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# -*- tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; py-indent-offset: 4 -*-
#
# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
#
from uitest.framework import UITestCase
from uitest.uihelper.common import get_state_as_dict
from uitest.uihelper.common import select_pos
from uitest.uihelper.calc import enter_text_to_cell
from libreoffice.calc.document import get_cell_by_position
from libreoffice.uno.propertyvalue import mkPropertyValues
#Bug 73006 - EDITING: Results filled in wrong cells after Text to Columns
class tdf73006(UITestCase):
def test_tdf73006_text_to_columns(self):
calc_doc = self.ui_test.create_doc_in_start_center("calc")
xCalcDoc = self.xUITest.getTopFocusWindow()
gridwin = xCalcDoc.getChild("grid_window")
document = self.ui_test.get_component()
#Add data
enter_text_to_cell(gridwin, "A2", "A B")
#select column A
gridwin.executeAction("SELECT", mkPropertyValues({"CELL": "A1"}))
self.xUITest.executeCommand(".uno:SelectColumn")
# Data - Text to Columns
self.ui_test.execute_dialog_through_command(".uno:TextToColumns")
xDialog = self.xUITest.getTopFocusWindow()
xspace = xDialog.getChild("space")
if (get_state_as_dict(xspace)["Selected"]) == "false":
xspace.executeAction("CLICK", tuple())
# Click Ok
xOK = xDialog.getChild("ok")
self.ui_test.close_dialog_through_button(xOK)
#Verify
self.assertEqual(get_cell_by_position(document, 0, 0, 1).getString(), "A")
self.assertEqual(get_cell_by_position(document, 0, 1, 1).getString(), "B")
self.ui_test.close_doc()
# vim: set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'bfc900ba1ce9acfbca8e1fe71d69ad5570c61a8feea70822954dfe9a6c6935dc'} |
How To Prevent Forest Fires
How can you and authorities prevent forest fires?
An average of 1.2 million acres of US woodland burn each year because of forest fires, and humans start 90% of these fires. Weather conditions and the environment directly contribute to the cause or worsening of a fire, but there are many things that you can do to prevent forest fires. And once you’ve done all that you can, there are many things that professionals can do as well.
What You Can Do To Prevent Forest Fires
A major reason for human-caused forest fires is the misuse of fire or sparks. Many of these are clearly irresponsible, such as building a campfire near flammable materials like logs, brush, and decaying leaves, not leaving your campfire cold to the touch, or and not having someone watch your fire the entirety of its burn.
Firefighter puts water on the forest fire
An illegal campfire caused the Soberanes Fire in Los Padres National Park, CA. Photo Credit: U.S. Forest Service
However, less obvious mistakes can also cause fires. Specifically, doing something that is safe in typical conditions but can be detrimental when the weather conditions are hot, dry, and windy. For example, operating certain equipment like a lawnmower is usually fine, but should be avoided in these conditions. Additionally, fireworks can be an exciting addition to your camping trip or barbeque, but they also start over 19,000 fires in the United States each year. Be sure to check your local, state, and city regulations before using fireworks.
Another thing you should remember is to keep your vehicles off of dry grass. Your exhaust can reach temperatures of over 1,000 degrees which can easily cause fires, especially while off-roading. Additionally, if you are driving a trailer, check that your tires are not worn, the bearings and axles are greased, and safety chains are not dragging on the ground.
Even if you are practicing fire safety, you can carry certain things in your vehicle to help put out a fire before it gets too big. Having a shovel, bucket, and fire extinguisher in your vehicle can help save lives, especially if you live in a fire-prone area.
What Professionals Can Do To Prevent Forest Fires
While there are many things that we can do to prevent the chances of a forest fire, there are professionals who make it their job to prevent forest fires. One way professionals can prevent forest fires is by thinning forests. By thinning a forest by 50%, they sequester carbon, increase wildlife habitat, and decrease forest fires. The process of thinning forests may seem counterproductive, but it can greatly help the forest and reduce forest fires.
ponsee harvester in action
A Ponsse harvester in action. Photo Credit: TimberLine Magazine
Another way professionals prevent future fires actually takes place right after another fire. After a fire, there are six months to process the wood before it is unusable. In order to optimize this time and the wood, professional foresters use trucks like Ponsse’s Harvester and Forwarder to salvage the burnt timber and to take it to the sawmill. The wood is then debarked and used for fuel or mulch, or it is sold as logs after it is cut, grated, and dried. In addition to collecting the dead trees, professionals also need to take down the remaining trees in the affected area because they will either die shortly or blow over, causing more damage.
This post-fire salvage not only reduces the chances of a fire happening, but it also supports the local timber industry and promotes future forest development. Salvaging forests after a fire is key to preventing forest fires, and it will play an important role in the future of forestry.
Explore the World of Innovation, and discover the science behind roller coasters, the evolution of energy, and what you need to know about electronic recycling.
To watch professionals prevent fires in action, stream Tomorrow’s World Today’s “The Power of Air” on SCIGo and Discovery GO.
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Discover More | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9247871041297911}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '227186', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:G3AJ4BZY2NKVNUXWLVAXWJP3HTW42QYX', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:14303450-8c14-4dd6-a6b6-677fbeb2de4b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2022, 11, 27, 1, 23, 46), 'WARC-IP-Address': '50.116.61.239', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:JABVVCEYMHFLWEO2A2LOPDTXL5WCAMDW', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:bbcde7dc-94da-4bed-99dc-67435df4883f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.tomorrowsworldtoday.com/2021/08/02/how-to-prevent-forest-fires/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:53696cbf-680d-4551-8b0f-a2b2f0744ae3>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '686', 'url': 'https://www.tomorrowsworldtoday.com/2021/08/02/how-to-prevent-forest-fires/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2022-49\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November/December 2022\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-40\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.19 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.4-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.1140061616897583', 'original_id': '450eeed15fcfd43c76a9087764ef1ad9374def9f92af2acd28bf14d9defff319'} |
Some Marketable Skills You Can Learn Online for Free
For the first time in history, people technology gives people 24/7 access to most knowledge that was ever worth knowing. This is really good for people who are comfortable accessing it and really expensive for people who don’t. With that being said, here is a list of marketable skills you can pick up online for free. You might even be able to make decent money doing these when times are tough. I numbered them for dramatic affect, but you should know they are in no particular order or rank.
5. Adobe Creative Suite (with some html)
Even though web design is the first title on this arbitrary list, I should start by saying it sort of doesn’t really belong here. I’ll write about it anyways though. Adobe Creative Suite is an extremely powerful set of programs. They are multi-industry standards that most people can’t just pick up. With the right amount of time on your hands, and some googling of course, you can be making your own web page layouts, or editing your own photos in a matter of days. Where do you begin? I started doing this with photoshop about 8 years ago by searching “Good Photoshop Tutorials.” My result, good-tutorials.com. Its pretty much a conglomeration of tutorials from all over the internet. They lie, not all the tutorials are good, but there’s enough of them for you to get the gist of things. I would suggest running through them multiple times and take into consideration exactly how each step alters the final product. Why don’t I think this doesn’t fit on the list? Some would say being good at the Adobe Creative Suite requires a certain level of artistic understanding. In the very least you need to know what looks good. Also, it requires a lot of patience. All of this effort can certainly pay off though. Good freelancers can charge upwards of $50; not to mention the perks of working at home on your own time. Serious bonus points for people who manage to learn photoshop and basic programming skills.
4. Car Repairs
My car needs new brake shoes. I didn’t expect this to really be a big deal at first, but then again I don’t know anything about cars. I went to a mechanic and asked for some prices. Estimates ranged from $180-$500. I came home (obviously with the same shitty old brake pads) and did some research. This is what I found. Most popular video sharing sites have a slew of how to videos on basic car repairs. And as you can see (and probably already know) basic car repairs cost a shit ton of money. You probably won’t be a professional mechanic or anything by the end of these videos, but you will have saved a few hundred dollars. Thats perfect for spending on future SuperProfundo branded paraphernalia. The hard part is finding out what repair needs to be made on the car. How is this marketable? I’d imagine since mechanics are expensive for everyone (not just me) people will be willing to pay you to do something along these lines.
3. Small Electronic Repairs
We live in a throw away culture. iPods, computers and even digital cameras are used until they break. Once this happens people tend to replace the item rather than repair it. Unfortunately, for most people this makes a lot of sense (electronics repairs are expensive!). For better people on the other hand, it doesn’t. Its very easy for find replacement parts for common electronics online. eBay, Amazon Marketplace, and Google Product Search are good starting points. Parts are usually pretty cheap and often don’t come with install instructions.
Four months ago I cracked the top glass on my iPhone 3G. I was bummed about it, it sucked. About 20 minutes later, I found a new top glass on eBay for $8. This got me thinking, how hard could this be? Worst comes to worst I break my broken iPhone. Even broken iPhones go for a lot on eBay. Anyways, iFixit.com. Seriously an amazing place. They have a database of tutorials that show you how to replace almost any part in a bunch of popular electronics. I read through the tutorial, decided that I was going to take the risk and ordered the part. It actually wasn’t very difficult at all. Unfortunately there is a slight risk involved, but I would say that if you are even somewhat confident in yourself its a risk worth taking. If you have the necessary tools and get good at it, you can offer to repair broken electronics for people. Better yet you can buy broken electronics for cheap, repair them and do what you want.
2. PHP w/ SQL
For those of you who aren’t sure what PHP or SQL are, I will paste in the first two sentences from their respective wikipedia entries to fill you in.
SQL (officially pronounced /ˌɛskjuːˈɛl/ like “S-Q-L” but often pronounced /ˈsiːkwəl/ like “sequel”),[1] often referred to asStructured Query Language[2][3] (however, there is some debate about its expansion[4]), is a database computer language designed for managing data in relational database management systems (RDBMS), and originally based upon relational algebra. Its scope includes data insert, query, update and delete, schema creation and modification, and data access control.
If you’re reading this you are already at a huge advantage when it comes to computer programming, since most computer languages are based off of english. SQL is a databasing language. You can store enormous amounts of data into a “table” and then retrieve it dynamically with PHP. Php.net has a very complete list of tutorials you can use to work with PHP. When learning a programming language this way there is one very important thing to remember. Don’t get caught up in learning syntax, the idea is to learn what it does and how to apply it. The syntax can be referenced from the internet whenever you want! This duo of programming languages alone can be used to code shopping carts, content management systems, account systems and even blogs (pretty much, it can do anything). Freelance PHP work pays just as well as website design does but without the need for the “artistic understanding” I mentioned earlier. If you can master both then you’re in good shape.
1. Excel Macros
Most serious jobs involve working with excel at some point. When most people go about doing this they end up doing a lot of mundane repetitive tasks. Taking advantage of the Macros feature is an easy way to save time and impress superiors. Heres a good resource to learn excel.
All of these skills require a lot of time and patience. Even so, a college education is more expensive than ever and the return on its investment is dropping every day. The ability to procure skills from the internet is more important than ever. It will make you stand out from the crowd. So get out there and learn by doing.
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Three easy to grow winter salad plants for your permaculture garden
Patrick Whitefield
Friday, 28th December 2012
You can eat crops from your garden all year round, even in cool climates. Patrick describes his three favourite salad plants that grow well from autumn through to spring, even during the 'hungry gap', two of which are successful self-seeders.
At this time of the year two of the absolute stalwarts in my garden are land cress and lamb's lettuce, aka corn salad. They're both salad plants which give of their best from autumn to spring. Through the colder months they make up for all the tender plants which are only available in warmer times. Lamb's lettuce gives a mild taste and land cress a slightly more piquant one, a bit like watercress.
As summer comes on they both soon flower and go to seed. The leaves become too small to harvest easily and the taste isn't so good. But if you leave a few plants of each kind in the ground and allow them to complete their annual cycle they'll self seed and provide you with plants for the next winter.
Sometimes they come up so thickly that they make an effective green manure. A green manure is is crop you grow not so much to eat as to benefit the soil. They cover the soil surface and protect it from the elements, while taking up mineral nutrients which would otherwise be leached out of the soil by the winter rain. Keeping the soil occupied by plants throughout the year is also said to benefit mycorrhizal fungi, the fungi which make mutally beneficial realtionships with green plants and improve their growth and health. These are just some of the reasons why keeping the soil covered, preferably with living plants, is one of the principles of permaculture.
Because they're mainly active in the winter, Lamb's lettuce and land cress can make a good polyculture in combination with plants which leaf in the summer. In my garden lamb's lettuce often comes up thickly under the raspberry canes (see main photograph), making use of the winter sunshine while the raspberries are leafless. This is what we call stacking in permaculture: growing two crops together, one tall and one short, so as to make twice as much use of the ground. It only works because they're active at different times of the year.
Rocket is another plant with a similar annual cycle, though in my garden it only self seeds in the greenhouse. It will do fine if I sow it outside, though, and I often do this. Late July is a good time to sow all three plants, though August isn't too late. Much depends on the weather. You can hand sow them each year, of course, but self-seeding saves you some work and I rather like the unpredictability of it. You never quite know when they'll come up, or whereabouts in the garden. One thing you can be sure of though - at least with my two stalwarts - is that they will come up. Once you've sown them you should never need to do so again.
About Patrick
Patrick Whitefield is the author of The Earth Care Manual, Permaculture in a Nutshell and How to Make a Forest Garden and The Minimalist Gardener. His titles are also available in eBook formats for Kobo, Kindle, iPad and PDF for laptops and desktops.
Patrick set up Patrick Whitefield Associates who run courses on permaculture and related subjects. For more informations please click here! | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '10', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.959970235824585}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '71837', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:KZPKI57HBYDHZSM2BFVNA6IK4NE62CG5', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:14ed2884-8b3b-4c1d-86d0-3e80022d5d52>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 9, 24, 13, 9, 26), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.67.188.210', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:UH2C3SKX5J3P7A5H6JFCBAMCYDYPZKTF', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:de251833-9e98-4a87-b476-487b624a0670>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://permaculture.co.uk/articles/three-easy-grow-winter-salad-plants-your-permaculture-garden', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:50fd3657-253f-4d71-a10d-0ab98a9cc781>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '586', 'url': 'https://permaculture.co.uk/articles/three-easy-grow-winter-salad-plants-your-permaculture-garden', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-54\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.018744468688964844', 'original_id': '85b8518039cf4af90b92195da2d72ff6da4cb82b8fc9fb557f08da532236b53e'} |
Top 5 Health Benefits Of Pomegranate
Dec 20, 2015 @ Project Juice
By Lori Kenyon Farley
Pomegranates (also referred to as Chinese apples) have been used in Indian and Middle Eastern cultures for thousands of years. They are associated with health, fertility and rebirth. In the US, pomegranates are cultivated only in California. In addition to a delicious sweet/tart taste, they have many health benefits:
Immune Boosting:
One serving of pomegranate seeds contains 48% of your daily recommended dose of vitamin C. Consumption of fruits rich in vitamin C helps the body develop resistance against infectious diseases, and viruses by increasing the production of white blood cells, thereby boosting the immune system.
Support Healthy Heart Functions:
Pomegranates contain a compound called punicalagin. This antioxidant helps lower cholesterol and blood pressure, and helps melt away heart blockages. According to a recent study, heart patients given an ounce of pomegranate juice for a year had 30% less plaque and a 12% reduction in blood pressure. Pomegranate juice has been found to have three times the antioxidant activity of red wine and green tea!
Powerful Anti-Inflammatory:
Pomegranates possess potent anti-inflammatory phytochemicals. Studies of several fruit juices and wines have reported highest polyphenols concentration in pomegranate juice followed by red wine and cranberry juice. Findings published in the Journal of Inflammation suggest that pomegranate juice offers promise for preventing chronic inflammation. Left untreated, chronic inflammation has been linked to a range of conditions like heart disease, osteoporosis, cognitive decline, Alzheimer’s, type-2 diabetes and arthritis.
Improve Exercise Performance:
Pomegranates are high in dietary nitrates, much like beet root and dark leafy green vegetables. Nitrates are simple nitrogen and oxygen endowed molecules. While they were once thought to be nothing more than metabolic byproducts and hazardous, we now know that both nitrates have the potential to help the body use oxygen more efficiently, meaning that an athlete could use less oxygen during a given workout, get more muscle “pump” during lifting, or accomplish more work before getting exhausted in endurance activities. In a study completed at the University of North Carolina, a standardized pomegranate extract was provided to runners 30 minutes before an intermittent sprinting challenge, and researchers compared it to the same trial on a different day using a placebo. The pomegranate juice increased blood flow after 30 minutes, which was immediately before they started running. At that time, the subjects also reported experiencing a nearly immediate positive impact on their feelings of vitality. Once the sprinting challenge began, subjects were able to run more intensely, run longer, and they experienced increased blood flow parameters 30 minutes after the challenge.
Increases Testosterone & Sex Drive:
Move over Viagra! There’s a new libido booster in town. In studies conducted by scientists at Queen Margaret University, UCLA and USC, both men and women who drank one glass of pomegranate juice per day for two weeks were found to have significantly increased levels of testosterone. Besides being a sexual stimulant, increased testosterone can lead to a sharper memory, stronger bones and muscles, and can relieve stress. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '4', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9416686296463012}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '101488', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:SVGXWJDURUB76QLXBPUHPQRKD5PJCAGW', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:aef8bb54-8f8a-4a97-8361-fa207c933a82>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 2, 16, 21, 15, 29), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.196.206.234', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:UQ7XRTNIWU6NPWZWIDOMAYXRCJOVST43', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:1e5bc4e5-3d05-420a-b826-1b20e5a7a748>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://ritualwellness.projectjuice.com/top-5-health-benefits-pomegranates/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:eac7640d-93c2-4c6b-b223-3a1951af4fa6>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '504', 'url': 'http://ritualwellness.projectjuice.com/top-5-health-benefits-pomegranates/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-09\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-137-198-92.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.05008167028427124', 'original_id': '05dd735b34ce7dfb0e1cf0f26b594d0353f3440cf785f795628e3db2b447b5fa'} |
Q:
AWS EC2: how to compute the cost
i'm new to AWS, i'm using the free right not and it's terrific.
Now, in 1yr the free expires.
i went to the website http://aws.amazon.com/ec2/pricing/ where the pricing is but i didn't really get how to compute it.
The price are in $ per Hours but i don't think that this means, if i need to have my application running 24h/365d i've to multiplay it for 8760, or do i have?
because they write about usage, but how do i compute this value?
if i've a website where people in total spend smt like 10 minutes a month and 1 where people spend 750hour a months i pay the same?
i can't believe that is the same price.
PS:if i've a scheduled task, does it affect the usage?
A:
It is the same price. Yes, your calculation is correct; you are billed that amount for each hour in which the EC2 instance is running. How many people visit a web site whose pages you're serving out of that instance, or how much time they spend looking at those pages, are irrelevant to the cost calculation.
If you are buying an instance that should be running 24/7, and you have no need to run it intermittently or to add more instances on the fly at particular times, then perhaps you may also want to look into other hosting providers beside Amazon and the EC2 offering. It's called "elastic" for a good reason! :)
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the Intestinal Apocalypse Monthly Apparel Bazaar
Intestinal Apocalypse Monthly, December 2011back to archive
Our 15 minutes of folk-hero fame just went into overtime. How We Manipulate the Media with Nothing More Than Mustaches has more.
Bite. Chew. Mull. condenses a year's worth of burrito-eating into a tidy little section of this newsletter. Brevity is still for the birds, though.
He's unsinkable. He's incorrigible. He won't go away. Give a grouchy hello once again to the Apocalypse's signature feature, Dear Beano.
And like a backwards-walking dog with a shaved ass, (epilogue) is really a prologue wrongly plonked at the end of this hot mess.
It's been awhile. Pull up a food.
"Add to the list of downtrodden ingredients some thoroughly unspectacular pork and whole pinto beans, as well as a tortilla that was more pale and sticky than a Canadian who'd just rolled around in glue stick, and we had ourselves a whole lot of sub-mediocrity to deal with here."
--> Tacos San Buena (Pacific/Sansome), 11/22/2011
Insufferably Smug, Yet Terribly Boorish's beloved monthly newsletter may have been on indefinite hiatus since late 2010, but if you interpreted that to mean that our panel had thrown in the salsa-splattered towel and quit the taqueria-coverage game, well, guess again. See Bite. Chew. Mull. below for a brief review of the year's most noteworthy burritos.
Of course, there's always more happening at Burritoeater Towers than simply burrito-eating, awkward gesturing, and blustery ballyhoo. There's also a fair amount of media glad-handing.
Last winter, we allowed clearance for Crosscurrents, San Francisco public radio station KALW's award-winning news program, to stalk us throughout our epic 2010 Slab Scrum. Executive Editor Ben Trefny's embedded coverage resulted in not only a brilliant feature on our bi-annual taqueria tournament, but also a restraining order.
Soon enough, our panel was talked into donning a completely ridiculous adhesive mustache for the bulk of our interview at Taq. La Michoacana with Rad on the Web's Carlos Rodela. Having "local folk hero" slapped under our byline at the bottom of the screen, however, was sufficient compensation. Watch it here.
Shortly after that, we eschewed any further silly disguise-stunts and simply played the role of slab sage for the Boston Globe's Russ Juskalian during his spring carpet-bombing tour of San Francisco taquerias.
And finally, once cable television came calling, who were we to shyly decline an offer to lead a TV crew around a couple of our favorite 24th St. burrito shops? Our appearance on the Cooking Channel's "United Tastes of America" is set to re-air during the first week of January, so you've got a few more chances to miss it all over again. See the schedule here.
Kudos to our in-house publicity wizards for slathering us all over the media's walls in 2011. Those 0.2% cost-of-living raises management bequeathed them last winter clearly fired them up.
Along with all this hoohaw, we've been working with Know What on a slick iPhone app that's set to hit Apple's App Store next month. We've also got a Droid app in the early stages of development.
Can you crawl and eat a burrito at the same time? If so, you're in luck, as we may have a taqueria crawl or two in the works in early 2012. Maybe we'll keep you posted.
And of course, we've got an increasingly narrow variety of Great Mustache T-shirts hogging valuable space in Burritoeater Towers' basement warehouse. So buy! Buy today! You can also buy next week. Or whenever, really. At $8-9 per T (postpaid!), one can be yours for a song -- a really cheap song. Visit our Apparel Bazaar for the fat skinny.
"The steady trickle of minor, but annoying drips didn't help, and neither did that one guy out the door yelling "I'll mess your face up!!" at that other guy out the door."
--> Taq. Can-cún (South of Market), 4/29/2011
890 Burrito Reviews (and Counting)
Before you start thinking that all this media adulation has gone to our heads, we haven't forgotten what grills our tortilla around here. Check our ever-active Blargh for proof that we haven't quietly exited San Francisco's slabular superhighway.
In fact, our dedicated panel of burrito nerds pounded through another 70-plus burritos throughout the past year, reviewing each foiled food with the same OCD-addled attention to detail you've come to expect over all the years. Capsule reviews of 2011's most notable slabs follow.
EL TONAYENSE (Harrison/17th St.) (Mission), 2/19/2011, Super al Pastor: 8.17 mustaches
The intangibility card here was played early and often to the tune of two bonus mustaches, even though everyone knows burritos don't actually play cards or have any sort of human characteristics whatsoever, no matter how much we sometimes like to kid ourselves that they do.
TAQ. VALLARTA (24th St.) (Mission), 3/24/2011, Super Carnitas: 8.17 mustaches
This mighty hot slab whipped out of the starting gate at a blinding-fast gallop before settling into a comfortable eight-mustache gait the rest of the way around our mustachioed oval. Grease became a bit of a factor in the backstretch, while...What's with the whole horse-racing theme here, Shoemaker? Knock it off. -Ed.
EL FARO (Mission), 4/13/2011, Super Chile Verde Pork: 8.08 mustaches
This Mission stalwart again nosed its way over our eight-mustache bar, although in time-honored El Faro fashion, we can't exactly be sure how.
LA PLAYA TAQ. (Outer Sunset), 5/12/2011, Three Pepper (Steak): 8.83 mustaches
A lengthy missile that was on-point from bite one on down. The well-grilled tortilla (and Jack/cheddar blend melted thereon) nailed every dismount off our pommel horse of slabular critical thought.
THE LITTLE CHIHUAHUA (Noe Valley), 6/19/2011, Super Carnitas: 8.58 mustaches
Continuing its succession of barely assailable burritos, El Tiny Canine reinforced its first-rate status with this entirely delicious, intangibly bullet-proof effort that had us pushing our scoresheet's eight- and nine-mustache buttons again and again.
TAQ. EL FAROLITO (Excelsior), 7/1/2011, Breakfast (Chorizo): 8.77 mustaches
This whole foiled affair was a cavalcade of inviting flavor, anchored by an ace chorizo/egg mix, marvelously melted Jack cheese, onion-rich pico de gallo that flew the veggie flag high, and refried beans that were the portrait of pasty deliciousness.
GORDO TAQ. (Inner Sunset), 7/7/2011, Super Chile Verde Pork: 9.17 mustaches
Another Gordo burrito that didn't look like much of a troublemaker from the get-go; another Gordo burrito that knew what it was doing all along, to the tune of the highest rating ever earned by this shop. Co-slab of the year, 2011.
TAQ. EL CASTILLITO (Mission), 9/11/2011, Super Carnitas: 8.75 mustaches
The element that unwittingly restrained this otherwise bitchin' burrito from our nine-mustache promised land? Good grief, it was dry at times.
TAQ. SAN JOSE (Mission), 9/18/2011, Super Pollo Adobo: 8.75 mustaches
A brilliantly grilled tortilla hinted at all the heaviosity lurking within: strongly flavorful refried beans, ever-enduring sauciness, gracefully hellacious spice, and an ingredient mix so seamless that a tailor wouldn't know where to start biting.
PAPALOTE (Mission), 10/17/2011, Super Marinated Tofu: 8.50 mustaches
Heralding an 8.50-mustache burrito from Papalote is like making a big fuss out of the New York Yankees having another winning season. And yet, irrefutable two-mustache intangibility!
LA LAGUNA TAQ. (Bayview), 11/16/2011, Super Breakfast (Chorizo): 9.17 mustaches
Three more of these to go, please. Co-slab of the year, 2011.
GORDO TAQ. (Clement) (Outer Richmond), 11/30/2011, Super Beef: 8.08 mustaches
When was the last time the Golden Gate Bridge had an off-day? How about the Beach Blanket Babylon woman with all the big hats? Hmm? We expect the best from our civic icons. 8.08 mustaches is less than the best.
CARAMBA (South of Market), 12/9/2011, Super Chile Verde Pork: 8.67 mustaches
When an ingredient ensemble is this strong and there's intangible magic in every bite, it's not too difficult to sidestep a few elemental misfires en route to major success.
TACOBAR (Pacific Heights), 12/20/2011, Especial Carne Asada: 8.50 mustaches
While Tacobar hasn't quite reached medal-winning status in San Francisco's upmarket taqueria Olympiad, this corner joint is probably closer to making the ultimate grade than you'd expect. Then we went and bought an $800 handbag a couple blocks up Fillmore.
"Why was the pork so internally dry? What was with the scattered, but noticeably unmelted cheese? Who ordered the clams? (OK, nobody ordered the clams.)"
--> Los Compadres (Civic Center / Tenderloin), 5/16/2011
Still Hrumphy After All These Years
Despite the hopelessly long layoff between Dear Beano editions, our very own taqueria know-it-all is still kicking -- and still a complete crank.
Brave up and send Mr. Cook a note at Complimentary grumpiness with every reply.
Dear Beano: "Stressed" spelled backwards is "desserts."
Dear Apocalypse reader: That's deep, friendo. Real deep. Next time those numbnuts over at challenge us to a Scrabble face-off, I want you on our side.
Dear Beano: Wanted to invite you out to the grand opening of a breakfast taco joint called Whirlybird in Brooklyn this weekend. On Saturday, from 4-7PM you can grab a sweet taco and hear solo sets from members of Deer Tick, Phosphorescent, and Virgin Forest.
Dear Apocalypse reader: Brooklyn? Sure, I'll just pop on over on my bike. It might be kind of cold going over the Rockies, so I might not be there until May or June. Save the last taco for me.
Dear Beano: I just checked your Mustache Chart for the first time in several months...some major shake-ups lately. La Laguna in the No. 2 slot? And this La Espiga de Oro joint in the top five? I also can't believe Andalé's as highly rated as it is. That place is just overpriced mall food.
Dear Apocalypse reader: La Laguna is completely legit, so is La Espiga de Oro, and Andalé wins our best-burrito-in-worst-location competition. I'd rather spend $9.75 there than on a shoehorn at Bloomingdale's upstairs.
Dear Beano: Regarding your recent review of El Burrito Express on Divisadero St, I was a little confused to see you give a shrug to the rice as you rave about the refried beans in the Super Bronco burrito. Confused because the Bronco Burritos (super or not) do not contain rice and use "pot beans" (whole and stewed in their own "gravy") instead of refrieds. I thought this was a bit unusual, so i scrolled down and noticed that almost all your El Burrito Express reviews are for the Super Bronco -- and most of them mention rice and refried beans.
Now, I understand you like rice in your burritos. Everyone is entitled to their own opinions, and if you're running a burrito review site, you have more of that right than anyone else. Fair enough. But, El Burrito Express has a Super burrito that contains both rice and refried beans. I would think that, being the rice-eaters you are, you would order what you like rather than what you don't. And yet, among ten reviews, only two of them (both from 2005) are of El Burrito Express' Super burrito.
So I must ask you: Did you order "off the menu"? Did you request rice to be added, and refrieds rather than the pot beans? You state in your FAQ that a lack of rice will result in a 0 for the rice category. But you give it a 7. So there must have been rice. Is that a fair way to judge? Especially considering that there is an option made just for you -- the Super!
The Bronco burrito and Super Bronco burrito are very special burritos, made just the way some people like them: no rice, pot beans, avocado slices instead of guacamole, and no sour cream. I don't know the current name for that style -- I have heard them called "Veracruz," but I have never been there, so I don't know -- but it is something I really like. It's neither too filling nor overly gloppy.
But if that's not the way you like your burritos, by all means get the Super burrito. To order the Super Bronco and alter its perfection is a little unfair. It would be like going to a place noted for its wonderful vegetarian burritos, adding carnitas (because that's what you like), swapping out something else, then subtracting points because it wasn't quite right...even when they have a carnitas burrito on the menu.
Oddly, though, I'm torn. If you give the Super Bronco a 0 for rice, it would lower the Overall Mustache Rating. I'm not sure how it would go if you rated the Super Burrito. Apparently, you aren't so much of a fan of those (since you would rather order something you don't care for [and then adulterate it] than order what you claim to prefer), and it would also lower the OMR.
So, in sum, are you showing a bias towards this place? I don't know. I like it very much, but for exactly the things you claim not to like. Hence my confusion.
Either that, or you just have the name of the burrito wrong.
Thanks for the site! I really appreciate it, despite our occasional difference of opinion.
Dear Apocalypse reader: Sure, OK.
Dear Beano: Where've you guys been lately? Will there ever be another Apocalypse? I pay good money for my subscription!
Dear Apocalypse reader: You never know, do you? Maybe we don't, either.
Please forward freely, yet responsibly.
Take a walk.
Newsletter subscription addition/removal requests, questions, comments, and/or anecdotes always welcome:
Water your plants.
Kindly direct news of taqueria openings, closures, or name-changes here:
Opt for refried beans.
Now for this month's hidden bonus track.
May I mambo dogface to the banana patch?
The Intestinal Apocalypse,, and The Great Mustache logo are brought to you by The Exploding Head Trick Publishing Co.
Happy 2012.
Yours, in delicious horchata, | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '64', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9303553104400636}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '25541', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:RXX7YEFDO3SVAZSWHIRZ7IMQ674ZXSJP', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:4a066d77-2956-4de0-a98e-be6434e435ad>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 4, 21, 18, 57, 30), 'WARC-IP-Address': '173.227.251.159', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:GGGTGKTMGW5USSTKUTNFOB5CV5RX6E2J', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:83cc6fb4-4f12-450d-9df4-8fdc5f7a5835>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://burritoeater.com/newsletter.php?newsletter_id=85', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:da24dbd9-cd0f-4a57-9a7f-7088b1a79a50>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '2235', 'url': 'http://burritoeater.com/newsletter.php?newsletter_id=85', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-18\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.020813047885894775', 'original_id': '4ac83919ae28e4cc91401f573406e6003f08a16fde4ae5e525f966d7014d0ea2'} |
Chocolate Toxicity - December 2019
December 2019
This month’s article is about chocolate toxicity in dogs, something we need to be wary about in the upcoming Christmas season. As with all toxicities, it is dose dependent (how much is eaten), and variable in effect on an animal. Due to the difference in types of chocolate, there could be a dramatic effect or there could be no effect on a dog. In this discussion, I will go over what to watch for and what to do if you suspect a problem if your dog has eaten chocolate at home.
What makes chocolate toxic to a dog? The drug type is generally called methylxanthines, of which two of these can potentially have an effect. Theobromine and caffeine. are the substances that can cause the toxicity when ingested. Various chocolate types have differing levels of these chemicals in them. Cocoa powder has by far the most amount of theobromine in it, along with a moderate amount of caffeine. Baker’s chocolate is second in theobromine levels, but has a higher amount of caffeine compared to cocoa powder. These two products are the most potentially dangerous to dogs, given their levels of the chemicals in them. emisweet chocolate, instant cocoa mix powder and milk chocolate all have much lower amount of methylxanthines in them. White chocolate has a minimal amount of the potential toxin in it, making it very safe. A non-food product that can be toxic is unprocessed cocoa bean mulch, which can be high in theobromine and caffeine content.
The signs of chocolate toxicity may begin 6-12 hours after ingestion. Physically, the toxicity can affect the heart, GI tract, and nervous system. A dog may start drinking more water, have gastrointestinal upset such as diarrhea or vomiting, and become restless. Additional effects late may start later are tremors, urinating frequently, difficulty walking, seizures, collapse, or at its worst, a coma. The signs can be variable due to the amount and type of chocolate ingested. For example, if white chocolate is eaten, there is very little chance for the toxicity to occur, due to the very low levels of theobromine and caffeine in it. On the other hand, if a decent amount of Baker’s chocolate is eaten, there will be a concern for a toxic reaction to happen. Keep in mind that the size of a dog can be a variable in a potential toxic effect because dose is weight dependent. Another consideration about chocolate is that it is high in sugar and fat, which can lead to gastrointestinal upset, or at worst, pancreatitis.
With all cases of potential toxicity, treating it promptly, and sometimes with precaution, will lead to the best outcome for the dog. If you know that your dog has eaten a chocolate product, please notify us. We could figure out if there is going to be a potential toxic effect, or if we will need to treat as a precaution. Here are a couple of varying scenarios. For example, your eighty-pound Golden Retriever has eaten one chocolate chip cookie, there should be little concern. If he has eaten 20 cookies, please let us know, we may have to intervene. Taco the Chihuahua has eaten 10 small dark chocolate Hershey bars, this should be addressed quickly. There will be more concern with a small dog because a smaller amount of chocolate can have a toxic effect. In my experience, diarrhea and/or vomiting are usually seen first, followed by anxiety or restlessness. These have been usually smaller dogs that have eaten a moderate to large amount of chocolate. If we can treat by detoxification or inducing vomiting prior to toxic effects, the outcome will be better.
Christmas is coming up soon, so more chocolate will be around the house. Try to keep the pooches away from this potential toxin! Again, if there are any questions or concerns about any known or potential ingestion, please let us know. Have a great holiday season!
Dr. Jaime Kozelka
St. Francis Hospital for Animals | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9467564821243286}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '38330', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:IH5MEOPAP35IQPLVRA6Q63HD7YJR4VUJ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:3584620a-c756-444b-a7e2-4cc2f4b7f064>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 6, 3, 1, 1, 41), 'WARC-IP-Address': '70.34.35.15', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:Q5RGQHIJ3MOLPDBNGY5VXTISIFL4KZC6', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:0de067fd-135f-4722-b804-37104f891388>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.bestvetcharlotte.com/Blogs/ChocolateToxicity-December2019.aspx', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:08d00240-2a3e-441c-8cdc-b81141cae5e4>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '666', 'url': 'http://www.bestvetcharlotte.com/Blogs/ChocolateToxicity-December2019.aspx', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-24\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May/June 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-60.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.15361934900283813', 'original_id': '688ddfb68241a99829a3c34e7aa2a31be8f7b40b53a94b4e639cb4b03b8185b8'} |
from math import sin, cos, radians, atan2, sqrt
EARTH_RADIUS = 6371 # in kilometers
def distance_between_coordinates(latitude1, latitude2, longitude1, longitude2):
""" Distance between two geographic coordinates
Algorithm: http://www.movable-type.co.uk/scripts/latlong.html
Coordinates should be WGS-84 in decimal degrees
"""
delta_latitude = radians(latitude2 - latitude1)
delta_longitude = radians(longitude2 - longitude1)
a = sin(delta_latitude / 2) ** 2 + cos(radians(latitude1)) * cos(radians(latitude2)) * (
sin(delta_longitude / 2) ** 2)
c = 2 * atan2(sqrt(a), sqrt(1 - a))
return round(c * EARTH_RADIUS, 1)
| common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://github.com/Skycker/opensky_toy_api/blob/master/opensky_toy_api/utils.py', 'collection': 'Github Open Source', 'open_type': 'Open Source', 'license': 'MIT', 'date': '', 'title': 'opensky_toy_api', 'creator': 'Skycker', 'language': 'Python', 'language_type': 'Code', 'word_count': '76', 'token_count': '230', '__index_level_0__': '27069', 'original_id': '8e5eba805e0d2dd2c939711317e0edb5535014a9d516543371405b85eb349114'} |
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Gather a crowd of historians and philosophers of science into a room and ask them to define “science.” On second thought, don’t try this at home, because you’d likely meet with stony-faced refusal on the part of the first and raucous disagreement from the second. Yet isn’t the task rather straightforward? Isn’t this just another classic instance of academics creating mountains out of molehills? Actually, no. The problem is fiendishly frustrating (and likely intractable) simply because of the kind of activity science actually turns out to be in practice.
Consider, for example, what it clearly isn’t. Science cannot be simply a collection of true propositions about nature. Most of what has counted uncontroversially as “science” during the past few centuries—geocentric astronomy, phlogiston chemistry, ether physics, the inheritance of acquired characteristics— is now considered to be false. Even worse, much of what we now consider to be science is doubtless going to be proven false, since nature was unkind enough to deny us the answer key. Science is also not merely the proper execution of method, both because various disciplines display a whole hodgepodge of different methods, and also because one can apply all the accepted methodology and come up with doctrines (parapsychology, eugenics, phrenology) that we would with alacrity exclude. The problem gets worse when you go farther back in time or across cultures. Mayan astronomy, Classical Chinese alchemy, Hippocratic medicine—all these are rather distinct from what we now consider to be “science,” and yet it strikes most scholars as rather churlish to dismiss them. No one has been able to come up with a broadly consensual definition of science, and I am certainly not about to do so here.
Nonetheless, science seems as easy to identify as pornography was in the immortal characterization of Justice Potter Stewart: you know it when you see it. Why are we so confident that we recognize science? A major reason is that the elite natural sciences—by which I mean physics, chemistry, biology, geology and so on—resemble each other very strongly in their external features, however much they differ from each other in terms of theories, practices, fashions and organization of research (some in the lab, some in the field, some at the blackboard and most at a computer at some point during the day). The homogeneity is striking. Knowledge in these domains is communicated largely by articles and conference papers, not books. The journals Science and Nature sit at the apex of a byzantine hierarchy of periodicals that parse the disciplines and subdisciplines, and articles in almost every field display a standardized template (Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion, a.k.a. IMRAD), entombed in the passive voice and simplified clause structure. The language of these communications is English; Russian, German, French and Japanese shrank to statistical insignificance decades ago. Postdocs cycle from Calcutta to Capetown to Cardiff to Columbus, and the laboratories they enter at each site, the journals they download to their laptops, the language they speak when they enter their new workplaces—all exhibit the familiarity of the only science they have ever known.
But this predictable uniformity has nothing to do with “truth” or “nature” or“scientific method.” These are the hallmarks not of science itself, but rather of what we might call a “science system.” In today’s world there is only one of these. It resembles largely (but not wholly) that developed in the United States after World War II, and it is simply how science “is done” today, no matter where you happen to be. That’s how we believe we know it when we see it: it is hard to conceive of science otherwise, because we are not regularly confronted with instances from a different system. But not too long ago, there was not one science system in the world, but two. A sojourn around the landscape of the second system—what I will dub the Soviet Science System—reveals an organization of expertise of the natural world that strikes us as undeniably science, but not as we know it.
Expertise is not organized neutrally; in fact, it is hard to imagine what a “neutral” organization of expertise would look like. Experts are organized for something, which means a decision—usually political—about appropriate goals, and experts must be organized to fit ideologically and institutionally within the broader culture and polity. The annoying thing about experts is, well, their expertise. Not everyone has it, or the opportunity to acquire it: it’s expensive to train people, and nature does not distribute competence equally. For a Communist country like the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the problem of experts was perpetually aggravating, and periodically burst into flame. (The same is true, by the by, for the American system: pointy-headed elites fare poorly at moments of populist politicking—witness the periodic Climategates—and centralized federal money after World War II aggravated partisans of states’ rights decentralization.) The Soviet Science System presented one enormously influential solution to the perpetual problem of expertise—and then it vanished. Mostly.
Yet there was no single Soviet Science System. The structures that began to coalesce under the ramshackle regime controlled by Vladimir Lenin from a nineteenth-century European-style precursor was rather distinct from the one that Joseph Stalin consolidated beginning in 1928. Nikita Khrushchev in the 1950s de-Stalinized some aspects of the science system and left others intact. The most stable era of the Soviet Science System lasted from 1965 to 1991, spanning the slowly disintegrating Soviet Union from Leonid Brezhnev to Mikhail Gorbachev. (Some aspects of it continue—or are even being resurrected—under Vladimir Putin.) As with time, so also for space: the System manifested differently in Siberia as compared to the Baltics, acquired specific aspects in Moscow as opposed to Leningrad.
If we zoom in on the details, we’ll be lost before we begin. Let’s focus on the tapestry as a whole instead of the exquisite needlework. The primary notion to keep in mind is that any science system is primarily for organizing expertise, and that is a tale of ends (what is science for?) and means (how do we get there?). Translated into the Soviet Science System, this suggests we look at ideology and scale.
“Ideology” is a squishy term. In what follows, I will take it as given that everyone has an ideology, in the capacious sense of a set of principles (conscious or not) by which one makes sense of one’s surroundings. Scientists have ideology too, and the Western science system is shot through with it: flexible, mobile labor; double-blind peer review; competitive funding—these are not ideology-free (regardless of whether they are desirable). The difference with the Soviet system is that there the ideology, Marxism-Leninism, was explicit, although its precise interpretation went through rather dramatic transformations over its 74-year lifespan.
Marxism-Leninism applied to science was called “dialectical materialism,” and despite now having a somewhat malodorous reputation, it is actually a fairly presentable philosophy of science. As a materialism, it rules out vital forces, spiritual essences, souls—the vestiges of nineteenth-century Naturphilosophie. The dialectics part means that nature (or the perceptual apparatus by which we apprehend nature) behaves in a certain manner, such as through a transition from changes in quantity to changes in quality (think periodic table: add an identical proton and get a wholly different chemical element).
Dialectical materialism was official, so in principle every scientist in the Soviet Union either propounded it explicitly or at the very least didn’t spout off about logical positivism or other bourgeois nonsense. Marxism was scientific socialism, and science had a uniquely significant status in the Communist cosmology. Courses in dialectical materialism were required of all university students, and superficial adherence to its tenets was enforced. As Americans penned their IMRAD articles (themselves structured around an ideological frame of neo-positivism), the Soviets publicly displayed conformity in technical papers on quantum electrodynamics or geomorphology through ritual invocations of the epistemological insights of Lenin or Engels (or, before the de-Stalinization of the mid-1950s, Stalin himself).
To us, having an “official philosophy of science” just sounds plain weird, and it has been the source of much mockery of Soviet science, by both Westerners and its former practitioners. But if you teach a whole nation a powerful philosophy of science, some of them might find it useful. Vladimir A. Fock (1898-1974) reported that his engagement with the ideology enabled him to devise a new set of harmonic coordinates for general relativity. Yakov I. Frenkel (1894-1952) developed his notion of “holes” and “collective excitations” in condensed-matter physics through extensive reflection on contemporary Soviet political thought. And it is impossible to read the theories of psychologist Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) about the development of language in children—currently ascendant in cognitive psychology over Jean Piaget’s stage model—without observing how his notion of a social language explicates a distinctively Marxist position. These are all reasonable scientific theories whose origins are rooted in ideology.
Ideology mattered in other ways at the state level. When Khrushchev abandoned Stalin’s “socialism in one country” for the less confrontational but equally competitive “peaceful coexistence,” he also promoted a cosmonaut program designed not so much to bury the West as to demonstrate the superiority of Soviet methods for organizing knowledge. (The United States in turn promoted its own space program globally as the hallmark of Americanism.) In all these instances, ideology helped set the agenda for the organization of expertise, what expertise was supposed to be for.
It had a dark side, as these things often do. In the Soviet ideological frame, nature existed for the sake of exploitation by humans to build a better society, thus promoting catastrophic environmental degradation in the service of modernization—most graphically instantiated in the 1986 Chernobyl reactor meltdown. Content followed the same pattern as context. For example, in the late 1930s Vygotsky’s theories were suppressed as ideological heresy, replaced by decades of behaviorism. Or consider the most notorious episode in the history of Soviet science: the “Lysenko Affair.” In the late 1920s, a young Ukrainian-born agronomist named Trofim Lysenko began promoting a program he called iarovizatsiia (“vernalization” in the standard English translation), procedures like rubbing seeds with ice in order to enhance their viability during cold winters. Interestingly, this really works—in fact, it was not even a discovery, being already a much-discussed phenomenon among plant physiologists. Lysenko’s innovation, assisted by several canny advisors, was to promote vernalization as part of a biological system he called “Michurinism,” a Marxist-friendly theory of heredity. Soviet philosophers’ problems with genetics were both ontological (“genes” were ideal, immaterial phantasms dreamed up by an Augustinian friar) and political (if heredity was unchangeable, there was little room for progress). According to Lysenko, the procedures of vernalization “shattered” the hereditary material of plants, transmuting a somatic shock into a transmissible trait—in short, the inheritance of acquired characteristics, vestiges of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s long-dismissed theory. Genes, Lysenko maintained, were pseudoscientific.
A vigorous debate between Michurinists and geneticists raged during the 1930s, quieted down in the early 1940s—but not before the leading Soviet geneticist, Nikolai Vavilov, was arrested and sent to a prison camp; he died of malnutrition in 1943—and then resurfaced with a vengeance in 1948. In August of that year, during the last session of a conference at the All-Union Lenin Institute of Agricultural Sciences that Lysenko had usurped from Vavilov in the internecine warfare characteristic of many science systems, Lysenko announced that Joseph Stalin had endorsed Michurinism. Genetics was proscribed. Stalin died five years later, but Lysenko held on at the pinnacle of Soviet biology until 1965, when the geneticists emerged from the sheltering protection of nuclear bomb-designers (in whose institutes their research had been coded as “radiation biology”) and dethroned him. The era was an utter catastrophe for Soviet biology, which had to painfully resurrect the science of genetics.
Yet this most scandalous of displays within the Soviet Science System was also quite atypical. Periodically, would-be Lysenkos emerged from the woodwork, sporting dialectical-materialist slogans and seeking state backing, and almost always they failed. In the meantime, the Soviet Union produced some of the most brilliant physics, mathematics and geology of the twentieth century. The Soviet Science System had pathologies, but they were just that: pathologies. They were not the ordinary course of affairs, and most individuals functioned in the system undamaged by the Law of the Negation of the Negation or Friedrich Engels’s views on energeticism. In the end, no matter what you did, ideology framed the way you did it—how could it not?
Once ideology has framed the ends, the science system must confront the problem of means. In the Soviet Science System, this was a matter of scale, which was then molded into institutions. Had alien anthropologists voyaged to Earth fifty years ago to see how humans organized their knowledge of nature, scale alone would have drawn them Sovietward. The Soviet Union spanned one-sixth of the planet’s land surface, and the Soviet Science System was even larger, spreading beyond its borders to the Communist bloc—Eastern Europe, China, North Korea, Cuba—and even to those regions of the globe that were once called the “Third World” (especially India, Egypt and parts of Latin America). On every level, the Soviet Science System liked things big.
Even if you recall next to nothing about the Soviet Union’s technical achievements, you likely know two things: the launching of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik, in October 1957; and the emergence of the Soviet Union as the second nuclear superpower after its first atomic test in August 1949. Both space and nukes dominated the foreign image of Soviet science and technology (massive arsenals, Yuri Gagarin as the first man in space, nuclear submarines and so on), but the bigness had a domestic face as well: enormous dam and canal projects, the construction of an expansive spur to the Trans-Siberian Railway through intractable permafrost, electrification of the countryside and more.
The Soviet Science System did things on a gigantic scale because that is what it was set up for. It had the cadres for it. In 1991, the last year of the Soviet Union, state statistics counted more than 1.5 million scientific researchers. Official Soviet numbers should always be taken with a grain of salt, but external estimates consistently placed the quantity of Soviet scientists and engineers as ten to thirty percent greater than in the United States. With enormous labor at its disposal (some of it forced Gulag labor) and a lackadaisical relationship to punctilious bookkeeping, Soviet planners often disregarded human, financial and environmental costs in the interests of grand planning. The painful and murderous construction of the Belomor Canal between the Baltic and the White Seas is one infamous instance. (If you consider canal building “engineering” and not “science,” see above about ideology.) Another never-implemented Stalinist project proposed reversing the flow of northward-bound Soviet rivers through multiple “peaceful nuclear explosions” across Siberia in order to address the falling water levels of the Aral Sea, itself a consequence of massive cotton plantations across Central Asia. Bigness begat more bigness, and the knowledge system operated the same way.
The institutions also had to be big. If the American Science System during the Cold War rivaled the Soviet in terms of scale per capita, at the administrative level the Soviet system exhibited features utterly foreign to bourgeois eyes. Dominating this knowledge bureaucracy was the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Academy was no honorific learned society to which individuals were named when they reached the summit of their research careers at institutions of higher education. Teaching was done at Soviet universities, but teaching was the only thing universities did. The Academy was a purely research institution, the universities entirely pedagogical. This way the country’s leading researchers wouldn’t be bothered by pesky undergraduates and could fully devote themselves to science. The Academy distributed research funds to those within its hallowed domain, line items in a titanic budget that came as part of the job rather than as the result of a competitive peer-reviewed process—wasteful duplication of resources, from the Soviet point of view—and researchers spent their entire lives from graduate-education cradle to senescent grave within the bosom of specialized research. With constant research funds, permanent employment and no obligation to teach, Soviet scientists were free from the frictions of the Americanized research university framework.
The Academy had started rather differently. In 1724, Tsar Peter I (also known as “the Great,” although the appropriateness of that moniker is one of the most debated questions of Russian history) capped a series of reforms of every aspect of Russian governance—civil service, military organization, taxation, the alphabet and even the location of the capital—by creating an Imperial Academy of Sciences. There were as yet no Russians trained to function at the elite level of European natural philosophy, so the ranks of academicians were staffed largely by Central Europeans recommended by Gottfried Leibniz’s disciple Christian Wolff (among them Leonhard Euler, who would become the most illustrious mathematician of the century). The academicians published in Latin, a recent import to this decisively non-Catholic land, and chattered away in German. Over the course of the eighteenth century, Latin faded but German persisted, and Russians recruited from a fledgling university system began to populate this scientific Olympus. (The rolls of the Academy were distinguished, although Russian savants familiar to us like Dmitrii Mendeleev and Nikolai Lobachevsky were denied access to its pastures.) Publications from the Academy continued to issue forth in international tongues like German and French, but Russian emerged by the end of the nineteenth century as preferred. The Imperial Academy was, in short, much like the Académie des sciences in Paris or the Prussian Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin: part honorific, part research, all prestige.
The Revolution of 1917 did not change this much. Academicians, like Russian intellectuals at large, ranged in conviction from blue-blooded monarchists to British-style liberals, and generally did not welcome Lenin’s socialist republic. Yet they didn’t lobby against it either, and the most influential of them, like Ivan Pavlov (think dogs, bells, drool), used his international prestige to better scholars’ wretched living conditions during the painful years of civil war. The rupture came early in Stalin’s reign, as young Bolsheviks railed against the privileges of this counter-revolutionary elite. Foreign specialists who had been consulting on industrial expansion in the mining and railroad industries were prosecuted as “wreckers,” and “red specialists” came into ascendancy. In 1929 the Academy was “bolshevized”: expanded to admit more scholars with pliant politics to dilute the possibility of this venerable institution becoming a venerable liability. With one hand Stalin took away, with another he gave: heaps of resources and mountains of status.
From being a classic indicator of reactionary politics in the 1920s, by the 1950s “academician” was one of the most prestigious titles in the Soviet pantheon. The Academy was gargantuan. The All-Union Academy had branches in Moscow, Leningrad and eventually Novosibirsk, as well as specialized institutions, ecological reservations and laboratories scattered everywhere. The fifteen constituent republics of the Soviet Union had their own Academies of Sciences, a mini-Olympus to mirror the structures of the Union. Ukraine got the first clone in 1918, then Belorussia in 1929 and then a deluge starting in 1941, as Stalin mobilized for the war and then re-mobilized for the postwar: loyal Georgia in 1941, but also newly annexed Lithuania, fruit of the Hitler-Stalin pact; all the way to Kyrgyzstan in 1954, the year after the vozhd’s demise. (Did I say fifteen? I meant fourteen. There was one republic within the Soviet Union that never got its own academy: the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic. This despite the fact that most institutions of the “All-Union” Academy were based on its territory. The oversight became a sticking point with Russian nationalists in the late 1980s and contributed to anti-Soviet mobilization.) Academies on the Soviet model were erected or restructured across the Communist world. Even the Prussian Academy of Sciences, located after World War II in the German Democratic Republic, was reshaped by the end of the 1960s into a massive research complex. Replication was a characteristic of the Soviet Science System, reproducing the same structures of funding, training, employment, intellectual property (or lack thereof) and publishing wherever it spread.
The Academy and its unfortunate stepbrothers the universities were not the only institutions of science, of course, and I mention a few others only in passing because we know far less about them. The KGB had its own scientific institutions, reviewing the competence as well as the loyalty of scholars. During Stalin’s time engineering shops (known as sharashki) were set up within the prison system, and prison labor was instrumental in the construction of the atomic and space megaliths. The largest parallel institution to the Academy, however, was the military, which controlled “closed cities” dotted across the map—or not quite, since they were erased from the maps to keep prying eyes out. Each of these was part of the structure to organize expertise, a structure molded closely to the shifting demands of politics and society.
So that was the Soviet Science System, in a nutshell. But was “Soviet science” truly a species of the genus science, or simply some horrific bastardization that had nothing to do with the pursuit of knowledge? Let us return to Potter Stewart’s maxim: we know science when we see it. Did the Soviet Science System look like science? Most definitely. And it produced loads of knowledge too, much of it still considered foundational: the Moscow School of Mathematics, Lev Landau’s extraordinary physics, the entire science of permafrost (itself a calque into English of the Russian vechnaia merzlota), semiconductor heterojunctions, hypergolic rocket fuels and so on.
But even broken clocks are right twice a day. Isn’t our way of organizing science best, or at least better? After all, the Western system survived, even metastasized across the globe, and the Soviet system vanished with the empire that had spawned it. The question seems to me unanswerable. Metrics are defined within the context of a system. Americans won (many) more Nobel prizes than did Soviet citizens, but the Swedish Academy regularly snubbed the latter, and in any event usually could not read Russian to see what the fuss was about. There were fewer Soviet patents and inventions, but that’s in no small part due to a radically different system of intellectual property, which preferred to compensate local geniuses with prizes and dachas. It doesn’t seem to have been terribly efficient—an omnipresent critique of Soviet life in general—but I have seen few convincing measures of the efficiency of our own science system. (In any event, valorizing efficiency is an ideological criterion that characterizes our own science system—a forest of impact factors and performance metrics.)
To avert any misunderstanding: I am not defending the Soviet Science System; I am describing it. There was a great deal of shoddy work, rent-seeking and suffering within that system. But there was also extremely good work, and the latter was a product of the system that engendered the former. That’s the paradox that comes from looking at any science system: it wouldn’t be a system at all if it didn’t, in some sense, work. The American system has its own pathologies—creationist brush-fires and politicized funding panels—many of them born of the relative openness of media and the potential for expert judgment (and funding) to be subject to the whims of demagogues, cranks and zealots. Those features seem pretty normal to us, but they struck Soviet citizens as destructive of the essence of science.
There is no escaping the stubborn reality that our expectations of scientific normalcy, our epistemic sensibilities, are hardwired into our science systems. These systems have evolved in order to organize expertise in accordance with those expectations. At the same time, science systems acquire emergent properties of their own which subtly shift those sensibilities. However extraordinary the phenomenon of Soviet science appears today, we cannot forget that for a significant segment of the world’s scientists it was simply how science was done, just as our system manifests to our minds not as a science system, but simply science, full stop.
*This essay appeared in The Point’s issue 8 symposium. To read the rest, order issue 8 here.
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The Manipulation of Perceived Reality Through Nonlocal Intention - RiseEarth
The Manipulation of Perceived Reality Through Nonlocal Intention
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by Stephan A. Schwartz;
The idea that consciousness can affect reality is hardly new, if you think about it. Therapeutic intention expressed through prayer, usually through an intermediary deity or transcendental power, dates back into the mists of the past, its beginnings unknowable. And it is not just an article of faith. I and many others have carried out rigorous studies showing its effects. [1, 2, 3, 4] The studies number to several thousand each showing an effect on blood cells, bacteria, fish, and mammals, through nonlocal perturbation—affecting the well-being, for good or ill it should be noted, through conscious intention alone. [5]
Some years ago I was the principal investigator on a study that took this a stage further. This research showed that therapeutic intention also had an effect on water, consistently altering its molecular structure by changing the H–O bonds as measured by multiple-internal reflection infrared spectrophotometry. [6] And as these things go it was a pretty robust effect (P = .0004).
