xlsx file. | 2.093469 | 2.09941 | 0.997171 |
# convenience for working with sqlite3
if isinstance(dbo, string_types):
import sqlite3
dbo = sqlite3.connect(dbo)
return DbView(dbo, query, *args, **kwargs) | def fromdb(dbo, query, *args, **kwargs) | Provides access to data from any DB-API 2.0 connection via a given query.
E.g., using :mod:`sqlite3`::
>>> import petl as etl
>>> import sqlite3
>>> connection = sqlite3.connect('example.db')
>>> table = etl.fromdb(connection, 'SELECT * FROM example')
E.g., using :mod:`psycopg2... | 5.250022 | 7.897763 | 0.664748 |
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