A second effect was also noted. Water samples that were in the room where the therapeutic intention was expressed, but unknown to either the healer of recipient also showed change although not as great as water immediately proximate to the palms of the Therapeutic Practitioners. This suggested two things: individual expressions of focused intentioned awareness could not only produce a therapeutic effect on the target organism—the person being healed—it could also alter the reality of the space in which the therapeutic intention was expressed in a way that could be objectively measured.
For as long as we have kept records as a species, people have talked about experiencing “sacred space” when they have gone into venues, whether buildings or groves of trees, where collective intention has been expressed through ritual, music, and movement. Indeed these earlier human cultures, before consciousness and science were rent asunder, deliberately planned for this effect. [7] As modern researchers have discovered there is a science to it, [8] and I have much respect for the power of empirical observation across generations, even centuries.
From an anthropological view if people from all cultures and times across the ages report an experience, and deliberately seek to evoke it, there is something to it beyond the myth and belief. I came to see it in the same way that I saw how acupuncture was developed through empirical observation over 5000 years ago.
And what we had seen in our infrared study water study made me remember a study done in the early 1970s, by biologists Graham Watkins and his wife Anita at Duke University. [9]
They ran an unusually compassionate, particularly for the time, protocol in which a species of mice bred for research were anesthetised, placed in a small toy cradle, one mouse a control, the other the target of therapeutic intention. The goal of the participant’s intention was to awaken the treated mouse, while the control mouse’s anesthetic was allowed to just wear off. The measurement was the difference in the times of the two groups, and the Graham study showed that the mice that had been the focus of intention did in fact awaken significantly more quickly.
As it happened the same cradle without exception was always the “treated cradle” or the “control cradle.” Through this quirk of circumstance something else was revealed. One day the participant healer for a scheduled session did not show up. Since the mice were already anesthetized the Grahams decided to see what would happen if they just put the mice in the cradles. To their surprise once again the treated cradle mouse awoke before the control cradle mouse. They repeated the experiment again and again, and the mice assigned to the cradle that had been designated “treated” always awoke faster than the controls, whether a healer was present or not.
As with my water experiment, physical reality had been manipulated through consciousness, and the effect had at least two aspects.
And the results of these studies dovetails with remote viewing (RV) research, in which individuals are asked to describe in detail persons, places, objects, or events from which knowledge they are shielded by time, space or both. [10] These studies have consistently shown that a target that has been the focus of multiple individual as well as collective acts of intentioned awareness is more often correctly selected and more accurately described than other targets that have not been the subject of such focused attention.
Literally millions of remote viewing sessions have been carried out, remote viewing has become a social movement and avocational activity, and they show that targets, which have been the focus of reiterated acts of intentioned awareness, particularly in a state of heightened emotion (whether positive or negative does not seem to matter), say for instance a religious shrine, are easier to perceive than other targets, perhaps a rice paddy, which may be visually more arresting, but harder to perceive in nonlocal awareness. It is easier for a remote viewer to see Chartres Cathedral than a warehouse of the same size. One has been the focus of highly emotional intentioned awareness for centuries; the other is a structure no one pays any attention to.
There is also a second phenomenon that occurs in RV sessions that must be considered. Viewers can provide data from the photograph, that is the target, but also as the physical target exists at that moment. A skylift in snow in the photo may be described by the viewer in May as the mountains being covered with spring flowers—which is accurate at that moment. Viewers can also provide information and sense impressions from other time periods, as archeological remote viewing studies have demonstrated. [11, 12, 13, 14]
Why? We don’t yet have a definitive answer but I believe we are looking at an information effect produced because multiple acts of intentioned awareness while they do not change anything physically, do enrich the nonlocal information architecture that is the designated target. And that enriching makes the targets numinous.
The term numinous, coined in 1917 by the German Protestant philosopher and theologian Rudolf Otto (1869–1937), is based on the Latin word numen, [15] which term dates to early 17th century Latin and represents a pre-scientific attempt to explain the sense of nonlocal awareness associated with totemic things and places by imputing this numinous empirical experience to a divine power or spirit over that thing or place.
The particular quality that seems apposite to intention research was described by Carl Jung: “We should not be in the least surprised if the empirical manifestations of unconscious contents bear all the marks of something illimitable, something not determined by space time. This quality is numinous … numina are psychic entia …” [16]
The effect is sufficiently strong that including such a target can cause a peculiar phenomenon known as displacement. In creating a typical target set of seven images one has in essence created seven possible futures, only one of which will be actualized by being the selected target. So you would think the viewer would either correctly or incorrectly describe the selected target. But across many sessions the data showed a third condition. You could displace. That is you could describe in accurate detail a notably numinous target in the target set, say seven targets, even if it was not the selected target. It was different than being wrong and we called it displacement.
But here’s the question. Where is the information about the thousands of focused awareness experiences these sessions represent? Viewers are clearly influenced by this information, but where is it? Nothing in the material domain of space time is changed by this awareness. Yet the data is clear numinousity can change a person’s behavior.
And there is other research regularly replicated showing that when someone stares at you or even a picture of you with focused awareness even though you know nothing about this consciously your brain activity changes. We know from meta-analyses of the data that the odds that this effect is happening by chance are better than one in a billion.
This is augmented by the therapeutic intentions studies done by the late Jeanne Achterberg who led a team which explored the hypothesis that at the moment a person came into focus as a target of therapeutic intention their bodies reacted. Individuals were placed in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) instruments, and while they lay there being monitored shamanic healers at a distance, at two-minute intervals selected by random number generators, would express therapeutic intention.
When that happened, and only when that happened, the brains of the recipients showed altered behavior. As their report put it, “Significant differences between experimental (send) and control (no send) procedures were found (P = 0.000127). Areas activated during the experimental procedures included the anterior and middle cingulate area, precuneus, and frontal area. It was concluded that instructions to a healer to make an intentional connection with a sensory isolated person can be correlated to changes in brain function of that individual. [17]
Dean Radin, the Chief Scientist at the Institute for Noetic Sciences (IONS), got interested in another aspect of consciousness affecting reality and devised a protocol that allowed him to objectively measure subtle effects like one’s sense of beauty, or wellbeing, and headed several teams which carried out a series of studies to test the hypothesis that consciousness could alter one’s perception of reality.
He began by taking up a line of research begun by a controversial Japanese researcher Masaru Emoto. [18] His protocol was ingenious, and his claim provocative. Emoto took water samples and had individuals focus what he called “beautiful thoughts” on them. A sample of the treated and control water was then frozen into crystals, like snow flakes. People who looked at pictures of the crystals deemed the treated crystals more beautiful than the control samples that had been given no such attention.
Radin found the Emoto experiments fascinating but also flawed. For instance the original studies were not properly blinded. So he decided to replicate the experiment, altering the protocol so that all the criticisms addressed at Emoto’s work were obviated. For one thing the intenders, 2000 of them, those seeking to alter the water, were in Japan, and the water was 5100 miles away in Northern California and in a Faraday cage to boot. There could be no question about blindness. The team had 100 people assess the beauty of the samples and to the surprise of many Radin’s team got the same results: (P = .001) Beautiful thoughts altered physical reality.
Then he did the whole protocol again a year later with 1950 participant intenders, only this time as with the infrared study he employed what he called a “proximal control” Fifty images were assessed by 2500 judges, for a total of 125,000 blind assessments. The results were similar and, as with my water study, the proximal samples which were at the venue where the target samples were kept showed some change although not as great compared with the control samples.
Radin then asked the important next question: If it works on water could it affect our perception of other substances as well? This time the target was chocolate. As he put it in the first study, “Do good intentions affect the mood elevating properties of chocolate?” Could nonlocally expressed intention alter the perception of a substance in space time?
The protocol he designed was “double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled” and notable for its rigor. [19] As I hope you can see in this essay there is both an art and a science to designing these studies.
Sixty participants were screened “for the psychological trait of neuroticism a known covariate of mood, and randomly assigned to one of four groups, 15 to a group. They were asked to “record their mood each day for a week by using a standard instrument “For days three, four and five, each person consumed a half ounce of the same brand of dark chocolate twice a day at prescribed times. Three groups blindly received chocolate that had been the focus of intentioned awareness using three different techniques all with the intention, “An individual who consumes this chocolate will manifest optimal health and functioning at physical, emotional and mental levels, and in particular will enjoy an increased sense of energy, vigor and well-being.” The fourth group blindly received untreated chocolate as a placebo control.
As the team describes it: “three intentional imprints were produced by (1) a pair of experienced meditators, (2) an electronic device “imprinted” by six experienced meditators, and then used to treat the chocolate, and (3) a ritual performed by a Mongolian shaman.” The meditators were Tibetan Buddhist monks.
All three treatment modalities produced better mode responses than the controls, but it is more subtle than that. As they reported, “Primary contributors to the mood changes were the factors of declining fatigue (P = .01) and increasing vigor (P =.002).” [17] It was a psychophysical response, once again showing consciousness manipulating reality.
If it worked for water and chocolate would this nonlocal perturbation effect work on a drinker’s perception of his tea? Yung-Jong Shiah at the National Kaohsiung Normal University in Taiwan, asked that question and invited Dean Radin to join him in seeking an answer. Once again it was a mood test.
Two hundred and twenty one adult members of a Buddhist book club in Taiwan volunteered to participate, which meant that for seven days in a row they recorded their mood, as in the chocolate study. On days three, four, and five they all drank 600 ml/20.29 oz in the morning and again in the afternoon. The drinkers had been randomly assigned to the treated or control condition, and the treated were given that portion of the Oolong tea that had been the focus of intention.
As the report describes it, “The intentional treatment was produced via focused concentration by Master Lu Cheng, a well-respected monk in Taiwan along with two other senior monks from the same foundation. All three were accomplished meditators with experience in maintaining prolonged concentration. The intention they were asked to use was as follows: “An individual who consumes this tea will manifest optimal health and functioning at physical, emotional and mental levels, and in particular they will enjoy an increased sense of energy, vigor and well-being.” [20]
The result: “Tea treated with good intentions improved mood more than tea derived from the same source but not the focus of intentioned awareness. Belief that one was drinking treated tea produced a large improvement in mood, but only if one was actually drinking the treated tea, indicating that belief and intentional enhancement interact. This also suggests that the esthetic and intentional qualities associated with the traditional tea ceremony may have subtle influences that extend beyond the ritual itself.” [20]
And there’s more. Mechanisms can be affected through a nonlocal process arising from collective focused awareness, but not in the way attempted in the chocolate study. Purposed intention can cause changes in random number and random event generator (RNG/REG) performance not on intentioned purpose, but simply as an artefact of reality being manipulated.
When there is collective intentioned awareness about an event such as Princess Diana’s death, or the Japanese Tsunami in 2012, or Nelson Mandela’s funeral, events which coalesce individual awarnesses into a collective focused intention, there is a measurable difference in the behavior of a network of devices to which the world population as a whole is blind; the RNGs are simply out there operating. Experimental psychologist Roger Nelson, who runs the Global Consciousness Project now has more than 500 events in his database, and the odds that the anomalous performance his network registers is occurring by chance is now 3 trillion to one.
As I hope I have made clear a wide range of protocols and methodologies, all are telling us that conscious intention manipulates reality in subtle but real ways. And I say this after carefully assessing the criticism of this research, a subject I have published on repeatedly. [21, 22, 23] The hallmark of this now several generational debate is that it has become a false equivalency. The criticism is notable for its mediocrity, sometimes laughably so, while the research has improved year after year and is now significantly more rigorous than many psychological or drug studies.
The central belief of materialism is that consciousness arises from physiology; it is entirely brain based. That really is not a sustainable position; it fails not because it is wrong, no one is denying the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics. Materialism fails because it is inadequate to explain observed phenomena. And this inadequacy and the worldview it has created, a very real assumption of dominance over nature, and seeing other beings and the Earth itself as exploitable resources, which is Materialism’s shadow is the source of the crisis—climate change—that confronts human civilization.
Eliminating consciousness is a form of willlful ignorance we can no longer afford. Physician Larry Dossey frames it very well I think: “I am not saying that awakening to the One Mind is the only way out of the dilemmas we face, but it is a way, a very potent path that is available to everyone.” [24] The choices we make both individually and as the collective of all our cultures must change, and part of that change is to embrace consciousness as the fundamental of reality. Max Planck appears to be correct: “I regard consciousness as fundamental. I regard matter as derivative from consciousness.”
1. Schwartz, S.A. and Dossey, L. in: Lisa Miller (Ed.) Observations on Prayer and Intention Studies: Laying a Foundation for the Future in The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Spirituality. Oxford University Press, Oxford; 2009: 531–547
2. Roe, C., Sonnex, C., and Roxburgh, E. Two meta-analyses of noncontact healing studies. Explore. 2015; 11: 11–23
3. Radin, D., Schlitz, M., and Baur, C. Distant healing intention. ([Epub 2015 Nov 1. Review. PMID: 26665044])Glob Adv Health Med. 2015; 4: 67–71DOI:
4. Bengston, W.F. Crossing disciplinary boundaries: going beyond even meta-analysis of distant intention. J Altern Complement Med. 2012; 18: 525–526
5. in: W.B. Jonas, C.C. Crawford (Eds.) Healing Intention and Energy Medicine: Science, Research Methods and Clinical Implications. Churchill Livingstone, New York; 2003
6. Schwartz, S.A., De Mattei, R., Brame, E., and Spottiswoode, J. Infrared spectra alteration in water proximate to the palms of therapeutic practitioners. Explore. 2015; 11: 144–155
7. Howey, M., Palace, M., and McMichael, C. Geospatial modeling approach to monument construction using Michigan from A.D. 1000–1600 as a case study. ([Epub 2016 Jun 21])Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016; 113: 7443–7448DOI:
8. Costa, M. and Bonetti, L. Geometrical factors in the perception of sacredness. (pii: 0301006616654159)Perception. 2016;
9. Watkins, G. and Watkins, A. Possible PK influence on the resuscitation of anesthetized mice. J Parapsychol. 1971; 35: 257–272
10. Schwartz, S. in: Damien Broderick, Ben Groetzel (Eds.) Through Time and Space: The Evidence for Remote Viewing in The Evidence for Psi. McFarland, New York; 2015
11. Schwartz SA Deep quest: an experiment in deep ocean psychic archaeology and distant viewing.” Invited Paper. Annual Meetings of the Southwestern Anthropology Association/the Association for Transpersonal Anthropology; March 1978.
12. Schwartz SA With Side-sca 6n Sonar Survey by Harold E. Edgerton. A preliminary survey of the Eastern Harbour, Alexandria, Egypt combining both technological and extended sensing exploration. Annual Meetings of the Society for Underwater Archaeology; 11 January 1980.
13. Schwartz SA. The marea probe: an experiment in applied parapsychology involving the location, reconstruction, and excavation of a byzantine structure, Marea, Egypt.” Invited Paper. Annual Meetings of The American Research Center in Egypt. De Young Museum; 14 April 1980.
14. Schwartz SA, De Mattei R. With independent archaeological evaluation by Roger Smith, (Institute for Nautical Archaeology) “Remote Viewing and the Search for Columbus’ Lost Caravels.” Conference on Underwater Archaeology/Society of Historic Archaeology Annual Meetings; 1987.
15. Otto, Rudolf. The Idea of the Holy [Harvey John W, Trans]. Oxford University Press, Oxford; 1958
16. Jung, Carl G. Dreams II [Hull RFC, Trans]. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.; 1974
17. Achterberg, J., Cooke, K., Richards, T., Standish, L., Kozak, L., and Lake, J. Evidence for correlations between distant intentionality and brain function in recipients: a functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis. J Altern Complement Med. 2005; 1: 965–971
18. Emoto, M. The Hidden Message in Water [Thayne David A, Trans]. Beyond Words Publishing, Hillsboro, Oregon; 2004
19. Radin, D., Hayssen, G., and Walsh, J. Effects of intentionally enhanced chocolate on mood. Explore. 2007; 3: 485–493DOI:
20. Shiah, Y.J. and Radin, D. Metaphysics of the tea ceremony: a randomized trial investigating the roles of intention and belief on mood while drinking tea. Explore. 2013; 9: 355–361
21. The Antique Road Show. How denier movements critique evolution, climate change, and nonlocal consciousness. in: S. Krippner, H. Friedman (Eds.) Debating Psychic Experiences: Human Potential or Human Illusion?Praeger, Santa Barbara, CA; 2010
22. Schwartz, S.A. The denier movements critique evolution, climate change, and nonlocal consciousness. Explore. 2010; 6: 135–142
23. Schwartz, S.A. False equivalencies and the mediocrity of nonlocal consciousness research criticism. Explore. 2013; 9: 131–135
24. Dossey, L. (xxiii)One Mind. Hay House, Carlsbad, California; 2013
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Post a Comment | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '48', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9546428322792052}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '177847', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:SQQT3OKXP5VOVTWQ422WZOS6JYOBMZJZ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:20868e89-0b05-4c48-a007-2394d0f50d72>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 23, 8, 17, 2), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.7.147', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:GB5JJJDEQTXIQSKY6OZ2BYVXEQNWMO2K', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:22c11768-f08c-4e25-b937-4af302caab7c>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.riseearth.com/2017/04/the-manipulation-of-perceived-reality.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:801f5e82-8147-4c48-9d49-3808e323e9e5>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '3477', 'url': 'http://www.riseearth.com/2017/04/the-manipulation-of-perceived-reality.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-165-76-76.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-43\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03097766637802124', 'original_id': 'a07588eea9f91bbe985811c27bd6f5dac921232a57ada403e8fd0718a0683913'} |
Jacqui Lambie on front foot from start
TASMANIAN Senator Jacqui Lambie continues to live up to her fiery reputation, using her first question in Parliament to blast the coalition over its economic ‘‘incompetence’’ in Tasmania.
Senator Jacqui Lambie made a fiery start to her term in parliament yesterday.
The Palmer United Party senator yesterday threw the Abbott government a curly one during question time, demanding it provide $5 billion to her struggling home state.
It was a tough one for Government Senate Leader and fellow Tasmanian Eric Abetz to handle diplomatically, given the government needs the three PUP senators to pass its legislative agenda.
He politely informed Senator Lambie that Tasmania’s economic woes were the result of Labor’s poor policy decisions and the coalition government could not afford an extra $5 billion at this time.
Senator Lambie was not impressed, and went for the jugular the second time around.
‘‘Can the senator explain why the poor, sick, needy, and unemployed of other countries are more important to him than those in his own home state,’’ she asked.
Labor relished the moment, jibing Senator Abetz as he tried to placate the PUP senator a second time.
However, his response fell on deaf ears, with Senator Lambie yelling ‘‘spare me spare me!’’ as he waved about the government’s economic plan for Tasmania.
The PUP newcomer overstepped the mark on her third question, going beyond her allocated time.
However, Senate president Stephen Parry agreed she could finish it off with the caveat that leniency would not be extended next time.
The former military police officer only started her Senate term a week ago, but she’s already created waves with attacks on the government and Prime Minister Tony Abbott in particular.
She’s since met Mr Abbott, whom she described as a ‘‘political psychopath’’ and someone more willing to put his own career ahead of his daughters’ safety by ‘‘parading’’ them around during the election.
Tablet - Narrow
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être un lieu de diffusion, de confrontation et de recherche culturelle ; favoriser les échanges entre créateurs, interprètes et public ; faciliter à tous l'accès au patrimoine culturel et la participation à la vie culturelle sous tous ses aspects | common_corpus | {'identifier': '197801900142', 'collection': 'French Open Data', 'open_type': 'Open Government', 'license': 'Licence ouverte', 'date': '1978.0', 'title': 'Centre culturel du Marais, centre de recherches par les expositions et le spectacle', 'creator': 'ASSOCIATIONS', 'language': 'French', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '39', 'token_count': '49', '__index_level_0__': '6334', 'original_id': '6d9212432b716a5dd4d739932997b4620178996ccca785759b5609f27c092b88'} |
Q:
Updating nodes from multiple xml strings
I basically need to encrypt the data that is stored in field of a table as xml string.
I am using AES encryption. I already have the logic for encryption and decryption. All I want to do is load the xml string and update two nodes.
Basically I need to update
<Bankaccountnumber>23232323</Bankaccountnumber>Banksortcode>232323</Banksortcode> nodes.
I basically have around 60,000 records and want to do it efficiently using C# program. Please see the sample of the xml string below
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><callvalidate><authentication><company>Bestinvest Brokers</company><username>API@bestinvest.co.uk</username><password>Pa55word67</password></authentication><sessions><session RID="0cee7f47-59b4-4fb2-a8eb-bafba9dec8ee"><data><Checksrequired><BankStandard>Yes</BankStandard><BankEnhanced>Yes</BankEnhanced><CardLive>No</CardLive><CardEnhanced>No</CardEnhanced><IDEnhanced>Yes</IDEnhanced><DeliveryFraud>No</DeliveryFraud><EmailValidate>No</EmailValidate><CreditScore>No</CreditScore><Zodiac>No</Zodiac><IPAddress>No</IPAddress></Checksrequired><Personalinformation><IndividualDetails><Title>Mr.</Title><Firstname>test</Firstname><Surname>test</Surname><Dateofbirth>1996-02-01T00:00:00</Dateofbirth><Emailaddress>ranjit.menon9@gmail.com</Emailaddress></IndividualDetails><AddressDetails><Buildingname></Buildingname><Postcode>se93qS</Postcode><Previouspostcode /></AddressDetails></Personalinformation><Bankaccountnumber>23232323</Bankaccountnumber><Banksortcode>232323</Banksortcode></data></session></sessions><application>LT-API-BEML</application></callvalidate>
A:
Try XML Linq
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Xml;
using System.Xml.Linq;
namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
class Program
{
const string FILENAME = @"\temp\test.xml";
static void Main(string[] args)
{
XDocument callvalidate = XDocument.Load(FILENAME);
List<XElement> bankAccountNumbers = callvalidate.Descendants("Bankaccountnumber").ToList();
for(int index = 0; index < bankAccountNumbers.Count; index++)
{
XElement bankAccountNumber = bankAccountNumbers[index];
int accountNumber = int.Parse(bankAccountNumber.Value);
XElement newBankAccountNumber = new XElement("Bankaccountnumber", new object[] {
accountNumber,
new XElement("Banksortcode",accountNumber)
});
bankAccountNumber = newBankAccountNumber;
}
}
}
}
| mini_pile | {'original_id': 'ecece5aa2ebb9dfbb6ae5f3017a3737c63d7ae73cd58b51c88db2ebdccd057c3'} |
Peter Suderman of Reason Magazine argues that, "Under Trump, Republicans Have Become the Party of No Ideas." Suderman makes some disturbing connections of data with his thesis, such as the following:
Ayn Rand's image of the hollow oak seems particularly apt, but this will do. (Image via Pixabay)... Republicans are not merely struggling with difficult vote math, or with converting broad ideas into legislative form. They are abandoning the notion of a policy agenda entirely. That abandonment can be seen in the slew of GOP retirements -- more than two dozen so far, including a large number of committee heads, who have historically taken charge of writing legislation and moving it through the congressional process. In a very real sense, the Republican Party, or at least the party as we have known it, is calling it quits. The most notable of the retirees is Speaker of the House Paul Ryan, a veteran lawmaker who built his career as a legislative entrepreneur, the closest thing the GOP had to an idea man, pitching a broad policy agenda he at one point dubbed "A Better Way." Even among Republicans, Ryan's ideas, especially on entitlements, were always more popular in theory than in practice, and Ryan's status as a deficit hawk was often overrated. But at the very least his ideas served as a sort of ideological placeholder, a sense of what the party should, or could, aim for in the absence of a more promising program. [bold added]Signs of this were evident during the campaign, as Bret Stephens noted in the Wall Street Journal back in 2016, when he commented on the leadership of the GOP folding like a cheap law chair after Trump became the nominee:
What isn't normal is the ease with which so many conservative leaders, political and intellectual, have prostrated themselves before Mr. Trump simply because he won. In July, Dan Senor, a senior adviser to Mitt Romney in 2012, tweeted that he had once commiserated with a Midwestern governor about how unacceptable Mr. Trump was as the GOP nominee. That governor? Mike Pence. As for conservative thought leaders, the book that comes to mind is Julien Benda's 1927 classic, La Trahison des clercs, "The Treason of the Intellectuals." Benda railed against a new class of European thinkers who specialized in "the intellectual organization of political hatreds," the "desire to abase the values of knowledge before the values of action," and above all "the cult of success," based on "the teaching that says that when a will is successful that fact alone gives it a moral value, whereas the will which fails is for that reason alone deserving of contempt." [bold added, links omitted, format edits]But lest you think Stephens is some kind of prophet, consider the following words, written over a half-century ago by Ayn Rand: [T]o those of you who do wish to contest [this country's uncontested collapse] -- particularly those of you who are young and are not ready to surrender -- I want to give a warning: nothing is as dead as the stillborn. Nothing is as futile as a movement without goals, or a crusade without ideals, or a battle without ammunition. A bad argument is worse than ineffectual: it lends credence to the arguments of your opponents. A half-battle is worse than none: it does not end in mere defeat -- it helps and hastens the victory of your enemies. At a time when the world is torn by a profound ideological conflict, do not join those who have no ideology -- no ideas, no philosophy -- to offer you. Do not go into battle armed with nothing but stale slogans, pious platitudes, and meaningless generalities. Do not join any so-called "conservative" group, organization, or person that advocates any variant of the arguments from "faith," from "tradition," or from "depravity." Any home-grown sophist in any village debate can refute those arguments and can drive you into evasions in about five minutes. What would happen to you, with such ammunition, on the philosophical battlefield of the world? But you would never reach that battlefield: you would not be heard on it, since you would have nothing to say. It is not by means of evasions that one saves civilization. It is not by means of empty slogans that one saves a world perishing for lack of intellectual leadership. It is not by means of ignoring its causes that one cures a deadly disease. [bold added]This is what Rand said of the conservatives back then, when they still were pretending to offer an alternative to the left. Suderman and Stephens rightly observe the effects of what Rand discussed then, but they don't go far enough. It's not just that the conservatives failed in 2016 or now -- it's that they are no longer even bothering to pretend to be serious opponents of the left. Whether that be because they don't know or don't care what will happen as a result of failing to do so, is as irrelevant as they will prove to be in the long term. As for anyone not wishing for a Bernie Sanders's version of the American dream (as is being realized today in Venezuela), I strongly recommend reading the entirety of Rand's Conservatism: An Obituary. We need ideas, and if Donald Trump has given us anything more than a few random rollbacks to particularly bad regulations, it is this: He has shown -- sooner rather than later -- that the GOP is not the "party of ideas" we need for an actual return of America to the greatness of capitalism. -- CAVLink to Original
Over at Inc., business columnist Suzanne Lucas considers advice she unexpectedly received after sharing an anecdote online. The elastic band in a garment gave up the ghost after twenty-three years, and several people said she should sew in a new band, in the name of thrift. She had wisely trashed the old garment and ordered a new one. Here is part of her analysis of that advice:
Image of symbol extolling the waste of time as a virtue, via Pixabay.Then, I have to measure the elastic, cut it, pin it to the slip, and sew it in. I do know how to sew, but I don't do it often. All in all, if I worked quickly, and had no problems with the cloth or sewing machine, I'd guess the whole process would take about an hour. You may be able to do it faster. You may have extra elastic in your sewing box, but I don't. So, all in all, it would take me about 1 hour and 30 minutes to put new elastic into cloth that would be old enough to drink. To save what? $15? Is my time worth $10 an hour? Or is it worth more? It's absolutely worth more. In fact, using the time I saved by buying the new slip, I can write this article, for which Inc will pay me.Lucas even discusses other possible benefits from doing the repair, anyway, and found them wanting. For example, as a chance to teach her son some sewing, this case was wanting because elastic would have made for too tricky a lesson for a beginner. To people who have had penny-pinching -- or worse, recycling -- drummed into their skulls from Day One, it might sound like Lucas over-thought this. I would beg to differ. While considering value propositions thoughtfully does take more effort than blindly applying a rule about saving money, it isn't that hard once one has made it a habit, and it leads to better productivity (and often, ultimately more money since making money is often an alternative to saving less of it). The lesson here is that if one cares about maximizing value in life, it is an error to fixate on the dollar cost of one or a few things. Many things are more valuable, dollar-wise, and some things one should consider cannot even be quantified in terms of money. See also Ayn Rand's teleological measurement of values. -- CAV Link to Original | mini_pile | {'original_id': '14e25859e82f8567b0f1b7ed462fbc353843edbe47c3dc260655b83f093d8a82'} |
Stress Management
Manage Stress??? Stress Picture
What, one more thing to "manage" before the semester gets underway for real?
Is it possible to manage stress, and do you really want to? The answer to that question is yes and no.
Stress can both motivate us to do well and diminish our mental well being. Stress is defined as a physical and psychological reaction to issues and events emanating from one's environment. College students experience many changes in environmental issues and events, and therefore are especially susceptible to negative stress.
These stressors can include:
The first step in managing stress is learning how to recognize the warning signs. These include:
So, back to the original questions, do we manage stress, and how do we do so? Good stress can come from positive events. Stress that motivates us comes from exciting or positive events like a healthy new relationship, buying a new computer, preparing for the exciting new life changes at college. These types of stressors do not always provoke the above warning signs. Concentrate on and address the unhealthy stressors, and learn to appreciate the positive.
Strategies for managing stress:
Last but not least: be aware of your own reactions to stress, recognize and accept your limits
In conclusion, if this information has stressed you out, and you would like to stay that way, here are some tips adapted from Stef Jones of De Anza College:
(more help to stay stressed can be found at
Balance is important! | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9202302098274232}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '18386', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:AJHXPEMEN7WWJDRMQGHKOKVNITUTKFNI', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:66058cd2-3e05-4a14-a4f6-f9c16fa637d2>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 3, 11, 21, 42, 24), 'WARC-IP-Address': '149.152.64.45', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:52GMCKYTBJFEMUR2ACZOIIRDMU4GGDDA', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:149511f3-e462-4bbe-818e-e3369c64dc3a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://southernct.edu/student-life/health/healthservices/stressmanagement.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:abfbe35d-ac5b-4794-bf36-7f47e0db8ab3>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '243', 'url': 'http://southernct.edu/student-life/health/healthservices/stressmanagement.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-10\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for March 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.15961045026779175', 'original_id': 'f4d34b6c98b720ba68b09fb3d47f94a612e96c33bef1d8b577cd7d2fdbe9fed1'} |
#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -e
if ! [[ "$0" =~ "scripts/glide-update" ]]; then
echo "must be run from repository root"
exit 255
fi
if [ ! $(command -v glide) ]; then
echo "glide: command not found"
exit 255
fi
if [ ! $(command -v glide-vc) ]; then
echo "glide-vc: command not found"
exit 255
fi
glide update --strip-vendor
glide-vc --only-code --no-tests
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '724aa57f47ccbe1114386e842200289e9b4550977d95837be6ad89ee84d9ffad'} |
On testing pseudorandom generators via statistical tests based on the arcsine law
03/23/2019 ∙ by Pawel Lorek, et al. ∙ Akademia Sztuk Pięknych we Wrocławiu Politechnika 0
Testing the quality of pseudorandom number generators is an important issue. Security requirements become more and more demanding, weaknesses in this matter are simply not acceptable. There is a need for an in-depth analysis of statistical tests -- one has to be sure that rejecting/accepting a generator as good is not a result of errors in computations or approximations. In this paper we propose a second level statistical test based on the arcsine law for random walks. We provide a Berry-Essen type inequality for approximating the arcsine distribution, what allows us to perform a detailed error analysis of the proposed test.
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This week in AI
1 Introduction
Random numbers are key ingredients in various applications, e.g., in cryptography (e.g., for generating cryptographic keys) or in simulations (e.g., in Monte Carlo methods), just to mention a few. No algorithm can produce truly random numbers. Instead, pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs) are used. These are deterministic algorithms producing numbers which we expect to resemble truly random ones in some sense. There are two classes of tests used to evaluate PRNGs, theoretical and statistical ones. Theoretical tests examine the intrinsic structure of a given generator, the sequence does not necessarily need to be generated. Two classical examples are the lattice test MARSAGLIA1972 and the spectral test described in Knuth2 (Section 3.3.4). See also LEcuyer92 for a description of some standard tests from this class. This category of tests is very specific to each family of generators e.g., some are designed only for linear congruential generators. On the other hand, the second class of tests – empirical tests – are conducted on a sequence generated by a PRNG and require no knowledge of how it was produced. The main goal of these tests is to check if the sequence of numbers
(or bits, depending on the actual implementation) produced by a PRNG has properties similar to those of a sequence generated truly at random. These tests try to find statistical evidence against the null hypothesis
stating that the sequence is a sample from independent random variables with uniform distribution. Any function of a finite number of uniformly distributed random variables, whose (sometimes approximate) distribution under hypothesis
is known, can be used as a statistical test. Due to the popularity and significance of the problem, a variety of testing procedures have been developed in recent years. Such statistical tests aim at detecting various deviations in generated sequences, what allows for revealing flawed PRNGs producing predictable output. Some of the procedures encompass classical tools from statistics like the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test or the Pearson’s chi-squared test, which are used for comparing the theoretical and empirical distributions of appropriate statistics calculated for a PRNG’s output. It is also possible to adapt tests of normality like the Anderson-Darling or Shapiro-Wilk tests for appropriately transformed pseudorandom sequences. These methods exploit the properties of sequences of i.i.d. random variables. Based on the original sequence returned by the examined PRNG we are able to obtain realizations of random variables with known theoretical distributions. Some examples of probabilistic laws used in practice in this kind of tests can be found e.g., in Knuth2 . They include such procedures like the gap test, the permutation test and the coupon collector’s test, just to name a few (see Knuth2
for a more detailed treatment). These methods have also the advantage that they implicitly test the independence of the generator’s output. The main issue with such methods is that a single statistical test looks only at some specific property that holds for sequences of truly random numbers. Hence, for practical purposes bundles of diverse tests are created. Such a test bundle consists of a series of individual procedures based on various stochastic laws from probability theory. A PRNG is then considered as good if the pseudorandom sequences it produces pass all tests in a given bundle. Note that formally it proves nothing, but it increases the confidence in the simulation results. Thus, they are actually tests for
non-randomness, as pointed out in PareschiRS07 . Some examples of such test suites are Marsaglia’s Diehard Battery of Tests of Randomness from 1995, Dieharder developed by Brown et al. (see Dieharder ), TestU01 implemented by L’Ecuyer and Simard (see TestU01 ; TestU01_guide ) and NIST Test Suite NISTtests . The last one, designed by the National Institute of Standard and Technology, is currently considered as one of the state of the art test bundles. It is often used for the preparation of many formal certifications or approvals.
A result of a single statistical test is typically given in the form of a -value, which, informally speaking, represents the probability that a perfect PRNG would produce “less random” sequence than the sequence being tested w.r.t. the used statistic. We then reject if , where is the significance level (usually ) and accept if . Such an approach is usually called one level or first level test. Although the interpretation of a single -value has a clear statistical explanation, it is not quite obvious how to interpret the results of a test bundle, i.e., of multiple tests. Under the distribution of -values is uniform. However, in a test bundle several different tests are applied to the same output of a PRNG, hence the results are usually correlated. The documentation of the NIST Test Suite includes some clues on how to interpret the results of their bundle (Section 4.2 in Rukhin2010 ), but in the introduction it is frankly stated: “It is up to the tester to determine the correct interpretation of the test results”.
To disclose flaws of PRNGs, a very long sequence is often required. In such situations, the applicability of a statistical test can be limited (depending on the test statistic) by the memory size of the computer. An alternative approach is to use a so-called
two level (a term used e.g., in LEcuyer92 ) or second level (a term used e.g., in PareschiRS07 ; Pareschi2007 ) test. In this approach we take into account several results from the same test over disjoint sequences generated by a PRNG. We obtain several -values which are uniformly distributed under , what is tested by e.g., some goodness-of-fit test (with potentially different level of significance – NIST suggests to use – obtaining new “final” -value). The authors in Ecuyer2002_Sparse observed that this method may be comparable to a first level test in terms of the power of a test (informally speaking, it represents the probability of observing “less random” sequence than the sequence being tested under an alternative hypothesis , see Ecuyer2002_Sparse for details), but often it produces much more accurate results, as shown in PareschiRS07 . Roughly speaking, the accuracy is related to the ability, given a non-random PRNG, of recognizing its sequences as non-random (for details see PareschiRS07 ). We will follow this approach.
In the second level approach one has to take under consideration the approximation errors in the computation of a -value. For example, in a first level test one usually calculates a -value of a statistic which – under – is approximatelynormally distributed. The approximation comes then from the central limit theorem, which lets us substitute the distribution of a given sum with the standard normal distribution. These errors in calculations of individual -values may accumulate, resulting in an error of a -value in a second level test, thus making the test not reliable. Following PareschiRS07 we say that the second level test is not reliable when, due to errors or approximations in the computation of -values (in the first level), the distribution of -values is not uniform under . Fortunately, this approximation error can be bounded using the Berry-Essen inequality and the final error of a second level test can be controlled (see PareschiRS07 ; Pareschi2007 for a detailed example based on the binary matrix rank test). The influence of approximations on the computation of -values in a second level test was also considered in Matsumoto2002 ; Leopardi2009 . In this article we present a statistical test based on the arcsine law, in which at some point we approximate a distribution of some random variable with the arcsine distribution. We provide a Berry-Essen type inequality which upper bounds the approximation error, what allows us to control the reliability of our second level test.
An interesting approach for testing PRNGs was presented by Kim et al. in Kim2008 . The concept of their tests is based on the properties of a random walk (the gambler’s ruin algorithm) on the cyclic group with 0 being an absorbing state – more precisely, on the time till absorption. The authors in Kim2008 propose three different variants of the test. The general idea of the basic procedure is the following. For some fixed and , the output of a PRNG is treated as numbers from the unit interval and used to define a random walk starting in such that if and the process is in state , then it moves to , otherwise it moves to . The aim of this test is to compare the theoretical and the empirical distributions of the time to absorption in 0 when starting at . Based on the values of testing statistic, the PRNG is then either accepted or rejected. The authors reported some “hidden defects” in the widely used Mersenne Twister generator. However, one has to be very careful when dealing with randomness. It seems like re-seeding a PRNG with a fixed seed is an error which can lead to wrong conclusions. The criticism was raised by Ekkehard and Grønvik in Ekke10 , where the authors also showed that the properly performed tests of Kim et al. Kim2008 do not reveal any defects in the Mersenne Twister PRNG. Recently, the authors in Lorek2017a have proposed another gambler’s ruin based procedure for testing PRNGs. In their method they exploited formulas for winning probabilities for arbitrary sequences and , (i.e., the winning and losing probabilities depend on the current fortune) which are the parameters of the algorithm.
In recent years a novel kind of testing techniques has been introduced for more careful verification of generators. The core idea of this class of methods is based on an observation that the binary sequence produced by a PRNG, after being properly rescaled, can be interpreted as an one-dimensional random walk with , where . For random walks defined by truly random binary sequences a wide range of statistics have been considered over the years and a variety of corresponding stochastic laws have been derived (see e.g., Feller1 ). For a good PRNG we may expect that its output will behave like . Hence, the following idea comes to mind: choose some probabilistic law that holds for truly random bit sequences and compare the theoretical distribution of the corresponding statistic with the empirical distribution calculated for sequences produced by a given PRNG in independent experiments. This comparison can be done e.g., by computing the -value of an appropriate test statistic under the null hypothesis that the sequence generated by this PRNG is truly random.
Another concept named statistical distance based testing was suggested in Wang2015 . It relies on calculation of some statistical distances like e.g., total variation distance between the theoretical and empirical distributions for considered characteristics and rejecting a PRNG if the distance exceeds some threshold. We will also follow this approach, indicating the corresponding threshold. In Wang2015 the authors derive their test statistics from the law of iterated logarithm for random walks (the procedure is called the LIL test). The proposed by us procedure uses similar methodology and is based on the arcsine law. We made the code publicly available, see ArcsineTest_github . It includes the arcsine law based as well as the law of iterated logarithm based statistical tests, the implementation of many PRNGs (more than described in this article) including the Flawed generator (see Section 4) and the seeds we used.
Organization of the paper
In the following Section 2 we define a general notion of a PRNG and recall the aforementioned stochastic laws for random walks. The testing method along with the error analysis is described in Section 3. The concise report on experimental results (including the Flawed generator introduced in Section 4) is given in Section 5. In Section 6 we mention other implementations of the tests based on the arcsine law. We conclude in Section 7.
2 Pseudorandom generators and stochastic laws for random walks
2.1 Pseudorandom generators
The intuition behind pseudorandom number generator is clear. However, let us give a strict definition roughly following Asmussen and Glynn Asmussen2007 .
Definition 2.1.
A Pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) is a 5-tuple , where is a finite state space, is a set of values, is a so-called seed, i.e., an initial state in the sequence , a function describes the transition between consecutive states and maps the generator’s state into the output.
Usually or for some , the latter one is used throughout the paper. Recall that LCG (linear congruential generator) is a generator which updates its state according to the formula . Thus, it is defined by three integers: a modulus , a multiplier , and an additive constant . In the case , the generator is called MCG (multiplicative congruential generator). For a detailed description of some commonly used PRNGs see the surveys Kroese11 ; LEcuyer2017 ; Niederreiter_QuasiMonte or the book Woyczynski98 .
It is clear that both the input and the output of a random number generator can be viewed as a finite sequence of bits. For a PRNG to be considered as good, the output sequences should have some particular property, namely each returned bit has to be generated independently with equal probability of being 0 and 1. We say that the sequence of bits is truly random if it is a realization of a Bernoulli process with success probability .
Given a PRNG returning integers from the set , we may obtain a pseudorandom binary sequence with any given length using the following simple procedure. Namely, as long as the bit sequence is not sufficiently long, generate the next pseudorandom number and append its binary representation (on bits) to the current content of . In the ideal model with being truly random number generator, such algorithm produces truly random bit sequences provided that is a power of 2. Indeed, for there is one to one correspondence between -bit sequences and the set . Hence, if each number is generated independently with uniform distribution on , then each combination of bits is equally likely and therefore each bit of the output sequence is independent and equal to 0 or 1 with probability .
However, this is not true for . It is easy to observe that in such a case the generator is more likely to output 0s and the generated bits are no longer independent. Thus, rather than simply outputting the bits of , one may instead take first bits from the binary representation of for some fixed . Such a method has the advantage that it can be easily adopted for an underlying generator returning numbers from the unit interval, what is common for many PRNG implementations.
2.2 Stochastic laws for random walks
Let be a Bernoulli process with a parameter , i.e., a sequence of independent random variables with identical distribution . A good PRNG should behave like a generator of Bernoulli process with (what we assume from now on). It will be, however, more convenient to consider the following transformed process
The sequence is -valued, the process is called a random walk.
The law of iterated logarithm
Of course . However, large values of occur with small probability and the values of are in practice in a much narrower range than . The weak and
the strong law of large numbers
imply that where denotes the convergence in probability and denotes the almost sure convergence. Thus, the deviations of from 0 grow much slower than linearly. On the other hand the central limit theorem states that (where denotes the convergence in distribution), what is in some sense a lower bound on fluctuations of – they will leave the interval since we have (implied by 0-1 Kolmogorov’s Law, see e.g., Theorem 5.1 in Gut2005
). It turns out that the fluctuations can be estimated more exactly.
Theorem 2.2 (The law of iterated logarithm, Khintchine1924 , cf. also Chapter VIII.5 in Feller1 ).
For a random walk we have
Thus, to normalize dividing by is too strong and dividing by is too weak. The fluctuations of from 0 grow proportionally to .
Figure 1: 500 trajectories of random walks of length . Blue plot: , red plot:
To depict the law of iterated logarithm, we took output sequences from the Mersenne Twister MT19937 generator, each initialized with a random seed taken from http://www.random.org, where each output was of length . In Figure 1 we presented these 500 trajectories , where . Each trajectory is depicted by a single polyline. The darker the image the higher the density of trajectories. We can see that roughly corresponds to the fluctuations of . However, few trajectories after around billion steps are still outside . The law of iterated logarithm tells us that for appropriately large the trajectories will not leave with probability , what is not the case in Figure 1. It means that must be much larger than .
One could think that the following is a good test for randomness: fix some number, say
, and classify the considered PRNG as good if the difference between the number of ones and zeros never exceeds
. The large difference may suggest that zeros and ones have different probabilities of occurrence. However, the law of iterated logarithm tells us that this reasoning is wrong. Indeed, we should expect some fluctuations and the absence of them means that a PRNG does not produce bits which can be considered random. This property of random walks was used by the authors in Wang2015 for designing a novel method of testing random number generators.
There is yet another interesting property. Define . The law of iterated logarithm implies that does not converge pointwise to any constant. However, it converges to 0 in probability. Let us fix some small . For almost all , with an arbitrary high probability the process will not leave . On the other hand, this tells us that the process will be outside this interval infinitely many times. This apparent contradiction shows how can our intuition be unreliable on phenomena taking place at infinity.
The arcsine law
The observations described previously imply that averaging every , it will spend half of its time above the -axis and half of its time below. However, the typical situation is counter-intuitive (at first glance): typically the random walk will either spend most of its time above or most of its time below the -axis. This is expressed in the Theorem 2.3 below (for reference see e.g., Feller1 ). Before we formulate the theorem, let us first introduce some notations. For a sequence , as defined in (1), let
where is the indicator function. is equal to 1 if the number of ones exceeds the number of zeros either at step or at step , and 0 otherwise (in a case of ties, i.e., , we look at the previous step letting ). In other words, corresponds to the situation in which the line segment of the trajectory of the random walk between steps and is above the -axis.
Theorem 2.3 (The arcsine law).
Let be a Bernoulli process. Define and ( is given in (2)). For we have
The probability is the chance that the random walk was above the -axis for at most fraction of the time. The limiting distribution is called the arcsine distribution. Its density function is given by
and the cumulative distribution function (cdf) is
. The shape of the pdf clearly indicates that the fractions of time spent above and below -axis are more likely to be unequal than close to each other.
3 Testing PRNGs based on the arcsine law
In this Section we will show how to exploit the theoretical properties of random walks from the preceding discussion to design a practical routine for testing PRNGs. We describe our approach based on the arcsine law which we employ for experimental evaluation of several commonly used generators (the results are presented in Section 5). We also perform an error analysis of the proposed testing procedure, providing corresponding bounds on the approximation errors. Finally, we make some remarks on the reliability of our second level test.
3.1 The arcsine law based testing
The general idea of tests is the following. Take a sequence of bits generated by PRNG, rescale them as in (1) and compare the empirical distribution of
(a fraction of time instants at which ones prevail zeros) with its theoretical distribution assuming that truly random numbers were generated. In terms of hypothesis testing: given the null hypothesis that the bits in the sequence were generated independently and uniformly at random (vs. : that the sequence was not randomly generated), the distribution of follows the arcsine law (Theorem 2.3), i.e., we can conclude that for large we have
(we will be more specific on “” in Section 3.2). We follow the second level testing approach (cf. PareschiRS07 ; Pareschi2007 ), i.e., we take into account several results from the same test over different sequences. To test a PRNG we generate sequences of length each, thus obtaining realizations of the variable . Denoting by the value of -th simulation’s result (we call them a basic tests), we then calculate the corresponding -values
Under the distribution of , should be uniform on . We fix some partition of and count the number of -values within each interval. In our tests we will use an -element partition , where
Now we define the measures (the uniform measure on ), (the empirical measure on ), (the expected number of -values within ) and (the number of observed -values within ). For let
We perform the Pearson’s goodness-of-fit test, which uses the following test statistic
Under the null hypothesis, has approximately distribution. We calculate the corresponding -value
where has a distribution. Large values of – and thus small values of – let us suspect that a given PRNG is not good. Typically, we reject (i.e., we consider the test failed) if where is a predefined level of significance (for a second level test we use , as suggested by NIST). Note that the probability of rejecting when the sequence is generated by a perfect random generator (so-called Type I error) is exactly .
Another approach relies on the statistical distance based testing, which is the technique presented in Wang2015 . We consider the statistic
i.e., a total variation distance between the theoretical distribution and the empirical distribution . Similarly, large values of indicate that a given PRNG is not good. Concerning Type I error we will make use of the following lemma (see Lemma 3 in devroye1983 or its reformulation, Lemma 1 in Berend2012 ).
Lemma 3.4.
Assume and consider the partition . Then, for all we have
To summarize, for a given PRNG we generate sequences of length each. and we choose (and thus the partition ). We then calculate and together with its -value. We specify the thresholds for -value and indicating whether the test failed or not (the details are presented in Section 5). We denote the described procedure as the ASIN test.
Remark. Note that the described procedure for calculating and is equivalent to the following one. Instead of calculating -values of , we could directly count the number of falling into each interval and compare the empirical distribution with the theoretical one. To be more precise, for let
where for . Then statistics and can be rewritten as
This technique was presented in Wang2015 (for the total variation and few other distances) and this is how our implementation of the ASIN test ArcsineTest_github calculates the statistics.
We could also calculate just one -value of the statistic for a longer sequence (say, for ) – i.e., perform a first level test. However, as mentioned in Section 1, the second level approach produces more accurate results (roughly speaking, the accuracy is related to the ability, given a non-random PRNG, of recognizing its sequences as non-random, see details in PareschiRS07 ).
It is worth noting that the following approach can be applied when or are slightly outside the acceptance region (e.g., if ), what suggests rejecting , but is not a strong evidence). Namely, double the length of the sequence, take a new output from the PRNG and apply the test again. Repeat the procedure (at most some predefined number of times) until the evidence is strong enough (e.g., ) or is accepted (e.g., ). This method, called “automation of statistical tests on randomness”, was proposed and analyzed in Haramoto2009 .
3.2 Error analysis
3.2.1 Bounding errors in approximating -values in basic tests
In this subsection we will show a bound on the approximation error in (3). Recall that .
Lemma 3.5.
Fix a partition and an even . Let be the cdf of the empirical distribution of under (stating that the bits were generated uniformly at random), i.e., . Then we have
Proof. We will show that for fixed and such that we have
Let us assume that . Let denote the probability that during steps in the first steps the random walk was above 0-axis, i.e., . The classical results on a simple random walk state that
The standard proof of Theorem 2.3 (see, e.g., Chapter XII.8 in Feller2 ) shows that converges to . In the following, we will bound the difference . We will use a version of Stirling’s formula stating that for each there exists , , such that
Plugging (5) into each factorial appearing in (4) we have
Thus, we get
For any it holds that and for we have that . Note that , what is equivalent to , what holds for any . Hence,
what implies
Fix and assume furthermore that . The function achieves the minimum value at the endpoints of the considered interval, thus
We will estimate the approximation error in (3) in two steps. First, take two numbers such that . We have
The second kind of errors in probability estimates given by (3) is caused by approximating the sum by an integral. Let us consider an arbitrary function differentiable in the interval . Split into subintervals of length and let be an arbitrary point in the interval containing . Denote by and the maximum and the minimum value of on that interval, respectively. Using the Lagrange’s mean value theorem we obtain
For we have and Hence, in the considered interval we have
We also have
Taking we obtain
what justifies the approximation (3) for . To complete the analysis we need to investigate the errors “on the boundaries” of a unit interval, i.e., for (and, by symmetry, for ). We get
where the last inequality follows directly from the preceding calculations. ∎
Remark. Let be zero-average i.i.d. random variables with . Denote . The central limit theorem states that , a normal random variable (denote its cdf by ), is the limiting distribution of (denote its cdf by by ). It means that for large we can approximate by and the approximation error is bounded by the Berry-Essen inequality
where is a positive constant (in original paper Esseen42 it was shown that , in Tyurin2010 it was shown that ). Lemma 3.5 is thus a Berry-Essen type inequality for approximating by a random variable with cdf , tailored to our needs.
3.2.2 Reliability of the results from the second level test
Following Pareschi2007 , we say that a basic test (calculating ) is not reliable if, due to approximation errors in the computations of -values, the distribution of for truly random numbers is not uniform. We test the uniformity via and . Since we compare two continuous distributions, some discretization needs to be applied. In our testing procedure we use a partition for this, splitting the interval into intervals (i.e., the bins). Lemma 3.5 states that a maximum error in the computation of is bounded by (note that implicitly depends on ). It means that a -value that should belong to a given bin can be found in the neighboring ones only if the distance between and one of the endpoints of a given bin is less than . Thus, this is also the fraction of -values that can be found in wrong bins. The maximum propagated deviation is twice the error (since most bins have two neighbors), i.e.,
Under the distribution of the numbers in the bins is a multinomial distribution. Indeed, this is equivalent to throwing balls independently into bins, where the probability of choosing first and last bin is and
for all remaining bins. The variance of the ratio of number of balls in bin
is equal to , and for bin is equal to . We have , where is the expected statistical deviation of the ratio of -values found in a given bin. We expect that the error in approximating -values propagates into an additional deviation. If the deviation is smaller than the statistical deviation, i.e., if
then we say that the second level test is reliable. Note that the reliability of a test imposes a restriction on a relation between the length of a sequence used for each base test (i.e., ) and the number of basic tests (). Inequality (6) implies a lower bound on , namely
4 The Flawed PRNG
In this section we present – a family of PRNGs. The family depends on three parameters: (a PRNG, e.g., the Mersenne Twister), (a small integer parameter, e.g., ) and . generates the same output as for a fraction of all possible seeds. For the remaining fraction of seeds it outputs bits such that the corresponding walk of the length spends exactly half of the time ( steps) above zero and exactly half of the time below zero. In the following we will denote .
4.1 Dyck Paths
To generate walks with the aforementioned property we will use Dyck paths, i.e., walks starting and ending at 0 with the property that for each prefix the number of ones is not smaller than the number of zeros.
Definition 4.6.
A sequence of bits is called a Dyck path if the corresponding walk fulfills and . A set of all Dyck paths of length is denoted by .
Thus, a Dyck path of length corresponds to a valid grouping of pairs of parentheses. We have ( is the -th Catalan number).
4.2 Sampling Dyck Paths
We are interested in generating Dyck paths uniformly at random. To achieve this goal we will use the following three ingredients.
(1) Walk sampling
Let be the set of sequences of bits such that the corresponding walk ends at , i.e., . One can easily sample a sequence
uniformly at random – it is enough to make a random permutation of the vector of bits
, consisting of zeros and ones.
(2) transformation
One can obtain a Dyck path of length from using Algorithm 1.
Output: corresponding Dyck path
1: for
Algorithm 1
Observe that transforms into a Dyck path. This follows from simple observations:
1. has exactly zeros and ones;
2. since then and after is removed then has exactly bits equal to and bits equal to ;
3. from the definition of (which enforces in particular that ), the walk that corresponds to bits cannot go below .
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Love in the Time of Texas Slavery
by Maria Hammack
I wasn’t looking to find a story abounding love when researching violent episodes of Texas history. Love, unsurprisingly, can be found even in the vilest records of human atrocities. The story found me while I was conducting research on material pertaining to nineteen century lynchings on the Mexico-United States borderlands. A newspaper report shed light on the story of a Black woman and a Mexican man who lived as husband and wife in the early 1840s, twenty-five miles northeast of Victoria, Texas. She was a Black woman forced to live in bondage in Jackson County, in the town of Texana, near present day Edna, Texas. Her husband, was a Mexican man likely indentured, employed, or a peon in that same vicinity. The report, unsurprisingly, did not fully document much of their lives, experiences or bonds of intimacy. But, while we may never know where this couple met, how their love story developed, or when or if they ever officially married, we do know that this couple absconded to seek freedom and a future far removed from Texas slavery, together.
1856 Jackson County TX Map showing Texana. Texas General Land Office.
Theirs was a story of bravery, of life and death; a harrowing tale of love, sacrifice, and heartbreak different from others I have ever encountered. They stayed together until death did them part. We know very little about their relationship, their background and the extent of their intimacy, but in their story, love was empowering, death was swift and its perpetrators, vicious. A macabre ending awaited them, committed by Texas vigilantes and sanctioned by laws that protected and promoted the institution of slavery in Texas. Theirs was a story raw, fleeting, and heartbreaking. This was a love story shaped by slavery, freedom, and resistance; one marked with blood and violence and no happily ever after.
In the summer of 1842 these lovers carefully planned their escape, surely detailing every trail, bend and river they would encounter and need to traverse on their journey to freedom. In the early days of July, they took two horses and rode them southward, hoping to leave Texas behind and reach safe havens beyond the Mexican border.
Eastman Johnson. A Ride for Liberty. Brooklyn Museum.
They made their way towards Mexican territory, but as they reached the Lavaca river they were intercepted and pursued by a group of slave hunters, unscrupulous employees of a highly profitable profession. Slave hunters caught up with them and quickly surrounded them. They stood no chance and received no mercy. Romeo in this story was lynched. His body was returned to the place whence authorities claimed he had “stolen” his enslaved wife. His body was then hung and displayed as a public reminder (and threat) to all others who hoped or braved or even thought to run away. In this story, fugitive Juliet faced an unimaginable fate. Tortured and robbed of the freedom she almost secured for herself, she was forcibly returned to her ruthless enslaver. The rest of her story still remains hidden, silent, until it is found, and told.
The report of this couple’s story is but a fragment, a tiny visible thread in the vastly unknown tapestry of the lives and experiences of thousands of women, men and children who faced, fought, resisted and survived (or failed to) enslavement in Texas. It offers us a window into the vibrant, diverse and porous composite that was Texas, during a time when freedom existed just a few miles South, and the unyielding institution of slavery thrived and consolidated on its opposite sides.
“Runaways to Mexico: [—–] Stealing.” The Telegraph and Texas Register. July 7, 1842.
This fragmented record of love and loss on the Texas borderlands, has kindled many questions regarding love, romance, intimacy, courtship and marriage for me and my work on the lives of people enslaved in Texas. Did these forces and actions shaped the experiences of people of African, Mexican and Native descent who forged relations, or any type of love bond (romantic or not) with each other during the extensive period when Texas held zealously to the institution of slavery? How? To what extent? Were these bonds similar or different from bonds forged in non-borderland spaces? Love, across a rich and diverse borderland, wedged between slavery and freedom, was assuredly a complex, power-wielding force; a force that inarguably needs further study.
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Connecting to %s | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '5', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9628363251686096}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '75693', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LMM2N646TZKZ6HWHIFQCCDUELFTBS3EE', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:edc91852-b288-4f42-8aaa-36ff39a30d62>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 1, 28, 20, 31, 27), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.0.78.12', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:766TVPURZ3KC2GBTTMOC6XCHA64E4DO5', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:68344ec1-89f7-4367-b51f-9cf769aafcfc>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://fourthpartoftheworld.wordpress.com/2019/02/26/love-in-the-time-of-texas-slavery/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:04f3a9d1-8922-4fda-9ee0-ef5c536ab0f4>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '786', 'url': 'https://fourthpartoftheworld.wordpress.com/2019/02/26/love-in-the-time-of-texas-slavery/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-05\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-129.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.037626564502716064', 'original_id': 'c02ae92765e8133e25a255fb66d044ac609226e5a1bd715f3340f791e583568e'} |
/*=============================================================================
Copyright (c) 2001-2011 Joel de Guzman
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
==============================================================================*/
#if !defined(BOOST_SPIRIT_ANY_NS_SO_DECEMBER_03_2017_0826PM)
#define BOOST_SPIRIT_ANY_NS_SO_DECEMBER_03_2017_0826PM
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
#pragma once
#endif
#include <boost/mpl/bool.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/include/equal_to.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/include/next.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/include/deref.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/include/begin.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/include/end.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/include/any.hpp>
#include <boost/spirit/home/support/unused.hpp>
namespace boost { namespace spirit
{
// A non-short circuiting (ns) strict order (so) version of the any
// algorithm
namespace detail
{
template <typename First1, typename Last, typename First2, typename F>
inline bool
any_ns_so(First1 const&, First2 const&, Last const&, F const&, mpl::true_)
{
return false;
}
template <typename First1, typename Last, typename First2, typename F>
inline bool
any_ns_so(First1 const& first1, First2 const& first2, Last const& last, F& f, mpl::false_)
{
bool head = f(*first1, *first2);
bool tail =
detail::any_ns_so(
fusion::next(first1)
, fusion::next(first2)
, last
, f
, fusion::result_of::equal_to<
typename fusion::result_of::next<First1>::type, Last>());
return head || tail;
}
template <typename First, typename Last, typename F>
inline bool
any_ns_so(First const&, Last const&, F const&, mpl::true_)
{
return false;
}
template <typename First, typename Last, typename F>
inline bool
any_ns_so(First const& first, Last const& last, F& f, mpl::false_)
{
bool head = f(*first);
bool tail =
detail::any_ns_so(
fusion::next(first)
, last
, f
, fusion::result_of::equal_to<
typename fusion::result_of::next<First>::type, Last>());
return head || tail;
}
}
template <typename Sequence1, typename Sequence2, typename F>
inline bool
any_ns_so(Sequence1 const& seq1, Sequence2& seq2, F f)
{
return detail::any_ns_so(
fusion::begin(seq1)
, fusion::begin(seq2)
, fusion::end(seq1)
, f
, fusion::result_of::equal_to<
typename fusion::result_of::begin<Sequence1>::type
, typename fusion::result_of::end<Sequence1>::type>());
}
template <typename Sequence, typename F>
inline bool
any_ns_so(Sequence const& seq, unused_type, F f)
{
return detail::any_ns_so(
fusion::begin(seq)
, fusion::end(seq)
, f
, fusion::result_of::equal_to<
typename fusion::result_of::begin<Sequence>::type
, typename fusion::result_of::end<Sequence>::type>());
}
}}
#endif
| mini_pile | {'original_id': 'ed2d19b31893e492ec9f2d1c6dabfb9659e5ed135c1b4207db9041d58531d290'} |
Thursday, May 25, 2017
25~ What to Do
She's doing fine, now.
This is a scene from our long day, when Maria was hit by a basketball that was kicked at school... no bad intent, just thoughtless exuberance. She didn't see it coming, but four hours later, when I picked her up from school, she described this to me, "I didn't know a ball was coming, but something hit me, and everything just went black, then I saw a white flash. When I woke up, I was on the ground, crying." It happened during lunch, and she says her friend, Tati, took her to the office. As she's telling me all of this, I made a quick, furtive search of my phone... how did I miss the call from her school?? No call. No text. Nothing from the school about our daughter passing out from a blow to the head?? They gave her an ice pack, and she stayed there, attended by... still not sure on that, then was sent back to her class, and after school program.
I checked her eyes, tracking, pupils, I watched her appetite. She described how she was very dizzy, after getting hit. Back at home she ate, and stayed awake and engaged, talking, but by late evening she complained about a headache, and she was very agitated, anxious about what she could not remember, about feeling responsible for what she couldn't recall. I called a doctor, Should we take her in to be seen? The answer was Yes, if only because you won't sleep with the question and concern hanging over you. Makes sense. So we spent two and half hours in the ER, to get some assurance that she was doing alright. They sent us home with what to watch for in cases of concussions, and head injuries, what symptoms were cause to return to a hospital, etc.
This is not something I want to make a major drama of, nor do I feel vindictive, or overwrought about it... probably because it turned out, mostly, fine. Thank God. But I do feel there are greater issues here, and they concern me, a lot.
The school should have called me. On my mobile, at my home, or called my husband, or any of the people I add, every year, to the "in case of emergency" or hit in the head form. "It was a very busy time," an office worker explained to me, "and Maria didn't tell the nurse/health-tech substitute how she was feeling, that she'd blacked-out. She seemed fine, so she let her go back to class." Then she retracted the word "nurse," because it was not a nurse who attended Maria, it was a "health-tech substitute," and therein lies a sad concern. Our schools, good schools, with good people, are strapped, and we've become so accustomed to minimally staffed, or under-staffed campuses, that we feel glad to have anyone who can apply an ice pack. However reassuring the euphemism suggests their skill or knowledge of supplying first aid, or assessing the needs of a child that was knocked to the ground from a hit to the head... the reality is, this person is not a nurse, or an EMT, and whatever manual she read, or seminar she attended, it failed to instruct this person that Maria needed to be seen by her doctor, or to at least have her family notified of what had happened. I'd like to find a poster, or make one, with clear instructions, maybe illustrated, about how to recognize a possible concussion, to remind the person in attendance that a child, especially hit in the head, may or may not thoroughly describe their symptoms or concerns... Confusion, after all, is one characteristic of concussion, and it cannot be the patient's responsibility to diagnose themselves. And the poster, with it's triage instructions would say: Call the family. Now.
All of this raises an even bigger, broader worry... schools that are already struggling, campuses that already fall short on funding, depend on PTA and bake sales to provide science, art, P.E., music, to supplement any areas that cannot be covered by our taxes, these schools are face to face with an Education Department's budget, which in the president's budget blueprint "takes a $9 billion, or 13.5 percent, cut." This, with the agenda, philosophies, and stated intentions of the Secretary of Education... ok, honestly, at this point I am too distraught and confounded to track down sources, and links. I just have to say, education and liberal (broad-based, generous, enlightened, unprejudiced) support and funding of public schools is vital, essential, critical. I want to live in a society that values and respects its children, that supports college bound adults, that cares to make education accessible, worthwhile, the best. I want to live in a country, a world, where we continue to have smart teachers, inspired engineers, respected firefighters, trained architects, enlightened chemists, resourceful plumbers, innovative film makers, inquisitive journalists, critical thinkers, motivated, educated, thoughtful citizens... that's real profitability, a meaningful incentive for funding schools, and seeking the most effective means of opening doors for as many as possible to achieve their best.
What you should do if you think you have had a concussion?*
Loss of consciousness, even if only briefly
Any period of amnesia, or loss of memory for the event
Feeling dazed or confused
*And if you are a child, hopefully an adult will act on your behalf, calling your family, so you can be properly cared for.
One more thing... the child that kicked the basketball, Maria didn't know who it was, but he approached her the next day, and apologized. I think that was sweet, kind, and brave.
With Infinity More Monkeys, a picture a day.
1. Excellent post, Natalie. I'm glad Maria is OK.
1. Thank you, Sylvia. We are relieved, and eager to see that things are better managed in the future.
2. I think you should write to the school and express your concerns. This could have been far more serious and a properly trained person would have asked Maria the right questions to find out how she was feeling. One of my boys was injured after a pine cone hit him in the eye - again he didn't see it coming. I was furious with the school and they put in place measures to sweep up the cones in future. Raise your concern, Natalie - for some other child's sake. Glad Maria is OK.
1. I agree, and they have heard from me. Concern for future incidents is definitely my motive for speaking up.
Thank you for visiting. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '123', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.980550229549408}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '418807', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:RCUSJLFVRNVHROK5EZ4IA6SXLUZDB6EI', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:a9cf75fa-f096-4114-8f8f-7d49d2f2a5ec>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 23, 2, 53, 51), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.15.115', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:SVJ5DTI3NZTPNBF4PZ32QWYFSMXOPZE2', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:022e147f-3fd6-4802-8d3b-c88fdba7ebb7>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.chickenblog.com/2017/05/25-what-to-do.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:34d3ad28-21be-4170-8fb1-b07df7824dc8>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1267', 'url': 'http://www.chickenblog.com/2017/05/25-what-to-do.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-22\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-171-192-21.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03661644458770752', 'original_id': '7616ba2a918464d07a58eccccdf2cc2ce436cef69ee672f643816719676ac634'} |
Jisoo sparked speculations of her possible return with girl group Lovelyz after a recent sighting by fans.
On June 17th, Jisoo was spotted leaving Woollim Entertainment’s agency building together with some members of Lovelyz, immediately starting speculations if her return is on the works. In a video posted by a fan through her Instagram account, the member was seen quietly making her way out with the rest of the members, looking back when she was called and recognised.
The post was a hot topic on various social networking sites as it talked about the possibility of her finally making her debut with Lovelyz.
It can be recalled that back in May, Woollim Entertainment remained undecided with Jisoo’s return following the closure of her case. It was stated, then, that her health and recovery was their priority as she continued treatment to the trauma caused by the incident.
Due to the incident, Jisoo was unable to join Lovelyz in their debut and follow-up promotions last year.
https://instagram.com/p/4CCPtgEmDt/?taken-by=monara96 | mini_pile | {'original_id': '746d84e8c4b4ea5b9b8b7fe7819c859f654e885cbf726a23e9694090e8a08c34'} |
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Rediff News All News » Business » It's time to go green
It's time to go green
September 01, 2007 12:03 IST
Amidst the narrow lanes of Delhi's Chandni Chowk are dilapidated doors that lead into what is left of the city that once existed in the shadow of the Red Fort.
But, for architects, it is here and among many such ruins of traditional homes that lie the answers to what is fast becoming a global movement -- energy conservation through sustainable homes. And where at one time no one in India was aware of sustainable homes, today at least 5 per cent of the homemakers are opting for the clean, green house.
Sustainable, here, is not a term used in isolation from the rest of the world. A home that stands for years by itself, running on energy derived from outside, is not sustainable.
It is, in fact, a hazard to the outer world. A house that creates energy within and translates it into building energy for its surroundings and co-existing peacefully with the ecosystem is the kind of sustenance we are talking about.
Though the focus in sustainable architecture varies, depending upon budget and preference, the primary focus is energy conservation, design and materials used. Of course, every other aspect that goes into building the home needs also to be sustainable and as environment-friendly as possible.
"The whole terminology of sustainable homes is now being translated as lower energy consumption buildings. And keeping these aspects in mind, if you study the design and concepts that existed in the old houses and dak bungalows, you'll find that they were designed most effectively," says architect Hafeez Contractor.
He goes on to explain that the design developed in those homes allowed for maximum energy production and conservation -- the corridors and verandahs were completely open and surrounded by the living quarters. This outlay kept the living quarters cool and breezy.
Also, most of the living quarters had a height of 25-30 feet that allowed hot air to rise and cold air to replace it. A courtyard in the centre of the house increased cross ventilation, keeping the house fresh and pleasant at all times. "This," adds Contractor, "is a good way to design a home."
Sustainable architecture relies heavily on the orientation of the house in terms of the sun and wind direction. These determine the amount of natural energy that is allowed to enter the house, which should be optimum.
Since air normally travels in the north-east and south-west directions, windows should preferably be placed in those directions too. It's about using natural resources smartly. Professor K T Ravindran of the School of Planning and Architecture emphasises two concepts: energy conservation and waste disposal.
"The orientation of the building should be such that it absorbs the least amount of heat." He adds that architects and consumers, both, are now rediscovering the use of mud for its cooling affect inside the house. "Mud has magical properties that keep it cool in the summers and warm in the winters," he points out.
Besides mud, another green material now replacing the age-old bricks is aerated autoclaved concrete (AAC), a material that provides structure, insulation and fire resistance, all in one.
"We have been using AAC blocks with an insulated layer inside for the walls and the roof. This drops the temperature within the house by 5-6 degrees and makes it a lot cooler," says architect Vidur Bhardwaj of Design and Development.
AAC blocks also reduce indoor air pollutants by replacing lesser quality building materials. The lack of wall cavities in the use of AAC reduce the need for chemical pesticides indoors, eliminating the need for expensive insect and home pest control treatments and long term maintenance costs. AAC is completely inert and does not emit toxic gases, even when exposed to fire.
Some houses also have solar heating incorporated into their design. Even though glass has a very small presence in homes, wherever used, it should be double insulated glass since it allows natural light in while keeping the heat out.
Adds Bhardwaj, "If you want to be even more environment friendly, use FSC certified wood and use local building materials. "Indigenous ways of building sustainable houses can be seen in some of Contractor's work in Mumbai. Here he has built houses with double walls which are ideal for the rainy season since "the outside wall gets wet keeping the inner wall dry and, in summers, the house is protected from the external heat and cold".
Another fascinating concept is that of cross ventilation through earth tunnels. Based on the fact that the ground is cooler than the surface, these tunnels are dug at a depth of five feet and kept moist and wet.
"When air passes through them, its temperature is brought down so when it enters the home through the courtyard, it is cool enough to decrease the load on the air-conditioner," explains Contractor.
Of course, most such concepts are integrated within the house design and cannot be achieved if you've already built your mansion. However, insist both architects, these concepts are attainable in any given space and are not bound by time or available area.
In case you want to go still more green, you can install a sewage treatment plant to recycle water and use it for gardening and flushing, or even start a garden atop a slab in your house. The means are limitless, you only have to take the first the right direction.
Radhieka Pandeya in New Delhi | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9547536969184875}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '51921', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:WYFPRMXN4MX7B2BYPQVB2CTSOFVMTDIB', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:7a66c2df-0f1e-4943-95b1-9cc971c06e1f>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 8, 2, 5, 31, 8), 'WARC-IP-Address': '184.51.126.73', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:AG5GOFJAJYHN3AF3CGNAI7AJKKSKIH53', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:0e5ab98f-ebdf-4af8-91db-7e8d89feffdc>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.rediff.com/money/special/green/20070901.htm', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:75adbcf4-79e2-406b-a285-f9e68219e3e5>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '915', 'url': 'http://www.rediff.com/money/special/green/20070901.htm', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-23\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for July 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.0434759259223938', 'original_id': '51c245e8b6563e8f8a6a40ddfff77b393a544149878327fab9f2d5f6bd351a60'} |
Study Guide
A Midsummer Night's Dream Gender
By William Shakespeare
Advertisement - Guide continues below
Like many Shakespearean comedies (The Taming of the Shrew, for example), A Midsummer Night's Dream dramatizes gender tensions that arise from complicated familial and romantic relationships. When the play opens, a young woman fights her father for the right to choose her own spouse, a duke is set to marry a woman he recently conquered in battle, and the King and Queen of Fairies are at war with each other, enacting a battle of the sexes so intense that it disrupts the natural world. And you thought MTV's Battle of the Sexes was intense.
Throughout the play, Shakespeare also questions some stereotypes about traditional gender roles when it comes to romance. For example, while men are usually expected to be aggressive, women are expected to remain passive and docile. Of course, A Midsummer Night's Dream shows us that this isn't necessarily always the case—especially when you get magical love juice involved. We think it's awesome that Shakespeare wasn't afraid to poke fun at the absurdity of gender roles so many centuries ago... he really was ahead of his time.
Questions About Gender
1. Why does Egeus want Duke Theseus to enforce the death penalty on Hermia? What does this suggest about Egeus's attitude toward his daughter and women in general?
2. "Your wrongs do set a scandal on my sex: / We cannot fight for love, as men may do; / We should be wooed and were not made to woo" (2.1.6). What does Helena mean when she says this to Demetrius? Do you think what she says rings true in the play?
3. Oberon and Titania's fighting is often described as the ultimate "battle of the sexes." Explain why the couple fights and discuss whether or not their brawls are a result of gender tensions.
4. Is the tension between various men and women ever resolved in the play? Why or why not?
Chew on This
Titania, Hermia, and Helena defy traditional gender stereotypes by aggressively pursuing love.
Shakespeare makes a gendered argument in A Midsummer Night's Dream; while both Lysander's and Demetrius's madness can be explained by their enchantment, Hermia and Helena have no such excuse. Shakespeare argues that women are subject to a different view of reality when it comes to love.
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Please Wait... | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '30', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9454129934310912}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '119050', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:KIIUR5GETAHMI6R66BZBTF5LIZXOD5IO', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:df0a1ad6-2278-4ddb-a12e-ca40d3cca8db>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2022, 11, 28, 21, 22, 4), 'WARC-IP-Address': '34.231.118.96', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:HYE2MQLKOCVXA2MT5MPHH656VFO6TEVN', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:c2ce8a55-b2ea-4b45-a8e5-e0f382221cc8>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/literature/midsummer-nights-dream/themes/gender', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:bd37d3e8-af5f-42d3-b46b-eee7acbf78fb>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '400', 'url': 'https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/literature/midsummer-nights-dream/themes/gender', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2022-49\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November/December 2022\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-70\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.19 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.4-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.428752601146698', 'original_id': '14f05d22ee0217b8dee5f860a5812f18c33d164ad7b47c82de644eaae69dee3c'} |
A little bombing to see reason
NATO alleged that Yugoslav forces were making massive attacks against ethnic Albanian civilians in Kosovo in pursuit of a programme of racial persecution known as ‘ethnic cleansing’. This claim lay at the very heart of the NATO case for war and of the indictment of Milošević and the other Yugoslav leaders. ‘It is no exaggeration,’ wrote the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, ‘to say what is happening in Kosovo is racial genocide. Milošević is determined to wipe a people from the face of his country.’ Blair went into overdrive: ‘Children seeing their fathers dragged away to be shot. Thousands executed. Tens of thousands beaten. 100,000 men missing. 1.5 million people driven from their homes.’
The world’s media joined in the frenzy. Lurid atrocity ‘reporting’ spread like a collective madness. Saturation coverage was provided of weeping Albanian refugees and the wildest stories about mass killings abounded. At one point, for instance, it was claimed that the Serbs, like the Nazis at Auschwitz, were burning the bodies of 1,500 murdered Albanians in the incinerators at the Trepča Mining Complex. Some of those who set themselves up as leading authorities on the Balkans fell for this blatant piece of war propaganda, even though it turned out to be completely false.
These stories were driven by the war propaganda emanating from the governments of the most powerful Western countries, primarily the United States. The US State Department produced a report in May 1999, during the bombing, entitled ‘Erasing History’, which alleged that ‘The regime of Slobodan Milošević is conducting a campaign of forced migration on a scale not seen in Europe since the Second World War.’ The report contained numerous falsehoods, from the overall allegation of genocide (which was so unsustainable that it was never included in the Kosovo indictment, not even when this was revised in June 2001, two years after the end of hostilities), to specific claims such as one that the Kosovar capital, Priština, had become ‘a ghost town’ when in fact, there were still hundreds of thousands of people living there.
Leading statesman fed the media with huge casualty figures, secure in the knowledge that their claims would be reported as fact before anything could be checked. In April, the US Ambassador for War Crimes, David Scheffer, said he thought 100,000 Albanians had been killed, a figure repeated by US Defense Secretary William Cohen the following month. Cohen’s claims were widely reported the following day as fact. The British government was a little more circumspect, preferring the figure of ‘10,000 killed’, a figure it initially mooted in June 1999 but which it stuck to until well into the following year.
These claims of genocide had a general and a particular function. Their general function was to work as war propaganda. Their particular function was a legal one. Genocide is a specific crime in international humanitarian law, coming under ‘universal jurisdiction’, and the existing treaties on it require all states to prosecute those accused of it. NATO leaders pretended that this meant there exists a right of ‘humanitarian intervention’ where genocide is occurring, while in fact there does not.
The centrepiece of NATO’s claim in this regard was ‘Operation Horseshoe’. This was allegedly a Serbian plan to drive out the Albanian population from Kosovo in order to establish ethnic Serb hegemony in that province. The NATO spokesman, Jamie Shea, referred frequently to Operation Horseshoe in his press conferences while the bombing was in progress, and the media reported it as fact. Eventually, it turned out to be an invention of the secret services of Western states. The game was given away when the document allegedly outlining it had ‘horseshoe’ written in the Croatian not Serbian form of the word (potkova instead of potkovica).
John Laughland
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Buy My Book Here
Fox News Ticker
Monday, July 27, 2009
Current Health Care Reform is a Political Cancer
There are all sorts of things that one can learn by having a statcounter on their web site. For instance, after I published this piece in which I listed the page numbers along with some of the most insidious portions of the House health care bill, I received an interesting set of hits from google searches. Almost immediately, I got an enormous amount of hits with the search term (page 425 health care bill). Page 425 creates "advanced care planning consultation" and thereby sets regulations for treating those near death. In other words, it rations the care of those near death. Then, there's page 268 where the government regulates the purchase and rental of electric wheel chairs. Page 272 is where care for cancer patients is rationed. These are just a handful of over 1000 pages in this bill.
I bring this up because most people still don't know what is specifically in the bill but they are starting to find out. Imagine the uproar when the media starts to actually do a few reports on pages 425-430 of this bill. The bill is being rejected by the public and they still haven't heard details about it. The details are worse, much worse, than even the summaries and analysis so far.
Already, the only thing that has really happened in the debate over health care is to put on display the massive schism that exists in the Democratic party. Does anyone really believe that having Blue Dogs come on television to trash their leadership's legislation while proclaiming they haven't been treated honestly helps the party? Does anyone really believe that Nancy Pelosi and Henry Waxman threatening to by pass committees helps anyone in the Democratic party?
The latest dust up involves Pete Orszag proclaiming that the CBO wasn't measuring the bill in a holistic way when they determined that IMAC (the Independent Medical Advisory Council). Now, is it really a wise political strategy for the White House' top accountant to take on the top accountant in the nation?
Worse yet for the White House, as things have fallen apart, the president has only doubled down on the health care bill. He has been talking about it non stop for almost two weeks. (with a small break to handle his gaffe about Professor Gates) He's doubled down on a bill no one likes and has no hope of passing.
Again, keep in mind that the analysis of what's actually in the bill has only just started. Soon, we'll stop talking about rationing as a theoretical concept and point to page 425 where health care for the elderly is actually rationed.
If you were to draw up a political disaster, you really couldn't draw it up any better, or worse depending on your perspective. The party is fighting itself. They are fighting independent auditors that have reputations far better than them. The public doesn't like the bill. The bill is awful, and sunshine is only just beginning to be lit. Yet, the once popular president has decided to expend the maximum amount of political capital on this dying and very unpopular bill.
In the next couple weeks, we're going to stop analyzing just how bad this bill is because it will soon be overkill. Then, we'll analyze just how bad the damage is to the Democratic party. It's nothing short of a political cancer. Nancy Pelosi, Harry Reid, President Obama, Henry Waxman, and Max Baucus have all had their political reputations tarnished significantly and permanently by this whole fiasco. The party is fighting itself. They are trying to steamroll a bad bill no one likes on their caucus and the country. Worse yet, even though they are determined to use every underhanded and dirty trick they can think of, they will FAIL. They are all staking their political reputations behind a bad bill, a bill everyone hates, and a bill that won't pass.
I surmised about a week ago that the president should scrap this effort and start anew. Instead, he is determined to move forward full steam ahead. That's simply the equivalent of staying on the beach even after you experience sun burn. There is no good that can come of this. He can only continue to damage his reputation, lose credibility, lose favorability, and lose precious political capital he'll need for the next fight.
1 comment:
Anonymous said...
Its basically like Obama wants to create one giant HMO.
He really should have pushed for single-payer. At least then he'd only have people denouncing him as a communist, rather than people denouncing him as a communist AND for writing a terrible bill. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '29', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9758121967315674}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '117191', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:IOQVWTPCVOVDBVJKMZVZ3XI3D6DXQXB6', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:9fa6add2-d502-4ec7-b39c-0aea148ad46c>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 3, 10, 4, 8, 39), 'WARC-IP-Address': '74.125.228.106', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:DEQK4XY7VMXP4JMEQ3CDWAVKAM6ESHEY', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:dd12de92-6b1e-435f-8450-f6773d9594d1>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://theeprovocateur.blogspot.com/2009/07/current-health-care-reform-is-political.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:ca04fceb-4a0e-4f62-83dd-2c1d82755f69>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '816', 'url': 'http://theeprovocateur.blogspot.com/2009/07/current-health-care-reform-is-political.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-10\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for March 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.31478434801101685', 'original_id': '5da9c280a7af709971fc7fbaf2495f4699f24a02e54ee997a051077bb4785dfa'} |
10c (1965-2020) Roosevelt Dime Outer Clad Layer Separated After Strike UNC Bent
1965-2020 Roosevelt dime outer reverse clad layer, with the layer having separated form the dime after strike. The layer is very thin, and as such it bent at some point and then was "unbent." Probably over half of them have some sort of damage like this since they are so thin, and damage easily.
Uncirculated and straightened bend. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9353460669517516}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '14142', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:SSN7Q52I5SDHTYRXYLCOEDTG4GYMPPP3', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:11c1197a-7c36-4dee-bc93-cacad343e34e>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 9, 26, 12, 33, 13), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.67.69.247', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:MEOT7ENKT4C7YXEESE4FJGYO764LPIOV', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:1ee4efd0-a6ff-449e-b662-ac32790dca1f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.sullivannumismatics.com/coin/10c-1965-2020-roosevelt-dime-outer-clad-layer-separated-after-strike-unc-bent?v=6656', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d8c0bedb-613c-405c-ab87-c2c2d89dc19e>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '71', 'url': 'https://www.sullivannumismatics.com/coin/10c-1965-2020-roosevelt-dime-outer-clad-layer-separated-after-strike-unc-bent?v=6656', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-142\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.22701036930084229', 'original_id': '6db98478e0fbd0b750ba4e1966b754351c4ebeda4d5e42fe398de22f1ae00c64'} |
Aspiration Pneumonia: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
Aspiration pneumonia is a lung infection that occurs after fluids from your mouth, throat, esophagus, or stomach get inhaled into your lungs. It is more serious than pneumonia caused by a cold or flu.
what is aspiration pneumonia
Risk factors for aspiration pneumonia include recent intubation, anesthesia, or lung surgery. This is more serious than pneumonia from a cold or flu.
© Andrey Shevchuk | Getty Images
When you inhale fluid or food into your lungs, it is called aspiration. The fluid may be secretions from your mouth, throat, or esophagus. It may be food or liquids from your diet. It may also be gastric juices or vomit from your stomach. When you aspirate, it causes an immediate reaction of lung swelling called pneumonitis. If the aspiration causes a lung infection, it is called aspiration pneumonia.
Causes | Treatment | Recovery
Aspiration pneumonia is usually more serious than the usual type of pneumonia you may get from bacteria or viruses in the air or after a cold or flu infection. Aspiration pneumonia is a life-threatening infection that needs to be quickly diagnosed and treated in the hospital.
Causes of Aspiration Pneumonia
The most common cause is bacteria from the mouth, throat, or esophagus. Gastric fluids usually do not have bacteria and are more likely to cause pneumonitis. The types of bacteria that cause aspiration pneumonia are different than the bacteria and viruses that cause more common pneumonia that starts outside the hospital, called community-acquired pneumonia.
Aspiration pneumonia is rare in people who are healthy and alert because the normal reaction of the throat is to close off the voice box and cough up any aspirated fluids or food particles, called a cough reflex. Healthy lungs can also remove bacteria by moving bacteria out of the lungs and by attacking bacteria with white blood cells called macrophages.
If bacteria from aspiration can not be removed and infection starts, pus, and fluid fill up the tiny air sacs of the lungs, called alveoli. This makes it hard to breathe and get enough oxygen into your blood. People who do not have the ability to close off their voice box, cough, or fight infection are at the highest risk for aspiration pneumonia. Some common risk factors include:
• Drug or alcohol intoxication
• Stroke
• Seizure
• General anesthesia
• A breathing tube (endotracheal tube or tracheotomy)
• Dementia
• Throat or lung surgery
• A tube from the nose to the stomach (nasogastric tube)
• A blocked esophagus or stomach
• Severe vomiting
Diagnosis and Treatment of Aspiration Pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia is usually diagnosed by sudden symptoms of shortness of breath, fever, and decreased oxygen levels in a person who is at risk. People who are able to cough may cough up discolored sputum. People who are alert may complain of difficulty breathing and chest pain. A doctor examining the person with aspiration pneumonia may hear crackling noises in the lungs or decreased airflow. A person with very low oxygen may have blue-colored lips or fingernails, called cyanosis.
Diagnosis of aspiration pneumonia may be confirmed when a chest x-ray or CT scan imaging study of the lungs shows areas of lung infection called infiltrates. Once the diagnosis of aspiration pneumonia is made, a combination of intravenous antibiotics are started that will kill the most common bacterial causes of aspiration pneumonia. A tube may be passed into the lungs to clear fluids and pus and to sample the bacteria inside the lungs. In some cases, the antibiotics may be changed according to the sample results.
Other treatments may include giving oxygen and medications that decrease swelling, called steroids. In severe cases, a tube may be placed through the voice box (endotracheal tube), and breathing may be supported by a mechanical ventilator. The goals of treatment are to treat the infection, support breathing, and prevent any more aspiration.
Home Treatment After Aspiration Pneumonia
People who may be at continued risk for aspiration pneumonia may need to work with a therapist to learn ways to eat and drink that reduce the risk of aspiration. A dietician may make changes in the diet to make swallowing easier. The head of the bed may be elevated to prevent gastric fluids from flowing up into the throat while sleeping or resting.
Chris Iliades, MD
View all posts by Chris Iliades, MD
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Get Started
1. First, make sure your 3DS can install and launch homebrew software with a CFW. If you have a stock system and cannot, follow the guide:
2. If you followed the guide, you likely have this software already, but the following 3DS software is recommended for freeShop usage and setup:
• Luma3DS
• FBI for an installer
• ftpd for transfering files to the SD card
• Decrypt9 for dumping and encrypting title keys.
3. Download and install freeShop using one of the following methods:
• QR Code (recommended)
• Using FBI, navigate to Remote Install > Scan QR Code and then scan this QR.
• Manual Download
• Download the latest CIA file, transfer it to the SD card, and install it using FBI or any other CIA installer.
Initial Setup
1. Launching freeShop for first time will create all necessary files and directories on the SD card. It will inform you that no keys are found.
2. You need a title key file (commonly named encTitleKeys.bin). To generate this file yourself, you can dump the keys of installed tickets on a 3DS console using the following steps:
1. Boot up Decrypt9.
2. Go to “Ticket/Titlekey Options”
3. Go to “Titlekey Dump” (either SysNAND or EmuNAND, whichever you use)
4. Choose a filename. The saved file should be in the sd:/files9/ directory.
3. You can use your title key file(s) in two different ways:
• Place the key file(s) in the sd:/3ds/data/freeShop/keys/ directory.
• Download your file(s) from URL, synchronizing with cloud backups:
• Add the URL in the freeShop settings in the “Update” tab.
• This is a video demonstration.
• You must restart freeShop in order for it to download the key file. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8217968344688416}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '6963', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:Z7WMTUUR7JBE3LRA4OHFQCL26BC6Z6EY', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:5f6f6dd3-fac9-41ef-9886-364ea95efdfe>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 25, 11, 10, 19), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.28.23.70', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:PVMXYBVACMAUXH4Q4ZLLYKU6Q75QZSXR', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:4047dc84-adf0-4cb8-9ca8-8cebdfba011c>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://freeshop.pw/get-started/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:b42cdf12-c65c-4388-99e4-899958c83b86>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '269', 'url': 'https://freeshop.pw/get-started/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-136-233-116.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.20088231563568115', 'original_id': 'b6b9b8ac5d045eca4114feb05e1818ad91c789e938f309918dc3d3016f7c3dbc'} |
Funny / Lex's Corner / Random
7 Hallmarks of Bad Fan Fiction
Happy (Belated) New Year, motherf*ckers. I hope you didn’t party too hard or miss us too much during our extended absence. Well…mostly my extended absence (it’s been a looong three months, y’all).
But, you know, instead of boring you with the minute details of my absence, I’m just going to jump right to business by presenting my first article of the year. What will it be about? Why, I thought the title made it obvious: I’ll be sh*tting on bad fan fiction.
Good ol’ fanfiction. Everybody likes to sh*t on it once in a while, but it would be a completely lie to say that most of us don’t—in the very LEAST—read it or write it once in a while.
I am guilty…and I refuse to tell you of which one.
That being said, great fan-fiction is so exceedingly rare that it usually comes off as a gift from the gods. On the flip side, bad fan-fiction is so abundant and so commonplace that it has the potential to scare away even the most resilient and unbothered of readers.
So, as a result of this and because I slick haven’t made an annoying list in a hot minute (that’s right. That is exactly what this is), I present to you 7 hallmarks of bad fan-fiction:
1. Everybody likes you.
Seriously. Everybody likes you (as in your character). First of all, I don’t even know in what world this is possible, but in bad fan-fiction, IT IS ALWAYS POSSIBLE. The main character is so likable that even the obscure ass janitor or red shirt (yeah, I went there) in the background can’t help but praise or love this character unnecessarily. And I’m sorry, but that is entirely unrealistic.
NO ONE IS 100% llikable
People hate Pikachu. People hate Batman. People even hate Jesus.
Let’s NOT pretend to be shocked here.
NO ONE IS 100% likable. Deal with it.
2. Everybody wants you.
Translation: Everybody wants to f*ck you.
You tell me, bub. You tell me.
Much like #1, the main character—be they male, female, or otherwise— is not only liked by everyone, but they are desired by everyone. As in every. single. last. character. in their chosen story/universe wants to bed them.
Like #1, this is stupid as f*ck in that I am pretty sure that established characters are not about to fight over or even like the same person like that (because, you know, compatibility is a thing). That’s like Tony Stark or Steve Rodgers vying for the affections of the same exact woman (would that even be goddamn possible? Like what type of eclectic chick would you have to be for this to happen?). That’s like Wonder Woman and Harley Quinn stabbing each other over the same guy (do you see how stupid that sounds? Not only would Harley get outright murdered, but WW wouldn’t even bother in the first place. This scenario is extremely petty to begin with).
There is no f*cking way that your one character is romantically/sexually compatible with everybody; so you can just stop.
Pretty much.
3. Your origin story is whack as hell…or nonexistent.
This usually applies to any and all cases that include a completely new and created character that was not established canonically. We’re all familiar with the fact that origin stories can usually go either way and that not all origin stories are created equal, nor are they perfect. That being said, fan fiction origin stories are usually sh*t. To explain, usually, they are so haphazard and thin that the writer should have skipped it all-together, or the character usually has some dumb-ass—also known as unexplained—connection to an established character that makes absolutely no sense whatsoever.
Example 1: Main character arrives, does something pivotal to the plot, is probed about back-story and offers up details that are so obscure that there is not point.
Example 2: Main character arrives, establishes themselves as the long lost sister/cousin/brother/lover/wife/lovechild/ex/father/mother/spawn/black sheep of an established character.
For sh*ts and giggles, let’s make this established character Spock (my knowledge is limited, but I’ll be referring to 2009’s Star Trek).
Which, you know, would make no sense since the whole of his motherf*cking planet was blown up 32148970089 years ago; so…
Even Spock doesn’t get your logic.
But of course, logic is usually not a thing that exists in bad fan fiction; so there’s that. And the writer of this hypothetically bad fan fic would probably find some half-assed way to explain how this character survived the explosion of their home planet, but I digress.
4You are stilling everybody’s “shine”.
One of the most prominent hallmarks of bad fan-fiction is the complete or damn-near-complete erasure of an established character in favor of your lackluster new character. New characters are cool, but I find it really and truly lazy when that character basically turns out to be a replacement for the old one. And usually, this so-called replacement is only sporting like one or two “different” traits that are not even enough to differentiate this character as “new” (and that in itself is its own foul).
On top of that, this is usually a DEAD GIVEAWAY that the author is not aiming to create a good character or a good story at all and is instead using this new character as their own gateway into blissful wish-fulfillment.
Just…just don’t do it.
Please don’t.
5. You are “Overpowered Oliver/Overpowered Olivia”.
Continuing in the same vein of #4 comes the subject of overpoweredness. Characters that come in and steal people’s shine usually turn around and display a number of unbelievable (seriously, like you would not believe how ridiculous their powers/skill sets are) and immeasurable skills, abilities, and powers that make absolutely no f*king sense when put together.
Newly created superhero The Bronze Toothpick displays a genius level intellect, has sonar senses, super speed, can control the weather, is a powerful telepath (that displays unprecedented—that’s the keyword here—telekinetic abilities), has impenetrable skin, can somehow speak 20 languages, can breathe fire, and has mastered every known martial art to man (why be only adept when you can master everything?).
What. The. F*ck.
Seriously. I am complete serious. I really want to know.
With a name like The Bronze Toothpick, your character would be LUCKY to have control over all tooth picks with a 50-100 mile radius, talk less of the rest of these random ass powers. Like, what are people thinking when they create exceedingly unrealistic characters like this?What, that it’s cool?
No. It ‘s not cool. In fact, it is annoying as all hell and makes your character look like sh*t.
I mean, obviously, you have existing characters who are ridiculously OP (Batman, Superman, Goku, the whole damn Grey/Summers clan, Franklin Richards…you get it), but becoming an overpowered character in a fan fic is a completely different ball-game. You know why? It’s because you literally have no right to be here. At all.
6. You are “Flawless Fannie/Flawless Freddie”.
The only thing more annoying than an overpowered character is a FLAWLESS character.
And no, I am not using “flawless” in a complimentary way.
Heaux. You are not Beyoncé and you will never be. Get over it.
Writing 101 tells us that a character without flaw—without blemish—is one that is not only boring and uncompelling, but it is also a character that should simply not exist. And no it does not count if your character’s flaw includes them being without flaw (that is so f*cking circular and nonsensical that it hurts) or being too perfect.
Flaws are part of the human condition. They are part of what makes life so beautiful when triumph is involved and simultaneously so goddamn ugly when failure laughs in our faces.
They drive us. They challenge us. They convict us.
7. Some way, somehow, you are “the chosen one”.
This one needs no explanation. The “chosen one” as a trope is so rampant and overused in various mediums already. Why bring that to your crappy fan fic? I mean, who are you, Harry Potter? Neo? Jean Grey? Twilight Sprinkle for My Little Pony?
No, you are not Twilight Sprinkle either; so please stop.
All in all, if you are a repeat offender of even one or all of these fan fic sins, you have my permission to do the following:
– Take a writing class class. Purge yourself of your bad habits.
– Grab your fan fic. Burn all of it. Repeat.
– Stop writing. Forever.
What about you guys? What do you think are the hallmarks of bad fan fiction? Let us know in the comments below.
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1. A fresh coating of snow on the snow cam board this evening. Good ol’ May upslope precip bubbling up into the Spine.
2. Oh for sure. Love snowflakes, ha. Not a fan of 44F rain... much rather go find snowflakes or have it be 60+ degrees. Will’s always said that and it resonates... if it’s going to be shitty, might as well see some flakes.
3. July 4th for VT... it’s not science but the start of the summer tourism season. Celebrate your freedom from COVID regs .
4. Hiked the dog up to 2,400ft and it’s snowing lightly. Feels like October... not a fan but if it’s going to be cold, might as well see flakes. Can see the snow level by the visibility change under the ridge across the valley.
5. Further west at SLK... dipping to 37F in the last half hour. The evaporational cooling with these showers is pretty impressive. METAR KSLK 112020Z AUTO 27008KT 7SM -RA SCT031 BKN040 OVC050 03/01 A2993 RMK P0001
6. Had accumulating graupel too on elevated surfaces and the mulch beds. Temp outside the office got down to 41F in precip, lol. Then sun comes out and it’s 50F again.
7. Given all the stories over the years, I feel like he’s probably invested way more than that already. Now trying something that might actually be rewarding.
8. It's the same thing with parents fighting to get their kids into the best schools even into kindergarten. Always looking for the educational advantage. The amount of effort my sister put into finding the "right" kindergarten was pretty surreal to me. But again, I'm sure once you have a kid you are doing literally everything you can to help them gain a competitive advantage in life. That mentality rolls right up through college.
9. I also feel like there was some sort of desire to a lot of parents to send their kids to college because they didn't get that opportunity. It was out of reach for many parents when they were growing up, then the boomer generation made some money (the economy was good), the suburbs were growing, and all the sudden the conversations of "this is an opportunity that I never had, you need to do it" started happening. For many it was a status symbol... but there were also a lot of people who wanted to provide that to their kids whether they were smart enough or not. I can see how it happens... parents work their whole life to provide for their kids and save up for college. "Son, you better damn well recognize the sacrifices I made to allow you the opportunity for college and to better yourself."
10. I love that parents are now doing this. I'd certainly do it if and when I have kids. Props to both of you.
11. The sad thing was it felt more like it was the parents who suffered some sort of shame if their kid didn't go to a 4 year college.... so it was force fed to the kid. Like having a kid take a year off before college or do anything other than go straight into a liberal arts program meant you failed as a parent... at least that seemed like the vibe back then. I know friends who used to say "I'll do it for my parents".... it was an interesting time period back in the 80s, 90s and 00s.
12. I think this is what's happening now in a lot of the lower wage service industry jobs. Those jobs are stigmatized so much too... "you don't want to do manual labor or serve other humans for the rest of your life do you!?!" That's why you have 50 year old delivery people and why wages, benefits, incentives are now starting to really blossom in some sectors of the service industry to attract individuals. Maybe in 10-20 years that type of benefit package, incentives, bonuses, etc will be applying not only to trades but to service sectors? This winter was the first time Vail Resorts issued bonuses to all levels of employees, straight down to the lowest part time levels (equivalent to a couple weeks of pay for the most part). COVID played a role (thank you for playing this game with us) but I've seen a marked shift in ways they try to attract entry level employees. And it's mostly money and benefits. A decade ago a seasonal ski area employee couldn't get benefits... now it's becoming a thing. Full time year round jobs were coveted for that, I still remember working seasonal for years back in like 2008 until I was "rewarded" with benefits and full-time year round status. Now you get benefits if you want to work 22 hours a week for 3 months.... the cost to the company has to be huge on some of this stuff.
13. Yup that's how you attract employees... sort of circles back to what I'm talking about in the service industry. In the 1990s I remember it was the absolute last thing you wanted to do was be a tradesman. The people who went to technical schools were treated like 3rd class citizens. Now who's laughing? I didn't need college... paid a ton for an economics degree that I shelved for my love of skiing and being outdoors everyday. But man back then it was such a negative thing if you didn't go straight to a four year college.
14. It is snowing out right now at 1,500ft. Was graupel and fat drops but just switched to all small flakes. Sure as hell not accumulating but it's legit -SN.
15. Last year on this date the mountain got a foot up high and we even dynamically cooled to a pasting snow in town in the evening. That was a fun event, like 1.30" water at like 0.20"/hr in a CCB dropped temps from like 50s to pounding paste. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '3', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9752890467643738}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '98103', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:GRNEJPBJDTRYB56QGXRSGSUB2IX7CLIF', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:9ce4763d-349c-4028-8f40-a23c54721dc5>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 12, 8, 16, 55), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.21.81.216', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:LHHZFDY2HPCATLNXMNAAUAFVPDWF6H6K', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:c38f3d96-dd50-4c2f-8f22-851346db63c7>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.americanwx.com/bb/profile/352-powderfreak/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:0105d559-eab1-452f-9582-8d118e4892c8>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1017', 'url': 'https://www.americanwx.com/bb/profile/352-powderfreak/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-21\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-193.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.14428424835205078', 'original_id': '5249fb50f0635bcb47fbcd8ace0bcc3fd0071cab76145ad69aec89fc0e161e70'} |
Can an atheist believe in right and wrong?
Good Without God?
(From a talk given in summer 2008. Added to the Internet 16/01/2009).
Our title this morning is "Good without God: Can an atheist believe in right and wrong?" If we ask the question "The first thing to say in answer to that question is "yes, they certainly do". Atheists believe in right and wrong. Atheists have families, parents and children just like everyone else. They have special places, special memories and much-loved hobbies just as I do. And if you take an atheist’s little girl and twist her arm until she cries, the atheist will become angry with you as quickly as anyone else. If you smash his windows and steal his beloved photos of special times in his life, he’ll become annoyed as quickly as anyone else. The atheist can read the newspapers and get annoyed about the injustices of life in this world as rapidly as the most devout believer. So, atheists definitely believe strongly in right and wrong, if you take their actions and reactions in everyday life as a guide. In the real world, there’s no question about it.
The real question, though, is not about whether atheists live with right and wrong in their everyday lives. The real question is whether they should or not. The question is, "if atheism really is true, then should we be living this way?" Does atheism actually give us an explanation for the way we’re living that makes sense? If atheists were consistent with their own beliefs, would their lives have to change? Can an atheist actually explain the way he’s living?
I’m one of those old-fashioned people who believes that an idea can either be true or false. Either there is an all-powerful, morally perfect God who is our maker and our judge, or there isn’t. Either the universe we live in is the handiwork of our Creator to whom we owe everything, or it is just a cosmic accident which has no ultimate significance or purpose behind it. There is no room to say "well, that’s your belief, and if it works for you then you’re welcome to it." It won’t do to say that every view on the subject is valid, and that it doesn’t really make a difference. One day each one of us will die. According to atheism, our death is the end – after it, we will never experience anything ever again. According to the Bible, our death is the beginning of eternity. Immediately after our souls leave our bodies, we will enter the presence of God, be judged and be sent to our eternal destiny. There is no common ground between these two views, and they make all the difference in the world to everything. Either we live in the presence of God and are accountable to him, or we are only accountable to ourselves. Whatever the answer is, it can’t be "both answers are as good as each other."
The Christian Position
Before I discuss what an atheist can or cannot reasonably think, I am going to explain the Christian point of view. This is important, because it gives us something to compare atheism to. Can Christianity explain what it means to be good, and why we should chose goodness over evil? Can it justify why we treat good and evil as such important matters? It can, and so let me explain.
As a Christian who believes the Bible it is very easy for me to explain why people live the way they do. The Bible begins, in its very first line, with a simple but profound idea. It says that the reason that everything is here in the physical universe is because God made it. God spoke, and created. Everything that exists is here because of his decision followed by his powerful creating, and nothing exists independently of him. He is the only self-existent being who depends upon nothing else. Then, as we continue in the Bible’s first chapter there is idea that is one of the most profound that I know of anywhere. It tells us that God made man, and it uses these words, "in his image". He made man to be something very different to all of the animals – he made us to be like him. We are not improved monkeys – we were made from the very beginning to be different.
One of the ways in which we are different, and like God, is that we live in the world of right and wrong. That is, we are moral beings. We make choices that have moral implications. We expect criminals to be held to account for what they do, and we judge them by the standards of right and wrong. We know that right and wrong are real, we know that they are important, and we know which one of them we should choose. We feel guilty about things we shouldn’t have done, even if no other human being has seen us. We are moral beings. God made us to be like that, and it is stamped upon our beings. Snakes can’t help slithering, dogs can’t help barking, and human beings cannot help treating right and wrong as very important matters, because it is how we are made.
How do we know what right and wrong are? The Christian answer is that right and wrong are defined by God. He is the God of all that is good. He cannot do evil, but must hate it and judge it. He must always do right, because his very being is righteous. He makes known the standards of his righteousness to us in two important ways. First of all, his laws are in a basic way stamped upon us as human beings. The Bible says that they are written upon our hearts. I know, without having to think about it, that it would be wrong for me to steal your car or assault your daughter. I know that I should not lie or cheat on my wife. Everybody "just knows" this. They may have never come across a Bible, they may live at the North Pole or the middle of a jungle, they may be black, white, young, old, rich, poor, clever or stupid – but they know it. They know it because God has stamped it upon their nature. They cannot avoid knowing it any more than they can grow an extra three heads or run the 100 metres as fast as a leopard – they’re just not made that way.
Secondly, God has revealed his laws in a much fuller and clearer way in the Bible. The Bible claims about itself that it is God’s communication to us. Whereas we know that murder is always wrong, other issues are more difficult. We live in a world that has been spoilt by human wrongdoing, and as a result we’ve become very confused. The knowledge about right and wrong that is just stamped upon us in our creation is not complete or enough for us to live with. So God has given to us a communication which is much clearer. Ultimately I can tell you and be certain that adultery is always wrong, even if you think your wife is an old bat, and that even though it "feels so right" it’s still wrong.
What I’m saying, then, is that the Bible gives us an explanation that makes sense of the way that we live. We live as if right and wrong exist and are very important. We live as if some things are always wrong for everybody throughout the whole world. We assume that when somebody does wrong, they should be called to account for it. We live as if everyone ought to know this. When somebody starts acting as if they didn’t know it, we call them a psychopath and put them in a padded cell.
That’s what Christianity tells us. What, though, about atheism? I have already explained that atheists are just the same as everyone else in important ways. They generally behave as if good and evil exist and if being good were important. The real question, though, is this one: do good and evil actually exist? If atheism is true, then what is good and what is evil? For a Christian, good and evil and defined by the character and the will of God. Something is good if it is in keeping with who God is and what he wants, and evil if it contradicts it. This is God’s world and he made us, and so he gets to decide what we should do whilst we’re here.
Atheists, though, profess not to believe any of that. They say that we’re only here by chance, and nothing exists beyond the universe. There is nobody who we are accountable to for our lives. There is no-one beyond the physical world who can tell us what to do. Good and evil can’t be anything to do with God, so just what are they?
Many atheists answer and say that we should define good and evil in terms of whether something helps or harms other humans. That sounds good – surely we’re all in favouring of helping rather than harming people. The real issue though is not with how we should define good and evil. The problem is that if we are the ones defining good and evil, then good and evil do not really exist. If good and evil are just ideas that we get to come up with and tweak the meaning of, then they cannot really have any authority over us. If it’s wrong to punch you just because you say so, why should I care? You say it’s wrong, but I might say it’s right. Who is going to decide which one of us is correct?
Well, many atheists have tried to answer this question. They have said that right and wrong are not a matter of personal choice, because they are decided by society at large. It’s wrong for me to head butt you because society does not approve of it.
What’s wrong with this? Quite a lot. Firstly, it means that we can no longer say that a lot of things were wrong. For example, the leaders of German society in the Nazi era decided that it would be right to try to wipe out the Jews, the disabled and other classes of supposedly inferior people. Basically, we’re saying that the majority is always right; whatever society accepts is moral and whatever it doesn’t like is immoral. On these grounds, nobody should ever campaign to change what happens in our country because what happens is, by definition, right and the minority are always wrong. Martin Luther King should have never campaigned for equality for black people in America because racial discrimination, being supported by a majority, was right.
This means too that right and wrong must change over time and from place to place. It’s wrong for us here in England to pay a woman less to do the same job, but in Saudi Arabia it wouldn’t be wrong. Today it’s right for homosexuality to be treated as normal because the majority of our leaders approve of it, but a few years ago it was not right because they didn’t.
Really, if right and wrong are just decided by society at large then ultimately there is no right or wrong, only personal preferences. Morality then isn’t any different to any other matter of taste. I prefer classical music to heavy metal, you might have a different opinion. I like cricket but not golf, you might differ. I prefer to make friends with my fellow man and to eat roast chicken for dinner, whereas you might prefer to make friends with your fellow chicken and eat roast man. How can you say that one choice is wrong and the other is right?
There are much bigger problems for atheists here than this. When I was explaining what Christians believe about morality, I explained it in terms of our creation. Where we’ve come from matters. It’s because we come from the hand of God that God’s rules are binding upon us. Where, though, do we come from according to atheists? They tell us that we are nothing more than one part of the tree of life. We evolved from lower kinds of animals, and ultimately from bacteria. Before that, the first living creatures, something like bacteria, developed from non-living chemicals. The non-living chemicals were the result of a "big bang" when the universe sprang into being.
Think about each of these stages in our supposed development, according to the atheist. He says that all living beings really belong in a single family tree. The only difference between us is that over the years we have evolved in different directions. This happened because of mistakes made when our genetic code was copied from one generation to the next. There is nothing essentially separating us from them. A few thousand copying mistakes here and there, and we could be them or they could be us.
Do you see the devastating effect that idea has on the idea of morality? It destroys the idea of the uniqueness of man. If I go home and get out the anti-bacterial spray to clean my kitchen, I could wipe out millions of bacteria in minutes. The ruthless Russian dictator Joseph Stalin wiped out many millions of his own people. What is the difference between those two things? According to evolution, there is no ultimate difference. This is why some Western governments are now discussing the idea that maybe we should start giving human rights to other animals. That’s not all though. In May of this year an ethics panel answering to the Swiss government advised it that plants also have moral rights and dignity, and should be treated accordingly.
What if we go back beyond life, though? Ultimately, according to the atheist, we are just one more -re-arrangement of matter. Life sprang by itself from non-life. It is just a change that happened with no ultimate meaning or purpose behind it. The molecules just did what the laws of physics said they should do, and that’s all that they’re doing now.
What this means is that your ideas about right and wrong are nothing more than the fizzing of atoms in your head. They do not reflect any ultimate reality, any more than the fizzing of a can of coke does. We are just beings who do what our brain chemistry forces us to do. This means that morality doesn’t really exist. It’s just an idea that we’ve come up with and use to describe what’s going on. If our brains had evolved differently, we could have used a different idea. In the future, our brains might evolve differently. If morality is just the result of evolution, it can’t be fixed or have authority over us. It’s just a change that will continue happening.
Atheism Doesn’t Work
We all know though that morality does not really work this way. If I punch you on the nose, you won’t be impressed if I just tell you that my genes told me to do it. If I tell you that it was a good thing for me to do, because my DNA has mutated differently from yours, you won’t accept it as a believable answer. What this means is that atheism doesn’t work in the real world. If I act, behave or speak in a way that is consistent with the ideas of atheism, it will soon be me that is being locked up in a padded cell. Atheism is a set of ideas which people can believe, but they can’t really put them into practice. Frederich Nietzsche was the famous German atheist who said "God is dead", and he saw where his logic led. He wrote that "our moral judgments and evaluations are only images and fantasies based on a physiological process unknown to us." Nietzsche was also one of the people whose writings had a significant influence upon Adolf Hitler.
What, though, if we go back beyond even molecules? According to the majority of atheists, the universe is the result of a "big bang" out of nothing. Some claim that the universe is eternal and was never caused at all, but most say that it came originally from nothing. Now, that’s a claim that has some pretty huge problems. The main one is to explain how, contrary to anything we have ever seen or observed, something can come from nothing, all by itself. But we’re not looking at that now. What we’re looking at is what it means for right and wrong if ultimately we came from nothing. Oxford Professor Peter Atkins is an outspoken atheist. He isn’t afraid to say that this is what we are. He says that the universe is, to quote, “an elaborate and engaging rearrangement of nothing". Atheists also generally accept that our end destination is nothingness too. It certainly is for you personally – you will die, your body will decompose and you will never be conscious of anything in the world again. An unimpressive end is the destination for our world too. At some point the sun will use up all of its resources and life will no longer be possible on earth. Ultimately the destiny of the whole universe is nothingness – it will collapse back into itself, reversing the "big bang" that started us at the beginning.
If we came from and are going to nothing, then our lives are ultimately meaningless. Many atheists say that we should try to make our lives as meaningful as possible, because it’s the only way we’ll get any meaning. This misses the point completely. If our lives have no meaning, then they have no meaning. The attempt to give them meaning is just being irrational. We cannot give them any meaning, however much we try to live under the delusion that we can. What this all means is that when we treat right and wrong and our lives as if they were worth something, we are simply kidding ourselves. I might fertilise my lawn with compost. My neighbour might fertilise his lawn using small children. Ultimately both compost and small children came from nothing and are going to nothing, so what does it matter?
Atheism Put Into Practice
Some atheist philosophers have been brave enough to face up to these facts. Frederich Nietzsche, who I mentioned before, was the modern father of the philosophy of nihilism. The word "nihilism" means "nothingness". One website describes the beliefs of a nihilist as follows. Ultimate morality does not exist; therefore no action is logically preferable to any other in regards to the moral value of one action over another. In the absence of morality, existence has no intrinsic higher meaning or goal. This isn’t me saying that a consistent atheist ought to believe. This is what atheists who are being consistent have themselves said.
What I want you to concentrate on is the fact that most atheists find it impossible to live out their beliefs in real life. Some, of course, have been tried to put their beliefs into practice. Communist dictators in the 20th century sought to build societies upon the principles of atheism, and treated their enemies as they pleased. The Nazi regime in Germany put the idea of "survival of the fittest" into practice. Many ordinary people have become totally disillusioned with life, believing it and all of its suffering to be completely pointless, and have ultimately turned to suicide as the only way to escape this crushing burden. In general, though, most atheists find that they have to live as if they were really Christians. They live as if good and evil were real, apply to everyone, are important and must be treated as an essential part of daily life. They do this automatically, without thinking about it.
I want to suggest to you that they do this because they have to. They are made by God and made in the image of God. They cannot behave any other way. Even thought they reject God and refuse to worship him, they cannot stop behaving like human beings. We cannot stop behaving like people made by God and turn ourselves into something else. A dog will always be a dog, and a man will always be a man. Even if he rejects the purpose he was made for and ignores his maker, he must still behave like a moral being. Atheists cannot explain morality, and the beliefs of atheists undermine and ultimately destroy morality. Their ideas cannot be consistently lived out in the real world. In the real world, we have to behave as if something like the Bible is true, whatever we claim to believe about the Bible itself.
Making A Choice
Finally, I want to remind you of something I said at the beginning. I said that we have to treat atheism as being either true or false. The truth about it cannot be something that changes from person to person. Either we have a creator or we do not. Either there is an authority over us who we must hear and obey, or we can do whatever seems best to us in the knowledge that nothing truly matters anyway. I want to emphasise this, because many many people chose to try and live half way in between. They try to live as if Christianity were true, but they make no serious efforts to seek and find their maker. Maybe that is you. You know that you really are accountable to God, but you don’t really want to know him. You have a conscience, and it sometimes speaks to you about guilt and you have anxious thoughts about what might happen to you when you die, but you don’t really listen to that voice. Your existence depends upon God, but in practice you live like someone who can exist by themselves. I want to challenge you to live consistently with your beliefs. If good and evil are just illusions, then stop living as if they were real. If atheism is real, then embrace it. Do whatever you please, and don’t get angry when other people do the same. Live as if you are in a "survival of the fittest" contest where the big must crush the small, and don’t get upset if you get crushed in it.
On the other hand, if atheist is false, then we must seek the living God with all seriousness. We are accountable to him, and cannot live our lives as if we were the ones who got to decide what the rules are. If God is God, then he is God, and we must seek him, find him, love him and worship him with everything that he has given us.
The good news of Christianity is that though God could punish us all for our rebellion against him, he’s chosen a different way. He came down here himself, in the person of his Son. He did not come to destroy the world and all the human wickedness that has ruined it. He came to rescue it. Our consciences are speaking the truth to us, and we do deserve God’s punishment. But in a wonderful act of mercy, God took the punishment that wrong-doers deserve upon himself, when his Son Jesus died upon the cross. That same Jesus rose from the dead and has been appointed by God to rule for ever and ever. He offers us free forgiveness if we will turn to God through him. We must come to him with true sorrow that we have lived without giving him the honour and praise that he deserves, whilst he has been giving us everything we have. We must come to him with the conviction that he is God, and that we will obey him, whatever it costs us. If we come to God through Jesus Christ, we will never be turned away. Christians can live in this world knowing why they do what they do. But Christianity is more than just something for our heads. It’s something for all of us. Our wrong deeds can be forgiven, we can receive a new life from God and the promise that he will be with us forever and ever.
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By order of the Board. S. CHAS. BALCH, Clerk. PALED PROPOSALS WILL BE RECEIVED at the office of the Board of City Improvement, until nine o'clock A.M. on Friday, April 6, for grading and paving, with good, hard-burned paving brick, on a bed of clean sand and four inches deep, the sidewalks on Stone Street, from A Street to Sixth Street. Each bid to be accompanied by two sureties. Bidders to be printed forms, as no other will be received. By order of the Board. CHAS. BALCH, Clerk. PALED PROPOSALS WILL BE RECEIVED at the office of the Board of City Improvement, until nine o'clock A.M. on Friday, April 6, for grading, repairing, and paving, with good, hard-burned paving brick, on a bed of clean sand and four inches deep, the sidewalks on Pearl Street, from Pearl Street to Third Street. Each bid to be accompanied by two sureties. Bidders to use the principal forms, as no other will be received. By order of the Board. CHAS. BALCH, Clerk. Important to Millers. In the French System of Bleach, with which we are now able to provide the best service. Tl.e subcrlli has cuncsuded to fnruish bis valua- oi cip au auniioria arlo, in urdac that it saay Ci iije. within the reach f all. It has iwruily boea o d 1b the fcaistorn cities at from i0 to $26, an t Is T .r HWW w vum cuulRM; a uir-riMv aaa bast Hi t bod ot ruatriuB sun-burud. siatiaed or grMaay straw gut ds or braids to tha original twior, ver lot disoovered, ditsa..siag eatirely with tha vse of brimstoua, and wanauutd not ta lujura the mata riaL Conplta and plain diraotioa for snakiaa aud using tbe Hap ; tleachirg cout pound, sialng, r luovuig stains and preasiug ara giea, and aallsfao tton guarauUted to all, Letters of Inuulry mnut contain a stamp. O i re eetpt of Three dollars, the above vrlll be mailed to ao address. ' Kicluslva town and county rights for sale. Addreas U Ah HON H. WHI0HT, Ja., Bihjv-1 4va VU P. Ciuuiauati, INSURANCE. INSURANCE COMPANY, j -c-IIARTFORO, CONN. BRANCH OFFICE: 33 West Tliira-st. CINCINNATI. R. B. e fl.ilrl. AIAGILIi, GRNKBAL AGENTS. trulie-z LIFE INSURANCE alLICAL BENEFIT LIFE IH8UBANCE CO., OF aiWA.K, j., Xnararea Uvea Only. ACCUMULATED MBATIH. JAN. 1, 1881, $3,81B,B58 OOI DlTldend, Jan nary 1, Fortr-flre aar cast. Da. J. F. WIIITB, Mr ntr ai, KxtanNm. JOHN W. HAHTWBLL, Airent. Office of Olacinan Insurance Co., Ho. 4 Public Landing. mhl-tf INSURANCE! Horn. Im. Co., New York.......General I,Mn,Mi Cottonland Inf. Co., New York.... 600,00, Klairara Fir. tna. Co., New York.... M,0M North Am. Fin In.. Co., New York. tso.OM Bacnritj Fir. Int. Co., New York........... S00,0ot Westara Haaa. Ini. Co., Pittsburgh, Haaa... 150,000 Merchant.' Int. Co. of Hartford, Conn M0,00t N. T. Lift Int. Co., N. T.....Asr.Tt-l,767,m ' Mr. Follclat latued la above first-class Com, Blea, and losses promptly adjusted and paid by "W, L. Evans & Co., GENERAL INSURANCE AGENTS, 63 WEST THIRD-ST., CINCINNATI. Bum, by arrangement, to W, W. Scarborough h I Hilea Granwood : Tyler Davidson & Co. ; 8 DaTla, ir., ACo ; Heinelnach. Heaaonaood A Co. ; Wrnna, iiainea A Co. ; W B. Smith & Co.! Bawaon. Wllb, A Co.: Hnnnawell, Bill & Co.; Tweed A Sileri Bprlnger A and perfect arrangements of Over $510,000 in Ohio Surplus Art IN LAND KAVIATIO. -Auk excepted at terms consistent with actual and fair profit. Special attention given to inventory and content of accounts of losses and contents of old age. Appointments made to any party assurance agency, promptly attended to. By strict attention to a reliable insurance business, this Company is enabled to provide both indemnity for the past and future. Policies issued without delay by CARTER & LUNOMY. Agents, Ho. 40 Nassau Street, and Hy. 171 Vine-Street, I.J. HOOKER, Agent. Fulton, 17th Water. P. BUSH. Agent, Fulton By MISCELLANEOUS. SALES PATENT. GALL, CARROLL & CO., No. 84 3rd Street, t. the,aeaeiit tlrat. ahoa a altaffle lu.tatioa wherein that have relief U ,erve theli cunteb.. W'ltl. thi BAKE we chuluwee ell ojaeetltloi.. tt Belt,, tut hett Fir. Pmr Burelai lroof, or Flr and Du. Klai lnxf now oiadb; tud ara wllllns; to teaf with any ftetablishmeut li the eolon, snd the rarfc sllii.c ftrrit t- forfait to the othai tko sum of $2,000. We are prepared to furnish a better Bate, and at Um aosi than an AtHm nannnntnr.r tp the finite Ntstes SCM)ndnauU Hares ol otner uiaters also on ban. We respoctftilly Invite tha pnbllo to csll and ui tne nr stock rsfore purchasing elsewhera. HMK, CARROLL A CO, anil ar No. 64 Maln-at-eau ALLIGATOR! SIRIIH.B-eMn7IMINa COAL. COOKING-STOVK FOBEST PESTWOOD STOVE I Patented Dec. 1, 1868. ADAMS, PECKOVER A CO., JaS-tf 8. W. COB. FIFTH AND ILH. ini't For H ll.HIMJS, DUH AHI.Ii ROOFING RAIL ROAD CARS, . b'fniahoat'f, prt'wrvlng aieUl It'H.lA, Ac. IKroaUAVK.a oiii'At?tKnnr J. V. 4UAV, AGENT, ana In say is fjfamcrf Kt., fmrignatj, fl. lapi-tf j ROOFING 1 ROQFINOI TUB OVTCAIT K1.AHTM1 mETALlllfl BOOFI NO 1. otered to the itUo aa the beat aal aheepeet Metal Kouf sow naed.ita menu bavin, beea teata by an eiaerlence of rear. In thia olt7 aud trl aiulut. Applied to flat or ateea, old or . boll. uifra. no eoiaer naea raatanoa aecuruljr wttnobi a. att.ur. io the aotlun of tue eLeaaeuta. freaared aheata. boxed for ahiamel tbe fjnlted BteU,oaa b. applied by anf one with ov Alaarv avwkabloal etUI OrOera erunitlr ill led. OALDV w a ij u m aru-tf lit Waatlfcmad4traaa. IB TOO ABB IN WANT 9 A HOtMeV adveTUMi lu the PBRS It d"ea not ooet aauer ... ew w riMIK BfT COAL OTt. DIIV M1KD- J, t 4111 b a! t cu be bad, lu gu.ulnlea ault, at feir reaeonalile ralue, at FKtttiUoON'S, enruer uf Mntb an. Viae ale. aihla mTOD WAN A IIRTANT Of ANT aeriptlmi Ad.ertlae la the IiAi LI lUaoa. It eoata but a ftrlAa aud vtai DO YOD WANT TO JKI.L AN V THINUf Adtartlae in tba DA ill PBKnS, and you will ba.a buyer, ta abondanoa. Toe faJLud hat tat aj a mm aui. RAILROADS. OHIO AND MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD! rptro mATNN i.ratn ctnptnnuti Hall, f.ir Ha. Iwmla. 1 ..ouatTlUe,) w."f-.wfw varro, am : plall-TidlO A. M. pma-7!At P. M. Pnnriar Kventn. Saareaa VtSO r. M. Bevtaoar At wmmM.tlnn leaTet aA AtSO F. M fob TiiBouoii TKiaarS, Plaaa. apply at otBre Wo. 1 P.mrt Borrae, rwrpar pfflre; at ftpancer Rouae ofBoet at H't. T Wpat Third at,, and at tii. n.i.t, rvwr of Front and MlU-ata. SIOBOM B. PtntlLltLLAH, Uanaral bapwlnt.ad.nt, Omafbaaaa call for aaaeenten. fell LITTLE MIAMI —AND— COLUMBUS AND XENIA —AND— —AND— CINCINNATI, HAMILTON & DAYTON Railroads. 0!t AWH JsFTFlt fTTNilrAT, WOTFWPlUfa 3ft,ie60, Trains will depart as tol-t"".im.-j Cincinnati. Hamilton and Vhy ton Depot For Bam 11 ton, Richmond, Indianapolis, Louisville and D sr ton. Connects at De,yton for Columbus, Springfield, Bprtn. ld, Urbana and slnndusKy ; and with Dayton and Michigan Boed for Troy, Plqna, Sidney, Lima, Fort Wnyn and Chicago; also, for Toledo, Oanneotn n Bs-milton for Oxford, Ao. 9.30 A. M. EXPERIENCE tittle HUnl Depot Connects via Columbus and Cleveland j tU Columbus, Crestline and Pittsburgh; via Columbia, Stettin and Pittsburgh; via Columbia, Rollalia and Benwood; and to Columbus, Harrisburg and Pittsburg; also for Springfield and Louisville. 3:00 P.M. from Cincinnati, Camden and Dayton Depot. For Dayton, Huntington, and Sandusky; connects at Hamilton for Richmond, Indianapolis, Louisville, and all points West, connecting at Hamilton for Oxford. 4:30 P.M. From Little Miami Depot Accommodation for Columbus, stopping at all Way Stations, also for Springfield. 5:30 P.M. From Cincinnati, Huntington and Dayton Depot. For Dayton, Troy, Piqua, Sidney, Lima, Fort Wayne and Chicago. Also, for Toledo, Detroit and all points in Canada. 6:40 P.M. From Little Miami Depot Accommodation for Xenia, stopping at Way Stations. 6:40 P.M. From Cincinnati, Huntington and Dayton Depot. Connects at Cincinnati. Bus Steubenville and Pittsburgh, via Columbus, Crestline and Pittsburgh; The Columbia and Cleveland; The Columbus, Belland and Benwood, and Titusville, Belland and Pittsburgh. BELPING ON THIS TRAIN, For all information and through tickets, please apply at the Offices, southeast corner of Front and Broadway; west side of Vine Street, between the Post Office and the Burnet House; No. 6 East Third Street; Sixth Street Depot, and at the foot Front Street Depot. Trains run by Columbus time, which is faster than Cincinnati time. P. W. STEADER, General Ticket Agent. Commencing calls for passengers by leaving daily at the Ticket Office. CHICAGO! CHICAGO! GREAT WESTERN AND NORTHWESTERN LINE! Indianapolis and Cincinnati Indianapolis and Cincinnati SHORT-LINE RAILROAD. Shortest Route by 30 Miles. CHICAGO OF CARS TO PITTSBURGH Leaves Cincinnati daily, from the foot of Market Street, on Front; through to Indianapolis. Terre Hauta, Lafayette and Chicago, In advance of all other routes as FIRST TRAIN-8:30 A.M.-CHICAGO MAIL Arrives at Indianapolis at 10:30 A.M., Terra Haul at 2:30 P.M., Lafayette at 3:10 P.M., Chicago at 5:30 P.M. SECOND TRAIN-8:30 P.M.-Indianapolis, La. Fayette, Springfield, Quincy, Palmyra and St. Joseph Express arrive at Indianapolis at 7:30 P.M., Lafayette at 10:30 P.M., Springfield at 8:40 A.M., Suucy at 12:30 P.M., Palmyra at 3:15 P.M., HI Sophia at 12:30 A.M., Atchison, K.T., at 1:30 A.M. SHIRD TRAIN-8:15 P.M.-CHICAGO Express arrives at Indianapolis at 12:41 A.M. Lafayette at 3:30 A.M.; Chicago at 10:30 A.M. Brick-piping cars attached to all night trains on this line, and run through to Chicago without change of cars. Be sure you are in the right ticket office before purchasing your tickets, and ask for tickets at Lawrenceburg and Indianapolis. For the same, and time shorter than by any other route. Baggage checked through. Through tickets, good until lifted, can be obtained at the ticket offices at the Spencer House, N.W. corner of Broadway and Front St.; No. 1 Main St., corner of Broadway and Front St.; No. 1 Main St., and at the Depot Office, foot of Mill St., on Front St., here all information may be had. Omnibuses run to and from each train, and will call for passengers at all hotels and all parts of the city, by leaving address at either office. W.B. Noblen, General Ticket Agent. O.B. Oottow, General Agent. REMOVAL. Wm. Vanderveer, AWNING AND TENT-MAKER, HAS REMOVED FROM HIS OLD stand, 100 Sycamore St., to 40 XAST THIRD ST., BETWEEN SYCAMORE AND BROADWAY, Where he will be happy to receive orders for work in his line. REAL OVAL. H. Cummings, HOUSE, SIGH AND ORNAMENTAL PINE, H. As removed from 7 Duran House, to MIS N. B. COFFE TH'BI) AND BALT. OYSTER TRADE. MALTBY'S No. 11. U I O lu IW NO. 11 THE STABLES IN RECRUITNO, daily, by the Adorable Express, M. ALTIS on rivaled and celebrated choice PLANTATION BABY BATHING OYSTERS. a constant daily supply always on hand, so that dealers and families can obtain, at any time during the season, the superior OYSTER in cans, half-caul and in the shell. warranted fresh and sweet. The are extra in sir, and of the most delicious flavor XloVert OYSTERS, Depot, 11 West Fifth -at. P. fl. A liberal discount allowed to the trade and parties. Terms can be made MISCELLANEOUS. Oyster ICetchup A NEW ARTICLE! TRY IT! TRY IT! Baker's Baltimore Oyster Ketchup THIS IS AN ENTIRELY NEW ARTICLE, made of the finest and highest flavored Baltimore Oysters, containing all their flavor, and Is pronounced the best Ketchup, for sale now In use. It is intended for me on all insects, hot or cold, and is particularly good on poultry, for sea son in soups and gravies it has no equal, and is a delightful article to chicken salad, or wherever it is desirable. Originated and prepared only by J. T. WARDEN & CO., Main-st., Cincinnati. Also, by retail grocers generally. SHADE AND FRUIT TREES! FURNISH IN WANT OF EXTRA large shade and Fruit-trees, can be supplied by applying at No. 4 1 West Fifth-street, or at Oak's Walnut-Hill Murch, Hadley's, adjoining daily lines. Baker's line of Omnibus passes the Nursery. Every hour, starting from the corner of Fifth and Clay streets, Cincinnati, Ohio. Save your leaky roofs! USR nAY'S FATHING TURBINE HOOKI has the materials of which it is composed, combining every material for a practically imperishable roof. J. P. OAT, Agent, in his -cm'SvftaiiioTe-sTrr'et. TTA PRINTING - THE HIGHEST IN THE WORLD is prepared to do, so short notice, all kinds of repairing on power presses and other machinery, wood and iron, connected with printing offices, and also to make to order. Office, bookcases, and Voot Sticks. Galleys, etc. Vrom hia long exntmrnce In tha buslnesa. ha wirl guarantua salialactioa to all who mar favor him With theirwork JAS. D. if OH V It K, tub IV x 175 W. Becond-st., bat. Klin and Plum. CUAMPAGNE! CUAMPAON JC I - JU rvctived: ' &o cases Charles Heldsfrk flbampagne; 0 cases V- (Jlicouot Ohanipagua eu chases t'lievatior Obauipjigtta 2ft casts Hi lies y Monseaux tjhautf asTma ' ' ' 1 st) cases Priuoe lniporiai. ' For salo low by JOU If BATES, mhl8 National Theater Buildina. brsimnra-it. IAMII.Y FLOI Il.-itM B It Lit. FAM- 1LV Vlourt luu brla. K&tra ITlour la st.ra and fur sals. AABOU A. CuL.1 sV, 19 nd il Alain st. nb1 CRI'HHVn ANO FOWpKH Kn MIJUA tt. SA tts. Cni4l.4 ttutfar, Luvttrioai's. Ptiiiadul pit la ; aiV hr. im mud Oon Ptxvdvrad ttuaar, Ljuv t. lug's, Pbilad i ftot'iU A W kiU huyaw, LovsHns a, 'Mtad lnstariand luraaia. , A AMOK A-CoLtin, Sit aud, til fcaiat. mh TOTICB 1 IIPRRBY OIVBM TIIT J w the subscriber Lss Wou appoiuted and qualflid s Administrator on the astale of James S, AlOyrji In irk, dtCftasedjUta of Hatuiltoa iJooatyj f. Dated at Oiucianatl, this V7th day of March, 1661. Bag. ANN AtcCOHMIOK, P4-T1 AcUiiuiskfatrlXa MISCELLANEOUS Bale of TaloaMe Kcal Estate, TfATOTTtB TS HVRBBY OIYKN Tn4T Aw virtue of an rrdr of sain dlrorted to ma from the ltttr1(-t Oourt of Lucas County, in a ptar tifion Milt anKfl.iia In said Court, whwln Wtllla-n P. Inlrts IsplalplliT, and James 0. Hall andothtrS) are dpfnrdanta, I shalloon Til U BKA Y, the 4tb day of April, IMAI.hatweAn the Honrs of tn o'clnrk A. M and four o'olork P. M of said day, at ih&onv of the Oourt-housa, la tha dlry of ToltMlo, Oonnty off Lucaa, and Htae ef Ohio, expose for sale at Dublin aurtlon, the following pmpfrty, tn-wlt : Plmt: All rtdhtsof lrrrga attached to tha Riparian poa aosion of tracts Hos. ons and twa of the twrlra Oi He square fwerva. 8cond : All title to the tri angle in tbs bed af the Manaitw Klrer rmitltlnsr from tha Btpartan ownership of said river tracts one ' and two. Third: The rnrnrafonary Intomst la s mur-h of the bod of the Wabash and Kr Canal aa rwnrn thronsh said rlvpr tracts one and twa, onrtb: All title to somnclTof the nilddle-crnnn In the WrVmt liver as lies opptmlta st.id rivnr tracts one and two, resulting from tna Blaariaa ownership of said tracts. Also, 1h following real astata, to wit j Lot num ber four hundred aud eighty-foar (484); lot number four lint d mi and elghtv-four and a half (4H4, It b1pg tha same on which Is situatfod the old dnpot building of the Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad t thirty-throe feet In width from tha nppr or went arly side of lot nnmber seyen (7). AH of lot ante bi'f thirty-five (3M except twenty-two frwt from tha north -eaut end thereof, fronting on Hwao-stroet. and running back toward St. Clair Street to the corner of said lot; lots one hundred and nine (109), one hundred and twenty (120) and one hundred and twenty (120); the ground between the Fort line of lot number four (4) and red and seventy (472); and the point where the channels of Hwan Creek and the Bayou or Maumee River meet, being 27 feet front on each side of Ottawa Street extension. The line of dock on the Maumee River in front lots 109, 110, and 111 respectively; lot four hundred and eighty (480). All of said real estate lying and being in the Port Lawrence Division of the City of Toledo. Defendants, said lots 114 and 120 will be divided into lots twenty feet wide, fronting on Summit Street, and running back to the alley, each of which will be offered for sale separately, and said lot 109 will be divided equally between Summit and Water Streets, each half offered separately; and said lots 110 and 111 will also be divided equally between Summit and Water Streets, and from Water Street to the same line, each of said lots to be sold separately. Bids will be received for the following: It will be received for the lots fronting on Water Street with a privilege to the purchaser to withdraw the same in case he shall fail to secure the lot in the rear fronting on Water Street. Leases have been made of parts of said property, none of which extend beyond the first of April, 1441, which will be determined to purchasers. Terms One-third cash on all except the first four items; balance in two equal annual payments, secured by mortgage on the premises. No bids received for less than two-thirds appraised value. To further information apply to HE. T. NOFFIEB, Special Master and Receiver. SUPERIOR COURT OF CINCINNATI. David Gibson vs. George Hatch. Rachel R. Hatch and May Humphries. The defendant, Rachel R. Hatch, is notified that the plaintiff, on the 22nd day of October, 1892, filed his petition in the Superior Court of Cincinnati, the object and prayer of which is to obtain a judgment that the said George Hatch par to the said May Humphries the sum of $10,000, with interest at the rate of ten percent per annum, from 1st September, 1892, for which lands belonging to plaintiff are mortgaged by way of security; and an order that the following described real estate, mortgaged to the said George Hatch, and the said Rachel R. Hatch, his wife, to Abraham Morrell, also, to secure the said debt of said George Hatch, may be paid and the proceeds applied to the payment of said debt. That is to say, all of lot No. 10, in square No. 11. As so own on the plat of subdivision made by George Hutch, Guardian, recorded in book No. 13, page 572, of the Records of Hamilton County, measuring 2 feet in front, on the north side of Bank Street, and extending back 100 feet to Goodman's; also, all of lot No. 1 in square No. 14, in same plat, measuring 2 feet in front, on the north side of Hamilton Avenue and extending back to the Miami Canal; also, all of lot No. 34 in the "Whitsman Lot," as shown on the plat recorded in book No. 18, page 83. The property is bounded by 33 feet in front on Water Street, and extending back, along the south side of Bank Street, 60 feet; also, all of the lot of ground in Avery Street, including square No. 2, measuring 60 feet in front on the south side of Dayton Street, and extending back the same width, 150 feet to York Alley, the east line being 60 feet west of one parallel with Baymiller Street; also, all of the west half of block No. 4, as shown on the record map made by E. F. A. Avery, recorded in book No. 1, page 27, bounded west on Denman Street, south on Bank Street, east by 10 feet alley, and northwardly by ground of J. W. Colerran. Also, all of the lot of ground in the east half of the same block No. 4, on the same plat, measuring 100 feet in front on the west side of Freeman-st., and extending back from said street, 85 feet to a stake; the south line being 200 feet north of and parallel to Bank-st. Also, all the lot of ground in block No. 1, on the same plat, measuring 50 feet in front, on the west side of Freeman-st., and extending back at right angles 100 feet, bounded north on a lot conveyed by George Hatch to A H. Smith. Said mortgage being recorded in book No. 3, page 307, of Hamilton County Records; and defendant, Rachel B. Hatch, is not red that unless she answers or demur to the said petition on or before the twenty-third day of April, 1891, the same will be taken at true, and judgment rendered accordingly. JAMES K. JACKSON, Attorney for Plaintiff. SIGNS OF THE TIMES! C. T. FORRIST AT 13 TIN-STREET, Corner of Burnet, Depot, Breparo, is in ALL KINDS OF SHOES, SHOES, AND FANCY WORK - CASH On short notice and on the most reasonable terms J. W. trees to his large stock. He has for sale this spring a fine assortment of apple, Nectarine, Strawberry, Pear, Apricot, Blackberries, Poach, Quince, Gooseberries, Cherry, Shade Trees, Cranberries, Plum, Currants, Raspberries, etc. Grape Roots and Cuttings. Also, a large stock of Greenhouse Plants, Evergreen, Deciduous and Ornamental Trees and Shrub. All the above Trees, Shrubs and & lucks are now growing and ready for inspection, in my Walnut Hill and White-duck Nurseries. All orders left at No. 0 Fifth Street will be promptly filled. Descriptive Catalogue, with prices annexed, will be sent, on application to J. S. COOK, Walnut Hill Nurseries, Cincinnati. P. S. Omnibus is now at the Nursery every hour, starting from in Lucerne Steam Bakery, 17 -J Sycamore Street, four doors above Fifth. RETA Jt GROCERY CARD. M. J. Hdrar.....J1.7. 80 Table Salt, per bag...! Syrup......,..H..,.m ou, HOa, Molassee H.4uo Zante Currants, J, 7a. Leghorn Citron, 24a. Bordeaux Pines,.. frs Hams, (J. O. Nye) lSa Turcissn Prunes,ealfta. Seedless Hal-ins......... lfte- Bunch B:iiHirs......HH.iaa, Smyrna Fin...r...... g Almonda h ic i ry.... loa Laogue's.Hlaac Triag'a.14a. Spanish Filbert....m. 8a English Walnuts..m..lt. Cream Nbu,..w,m tm, Texas Paeans...H,MM 7a- Canary Seed u.ta. Hemp 4 Acedw,,.HH...MHHat Mocaropl......,.. Mt Vermicelli.......las Sard Toea H aod H boxes H, : ', SAta Salad Oil. IX, Mo. Oioer Vines H...M...,0. Preserving do..... ftc Or imbed, Powdered, Loaf and Gran'd... loo UioOoft. Me Java k)t1 mo f H. Tea H.50, 60, 80c G. P. and Imp. do AO, 80c Black do...- 28, 60, 80c Cocoa and Chocolate 28c Blice..m.MW.w..H 6c Chocolate..MH...H..H..I2, 16C Starch.MMM. 6c Bar Soap...M.......4, 6. 7c Cranberry &oap. 12, 18c Rand lea Tall".... m. He Paramua.,.HJuc Star.(HHH uc rtoh-Ood......JSc Hr.hnou.MMHM.12 White.....w...o Spices Nut D egs.......Me Cunamon 24c Pepper a. )uc AiDi.M,HMH(P Uinsref 7o ricKisa ro..M.ioa, tard, Ground Spices, Yankee Vegetables, Vegetables, Powders, Lemons and Oranges, and all goods pertaining to the trade. Au7-tfl V. D. DrVIN, 1 Walnut-ak, Tfw WAPD, ITORSF OOTOM msw a n v pn'r-ia, utidb oau inirry years' experience with an extensive practice at the Veterinary art and Shoeing combit, begs leave to inform the public that he can be found at all times at his place of business and residence. No. 14 Richmond str. All kinds of Horse Powders, Ointments and Liquors, diligently on hand. fo6-tf Fistula in Ano Treated Y DR. WM. OWENS. WITnOC1!1 THAI Knife or Ligature, by a new, simple and pain ful method of treatment, discovered by himself about eight years ago, and which has been applied with complete success in every case. The OWENS has been a citizen of Cincinnati for the last twenty-five years, and assures the afflicted that the above is no humbug. For further information, apply at his office and residence, No. 9 Walnut-ak, Cincinnati. PRATB MEDIC AT, CONSTRUCTION KHBaC lrs JACKSON, Us.UBa.ai'I A fX. treat will, success all Confidential Diseases Calls or female, on the latest scientific plan, there. Finding quick and permanent cures, at low charges. For fifteen large letter-page Circular, free. Also, all Chronic Affections of long standing, requiring private medical aid. Office and consultation Rooms, 187 Broadway-st, between Sixth and Seventh, Cincinnati, Ohio. White Lime. THE UNDERGROUND TINNING COMPANY. Our establishment has been established for the past twenty-five years, and we are now prepared to supply all orders, to supply our customers with the best quality of Lime, and to do all kinds of work in our line. All orders and orders are processed to us, CAIMPBELL. & CO.. MA WRFA rTU HID OF BAR, 8 UK and Hotter Iron, M laba, H.ilr ad Halkal to, Aleo. atota for the aula nf Iroquois ri'ax r.aila Wannani, I t. Kaataeoosd-MrMt, OUulmta, ayura4alr.aaAafcaTaa''. llt.MlkKK tiHIPP lITUIOTa.' w ri.i.Ktiyi.ai.t. y.iua.aiyr au.ar.aa am J ck.y Club, b.t.1 rlrtar, H-barlrtit Uiraiiiuwt Teroei.a. atMM,aud evrr otbor laverit. aatraoi. fbreal.t.i I A 1.11 K KT TtOM, Urangiat,. p. w.wr. iwiiim-.T atta aiwiiia.aff aoima ao., jnnti How du., PuLcloe do.. Cue a.t t rc-T nlAPPIIuWM HUMa V MMP, I. Bn.u Viivdaurdo., Olyoerlue and Oaiai alior d.,OI4 faaiile dy., falw du., Ulroeria rle Alumed da.. W lulM Uri... A........ A n7 .ooa-aal v.. w.a i vtvm S. M. NEAU, Trustee, Alk. BOSH, Trustee, Alk. W. et. Central Ave, and all other. . | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'sn84028745_1861-04-04_1_4_2', 'collection': 'US-PD-Newspapers', 'open_type': 'Open Culture', 'license': 'Public Domain', 'date': '', 'title': 'None', 'creator': 'None', 'language': 'English', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '4161', 'token_count': '7648', '__index_level_0__': '18570', 'original_id': '867f1b009f6548772036df8aa8743a547ea473037d93bfb685aa77ceda9974e9'} |
Q:
Trouble with AJAX, JS, and Select2
I apologize if I am doing something stupid, but I am brand new to Select2 and Ajax and am having a hell of a time trying to get this work. I am attempting to create my own json file (link removed) to use with a form (link removed) I am building. Using Firefox Lite in Chrome, I am able to get a response from my server (200 OK), but the select box does not display the search results. My json file appears to validate correctly using http://jsonformatter.curiousconcept.com. You can also see it at
Any thoughts or tips?
json.php source:
<?
$myArray = array(
array( "id" => "id1", "text" => "title1" ),
array( "id" => "id2", "text" => "title2" )
);
echo json_encode($myArray);
?>
select.php source:
<html>
<head>
<link href="select2/select2.css" rel="stylesheet"/>
<script src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.8.3/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script src="select2/select2.js"></script>
<script>
function movieFormatResult(movie) {
var markup = "<table class='movie-result'><tr>";
markup += "<td class='movie-info'><div class='movie-title'>" + movie.title + "</div>";
markup += "</td></tr></table>"
return markup;
}
function movieFormatSelection(movie) {
return movie.title;
}
</script>
<script id="script_e6">
$(document).ready(function() {
$("#e6").select2({
placeholder: "Search for a movie",
minimumInputLength: 1,
ajax: { // instead of writing the function to execute the request we use Select2's convenient helper
url: "http://api.rottentomatoes.com/api/public/v1.0/movies.json",
dataType: 'jsonp',
data: function (term, page) {
return {
q: term, // search term
page_limit: 10,
apikey: "my-api-key" // please do not use so this example keeps working
};
},
results: function (data, page) { // parse the results into the format expected by Select2.
// since we are using custom formatting functions we do not need to alter remote JSON data
return {results: data.movies};
}
},
formatResult: movieFormatResult, // omitted for brevity, see the source of this page
formatSelection: movieFormatSelection, // omitted for brevity, see the source of this page
dropdownCssClass: "bigdrop" // apply css that makes the dropdown taller
});
});
</script>
<script id="script_e6a">
$(document).ready(function() {
$("#e6a").select2({
placeholder: "Search for a movie",
minimumInputLength: 1,
ajax: { // instead of writing the function to execute the request we use Select2's convenient helper
url: "http://willwelch.net/play/nhs/pstudents/json.php",
dataType: 'jsonp',
data: function () {
return;
},
results: function () { // parse the results into the format expected by Select2.
return {results: data};
}
},
formatResult: movieFormatResult, // omitted for brevity, see the source of this page
formatSelection: movieFormatSelection, // omitted for brevity, see the source of this page
dropdownCssClass: "bigdrop" // apply css that makes the dropdown taller
});
});
</script>
</head>
<body style="height:500px;">
<p>original example (works)</p>
<input type="hidden" class="bigdrop" id="e6" style="width: 600px; display: none;"><br><br>
<p>my version (does not work)</p>
<input type="hidden" class="bigdrop" id="e6a" style="width: 600px; display: none;">
</body>
</html>
A:
You are calling your url (willwelch.net) as a jsonp call. In your php, you must capture the param callback passed by the ajax call, and wrap the result in a function call, with the function name = the contents of the callback parameter.
So the call to your php might be:
http://willwelch.net/play/nhs/pstudents/json.php?callback=myfunc
And what you should return is:
myfunc([{"id":"id1","text":"title1"},{"id":"id2","text":"title2"}])
Note the ajax call will add the callback param automatically.
Edit
Also you need to change your return method to add data as an input parameter:
results: function (data) { // parse the results into the format expected by Select2.
return {results: data};
}
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '2878881e4f527939e54d13681f7deea308fd9acc323967c394e788044cdbb16e'} |
Wednesday, July 10, 2019
Developing a score from the music of the Bible
Here is an example of what I did to get from raw data to musical score. (All the scores in their raw data form, for the complete Bible, all 929 chapters, are available from this location.)
The possibilities are endless. You can hear Jonah (development described below) just less than 20 minutes in total, here on my YouTube channel. The full score is in a printable format in the prior post here. [I put this at the top since many of you won't get to the bottom and you will miss the treat!]
The raw data I have chosen for this example is Jonah 1:1 and Jonah 3:1.
וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה אֶל־יוֹנָ֥ה בֶן־אֲמִתַּ֖י לֵאמֹֽר
Jonah 1:1 Note the accents: They translate into the music. e qad,z-q,f g# e (qad = qadma, z-q = zaqef qatan)
Here is the verse in its raw form. (All scores in music XML are available as noted above, so you can import them into any music program like Musescore for your own development. I highly recommend this program.) What will we do to them as arrangers / composers?
Jonah 1:1 interpreted through the deciphering key of Suzanne Haïk-Vantoura
In the transcription, there is no 'time value' to the notes [I could have made them all eighth notes or all quarter notes] and the bar lines are only there to show a change in reciting note.
The accents above the text (two of them above), indicate an ornament. The accents below the text (three of them above) indicate a change in reciting note. There is an accent on the first syllable that is not highlighted. It is the default starting pitch but here represents the emphasis on the first syllable: in English And.
It's the beginning of the book of Jonah, why would one emphasize the first syllable?
וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה אֶל־יוֹנָ֖ה שֵׁנִ֥ית לֵאמֹֽר
Jonah 3:1 The accents are different, so the melody is different. There are no ornaments. The notes of the phrase are e c d g# f e.
Jonah 3:1 interpreted through the deciphering key of Suzanne Haïk-Vantoura
I have made a number of choices. First when the Lord speaks or acts, I have signaled it with a trill in the accompaniment. The trill is suggested by the initial ornament. I have also used the 'sound of many waters' or multiple voices for the word of Yahweh. No soloist here.
Jonah 1:1 turns into a grand opening, (noting the accentuation of the first syllable):
Composing to Jonah 1:1
Jonah 3:1 is quite different, though the trill is still there as a signal.
Jonah 3:1 after some arrangement of the melody.
The wider interval in the harp indicates the movement of the sea as heard in Jonah 2. The harp is an important interpreter. As Psalm 33 instructs, Give thanks to Yahweh on the harp. Here is a part of a chorale I have started to work on.
Psalm 33:2 , Give thanks to Yahweh on the harp.
I see that Wikipedia reports that Haïk-Vantoua's
"reconstruction assumes the signs represent the degrees of various musical scales, that is individual notes, which puts it at odds with all existing traditions where the signs invariably represent melodic motives; it also takes no account of the existence of older systems of notation, such as the Babylonian and Palestinian systems. Musicologists have rejected her results as dubious and her methodology as flawed."
The rejection they note is c 1986. I didn't come across this opinion in my research. It might have turned me off all my consideration of her deciphering key. I will only judge and be judged by the result of the transcriptions. And they are often magnificent. This is not a dubious statement. They are undoubtedly magnificent.
There are issues, but the musicologists I have reviewed dismiss the whole interpretation in a sentence and have not worked within the framework for 10 years as I have. And it takes years to hear what is going on.
There are many ways of interpreting the text through the music. But it will take more encouragement than musicologists are likely to give.
No one knows what the music sounded like, but at least one could use the data that is evident. Haïk-Vantoura's key uses the placement of the accents like no other. She follows the rule of Occam's razor.
Certainly, one of the issues is sameness within the harmonic patterns. How often can you set e-b-a to music and remain interesting? But one only needs to study the Goldberg variations to know how to deal with sameness in composition.
Thursday, July 4, 2019
That great tale, Jonah
It only took a few short weeks to get this into a dramatic form based on the deciphering key of Haïk-Vantoura.
Here is a dramatic reading. I read it to a five-year old with automated musical background yesterday. He was captured, perhaps flagging a bit in the last chapter. He asked if the story was 'really true'. And presumptuously, I answered.
• Is your anger true when you are angry? He said, Yes.
• Is your kindness true? He understood.
• Do ships think they are going to be wrecked? He said, No.
Clearly, for those who have ears, this story is a highly overstuffed fable. The repetition of 'great' is a giveaway. The music is the means I have chosen to un-stuff the fable. The melody and motifs are derived directly from the accents that are in the Hebrew text of the Bible.
You will find some sample automated performances - i.e. rigid and unthinking rather than tested by humans - on my YouTube channel. The whole performance takes just under 20 minutes. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9492247700691224}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '192844', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LIKQEAKLXWNSOIBICM3ONZP5I325WOP2', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:1eb18746-4fe9-4cd5-97e0-19cc82841bfb>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 16, 20, 41, 5), 'WARC-IP-Address': '142.251.33.193', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:RWJWICMMDSQVDWROU5D3X7QFRFEPKAMM', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:10a13f64-ae82-4261-bb5d-d92987aee6ab>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://meafar.blogspot.com/2019/07/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:565f1ffd-91f7-42e4-8d59-fed7478248cf>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '920', 'url': 'https://meafar.blogspot.com/2019/07/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-21\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-74.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.041819751262664795', 'original_id': '3e7432c8824ed71d6eb470af36c1cb5747a08a445b4653fa207e9941b03326cc'} |
package selectCase
import (
"reflect"
"github.com/ntfox0001/svrLib/selectCase/selectCaseInterface"
)
const (
RunInReqEventName = "__RunInReqEvent"
)
type SelectLoopHelper struct {
selectLoop *SelectLoop
}
func NewSelectLoopHelper(s *SelectLoop) *SelectLoopHelper {
helper := &SelectLoopHelper{
selectLoop: s,
}
helper.RegisterEvent(RunInReqEventName, helper.onRunInReq)
return helper
}
func (s *SelectLoopHelper) SendMsgToMe(data selectCaseInterface.EventChanMsg) {
s.selectLoop.handler.Touch(data)
}
func (s *SelectLoopHelper) RegisterEvent(event string, f func(selectCaseInterface.EventChanMsg)) uint64 {
return s.selectLoop.handler.RegisterEvent(event, f)
}
func (s *SelectLoopHelper) UnregisterEvent(id uint64) {
s.selectLoop.handler.UnregisterEvent(id)
}
func (s *SelectLoopHelper) AddSelectCaseFront(ch reflect.Value, cb func(data interface{}) bool) uint64 {
return s.selectLoop.AddSelectCaseFront(ch, cb)
}
func (s *SelectLoopHelper) AddSelectCase(ch reflect.Value, cb func(data interface{}) bool) uint64 {
return s.selectLoop.AddSelectCase(ch, cb)
}
func (s *SelectLoopHelper) RemoveSelectCase(id uint64) {
s.selectLoop.RemoveSelectCase(id)
}
func (s *SelectLoopHelper) NewCallbackHandler(returnMsg string, userData interface{}) *selectCaseInterface.CallbackHandler {
return selectCaseInterface.NewCallbackHandler(returnMsg, s, userData)
}
// 在协程中，运行指定的函数
func (s *SelectLoopHelper) RunIn(f func()) {
s.selectLoop.GetHelper().SendMsgToMe(selectCaseInterface.NewEventChanMsg(RunInReqEventName, nil, f))
}
// 在 logicsystem 里运行指定函数的协程中，运行制定的函数，阻塞返回
func (s *SelectLoopHelper) SyncRunIn(f func() interface{}) interface{} {
rtchan := make(chan interface{})
rtfunc := func() {
rtchan <- f()
}
s.selectLoop.GetHelper().SendMsgToMe(selectCaseInterface.NewEventChanMsg(RunInReqEventName, nil, rtfunc))
return <-rtchan
}
// 在协程里运行指定函数
func (s *SelectLoopHelper) onRunInReq(msg selectCaseInterface.EventChanMsg) {
f := msg.Content.(func())
f()
}
| common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://github.com/ntfox0001/svrLib/blob/master/selectCase/selectLoopHelper.go', 'collection': 'Github Open Source', 'open_type': 'Open Source', 'license': 'ICU', 'date': '2020.0', 'title': 'svrLib', 'creator': 'ntfox0001', 'language': 'Go', 'language_type': 'Code', 'word_count': '172', 'token_count': '713', '__index_level_0__': '9149', 'original_id': 'ddb282263297693652d7c4cb910c1908afbcda0fb16f38e28d8a4947b60f61ed'} |
Place almond flour and icing sugar in a food processor and blend for 1 minute! Vegan Macarons â Aquafaba Recipe. So far, science gave a big thumbs up to erythritol[1], and that's why we use it in many of our low-sugar recipes. Hi there, I’m excited to try this! Vegan Macarons⦠It should start to look shiny and have a ribbons like consistency when ready. Use your spatula to fold in almond flour sugar mixture. The Aquafaba. Based on this recipe's properties, you may find the following Smart-Search queries interesting. For this batch of vegan macarons, I channeled my inner Willy Wonka and decided to experiment with baking times and temperatures. Common Non-Vegan Ingredients In A Macaroon Preheat oven to 250°F (120°C). And this is where the aquafaba comes in. No, the sugar is needed for structure for these. Transfer the mixture into a piping bag with a round tip. Leaving the vegan macarons in the oven with the door open for 15 minutes at the end of baking proved to work so much better; When baking vegan macarons, itâs totally different to baking regular Parisian macarons: the vegan aquafaba meringue prefers a lower oven temperature and baked (much like meringues) for longer. The sign of a successful macaron is the "foot" seen in the shell. Aquafaba is the viscous water in which legume seeds such as chickpeas have been cooked. You’re also going to need some almond flour, icing sugar, caster sugar (also called super fine sugar) and cream of tartar. Could I eliminate the sugar(icing and caster) entirely? Perfectly smooth and crisp cookie shells filled with a creamy dairy free cashew buttercream. Here, we have added 1 tsp of matcha powder to half of the beaten aquafaba and 1 tsp of beetroot juice to the other half. Steps: 1. Check out the nutritional profile for these little cuties, and you won't believe you are eating a sweet! I've always enjoyed simple recipes, but sometimes I like to take on a challenge when it comes to baking. To make sure everyone can enjoy your tiny bakes, we will show you how to make vegan macarons that are dairy-free, egg-free, and sugar-free. VEGAN RASPBERRY MACARONS (adapted from Pies and Tacos) for shells: 110 grams almond flour 110 grams powdered sugar 75 grams aquafaba 1/4 teaspoon cream of tartar 66 grams granulated sugar for vegan buttercream: 125g powdered sugar, sifted 3 tbsp freeze dried raspberry powder (about 18g) 56g vegan butter (I used Earth Balance) 1/2 tsp lemon juice Vegan aquafaba macarons. Hi Elle, I’m decently experienced with baking and followed the recipe. Instead, we will use naturally colourful foods like matcha powder and beetroot juice. Thanks! Making vegan macarons can be a challenge in the kitchen. These come from the almond flour and the cashew nut butter. Both classic recipes use whipped egg whites, white sugar, and something acidic like creme of tartar. We will prepare them using no sugars at all, with the zero-carb sweetener erythritol. Whip the aquafaba and cream of tartar until frothy. For example, add 1 tsp caramel extract to the cashew butter cream for caramel flavour. Making vegan aquafaba chocolate strawberry macarons. Anything else extra is added to make the process easier and give more consistent results. The macaron shells have need to dry out for at least an hour or longer and they have to cook for longer, between 20-30 minutes. Here you'll find delicious vegan recipes that are healthy, simple & easy to make. ★☆ Both vegan macarons and meringue replace the egg whites with aquafaba. It should look much thicker than when you first opened the can. These Vegan Macarons will blow your mind! Let the mixture dry for 1.5 hours pr until the top is dry to the touch. I know how intimidating making vegan macarons may be, but I really do hope you give this vegan macaron recipe a try! Into a bowl, whisk together almond meal and icing sugar. Remember that! With just a bit of whisking and baking, aquafaba whips up into delicious vegan meringue to be filled as you please. Vegan macaroons made with aquafaba! You can prepare this yourself by just blitzing some cashew nuts or buy it ready-made in a store. Use a hand mixer and whisk on high until it starts to form foam/light peaks (3 minutes). Add salt and the cream of tartar to help the whipping process. Transfer the macaron batter to a piping bag fitted with a round nozzle and pipe onto a silicon mat or baking tray lined with parchment paper forming 3 cm (1 inch) rounds. You can use aquafaba ⦠Because or macarons are vegan, they last longer than those made with eggs. Letâs do it! The only thing we really need to change in terms of ingredients are the egg whites. I added a tsp of açai powder for colour and they were delicious! Do not add any flavour to the macaron shells. At this point, you can add your preferred colours. Get her recipe here. Our macarons are keto though, as we have used zero-carb sweetener erythritol for the shells, and haven't used any sugars in our cashew cream filling. Made these today! The secret to making vegan macarons is likely sitting in your shelf, keeping your chickpeas afloat in their cans. Both vegan macarons and meringue replace the egg whites with aquafaba. Whisk the chilled aquafaba into firm peaks as you would beat egg whites. As for regular macarons, leave vegan macarons to sit out and air for at least 30 minutes before baking. Reduce the aquafaba: over medium heat, pour the chickpea water into a medium saucepan and let it simmer for 15 minutes or until reduced by about half. Macarons are just made with almond flour . If you want to flavour these macarons, add the flavouring into the filling. I have been baking regular macarons for many years, and they came to me way easier than the vegan ones. Moreover, instead of using unhealthy fillings like buttercream, we have resorted to cashew butter. French and Italian macarons are traditionally made with egg whites, almond flour/meal, icing sugar and caster sugar. I am sorry it sounds like it was shot in the vacuum of space. Get the recipe here. It whips up beautifully for meringue cookies, is miraculously stable enough for vegan macarons, and even makes the silkiest no-cook meringue buttercream Iâve ever had. But macarons also contain almond flour, which gives them a nuttier flavour and a denser consistency. In a bowl, add the powdered sugar, almond meal, and dark cocoa powder, and whisk to combine. If you see any additional air bubbles, use a toothpick to pop them out. Aquafaba is just the water in canned chickpeas. This recipe turned out pretty good! Overall, the ratio of fats to carbs in our recipe is ideal for a keto diet, with 0.7 g of sugars, 7 g of fat, and 1g of saturated fats in each macaron. It worked! Aquafaba has become the darling of the vegan world in the last couple of years because it can replicate egg whites in recipes. These vegan raspberry macarons require only 5 ingredients for the dough, and a little bit of time and patience, but the result is so worth it! Remove from oven and let it sit at room temperature for 15 minutes before removing from the baking tray. . Vegan Royal Icing â Aquafaba Recipe. Vegan Macarons Aquafaba. They're made with whipped aquafaba instead of eggs, natural erythritol instead of sugar, and cashew cream filling instead buttercream. They also have to ⦠I'm Lisa. But macarons also contain almond flour, which gives them a nuttier flavour and a denser consistency. Since theres no protein in aquafaba, cream of tartar helps stabilize the aquafaba after it’s whipped just like egg whites. in the morning), then you may keep them on the counter. Vegan Macarons Aquafaba Recipe: This recipe uses Italian meringue and it involves melting sugar at the right temperature and mixing it into a shaken aquafaba. Pipe cashew buttercream onto one macaron shell and place another one on top to sandwich it. Your email address will not be published. So the flavour and consistency between the two are different. What is aquafaba and how do I use it? Filed Under: All recipes, Gluten-free, Sweets, Vegan Holiday Recipes Tagged With: gluten free, holiday, oil free. Here’s a basic set on amazon that has both, different brands of sugars and canned chickpeas: some aquafabas are thicker than others, different colour baking pans: light coloured IS the best, parchment and silicon baking sheets: both work but silicon baking sheets take longer, 4 different oven temperatures: 230 F was the best and helped make the feet of the macarons, using a whisk, stand mix and electric hand mixer to whip the aquafaba: I found the hand mixer to be the easiest to control, with and without cream of tartar: it really does help whip the aquafaba, letting them sit for 1, 1.5 and 2 hours: I found 1.5 hours to be the best but this will depend on the humidity of your kitchen (more humid = longer time to dry). Now that they are sealed away from moisture and oxygen, you need to choose where to store them. So exciting! ★☆ These treats may look cute, but they are loaded with unhealthy white sugars. Bake for 15 minutes at 230 F. Open the oven door and let it sit for 15 minutes. We will go over the main areas to pay attention to when making vegan macarons! ★☆. ★☆ Even using aquafaba for vegan macarons, the effect is the same: ⦠Store in the fridge overnight or allow it to cool before using. Lemon Vegan Aquafaba Macarons Recipe with Vegan Buttercream I have been experimenting with my macaron recipe lately, troubleshooting, fine-tuning, and taking some constructive criticism to the kitchen so I can learn (and share) how to make some of the best vegan macarons! Did you put the entire 1/2 vanilla bean or the scrapings from inside 1/2 a vanilla bean? Add the chilled aquafaba to another bowl and mix on high until soft peaks begin to form. My first no-music video. Ideally, put each portion of macarons into a separate box, and finish them once opened. Drop the baking tray onto your kitchen counter 4-5 times. Featured Blogger: Marisa Moore. The last time I made macarons I wasn’t vegan so I do think those turned out a little shinier and less collapsed in the middle (inside/ underneath), but these still had a good texture, taste, and look so I’m happy with them!! Let it gently simmer for 15 minutes until you get 55g. For those who don't (or can't) eat eggs, aquafaba opens up a much wider array of possibilities for recipe creation and produces those light, fluffy baked goods they ⦠But through a lot of mistakes, I have learned a lot about making vegan macarons. Feathery light, airy Macarons can win almost everyoneâs heart! A classic french dessert made with aquafaba instead of egg whites. Airing Vegan Macarons. And I’m so happy and proud to say I have finally FINALLY got the recipe down with tips and tricks for vegan macaron success. Why do my macrons always bleed and I end up with a thin shell and a gooey mess underneath any ideas, I cook them 120 c fan oven thanks. Good luck! 2) Pavlova If you can make vegan meringues, you can make yummy vegan pavlovas too. Add the aquafaba to a pot and simmer for 10 minutes or until reduced to half of the starting volume. Then add in the caster sugar and keep whipping until peaks begin to form. Thee ingredients will contribute wholesome nutrients to the recipe, making it even healthier. On a parchment lined baking tray, pipe the filling into circles. Just like meringue, macarons hate moisture. Once you get it right, you will feel SO accomplished! Other than that random flaw though they tasted/felt and looked perfectly fine! Set aside. Finally, to give the macarons colour, we won't use any artificial compounds. Thereâs multiple egg replacements you can use for vegan macarons but I shall be using aquafaba. Macarons, and no egg whites needed! Loved this recipe! Featured Blogger: Food Fidelity. Whether you are going for the classic or vegan recipes, we suggest you follow our instructions above and make sugar-free macarons. Our macarons are also suitable for people on a weight-loss diet, keto diet, or that have diabetes. The ultimate vegan and gluten-free baking guide; 4. Did you let the macarons sit in the oven after baking? December 31, 2019 By Lisa Kitahara 17 Comments. On my previous posts, I used to recommend to reduce the aquafaba before making the macarons. Yes, macarons are gluten-free because they use almond flour instead of wheat flours. Time: 4 hours, about 3 of which are unattended. Vegan macarons fillings I got 3 batches out of this recipe. Our macarons also have the right amount of healthy fats, which are essential in a keto diet. There are so many factors as to why which is why macarons are so technical! No boring macarons here. Once macaron shells are cooled and ready, pipe one macaron shell with vegan cashew buttercream. If you recreate this Vegan Macaron recipe let me know how you liked it by leaving a comment and rating below or by tagging me on Instagram @Okonomikitchen, I love seeing all of your tasty recreations!Hungry for more? Or white chocolate ganache with pistachios Or even peanut butter with maple syrup as a frosting. Add the chilled aquafaba to another bowl and beat until soft peaks begin to form. Do you think I could play around with the filling and make other flavors, like chocolate or pistachio? Read More; Nutritional Information Disclaimer: Nutrition information is a rough estimate calculated on an online tool (Cronometer). If you foresee eating them within the next 24 hours (i.e. The only difference was 2 tsp of beet powder but I really can’t imagine that caused it. Meanwhile, combine the cashew butter with 1 tsp of matcha for a green filling or with 1 tsp of beetroot juice for a reddish frosting. Substitutes like that of the aquafaba can be used as a replacement of the egg white. Macarons minus the addition of the egg white will give you a vegan version of the delicious macarons. by Jasmine Lukuku April 2, 2018 Comments 1. Colored the macarons with beetroot powder and flavored my buttercream with frozen starwberries/extract. Do not bake more than one tray at a time â you will end up with unevenly baked macarons if you do â as I learned the hard way. Whether youâre a devout vegan, an occasional healthy eater, or just want to try something new and enjoy desserts that arenât too sweet, give my aquafaba macarons a try â you wonât be able to taste the difference between a traditional egg white macaron or one of these delightful gems. This is not meant to be a complete guide to vegan macarons, just my experiences!! It has very similar qualities to egg whites, hence it is used as a substitute. Bake the macarons for 15 minutes at 150°C (300°F) for static ovens or at 130°C (260°F) for fan ovens. The perfect plant-based dessert. Using the back of the spatula, press the mixture on the side of the bowl as you fold it in. To reduce chickpea water/aquafaba: add the aquafaba into a small saucepan over medium heat. It honestly could be the beetroot powder. I’ve been testing and testing vegan macarons since May. Glad it worked out and you enjoyed! Repeat these steps with extra batter. I now have a baking tray of coconut dust in large heaves and no macarons⦠Refrigerate aquafaba overnight. Meanwhile, pulse the almond meal with half of the erythritol in a food processor to break down any lumps and mix the ingredients evenly. A popular way of making macarons that are vegan, is substituting your egg whites for something called aquafaba. *NOTE: Because I was able to produce the best macaron batch so last minute (as in… December 27th), I have not yet been able taken progress shots but these will be up VERY soon after the new years. Vegan chefs have discovered that aquafaba (literally translates to âbean waterâ) works like magic to replace eggs in a range of different uses; from French macarons and meringues, right through to salad dressings and non-egg washes. This recipe calls for aquafaba instead of eggs, making these aquafaba macaroons 100% egg free. Hi! Whether you are going for the classic or vegan recipes, we suggest you follow our instructions above and make sugar-free macarons. Fill piping bags with the mixture and pipe onto a parchment lined baking tray. When you purchase something through my amazon affiliate links, I earn a small commission that helps me produce consistent content at no cost to you. Using the back of the spatula, press mixture against the bowl. Are other flours possible to use? Getting to know your oven, the temperature of your kitchen, timing and most importantly the whipping/folding of the aquafaba. Remember to minimize the number of times you open and close the container, to prevent air and moisture from seeping in. There are many many reasons for this. Mix the almond flour and icing sugar together. Allow to cool down completely before peeling the macaron shells off from the baking paper or silicone mat. Hi there, this looks so delicious….do you have any suggestions on other flavored fillings, like pistachio or chocolate? Thank you for the recipe!!! Welcome to Okonomi Kitchen! Is that a macaron thing or something else? We made our macarons without any sugars, by using natural sweetener erythritol. Then, slam the tray down on your kitchen counter to remove any air bubbles that might be trapped int the batter. If you have some aquafabulous experience then check out my index of recipes that contain aquafaba! What are the best vegan egg alternatives? Tag @Okonomikitchen on Instagram and hashtag it #okonomikitchen. Remove from the oven and let them cool at room temperature for another 15 minutes before removing them from the parchment paper. That's right, the water released by the chickpeas - known as aquafaba - can replace whipped egg whites in vegan recipes. In a bowl, add aquafaba and cream of tartar. Ideally, you would eat macarons on the same day. Preheat oven to 230 F (110 C) with fan on. I use aquafaba from a chickpea can. A classic french dessert made with aquafaba instead of egg whites. Subscribe to our newsletter to get our free ebook filled with healthy recipes! As in I purchase a chickpea can, drain the water and use the chickpea juice to make vegan macarons. Unlike the previous batch, I tried baking the vegan ⦠★☆ Vegan aquafaba macarons Did you know you can use the liquid from a can of chickpeas as an egg alternative? This requires the right tools, believe me. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. A simple aquafaba meringue recipe can be found here, while the above image demonstrates Vegan Lass's scrumptious addition of vegan lemon curd. Let it rest.e These classic vegan cookies can be enjoyed plain or dipped in chocolate, instructions for both ways are included. Drop baking tray onto kitchen counter around 5 times to remove air bubbles. I have been working on no eggs Vegan ⦠Allow them to cool in the oven (with door open) for 15 minutes. This magical ingredient delivers 70% of the sweetness of white sugars, but it's not absorbed by your body at all. These aquafaba macaroons also happen to be dairy-free, gluten-free and are made without condensed milk or any type of flour. How would I do this? reduce it and you get something a bit more thick, which is what you want to make vegan macarons. So there's nothing special to do to make this recipe suitable for people with gluten intolerance. Are you ready to learn how to make vegan macarons with aquafaba?! Ingredients Shells. Okonomi Kitchen is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program. If you have no idea what aquafaba is or how to use it â please see my how-to guide on aquafaba here! We use cookies to run and improve this website. Macarons are, at their most basic level, three ingredients: almonds, sugar, and egg whites (aquafaba, in our case). I did a different filling, which was a boiled down pumpkin butter with cinnamon and ginger and nutmeg, but that turned out really well as well. Lets do this. by Jasmine Lukuku April 10, 2018 Comments 84. Thank you for supporting my plant based kitchen! Otherwise, place them in the fridge for up to 4 days. Vegan macarons tips and troubleshooting . Hi Alice, thanks so much for trying this recipe I’m so glad it came out! Also, would you have any idea why beneath the macarons it collapsed a little ( not a flat bottom)? So, if using the default ingredients, you have to bring it to down to 140ml. Required fields are marked *, Rate this recipe If can be due to the piping, a strong fan when drying or baking the macarons or baking temps. Add in a drop of gel if using and mix. Reduce aquafaba from 3/4 cup to 1/3 cup over medium heat on the stove. Cashew butter will give you lots of vitamins, minerals, and has 85% less saturated fats than butter. Then, transfer into a clean bowl and refrigerate for a few hours or ideally overnight. These macarons are vegan, sugar-free, and low-carb, for a healthy alternative to the classic recipe. Then place another macaron shell to sandwich together. Add in the castor sugar and continue to mix until peaks form. Also, remember no matter how they turn out, theyâre still delicious! These Vegan Strawberry Macarons ⦠Servings: Makes 15-20 macarons. 3. , Your email address will not be published. Preheat oven to 250°F (120°C). Pour aquafaba into a pot and reduce over a low heat to 110 grams. « Vegan Tempeh “Tuna” Casserole (Gluten Free), Ozoni お雑煮 (Japanese New Year Mochi Soup) ». But if you made a big batch, or had some party leftovers, you can extend their lifespan by placing them in an air-tight container. Do this a couple times until mixture is shiny. Perfectly smooth and crisp cookie shells filled with a creamy dairy free cashew buttercream. Classic macarons are not keto, because they use sugars both in the shells and in the buttercream filling. The prepared aquafaba should look brownish, dense, and slightly jelly-like. Leave the macaron shell to rest at room temperature for 30 minutes or until the surface is dry enough not to stick to your fingertips when poked. While waiting for the macaron shells to dry or cool make the cashew buttercream filling by adding all the ingredients into a high speed blender until smooth and creamy. Let it sit on kitchen counter for 1.5 hours, or until tops are dry to the touch. Out of curiosity, why almond flour? To do so, you might need to check the volume a few times in between cooking time. Then, add the remaining half of erythritol a few spoons at a time, and beat again until you have a thick and glossy meringue. Now, incorporate the beaten aquafaba a bit at a time into the almond mix. If you are throwing a garden party, inviting people for tea, or trying to impress your work colleagues, there's nothing that packs the same wow-factor as macarons. It could have been how much it was whipped, the ingredients, the temperature of the kitchen/oven. Just 6 ingredients required, naturally sweetened, fluffy on the inside, crisp on the outside! NOTE: The default ingredients yield 16 macarons and one serving consists of 2 macarons. Pop the macarons into the oven and bake for 15 minutes, then turn the oven off and let the macarons cool in the oven for an additional 15-20 minutes (Doing this helps to bring down the temperature of the macarons slowly so they don't collapse in quick temperature changes.) Itâs HERE. Thanks so much! These Vegan Macarons will blow your mind! Will definitely make again. But classic macarons are not vegan and are loaded with sugars. Compared to the traditional ones, our plant-based macarons have zero sugars and half the saturated fats. Using a spatula, fold in the almond flour and sugar mix until combined. Even if you don’t get it right the first, second or even third time- it’s really just practice. If you’ve been following me on instagram, then you’ve probably witnessed all my recipe fails. Add the cream of tartar and sugar to the whipped aquafaba and beat until soft peaks form. Or do you have any other suggestions for flavors? I’ve made over 30 (YES 30) batches of vegan macarons. You could make a chocolate ganache! Refrigerate aquafaba overnight or pop it in the freezer for 15 mins as I did. So you can truly enjoy them without a worry in the world! These tasty macarons have zero sugars and half the saturated fats than the classic ones. A happy macaron is a dry macaron. So no carbs and no sugars get into your system. Dec 14, 2017 - The first time I tasted a French Macaron I wondered why they were so popular. Depending on the brand, stright out of the can it looks like a very liquid-y version of egg whites. Bake for 15 minutes. Don't worry if your piped macaron shells have "nipples", the will flatten down when baked. Be sure to subscribe to my newsletter and follow along on Instagram, Youtube and Pinterest for more deliciousness! The macaron batter should be thick, and when dropped from a spoon, it should fall in a continuous streak, without breaking. Vegan waffles To prepare the egg free meringue, whip the egg replacer and water till it is frothy. The only difference with Vegan Macarons is that they MUST sit for at least 2 hours so that the surface of your unbaked Macarons turn matte and no longer stick to touch. Spread the cashew filling over one shell, cover with another shell, and lightly press down to secure the sandwich. It was my first attempt to make a vegan macaron, and it turned out even better than when I made it traditionally. Non-vegan macarons are not the ⦠Friends. by Jasmine Lukuku April 16, 2018 Comments 0. 3) Lemon meringue pie They do all the hard work, including the lifting, the binding, and the creation of the volume! 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The salts may be calculated thus — Oatmeal 3°/^ ; 20 x 0-03 = 0-60)^ Milk O77o; 60 X 0-007 = o'42J Taking the composition of the more important food-stuffs, as follows : — Cooked meat, albumin 35 per cent., fat 7*5 per cent.; bread, albumin 8 per cent., carbohydrates 50 per cent. ; potatoes, carbohydrates 22*5 per cent. ; poor cheese, albumin 30 per cent., fat 10 per cent. ; bacon, albumin 10 per cent., fat 70 per cent. ; butter, fat 80 per cent. ; oatmeal, albumin 12 "5 per cent., fat 5 per cent,, carbohydrates 65 per cent. ; milk, albumin 4 per cent., fat 3 per cent., carbohydrates 4*5 per cent. ; and beer, carbohydrates 5 per cent. — a man would obtain the undermen- tioned weights of each food-stuff in such a diet as — Albumin. Fat. Carbohydrates ^ lb. = 8 oz. cooked meat 2-8 06 ... i^lb. =24 oz. bread 19 ... 120 i lb. = 8 oz. potatoes ... 1-8 2 oz. cheese o-'6 02 ... 2 oz. bacon 0-2 1*4 ... I oz. butter ... 08 \ pint =10 oz. milk o'4 0-3 04 I pint = 20 oz. beer 10 5'9 3'3 152 This is a fair example of well-arranged mixed diet. A man of great muscular development might well have | lb. more meat, and more laborious work would call for an increase also of the non-nitrogenous part, say another ^ lb. of bread and some more fat. But any uniform diet becomes wearisome, and it is better even to take an excess of nitrogenous food one day and of carbo- hydrates on another, than to want change and variety. Thus the above diet might be varied by substituting oatmeal porridge for bacon, suet and flour puddings, beans and bacon, &c., for one or other constituent. Most working men take too little fat and some too much meat, unaware that carbohydrates HEALTH OF THE MAN Sj and fat, z.^., bread and butter, are the best sources of energy. Lastly, a number of green vegetables, fruits, &c., are desirable additions to any dietary. We have hitherto assumed that the whole of the food ingested is utilised, but as a matter of fact this is far from being the case, and as we remarked in respect of white and brown bread, the coarser the food the more is wasted passing away by the bowel. The finest are consequently often the cheapest in the end. Well- cooked tender meat, fats, especially butter, and the finer starches are utilised to a very great extent ; badly cooked, i.e.^ hard- boiled meat, imperfectly cooked and coarse meals, as oatmeal, pulse, coarse bread, and the cellulin of vegetable tissues, on the other hand, escape digestion more or less. Though the sensation of fulness produced by such food is often mistaken for sup- port, it seems that a diet which left no residue would be undesirable. A certain degree of irritation of the intestinal mucous membrane by indigestible matters appears necessary for the due activity of the peristaltic movements, and highly concen- trated and soluble foods are apt from their deficiency in this respect to induce constipation. If, however, the undigested matters be in such quantity as to undergo putrefactive and fer- mentive changes with evolution of foetid gases and fatty acids, intestinal catarrh is the inevitable result. The relative utilisation of foods must be kept in view in calculating diets. Beans, for example, are often lauded, especially by vegetarians, as being superior to meat in nutritive value. But they can be fairly compared only in the state in which they are eaten, when meat has lost 20 per cent, of its water, while beans and oatmeal (as porridge) have taken up many times their weight. Again, while 80 per cent, of animal albumin is digested, not more than 46 per cent, on an average of vegetable albumins is so, and still less of some, as the legumin of beans. Twice as much therefore must be taken as of meat, and the excess is apt to disagree with any but the strongest stomachs. It will thus be seen that chemical composition and market price are not alone sufficient data on which to found a comparison as to the economy of several dietaries. But even as regards the relative propor- tions and actual quantities of the food-stuffs, very few dietaries fixed by regulations, as those of armies, navies, prisons, &c., will be found quite satisfactory. Tables purporting to show the proximate composition of various articles of food do not give a true notion of their nutritive qualities, unless one knows what proportion of their several constituents is utilised in the organism, and what passes away unabsorbed, with the fasces, and is there- fore lost. This has been ascertained by Prof. Gniber of Gratz G 2 84 HYGIENE FOR STUDENTS PART for a few of the most important and typical forms of food, who gives as the means — Total dry substances. Albumin. Fat. Carbo- hydrates. In one hundred parts of each there remain unabsorbed— Animal Food — Lean meat fm :::::::: Cheeses Fats Vegetable Foods— Maize Pease White wheaten bread. Brown ditto Black or rye bread .. Rice Potatoes Carrots Cabbages 4'7 i: 6-4 8 6-7 145 4-65 I2'2 i5'o 41 9 '4 207 14-9 2"5 ly 6-75 33 278 i8-i8 305 320 204 322 5'o 52 52 12-7 i7"5 57 ^\ 6-4 61 3'2 70 I "2 7 4 109 i 15 "4 The amount of food and food-stuffs required to maintain the status quo or equilibrum of the body, or even to con- dition an increase of weight, is, however, directly depen- dent on the state of nutrition of the individual at the time. Thus, to take an extreme example, a hospital diet may appear, when compared with our standard of 5 oz. albumin, 3 oz. fat, and 15 oz. of carbohydrates, insufficient for mere subsistence, and yet it is found in practice that patients will gain weight upon it. So, too, the aged will maintain health and comparative vigour on an amount of food which would be starvation to a young adult, whose usual diet neither the hospital patient nor the inmate of an asylum could duly assimilate. Even young persons or adults who have long existed on an insufficient diet must be gradually accustomed to a better, or they are sure to suffer from derangements of digestion. In infancy the diet is of the utmost importance, the future health of the individual being often irrevocably determined thereby. For the first six or eight months it should consist of breast milk, or in defkuU of that, of cows' milk and water in HEALTH OF THE MAN 85 the proportions of i:i or 1:2, and gradually strengthened till it reaches 2:i or 3:1. The diluted cows' milk should be sweetened with fine white sugar, or better still, milk sugar, which may be obtained of any chemist, and the addition of barley water or strained gx\\Q\ is often an improvement. Condensed milks of the best brands (the Anglo-Swiss, or Nestle's) are often more easily digested by infants, especially those under six months of age, than is fresh cows' milk. They should be mixed with water in the proportion of one part to twelve, though as the child grows older and stronger, more of the milk must be used. The milk should be mixed fresh for each bottle. The sweeping condemnation of condensed milk, in which some medical men have indulged, is notjustified by experience, though much judgment is required to adapt the strength to the diges- tive powers of the individual infant, so that it shall not suffer from starvation or repletion. The advantage of having it always fresh by day and night is great, and the chief objection is that it frequently tends to induce constipation, or excessive fattening. In Lofflund's " cream milk " we have a pure, tmsweetened, condensed milk, which, when duly diluted, is identical with the product of the cow. There are others in the market, both Swiss and Bavarian equally good. The only artificial food that can safely be given to infants under eight months is Mellin's, in which the conversion of the starch into saccharine bodies is complete. The chief drawback attending the use of fresh cows' milk even when diluted and sweetened, is the bulk and toughness of the coagulum formed by the casein in the stomach. This difficulty may be overcome by peptonising, or predigestion, which is effected by adding to the milk, previously diluted, Benger's liquor pancreaticus, one or two teaspoonfuls to the pint, with a pinch of carbonate of soda, or more conveniently one of Fairchild's peptonising powders, and allowing the jug of milk to stand in a basin of hot water for about 20 minutes. It should then be boiled for three or four minutes in order to arrest further change, for if the artificial digestion be carried too far the milk acquires a bitter taste. To obtain the maximum of albumin with the minimum of casein, and the proper proportions of fat and sugar, the milk in Gaertner's process is separated by slow centrifugalisation into a richer and a poorer part ; more milk sugar and water are added to the former, and the result is the nearest ap- proximation possible to human milk. Welfords and others attain the same end though by different means. 86 HYGIENE FOR STUDENTS part Asses' milk was formerly in high repute, and its recently proved superiority to that, of the cow, for the first six or eight weeks of life, shows that the ratio of albumin to casein, in which it resembles human milk, is of greater im- portance at that age than the amount of fat, in which it is deficient, though this may be supplied by a small addition of cream. Whatever the milk it should be always fresh and sweet, and the bottles kept scrupulously clean. The infant should never go to sleep with the bottle in its mouth, but be taught from the first to take its fill, and then to sleep till it wakes hungry. The quantity given at each meal should be measured and not left to chance. Beginning with ij oz. it should be increased to 2 oz. at one month, 4 oz. at two, and 6 oz. at four months and up- wards. Bottles should not be fitted with tubes, which are always foul inside, and those graduated for measuring and with a ther- mometer embedded in the glass for regulating the temperature, are most convenient. The intervals should be at first two to three hours, then three to four by day, and four to six at night. No starchy food should be given till the eruption of six or eight teeth shows that the salivary glands are acquiring the power of secreting ptyalin, which has the property of acting on starch. Solid food should not be given until the first molars are cut. At first farinaceous food should be given in the form of biscuit pow- der, nursery biscuits, or even bread and milk rather than the unmodified starches of arrowroot and oatmeal. If these are given too soon the child will probably be rickety or scrofulous. If a mother cannot nurse a child entirely, and few women in towns can, a good rule is breast milk for three months, breast and bottle for three to six more, then bottle milk and food for another six, after which the bottle may be given together with more solid food such as bread and milk, light puddings, &c. Gravy and beef tea may be given from six months, and eggs lightly boiled soon after. All " foods " except Mellin's should as a rule be eschewed for six to nine months, and milk should still be the staple food for another year. Tea and coffee should not be allowed for at least six years, and then only with plenty of milk. Meat may l^ given after two years, but if the child will take plenty of milk it is not necessary even then. Potatoes, unless very mealy, are by no means to be recommended for two years as least. Milk well suits the periods of rapid growth and of convalescence, which involve also rapid tissue chance. Cooked, dried, vxif\. fresh ripe fruits may l)e freely allowed after the second year. Indigestible food, especially grocers' currants, HEALTH OF THE MAN 87 is a common cause of convulsions, erroneously ascribed to teething. Nursingr mothers should live well, i.e. take plenty of nourish- ment, burVio more malt liquor than they would at other times, if, indeed, they take any. Beer increases the quantity of milk but not the quality, the watery part but not the solids. They can take no better drink than milk or thin milk gruel, as much as they like. Growing lads can assimilate both relatively and absolutely a larger quantity of meat than adults, and in fact need it, whereas in after-life a much less amount than is commonly indulged in by well-to-do people and highly paid labourers, as navvies, would be found not only sufficient but advantageous, more fat and carbohydrates being taken. Outdoor exercise enables a man to dispose of more meat than his organism really requires, but with sedentary occupations and brain work such excess leads to gout or derangements of digestion and elimination. In training meat may be taken in larger quantities, and watery or indigestible food and saccharine foods and drinks should be avoided, but the extreme and unnatural diets formerly prescribed are to be depre- cated. Bantingism, so called, is an attempt to reduce excessive cor- pulency or accumulation of fat by availing one's self of the property possessed by albuminates of favouring rapid metabolism or disintegration of tissue, and avoiding that of the non- nitrogenous food-stuffs, especially the carbohydrates, of saving tissue, and of leading to the storing up of fat in the organism. Foimded on well-known physiological principles, it must, however, be employed with caution. Vegetarianism is based on the fact that the vegetable kingdom furnishes examples of all the three food-stuffs, but in practice very few, if any, of its professors are strictly consistent, and partaking freely of milk, butter, eggs, and cheese, they, in fact, simply abstain from flesh. Glutin and legumin are quite capable of taking the place of animal albumins (though the vegetarian does not refuse caseine, fluid or coagulated), but as we said before, the extent to which any food-stuff" can be utilised is an important consideration, and the animal albumins and fats are far more completely assimilated, and are therefore more economical than the vegetable. Legumin, vaunted as the equivalent of meat fibrin, is especially hard of digestion ; the ingestion of a sufficiency of glutin which is more digestible involves that of an excessive amount of starch, and if a vegetarian were true to his principles, he ought to 88 HYGIENE FOR STUDENTS PART confine himself to almost the only palatable vegetable fats, olive and a few other oils. The relative digestibility of animal and vegetable food stuffs is well shown in the following table from F. HoffmanS : — Weight of Food. Vegetable Diet. Animal Diet. Digested. Not Digested. "'^-^d-lDig'l^L. Of loo parte of Solids .. Do. Albumins .... Do. Animal Fat and"| Vegetable Carbo- hydrates . . . ) 75"5 46-6 90-3 24'5 53'4 9"7 89*9 ! lo'i 8i-2 i8-8 1 96-9 3-1 The large proportion of vegetable albumins which remains undigested leads to putrefactive changes in the bowel and dis- turbances of digestion, even in races as the Hindoos, who have been inured to such diet by long habit, and much more in those whose digestive organs have been accustomed to a mixed and selective dietary. Summary of Chapter III Cooking is intended to render foods more digestible and more tender, by the action of heat with or without water. It coagulates albumen, dissolves gelatine, bursts starch granules and softens celluline. Meat, whether roasted or boiled, loses 20 to 25 per cent, of its weight in water and fat ; whereas vegetables, seeds and farinaceous foods take up much water ; potatoes and rice should be steamed, or the superfluous water driven off. Eggs are not more digestible even if lightly boiled, and indi- gestible if hard Ixiiled. Soups and beef tea contain the serum albumen in flocculent coagula, gelatine, &c., farina, &c., being added to soups. The nutritive value of beef-tea is greatly overrated. Meat juices have little, and the so-called extracts have no value as foods, though some as stimulants. Extracts consist chiefly of waste and effete products of metabolism. Bread. In the process of baking the starch is considerably modified, and the dough which, owing to the presence of gluten, is more tenacious than mere paste, is made to assume a spongy HEALTH OF THE MAN 89 texture by being permeated with bubbles of CO^, further ex- panded by heat. The gas is evolved through the fermentation of the sugar formed in the dough when yeast is used, or the reaction of an acid on a carbonate in baking powders, or the action of heat on sodium bicarbonate or on ammonium carbonate mixed with the flour, or lastly, in the so-called aerated bread, is forced into it from without. Good bread should not contain more than 34 per cent, of water, but 40 per cent, is often present. Wheat and rye only are available for bread making, though rice may be added. The albumen is from 6 to 9*5 per cent., the starch 50 to 55 per cent. The alleged higher nutritive value of coarse and brown flours based on chemical analysis is illusory, being more than counterbalanced by their less digestibility. Foods are preserved by (i) exclusion of aerial germs after sterilisation by heat ; (2), dessication ; (3), the addition of germicidal reagents, or (4) sustained exposure to heat or cold, z'.^., boiling or freezing. Calculation of dietaries. Since health cannot be main- tained or the body kept at the state of vigour required for the particular demands made on it without the requisite quantities and proportions of the three foodstuffs, albumens, fats, and carbo- hydrates, and no single article of food fulfils these conditions, the quantities of the several constituents of the dietary must be so adjusted as to give the desired aggregate result. This is done by working out three simultaneous equations of as many dimensions as there are foods containing one or more of the three food stuffs. But allowance must be made for waste, a greater or less propor- tion of each passing away undigested, and in comparing the relative nutritive value of foods they must be compared in the states in which they are eaten, for while the percentage of water in raw meat is 70, and in pulse and oatmeal 10 to 15, that in cooked meat is about 56, but in porridge or brose nearer 85. And again, while but 2 '5 per cent, of the albumen, with 5 per cent, of the total dry matter of meat is lost in digestion, 28 per cent, of the albumen with 15 per cent, of the total nutriment of peas passes away with the faeces Milk is the food for infants, though neither fresh nor condensed cow's milk is fully equivalent to breast milk ; farina- ceous foods are ill adapted to their digestion during the first year of life, and the use of starchy foods is a fertile source of diseases of malnutrition. 90 HYGIENE FOR STUDENTS QUESTIONS ON CHArTER III 1. What are the effects of (a) boihng and of (d) roasting on meat, and what precautions should be observed in each process? What is frying, and how is it best done ? What changes take place during boiling in {a) potatoes and (d) greens ? In what does the art of boiling potatoes and rice consist ? 2. Under what conditions only can meat, oatmeal, and beans be fairly compared as regards their relative nutritive value ? and what further abatements must be made in respect of the last two? 3. Describe the process of making bread. How does " aerated " differ from home-made or baker's bread ? I9CX),E 4. Compare the action of baking powder and "self-raising" flour with the processes of fermentation and aeration. 5. Mention the constituents common to tea and coffee, and those peculiar to each. What are their respective actions on the system, and how do these and their physical properties bear on the modes of preparing the beverages ? 6. State what you know of the nutritive value of home-made beef tea, and of the chief preparations, extracts, juices, peptones, &c., in the market, from the composition. Of what do the so-called "extractives" consist, and is it possible to concentrate the nutriment of many pounds of meat into as many ounces ? 7. What do you know of the digestion of starch in the human body ? What is the action of diastase ? Describe the artificial digestion of milk and farinacea. 8. What are condensed milks ? Give the percentage composi- tion of the sweetened and unsweetened. Compare them with " sterilised " milks. How much raw milk is represented by one volume of condensed ? 9. What is meant by subsistence and average diets ? What changes, quantitative and qualitative, are indicated when the work required is increased ? What is the effect of hard work with insufficient food ? and conversely of an excess of {a) proteids and (d) of carbohydrates over the necessities of work done? 10. Under what conditions, internal and external, can health be lx;st maintained on a diet little better than a "subsistence"? Explain why a convalescent will gain weight on a diet under which another person, or he at another time, would lose ? Also HEALTH OF THE MAN 91 why, with total deprivation of food, life can be far longer maintained with water than without. 11. What are the advantages of cooking by gas? What conditions should a gas-cooking oven fulfil? i888,E. 12. Explain the essential object of cooking, and the changes that meat, bread (dough), and vegetables respectively undergo when baked. i893,E. 13. What changes are effected in, and is any loss suffered 'by, meat in the process of salting ? Is there any value in the brine, and if so can it be utilised, and how? 14. Sketch a purely vegetable diet which would supply the several proximate aliments in sufficient quantity for a standard diet in ordinary work. Show the amounts of N and C in the diet. 1893, H. 15. Discuss Vegetarianism strictly so-called, and that admitting eggs, milk, and milk products. Compare these with the purely meat diets of the Gauchos of South America, &c. 16. What are the principles on which the dietetic treatment of obesity, "Banting,' Oertel's, &c.,is based? And what diet and habits would you advise for fat production ? 17. Rickets and scurvy are called dietetic diseases. To what special errors or deficiencies is each to be chiefly ascribed ? What other causes, if any, conduce to each disease ? How may each be prevented ? 18. How do wheat, oat, maize and rice meal differ as regards their suitability for bread making ? Why is rice often mixed with wheat flour ? 19. Compare brown, whole meal, and fine flour breads, biscuits and pastry as regards their making and their dietetic value. 20. Explain the calculation of dietaries by simultaneous equations, illustrating it by examples of work and fatigue diets suitable for troops on active service, selected from among the following articles, constituted as under : — Alb. % Fat % Carbohyd. % Oatmeal i2*o 5*0 d^'o Bread 8*o I'O 50*0 Biscuit 16*0 i*o 72*0 Pea flour 22*0 1*5 58*0 Cocoa (raw) 15-0 48-0 25*0 Raw beef 20*5 i'5 Salt beef 30*0 1*5 Salt pork 26 o 80 Cheese 28*0 24*0 Condensed milk (sweet) io"5 9*5 50*0 Water, woody-fibre and salts neglected, 92 HYGIENE FOR STUDENTS part 21. Classify the several means used for preserving foods, giving examples of each, and their effects, if any, on the digesti- bility and nutritive value. 22. What is the dietetic value of fruits ? and which contain appreciable proportions of food stuffs ? 23. What is the general composition of nuts ? Discuss their value as food. 24. What "preservatives" are most often added to milk by petty dealers, and to what extent do they fulfil or fail to fulfil their purpose ? 25. Classify the different kinds of cheeses, according to the means employed for coagulating the casein and the amount and nature of the fatty constituents. 26. What is the essential cause of the difficulty attending the rearing of infants on cows' milk, and how may it be to some extent obviated ? 27. What objection is incident to "infants' foods" (so called) in general, and are there any against which it cannot be urged ? 28. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of condensed milks (sweetened) as food for infants. CHAPTER IV Sound and Unsound Meat The flesh of animals affected by disease, whether such disease were the cause of death, or the animal were slaughtered while so suffering, may be simply deteriorated in quality, or be rendered unwholesome, or even totally unfit for human consumption. So, too, with regard to commencing putrefactive changes in meat previously sound. Meat should be inspected within twenty-four hours of slaughtering, but though exposure to air and evaporation somewhat alter its appearance, a fair opinion of its quality may be formed for some time longer. A due proportion of fat indicates, as a rule, a good state of nutrition, but the excessive amount seen in fatted beasts is objectionable, not only as being of less nutritive value than the muscle which it displaces, but as I HEALTH OF THE MAN 93 evidence of fatty degeneration which is not health. The colour of the fat depends partly on the age and sex, but chiefly on the food of the animal. It should, however, not be too yellow, watery, or soft, and certainly not specked with blood. The muscle should be firm and elastic, of uniform con- sistence and colour throughout, slightly marbled by lines of fat through its substance, and yielding a little reddish juice on compression. The odour, especially on. section, should be fresh and by no means unpleasant. The flesh of young animals is paler and moister than that of old, but the colour, though it varies with age and with the part of the body, should never be livid or deep purple. The first sign of commencing putrefaction is a change in the smell, which becomes faint, then disagreeable, and at last repulsive. The colour grows paler, and later greenish, while the interior of the muscle softens in parts. A knife plunged for its whole length into the meat will detect any change of consistence, and its smell when withdrawn gives a clue to the state of the interior. Disease is generally indicated by a watery, sodden, inelastic muscle, the fat being deficient in wasting, and reddish yellow or blood-stained in inflammatory, diseases. The liver, spleen, &c., and the marrow, are sooner and more affected, both by disease and by putrefaction, than other parts. Effects of decomposing food vary with the individual and the kind of food. " Game " is eaten with impunity by 3.\l when ^osi mortem changes are far advanced, and mutton under some circumstances may be allowed to become high. Beef soon becomes unwholesome, and pork still earlier, while the slightest trace of change in fish, Crustacea, and shell-fish, renders them well nigh poisonous. Yet in every climate are found races who have, not always compelled by circumstances, acquired the power of digesting meat or fish in an advanced state of decom- 94 HYGIENE FOR STUDENTS part position. The Eskimo relishes putrid blubber ; and Burmese and Siamese employ putrid fish as a condi- ment. But among persons unaccustomed to its use putrescent animal food causes severe pain in the stomach and bowels, vomiting, diarrhoea, and probably cramps, due to poisons formed by the bacteria of putrefaction. Evacua- tion of the stomach and bowels, followed by an opiate, with brandy or other stimulants, if there be alarming depression, gives speedy relief. In mild cases, looseness and colicky pains sometimes persist until the bowels are cleared by a purgative, as castor oil. Sausages, canned tongues, &c., occasionally give rise to effects more severe than can be explained by mere putridity, and which are caused by intensely poisonous alkaloids produced by certain bacteria. Moie rarely the flesh of healthy animals has induced symptoms of poisoning, probably due to their food. Thus many kinds of fish and Crustacea, though perfectly fresh, oysters and mussels, and even pork, especially in India, have given rise to serious and fatal disturbance of the digestive organs. A poisonous alkaloid, called tyrotoxin by Prof. Vaughan, who detected it first in cheeses, is formed in milk if agitated without having been previously chilled. Stale eggs may be detected with unerring certainty by holding each perpendicularly between the finger and thumb before a candle in a dark room and slowly turning it round, rejecting all that show an opaque mass or shadow on one side. Eggs that can pass this test are as ** good as new laid." Diseases of Cattle as Affecting the Fitness of THEIR Flesh for Food It is not proved that any ill results follow the use of meat from animals killed in the earliest stage of acute inflammations, not fevers, but it would be advisable to let the blood drain completely away. Chronic wasting diseases render the flesh pale and watery. It cooks I HEALTH OF THE MAN 95 badly, causes sickness and diarrhoea, and is prone to early decomposition. As regards acute specific diseases, the evidence is conflicting. In sheep-pox the flesh has a repulsive odour, and causes diarrhoea, vomiting, &c. Acute and contagious pleuro-pneumonia cannot but profoundly alter the character of the flesh, and though it has been eaten with impunity, yet boils and other states of ill-health have been referred, and probably rightly, to its use. So, too, with pig scarlatina, &c. No doubt boihng, or thoroughly roasting, removes much of the danger, but such flesh must be unwholesome, at least to ordinary stomachs. As to the septic class of diseases, the evidence is more complete. Scotch shepherds do eat "braxy" mutton, but not until it has been steeped in brine for two months, long enough to kill any bacteria. Boiling, too, would destroy a living organism, but it is seldom that the in- terior of a joint reaches the required temperature. Many deaths, however, have followed the use of the flesh of animals affected with anthrax, &c., and when we consider that the skins and wool are capable of fatally inoculating those who handle them, it is in the highest degree unsafe to trust to cooking to render the flesh innocuous ; though there is little doubt but that discordant statements as to the effects may find their explanation in the degree of heat, or other agents, as salt or smoke, to which the meat has been subjected. The milk of cows suffering from febrile diseases should be avoided, and certainly that of such as have any disease of the udders. Foot-and-mouth disease is directly com- municable as such by milk, a fact not only observed but proved by experiment, and may be fatal to infants. Boiling, however, renders such milk harmless, and should always be practised when the disease is prevalent. As to tubercle, the evidence is obviously less satisfactory than with a disease the incubation of which is only four or five days, but there is no doubt as to its communicability, at 96 HYGIENE FOR STUDENTS part least if the milk be used habitually. Primstry tuberculosis of the bowels, rare in the adult, is the most frequent form in infants, and while all others have greatly diminished of late years, this alone has increased, as has the use of cow's milk. Summary as to Diseased Meat There is no possible objection to the use of the flesh of animals killed by accident or surgical operation ; nor, if the blood be allowed to run off by division of the vessels in the neck, to that of animals dying of apoplexy, chok- ing, or from difficult parturition. The flesh is not neces- sarily depreciated if the animal were slaughtered on account of impending death from obstruction of the bowels, or when suffering from prolapsus ani, haemor- rhoids, pulmonary or intestinal catarrh, emphysema, and some skin diseases, as pemphigus, herpes, &c. It is depreciated by tuberculosis or pearl disease in its early stages, by pneumonia, pleurisy, and foot-and-mouth disease however mild, by diarrhoea and diseases of the heart and kidneys, and by the presence of parasites other than taeniae, although the infected organs may have been removed. It should be condemned unconditionally in all cases of cattle plague, pleuro-pneumonia, sheep-pox, acute rheumatism, acute specific diseases, as the so called pig- typhoid or swine fever, and blood-poisoning, as erysipelas, black-quarter, &c., anthrax, peritonitis or parametritis, and cysticerci and trichina^ among parasites. But flukes in the liver and ccenuri in the brain demand the destruc- tion of the affected organs only. Tuberculosis, when it has advanced so far as to cause any appreciable alteratit)n in the nutrition or in the ap- pearance of the flesh, should be deemed ground for its condemnation, but joints that are positively prime need not be rejected because the pleura or lung is slightly affected. HEALTH OF THE MAN 97 Diseased Corn and Vegetables In the valley of the Po, in Roumania, and elsewhere, the disease known as Pellagra prevails wherever Indian corn or maize, stored in damp chambers, is used. Volumes have been written on its cause, but Drs. Lombroso in Italy, and Felix of Bucharest, the latest and best authorities, concur in attributing it to a fungus peculiar to that grain. Acute poisoning has frequently been observed both in man and in the horse after eating bread or biscuit, which, from being made of damp and spoilt flour, has speedily developed moulds as oidia, aspergilli, &c. We have less positive information as to the effects on man of dis- eases of the vegetable kingdom, though the tendency of rotten or over-ripe fruit to cause gastro-intestinal irritation is well known. The potato disease is produced by a parasitic fungus {Peronospora infestans), which permeates the tuber. It is killed by boiling, and the unwholesomeness of diseased potatoes is due rather to the changes effected by it in the starch. Wheat and other cereals are attacked by several forms of fungi, some of which do not seem to exert any hurtful influence. Smut, a species of Puccinia, gives a bluish colour to the bread and a disagreeable smell. It is said to cause diarrhoea. Ergot {claviceps purpurea)^ chiefly found in rye, is more injurious, its habitual in- gestion leading to grave forms of cachexia, convulsions, and gangrene of the extremities, ending in death ; and though the ordinary mould of cheese is harmless, the occasional occurrence of poisoning by cheese has been thought to be caused by some other species. The poison is doubtless an alkaloid. Adulteration of Food The subject of adulteration of food is a wide one, and the detection of all possible additions to and sophistica- 98 . HYGIENE FOR STUDENTS part tions of articles of food and drink demands considerable skill in chemical and microscopical manipulation. We can here afford space only for an enumeration of those of more frequent occurrence, and for indicating the methods, mostly qualitative, for their recognition, which are easily practised. Adulteration is defined by the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, as the mixing, &c., of any article of food or any drug with any ingredient rendering it injurious to health, or so as to affect injuriously the quality or potency of a drug, to fraudulently increase the bulk, weight, or measure, or to conceal the inferior quality of the same, or in any way to cause that it shall not be of the nature, quality, or substance it professes to be, or which is asked for or expected. The addition, therefore, of anything which detracts from the value or strength of the article, though such addition may be in itself perfectly innocuous, is adultera- tion equally with the addition of poisonous matter, e.g.^ the dilution of milk with water is so, no less than the colouring of sweetmeats with copper or lead. The sub- stitution of potato starch for arrowroot, though they are of equal nutritive value, is tampering with the nature or quality of the article in question ; to colour mustard with turmeric with the aim of concealing its adulteration with wheat flour is an offence ; but the staining of cheese with annatto is not. The shades of colour by which whisky, brandy, and rum, are distinguished from one another, and from gin, are purely conventional and arti- ficial, but legal ; whereas if the basis of the rum were corn or potato instead of molasses spirit, it would be of another quality or nature than that expected by the purchaser. Abstraction of any constituent, as of cream from milk, is a fraud ; but the removal of the fat from cocoa is a legitimate process, since the entire article is not relished by many, and except in form of chocolate the abstraction of a part of the fat is desired by most persons. HEALTH OF THE MAN 99 The margarine or "filled" cheeses, in which mutton fat is substituted for the butter fat, are obviously more nutritious than other cheeses from which also the natural fat has been removed for making butter, and may well be sold provided it is not pretended that they are " full " cheeses, i.e.^ cheeses made from unskimmed milk, to which they are, however, little inferior. But there are several cases or forms of adulteration which the present law fails adequately to meet. The addition of a qualify- ing epithet is held to exempt that which would otherwise be an adulteration from the penalty it properly deserves. It would be better that the nature of the addition should be plainly stated. Thus while it is punishable to sell as pure coffee, or even as coffee without any qualifying affix, a mixture of chicory and coffee, no action can be taken against the vendors of ' ' French coffee," though seventy five per cent, of the article is chicory, acorns, date-stones, or beans. Again, ''prepared" cocoa may consist to the extent of eighty or eighty-five per cent, of starch and brown sugar, and many magistrates refuse to convict because some such addition is implied in the word "prepared." A limit might in these cases be advantageously fixed by law, or the pro- portions of each ingredient should be distinctly indicated. Caveat emptor is a sorry plea when the buyer is ignorant of the tricks of trade. Once more, the addition of alum to bread, with a view to the production of a dry white and spongy bread from flour which has been so damaged that without it the bread would be dark and clammy, is recognised as a fraud ; but an excess of water which reduces pro tanto the nutritive value of the bread, is, morally though not legally, as much a fraud as short weight ; and where the consumer cannot satisfy his needs by using a larger quantity, but must be content with what is served out to him, as is the case with soldiers and the inmates of public institutions, he suffers in body, no less than the independent purchaser does in purse. Thus, too, a mother may give her infant a pint of milk daily, to which she adds an equal quantity of water, but if the milk be already diluted, the child receives in reality little over half a pint of genuine milk. The injury thus inflicted on the children of the poor is perhaps much greater than is generally supposed. We will proceed to notice the more prevalent and important adulterations of articles of general and necessary consumption, as bread, milk, butter, cheese, tea, coffee, and -cocoa, beer, wines, and spirits, and condiments, with a few of the tests which require but moderate skill and ordinary apparatus. H 2 loo HYGIENE FOR STUDENTS part Flour and Farinacea in General The proportion of glutin, ash, &c., have an important bearing on the quality of a flour, but do not properly come under the head of adulteration, and for the determination of these we must refer the student to the works of Wynter Blyth and others. The only points to which we can here direct attention are the detection of the several fungi present in damaged flour, the re- cognition of the various forms of starch by the microscope, and the simple qualitative determination of the presence of alum, the quantitative estimation of which is a matter of no small difficulty even to professional chemists. Two fungi are of not unfrequent occurrence in flour, viz. , bunt and smut. Bunt, called also pepper brand, and botanically Tilletia caries, is a very common disease of wheat. It grows within the grain, where its spores form a fine soft and somewhat greasy powder, which, when rubbed, emits a disagreeable odour. Under the microscope they present a characteristic appearance, being large (?.^., from -0006 to •0008 of an inch in diameter), round, and reticulated. Smut, called also dust brand, Ustilago segetum, seldom attacks wheat, but is common in barley and oats. Its spores are much smaller than those of bunt (being not more than "0002 of an inch in diameter), and are inodorous. They are circular, nucleated and not reticulated. Mildevir (Puccinia graminis). — The ripe sporangia are dark brown club-shaped bodies divided into compartments filled with spores. In an earlier stage of its development it constitutes the red rust. Penicillium glaticum forms the mould on stale bread, especially frequent when badly baked or containing an excess of moisture. It presents the appearance of beaded tufts in greenish patches, and either itself or through the products of its growth occasionally gives rise to serious symptoms of poisoning. It occurs also on cheese and animal foods. Ergot {Oiditim ahortifaciens) is most frequently met with in rye, attacking the grain at an early stage of its development, and transforming it into a brown brittle body somewhat resembling a carraway seed about an inch in length, and containing in its cells a peculiar odorous fixed oil instead of starch. The cells are oblong, and not coloured blue by iodine as starch cells are. It is more injurious to health than are bunt and smut, though flour containing much of either of the latter fungi should be condemned as damaged and as probably more or less unwhole- some. HEALTH OF THE MAN Various Forms of Starch Grains It is very important to be able to recognise under the microscope the various forms of starch cells, since most of the adulterations of flours and farinaceous foods consist in the substitution or admixture of other and cheaper kinds. Thus potato and rice are largely used in place of the more costly starches known as arrowroots, and may under certain circum- stances be added to wheaten flour. "WTieat Starch. — The most striking feature is the inequality of size, the largest granules being as much as •ooii, and the smallest not more than 'oooi of an inch in diameter. The larger granules have a central spot or hilum and faintly marked concentric rings, while the smaller are seen under a high power to be distinctly angular. Barley Starch. — The granules are very similar in size and appearance to those of wheat, but the larger are more irregular in form, and their rings more distinct, while the hila are either round or linear. Rye Starch presents the same variety in size, but the larger granules are still larger and more flattened ; the hila are stellate. Cats. — The granules are much smaller than the preceding, and more uniform in size, -oooi to '0004 of an inch, polygonal, and only a few of the largest have a hilum. Rice Starch. — The granules are still smaller, "OOOi to '0003 of an inch, polygonal, and with almost imperceptible hila. Potato Starch. — The granules vary greatly in size and form, some being small and circular, but others, and those by which alone it is recognised, large and oyster-shaped, with well-marked concentric rings, a very clear though small hilum at the narrow end, and occcasionally another at the broad end. | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'hygieneforstuden00willuoft_5', 'collection': 'English-PD', 'open_type': 'Open Culture', 'license': 'Public Domain', 'date': '1902.0', 'title': 'Hygiene for students', 'creator': 'Willoughby, Edward Francis, 1840-1906', 'language': 'English', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '7473', 'token_count': '10048', '__index_level_0__': '19300', 'original_id': 'ce86e7ad416d6d00e206769baf7c24a6e2d2b570dcb6a0a41bcfc7cdf6e93656'} |
A video titled TRANSFORMERS: The Last Knight – Dashcam has been published on the YouTube channel The Ragin Nation.
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The video is embedded below. You can see Ragin Nation’s reaction video here.
Travis Robinson has been a member of the fan community since 2001 and a member of the Allspark staff since 2002. Originally a fan of Generation 1 he's been a fan of the franchise all the way to Prime. You might notice Travis posting as Wheelimus on the Allspark forums! | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'fc9126cd235a99b44bfd7eb9f2d84f424d9f7156e8291183565d28866e946f0f'} |
Lucknow: The Lucknow bench of Allahabad High Court on Friday summoned the Deputy Inspector General of Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in connection with investigation into procurement of medicines in alleged NRHM scam at CMO Lucknow office.
The order was passed by the bench of Justices Imtiyaz Murtaza and Anurag Kumar on an application filed in a PIL seeking direction for a CBI probe into alleged irregularities into NRHM.
The application was moved by the petitioner Prine Lenin before Diwali seeking direction for proper investigation into the alleged NRHM scam.
The petitioner alleged that CBI filed the charge sheet saving the higher ups and requested that a Special Investigation Team may be constituted. The court had summoned the investigating officer in this connection.
CBI's investigating officer Ashok Kumar appeared today, filed an affidavit and informed the court that he had applied for voluntary retirement on October 18.
The court directed the DIG CBI AC II to appear before it along with investigating officers and relevant case diaries on the next date of hearing on December 11. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '72e83392489fcea0a09fa0a61eb23b9401e7a09335bdce79e31c701391e2a46e'} |
I'm trying to make a short 5 minute toon shaded starship scene with Blender Cycles. The ship(s) in the scene also have a toon outline created by two line sets, one thinner one set to only render on creases and edge marks and one thicker one set to only render on object contours. It looks good and like the way I want it to be, but when I render an animation (camera flyby) I notice that on some frames certain lines break. You can see that here: https://youtu.be/czazInaUevc
That looks pretty ugly. Is there any way this can be avoided or at least greatly minimized? Here's the scene's .blend file: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ceVqcvQTiVrjOe-18zJdUkYJpaEqc1QP/view?usp=sharing
• 1
$\begingroup$ For the benefit of future users (and to make it more likely people will answer), can you include a screenshot of what you mean instead of a video? $\endgroup$ – Kirbinator Apr 10 '19 at 15:02
• $\begingroup$ Not in this case as it is only noticeable (or only happens) in animations. $\endgroup$ – Tattorack Apr 10 '19 at 15:52
You have to adjust your model (topology) to be better compatible with freestyle.
Two problem of your geometry are
intersections and sharp angles left: intersections; right:sharp angles
Freestyle isn't designed to work with intersections. An intersection will remove other lines if freestyle wrongly thinks that a line segment is occluded (even though it may be only partially occluded).
occluded parts
If you are using Smooth Shading and Subsurf Modifiers, you should consider checking Face Smoothness. The manual is quite vague
When enabled, Smooth Shading will be taken into account for edges calculation.
However, I have found that some edges with wouldn't be connected, are connected with Face Smoothness enabled.
face smoothness
Your Answer
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Easy Homemade Chocolate Flan Cake
Flan is such an underrated dessert! Most people may be intimidated by this Mexican classic, but not anymore! This Easy Homemade Chocolate Flan Cake combines moist, rich chocolate cake and a light and sweet scratch-made flan on top!
I am so excited to be bringing you this recipe today!
Okay, so confession time: I’ve only had flan twice in my life, because generally speaking, I have a thing with texture. The first flan I experienced was only so-so, which gave it a bad rap in my eyes.
The second flan was at Red Iguana in Salt Lake City, Utah and it was INCREDIBLE. My friend Kalyn ordered a round of flan for the table and while at first I declined (from my prior not-so-fab-flan experience), a friend let me try a bite of hers and I was hooked. It was so delicious.
Ever since trying their heavenly, light-as-a-feather flan, I have been having flan thoughts on my mind. So this cake was a no brainer.
So, if you were like me and were once scorned by flan, give this a try and I promise you’ll be singing its praises in no time.
For everyone else: hi. I made you a Homemade Chocolate Flan Cake.
It’s perfect for those times when you can’t decide if you want rich, moist chocolate cake, or caramel-soaked vanilla flan. WHY NOT BOTH? I’m basically a magician, and any day, Vegas will be calling me for my own cooking show at the Hard Rock Hotel. I’M WAITING, VEGAS.
The cool thing about this cake is that it does something magical in the oven… by completely flipping the script – literally – going upside down. An acrobatic cake? Well, it is 2017 – what did you expect cakes to do in this new age?
After greasing the pan and pouring in your caramel sauce, you’ll make your chocolate cake batter and spread it all over the caramel sauce layer in the bottom of the Bundt pan (which, would be the top of the pan once flipped). Then you pour your flan liquid all over the chocolate cake layer, so the flan is on the bottom of the pan when flipped. Still with me? Good.
The cake bakes in a water bath which helps contribute to the flan’s silky-smooth texture. And during this baking process, the cake will float to the top of the pan (so, the bottom of the pan once flipped) and the flan will sink to the bottom of the pan (AKA, the top when flipped). PHEW. You with me?
So basically, when you bake and cool the flan and flip it out of the Bundt pan, it’ll look like this in all its mighty glory. Caramel, flan, chocolate cake. IT’S MAGIC.
Two things that make this magical Flan Cake extra special? Rodelle Pure Vanilla Extract and Rodelle Gourmet Baking Cocoa. As their newest brand ambassador, I am thrilled to use Rodelle’s products because I love them so much! The flavor is superior, the quality is unprecedented, and the company’s values are awesome. Win, win, win!
The flan gets its impeccable flavor from Rodelle’s Pure Vanilla Extract, which imparts such a wonderful, pure, unadulterated vanilla flavor to the dessert. And the Gourmet Baking Cocoa offers such a complex richness since it’s a European Dutch Process cocoa.
Easy Homemade Chocolate Flan Cake
This Chocolate Flan Cake is an impressive dessert, boasting a rich chocolate cake bottom and a fluffy, silky-smooth vanilla flan on top!
Prep Time9hrs20mins
Cook Time1hr30mins
Total Time10hrs50mins
Course: Cakes/Cupcakes, Dessert
Cuisine: American, Dessert, Mexican
Servings: 12-16
Author: Hayley Parker, The Domestic Rebel
Ingredients
FOR THE CAKE:
3/4cupcaramel sauce or ice cream topping
1/2cupall-purpose flour
1/3cupRodelle Gourmet Baking Cocoa or other cocoa powder
1/2tspbaking soda
1/4tspsalt
4ozbittersweet chocolatefinely chopped
6Tbspunsalted butter
1/2cupwhole milk
1/2cupgranulated sugar
2large eggs
1tspRodelle Pure Vanilla Extract
FOR THE FLAN:
214 oz cans sweetened condensed milkNOT evaporated milk
2½cupswhole milk
6ouncescream cheese
6large eggs
4large egg yolks
1TbspRodelle Pure Vanilla Extract
Instructions
Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Liberally grease a 12-cup Bundt pan with cooking spray. Pour the caramel sauce in the bottom of the Bundt pan evenly. Set aside briefly.
In the bowl of a stand mixer, whisk together the flour, cocoa powder, baking soda, and salt until blended. Meanwhile, in a microwave-safe medium-size bowl, heat the chopped chocolate bar and butter together on HIGH power for 30 seconds. Stir, then heat again for another 30 seconds or until melted and smooth.
Whisk the sugar into the melted chocolate mixture, and pour the melted chocolate mixture into the stand mixer bowl with the dry ingredients. Beat slowly, then stream in the whole milk. Beat until combined, followed by adding the eggs, one at a time, and the vanilla. Pour the chocolate cake batter into the prepared pan in an even layer.
In a large blender, add the flan ingredients and process for 1 minute or until thin and combined. Pour the flan mixture evenly over the chocolate cake batter in the pan; the pan will be very full. Carefully transfer the Bundt pan to a larger roasting pan and nestle it inside. Pour hot water into the roasting pan until it hits about halfway up the Bundt pan.
Bake for approx. 75-90 minutes or until a toothpick or cake tester inserted into the cake and through the flan comes out clean. Cool completely, then refrigerate for at LEAST 8 hours, preferably overnight. This is MANDATORY.
Just before serving, put the Bundt pan back into the roasting pan and add about 1-2 inches of hot tap water. Let sit in the water for about 1-2 minutes. Take a platter or cake stand and flip it upside down on top of the Bundt pan. Working quickly and carefully, invert the Bundt pan onto the cake stand/platter (whichever you're using) and let set for a second so all the caramel drips onto the flan cake. Remove the Bundt pan.
Serve while cold and store leftovers covered in the fridge. Spoon any extra caramel in the Bundt pan over the top of the flan.
This Homemade Chocolate Flan Cake would be excellent for a summer potluck or BBQ! The cold, smooth flan atop the moist and fluffy chocolate cake would be extra delish with a scoop of ice cream served with it!
For more information on Rodelle, be sure to visit their website, and check the #madewithrodelle hashtag on social media accounts to get tips, recipes, and more!
Have a super sweet day!
xo, Hayley
In the interest of full disclosure, I am the newest brand ambassador for Rodelle. All opinions are 100% my own and I was compensated for this post. Thank you to the brands that help keep my website afloat!
Comments
One of these days I am going to make this. However my comment is High Praise For Rodelle’s Cocoa!!! I found it at Costco and grabbed it because it was large and I do a LOT of baking from Thanksgiving through Christmas (this includes at least 3 chocolate pound cakes and a few brownie batches) I have nothing but praise for this cocoa! The first time I made brownies with it my husband wanted to know if I had a new recipe! (I have used the same recipe since 1978) The only change was the cocoa. It makes everything better. I went back to Costco in January to get more and it was sold out. (they bring it in during October and when it is gone, it’s gone) So when it showed up again around the end of October that year I bought 3 bags, and did that again this past October. This is amazing stuff. I recommend it to all my friends who love to bake!!!
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About me
Welcome to The Domestic Rebel! My name is Hayley and I am the 28-year old writer, photographer, recipe developer, taste-tester and creator of this blog. I’m so glad you’ve stopped by my little slice of sprinkly, butter-laden heaven on the interwebs. If it wasn’t apparent, I like to bake… a lot. Read More… | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'dd8e7cd2dd24574aa18a35a0766e392317677f8699612c372fb0361575f7c613'} |
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Friday, April 26, 2013
Mickey no Tokyo Disneyland Daibōken (SFC) Review
Written: April 21st-26th, 2013
Year: 1994 | Developed by: GRC | Published by: Tomy | [ O ]
Disclaimer: Some spoilers ahead
Reaching for the stars has never felt so good =)
A lot of you may recall that last year I created a first impressions post of this game. My "impressions" posts were a way of covering games that I just played and share how I felt about them for the moment (as well as good ways to discuss about games I haven't completed or beaten yet). Lately I thought of sharing my thoughts on the game in the form of a full-fledged review since my initial thoughts only consisted of a few paragraphs (the last one admittedly being longer than it should've been). I remember hearing about this game for the first time in RVGFanatic's website years ago, and from what I had read on there it sounded like a really fun experience, taking place in Disneyland of all places. I still haven't been there but I would like to visit it one day.
Throwing water balloons underwater is
Prior to experiencing this game I played three other 2D sidescrolling Mickey Mouse platformers. In the order that I played them, the first one I played was Mickey's Wild Adventure for the PlayStation One, one of my favorite games ever and a childhood classic that had tons of charm and was lots of fun; the music was memorable too (it's a shame that the Sony version never came out in America). Then in early '12 I managed to catch up with The Great Circus Mystery starring Mickey & Minnie and The Magical Quest starring Mickey Mouse, two really great, really charming, really fun SNES Mickey Mouse games by Capcom (even though the former didn't have memorable music and the latter had a lackluster ending). That summer I ordered Mickey no Tokyo Disneyland Daibōken from eBay, the second Super Famicom cart I imported from Japan, and I really enjoyed it since then. =)
The game begins somewhere in Tokyo Disneyland as Mickey and gang are preparing for the latest opening. However something has gone wrong.
Mickey Mouse's girlfriend Minnie informs him that the others have been taken by Pete and his crew and are each held in different parts of the theme park. It's up to Mickey to rescue the others otherwise the event will be ruined and Pete will have the upper hand, possibly try to run it himself.
But he cannot go unprepared, so Mickey straps himself with two balloon tanks on his back and brings along a big supply of balloons. One will fill it up with helium and the other will fill it up with water. So as Mickey prepares himself Minnie wishes him luck on his mission and the journey begins. Will our brave mouse succeed in his Japan-exclusive Disneyland endeavor?
Would you look at that pirate ship looming in
the distance! =)
This is a 2D sidescrolling platformer, with a diverse set of controls to back you up throughout your quest. Mickey controls good to a point (more on that shortly), for he's got two sets of balloons in his disposal which he can use to either attack enemies or float in the air to make further progress in each area. By holding the Y button you'll be filling the balloons with water, and the bigger the balloon is the more impact it will have on the enemy. You could even drop it on your enemies from above and even use it to bounce yourself upward. Holding down the X button will fill it with helium, being light enough to take you midair. However, the longer you hold down the button the more the helium gauge will decrease. Depending on how much you've got left, you can launch yourself really far in any of the eight directions you please should you let go and pop the balloon. You can drop yourself down if you let go of the X button without touching the control pad; it's even possible to throw the balloon upward by itself while you duck. Mickey can also jump, duck, swim, and run as well by double tapping, although the running controls aren't exactly responsive here. At the end of each stage you'll be fighting against Pete, who'll always be attacking you in different ways.
Pete has come to haunt you for defeating him
so many times in the past! O=
The areas in this game look really good, and I like how each division of Disneyland has their own unique look and feel. =) The stages are brimming with color and there is a good amount of detail and charm in each of them. One such example is the first stage, which is the Adventureland portion of the park where it's mostly rendered in blue hues, which then segues to a fiery exposition inside a building, leading outside the cave into the open sea with the sky beautifully lathered with shining stars. Another takes place in Tomorrowland where it's all futuristic but whimsical at the same time, ending in a rollercoaster ride to the shuttle under a gorgeous night sky. The third stage is refreshing to look at as it's really colorful and it largely takes place outside with all the critters and the water-filled log rides. Every other area looks great as well, and some of the ending shots are truly fascinating.
Donald was overjoyed when Mickey told him
they would star in a Nintendo-exclusive Mickey &
game the following year
I would also like to give a shout out to the character and enemy designs here, they are fun to look at! I like how simple Mickey's design is here as oldschool as it is, and the animations he exhibits are really nice and charming. Like Pete whenever you face him, you face various forms of his henchmen (in one stage they might be pirates while in another they'll don astronaut gear), and a few of them might disguise themselves as mimic chests (don't you just love those?). Aside from the henchmen you might have to put up with creatures like ghosts, robots, fish, bats, bees, crocodiles (?), and even dragons among others; I think the roster of enemies are designed nicely. Pete's diverse get-ups are brilliant, especially the last one, which I'll get to. Even Mickey's friends look good here, especially Scrooge McDuck. Yes, you read right, Scrooge McDuck is in a Mickey Mouse game, how awesome is that??? =D
"Hot dog! It sure is swell to see ya, Scrooge!" =)
"It's a pleasure to catch up with me favorite mouse again!" =)
"I hear that we'll be in another game eighteen years from now."
"Yes, that is true, Mickey! See you again in Disney Epic Mickey: Power of Illusion!"
"Oh, boy, that game is gonna to be a classic, haha!" =D
"Dinnae get ye hopes up, laddie." =(
Trapped in a room full of treasure and pirates
dressed up as treasure chests
Mickey no Tokyo Disneyland Daibōken, in my opinion, has a largely good soundtrack. It's not only fun to listen to (for the most part), but it also helps lend a lot of atmosphere to the surroundings, which has a fantastic end result. =) The choice of instrumentation is interesting but it's really good. The third stage theme is wonderful, for it's so lighthearted and evokes a lot of charm; the fourth stage theme is mysterious yet quirky, and the fifth stage theme is so beautiful and ambient that it is just breathtaking. The title and ending themes are cool, and the boss themes are fun and catchy. The sound effects are decent, for they're not bad. Whenever Mickey gets hurt he makes a squeaking sound, the air and water balloons sound fairly accurate, and the rest are all right.
This area looks cool, cool as ice
The main goal of the game is to save all your friends and vanquish Pete (six times) so he won't take over Disneyland. There are six stages in the game, and at the end of each stage is a friend awaiting your rescue. In order they are Daisy, Donald, Elvira "Grandma Duck" Coot, Scrooge McDuck, Goofy, and finally Pluto. However, as is customary in games like these, it's a lot easier said than done. In Mickey no Tokyo Disneyland Daibōken's case it's truly an accomplishment that is easier said than done because it's a very challenging game. I'm not kidding, not even Mickey's Wild Adventure can touch this as far as high difficulty goes. Okay, I should probably go into this in full detail.
Tomorrowland is ahead of its time! =) I love
The game has three difficulty settings, and depending on the setting there may be more or less obstacles in each area than in others. Your health is depicted as small balloons, and you have a high health count for your capacity is eight balloons, no matter the setting you play. On easy you begin with eight balloons, on normal you start with five, and on hard you commence with three, but that's not the only difference. Depending on which setting you play you may have to battle more or less enemies, there might be more obstacles to avert, and there may be less to no secondary platforms on Hard (near the end of the sixth stage particularly). The boss fights won't be different, but some elements in the stages (a giant ghost creeping up on you on the way up in the beginning of the fourth stage for example) might be faster than they were if you were playing the easier modes. But that's not all!
Astronaut Pete fighting Mickey in a moving
Part of the reason the game is as difficult as it is is due to the way the controls were structured. Using air and water balloons to aid your journey is actually a really interesting play mechanic, but the controls aren't spectacular. Mickey's jumps take a bit to get right, when he's underwater he doesn't swim fast enough (but it is possible to walk and run underwater so long as you've got enough oxygen), and the air balloons take so much practice to get right as there are moments that require you to time your launches right. Some moments require that you do consecutive flights in mid-air, but if you let go at the wrong time then you'll fall straight down. There's also the deal with holding down the direction you want to fly to once you pop the balloon, making sure you don't pop it while not pressing any direction unless you feel you have no choice. The controls aren't bad, though, they're really not, for they can be managed with enough time and practice. All they needed was a bit of fine-tuning.
Riding a mine cart as you avoid being struck
by swooping vultures
In my newest Super Castlevania IV review I expressed my disapproval for being knocked back by enemies on certain games (not all of them), and I don't know if I stated it, but the reason that bugs the hell out of me is because until you're back on the ground (or until you lose a life) you cannot do anything about it! But you want to know what's worse than being sent back after being in contact with an enemy? How about momentarily losing control as you're knocked straight down? =( It's not much of a problem if it happens on top of a platform, but should you sustain damage while you're flying through the air on top of a bottomless pit, then you'll be falling straight down to your death. And admittedly it can get a bit annoying when it happens. Another aspect that makes the difficulty what it is are the stage designs. While several of the stages are designed nicely, there are a few that can be really hair-raising at best, in particular Stage 6-3 where you must successfully fly through the stage consecutive times with your balloon while timing it right; there are a few secondary platforms in the easier setting then there are on Hard (where there are none). Failure to do so will result in starting the portion over again. The way this stage portion is designed is so devious that it can get frustrating. What could possibly be make all that worthwhile?
*crackling thunder*
*blinks* =o
<=O *blinks* <=D
*summoning his minions as he blows you away*
....... *applauds enthusiastically* WHOOOOOOOO!!!!!!!!!!! =D
Okay, let me explain. First of all , look at the overall theme and tell me you do not recognize it! The fact that it's paying homage to the under-appreciated (in my book) 1985 animated film The Black Cauldron is pretty awesome, and Pete dressed up as the Horned King is genius! Second, I love how dark and foreboding the background is for it does a great job of evoking darkness and is part of why it's outstanding! Third, I love the way the battle is set up and the several phases you'll be going through, as it is just epic! And speaking of epic, just listen to that music! It just screams "final confrontation" and is proud of it! =) I don't care if this game isn't as good as Capcom's Mickey's Magical Adventure trilogy or even Mickey's Wild Adventure, this ultimate battle against Pete just trumps them all! =D It might not seem like it from just looking at these still shots but trust me, when you play this game and experience it for yourself you will be overwhelmed by the sheer magnificence that is Horned Pete. As far as I'm concerned this makes the trip all worth it. Wow, am I excited! =D *dons pair of shades* B-) Yeah.
Ride down the water
All right, so time for my final thoughts on Mickey no Tokyo Disneyland Daibōken. What do I think? Even though I pointed out the flaws with its controls and how some elements attribute to its difficulty, it's actually a pretty fun game. =) Granted, some polish with the jumping and air balloon controls would've been nice, and some stage designs were a little too long or dastardly designed, but honestly there's so much that makes up for those. The areas are so wonderful to look at (some of them are even surreal, which work so well), and the soundtrack is mostly great (the only exception being the Cinderella's Castle theme because it can get very depressing and annoying after awhile due to the difficulty). As I said before, the balloon system is pretty clever and the way it was executed is pretty decent. I enjoy the interaction between Mickey and his friends even though it's all in Japanese, and there is so much charm to be found here. There's a password system to continue your progress, and thankfully it's only comprised of four character slots filled with basic shapes. Mickey no Tokyo Disneyland Daibōken is one of those games where you'll see more of the ending the higher the difficulty setting you play, and the finale scenario is very rewarding, especially after you beat Horned Pete which is just an epic final boss battle to boot.
While I've never been to Disneyland, I do wish to go there someday since I often hear that it's a fun place to go; and the various areas found here give me a pretty good idea of how it would be like in there (minus the spikes, enemies trying to hurt you, trap doors, and bottomless pits, that is). It might be frustrating at times, but the challenge is commendable (there is a clever yet peculiar way of crossing through wind gusts without being blown upward in the second stage) and it's a fun way to spend an hour and a half; I think GRC made a very good game here. Maybe not as great as the second Super Famicom-exclusive title starring Disney's mouse Mickey & Donald: Magical Adventure 3 (more on that awesomeness another day), but it's good fun in its own right. If you want to play a Mickey Mouse that offers a good amount of challenge, you'll find it right here. If you're looking for something easy, you may want to skip this one. If you enjoy all (good) things Disney, I recommend you import it and give it a shot. It's definitely worth playing, and I'm glad got it last year, as I enjoy playing it every once in awhile. =)
P.S.: As long as we're talking Disney, I hope DuckTales Remastered on the Nintendo Wii U will serve as a great comeback for Scrooge McDuck; it's a shame that most kids nowadays don't know about him or his many adventures. Yes, I heard the news regarding the game's focus group, and I can't help but find that sad. =(
P.S. 2: Was I excited over Horned Pete or what?
P.S. 3: Any time you hold down the Select button while standing still Mickey will look directly at the screen. Uhhhhhm... point, game? =\
P.S. 4: I wanted to add more in the post-scripts by briefly venting my thoughts towards certain Disney shows I don't personally like, and how I blamed some of them for the above news, but it would've taken too long so I decided not to. =(
P.S. 5: One more thing:
for those that played this game, did anyone actually reach that chest up above? I tried and I tried but I could never obtain it!
Sunday, April 21, 2013
Super Adventure Island (SNES) Review
Written: April 20th-21st, 2013
Year: 1992 | Developed by: Produce | Published by: Hudson Soft
That calamari will know better than to mess
with him again
Whenever a video game series or video game characters would transition themselves to the 16-bit console, the end result (for the first attempt in the series) is mostly positive. Mario transitioned well when he starred in his first SNES game Super Mario World, and that game was brilliant (even if it's a touch overrated). Samus' first 16-bit venture was very memorable in Super Metroid, and that game was awesome. So was Link's transition to the 16-bit world The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past. Even Kirby's first 16-bit entry was highly enjoyable, even though it was a spin-off, in the form of Kirby's Dream Course. Some first-time 16-bit entries, on the other hand, would prove to be heavily polarized in terms of overall reception and execution: one example being Capcom's canon 16-bit entry to the original series Mega Man 7 (technically the first SNES Mega Man game was Mega Man X, but you get the idea) and another being the case with Master Higgins' initial foray to the SNES Super Adventure Island.
Skateboarding through the beach
Hudson Soft's Adventure Island series started off as a direct NES port (albeit with slight alterations) of Westone's 1986 arcade game Wonder Boy, which was released by Sega for coin-op machines, while the rest of the entries would be original and (mostly) handled by the Hudson Soft team. At present I only played three games in the series (Adventure Island for the NES; the Game Boy port of Adventure Island II, Adventure Island; and Super Adventure Island programmed by Produce) and my thoughts on the series are: ehh! <=| I don't think they're awful or anything, I'm just not that head over heels towards these games. They've got some good stuff going for them, don't get me wrong, it's just that I personally don't find them to be top-tier quality; but that's how I personally feel from what I've played in the series. To each their own. I first played Super Adventure Island in the summer of '10 after having ordered it from eBay, and you can probably guess where this is going.
Climbing up a candy-flavored canyon
The game starts off with a scene of Master Higgins and his girlfriend Tina having a honeymoon on top of a palm tree, until a dark cloaked sorcerer called... Dark Cloak transforms her into stone. So he heads off to follow the sorcerer's trail and will go to great lengths to defeat Dark Cloak and undo his malign spell. Master Higgins will travel jungles, volcanoes, beaches, a whale's insides, a tree-laden environment, a dark mine, a hot desert, underwater, a snow-capped place, and finally the snow castle where the main antagonist awaits. Each stage is divided into parts, while the last part will have you face off against a boss. Yeah, the plot is that simple.
Under the sea! Under the sea!
You take control of Master Higgins, an incredibly chubby and "hook-mouthed" grass-skirted caveman who attacks enemies by either throwing axes or boomerangs. Unlike the other games in the series where items were encased inside eggs, the weapons are floating in mid-air where you can catch them. The fact that there are two weapons makes it feel a little limited, with the best of the two being the boomerang, but there is an upside to this. If you collect more of the same weapon you'll be able to throw more of them at a time, but collect them enough times and you'll be able to dish out flaming sparks instead, which act the same as the weapon you're carrying but are more powerful than before. This is one of those one-hit games where once you take a hit you lose a life; at that point you'll restart from either the first or the second half of the stage portion.
Super Adventure Island's controls are somewhat loose, but they can be worked around. Master Higgins can also duck and jump, and from time to time he'll be riding a skateboard in the stage portion until he either reaches the goal or if he gets into contact with an enemy (the board will be gone but Master Higgins won't unless he's by himself). There is one new type of control introduced in this game: the super jump. The regular jumps are fairly normal, but in order to jump really high all you have to do is press down while on the ground and press the jump button. That's all there is to that. What's noticeable here is that his pacing is always the same for the portly primitive cannot run. What you'll want to make sure of is that the health bar does not become entirely empty (as it repletes itself the more you move), so in order to keep it filled you must collect tons of fruit along the way. Gee, no wonder his corpulence is downright brobdignagian. =\ No offense to the character.
Neon lights flood the bonus segments =)
The visuals are pretty decent in their own right. It's colorful and good to look at, even if more attention to detail was paid in the foregrounds than in the backgrounds. The stages and the stage portions look nice, and some are pretty unique. The beach setting looks nice what with the waves that roll back from time to time, the swimming settings inside a whale's mouth and underwater have good wavy effects, and there's a fascinating-looking canyon that almost looks candy-coated. The other areas look cool, too, and during most cutscenes there are instances of Mode 7 used; like in that scene where Master Higgins is swallowed whole by a Mode 7 whale and a scene where Master Higgins is falling to the water as everything around him rotates thanks to Mode 7. The chunky troglodite protagonist looks and animates okay, though I find his one-frame throwing animations really weird. The enemies are detailed and cartoonish, but the bosses are even bigger and more detailed, including Dark Cloak's second form.
Time for some routine exercise
The soundtrack was composed by none other than the great Yuzo Koshiro (known for doing the music to Ys Book I & II, The Revenge of Shinobi, Streets of Rage 1 and 2, and ActRaiser), and without a shadow of a doubt it's Super Adventure Island's high point. The game's background music consists of tropical beats, hip hop, and a certain amount of calypso here and there, and they sound really good. The theme that plays when you're swimming is catchy, the snow theme is cool (even though it sounds Follin-ish at times), and the tropical jungle and beach themes are nice. The boss theme is great too, especially the ultimate one. I'll say this much about the music: at least it's more noteworthy and more memorable than ActRaiser 2's soundtrack, which Yuzo also worked on. The sound effects are all right and many of them sound like they were lifted from the previous games.
Mmm, bananas!
Super Adventure Island is not a challenging game, but boy is it straightforward. I'm serious, all the stages are very linear, with no complex level design whatsoever (well, except the penultimate stage portion near the end but it's still linear) meaning there's no other direction or method to reach the end. There are slopes and curves, sure, but it's still incredibly undeviating. Don't get me wrong, there are some games that can pull that off (so long as they're fun and have elements that make up for that shortcoming); this is not one of those games. It's a good thing there are enemies serving as obstacles. At the end of each stage is a boss who's pattern must be followed in order for you to take it down. There are few other reservations I have, particularly when Higgins loses a life.
I have a lot of qualms with this. Shall I count the ways?
1. The way he looks when he dies feels really condescending to me, and it doesn't help any that it happens every time you die. That just insults me. >.<
2. He always faces the left any time he dies. He never dies while facing the right. Sure, it may have been the case with Mickey Mouse: Magic Wands!, but hell, that game was so easy that you would barely even see it!
3. I hate the sound effect that plays when Master Higgins dies, it just adds to the condescension as far as I'm concerned, not to mention it abruptly ends the music. >=( It might be different if he gets burnt to a crisp, but the same thing happens otherwise.
Super Adventure Island has to be beaten in one sitting, and it has only two continues, though honestly, I don't feel that it's a satisfactory amount, even if you were to master this game. Maybe it's to do with how the game was structured that I find it problematic. One last issue I've got is that there are a few stage segments when if you walk a certain amount then an enemy will pop out of the blue. Not convinced? How about some visual aid then? I have taken the liberty of keeping track of the time into one of the video footage I recorded, and here is one example:
It's true, I swear I'm not making this up! That penguin did not walk all the way from the left offscreen, it just instantaneously appeared right there! Even in pre-HD standard TV sets it should be apparent! That's enough to catch you off-guard and cost you a life if you're not careful. How exactly is that fair?? D=< Give ActRaiser 2 some credit, it at least had the decency to have enemies approach you from offscreen; the only exception to the rule being the robed spectres, but those were totally justifiable because they were spectres. They can be allowed to appear out of nowhere, penguins are not! I can't imagine anyone being okay with this.
It's a good thing he's fat, otherwise he'd be
freezing to death wearing only a grass-skirt
I guess the main problem I have with Super Adventure Island is that I personally find it unpolished. The visuals are good but not great, the soundtrack is the main highlight of the game and blends well with the environments, and the controls are okay. Though to be frank the controls are part of the reason why the game is unpolished. The inability to run is not so much a problem but the fact that the controls take a bit to adjust to, including the over-reliance on the super-jumps can be distracting at times. I'm not real fond of seeing the animation for when Master Higgins loses a life, and I don't like the fact that there are only two continues either (give gamers who are novice, unlike me, a chance). The neon-lit bonus areas are nice, but they're short-lived, and the area designs needed to be expanded or at least implement something that helps make up for it all. The Mode 7 sequences are cool, although it seems to me like the game was meant as a visual tech-demo than anything else. I honestly feel that Produce was unqualified to create an Adventure Island game, as their strong suit is applied to RPGs, as evidenced in the infamous turn-based The 7th Saga and the not as famous action-adventure Brain Lord. Don't get me wrong, their heart was in the right place, they just lost a bit of focus along the way.
And it's a shame too, since it seemed like there was lots of potential in the package; even compared to some other games where characters first made their appearance on the SNES. Mickey Mouse's first Nintendo 16-bit entry The Magical Quest starring Mickey Mouse was flawed but felt polished and was fun to play, and as unforgivably short as Tiny Toon Adventures: Buster Busts Loose! was (first Nintendo 16-bit Tiny Toon Adventures), it at least had a sense of polish and was fun. Even Milon's first and only 16-bit venture DoReMi Fantasy: Milon no DokiDoki Daibōken was incredibly polished, and it's my second favorite Super Famicom game of all time right next to Tenchi Sōzō (Terranigma). Had Super Adventure Island been a little more polished, then maybe I would feel more positive about it. As I said earlier, it's not horrible, I just find it to be pretty average fare; the most fun I had in the series was the first Adventure Island Game Boy game, even if it was flawed it was at least decent. Despite the shortcomings it did well enough to get a second Super Adventure Island, and I looked up that it was better than the first. I even researched New Adventure Island for the Turbografx-16, and from one gameplay footage I saw on YouTube it looks like it's actually great. I would be willing to try either game someday, but at the end of the day I feel that I played the first Super Adventure Island enough times to last me a lifetime. If you enjoy the series you may like this game, but if you're not then you should approach it with caution. You might come out liking Master Higgins' first 16-bit game, I don't know, but it all depends on your leniency. I suppose I shouldn't complain too much, 'cause on the bright side I have played a lot worse.
Thank you for reading my review, please leave a comment! I hope you all have a great day; take care!
P.S.: Points to anyone who recognized the comic strip I referenced in the review.
P.S. 2: Even if it doesn't sound as good as Super Adventure Island does, I personally find ActRaiser 2 to be superior to this game. Also, I don't get a chance to reference ActRaiser 2 often in my blog (since I find it underrated); this is the third time I've done it thus far.
P.S. 3: To each their own.
P.S. 4: Boy, I was pretty mean about Master Higgins' character, wasn't I? =(
P.S. 5: I promise my next review will sound more enthusiastic than this one.
Sunday, April 14, 2013
Popeye (NES) Review
Written: April 12th-14h, 2013
Year: 1982, 1983 | Developed and Published by: Nintendo
I heart you, Olive!
"I'm Popeye the Sailor Man! I'm Popeye the
Sailor Man!"
Sailing through the open sea
The Sea Hag attacks by throwing skulls at
Only Popeye is strong enough to break glass
bottles by punching them
Friday, April 5, 2013
My Special Birthday Review
Written: April 2nd-4th, 2013 / Published: April 5th, 2013
Hello, everyone I'm StarBoy91, very passionate about video games! Guess what? April 5th is on the horizon, and you know what that means?
I turn 22 this year, and I thought of reviewing a special game for just such an occasion. Twenty-two years! My how time flies. But what game shall I review? What more appropriate than a game that has become a growing cult classic over the years, and a very good game to boot than this one? =)
Console: SNES | Year: 1993, 1994 | Developed by: Ukiyotei | Published by: Sony Imagesoft
To say that this game is a fascinating mystery would be a great understatement. Developed at a time before Sony would take gaming to the next level with their CD-based PlayStation console, there was a time believe it or not when games were published by them for Nintendo consoles. From licensed titles to legitimately decent games, it was a real craze at the time. Okay, I exaggerate, but there were plenty of them around. One such game was developed by Ukiyotei, who also made the cult licensed SNES games Hook and Spawn, in the form of Skyblazer. Surprisingly, despite being released in the middle of the console's lifespan, it wasn't exactly noticed when it was initially released to the public.
"Hey, you've got something in your eye; let me
get it for you!"
While a lot of overlooked (and underrated) games were partially known about during their heyday but would become well-known in the future years to come, this was a case where not very many were aware of it at the time but eventually would become a bit of a phenomenon, a cult classic if you will. It's a truly unusual tale of an obscure game turning into an instant hit. I remember having first heard about this game many years ago on Flying Omelette's old Top 100 countdown, and from what I read on there it sounded interesting. Some time later I discovered a (very informatively funny) review of it over at good ol' RVGFanatic's website, who gave it a very good rating.
Sky getting into the heat of things
One of the common things said about this game are that it's good, it's got good play control, it's obscure and it's underrated, and I couldn't help but become curious about it. I played Ukiyotei's previous endeavor Hook long before I played this game (back in 2009), so of course I was interested to know if it was really as good as many said it was. However it wouldn't be nearly two and a half years later that I would experience this classic. This was one of the games that I wanted to try and thought "this will be my next game" only to catch the attention of another (being a gamer/collector's hard work). Also, whenever I checked on the game back then on eBay there weren't that many copies, and shockingly there was one copy that was significantly more expensive than its common sales price range. Last year, on my 21st birthday, I received this game alongside the fun and charming The Magical Quest starring Mickey Mouse for the same console, and I'm happy to say that it was well worth the wait. =) But how good is it exactly, and how did it attain the status that it's got today? Shall we begin?
Climbing up towers is a fun past-time
The evil entity Raglan has summoned Ashura, the Lord of War, to kidnap the sorceress Ariana and prepare to send the world into total darkness. There is only one individual who can save her and put a stop to their whole operation, and that individual is called Sky, who's a descendant of one of the oldest heroes. However, he is not ready just yet because he has yet to learn and master the magic powers to truly become powerful and able to take on Ashura and Raglan. Along the way he will be mentored by an old man... simply known as "Old Man". In each shrine he will lecture you, show you a mystic pattern (i.e. passwords) to continue your progress, and depending on the situation he may also raise your health capacity by one. Will Sky be successful in his journey?
I don't know about you, but any time he makes that face he looks scary! D=
Dashing in mid-air
Skyblazer's gameplay is good. For the most part it is versatile and responsive, and Sky is really fun to control. The play control is very solid, especially when it comes to learning different magic. His main attack consists of punches, kicks, and combos; he can also control his mid-jumps, move while crouching, and climb on walls. The game is split into three different islands, where the lion's share of the action happens in the middle one; and so long as you're in a certain island you can decide to go forward or replay a stage if you feel like it. The majority of the stages has a boss fight at the end, and should you win you'll be learning a new magic spell which you can cycle through with either shoulder button, and how much magic it uses up all depends on the type of magic (ranging from a healing spell to a spread-shot spell among several others). The magic will prove very useful throughout the game, but only use it if you really have to.
"Oh, why did I choose to be on the bad side?"
I said that the gameplay was mostly versatile and responsive, and there's a reason for that. While most stages will have you jump and traverse on foot, there are a couple self-scrolling stages where Sky dons a pair of wings on him. Yet for some reason the flight controls do not feel quite as smooth as the rest of the gameplay. There are even a few third-person flight sequences for when you go from island to island, and while they control slightly better, they're still not as top-notch as the rest. It's also a chance to collect various gems. Most times you defeat enemies they may leave behind increments of health potions, increments of magic potions, or increments of gems (the bigger the size, the bigger the amount).
Sky is so legendary that he can breathe
underwater for a very long time without issues!
Skyblazer has very good quality in terms of background music. The soundtrack is very exotic and has got a really good amount of instrumentation. A lot of it fun to listen to, it adds so much to the atmosphere, and (pun intended) it's music to the ears. The 3D flight segments are accompanied by great piano notes and an ambient aura, the Temple Infernus theme is dark and foreboding, the song that plays in a couple of the stages with the tubular bells is cool, the Lair of Kharyon theme is so beautiful and relaxing I could listen to it all day without getting tired, and the Petrolith Castle theme is fun and energetic. The boss theme is decent, but the major boss theme trumps them all. The ending music is sweet, although it only works best if you've played the game. The sound effects are good, and a few are even humorous (there's a "ding" sound for when you deflect certain projectiles). Any time Sky gets hit he makes a grunting sound, and the best part of the music is it doesn't start all over if you lose a life and just keeps playing (more games should do that).
Soaring through the sky
The visuals are especially fantastic, for they display some of the most colorful worlds seen on the console (well, in '94). What's also neat is how detailed they are and how they share a common cultural theme, almost as if we're visiting the environment ourselves. Likely it was inspired by the Middle East; not bad. Each background is great to look at, and the variety of them really makes the game environments great. Some examples of them are the Temple Infernus where it's all red and filled with flames plus there are even cool details in the backdrop. Conversely the Petrolith Castle area is all blue and icy, with all the cool details in the backgrounds and foregrounds. The Lair of Kharyon is a visually mesmerizing stage, where it largely takes place underwater and is consumed with detail.
Battle in a higher place
Another neat-looking area is the Tower of Tarolisk, where for the most part it takes place inside the tower, but when climbing it outside it looks sweet; Sky is fixed in the center as he climbs up or falls down in a fashion similar to Porky Pig's Haunted Holiday's two tree segments and Mickey's Wild Adventure's two tower portions. The characters' and enemies' animations are detailed and great, and the bosses are huge and really cool. One boss is a giant wall which rotates from time to time, and another boss is round and spiky, becoming bigger with each hit it gets; both made possible with the Mode 7 effects. Speaking of Mode 7, they're also put to use whenever Sky flies to the next island, which is spectacular to look at (even though the segments are brief). The other regular bosses are designed good, such as the weird elephant-like creature with a turtle's head in place of its trunk that unleashes red grinning apples (it's just as weird as it sounds) and an evil spirit that protrudes from a strange lamp.
This is a peculiar place to house architecture =/
Skyblazer has got a lot of good qualities going for it, but there is one thing that prevents it from achieving absolute perfection: it's easy. The stages are fairly simple to navigate (save for one), and in the top-down maps you can go forward or backtrack (should you wish to do so). The bosses all have patterns, and the enemies can be defeated from combos or single hits. But here's where the downside lies: there's barely any challenge to it, the enemies are easy to defeat, the stages are a little short for their own good, and the abundance of power-ups in the stages also helps render the experience easy.
It's a small world after all
But just because the game is easy it doesn't mean that the game itself is bad. It's fun to play and the stages themselves are decently designed, even though they don't offer much in terms of length. Sure it would've been nice had some actual challenge been around; fortunately pretty much everything else makes up for it. The stages are not only fun to look at but they're also fun to navigate; the Lair of Kharyon stage stands out in that it's the only stage where figuring your way out of a maze is required. Also, not all bosses are easy: the battle against Raglan is harder than the rest of the game combined, but he can be ousted if you're careful enough. Skyblazer is also one of those games where before you must face the final (two) boss(es) you must go through a boss rehash, where select bosses will be ready to fight you again. What's fairly neat is how the password system is laid out and how the symbols are represented. Here's an example: =D
At least every region, North America included, will see the spheres colored like the buttons from a Super Famicom contro-- O_O Say, those sphere designs look familiar! Just... mirror the positions of the green and red spheres, then flip the giant sphere backdrop vertically and you get...
I think RVG put it best in his review when he said
this attack method was just weird =|
So yeah, Skyblazer isn't excellent, but damn if it isn't fun while it lasts. The areas are wonderfully detailed and atmospheric, the soundtrack is purely brilliant, the game is wonderful to look at, and the gameplay is really, really good. The in-game map is cool, the boss fights are decent (especially the final boss), and the 3D flight segments are sweet. It's just a shame that it's too easy, because the game is really fun and it had the potential to be an all-around incredible game. Don't get me wrong, it's a really good game, and definitely a step up from Ukiyotei's Hook from earlier, but if it were slightly more challenging (I'm not saying make it ActRaiser 2 or The Addams Family: Pugsley's Scavenger Hunt challenging , just a tad smidge) then it may have been better. Then again, its easygoing nature is what makes it so accessible and appealing in the first place. I think that in itself (not to mention the other aspects) is why it's gotten so popular these past several years and became something of a hidden gem. Everything else about it is great that I could forgive its shortcomings, if only slightly.
Is it worth hunting down? If you're looking for a fun platformer with a diverse set of attacks and spells throughout , then you'll find it right here. =) If you're planning to try a challenging platformer, then you may want to lower your expectations. If you're willing to overlook the brevity of each stage and easy difficulty, then I think you'll enjoy this game. I certainly did, and I'm really glad I played it. While it's not perfect by any means, I will say that Ukiyotei did a nice job with this title. Well done! =)
Hmmm, this ending scene reminds me of another game's ending sequence that looked similar to this; I wonder what it could be?
Thank you reading my birthday review, please leave a comment, and I hope you all have a great day! Take care!! =D
P.S.: Skyblazer has contradicting copyright dates. In the opening credits it says it was made in 1993, but in the ending credits it says it was made in 1994 instead. Make up your mind!!! >0<
P.S. 2: That one easter egg was pretty cool. It's almost as if Sony knew their PlayStation buttons were going to be designed that way.
P.S. 3: If you recognize the game I'm talking about in my phoenix screenshot, don't reveal what the game is! Just say that you know what I'm talking about. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '1335', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9686418771743774}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '199308', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:MFS4DINR5T36NMUMF5HXUKCWOAYV5UEY', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:36c5206f-1896-46d6-af25-a39be73b1218>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 20, 21, 45, 4), 'WARC-IP-Address': '216.58.217.161', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:MP2ACPQNN34B7RQY5WLEIFTZ2B3HQPPB', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:185b6235-0046-4130-adfc-fc53345c44e0>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://starboy91.blogspot.fr/2013_04_01_archive.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:5bda6e5c-b7be-4881-aac1-70521e5069e1>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '8514', 'url': 'http://starboy91.blogspot.fr/2013_04_01_archive.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-31-62-84.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.08279091119766235', 'original_id': 'a22d8436adb4f860bd61f4b337729d5e55719a57a96c8147159f03d9975f7607'} |
Vertical gain and loss, distance, and hiking time
In the Alps, a day’s hike is most often described in terms of the vertical gain and loss, and rarely in terms of distance, given the range’s steep and rugged mountain terrain. The elevation difference between the valley floors and the mountain tops often exceeds 2000 meters, so distance as a metric often makes little sense.
The technical nature of a trail affects pace, especially when hiking downhill. Consider altitude as another factor that slows down forward progress when hiking uphill above 2500m to 3000m elevation.
Most signs at trailheads or junctions indicate the time it will take to reach your intermediate or final destination. These times represent estimates base on the average hiker capable of maintaining an uphill pace of 300 vertical meters per hour, a pace of 500 meters per hour when hiking downhill, and 4 kilometers per hour on flat terrain (rare). The times indicated are usually consistent within a given area or sub range. Once you have the chance to compare your time on one hike or section of trail, you should be able to reasonably calculate the time you think it will take to reach a specific location or your destination for the rest of your trip.
Consider the hiking times we provide as “guidelines.” You may very well take more or less time based on a variety of factors. The first day or two will allow you to calibrate your pace relative to our “guideline” times to better estimate if you will hike faster or slower during the upcoming days of your trek.
Please note that in the European Alps, when indicating distances, elevations, and vertical gain/loss, we use the metric system (meters and kilometers). To avoid having to calculate the conversion into feet or miles in your head, Goolge is a great tool. Otherwise, just in case, here are the conversion ratios: 1 meter = 3.28 feet; 1 kilometer = 0.621 miles. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9097927212715148}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '880369', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:L4BZU3MAQMF7ID5JULJP2PETTWZCOLTX', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:432284eb-b72e-4718-9fec-d8a49101a346>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 8, 12, 11, 38, 26), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.27.182.160', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:LLGP5PUXOOJFIKTPNNJAFVVNYGQG257Z', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:2ab0ad36-04d4-4291-a47d-dfb2f6cda164>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.montblanc-experience.com/1392-vertical-gain-and-loss--distance--and-hiking-time', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:62d2d56a-c5ba-4e9f-9813-53bde6677193>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '321', 'url': 'https://www.montblanc-experience.com/1392-vertical-gain-and-loss--distance--and-hiking-time', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-34\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-22.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.5283332467079163', 'original_id': 'fe929dc4980eea76e2d83b091817f7c14d61994869a1a1e6a5906abe1ac68b2e'} |
Potholes aren't just causing trouble on streets, roads and highways. They're also popping up in business parking lots and driveways.
John Davis, owner of Davis Paving & Sealcoating, said he has hired five people to man a crew that focuses solely on pothole repair.
"We're trying to catch up, and we're going to be patching for a long time," he said. "Our backlog right now, just for patching, is to June 1."
A particularly large pothole is in a driveway between the Sonic and Texas Roadhouse restaurants along Eighth Street. It raises a question: Who is responsible for vehicle damage or personal injury from a pothole in a common area?
"General liability will take care of that, with the entity that owns the (nearest) business," Davis said. "And we're seeing more damage and injury. That's why businesses call us, before it gets to that point. All the business comes at once, that's the bad thing about it. But devoting a crew to potholes allows us to keep up with the rest of our paving business."
Davis said he's also seeing more potholes on concrete pavement, which costs three times more than asphalt pavement to repair.
One reason potholes have become more frequent, Davis said, is that they often are not repaired properly the first time.
"You can't just fill them and pat them down," he said. "I see that a lot. You have to cut around them and patch them. It takes longer, but you do a better job. In some places, they just fill and go because they have so many potholes. By doing it the right way, we can guarantee a repair will last two years." | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9726933836936952}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '74338', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:UQLFIXQM54QZWUCDT5ZUYVOOGKMAL4TB', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:791bf9a5-a236-44c0-8947-5b8b98a35a8c>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 10, 31, 9, 16, 52), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.62.6.58', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:EMA775JYGZTC6VGHL32EWODWIYGCCHNZ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:41ba8000-994a-44c7-99d3-ab38927acb4f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.krdo.com/news/potholes-on-private-property-producing-problems/25276126', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2a6e64d8-9d87-4d55-85be-a094e00437a1>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '273', 'url': 'http://www.krdo.com/news/potholes-on-private-property-producing-problems/25276126', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-42\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for October 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.5317864418029785', 'original_id': 'f669cf32d29581331976b892017b0b4fcb5265c95fccddf7403a61dfde7d2106'} |
Roliana Ostara Fair Banner
Serious and in-depth debates and discussions
I have had a hard time lately coming to terms that I need to focus on my mental health.... but the thoughts evade my mind so badly. I need to focus on the traumatizing crap that made me stop using my thoughts so much but the pain of those things hurts and I just want to keep suppressing my memories from the surface.
In high school, I had a slew of traumatic things happen. Grandparents murdered, best friend committed suicide, a friend died from a car accident that happened right in front of me, another friend died in a car accident, and more; All in the last 3 years of high school.
One of the things we started with my best friend's death, that served us well during the following events too, was creating a memorial garden. Building literally ground up. Digging the soil, placing the pavers, planting the flowers, then caring for them through the years.
I have to say, that physical labour; Actually shedding blood, sweat, and tears; During grief was so cathartic. Nothing has helped me heal from grief quite the same way. <3
Re: How do you work through past experiences?
A friend of mine did therapy due to her experiences and she's tried to teach me a way she learned from a life coach to kind of deal with things.
It's woven a bit into beliefs of energy and such that I don't share, so it's probably not as effective for me, but I feel like it's a crutch at least.
Basically the idea is to more or less meditate. To sit down and just let your thoughts go and focus on things that are causing you pain. You'll feel the bodily signs of that pain, often in your throat and chest. And then to put your hands there and give yourself that physical reassurance and to show your body and your mind that you're there for yourself. To reassure "your inner child" that you're there and caring for it and willing to listen and to feel.
Not sure if it helps universally, but it's helped me in one or two situations to kind of collect myself and get to figuring out how to move on.
═════════════════ :star2: ═════ c is for c[…]
═════════════════ :star2: ═════ s for shar[…]
☙≔≔★☽★☽☆♰☆♆⩶⩶∗ B ∗ E ∗ A ∗ U ∗ T ∗ I […]
Help us keep Roliana alive and running! | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '34', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9693541526794434}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '50413', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:C5FSUPTFBMMDFHQL2LRKPC4345B4AYVV', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:07b5eaa3-e239-4e20-8820-a29a0ebf1c0e>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 4, 19, 11, 48, 38), 'WARC-IP-Address': '198.57.180.68', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:4AEINOZWAKO333UXK5OH3A2GMLHVLS32', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:7b103270-736b-4645-90fa-19d4a4ec0942>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.roliana.com/viewtopic.php?f=14&p=13406116&sid=bf66e8c3dad82ed49d63411c94b22306', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:0aecf39e-c6e8-45df-af00-f823cac605d3>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '408', 'url': 'http://www.roliana.com/viewtopic.php?f=14&p=13406116&sid=bf66e8c3dad82ed49d63411c94b22306', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-228-193-233.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-17\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2018\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.4213588833808899', 'original_id': '22e68aea42c458b7abb4074c126a8aba1071f6ff1354653fae6919f450567067'} |
Monday, July 26, 2010
all shook down
Went to SF's first ever music festival "All Shook Down", sponsored by SF Weekly, and tagged along with my sis for a load of riotous fun! That girl is a pro at always finding where the party is at. I did my best to dress the part, inspired by Winter Kate's extremely unaffordable silk jacket, trying my hand at the Coachella/Glastonbury boho festival look. Not until I arrived at the scene, did I realize I dressed all wrong, shorts were a bad idea! With the sun being a nonexistent figment of my day time imagination, and the wind whipping at several miles an hour, goose bumps were my only constant accessory- as my hat and shawl threatened the fly away any time the wind picked up. I figured it'd warm up eventually, it didn't. So we are now on the hunt for libations to do the trick, one problem: sis forgot her ID! Arrggh, her looks and charm usually get the job done, but the bouncer wasn't having any of it, so we figured it was can in a paper bag time- so discrete!
The main act was Janelle Monae. She was amazing, a fusion of fashion, personality, and what a voice. Her band had killer style as well. Check out the aviator skull cap on drums, and the hair on bass!
{I'm wearing: Martin+Osa tee, Quiksilver shorts, shawl as jacket from Israel, Deanna and Ozzy hat, Steve Madden boots, M+O straw beach bag, F21: feather earrings, sunglasses, Emily Elizabeth arm band}
1. omg love both your finger nails and toe nails! (wait that sounded really weird.. haha i mean your nail color!)
2. i love everything about this outfit! especially the accessories =)
...look closer
3. I love the mix of the grey sandals and blue nail polish. I wish I had the confidence to wear something other than a French finish! Thanks for stopping by as well :)
4. Yeah you're right, you really don't look the part - honey you look better!! It's so odd because all the pictures totally look like it's a bright, sunny day ready to bring on some heat!! Ugh. I can't do wind chills + shorts so you're def a trooper for that, haha.
Oh and JANELLE, I know it! Amazing right!? She's so talented + she seems like she'd be an absolute joy to be around. I think you scored some nice angles of her!
These are super gorgeous pics. You gals are too lovely!! ;)
5. Loving your outfit. Perfect for the occasion! I'm your latest follower ; )
Love it, hate it? I want to know!
x carlina | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9636672139167786}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '115752', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:7GDAOHBV55FTDCHPTIKLSJ5IBDQAGHLN', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:48506918-75e9-4733-81c2-a42b2f405699>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 10, 17, 0, 31, 6), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.5.243', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ANK3ZKR2WL4HVHPUSFFSFURIALTWOMRG', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:81f1651a-aaa1-4c21-9aff-703590b0e721>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.allergictovanilla.com/2010/07/all-shook-down.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:4054a149-2ae9-464c-b17f-368fc98854e8>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '443', 'url': 'http://www.allergictovanilla.com/2010/07/all-shook-down.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-43\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-69-127-157.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.01850581169128418', 'original_id': '7fd476219e3597089c808fd418345717ebf37d127b6bc6aaeef4543922507671'} |
<p><strong>Areana Haste</strong><br /><br /><p>”Obstacles are put in your way to see if what you want is really worth fighting for”. Make a bot<br />that can run for you and cross the final line before anyone else does.<br /><br /><strong>Description:<br /><br /></strong>It is an obstacle race, where you have to make a robot that can clear the Obstacle Course and<br />compete against other teams’ time. The Obstacle Course will be filled with various hurdles,<br />slopes, and moving obstacles. The competition will have two rounds, namely Beauty Round and<br />the Arena Rush. In the Beauty round, your robot will be judged on its looks and functionality. In<br />the Arena Rush round, your robot will be tested on the course where you have to complete it in<br />the least time possible.<br /><br />Read the rules and the specifications for the robot mentioned below carefully before making<br />the robot.<br /><br /><strong>Round 1:</strong><br />In this round, your robot will be judged by the judging panel.<br />Judging Criteria for this round will be as follows-<br />1. Aesthetics - How good your robot looks.<br />2. Functionality - How functional your robot is.<br />3. Design - How well you have integrated looks and functionality.<br />Scores for this round will be the sum of points given in each category mentioned above.<br /><br /><strong>Round 2:</strong><br />In this round, your robot will be competing with the best lap times of other teams in the obstacle<br />course specially designed to test your robot capabilities. This course is time-based, your scores<br />will be based on how much time your robot takes to complete the course. There are some rules<br />mentioned below which you have to follow in this round. Not following the rules may result in a<br />penalty or even disqualification.<br /><br /><strong>Rules for Round 2:</strong><br />● There can be, at max, five-member in each team.<br />● Only one bot will be allowed in the arena at a time.<br />● Rush starts when the Coordinator announces the same and will end when the bot<br />crosses the finish line or crosses a certain number of penalties (the number will be told<br />at the event day).<br />● The bots must not deviate from the path specified OR must not take unintentional<br />shortcuts.<br /><br />● Only 1 person is allowed to control the bot. The rest of the team members can cheer<br />from behind.<br />● No other people (except Coordinator, Camera Man, &amp; the Managing Committee) are<br />allowed to enter the race track until the last bot finishes the race.<br />● In the case of BOT DAMAGE / Battery Drain in between the competition, a time penalty<br />will be given. A maximum of 2 team members (excluding controller) are allowed to hop<br />on the track and immediately repair it (this time shall not be counted). The bot will have<br />to continue from the last checkpoint where it stopped.<br />● In case of any damage caused by the bot to the arena, the team (with the help of the<br />organizers) must repair the arena. However, in case of irreparable damages, the team<br />shall be disqualified and the event will be continued with changes in the arena (with<br />mutual agreement between the teams)<br />● Details about any new rules or penalties that are not discussed in this document will be<br />announced at the start of the event.<br />● In case of any dispute, the decision taken by the management committee will be final.<br /><br /><strong>NOTE: The above rules are subject to change. In such genuine cases, the modified rules would<br />be informed by the Coordinator.</strong><br /><br /><strong>Final Rankings:</strong><br /><br />The final ranking will be based on the scores of both the rounds. The top teams in the final<br />ranking will win the prize money.<br />Specifications for the robot:<br />Your robot must justify the below-mentioned specifications-<br />1. The bot must be having a pickup mechanism to lift a block (perfect cube) of side length<br />15cm and weighing up to 0.5kg.<br />2. The maximum and minimum dimensions (LxWxH) of the robot can be 30cm x 30cm x<br />30cm and 10cm x 10cm x 5cm respectively (excluding the pickup mechanism).<br />3. Your robot must weigh less than 2kg (along with the power source and controller).<br />4. The controller can be either wired or wireless.<br />5. The maximum cost of the robot must be less than ₹6000.<br />The robot which does not meet these specifications will be disqualified from the competition.<br /><br />All the teams must register before the event with there team and team members & names using<br />the form link given below.<br />Form Link: <a href= "https://forms.gle/fCSXULp2fBpm9zoG8">Form</a> <br />Note: All the participating teams are requested to keep checking this section of the Meraz’s<br />website for more updates. The new update will be marked with the last updated date at the top.<br /><br />Contact Person<br />Harshit Bansal - +91 9639480092 (Phone/Whatsapp)<br />Ayushneel Titus - +91 9111196600 (Phone/WhatsApp)</p>
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<?php
use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
class CreateCarsTable extends Migration
{
/**
* Run the migrations.
*
* @return void
*/
public function up()
{
Schema::create('cars', function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->id();
$table->string('brand');
$table->integer('kilometers');
$table->integer('price');
$table->integer('horse_power');
$table->string('slug')->unique();
$table->boolean('occupied')->default(false);
$table->enum('fuel', ['gasoline', 'diesel', 'gas'])->default('gasoline');
$table->enum('type', ['cargo', 'passanger', 'van'])->default('passanger');
$table->timestamps();
});
}
/**
* Reverse the migrations.
*
* @return void
*/
public function down()
{
Schema::dropIfExists('cars');
}
}
| common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://github.com/Martin-1182/car-rental/blob/master/database/migrations/2021_01_29_094058_create_cars_table.php', 'collection': 'Github Open Source', 'open_type': 'Open Source', 'license': 'MIT', 'date': '', 'title': 'car-rental', 'creator': 'Martin-1182', 'language': 'PHP', 'language_type': 'Code', 'word_count': '66', 'token_count': '287', '__index_level_0__': '35170', 'original_id': 'b96329ff9a9e8a99beaaae7cb419d80459c2d025a1e3765c6f49248b59300117'} |
Fat transfer to the buttocks and cellulite
Fat transfer to the buttocks and cellulite
14th Jan 2019
Fat Transfer To The Buttocks And Cellulite
Not all areas of the body are affected by cellulite, or at least not in the same manner. For example, we rarely see cellulite on the breasts, but it is very common for the condition to be present in the buttocks. Actually, chances are you have seen a woman in leggings or some light summer attire and noticed how the cellulite on her buttocks was making her appearance unsightly and not very sexy.
While cellulite is not a health condition per se, it can certainly affect the life of the women confronted with it, mostly due to the emotional effects caused by the unpleasant appearance of the skin. The areas commonly affected by cellulite are the abdomen, thighs and buttocks, and cellulite can be present in different degrees in these areas.
The causes of cellulite are still debated and not fully known and explained. So far, we know there is a connection between unbalanced or extreme diets, sedentary lifestyle, high body fat index, hormonal imbalances and the occurrence of cellulite.
Many women confronted with unpleasant-looking cellulite are looking for treatment options. Unfortunately, we still don’t have a treatment to correct cellulite permanently and work on all patients. Of course, different types of therapies are advertised, and some of them can provide good results, but none of them works in magical ways. These therapies can give spectacular results in some cases, and the same therapies can be completely ineffective in other cases.
Patients ask about the effects on whether cellulite can occur after a fat transfer to the buttocks. The plastic surgeon will evaluate the skin condition of the buttocks prior to the surgery, during the initial consultation. If there are signs of cellulite or poor skin tonus on the buttocks, chances are the skin will be the same after the procedure is performed. In severe cases of cellulite, there are few chances for fat transfer to improve the condition; however, wearing the compression garments for the recommended period of time can make cellulite less visible.
Unfortunately, there is little guarantee that the plastic surgeon can give you about cellulite and fat transfer. You should also know that cellulite can be accentuated or improved in areas of the body that act as donor areas for the procedure. Cellulite occurring after fat transfer is not related to the plastic surgeon’s talents and abilities. If cellulite occurs after the procedure, it actually means the patient was confronted with a certain level of cellulite even before the procedure, and the condition was only accentuated after the surgery was performed.
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Bizarre WWE Stalker Shot at the Performance Center
And no, we don't mean photographed.
Orlando local Armando Alejandro Montalvo (no relation or link whatsoever to this guy) was shot outside the WWE Performance Center earlier today, around 1:40 a.m. Manila time.
Montalvo arrived at the building with a knife, demanding to be let in. Police were called to the scene, where they confronted him and asked him to drop his knife. One officer opened fire after Montalvo moved at them.
Montalvo was rushed to the hospital, where he is undergoing surgery.
Montalvo, who was previously arrested for trespassing in the Performance Center on August 4, was reportedly "obsessed" with and stalking a female trainee. His trespassing led to the WWE taking out an injunction against him. He came to the facility to look for her, but she was not there.
Montalvo had also been recently arrested for battery, fraud, violating a domestic injunction, and assault on a police officer.
According to Montalvo's Instagram account, he had shown up to the PC for a "job interview." TMZ reports that he was accused of smearing his body waste on the building, and that he was banging on the windows demanding to be let in and threatening to beat everyone up because WWE wouldn't hire him, among other things.
The WWE had been working closely with local police with regard to security. They had been increasing security around the Performance Center whenever bigger names would be coming down to visit.
Sources: PWInsider, TMZ, WrestlingInc. Photo from WWE
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#FinisherFriday: The Science of the Stinkface | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '4', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9718701243400574}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '159711', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:JT3EA3GMTEABDG2JGDCT4ZDNXCMCUX3G', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d5068f14-1b55-49e1-b4c3-508109aff657>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 4, 4, 3, 12, 46), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.164.179', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:VCGK2X2LRKMABTUTFWW5DGBQPYDTTTP6', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:419b7521-db1b-402b-afdd-08d88b2e04eb>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.smarkhenry.ph/2015/09/bizarre-wwe-stalker-shot-at-performance.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:845bd674-444e-44c3-9928-6f2937105bc9>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '285', 'url': 'http://www.smarkhenry.ph/2015/09/bizarre-wwe-stalker-shot-at-performance.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-16\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March/April 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-155.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.01856023073196411', 'original_id': 'd37b16422c89e983699976426fcca5b2e02d0eef9ea023d10accee4032f71c44'} |
In my 30 years in law enforcement, I have often witnessed the unintended consequences of well-meaning but poorly developed public safety policies. Few have had as profound an impact on our constitutional rights as the widespread use of immigration holds issued by Immigration and Customs Enforcement. What the federal government touts as a sound public safety practice is having a chilling effect on local law enforcement's effectiveness.
In 2010, Norma, an undocumented immigrant living in San Francisco, was held on an immigration hold in our local jail for days without due process. Norma, repeatedly abused by her partner, had been too fearful to call police. When she finally did, she was arrested along with her abuser, even though no charges were filed against her. While her deportation was eventually canceled, Norma recalls being "so scared not knowing what would happen to my 3-year-old child while I was in jail. I later discovered that I had an immigration hold, even though no one told me what was happening."
Immigration holds are requests by an ICE officer to have local authorities hold someone up to 48 hours after local charges are resolved. It requires no demonstration of probable cause, and such holds are often issued with little more than a suspicion that the individual in question doesn't have documents. In no other aspect of law enforcement can we jail people without probable cause; the right to due process is the bedrock of the U.S. criminal justice system.
The use of immigration holds has led to mistakes and abuses. These include ICE agents relying on birthplace, language or physical appearance to determine who should be detained. This has resulted in the detention of hundreds of thousands of individuals, including U.S. citizens and authorized immigrants. In fact, between October 2008 and March 2010, ICE identified 16,870 U.S. citizens through this program. ICE stopped reporting the number of U.S. citizens identified in 2010, so the total number held is unknown.
The broader implications are concerning: Police occasionally arrest crime victims such as Norma when it is unclear who the perpetrator is, such as domestic violence cases where a victim fights back in self-defense. These victims may find themselves subject to immigration holds and detained in jail because an ICE agent believes they may match the identity of someone who could be deportable.
According to a recent study by the University of Illinois at Chicago, more than 4 in 10 Latinos say they are less likely to provide information about crimes because police are increasingly involved in enforcing immigration laws. Immigration holds were instituted by the federal government to protect public safety, but they are having the opposite effect by deterring victims and witnesses from working with law enforcement.
I have zero tolerance for serious or violent offenders, but we cannot throw out constitutional protections when they are inconvenient. Abandoning these principles under the guise of protecting public safety or controlling unauthorized immigration is not sound public policy, and it does not make us safer. ICE does not need an immigration hold to deport a serious or violent offender, or any offender. It is a luxury that allows them to jail people without compelling evidence.
Anytime a person is arrested and booked in jail, a background check is run. Personal details, including fingerprint information, are automatically shared with federal authorities. With this information, ICE can determine a subject's criminal history and investigate his or her immigration status. If ICE determines that a person poses a threat to public safety, it has a number of tools at its disposal to take that person into custody. These legal tools, such as a notice to appear or a warrant, require ICE to establish probable cause by confirming the person's identity and whether they are subject to deportation. Use of those tools would largely prevent citizens, authorized immigrants and victims of crime from being detained.
Responsible law enforcement officials should resist playing a role in this ill-conceived process. While immigration holds occasionally may result in the deportation of a violent offender, they do so at the expense of public safety, the trust and effectiveness of law enforcement and our constitutionally guaranteed right to due process. The San Francisco Board of Supervisors should support the legislation it will consider in the days ahead that will end this practice. By demanding that ICE establish probable cause before requesting that local law enforcement detain a person, San Francisco's leaders can more effectively protect public safety and civil liberties.
George Gascón is the district attorney of San Francisco. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9708405137062072}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '196002', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:DLUEWJGPNFQT762G2OHXXXKXVNW6R5H5', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:ac98c3af-a654-475c-aab7-d34e51a63e17>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2016, 7, 29, 23, 48, 22), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.96.220.161', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ZQOPHV7MS5FKFLR7P5MMYUCMSFXNFIQV', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:c855d0a5-df9d-4f50-8b2b-f7a5c3a3dda6>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/Feds-immigration-hold-policy-misguided-4803416.php', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f68fa3c1-6721-42aa-834d-e7b3f5ce8459>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '753', 'url': 'http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/Feds-immigration-hold-policy-misguided-4803416.php', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2016-30\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July 2016\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.1511133909225464', 'original_id': '55656e2f147e6ec06373c93c6e8c04023ae870d398b4f092887b48a341db6de5'} |
Central American Flooding Leaves 160 Dead
Rescue workers searched for victims of a mudslide near a volcano-ringed lake popular with tourists in Guatemala (search), as the death toll in the region from flooding sparked by heavy rains climbed above 160.
Downpours have battered Central America and southern Mexico since the weekend, causing rivers to overflow and sweeping away homes and people. The floods caused huge chunks of land to give way, burying everything in their path.
The storms have killed at least 79 people in Guatemala, but officials said they have not yet counted all the casualties. In neighboring El Salvador (search), 62 people have died.
Elsewhere in Central America, nine people have died in Nicaragua (search), four in Honduras (search) and one in Costa Rica, most from landslides triggered by heavy rains. In the southern Mexican state of Chiapas (search), officials said six people were killed.
Forecasters at the U.S. Hurricane Center (search) said the rain was likely to continue for the next few days.
The hardest hit area appeared to be a town close to Lake Atitlan (search), a breathtaking freshwater reserve surrounded by volcanos and Mayan communities, 60 miles west of the capital Guatemala City.
Emergency officials there pulled 15 bodies from the mud and said the death toll would likely rise when authorities were able to step up search efforts hindered by continued rains.
"We have 79 deaths, but we have not finished a final count," Benedicto Giron, a spokesman for emergency response officials, said late Wednesday.
In El Salvador, President Tony Saca said 62 people had been killed, mostly by landslides following days of nonstop rain throughout the country. Some 40,000 others fled their homes.
In southern Mexico, the states of Chiapas, Veracruz and Oaxaca were coping with flooding left behind by Hurricane Stan (search), which came ashore along the Gulf Coast early Tuesday and brought more rain to many areas already coping with flooding from other storms.
The bustling city of Tapachula (search), near the border with Guatemala, was cut off from the surrounding area by flood waters, which destroyed bridges and engulfed highways, leaving the area mostly without electricity and phone service.
Chiapas Gov. Pablo Salazar (search) warned that continued rain likely meant the worst was yet to come.
Mexican PresidentVicente Fox (search) visited the state and said upon his return: "We ask families there in Chiapas to first dedicate all of their attention to protecting their lives, their health and their family members."
In the neighboring state of Oaxaca (search), a landslide killed a couple and army and navy personnel were scrambling to evacuate thousands from eight cities near a river dangerously close to unleashing flood waters Wednesday night.
Authorities in the Gulf Coast state of Veracruz (search), which took a direct hit from Hurricane Stan, said three people were killed and seven injured there, in addition to about 38,000 who were forced to leave their homes and head for higher ground temporarily. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '6', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9812543392181396}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '64134', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:S3IBYWB4BQZXLTNGZJOIK6VTWVYXLAOU', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:4149fdca-b89d-47bc-8d60-7c3fdc80f631>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 11, 30, 9, 2, 15), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.96.225.193', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:FOVEGRQRD4APIFWRGFWNF2OD2M6GVGTN', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:e5489d65-8645-4207-81de-9c857279a0dc>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.foxnews.com/story/central-american-flooding-leaves-160-dead', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2f15e5d2-64f6-497a-84f1-5d32a21b2c68>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '476', 'url': 'https://www.foxnews.com/story/central-american-flooding-leaves-160-dead', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-50\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November/December 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-121.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.07318860292434692', 'original_id': '3b843d9371a57417c497e9212d982deb58c64d70108f10a88847881a971b194b'} |
Resume Tips for Contractors and Consultants
Posted on April 8, 2009. Filed under: Consulting/Contracting, Resumes | Tags: , , , , , , |
Independent contractors and consultants often find it difficult to prepare a resume because of their disjointed work history. They tend to have lots of short-term jobs, which usually results in a resume that violates two of the main principles of effective resume writing. They are:
1. Length: A candidate that has numerous contracts or consulting engagements over a 10-year period will want to capture all of them (particularly when they insist on including the month and year of the engagement), which can generate a resume that is five or more pages in length.
2. Longevity: Most job seekers will list the company the contract was with as the “employer” because is it often a company that many will immediately recognize. Although it is important to include brand-name companies on a resume, as they do carry a lot of weight to recruiters, HR reps, and hiring managers, the negative impact the apparent choppiness of experience can have far outweighs the benefit of listing the jobs in this manner.
How Do I Create a Resume for Contract Positions?
As a consultant or contractor, developing a resume for another contract-based position will be simpler than developing a resume for an in-house, corporate position. Recruiters and hiring professionals experienced in the consulting or contracting arena will expect many job entries that are short in duration on a candidate’s resume. As such, you can craft your resume in a manner that highlights your more high-profile engagements as well as those in which you have some special achievement to call out. Longevity should not be a major issue in this type of resume, just length. You want to be sure that the resume is not too long, which can cause the reader to lose interest and bypass you entirely.
How Do I Go from a Contract or Consulting Position to an In-house Position?
Developing a resume for an in-house position when the bulk of your experience is in consulting or independent contracting is the real issue at hand here. Don’t worry. There are ways to communicate your key strengths and accomplishments while meeting the length and longevity expectations of corporate hiring professionals. Remember, HR representatives are the first group to review your resume, and they look for certain “red flags” to eliminate candidates right off the bat, which is somewhat reasonable as they usually have hundreds of resumes to go through. Two of the major “red flags” are employment gaps and whether the candidate is a job hopper.
If you list only some of the contracts you have had, it could very well leave holes in your experience time line. Again, if you include everything, the resume will be way too long. To overcome both issues, list the consulting or contracting firm you worked through, or, if self-employed, the name of your firm (if you did not have a formal name, simply add “Services” or “Professional Services” after your last name to represent your company name) for the main position heading. This is an umbrella entry that should indicate the time period of your contracting history. Then simply provide a general overview of what you did, saving individual engagements for the bulleted list.
If you worked for many different contracting or consulting organizations, my recommendation is to make the umbrella listing with the date range for your position as a consultant. Then you can have a sub-heading that mentions the different consulting or contracting firms you worked with during that time frame. This way, you can combine most things, if not everything, into this one main entry. Provide a basic overview of your duties, like discovery, analyzing customer needs, developing solutions, recommending strategies, etc. and then list major engagements and their positive outcomes in the bulleted list.
This approach will help get your resume through the initial reviews performed by corporate HR folks by overcoming some of the “red flags” that derail so many contractors and consultants when looking to switch to an in-house type of position.
The ITtechExec Way
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One Response to “Resume Tips for Contractors and Consultants”
Hi Steve, thanks for the nice article, it was a lovely read and you offered some really good advice in there! Anyway although this isnt exactly contractor or consultant related, but if you have a moment, please also check out an article I created “102 Tips for the Perfect Resume”, I hope it will help your readers too regarding resums! Thank you, William
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Android layout customize
I'm beginning in Android development and I have still some issues with layout.
This is the render I want :
(source: hostingpics.net)
I did this but I really don't understand how i can do this type of layout.
This is my xml :
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:paddingLeft="16dp"
android:paddingRight="16dp"
android:minWidth="25px"
android:minHeight="25px">
<LinearLayout
android:orientation="horizontal"
android:minWidth="25px"
android:minHeight="25px"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="90px"
android:id="@+id/linearLayout1">
<ImageView
android:src="@android:drawable/ic_menu_gallery"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:id="@+id/imageView1" />
</LinearLayout>
<LinearLayout
android:orientation="horizontal"
android:minWidth="25px"
android:minHeight="25px"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="90px"
android:id="@+id/linearLayout2">
<TextView
android:text="Bonus1"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:id="@+id/textView1"
android:layout_gravity="center" />
<TextView
android:text="Bonus2"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:id="@+id/textView2"
android:layout_gravity="center" />
</LinearLayout>
</LinearLayout>
and what is your question?
use RelativeLayout instead of LinearLayout to develop attached screen
A RelativeLayout would be your best bet. Note that any constraints like all items being square cannot be done in a static layout and will require some code. A custom ViewGroup wouldn't be too difficult to develop either, but may be a bit much if you just got your hands on Android dev.
Use linear Layouts
XML-CODE::
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:weightSum="2" >
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:background="#FFFFFF"
android:orientation="horizontal"
android:padding="5dp"
android:weightSum="2" >
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:background="#FFFFFF"
android:padding="10dp" >
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:background="#000000"
android:padding="5dp" >
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:background="#FFFFFF"
android:gravity="bottom|center" >
<TextView
android:id="@+id/textView3"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginBottom="2dp"
android:layout_marginLeft="5dp"
android:layout_marginRight="5dp"
android:text="TextView"
android:textStyle="bold" />
</LinearLayout>
</LinearLayout>
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_marginLeft="5dp"
android:layout_weight="1" >
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:background="#FFFFFF"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:weightSum="2" >
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:background="#FFFFFF"
android:orientation="vertical" >
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:background="#000000"
android:padding="5dp" >
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:background="#FFFFFF"
android:gravity="bottom|center" >
<TextView
android:id="@+id/textView2"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginBottom="2dp"
android:layout_marginLeft="5dp"
android:layout_marginRight="5dp"
android:text="TextView"
android:textStyle="bold" />
</LinearLayout>
</LinearLayout>
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:background="#000000"
android:padding="5dp" >
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:background="#FFFFFF"
android:gravity="bottom|center" >
<TextView
android:id="@+id/textView1"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginBottom="2dp"
android:layout_marginLeft="5dp"
android:layout_marginRight="5dp"
android:text="TextView"
android:textStyle="bold" />
</LinearLayout>
</LinearLayout>
</LinearLayout>
</LinearLayout>
</LinearLayout>
</LinearLayout>
</LinearLayout>
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:background="#FFFFFF"
android:gravity="bottom|center" >
</LinearLayout>
</LinearLayout>
Snapshot
Note:: Use this code and customize the way you wish
Hope this helps !!
+1 for it is universal xml. it can be used in any size of device.
Use Gridlayout for this kind of approach
or
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
tools:context=".TestActivity" >
<com.example.testview.SquareView
android:layout_width="0dp"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_weight="2"
android:background="@android:color/white"
android:text="Largetext" />
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="0dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:orientation="vertical" >
<com.example.testview.SquareView
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="0dp"
android:layout_marginBottom="3dp"
android:layout_marginLeft="3dp"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:background="@android:color/white"
android:text="smallText" />
<com.example.testview.SquareView
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="0dp"
android:layout_marginLeft="3dp"
android:layout_marginTop="3dp"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:background="@android:color/white"
android:padding="5dp"
android:text="smallText" />
</LinearLayout>
</LinearLayout>
custom square Textview
package com.example.testview;
import android.content.Context;
import android.util.AttributeSet;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.TextView;
public class SquareView extends TextView {
public SquareView(Context context, AttributeSet attrs, int defStyle) {
super(context, attrs, defStyle);
}
public SquareView(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {
super(context, attrs);
}
public SquareView(Context context) {
super(context);
}
@Override
protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {
super.onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec, widthMeasureSpec);
}
}
Recommend using ConstrantLayout since ConstraintLayout let's you create large and complex layouts with a flat view hierarchy. Read more about ConstraintLayout here.
Solution using ConstraintLayout
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<layout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto">
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:padding="16dp">
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.Guideline
android:id="@+id/guide_line_1"
android:layout_width="1dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="vertical"
app:layout_constraintGuide_percent="0.5" />
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.Guideline
android:id="@+id/guide_line_2"
android:layout_width="1dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="horizontal"
app:layout_constraintGuide_percent="0.5" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/text_view_1"
android:layout_width="0dp"
android:layout_height="0dp"
android:layout_marginEnd="8dp"
android:ellipsize="end"
android:text="@string/big_lorem"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="@id/text_view_3"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="@id/guide_line_1"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="@id/text_view_2" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/text_view_2"
android:layout_width="0dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginStart="8dp"
android:layout_marginBottom="8dp"
android:text="@string/small_lorem"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="@id/guide_line_1"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/text_view_3"
android:layout_width="0dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginStart="8dp"
android:layout_marginTop="8dp"
android:layout_marginBottom="16dp"
android:text="@string/small_lorem"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="@id/guide_line_2"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="@id/guide_line_1"
app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@id/text_view_2" />
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>
</layout>
Final layout looks like this in design view.
| common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25943934', 'collection': 'StackExchange', 'open_type': 'Open Web', 'license': 'CC-By-SA', 'date': '2014.0', 'title': 'Stack Exchange', 'creator': 'CChi, MH., Rumit Patel, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1029225, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1168347, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1202025, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2289835, ρяσѕρєя K', 'language': 'Zulu', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '535', 'token_count': '3324', '__index_level_0__': '35696', 'original_id': '91d4cdf39d845a89bb5d06843259a88912ab7df1682037fbf79428b73a6ba100'} |
Does dotNetRDF's RDFS Reasoner support multiple Superclass Type Inference?
i observed that when using the StaticRDFSReasoner or just the RDFSReasoner and if i have a Schema like this(TURTLE Notation):
ex:A a rdfs:Class;
rdfs:subClassOf ex:B, ex:C .
And data like this with an Instance 'a' of class A:
ex:a a ex:A .
Then i only get one inferred Triple :
ex:a a ex:B .
But since A is supposed to be the approximation of Intersection of class B and class C i should also get the following Triple inferred :
ex:a a ex:C .
because 'a' should be a member of both Class B AND Class C.
I looked at the implementation of the Reasoner here,but still couldn't figure it out why it doesn't work:
https://github.com/dotnetrdf/dotnetrdf/blob/master/Libraries/dotNetRDF/Query/Inference/RDFSReasoner.cs
Maybe someone here can help me why this isn't working. If i switch order of B and C it gets inferred, that 'a' is a member of Class C.
Interesting. Please show your C# code.
| common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://stackoverflow.com/questions/62942945', 'collection': 'StackExchange', 'open_type': 'Open Web', 'license': 'CC-By-SA', 'date': '2020.0', 'title': 'Stack Exchange', 'creator': 'Stanislav Kralin, https://stackoverflow.com/users/7879193', 'language': 'English', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '160', 'token_count': '305', '__index_level_0__': '40043', 'original_id': '79bc104ce9ca14a93838d431881a77f20ba787b68ac96f176f6c0d88da0472a9'} |
Living in The Highway Lane
In the midst of the night, here I was, sitting on my car, driving, listening to… nothing. I’m drunk myself in my thoughts, and I like it to be quiet when I do that. A lot of things is going on lately with my life, but not essentially bad things. Some, even the majority of it, is good. Or potentially good, if I take the right steps. That’s what flooded my brain these days.
The traffic light dimly changed from red to green, signalling all the vehicles in one road to move on, while the other roads are stop. Darn, it’s still not my lane’s turn yet. Well, so many people have someone else in their life giving them direction and emphasizing rules. While I support a society with order and peace, if we ourselves don’t know who we are and where we want to go, someday we will have to follow life goal of someone else. I put my head on my palm, leaned to the car’s window, while feeling the chilling breeze of the air conditioner. These atmosphere gradually put me in melancholy mode, out of nowhere. But this time, it’s ok, I think. I’m paying slight attention to the motorcycles out there, watching all the passengers on the motorcycle one by one. I wondered what’s their life like? Do they have a wonderful life? Can they manage their family matter while also have to work until this late? Well, they’re not necessarily from work, I think.
And then the green light catch my attention. It’s my lane’s turn, finally. I gear up the car, and drive it forward. Suddenly I heard sirens wailing behind me. What now? I prepared to move out of the Ambulance’s way — because I thought it was an ambulance — and realize that it’s just police patrol cars and motorcycles, guiding some cars behind. The road was busy — it’s 10 pm in the night, and the road still busy. All the three lanes are crowded, although it’s still moving, but very slow. I feel they’re very selfish, as the patrol car tried to shove cars in other lanes away so they can get in to move further, faster than the others, in this busy crowded road. I, sitting right in front of them, just keep ignorant of their effort to make me change my lane. The road is busy, afterall.
Then, at some time, they successfully shove cars in the lane left of them (we were in the rightmost lane). They get in, and slow but steady, they move forward besides me, guiding the client’s cars behind them. We can know which ones are the client’s cars because they put in the hazard lamp. But then after 3 cars that put hazards lamp, I see one brown car followed right before them, with the same speed, and without the hazard lamp. I pay attention, and think. And decided. So I turn my wheel to the left, joining the patrol line, and at the end I’m getting home faster than most of the people in that long winding road today.
Sometimes, when people see other people running toward their goals and living a successful life, they act like how I acted. Ignorant, despise, even actively hinder them to reach their dream. But some other people also finally realized, that instead of hinders them, why don’t we learn from them? Learn their secrets to success, motivate ourselves, and gain the motion of their success to even boost our own success? People who have potential to reach success usually also encourage other people to become success, where people who tends to be loser usually looking for “friends”, in the way they discourage other people to not reach their dreams. Watch our words, is it encouraging other people, or discourage them? That way, we will know whether we walk into realm of success, or gateway of doom.
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Connecting to %s | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '6', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.945785641670227}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '83001', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:I6XEUU7FAZK6GCASWZ72P6MJY5GV7L6V', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d04f4132-ac1d-4e1a-980d-b61e731e65f6>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 8, 17, 19, 28, 19), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.0.78.12', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:UQPC7JTDOIJDW4G5WLJUYIVO6BWZEMEK', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:34aba6f0-49a9-42c8-9cd6-a2b4b016c3b2>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://martintjandra.wordpress.com/2012/11/08/living-in-the-highway-lane/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f9a1140f-5e9a-4e7b-8e1b-386a348dae74>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '703', 'url': 'https://martintjandra.wordpress.com/2012/11/08/living-in-the-highway-lane/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-166-29-55.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-34\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.45517265796661377', 'original_id': 'b6e70c771b3c6b4c11b925f133378307990a151cfa9c73230d45ea1ecf6397b1'} |
Q:
An easy way to remember PEMDAS
I'm having trouble remembering PEMDAS (in regards to precedence in mathematical equations), ie:
Parentheses
Exponentiation
Multiplication & Division
Addition & Subtraction
I understand what all of the above mean, but I am having trouble keeping this in my head. Can you recommend any tricks or tips you use to remember this.
Thanks
A:
PEMDAS is an acronym to help you remember. try different forms of mnemonic devices, like acrostics:
Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally;
Pancake Explosion Many Deaths Are Suspected;
Purple Egglants Make Dinner Alot Sickening;
Pink Elephants March, Dance, And Sing;
Pizza ended my donuts addiction Saturday
A:
I think it makes most sense to remember it in four steps:
Parentheses trump everything else -- because that's what they are for.
Addition and subtraction have the same priority, because they are each other's inverse.
Similarly, multiplication and division have the same priority. But that's rarely relevant, because proper mathematics prefers writing division with a faction bar, which delimits its arguments unambiguously without referring to rules.
The ordering between the various groups of operation is chosen such that polynomials work. What "polynomials work" means is that we can use the laws of arithmetic to rewrite everything into something that doesn't need parentheses:
Exponentiation must come before multiplication, because then we can rewrite $(2x)(3x)$ into $6x^2$. If multiplication had higher priority than exponentiation we'd need either parentheses as $6(x\text{ to the power of }2)$, or introducing square roots to make $\sqrt 6 \cdot x\text{ to the power of }2$, both of which are inconvenient.
Multiplication must come before addition and subtraction, because the distributive law allows us to rewrite an arbitrary product of sums into a sum of products, but not the other way around:
$$ (5+x)\cdot y = 5y+xy $$
but there's no product of sums that correspond to $3x+5y$, so it would be inconvenient if we couldn't write that without parentheses but had to write it as $(3\text{ times }x)+(5\text{ times }y)$.
A:
Well, I suggest you remember the word 'pemdas'.
Another way:
brackets were designed to be evaluated first, so they go first
the other operations go from advanced to simple
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '7cfc1c5e7db9fc8c7f01d658c49040892f787f66fafce2801b5cac5a797e37d9'} |
Is the The Trump Building taller than the SPG Global Tower 1?
A: No, the The Trump Building is shorter than the SPG Global Tower 1
The The Trump Building is 283 m, (928 ft) tall, while the height of the SPG Global Tower 1 is 286 m, (938 ft)
NameName:The Trump BuildingName:SPG Global Tower 1
LocationLocation:New York City, United States Location:Suzhou, China
Year ConstructedYear Constructed:1930Year Constructed:2010
Name:The Trump Building
Height:283 m, (928 ft)
Location:New York City, United States
Year Constructed:1930
Name:SPG Global Tower 1
Height:286 m, (938 ft)
Location:Suzhou, China
Year Constructed:2010
Ask Another Question
Which Building is Taller?
Find out which building is the tallest
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Homework Help: Geometry help
1. Oct 3, 2005 #1
Hi there,
I am have trouble with a proof. I have some steps done, but I am not sure if I am aproaching this correctly.
the question is:
Show that the matrix of any reflection in R^n is a symmetric matrix.
I know that F(x) = Ax + b is an isometry
where A is an Orthoganol matrix , and vector b is in R^n
this implies that A^t A = I (identity matrix) iff A^-1 = A^t
and if f is a reflection then f(f(x)) = x
then f(f(x)) = A(Ax + b) + b = x
i need to somehow prove that A = A^t which then means the matrix is symmetric
thank you for you time and help
Last edited: Oct 3, 2005
2. jcsd
3. Oct 3, 2005 #2
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Not every reflection in Rn can be represented by a matrix. Now, do you mean that (1) every reflection in an n-1 dimensional hyperplane passing through the origin in Rn is a symmetric matrix, or do you mean (2) the matrix part of every reflection in Rn is symmetric? If f is a reflection in an n-1 dimensional hyperplane L, then f(x) = Ax + b, where A is the matrix corresponding to a reflection in the n-1 dimensional hyperplane passing through the origin, parallel to the hyperplane L, and if d is the shortest vector from 0 to L, then b = 2d. You know that A is orthogonal, so you know that A-1 = AT. It remains to show that A-1 = A. But this is true since:
A(Ax + b) + b = x
A²x + Ab + b = x
(A² - I)x = -(Ab + b)
Now you could use the fact that Ab = -b, so the right side is:
-(Ab + b) = -(-b + b) = -0 = 0
for all x, hence A² - I = 0, hence A² = I, and thus A = A-1. But suppose you didn't know what Ab was. Regardless, you still know that the right side is:
-(Ab + b) for all x
but this is a constant, so you have (A² - I)x = y, where y is a constant vector, and this is true for all x. If you plug in x = 0, then you get 0 = y. In other words, the only linear function that is constant is the 0 function. So without knowing explicitly what Ab is, you can deduce still that the right side must be 0 (and so, if you wanted, could then deduce that Ab = -b), and since the right side is 0 for all x, A² - I = 0, and the desired result follows.
4. Oct 3, 2005 #3
Oh wow, that really clears things up. thank you very much akg.. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '12', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9211212396621704}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '48651', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:VNPFPQI2IS7XABE5EVS3ZHX77LPADE6W', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:5ae07383-36ae-4e55-a398-a82f0e92d8ec>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 12, 10, 19, 30, 44), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.111.143.85', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:5RXYJGH2WL7N3QWGI4W2I3VWPVMVMGYZ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:78b437f3-8d83-4035-a076-94370e46ac27>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/geometry-help.92118/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:5c3e0cb1-1aee-4a47-9656-532f36f0f8de>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '466', 'url': 'https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/geometry-help.92118/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-51\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for December 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-150-135-54.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.9710547924041748', 'original_id': '19d5985cbaaa2661a08f06c117a106ca20c7d0fe9d89818dcf2abea66c76e8f6'} |
bereitzuſtellen. In dieſem Jahre iſt dort zuerſt eine allgemeine | the_stack | {'hexsha': 'e8bc0fead1d97fd513a49c278813820cce7f3c61', 'size': '64', 'ext': 'txt', 'lang': 'Text', 'max_stars_repo_path': 'gt/eval/ONB_aze_18950706_4/ONB_aze_18950706_4.jpg_tl_155.gt.txt', 'max_stars_repo_name': 'UB-Mannheim/AustrianNewspapers', 'max_stars_repo_head_hexsha': 'db73e07687e3d766cb819a847726c5c1cee5b209', 'max_stars_repo_licenses': "['CC-BY-4.0']", 'max_stars_count': '13', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_min_datetime': '2020-01-28T13:35:14.000Z', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_max_datetime': '2021-09-28T06:59:37.000Z', 'max_issues_repo_path': 'gt/eval/ONB_aze_18950706_4/ONB_aze_18950706_4.jpg_tl_155.gt.txt', 'max_issues_repo_name': 'UB-Mannheim/AustrianNewspapers', 'max_issues_repo_head_hexsha': 'db73e07687e3d766cb819a847726c5c1cee5b209', 'max_issues_repo_licenses': "['CC-BY-4.0']", 'max_issues_count': '36', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_min_datetime': '2020-01-29T17:39:09.000Z', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_max_datetime': '2021-07-31T18:16:39.000Z', 'max_forks_repo_path': 'gt/eval/ONB_aze_18950706_4/ONB_aze_18950706_4.jpg_tl_155.gt.txt', 'max_forks_repo_name': 'UB-Mannheim/AustrianNewspapers', 'max_forks_repo_head_hexsha': 'db73e07687e3d766cb819a847726c5c1cee5b209', 'max_forks_repo_licenses': "['CC-BY-4.0']", 'max_forks_count': '2', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_min_datetime': '2020-02-24T17:19:48.000Z', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_max_datetime': '2020-04-30T09:00:53.000Z', 'avg_line_length': '64.0', 'max_line_length': '64', 'alphanum_fraction': '0.859375', 'original_id': '559c5db8a366a1ca52e9d97ec4eb1afb426b03ba2a3dd0e9ca019e287518a740'} |
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Subject: RE: Line-In on Studio
From: Linus Nielsen Feltzing (linus_at_haxx.se)
Date: 2002-08-21
On Tue, 20 Aug 2002 19:04:54 -0400, John Wood wrote:
> Strange... hardly seems worth having the feature at all?
Some people actually do find as good use for that feature. If you
have only one Aux input on your stereo, where you already have for
example your computer connected, you can connect the Jukebox to the
Aux input and the computer to the Line-In jack.
That way you can still listen to the computer sounds while listening
to mP3's.
Other than that, I can't find a use for it. One day I might build a
hands-free adapter for my mobile phone, so I can hear my phone
ringing when I'm listening to music...
Linus Nielsen Feltzing, linus_at_haxx.se on 2002-08-21
Page was last modified "Jan 10 2012" The Rockbox Crew | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '1', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8412812352180481}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '8012', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:7FBCX2LW3FC4AYZX7DUDGBLO4HWALEHW', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:5b5a0f8b-c286-47f3-8f98-38b89d23e5ae>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 10, 31, 9, 4, 3), 'WARC-IP-Address': '80.67.6.50', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:TS7FSJCG7LVIZ6HAVSC67ZSCGZ7HQWBL', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:b338ef63-2ad1-463b-897a-f385d64f979f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://rockbox.haxx.se/mail/archive/rockbox-archive-2002-08/0810.shtml', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:009340b4-c8f6-4206-a312-0fe6dc3867d5>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '161', 'url': 'http://rockbox.haxx.se/mail/archive/rockbox-archive-2002-08/0810.shtml', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-42\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for October 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03638589382171631', 'original_id': 'b7ddb7f5c051eed12a46b6be880078bf5c418f1fa04e8b5f74afde2027350c63'} |
BookJD-'? CHRISTIAN SCHOOLS AND SCHOLARS yf-y ^ CHRISTIAN SCHOOLS AND SCHOLARS OR SKETCHES OF EDUCATION FROM THE CHRISTIAN ERA TO THE COUNCIL OF TRENT BY AUGUSTA THEODOSIA DRANE AUTHOR OV "THE THREE CHANCELLORS," "KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN, "THE HISTORY OF ST. CATHERINE OF SIENA," ETC. ^nafiatu Wtprin! wf t%^ Secow^ ^^tfion NEW YORK G. E. STECHERT & Co. 1910. \< y\ n&is ^iS^^ /v^ PREFACE. The following pages have been written with the view of presenting a general and connected sketch of the history of Christian Education down to the period of the Council of Trent, illustrated from the lives of those who have, in successive ages, taken part in that great work. A subject extending over so wide a field could of necessity be only partially treated, and it seems desirable, therefore, to explain certain omissions which might otherwise cause disappointment. It was believed that the object aimed at would, in most cases, be better accomplished by introducing thq reader to the teachers themselves, than by undertaking to give a complete account and critical examination of their writings. Such an examination would properly enter into a history of Christian Literature, a grand ciesi- deratum indeed, but one which the present volumes makes no pretensions to supply. Again, for obvious reasons, the philosophical and theological contro- versies connected with the lives of the great men who form the subjects of the following studies, have vi Preface. been designedly touched on with the greatest possible brevity : the history of such controversies seeming to belong to Ecclesiastical- History, and to be unsuit- able in a work like the present. It has been the wish of the writer to treat the subject from a purely historical point of view, and to increase the value of the narrative by, as far as possible, preserving the colouring, and sometimes even the very language, of the original historians. The notes appended to the text will ^w^ a general idea of the authorities whence the matter has been derived.. The Ecclesiastical Histories of Fleury and Rohrbacher have furnished the groundwork of the general narrative. In the account of the Irish schools, the chronology and the main facts have been drawn from Lanigan's Ecclesiastical History of Ireland. The sketch of the restoration of letters under Charlemagne has been chiefly taken from Crevier's Histoire de /' University de Paris, Launoy's Treatise De Sckolis Celebrioribiis^ and the various livesj both ancient and modern, of Charlemagne. In the chapters referring to the subsequent history of the Dark Ages, constant use has been made of the Acta Sanctorum Ords S, Benedicti, by D'Achery and Mabillon, and of the collections of the Lives oi the Saints by Surius and the Bollandists ; also of the Vetera Analecta of Mabillon, the Spicilegium of D'Achery, the Amplissima Colleciio of Martene, and the Histoire Litteraire de la France^ by the Benedictines of St. Maur. Much Preface, vii valuable matter has also been derived from the Monu- ■menta Gerynaniic Hisfo7'ica of Pertz, and the collection of ancient German Chronicles by Meibomius ; the account of the school and scholars of St. Gall's being- taken from Ekkehard's History De Casibus S. Galli, printed in the first volume of Goldasti's collection, and from the Benedictine Life of B. Notker. The notices of the foreio^n universities are chiefly drawn from Crevier. and from Tiraboschl's Storia della Lettera- tura Jtaliana, which latter work has been almost exclusively used in the chapters on the Renaissance in Italy. The chapter on the Dominicans and the Universities is compiled from a considerable number of authorities ; chiefly, Touron's Vies des Homines Jllustres, the Scriptoi'es Ordinis Prcsdicaiorum hy Echard and Quetif, the French translation of Dr. Sighart's Life of Albert the Great, and the Constitu- tions of the Order, The sketches of our English schools and universities are mostly derived from Wood's Antiquities of Oxford, Ayliffe's Ancient and Pi^esent State of the University of Oxford, and Dugdale's Monasticon ; whilst various notices of early English scholars have been gathered from Wrights Biographia Britannica, Warton's History of English Poetry, and the original lives of the English Saints, as given in the three collections already named. Hallam's Literary History of Europe, and Ranke's History of the Popes ^ have also been made considerable use of in treating of the period of vili Preface. the Renaissance, while the sketches of Colet and Pole have been drawn from their respective lives by Knight and Philipps. Pallavicini's History of the Council of Trent, and Touron's Life of St. Charles Borro77teOy have furnished the chief materials for the concluding chapter of the work. St. Dominic's Convknt, Stone, May 1867. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. RISE OF THE CHRISTIAN' SCHOOLS. \.T>. 6o TO 543. y.w.R St. Mark at Alexandria. The canonical life of the cleigy gives vise to the foundation of the Episcopal schools. The school of the Patriarchium at Rome. Decrees of early Councils regarding the education of the clergy. Catechetical schools. The public schools of the Empire, and their distinctive character. The Christian method of education, as ex- plained by St. Basil and St, Augusline. The Monks of the desert, and the first germ of monastic schools. The rules of St. Pachomius, St. Cresarius, and St. Leander of Seville. Domestic education among the early Christians. The destruction of the Imperial schools on the fall of the Empire. General decay of letters. Some degree of learning sur- vives in the ecclesiastical schools. The schools of Gaul in the fifth century. Eocthius and Cassiodorus. 'I"he academy of Toulouse. The seminaries of Tours and T.erins . ....... l CHAPTER n. SCHOOLS OF BRITAIN AND IRELAND. — A.D. 380 TO S90. Mission of St. Ninian. St. Gennanus and St.- Lupus in Britain. Colleges established by them. The rule of St. David. St. Palladius in North Britain. St. Kentigern at Glasgow, and Llan-Elwy. St. Cadoc and St.- Gildas. Early history of St. Patrick. His arrival in Ireland. Rapid extension of schools and monasteries in ihr.t Island. Aran of the Saints. Clonard. St. Finian, St. Kieran, and St. Columba. St. Kieran founds the monastery of Cluain-Macnois. St. Fintan at Ciuain-Ediiech. St. Comgall the founder of Benchor. Scholars of Benchot : St. Colunibanus and St. Luanus. St. Luanus the founder of Clonfert. The voyage of St, Brendan, St; Carthag the founder of Llsmore. Character of the Irish learning. The labours of the Irish sch(;lars ni foreign countries ; in France, Italy, Germany, and Iceland. lona and its scholars . . 35 CHAPTER HI, ANGLO-SAXON SCHOOLS. — A.D. 590 TO 875. State of Europe at the beginning of the sixth century. St, Gregory the Great. The mission of St. Augustine, The first EnglUh library. St, Augustine's monastery nt Canterbury. The schools of Lindisfarne and Ripon. Aich- X Contents. PAGE bisliop Tlieodore and Abbot Adrian. The school of Canterbury and its scholars. St. Aldhelm, and a sketch of his school studies. St. BennCt Biscop founds his two monasteries of Wearmoutli and Jarrow. His collection of books and pictures. The manner of life in these monas- teries. The Venerable' Bede : a sketch of his life and learning. His scientific writings. The grammatical formation of modern languages mainly the work of the monastic scholars. St. Bede's labours on the formation of English. His death. The school of York under Arch- bishops Egbert and Albert. Alcuin receives his education here. Its noble library. Manner in which the Bishops personally directed the studies of their young clergy. Danish invasions, and ruin of the Anglo- Saxon schools. Destntction of Lindisfarne . * * « . 56 CHAPTER IV. ST. BONIFACE AND HiS COMPANIONS. — A.D. 686 TO 755. Birth of St. Boniface. His early monastic life. The English missions in, Friesland. St. Wilibrovd, St. Boniface passes OTer into Germany. Story of St. Gregory of Utrecht. The canonical life of the clergy estab- lished among the missionaries. Episcopal monasteries and schools. St, Luidger : his childhood and his monastic foundations. Virgil, Bishop of Salaburg, and !iis supposed errors, and condemnation by Pope Zachary. Schools founded by St. Boniface. Letters from him and St. Lullus to English friends. Correspondence between Boniface and the Abbess Edburga. The nuns of Wimbonrne and their learned pursuits. St/ Lioba's first letter to St. Boniface. Her Latin verses. New foundations in Germany. St. Sturm. The great foundation of Fulda. St. Boniface sends to England for some nuns. St. Walburga and St. Lioba cross over to Germany. The studies of St. Lioba. Reform of the Prankish Church by St. Boniface. He is appointed Papal Vicar, His interest in the state of religion in England. The Council of Cloveshoe, and its decrees on the subject of education. Martyi-dom of St. Boniface # , c 89 CHAPTER V. CHARLEMAGNE AND ALCUIN. — A.D. 747 TO 804. Decay of letters and Church discipline in Gaul under the Merovingian dynasty. Prospects of a reform under Pepin. St. Chrodegang of Metz. Accession of Charlem.igne, His early teachers : Paul Warnefrid, St Paulinas of Aquileja. Alcuin is invited over into France. Foundation of the Palatine school. Nature of the studies introduced by Altuin. They are chiefly ecclesiastical. Proof, however, that classical studies -were not entirely neglected. Charlemagne's application to study of all kinds. His introduction of the Roman chant. His attempts" to perfect the Tudesque or German dialect. Method of teaching of the An(;lo-Saxon scholars. Their fondness for dialogues and enigmas. Alcuin's correction of the Hturgical books. Schools of copyists founded in monasteries. Charle- magne's public schools. Proofs that these wefe in every sense monastic schools. Difference between the exterior and interior schools of the Contents. ^^ PAGE Benedictine monasteries. University of Paris, properly so called, of far later date. Great men who took part in the restoration of learnmg under Charlemagne : Theodulph of Orleans, Smaragdus St. Benedict Anian. St. Adalhard. Alcuin at Tours. Clement and Dungal. Death of . t 113 Alcuin CHAPTER VI. THE CARLOVINGIAN SCHOOLS.— A.D. 804 to 90O. The Palatine school atter the death of Alcuin. Scotus Evig-na. The great monastic schools. Rabanus Maurus. A visit to Fulda. Rabanus and his scholars i Lupus of Ferri^res, Walafrid Strabo, Otfried. oec. ; their writings and charactevs. Cultivation of the German vernacular by the Fulda scholars. Troubles of Rabanus. He becomes Archbishop of Mentz His controversies with Scotus and Gotteschalk. Classical studies of Lupus of Ferrieres, Heiric, and Remigius of Auxerre. Remigms founds the schools of Paris. Old Corby and its Scholasticus. St. Paschasius Radpert : his early education. Importance attaclied to the study of music. St. Anscharius and New Corby. Reiclinau and St. Gall. Description of St Gall Its great monastic school ; varieties of studies pursued there' Reichnau. Storyof Meinrad. Generalcharacterofmonasticsiudies examined and illustrated. The classics. The study of the Scriptures 144 CHAPTER VII. KING ALFRED. — A. r). 873 TO 900. His restoration of learning CHAPTER VIII. ST. DUNSTAN AND HIS COMPANIONS.— A. D. 924 TO 992* Restoration of monastic schools under St. Dunstan, St. Oswald, and St. Ethel- wold. Foundation of Ramsey Abbey. Bndferth . . . . 212 CHAPTER IX. THE IRON AGE. — A.D. 900 TO lOOO. Popular noticyns of the tenth century. Explanations of the causes of social disorder in that century. The break-up of Charlemagne's empiK . Incur- sion-; of Normans, Saracens, and Huns. Destvnction of monasteries and their schools. Gonceaiment of books. Anecdotes of the time. The relics of St. Evroult.- Efforts made by the Popes and Bishop^ to preserve a knowledge of sacred letters. Heracliue of Liege- Fulk of Rheirns attempts to restore the monasteries. The foundation of Ciany. St. Udo and St. Maieul. Stories from their lives illust.ating the state of learning at this time. Abbo of Fleury and his tr.^vels in search of science. Re- storation of the abbey of Gorze. John of Gorze and his studies. \ illage schools existed at this time ^ < ^ xii Contents, CHAPTER X. THE AGE OF THE OTHOS. — A.D. ()\\ TO IO24. PAGE Prosperous stale of Germany uiiJcr her great euipeiois. The school of Utrecht, the fashionable school of the German nobles. St. Bruno : his education and after-career. Ratherius of Verona. The example of Bruno imitated by other Bishops, who found and restore episcopal schools. Poppo of Wurtzburg. Sketch of some early masters. Wolfgang's school- days. St. Udalric of Augsburg. St. Bernward of Hildesheim. His early School-days. He becomes Bishop of Hildesheim, and restores the school. His disciples. Story of Bennon of Misnia nnd his master Wigger. St. Meinwcrc of Paderborn. St. Adalbert of Prague. Anec- dotes of these early schools, showing the nature of their studies and dis- cipline. The schoolmasters of St. Gall : Notker, Radpert, Tutilo, and Ekkehard. Stories from their lives. Duchess Hedwiga, and the Greek studies of St. Gall. Familiarity of schoolboys with their masters. Anecdotes. Amiable character of the monastic Scliolastici. The career of Gerbert. His science and his disciples. Guy of Arezzo. Hroswilha, the nun of Gnndersheim ....... . ,, 254. CHAPTER XL THE SCHOOLS OF BEC. A.D. lOOO TO II35. Close of the dark ages. Change observable in the scholastic system. First appefirance of lay professors, who teach for gain. Character of the new teachers. Berengarius, a pupil of Fulbert of Chartres. Errors and character of Berengarius. The foundation of Bee. Vocation of Lanfranc. He opposes Berengarius. St. Anselm, as scholasticus of Bee. Their influence on learning in England. Anecdotes of English monasteries at this time. Encouragement of learning by Henry Beauclerk. Athelhard of Bath. Odericus Vitalis ........ 300 CHAPTER XII. THE RISE OF SCHOLASTICISM. A.D. IO49 TO I200. State of letters in Italy at the beginning of the twelfth century. Law schools of Bologna, founded by Irnerius. Other Italian schools. St. Peter Damian, scholasticus at Parma. His writirrgs and poetry. The monastic masters still eminent. ^Vuecdotes of some of them. Revival of classical studies in their schocJsat this time. Multiplication of books and libraries. Extraordinary activity of copyists. The libraries of Tegernsee and St. Emmeran's, Othloims and his studies. Customs of Cluny. Earliest known versions of the Scripture in the vulgar tongue. Frequent mention at this period of conversions to religious life of learned men. St. Bruno, founder of the C;irthusians. Odo of Tournay. Stories of their lives: Odo's school and disciples. The Nominalists and Realists^ 'J'he state of the school of Paris. Notice of its most celebrated masters, Bernard Contents. xui PAGE of Chartres and his excellent system. Anselm of Laon. William of Champeaux. Abelard and his career. Scliolasticism. Origin of the system of graduation. The school of St. Victor rises in opposition to the new school of scholastics. Character of its teaching. State of the schools as exhibited in the life of John of Salisbury. The heretical bias of the new independent professors. Their neglect of classical studies, and exclusive preference given by them to logic. The Cornificians. Scholastic sophistries. Peter Lombard, the real founder of scholastic ^ theology. Gradual rise of theUniversily of Paris . . , . 324 CHAPTER XIU. PARIS AND THE FOREIGN UNIVERSITIES. — A.D. II50 TO I250. Paris University in the thirteenth centnry. Its popularity. Its want of moral discipline, Toul change by this tijne effected in the system of education, which has become exclusively intellectual. A sketch of the state of the Paris schools. Rise of the collegiate system to meet these evils. Early Parisian colleges. The monasteries and tlie Bishops obliged to send their students to the universities. Academic statutes of Robert de Courjon. Partial adaptation of the monastic system. Amount of tirtie given by the (^afliolic system to religious duties. Decay of aits and rhetoric Pre- dominance of dialectics and law. Good and bad results of this. Neces- sary part of the mental development of Europe. Book trade in Paris University, Anecdotes of great men. Maurice of Sully. Fulk of Neuilly. Universities of Bologr.a, Padua, Naples, &c. Exertions of the Popes in the cause of education. Examination of the university system. Its result on the education of the clergy. From this date. to the Council of Trent Church seminaries disappear. The old system of episcopal seminaries contrasted with that of universities. Political and religious errors fostered at the universities. Their support of State supremacy. Heresies which sprang out of the abuse of UNIVERSITIES.— A.D, I215 TO I3OO. The foundation of the Dominican Order. Devotion to theological studies one of its primary objects. Its system of graduation. Its schools estab- lished in connection with the universities. Exactly adapted to correct the evils of those institutions. Albert the Great. His scientific writings. St. Thomas and his philosophy. Reconciliation of divine and human science the work of St. Thomas. Other great Dominican professors and \vriters. Vincent of Beauvais. The study of Oriental languages encour- aged by the Dominican Order. Decrees of the Council of Vienne. Proofs of the existence of Oriental professors at Paris and Oxford, not- withstanding the denial of Hallam. Oriental scholars. Dominican mfluence on art. Contemplative character of the early scholastic theologians ..,.,-...., 410 xiv Contents, CHAPTER XV. ENGLISH SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES.— A. D. 1 1 49 TO II70. PACE Early history and legends cf Oxford. Its old inns and halls. Its early masters and scholars, previous to the thirteenth century. Want of regular discipline, and tumults among the scholars. Robert Pullus restores sacred studies. Curious illustrations of the state of studies. Rise of Cambridge University. Giraldus Cambrensis. Schools of Reading, Ramsay, St. Albans, &c. Alexander Neckham and his writings. London schools. School of Semprlngham. Old English poor-schools. What was taught in them, and how 45^ CHAPTER XVI. OLD OXFORD. — A.D. I200 TO 1300. Desciiption of Oxford in the tliirteenth century. Its custom.s. St, Edmund of Canterbury, Robert Grosteste. The arrival of the Friars. Distin- guished Dominican and Franciscan scholars, Roger Bacon. Nicholas de Lyrsi. St. Richard of Chichester, Chancellor of Oxford. Opposition of the secular clergy to the mendicants. Decay of pure I.atinity. KiU warby, and John cf Peckhani. St. Thomas of Hereford, Chancellor of Oxford. Rise of Oxfoid Colleges, Baliol and Merton Colleges. The monastic colleges of Gloucester and Durham. I'^xeter College . 476 CHAPTER XVII. DANTE AND PETRARCH.— A.D, 1 3 CO lO I400. Dante regarded as the representative university student of the thirteenth century. Character of his learning as shown by a critical examination of his poem. His theology, scholastic learning, acquaintance with learned languages and love of science, especially of music and astronomy. His political views. The anti-papal tendencies of the universities. Petrarch and his revival of classical taste:i. Share taken in the revival by Italian monks. Ambrose Traversari. State of letters in France under Charles V. EiTect of the Galilean and anti-papal doctrines inircdured by Philip le Bel hostile to letters . . ..„.,,.. 508 CHAPTER XVIII. ENGLTSH EDUCATION IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY. — A.D. 1300 TO 1400. Effect of French wars not favourable to learning. Richard of Bury and h.fs libraries. State of the universities. They were net then, as rov, places of educatioD for ti\e lay higher classes. System of education fostered by chivalry explained. Its advantages. The baronial households schools Contents. xv l»AGE for noble youths. Christian principks fostered by this system. Elzear of Sabiitn. Education of women at the same period. The doiriestic virtues cultivated. Illustrations from old romances. Cultivation of fhr Knglish language. Poor-schools. School books of the fourteenth century. Primers. Versified instructions. Chaucer as the representative of an educated Englishman of the fourteenth century. Character of his learn- ing examined- Classics imperfectly known. Wickliffe and the Lollards. Their influence on learning. Early English Catholic versions of the Scriptures existed before the ttme of Wickliffe. Proofs and illustra- tions .» 529 CHAPTER XIX. THE REP AND WHITE ROSES. A.D. J386 TO 1494. I'oundations of W'ykeham, WaynfleLe, and Henry VI. Education provided for all classes by colleges and hospitals. Details concerning the real character of these institutions from their statutes. Other schools kept up by religious houses. Ancient English religions poetry, with specimens. English book-collectors. Humphrey of Gloucester and Abbot Whetham- stede, London schools. William Caxton as the representative of an educated London citizen of the fifteenth century. His life and wprks 569 CHAPTER XX. THE RENAISSA>fCE AT FLORENCE.— A. t). J40O TO I492. Classic revival in Italy encouraged by her princes. Robert of Napi«s. Great men of the Renaissance. School of Victorino da Feltre, and the "Casa Giojosa." Encouragement given by the Popes to the new learning. De- praved character ai many of the classic scholars. Filelfo and Lorenzo Valla. The Medici at Florence. Its Greek scholars. Poggio Braccjolini. The Platonic Academy of Cosmo de' Medici. Marsilius Ficinus. John Picus Mirandola. The Roman Academy. Pomponius La:tus. Politian begins to lecture at Florence. Fascination of his style. Florence under Lorenzo de' Medici. Corruption of manners at this time. Savonarola 599 CHAPTER XXT. DEVENTER, LOUVAIN, AND ALCALA.— A.D. I360 TO 1 5 I 7. Reaction against the irreligious tendency of the Rt^naissance. Popular instincts against the new learning. The origin of the school of Deventer. Sketch of Gerard der Groote, and his followers. Thomas a, Kempis. German professors^ and restorers of classical studies. Hegius, Langius, Dringe- berg, and Rodolph Agricola. The Rhenish Academy. Tendency of the new learning in Germany increasingly irreligious. Reuchlin and Budceus at Paris. The "Humanists." Erasmus. The art of printing, its early effects. The University of Louvain, founded from the first on Catholic principles. Protestantism supported by the new professors. Musculus xvi Contents. and Bullinger. Effect of Protestantism on the German universities accord- ing to M$Dzd. The Renaissance in France under Francis T. French poets. State of letters in Spaiiu Ximenes and Alcala , 62!^ CHAPTER XXII THE RENAISSANCE IN ROMK. — A.D. 1513 TO I5«8. Accession of Leo X; His entry iato Ronle. State of Rome at this time. Its brilliant society. The Roman Court. The wits and poets. Leo's magnificent patronage of letters. Corruption of manners. Spread of infidelity in the literary circles of Italy. The Fifth Council of Lateran. Restoration of the Roman University. The Ciceronians. Sadolet and Bembo. Paganism of art and literature. Erasmus and Luther at Rome. Impressions received by both.. Death of Leo, and accession of Adrian VI. Dismay of the professors. His attempts at Reform. Clement VII Tokens of a change. The Oratory of Divine Love. St. Cajetan and the Theatines. The sack of Rome ) CHAPTER XXIII. ENGLISH SCHOLARS OF THE RENAISSANCE. — A.D. I473 TO 1550. Scholars of Magdalen College. Visit of Erasmus to England. His opinion of Oxford. Dean Colet. His character and his friends. His friendship with Erasmus, Foimdation of St. Paul's SchooL Court of Henry VTII. Its brilliancy and learned character. Reginald Pole. Progress of the Reformation. Controversy between Erasmus and Luther. The divorce. The king consults the foreign, universities. The Humanist professors espouse his cause, Pole retires from England. His life in Italy Ehect of the Reformation on the English universities. Utter decay of Oxford under P-d ward, VI. ........ CHAPTER XXIV. THE COUNCIL OF TRENT. — A.D. 1534 TO 1580. Election of Paul III- His Cardinals. The Commission of Reform, Its important declaration on the subject of the state of education, especially at the universities. The sixteenth article on the professorial system. St, Ignatius and the Jesuit Colleges. The Council of Trent. Influence of Cardinal I'ole in that Council. He is recalled to England. His attempts to reform the universities and establish Church seminaries. His provincial decrees. B. Peter Canisius. Decrees on education, passed by the Council of Trent. Establishment of Church seminaries. Illustrious men who forwarded this work. St. Pius V. Gnibcrti, Bartholomew of the Martyrs and St. Charles Borromeo. The schooir, and seminaries 0/ Milan, Conclusion ......*... Index ....... CHRISTIAN SCHOOLS AND SCHOLARS. CHAPTER L THE RISE OF THE CHRISTIAN SCHOOLS. A.D, 60 to 543. In the seventh year of the Emperor Nero, and the sixtieth of the Christian era, a Httle ship entered the harbour of Alexandria, and after rounding the great Pharos that stood at its northern extremity, cast anchor by that granite quay, round v/hich was grouped, as in an amphitheatre, six miles in span, a city of palaces and temples. It bore on its decks one of whom that proud city as yet knew nothing, but who had come to erect his patriarchal throne in the midst of her seagirt walls, bringing with him his Gospel and the sovereignty of St. Peter's keys. It was St. Mark, the interpreter and spiritual son of the Prince of the Apostles, sent in his name and by his authority to plant the Church in the southern capital of the Empire. Descending from the ship, and crossing the crowded quay overshadowed by its plane-trees, he made his way towards the great Moon-gate which opened into the street of the Seven Stadia. He was partially bald, and his hair and beard were sprinkled with grey hairs ; but his beautiful eyes flashed beneath their high arched eye- brows, and there was a quickness in his step and a grace in his movements which bespoke him not yet past the middle age.^ So at least he has been described by the historian Simeon Metaphrastes, who, though writing in the tenth century, has embodied in his narra- tive the account of far earlier authors, who have minutely recorded 1 Fuit autem forma Beatisshnj Marci hujusmodi : longo naso, subducto supercilio, ptilcher oculis, recalvaster, prolixa barba, velox, habitudinis opfimae, cam's aspersus, affectione continens, gratia Dei plenus. — Metaphrastes, Vita S. Marci, ap. Suriuni, A 2 Christian Schools and Scholars. the circumstances which attended the entry into Alexandria of her first patriarch. We need not describe the world in which he found himself. It was the fairest city of the East ; Greek in its aspect and population though planted on Egyptian soil, with a clearer sky than even that of Athens • a nobler harbour than Corinth could boast of; and that which was denied to Rome and Carthage, the command of a mighty river, which brought down to the port the corn and rose-coloured granite of Upper Egypt, the ivory of Ethiopia, the spices and gold- dust of Arabia, and the gems of Eastern lands. Like that other more ancient city on whose site she was reared, she " dwelt in the midst of the rivers ; the sea was her riches, the waters were her walls." ^ Then as now the highway to India lay through Egypt, and her seaport of Arsinoe on the Arabian Gulf communicated by a canal with the Nile, the western branch of which flowed out into the Mediterranean just north of the Alexandrian harbour. Thus the capital of the Ptolemies became the central point between East and West, and into her markets flowed the costly Oriental luxuries which were carried by her merchants into every European port. She was rich and she was populous ; all nations met to traffic in her harbour, all tongues were spoken in her '* many-peopled " streets. Yet her trading pre-eminence formed but a sitiall part of her glory. It is not often that a great commercial emporium becomes the haunt of the Muses ; but AJiexandria united graces and attractions of the most opposite character, and her fame for learning eclipsed even that ' of her wealth. Three hundred years before the time of which we are speaking, one of Alexander's royal successors, after erecting the temple of Serapis and the great Pharos, which last was numbered among the wonders of the world, bethought him of another way of rendering his name immortal, and gathered together a society of f learned men whose duty was to consist in studying and teachjog every known science. He built schools for them to lecture in, hails in which they ate in common, and marble porticoes, where, after the fashion of the Greek philosophers, they could walk and converse with their disciples. '/fi'se of the Cln-isfian Schools. 3 Ihe intellectual life of a city which had been designed by its founder to be the capital of the world ; but with such encouragement the schools of Alexandria grew apace, and in th£_Apostolic age ranked as the first within the wide dominions that owned the Roman sway. Here then the Blessed Peter came in the person of his chosen disciple, to claim for Christ the soutliern capital of the Empire, as be had already in his own person taken possession of East and West — of Antioch and Rome. Solitary and unknown, the Evangelist same there bent on conquests vaster than those of AJexander, for he had but enslaved a base material world ; but St. Mark, as lie stood at the Mendion, or Moon-gate, that led from the harbour into the busy streets, was deliberating on the conquest of a million of souls. How was he to begin ? Where should he first bear his message of good tidings? Should he bend his steps to the porticoes of the Musajum, or try to find a listener in the crowded exchange which met his eye through that open gate ? Providence itself was to give the reply, and neither wealth nor science was to yield him his first convert. I'he thong of his sandal snapped in two, and to get it mended he eqtered the shop of a cobbler that stood close at hand. The cobbler, whose name was Anianus, gave him hospitality that night ; and questioning him as to who he was, heard in reply that he was the servant of J*^sus Christ, declared in the Scriptures to be the Son of God, " Of what Scriptures do you speak?" he inquired ; " I have never heard of any writings but the Iliad and the Odyssey, and other such things as are taught to the sons of the Egyptians." Then St. Mark sat down and unfolded to him the Gospel ; through the long hours of the night, in the midst of that heaving world of idol- atry and sin — the teacher spoke, and the disciple listened ; and when morning dawned the first fruits of Alexandria had been laid up in ihe garner of Christ.^ It was meet that an Evangelist should deliver his first message to the poor ; but it was not with the poor alone that he had to do. The Church of Alexandria was to receive into her embrace the philo- .sopher of the Mussum as well as the despised Egyptian slave. She was to address herself to the wise and prudent of this world as well as to little ones. So St. Mark, as we are told, surrounded his see with learned men, and became the founder of a catechetical school. Although its ohief celebrity dates only from the end of the second century, yet its first foundation is universally attributed to St. Mark. i Vita S. Marci, 4 Christian Schools and Scholars. It rose under the shadow of" the temple of Serapis, near those marble porticoes where the.Neo-Platonists, who despised such vulgar \ idolatry, were dreaming of some misty impersonal abstraction to which they gave the name of God ; where Pyrrhonists took refuge in a system of universal doubt ; where many were content to know nothing at all about the soul, and concerned themselves rather with mathematics and material prosperity ; where Greelt.Epicureans talked of a world that had made itself by chance, and set up sense as the standard of certainty, and enjoyment as the end of life ; while Roman freethinkers quoted the witty atheisms of Lucretius, and then went to burn incense before the statue of the Emperor. What new elements of knowledge could a Christian Evangelist contribute to such a world as this ? There was no need for him to bring it the literature of Greece and Rome; and as to the sciences of figures and numbers, Egypt was their native soil. Even the Hebrew Scrip- tures had long ago been translated into Greek and laid up in the library of Ptolemy. But he brought the Gospel — his own Gospel in particular ; ^ the on Book out of which for long ages the faithful of Alexandria were exclusively instructed, and which the teacher of the catechetical school was required to hold in his hand when he stood before his hearers. He brought the traditions of St. Paul and of St. Peter, for he had been the disciple of both. He brought the Creed, the Apostolic symbol, which in the brief compass of its twelve articles contains more truths than Plato or Cicero had ever known, and which discovered in the certainty of faith that Eureka which every system of human philosophy had sought in vain. He brought his Liturgy too ; if not that which bears his name, at least some earlier form which served as its groundwork. J^/sc of the Christian Schools. 5 dark waters of the Nilc.^ The Hoi}' Gospels, the Creed, the Liturgy, and the Ecclesiastical Chant, these were the contributions which were offered by the Patriarch of Alexandria to her learned stores, and which formed the first class-books of the ChristianSchpols. But St. Mark did something more than this. All early writers agree in declaring that he established among his clergy that canonical rule of life which was a copy of the community life of the first Christians ; while at the same time, as St. Jerome and Cassian ^ inform us, some of his disciples retiring into the neighbourhood of the cit}', and there giving themselves up to prayer and the study of the Scriptures, laid the first foundations of the coenobitical, or monastic life. To St. Mark, therefore, and through him to the Prince of the Apostles, may be traced up every one of those institutions which were the nurseries of the Christian schools. For, as will hereafter be seen, the Christian seminaries took their origin in the episcopal and monastic schools, and these again grew out of that system of community life which, being first embraced by the faithful at Jeru- salem, was afterwards elsewhere established by the Apostles, who lived with their immediate followers as they themselves had lived with their Divine Master. The Apostolic origin of the canonical rule of life has never been denied. When St. Augustine was accused by Petilianus the Donatist of introducing a novelty into the Church by establishing his community of regular clergy, he defended him- self by appealing to the example of the first Christians, and showing that, if the name of monastery were new, the manner of life which he and his brethren followed was as old as Christianity itself. It is thus that the author of the ancient book called the *' Recognitions " 1 The ecclebia!5tical cliant took its first great dfevelopment at Alexandria, and appears to have been brought thither from Rome by St. Marl<. Philo the Jew, a native of Alexandria, who lived in the time of the Evangelist, describes the Christians passing their days in psalmody and prayer, and singing in alternate choirs (Euseb. lib. ii. c. 17). On the martyrdom of the Evangelist we read how certain just men buried him "singing praj'ers and psalms." {Vita S. I\Iarci. Sim. Met.) The nature of the chant established at Alexandria in the time of St. Athanasius, is veiy precisely indicated by St. Augustine, in that passage of his Confessions (lib. x. c. 33) where, speaking of tl.e "voluptates aurium, he says that he sometimes desires even to banish from his ears the sweet tones to whicli the Psalms of David were generally sung in church ; " and then that method seems to me more safe which I remember often to have heard of Atha- nasius, Bishop of Alexandria, who caused the lector'to intone the Psalms with 20 slight an inflection of the voice, that it was more like reading than singing. Hippolytus, in his Book on Antichrist, declares that one effect of His coming at the end of the world will be tlie abolition of the Psalmody of the Church. * Cassian, Inst. ii. c. 5 ; Coll. 18. 6, 6 Christian Schools and Scholars. describes St. Peter as living, with a chosen number of disciples, among whom were St. Mark, St. Clement, St. Evodius, and St. Linus ; so St, Paul was accompanied by St. Luke and St. Timothy, and St. John the Evangelist by St. Polycarp and St. Papias. St. Irenseus, a disciple of the last-named saints, carried into Gaul the discipline of the school in which he had been nurtured, and, writing in after years to the heresiarch Florinus, reminds him how, when yet a child, he had been accustomed to meet him in the house of Polycarp. " Early recollections," he says, " grow with the soul, and entwine themselves about it, so that I could tell of the very place where the blessed Polycarp sat when he spoke, of his employments and his external appearance." ^^ Out of this manner of life, as we shall presently show, sprang up the episcopal seminaries,, which were designed for the training of the younger clerics, whilst the catechetical schools were intended for the religious instruction of the neophytes. But though this last- named institution was, of course, sui generis, and exclusively belonged to those primitive ages when adult converts from Paganism had to be prepared for baptism by at least a two years' cpurse of instruc- tion, yet their history, and specially that of the Alexandrian school, helps us in a convenient manner to watch the absorption into the Christian system of education of every branch of learning afterward;? cultivated in the schools. In the absence of more particular details of the kind of instruction which prevailed at Alexandria before the time of St. Pantaehus, we may reasonably suppose that the same 'system was adopted in that city as we find established at Jerusalem under St. Cyril. There the Hearers or Catechumens assembled in the porch of the church \ the men and women sat separate from one anothef, and the master stood to deliver his instruction. The catecheses of St. Cyril that are preserved are twenty-three in number, eighteen being a summary of the chief articles of the Faith, given in the form of an exposition of the Creed, and the five others intended for the competent, or those preparing to receive the Sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation, and the Holy Eucharist. The last-named subject is treated in an expla- nation of the Liturgy of St. James. This, of course, was the sort of teaching for which the catechetical schools were primarily intended, and up to the year 179 the teachers of Alexandria do not appear to 1 have aimed at anything of a higher character. But about that time ' 1 Euseb. Hibt. 1. V. c, 20. Rise of the Christian Schools. 7 Pa ntasnus, aj bitaer stoic,, whose eloquence earned him the title of the Sidliati Bee, became master of the school, and introduced a wider range of studies. He made use of his old learning to illus- trate and defend his new faith. Clement of Alexandria, his earliest disciple, speaks of his "transcendent powers," and St. Alexander, Bishop of Jerusalem, gloried in calling him his lord and blessed father. The renown of St. Pahtasnus passed into the Indies, carried thither by some of the swarthy Hindoos, who were no strangers in the busy streets of Alexandria, and who had managed to find their way to that school where Jew and Gentile, bond and free, met together without distinction. The Indians invited him to come among them, and St. Pantaenus accordingly exchanged his mastership for an apostolic life, and went to preach the faith to the Brahmins. ^Cjement^ his former disciple and assistant, succeeded him. He had visited all lands and studied in all schools in search of truth, and had found it at last on the hum.ble bench of the Catechumen. No one understood better than he the emptiness of human learning when pursued as an end, or its serviceableness when used as a means. His end was to win souls to Christ ; and to reach it, he laid hands indifferently on all the intellectual weapons that fell v/ithin his reach ; poetry and philosophy, science and even satire ; — he neglected nothing that would serve his turn. He did not disdain to give a Christian interpretation to Pagan fables, and took occasion from the stories of Orpheus atid Amphion, who, as the poets pre- tended, had moved the stones and tamed the wild beasts with the music of their lyres, to present to his hearers the Word made Flesh, conquering the stony and ferocious heart of fallen man, and restoring that universe which he beautifully calls " a lyre whose harmony has been destroyed by sin.'* He could use with equal ease the phraseo- logy of the Neo-Platonists whilst engaged in dispersing their trans- cendentalism into thinnest air, or the plainer language of the Gospel when he had to put heretics to silence. Nor w^as he too deep or profound for the comprehension of the simple-hearted faithful ; he could write hymns for little children to sing in church, and when he spoke to exclusively Christian hearers set forth no other wisdom, no other model for their imitation, than " Jesus Christ and Him Crucified." The result of all this may be imagined. While the first neophytes cfSt. Mark and his immediate followers had been chiefly gained from 8 Christian Schools and Scholars. the ranks of the Jews, to whom Alexandria was a second home, Gentile converts now flowed into the Church in ever-increasing numhers. The philosophers found in the Christian teaphers those who could beat them with their own weapons, and human learning became elevated and ennobled by its marriage with the faith. It may be taken as a proof how thoroughly it was now recognised, that Chris- tians were men v/ho could think and reason like other men, had as fair a knowledge of books and as great a command of what the Roman world valued far more than mere book-knowledge — eloquence ; in short, that they were men of whom a university city need not be ashamed, and who might even be capable one day or other of setting up a university of their own — that it was becoming possible for Christians to gain a livelihood by teaching grammar and profane letters. There was one who so began his career, and who, at the age of eighteen, succeeded Clement in the direction of the cateche- tical school The child of a martyr, ^rigen had been the pupil of saints. He had been taught not only by~~dement, but also by St Hyppolitus the martyr, commonly called Bishop of Porto, the disciple of Irenaeus, the disciple of Polycarp, the spiritual son of the Apostle St. John. Hyppolitus was a man of many sciences, a philoso- pher, a poet, and a mathematician. He was one of the earliest who comes before us as attaining eminence in that distinctively Christian science, which will often appear in these pages under the name of the Coviputum. The computum was in fact the art of calculating the time of Easter, and included so much astronomical and arith- metical knowledge as was necessary for that purpose.^ Hence it was a science indispensable in the education of clerics : for in those days the Tabula Paschalis did not as now figure at the beginning of every Prayer-book ; nor did the invention of almanacs bring home much science in a simple form to the fireside of the most unlettered lay- man. The calculation of Easter, therefore, had to be painfully gone through year after year, to the sore travail of many heads ; and he was a benefactor to his species who first thought of lightening the labour. | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'e11000024_1', 'collection': 'LoC-PD-Books', 'open_type': 'Open Culture', 'license': 'Public Domain', 'date': '1910.0', 'title': 'Christian schools and scholars;', 'creator': 'None', 'language': 'English', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '7274', 'token_count': '10682', '__index_level_0__': '28585', 'original_id': 'f6a51c8552e8b7971ddac8c7a2c12edf17d875849f657df97261cadaec75160a'} |
Hej och välkomna tillbaka till "Crumbs & Doilies" (smulor och bordsdukar) huvudkvarter
Jag vet inte hur det är för en men de flesta av mina vänner håller på att bli vegetarianer
eller till och med veganer.
Så mycket att vi gör en helt ny vegansk serie på "Crumbs and Doilies SOHO", vilket är väldigt spännande!
Och ni frågar mig om veganska recept hela tiden, så jag tänkte att jag skulle visa er ett jättelätt, superfylligt och
ûber-chokladigt recept på veganska brownies!
Allt ni behöver är en bunke och en visp, för att blanda ihop detta, så det kunde inte bli enklare
och jag kommer börja med att lägga "linfrö-ägg" i min bunke!
Linfrö-ägg, om ni har hört om dem förut, är helt enkelt ett substitut för ägg
som är gjort med linfrö och vatten.
Jag har använt 2 msk krossat linfrö, vilket ser ut så här, och jag har blandat det med 5 matskedar vatten
och låter det stå i ungefär 5 minuter tills det får en kletig och geggig konsistens som den här
Så jag lägger det i min bunke till att börja med. Sedan häller jag över 115 gr smält veganskt sojasmör
Jag har använt sojasmör men ni kan använda olivoljebaserat också, så länge det är veganskt......uppenbarligen!
Sen har jag 160 gram av gammalt hederligt strösocker!
60 gram kakao av hög kvalitet
och sen 1/3 tsk salt och 3/4 tsk bakpulver, och sen använder man en visp för att blanda ihop allting.
Slutligen vill vända ner mjölet. Här har jag 115 gram vanligt mjöl, och om ni vill kan ni lägga till
nötter eller liknande, Jag kommer använda chokladknappar, så jag har 15 gram av det här.
Och om ni använder nötter, så är det 15 gram med nötter. Så vänd ner det i smeten!
Ni borde ha en ganska tjock smet nu, som är redo att hällas i formen.
Jag använder en 7 inch (ca 20-21 cm) fyrkanting form, smörad och klädd med bakplåtspapper
så ni klickar i smeten och jämnar ut den.
När ytan är jämn sätter ni in den i ugnen på 170 C grader i 15-18 minuter.
Jag skulle ta en titt vid 15 minuter, för om den är inne för längre kan den bli lite smulig i konsistensen,
Så kolla den vid 15-minuterssträcket och lägg till en minut i taget om den skulle behöva mer tid!
Den här är helt genombakad, den ser jättegod ut och den luktar jättegott! Nu behöver den svalna helt,
och om ni lagt märke till mina tjusiga ugnsvantar, så kan ni få ett par egna om ni besöker cupcakejemma.com
där alla mina produkter bor!
Nu behöver den bara svalna i en halvtimme!
Nu har jag låtit mina brownies svalna men det faktiskt JÄTTEGODA dagen efter!
De har fått sätta lite, så för all del spara den till nästa dag innan ni hugger in. Det är att rekommendera!
men jag..... tänker hugga in nu! Jag kommer skära den med min stora vassa kniv!
Och det är faktiskt bara så enkelt som det går till! Detta är de kladdigaste, chokladigaste, fylligaste
godaste brownies OCH....... de är helt veganska! Så jag hoppas att du gillade denna video, och om du gör det,
skriv en kommentar och ge mig en tummen upp!
Vill ni se mer veganska recept, skriv gärna en kommentar
Är du är i SOHO, så gör vi veganska smaker varje dag, så titta förbi butiken, ta dig en vegansk muffin!
Jag är tillbaka nästa vecka med ett nytt recept, så vi ses då! Hejdå!
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '2507cccb389b95b5caeddeb50cd6eee3a824075d33824ee3caa5b471f55830c6'} |
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(RefID: 0001AA69)
Home City Morthal
Location Highmoon Hall
Race Nord Gender Male
Level 4 Class Warrior
RefID 0001AA69 BaseID 000135EA
Other Information
Health 85 Magicka 50
Stamina 60
Primary Skills One-handed, Two-handed
Class Details CombatWarrior1H
Morality Any Crime Aggression Unaggressive
Faction(s) CrimeFactionHjaalmarch; Imperial Government; Morthal Longhouse Faction (Both Sides); Ruling Government; TownMorthalFaction
Gorm is a Nord warrior and the housecarl for Idgrod Ravencrone, the Jarl of Hjaalmarch.
He wears a set of studded armor and a pair of hide boots. He is equipped with an iron mace and carries a selection of common loot and gold.
He wakes up early in the morning, at 6am. He immediately gets to work standing guard for Idgrod and stays with her for the next twelve hours. At 6pm he leaves Highmoon Hall to head for the Moorside Inn for dinner. After three hours at the inn, he heads back to Highmoon Hall where he finally goes to sleep at 11pm. However, if the Stormcloaks take Hjaalmarch, he'll be permanently relocated to the Blue Palace where he'll stay in the basement twenty-four hours a day.
When you meet him in the hall, he will be completely focused on his job, remarking, "I'm just here to protect the Jarl, not to chat." or "Morthal has enough problems without you bothering me." or "I'm under a lot of pressure. If you don't leave me alone, I won't be held responsible." He also seems to only care about Morthal, saying, "Morthal doesn't need any trouble. You keep your nose clean, understand?"
When you first converse with him in Highmoon Hall, he will be very straightforward on how he wants the jarl to be treated, saying, "You will not disrespect Jarl Idgrod while in this Hall. Do we have an understanding?" If you say that you do, he'll be pleased, saying, "Then by all means, go about your business." If you say that people don't tell you what to do, he'll be annoyed, saying, "No? Then how do you like the idea of having your legs broken? Mind your manners in this hall, friend." If you ask why you would disrespect the jarl, he'll explain, "It's no secret that Jarl Idgrod is... different. It's also no secret that there are rumors about her and her visions. I won't repeat them, and I won't allow them to be spread under this roof. Now, you go about your business."
When you meet him outside of Highmoon Hall, he'll act differently, saying, "My mind weighs heavy enough. Leave me to my food." If you ask him what's wrong, he'll carefully try to explain, "She's so lost in her visions, and it's only getting worse. I've looked after her safety for so long... If she can't tell what's real and what's not, how will she continue to lead Hjaalmarch?" When you ask if you can help, he'll respond affirmatively, "Yes, I suppose there is. There is a letter, one I have had for some time now. I think it is time it gets delivered. I cannot leave Idgrod's side, so I must stay here. Could you see that it reaches Captain Aldis in Solitude?" If you decline, he'll say, " I understand." If you offer to help later, he'll act paranoid but pleased, asking, "Yes, but... not so loud! Will you take it to Captain Aldis?" If you agree then he'll be grateful, saying, "Thank you. Please, do not open it. It is... private."
If he gets forced to the Blue Palace when the Stormcloaks take Hjaalmarch, he'll be depressed, remarking, "Leave Idgrod and her family alone. They've been through enough." or "This wasn't what I wanted. Not at all." or, lastly, "All that ever mattered was what was best for Morthal. Leaving it in Ulfric's hands... It's not right."
Related Quests[edit]
• According to Joric, Gorm thinks Joric's crazy, saying, "Gorm thinks I'm mad. He doesn't say it, but I know he thinks it. Is he right?"
Gorm can often be seen conversing with the jarl or other citizens:
Gorm: "How are you feeling, Jarl Idgrod?"
Idgrod: "The visions continue to hold me in balance, Gorm."
Gorm: "So, the same then."
Idgrod: "Do not worry, my friend. All is well."
Idgrod: "You are troubled, Gorm."
Gorm: "No, no. I'm fine. Is there something you need?"
Idgrod: "No, Gorm. I am simply telling you what I see."
Gorm: "Yes, okay. Well thank you."
Benor: "Ho, Gorm."
Gorm: "Buy you a drink?"
Benor: "Not right now. Anything new?"
Gorm: "Still the same. I tell you, something's got to be done."
Benor: "When the time is right, friend. When we're sure."
Gorm: "The longer we wait, the worse it gets."
Benor: "Let's talk about it some other time."
Alva: "Would you like to buy a lady a drink?"
Gorm: "What would Hroggar say if he heard I was drinking with you?"
Alva: "Forget about Hroggar. He's always so tired lately. I need someone with a little fire in their blood."
Gorm: "After all you've put that man through. You should be more loyal to him." | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.961076319217682}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '32002', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:HV72ME6R7UQBQWQLG6YQHBCIBMFE2PAN', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:5ec4bc63-7bda-4cd4-a9a2-b887153c6370>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 24, 5, 11, 25), 'WARC-IP-Address': '174.142.163.108', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:XHX7PL6XPUKMSCG3LVNOGUU7NHZAHENS', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:f8e34913-7197-4932-accd-b016454e7f69>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://en.uesp.net/wiki/Skyrim:Gorm', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:1d81bf07-6ea7-4ce2-9e85-ba7d9274bef7>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '819', 'url': 'https://en.uesp.net/wiki/Skyrim:Gorm', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-45-61-6.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.07619225978851318', 'original_id': 'a01788db0a5ea7ad352744789bcb204d83ae677c3238526b436a22ee58b7a733'} |
State Superintendent Stanford Taylor asks districts to review graduation policies as they relate to American Indian traditions
As the school year winds down and graduation ceremonies take place, State Superintendent Carolyn Stanford Taylor has sent a reminder to Wisconsin school superintendents to review their policies regarding American Indian ceremonial traditions.
“Throughout Wisconsin, many school districts already recognize the importance of American Indian students wearing eagle feathers, traditional regalia, and other items,” Stanford Taylor wrote, noting that many school districts addressed their policies in 2017 after the Department of Public Instruction asked them to connect with sovereign tribal nations and discuss with tribal leaders ways to recognize and honor tribal traditions and practices. In the past, some school districts have prohibited students from wearing items of religious and cultural significance at graduation ceremonies and school-sponsored events.
“I hope you will take this opportunity to deepen the relationship with the tribal nations and recognize the cultural and religious significance these specific items have to the sovereign tribal nations and their members,” she wrote.
Stanford Taylor asked school districts specifically to look at their policies, consider the religious aspects of eagle feathers and other items for American Indian students and the legal protections given for religious practices. For instance:
• Wisconsin Statutes s. 115.28(31) requires rules to provide for the reasonable accommodation of a pupil’s sincerely held religious beliefs with regard to all examinations and other academic requirements. Further, the related administrative rule, Wis. Admin. Code. Chapter PI 41, requires all school boards to develop policies providing for such accommodations.
• Wisconsin Statutes s. 118.13 provides that no person may be denied participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be discriminated against in any curricular, extracurricular, pupil services, recreational or other program or activity because of the sex, race, religion, national origin, ancestry, creed, pregnancy, marital or parental status, sexual orientation or physical, mental emotional or learning disability. Under the related administrative rule, Wis. Admin. Code Chapter PI 9, school boards are required to develop policies prohibiting discrimination against pupils.
“Thank you for your continued efforts to make school a welcoming, safe and engaging place for all our students each and every day,” she wrote. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '29', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9297336935997008}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '49074', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:Z2HLRHVQ6MU73W6ZPZVTAYYUZIXYKIV7', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d9e6b123-8005-425a-ad95-7114cacd8081>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 5, 31, 7, 48), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.198.13.34', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:IDGSNGN4U7YE2DUMCHIEGAOUF73DA5MA', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:68eeab01-d0c8-47d0-97ac-b68e3b4fc857>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://gbea.weac.org/2019/05/16/state-superintendent-stanford-taylor-asks-districts-to-review-graduation-policies-as-they-relate-to-american-indian-traditions/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:03e27fca-8fd1-491e-a687-41fbd2a23984>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '358', 'url': 'http://gbea.weac.org/2019/05/16/state-superintendent-stanford-taylor-asks-districts-to-review-graduation-policies-as-they-relate-to-american-indian-traditions/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-24\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May/June 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-84.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02669811248779297', 'original_id': '01544c85dba06bd70bf20e8d05d889f8fa7a7f603e5e93a7c026dcdff87b0eb5'} |
Gary Johnson’s Hasty Retreat
He was for a carbon tax. For a few days. Until he was against it.
I posted a few weeks about Gary Johnson’s embrace of a carbon fee, which seemed like an appealing sign of new ideas. Apparently, however, stale ideas are more politically salable. As it turns out, under pressure from horrified conservatives, Johnson waved the white flag and surrendered only a few days later. Here’s his explanation:
“If any of you heard me say I support a carbon tax…Look, I haven’t raised a penny of taxes in my political career and neither has Bill [Weld]. We were looking at—I was looking at—what I heard was a carbon fee which from a free-market standpoint would actually address the issue and cost less. I have determined that, you know what, it’s a great theory but I don’t think it can work, and I’ve worked my way through that.”
In short, he was for it until he was against it. “I’ve worked my way through that” may become the go-to phrase for politicians, to be used when the circumstances aren’t dire enough to require “mistakes were made” or “I’ve decided to spend more time with my family.” Still, once a politician is suspected of having a trace of independent thinking, that can be a hard thing to come back from these days.
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Q:
Double integral involving the derivative of a delta 'function': contradicting results
I'm trying to evaluate an integral of the form:
$$I\equiv \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dx\space f(x)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dy\space h(y)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}d\omega\space\omega e^{i\omega(x-y)}$$
with $f(x)$ and $h(y)$ analytic functions of $x$ and $y$, respectively.
I have two separate questions that will be presented as I go over what I did.
Option 1:
Noting that
$$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}d\omega\space\omega e^{i\omega(x-y)}=2\pi i\frac{d}{dx}\delta(x-y)$$
we can go on and write
$$I=2\pi i\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dy\space h(y)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dx\space f(x)\frac{d}{dx}\delta(x-y)$$
$$=-2\pi i\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dy\space h(y)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dx\space \frac{d}{dx}f(x)\delta(x-y)\color{lightgrey}{+2\pi i\space h(x)f(x)\vert^{\infty}_{-\infty}}$$
$$=-2\pi i\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dx\space h(x)\frac{d}{dx}f(x)\color{lightgrey}{+2\pi i \space h(x)f(x)\vert^{\infty}_{-\infty}}$$
where I used integration by parts,
$$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dx\space f(x)\frac{d}{dx}\delta(x-y)=f(x)\delta(x-y)\vert^{\infty}_{-\infty}-\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dx\space \frac{d}{dx}f(x)\delta(x-y)$$
and the term in grey corresponds to my first question.
First question: Is it correct to set
$$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} dy\space h(y)(f(x)\delta(x-y)\vert^{\infty}_{-\infty})=0$$
, arguing that $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}=\lim_{a\to\infty}\int_{-a}^{a}$ and using the fact the integrand vanishes for any finite $y$?
Or rather, the fact that this is integrated over $y$ from $-\infty$ to $\infty$ yields something like
$$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} dy\space h(y)(f(x)\delta(x-y)\vert^{\infty}_{-\infty})=h(x)f(x)\vert^{\infty}_{-\infty}$$
? For this case, I added the grey terms. These terms disappear if the boundary term vanishes, that is the first case I presented.
As I'm not convinced which one is correct, I will carry the grey terms along, remembering their source.
However, this won't affect the next question I'm about to get to.
Option 2:
Now, let's repeat this calculation by replacing the roles of $x$ and $y$. That is, noting that:
$$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}d\omega\space\omega e^{i\omega(x-y)}=-2\pi i\frac{d}{dy}\delta(x-y)$$
we can go on and write
$$I=-2\pi i\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dx\space f(x)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dy\space h(y)\frac{d}{dy}\delta(x-y)$$
$$=2\pi i\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dx\space f(x)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dy\space \frac{d}{dy}h(y)\delta(x-y)\color{lightgrey}{-2\pi i\space h(x)f(x)\vert^{\infty}_{-\infty}}$$
$$=2\pi i\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dx\space f(x)\frac{d}{dx}h(x)\color{lightgrey}{-2\pi i\space h(x)f(x)\vert^{\infty}_{-\infty}}$$
To sum up, I'll denote the two results by:
$$S_1=-2\pi i\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dx\space h(x)\frac{d}{dx}f(x)\color{lightgrey}{+2\pi i \space h(x)f(x)\vert^{\infty}_{-\infty}}$$
$$S_2=2\pi i\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dx\space f(x)\frac{d}{dx}h(x)\color{lightgrey}{-2\pi i\space h(x)f(x)\vert^{\infty}_{-\infty}}$$
Using integration by parts, we find a relation between the two results:
$$S_1=-2\pi i\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dx\space h(x)\frac{d}{dx}f(x)\color{lightgrey}{+2\pi i \space h(x)f(x)\vert^{\infty}_{-\infty}}$$
$$=2\pi i\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dx\space f(x)\frac{d}{dx}h(x)-2\pi i \space h(x)f(x)\vert^{\infty}_{-\infty}\color{lightgrey}{+2\pi i \space h(x)f(x)\vert^{\infty}_{-\infty}}$$
If the grey terms are correct, this amounts to:
$$S_1=S_2+2\pi i \space h(x)f(x)\vert^{\infty}_{-\infty}$$
If the grey terms are redundant, this amounts to:
$$S_1=S_2-2\pi i \space h(x)f(x)\vert^{\infty}_{-\infty}$$
In any case, these results are different!
Second question:
Seems like we got different results using the two options, based on how we choose to represent the integral over $\omega$: a derivative of a delta function with respect to $x$, or rather, $y$.
What is the source of this contradiction? What is the correct result of the integration?
A:
When in doubt, switch to nascent deltas until near the end to see whether our original problem is even well-defined. (A "contradiction" here would really mean that it isn't.)
For $\epsilon>0$, define $$I_\epsilon:=\int_{\Bbb R}dx f(x)\int_{\Bbb R}dy h(y)\int_{-1/\epsilon}^{1/\epsilon} d\omega\omega\exp i\omega(x-y)$$ and a nascent delta $$\delta_\epsilon(x-y):=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-1/\epsilon}^{1/\epsilon} d\omega\exp i\omega(x-y)$$ so $$I_\epsilon=-2\pi i\int_{\Bbb R}dx f(x)\int_{\Bbb R}dy h(y)\delta_\epsilon^\prime(x-y),$$ where $\prime$ on a function will indicate differentiation with respect to its argument throughout herein. Integration by parts gives $$\frac{I_\epsilon}{2\pi i}=\int_{\Bbb R}dx f^\prime(x)\int_{\Bbb R}dy h(y)\delta_\epsilon(x-y)-\int_{\Bbb R}dyh(y)\left[f(x)\delta_\epsilon(x-y)\right]_{-\infty}^\infty.$$(We'll leave aside, for now, the reasons to expect that the boundary term vanishes.) Similarly, we can get $$\frac{I_\epsilon}{2\pi i}=-\int_{\Bbb R}dx f(x)\int_{\Bbb R}dy h^\prime(y)\delta_\epsilon(x-y)+\int_{\Bbb R}dxf(x)\left[h(y)\delta_\epsilon(x-y)\right]_{-\infty}^\infty.$$ Equating these, $$\int_{\Bbb R^2}dxdy\left(f^\prime(x)h(y)+f(x)h^\prime(y)\right)\delta_\epsilon(x-y)\\=\int_{\Bbb R}dyh(y)\left[f(x)\delta_\epsilon(x-y)\right]_{-\infty}^\infty+\int_{\Bbb R}dxf(x)\left[h(y)\delta_\epsilon(x-y)\right]_{-\infty}^\infty.$$It helps to rewrite the second term on the right-hand side by exchanging the names of the labels $x,\,y$. Since $\delta_\epsilon$ is even, our revised right-hand side is $$\int_{\Bbb R}dy\left\{ h(y)\left[f(x)\delta_\epsilon(x-y)\right]_{-\infty}^\infty+f(y)\left[h(x)\delta_\epsilon(x-y)\right]_{-\infty}^\infty\right\}.$$If we take the distributional limit $\epsilon\to 0^+$, the consistency condition reduces to $$\int_{\Bbb R}dx(f(x)h(x))^\prime=2[f(x)h(x)]_{-\infty}^\infty$$ or equivalently $[f(x)h(x)]_{-\infty}^\infty$. This is necessary for $I$ to exist. Let's compare this with the situation for $I_\epsilon$: as long as $f,\,h$ have such behaviour at $\pm\infty$ as to ensure $$\lim_{x\to\infty}\delta_\epsilon(x-y)=0\implies\lim_{x\to\infty}f(x)h(y)\delta_\epsilon(x-y)=\lim_{x\to\infty}f(y)h(x)\delta_\epsilon(x-y)=0,$$we get $$\int_{\Bbb R^2}dxdy\left(f^\prime(x)h(y)+f(x)h^\prime(y)\right)\delta_\epsilon(x-y)=0,$$which again recovers $[f(x)h(x)]_{-\infty}^\infty=0$ in the distributional limit.
As a final point, note that the original problem's containing $\delta$ means it will be well-posed in particular for Schwartz functions $f,\,h$ (because $\delta$ is a tempered distribution), which unsurprisingly guarantees the desired consistency condition.
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What's your skin type?
Published: Wednesday | November 28, 2012 Comments 0
By Arusha Campbell-Chambers
Your skin can be classified into various basic types depending on how it usually looks and behaves. We tend to have a basic type which becomes drier as we age.
Our skin type is affected by internal factors such as genes and hormones, and external factors such as our lifestyle and the environment. The common types include: normal, dry, oily, sensitive and combination.
Normal skin is actually common in children but uncommon in adults. It is smooth, has even texture, isn't shiny, has no or minimal lines, no blemishes and the complexion is even. Dry skin lacks moisture in the outer layers of the skin. It is usually due to a defective skin barrier in the outer layer of skin causing excessive water loss. This defect may be caused by the genes we inherit or by harsh soaps and detergents, hot water, air conditioning, friction from clothing, frequent air travel, pollutants and other chemicals. Dehydration can also worsen the appearance of dry skin. The features of dry skin include:
• Dull, rough appearance
• Fine lines
• Stiffness, flaking, cracking
• May get irritated, inflamed, itchy
• Usually worse on arms and legs
Oil is produced by the sebaceous (oil) glands in the skin and secreted to the skin's surface through the hair pores. These glands are most numerous on the face, chest, back and upper arms. The oil secretion is controlled by hormones and is therefore greater during puberty, pregnancy and pre-menstrually. Individuals with oily skin have a greater chance of getting acne. 'Comedogenic' products can block the hair pores, leading to acne, and so should be avoided. The features of oily skin include:
• Coarse texture
• Excess shine, enlarged pores
• Blackheads, whiteheads possible
Combination skin is very common. As the name suggests, it's a combination usually of oily skin on the T-zone (forehead, nose and chin) and dry skin on the cheeks. Sensitive skin is a widely used term which has not been clearly defined. It usually refers to a tendency to develop irritation which may occur after using certain skin-care products, harsh soaps or detergents, extreme climates or air conditioning. In some cases, there is no known exposure triggering sensitive skin. Sensitive skin may also be caused by some skin diseases such as seborrhoeic dermatitis, atopic eczema, rosacea, contact dermatitis or urticaria. The skin around the eyes and sides of the nose tend to be the most sensitive areas of the face.
Individuals with sensitive skin should eliminate any likely causes of their symptoms. They can start by eliminating all skin products that they are currently using and gradually re-introduce gentle products. A special skin test may be needed to exclude an allergy to a product.
The features of sensitive skin may include:
• Fine texture
• Redness, flaking
• Skin swelling
• Tightness
• Fine lines
Understanding how your skin usually behaves can help you discover how to best take care it. In our next article, we will look at various skin-care products to help you maintain a healthy skin care routine.
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The Sheer Ecstasy of Being a Lunatic Farmer by Joel Salatin
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Farming / Agriculture »
The Sheer Ecstasy of Being a Lunatic Farmer by Joel Salatin
$36.00 inc GST
Have you ever wondered: "So what really is the difference, anyway? Can there really be that much difference between the way two farmers operate? After all, a cow is a cow and the land is the land, isn't it?"
From how farmers view soil and water, to how they build fences, market their products or involve their families, this book shows a depth of thought - the why - that expresses itself through farms like his family's Polyface Farm in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley.
In the international spotlight for this different kind of farm, Salatin explains how the why creates such a different food model. While modern conventional industrial food advocates pooh-pooh the alternative paradigm, Salatin shows with good humour and stories how this alleged lunacy actually offers a life of sheer ecstasy.
315 pages
ISBN: 9780963810960
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شعب البلطجيه (Muckleshoot people) هما مجموعه عرقيه.
المكان
شعب البلطجيه موجودين فى امريكا.
اللغات المحكيه
شعب البلطجيه بيتكلمو انجليزى و Lushootseed.
شعب البلطجيه لغتهم الام هيا Lushootseed.
شوف كمان
المجموعات العرقيه المعاصره
اقرا اكتر
Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group (بالانجليزى)
لينكات
مصادر
مجموعه عرقيه
مجموعه عرقيه فى امريكا | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%87', 'collection': 'Wikipedia', 'open_type': 'Open Web', 'license': 'CC-By-SA', 'date': '2023.0', 'title': 'شعب البلطجيه', 'creator': 'https://arz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=شعب البلطجيه&action=history', 'language': 'Egyptian Arabic', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '56', 'token_count': '189', '__index_level_0__': '43513', 'original_id': 'e6aeb51cae2d0d9402b4622e4dad78e6ab36088701442c272a8f63cfa96e156c'} |
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Netbackup Training in Pune for a Reliable Foundation and Saving on Time
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2. Another problem faced by the IT department is the required back-ups not being able to finish on time, requiring more of labor and time spent on this. As the Netbackup appliances work almost four times faster they tend to not only save on time but also save on costs.
The Netbackup appliance can outpace the growth of the data center which works at a relentless pace. This is due to the technologies considered as ‘innovative’, techniques for efficiency in storage and a fast recovery for any type of data required.
The Netbackup Training in Pune offers a thorough knowledge besides the required information on the right usage of the Netbackup appliances. With the application of netback up your investment is leveled out and you can look forward to establishing a foundation considered reliable.
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Quick Enquiry | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '1', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9252752661705016}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '35281', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:HKYSKJDZU75OPZM63YQKP74BQ3KAID2H', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:123deaa0-a24f-4005-9d38-b0c97b862aa6>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 19, 3, 17, 28), 'WARC-IP-Address': '43.255.154.57', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:Z6KSEDG6PR76ODZ2Y75V6IB2W7BGTEYZ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:a86e145f-5684-47e0-ae17-369c0456bacf>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.goalsinfocloud.com/netbackup-training-in-pune-for-a-reliable-foundation-and-saving-on-time/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:6bee88de-ca6f-432f-b0e2-38b92a98eb2d>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '331', 'url': 'https://www.goalsinfocloud.com/netbackup-training-in-pune-for-a-reliable-foundation-and-saving-on-time/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-109-209-241.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02414935827255249', 'original_id': 'f85d4d80404a85c174c8e136d54bcc2ab1a59df21749dab09171ff181b1749ab'} |
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For a rough guide to finding a ideal weight/height ratio before we embark on a diet, head over to the following chart. The numbers are a composite average for women and males of medium build, aged 25-60. Allow 3-5 pounds for clothing.
Trust me there is a simpler and simpler means which will help we receive amazing results which can last forever. The focus really must be about two elements plus those are food plus exercise. If you truly want to lose a great deal of weight then we need to make sure you're available every day of the life putting food in a mouth that will assist we lose fat.
Staying healthy and living a long successful lifetime is what everyone want. Be it a man, a woman or perhaps a teen, all likes to have a toned and well-shaped character. But unluckily, now more plus more of teenage girls are dealing with the weight condition. Teenage weight is something that will be too risky for teens, considering they are inside the stage where their body structure grows frequently.
However what numerous people have no idea is the fact that these kinds of techniques which are used as stress-free and simple choice to drop pounds can bring about irreparable health complications. It is something that we simply do should be aware of and keep far away from. The last thing you'll wish To achieve is to strive to cheat about the preferred diet, that may terminate a lifetime unexpectedly. Therefore, there are a amount of extreme signifies you'll be able to shed weight too. As an example, you'll have bump into many fasts for illustration abstinence from all food but taking just juices plus water. The truth of the issue appropriate here is the fact that every have resulted in significant amounts of pounds to be shed.
Don't simply depend on a scale because an exact portrayal of the program. As we lose weight you're furthermore going to build up muscle and muscle weighs more than fat does. So after a whilst you could notice a weight level off or rise a bit. Instead you need to take the measurements too. This way when the weight does level off for a while you'll be able to see which you're nevertheless getting thinner.
Permit me give we several suggestions concerning Fastest way to lose weight at property. These tips cost practically nothing plus really work. They are fast, however not promptly ample to provide we miraculous results immediately or within a fortnight. Getting rid of fat extremely rapidly or suddenly is extremely dangerous for the perfectly being plus may just be reached by way of medications or surgical operations this form of because liposuctions. Equally of them have devastating outcomes about wellness. I am heading to provide we just the regular methods, without adverse aspect results.
Whenever you lose fat, you're not only losing excess fat, you are losing important compounds from the body which are needed to keep wise health.
Just stop all foods and refreshments with empty calories. Drinks like low fat smoothies, green tea, cordials, plus water are suggested. While eating more fresh foods like fruits, vegetables, lean meat, fish, skinless poultry plus wholegrain foods have dietary advantages. And select low GI carbohydrate foods including wholegrain pasta, Dongara rice or Basmati sift, multi-grain bread to aid control hunger. In others words, limit the fruit juices, donuts, white breads, take outs, quick foods plus soft refreshments as much as potential.
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Q:
Replacing a pattern in line preceding another pattern of interest
I have a log file with many instances of statements as shown below:
14 Aug 19 16:30:11.506: <DATA> |POS|IDLE|1|01131844090|5950|$hostIp|$size |$data
20 Aug 19 16:30:12.439: <DATA> |POS|IDLE|1|01131844090|5950|$hostIp|$size |$data
21 ###############################################################################
I want to replace IDLE just preceding the #########.. to say, END and have other cases of IDLE retained.
How do I achieve it?
Edit:
Maybe something is different with my actual file. Answers to this question haven't met the requirement. Detailed extract and my requirement is shown below:
22 Aug 19 16:47:33.159: <DATA> |POS|RINGING|1|1126710938|5950|$hostIp|$size |$data
23 Aug 19 16:47:33.453: <DATA> |POS|INIT|1|1126710938|5950|$hostIp|$size |$data
24 Aug 19 16:47:33.484: <DATA> |POS|TRAINING|1|1126710938|5950|$hostIp|$size |$data
25 Aug 19 16:48:05.824: <DATA> |POS|IDLE|1|1126710938|5950|$hostIp|$size |$data
26 Aug 19 16:48:05.916: <DATA> |POS|INIT|1|1126710938|5950|$hostIp|$size |$data
27 Aug 19 16:48:05.947: <DATA> |POS|IDLE|1|1126710938|5950|$hostIp|$size |$data
28 Aug 19 16:48:23.792: <DATA> |POS|IDLE|1|1126710938|5950|$hostIp|$size |$data
29 Aug 19 16:48:23.853: <DATA> |POS|INIT|1|1126710938|5950|$hostIp|$size |$data
30 Aug 19 16:48:23.884: <DATA> |POS|IDLE|1|1126710938|5950|$hostIp|$size |$data
31 ##############################################################################
After operating on the above instance, the result should be:
(IDLE preceding #### line is changed to END.Note there are many instances of such events. My actual need is to find time diff between RINGING and IDLE - aka END)
22 Aug 19 16:47:33.159: <DATA> |POS|RINGING|1|1126710938|5950|$hostIp|$size |$data
23 Aug 19 16:47:33.453: <DATA> |POS|INIT|1|1126710938|5950|$hostIp|$size |$data
24 Aug 19 16:47:33.484: <DATA> |POS|TRAINING|1|1126710938|5950|$hostIp|$size |$data
25 Aug 19 16:48:05.824: <DATA> |POS|IDLE|1|1126710938|5950|$hostIp|$size |$data
26 Aug 19 16:48:05.916: <DATA> |POS|INIT|1|1126710938|5950|$hostIp|$size |$data
27 Aug 19 16:48:05.947: <DATA> |POS|IDLE|1|1126710938|5950|$hostIp|$size |$data
28 Aug 19 16:48:23.792: <DATA> |POS|IDLE|1|1126710938|5950|$hostIp|$size |$data
29 Aug 19 16:48:23.853: <DATA> |POS|INIT|1|1126710938|5950|$hostIp|$size |$data
30 Aug 19 16:48:23.884: <DATA> |POS|END|1|1126710938|5950|$hostIp|$size |$data
31 ##############################################################################
A:
Update: The ex command way will work only on the first matching line. The perl example will replace for all lines with the pattern, but will only give the output and not edit the origitnal file, so you will have to redirect the output to a new file. YOUR-LOGFILE should be replaced by the location of the file you are trying to modify.
perl -0pe 's/IDLE(.*\n.*###)/END\1/g' YOUR-LOGFILE > NEWFILE
This will replace the line just above the line containing the pattern and then exit.
ex -s +'/######/-1 s/IDLE/END/ | x' YOUR-LOGFILE
| mini_pile | {'original_id': 'b37c8e1b6792967bbad5c128c711561132c2d49679a7d132ff16a8518d4311b2'} |
Monday, March 07, 2005
Our Thurbie Tree
I read where Mover Mike's dog had died the other day and he had written a poem while involved in his loss. We had a dog named Thurbie a while back. You may be familiar with the works of James Thurber. He was almost blind and did his work up close, very close. He drew a picture of a dog, well almost a dog; that was our Thurbie.
Thurbie was mostly black, low to the ground and he might have had four legs; we were never sure about that. Thurbie looked more like a black rug that moved around and so we just assumed that he had legs. We had him for several years, Thurbie having shown up like most of the others, after finding the hobo's "X" on our front door. We never really knew how old he was, middle aged puppy or there about. When he died he took our hearts away with him. Lucy took him to the vet and he never made it back home. I went to the local garden store, it being spring, and wanted to buy a dogwood tree to plant in the yard. I spotted what I thought was a dogwood tree, and asked the nurseryman about it.
"Oh, that's not a dogwood tree at all. It's actually a variation of the red bud, only with white flowers. Some folks call it a "False Dogwood" because it looks so much like one."
"That's perfect then, I'm planting it to honor a false dog", how much better could it be. So I planted the Thurbie tree in the front yard and each year about this time it comes into bloom, beautiful white flowers that last about a week or so and then blow off to who knows where. The tree has never flourished much, remaining kind of low to the ground, more like a bush than a tree. I suppose its only right since Thurbie was kind of low to the ground too. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9939824938774108}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '46705', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:NNNNJZRPQATIFXXQXB4EHYWSUHSG4H4Z', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:e845d437-fcd5-4272-a317-1af42b3b3d75>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 3, 24, 21, 49, 34), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.7.161', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:IBQCAYFZCJHL27O7WUDI2ODY5KT7ABEQ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:f7a6a243-5abd-4d17-bf78-d58c1c8e38ab>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://pecawsgift.blogspot.com/2005/03/our-thurbie-tree.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:5cb145dc-ce06-4c9f-965b-40feaf73ac0d>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '333', 'url': 'http://pecawsgift.blogspot.com/2005/03/our-thurbie-tree.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-13\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March 2017\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.20283591747283936', 'original_id': 'b9a642ead647c5598e35e46002d6b40dbaacbb229cae579c3aa8b8939f5e5cab'} |
Death sentence in Davis' 'sweetheart' murders
A Sacramento Superior Court jury recommended the death penalty for Richard Joseph Hirschfield today, with the jury returning its verdict to a packed courtroom after only 2.5 hours of deliberation.
Last month, the jury declared 63-year-old Hirschfield guilty of kidnapping and murdering 18-year-old University of California, Davis students John Riggins and Sabrina Gonsalves in 1980, as well as sexually assaulting Gonsalves.
After the death penalty was recommended, Cecilia Riggins, mother of John Riggins, said, "I am so greatly relieved."
Beth Gabor, a cousin of John Riggins, said, "I'm glad this phase is over for my family and all who loved and miss John and Sabrina."
Closing arguments began on Wednesday morning in Sacramento Superior Court, with Judge Michael W. Sweet presiding. The 12-person jury returned their verdict at 2 p.m. on Thursday.
The young sweethearts were allegedly abducted in Davis-after working at a children's production of the Nutcracker ballet, on their way to Gonsalves' sister's birthday party--on the foggy night of Dec. 20, 1980. Two days later, their bodies were discovered in a ditch near what is now the Folsom Auto Mall. Riggins and Gonsalves were allegedly tortured-duct tape was wrapped around their heads "like mummies"--and their throats were slashed. DNA evidence found on a semen-stained blanket in Riggins' Chevy van was linked to Hirschfield when he was in prison in Washington State for molesting two young girls in a public swimming pool in 1996.
In seeking the death penalty, Sacramento County Deputy District Attorney Dawn Bladet argued that Hirschfield "chose to kill in a vicious, savage and cruel way." She said that the manner in which he killed them--the duct tape that prevented breathing, ligature marks and attempts at strangulation, and multiple knife wounds--"weigh in favor of death."
"He engaged in this goal-directed behavior to satisfy his perverse desires," she said.
Bladet also told the jurors about Hirschfield's prior felony convictions, including a rape case in Mountain View, in 1975 and the 1996 child molestation case in Washington State.
"A 30-year-old who had already been convicted of sexual crimes committed this (murder)," she said.
Bladet presented photos of how Riggins' and Gonsalves' bodies were left in a ditch to show Hirschfield's lack of remorse for the crimes.
"There's an overwhelming amount of evidence in this case for a return of a death verdict," Bladet said in her closing remarks. "This is about what is proper, commensurate punishment for what this man did."
The defense team attempted to persuade the jury that Hirschfield should receive a sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole, stating that he endured "extreme" abuse as a child and suffered from brain damage that he may have been born with.
Defense attorney Linda Parisi said that life in prison without the possibility of parole "is a very harsh punishment."
Parisi noted how Hirschfield's mother was impregnated by her abusive, alcoholic stepfather, and gave birth to Hirschfield when she was 15 years old. As a result, his father, Casper Hirschfield, was "also his step-grandfather, who victimized his mother and raped her when she was 13 years old." After Richard Hirschfield was born in 1949, his mother Lorraine had a half-dozen more children, and her eldest son grew up helping to take care of his younger siblings while the "dirt poor" family was living in Colusa. Parisi said Hirschfield had to work before and after school to provide for the family.
Casper Hirschfield remained at the home and abused the children. "The terror and abuse was so bad and so extreme that the children ran away," Parisi said. "And when they ran away, no one really listened and they were brought back to that house.
"This was not just a mean dad--it was a horrific experience," she added.
Regarding the prosecutor's contention that Hirschfield's behavior was a matter of free choice, Parisi said, "It's easy to say that goal-directed conduct is free choice, but it's so much more than that. Someone helped him get there. What shapes our ability to have free choice? We know what does: one's childhood; the things you don't choose. Mr. Hirschfield didn't choose his parents. Mr. Hirschfield didn't say, 'I choose to have a father who will impose a reign of terror on the household.' Did it have an impact? Of course.
"If his childhood was a movie, it would have been rated R, and he wouldn't have been able to see it as a child. Why? Because it was much too awful," Parisi continued. "Mr. Hirschfield didn't go to that movie, he lived it, day in, day, out, no walking out, no safe place, no corner of the world where he could feel loved and protected."
In addition to having an abusive home life, she said he was bullied at school and was a social outcast, based on earlier testimony of three men who were Hirschfield's childhood friends in Colusa.
Furthermore, "I submit that there is evidence of brain damage," Parisi told the 12 jurors and 10 alternate jurors during her closing remarks.
Last week, a forensic psychiatrist testified that brain scans showed Hirschfield had brain damage that may have led to antisocial behavior, violence and diminished impulse control. Dr. Douglas Tucker of the University of California, San Francisco Department of Psychiatry said the brain damage may have been neurodevelopmental, and/or the result of head injuries suffered in a 1986 motorcycle accident and from beatings by other inmates while incarcerated in 2004.
In California, every death-penalty case is automatically appealed.
Now that Hirschfield has been sentenced to death row, the next step is the sentencing hearing, which may take place as soon as January, according to sources familiar with the case. At that time, the judge will decide where Hirschfield will live the rest of his life; many death-row inmates are incarcerated at San Quentin State Prison in Marin County.
As the case comes to a conclusion, author Joel Davis, who wrote about the murders of Riggins and Gonsalves in his book, "Justice Waits"-which included a book-signing at the Avid Reader Bookstore in Davis in 2006-said he plans to write an e-book about the rest of the story.
Subscribe to Home Delivery and SAVE! | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '4', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9820603728294371}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '89031', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:VPQG7EVO6A4XBKQ3CG66UGIG2CLDD23O', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:3baef8f1-76ca-4fc9-a525-69980b71f8e9>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 2, 26, 17, 12, 10), 'WARC-IP-Address': '151.101.33.53', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:YXD4ZTZZ3AEN6COPE45SFOJZ26A7AP2G', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:465d71fe-1c89-4045-8113-7a6d228baf00>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.dailydemocrat.com/20121207/death-sentence-in-davis-sweetheart-murders', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f3cff2d4-21b8-4d12-be5f-6250066615ef>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1009', 'url': 'http://www.dailydemocrat.com/20121207/death-sentence-in-davis-sweetheart-murders', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-09\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2017\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.028903961181640625', 'original_id': '98b4200fb6daca163255c9e926ea147f1b0743402440a64ca80b328840e574f7'} |
Is the power of voting an illusion?
Click to follow
Indy Politics
Yes, in nearly all elections. It's distressing that many people emotionalise this issue, because it prevents us from accepting the necessity of solving the problem of voting's individual irrelevance. There is a reason that many countries mandate voting: it's because it is in fact something for which there is little rational individual motive.
Because, for an individual, voting entails almost no "power" at all. That doesn't mean it's not crucial at the aggregate level; it just means that humans are obnoxiously rational, and will ferret out whether they have to leave the house to do something. We can attack the issue with odes to democracy, but most people won't do things that don't feel consequential or important unless they're incentivised, one way or another.
Mills Baker
No. Many races at various levels, at least in the US, are decided by a few hundred or even dozen votes. A lot of people are shocked when someone wins by the slimmest of margins. So yes, a small number of people can affect the outcome of an election.
Matt Pickering
Yes and no. No, in that the human need for our 'special vote' to count is a sign of our individual hubris and inflated ego. The point of voting is not that your one vote is going to change the world. It ain't. It's about understanding how a robust system works and why participation is key. [It is] a civic obligation, like serving on a jury.
Dan Holliday
Absolutely not. There is great power in voting, that is why for hundreds of years people have been fighting, and sometimes dying, to gain the right to vote.
It seems to me that most of these answers miss the main point of voting, the voice of the people, rather than the voice of the person. The whole idea behind voting is that any single individual does not matter, but rather the collective voice of the people is what becomes significant.
Eric Christensen
While you don't vote, the fundamentalists and supply-siders and assorted loons are voting and filling up school boards and state legislatures. The margins of victory are often quite small.
Nick Du Plessis
If voting really changed anything, would they let us do it?
Ram Narayan
Yes and no. Your vote does not matter. Until it does. But on a more fundamental level, voting puts the government on notice – we are watching you.
Neel Kumar
| dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '8', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.959559202194214}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '60988', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:RCC6MQYYIX6PDITBF4GPVGYKZXTUTDZU', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:585d7dd9-533b-4391-853b-4752207c7c02>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 5, 23, 21, 29, 56), 'WARC-IP-Address': '151.101.33.184', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:SSBWU2FYC7P5D7CYQGR6Q6BHVA5X5BRM', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:cdf0dae0-d9f2-440b-8196-d13b91316c99>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/is-the-power-of-voting-an-illusion-10149144.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:faac80f6-04bb-40e3-94f6-455a62d0ab7a>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '427', 'url': 'http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/is-the-power-of-voting-an-illusion-10149144.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-185-224-210.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-22\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.9740156531333923', 'original_id': 'a3f92a4572acf58b8cdb62cba13cf81f8720567f127cd0ebdd3b1d4595e92e6a'} |
California’s Thomas Fire Is Now the Largest Wildfire in Official State History
Gizmodo, Climate Change
“According to officials, this is the worst season for wildfires in memory. Wildfires have ravaged vast parts of the state this year, with blazes burning from southern California all the way up to wine-growing regions hundreds of miles to the north. The frequency of massive fires in the state has dramatically increased in the last few decades, due to both accidental blazes started by humans and trends linked to climate change like extreme droughts.”
Donald Trump and Scott Pruitt have two choices: 1) accept that anthropogenic climate change is a reality and start investing resources now to ameliorate its affects or 2) refuse to acknowledge anthropogenic climate change and pay the much larger financial costs that are already confronting their country and further on down the line…
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Connecting to %s | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '6', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8764562606811523}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '105599', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:FGM2GLGKJBAIHGSVQI2NAA7LUTYEN6UL', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:3e879ec3-98a3-43a4-9841-7cdf25e41593>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 10, 16, 23, 28, 34), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.0.78.24', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:L5SHIMARBCNOSNZXESKRSKWMYJPWRIYY', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:572a32ec-28fa-455b-91fa-814ee4a805a8>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://mankindsdegradationofplanetearth.com/2017/12/25/californias-thomas-fire-is-now-the-largest-wildfire-in-official-state-history/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:423558c2-1094-4b31-a8fc-a9a1c2937c99>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '197', 'url': 'https://mankindsdegradationofplanetearth.com/2017/12/25/californias-thomas-fire-is-now-the-largest-wildfire-in-official-state-history/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-43\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-30-126-152.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.052237868309020996', 'original_id': '915c57c31b876a0e9e6f5aa59bfd766948b1804ec273fbf6ebebde8527fc5422'} |
An aerial view of Cancun, Mexico.
Photos: Views of Mexico
Photographic highlights of Mexico
Yelapa, Mexico
Disneyland? Why not? Eiffel Tower? Go for it. But Puerto Vallarta? Yeesh. I'll write about Puerto Vallarta someday, about how awful it is. But today is not that day.
Most Popular - Travel | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.79594886302948}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '104082', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:DIFRLM2WOZ2KCDXIDBFA2ALMQX64Z3IX', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:bf6b46e7-55cb-4e93-af60-625fd100c8bf>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 4, 19, 12, 17, 2), 'WARC-IP-Address': '52.85.133.25', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:P2DJZTJIWMW6O77DVBEGCABAEF3YHEIH', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:813bab63-bd3a-4698-a668-0a44959dc7c6>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.canada.com/travel/destinations/north-america/mexico/yucatan-peninsula/cancun/ottawa/hawaii/traveloverview.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7a20c8cb-fbff-4b05-b4e3-e0403c65ff85>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '50', 'url': 'http://www.canada.com/travel/destinations/north-america/mexico/yucatan-peninsula/cancun/ottawa/hawaii/traveloverview.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-228-146-195.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-17\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2018\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.07328718900680542', 'original_id': '6c0ebf402a8f6b9a02fd08caf593170cac27b218e2f07fb1e4b1fa83086caf91'} |
Trending :
Which breed is perfect for you? 🐶
Rescue cat struggles to find home because of this "rude" facial marking!
The rude markings are making everyone laugh
© The Mini Kitty Commune - Facebook
Every animal is special and every rescue cat deserves a forever home. However, one kitty is having a little bit of trouble finding a new family because of some slightly unusual facial markings.
By Ashley Murphy, 2 Sep 2019
On paper, 9-year-old Daisy has everything you look for in a rescue cat. She's house-trained, friendly, fully vaccinated, spayed, and even has her own microchip.
A very unusual 'look'
So what's the problem? Why hasn't this Ragdoll kitty found a new cat mum and dad? Well, it might have something to do with her facial markings. Because, unfortunately for Daisy, they look a bit like a...well, take a look for yourself!
Now there's plenty of words to describe what those unique markings resemble, but we think we'll stick with a "man's private-parts!"
As Daisy is far more mature than we supposed 'grown-ups,' she's got no idea why nobody wants her.
When she looks in the mirror, she doesn't see anything else but a lonely cat looking for a home.
Thankfully, the staff working The Mini Kitty Commune rescue centre are doing everything they can to find a suitable family.
They recently shared the story on social media and posted the following message on their Facebook page:
"Beautiful Daisy is ready for adoption. Some say she has unfortunate facial markings, but we call it totally unique. Daisy is 9 years old and ready to spend her time snuggling on anything warm & happy to watch the world go by."
"She is very easy going and doesn't want for much, she loves company of humans but has also been around other cats so will do well after correct introductions."
We can't help but have a little giggle
Unsurprisingly, the pictures led to a few giggles and one or two sarcastic comments. One person wrote:
"Whoever doesn't love this cat is a d*ck!"
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Карола Неер (; ) — немецкая актриса театра и кино. Она была любимой актрисой Бертольта Брехта, играла в конце 1920-х годов в спектакле Трёхгрошовая опера по пьесе Брехта, а позднее, в 1931, сыграла Полли Пичем в фильме Трёхгрошовая опера.
Вместе с другими известными писателями, артистами и политиками, Неер подписала в 1930-х годах письмо против Гитлера, — среди подписавших были Генрих Манн, Лион Фейхтвангер и Анна Зегерс. После вынужденной эмиграции из фашистской Германии в СССР, она погибла в сталинских лагерях в возрасте чуть более 40 лет, умерев от тифа в Соль-Илецкой тюрьме в июне 1942 года. Некоторые современники винили в её гибели Бертольта Брехта, потому что известный поэт и драматург мог бы просить Сталина освободить актрису, хотя есть также свидетельства, что Брехт просил содействовать освобождению актрисы Лиона Фейхтвангера, который в то время имел славу и почёт в СССР.
Биография
Карола Неер родилась в 3 ноября 1900 года в Мюнхене в семье музыканта. В 20 лет дебютировала в мюнхенском театре Каммершпиле.
В 1924 году вышла замуж за поэта и драматурга Альфреда Геншке, писавшего под псевдонимом Клабунд, умершего в 1928 году.
С 1926 года выступала на столичной сцене и стала одной из любимых актрис Бертольта Брехта. В Берлине играла Рокси в первой постановке пьесы Морин Уоткинс «Чикаго»; в 1928 году в первой постановке «Трёхгрошовой оперы» Б. Брехта и К. Вайля в Театре на Шиффбауэрдамм играла Полли Пичем. В 1931 году сыграла ту же роль в фильме Г. В. Пабста.
В 1933 году, после прихода нацистов к власти в Германии, эмигрировала, жила сначала в Вене, затем в Праге. В 1934 году вслед за немецким коммунистом Анатолием Беккером приехала в Москву, где Беккер устроился конструктором на Станкостроительный завод имени Орджоникидзе. В том же году вместе с другими известными немецкими эмигрантами подписала протест против оккупации нацистами Саарской области, за что была лишена немецкого гражданства.
В декабре 1934 года у Неер и Беккера родился сын Георг.
В Москве работала на фабрике «Межрабпомфильм», выступала в московском клубе иностранных рабочих, пыталась писать для немецкоязычной прессы. В 1936 году Эрвин Пискатор в Горьком начал снимать фильм «Красное немецкое Поволжье», в котором предложил Неер главную роль.
25 июня 1936 года, вслед за мужем Анатолием Беккером, актриса была арестована и 16 июля 1937 года осуждена Военной коллегией Верховного Суда по ст. 17, 58-8, 58-11 УК к 10 годам тюремного заключения.
Одним из пунктов обвинения было то, что актриса передала письма немецкого коммуниста Эриха Волленберга его друзьям в СССР, а Волленберг в то время был в немилости у сталинистов.
Неер отбывала наказание в Орловской тюрьме. Она умерла от тифа 26 июня 1942 года в тюрьме Соль-Илецка под Оренбургом (данная тюрьма является действующей и поныне, более известная под названием «Чёрный Дельфин»).
Реабилитирована в 1959 году.
Сына Неер и Беккера после ареста родителей взяли к себе немецкие политэмигранты — супруги Эльза и Георг Таубенбергеры. Но за арестом родителей Георга последовал арест его приемных родителей, и мальчик был отправлен в детский дом; потом был усыновлен бездетной женой красного командира, но из-за жестокого обращения сбежал и снова попал в детдом, где пробыл до 1950 года.
Он знал о себе только имя, фамилию и национальность. О настоящих своих родителях и их трагической судьбе узнал много позже совершенно случайно, благодаря письму, сохранившемуся в архиве детского дома, которое Карола написала в марте 1941 года директору.
В 1974 году Г. Беккер подал заявление на выезд в Германию. Благодаря стараниям Льва Копелева, который принял участие в судьбе Георга, видные политики и деятели культуры ФРГ, включая Вилли Брандта, направили Л.И. Брежневу письмо с просьбой выпустить сына Каролы Неер.
В 1975 году Георг Беккер уехал в Германию, где многие годы преподавал в консерватории в Аугсбурге.
Память
О Кароле Неер в своей книге «Крутой маршрут» упоминает Е.С. Гинзбург: «Вижу лицо необычайно нежной красоты и обаяния. Потом я узнала, что это была известная немецкая киноактриса Каролла Неер-Гейнчке. Вместе с мужем-инженером она приехала в 34-м году в СССР. Два колечка, удачно спрятанные от бдительных очей надзирательницы, были памятью о муже, которого она считала уже мертвым».
В Германии в честь актрисы Каролы Неер названы улицы в Берлине и Мюнхене (нем. Carola-Neher-Straße).
В Москве на фасаде дома 36 по Краснопрудной улице 5 февраля 2017 года была установлена памятная табличка «Последний адрес» Каролы Неер.
12 декабря 2017 года в Международном Мемориале в Москве открылась выставка «Театр жизни Каролы Неер».
Фильмография
1931 — «Трёхгрошовая опера» — Полли Пичем
Примечания
Ссылки
Именем Сталина
Коммунисты Германии
Заключённые в Ярославле
Деятели культуры и искусства, репрессированные в СССР
Заключённые Орловского централа
Посмертно реабилитированные в СССР
Персоналии: Последний адрес в Москве
Иммигрировавшие в СССР из Германии
Умершие в тюрьмах СССР
Иностранцы — заключённые ГУЛАГа | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%80%2C%20%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0', 'collection': 'Wikipedia', 'open_type': 'Open Web', 'license': 'CC-By-SA', 'date': '2023.0', 'title': 'Неер, Карола', 'creator': 'https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Неер, Карола&action=history', 'language': 'Russian', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '748', 'token_count': '2062', '__index_level_0__': '4927', 'original_id': 'a123b938ef975b116cfee49c4686e7dfdae9727d50c6638cc918fc7fbdeda6b4'} |
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From the OED, s.v. affiliate, v.: I.2.a. To attach a smaller institution to, or to connect it with, a larger one as a branch thereof; ... &c. No grammatical mistake here! As ever, Maxim 14:04, June 21, 2006 (CDT)
How can this be proven, etc.
Dear Dn Damick, RE the issue about the Friends of Orthodoxy on Iona not being interested in Scottish Orthodoxy more generally. The Friends is a London-based group, with an almost exclusively English membership. Most years, they go to Iona once a year, other years they go somewhere else, on a retreat of a few days. Apart from that they don't do anything else, except have the occasional dinner in London. When they go to Iona, they even stay at the Anglican/Episcopalian house. If you live in the UK and are well acquainted with the activities of the Friends of Orthodoxy on Iona, these things are self-evident and incontrovertable. Were the activities of the Friends and the geographical locale of its members published on the internet, then these references would establish the case. I propose the sentence in question be reintroduced. It serves to make clear (as otherwise would be assumed) that the Friends of Orthodoxy on Iona is a local Orthodox group with a focus on Iona, when it is not, but is mainly a group from another country which visits Iona periodically on a retreat. As ever, Maxim 03:30, June 28, 2006 (CDT)
It is one thing to say that their official events are limited to certain locales or activities. It is another entirely to say that they have no interest at all in Orthodoxy in Scotland otherwise. That's why there has to be a citation from an official statement of the group or the like. (I don't see how their staying at the Anglican/Episcopal house on Iona is relevant; it's not like there's an Orthodox equivalent there. I've been there.) If the point is that the members are mainly from outside Scotland, then there's nothing wrong with including that information. ("Another country" may well be confusing for some readers, who usually think of the UK as one country.)
In any event, I have anecdotal knowledge from two of their members in personal conversations that they are indeed interested in Scottish Orthodoxy in general. Among other reasons, that's why I'm insisting on a citation for what is otherwise a rather negative thing to say about the group.
OrthodoxWiki does not always follow a strictly citation-based method of documentation for its content, but where items are challenged, a citation needs to be produced. The wiki is not to be a storehouse for rumors or perceptions, but rather for verifiable, reliable information. —Dcn. Andrew talk random contribs 07:40, June 28, 2006 (CDT)
Dear Dn Damick, First of all, the issue is not whether the Friends have NO interest (that was never claimed); secondly, it is not whether particular individuals have PERSONAL interests in Scottish Orthodoxy. The point is that AS A GROUP the Friends of Orthodoxy on Iona is based in London; it is comprised almost exclusively of English people; and it does not involve itself in matters pertaining to the Orthodox Church in Scotland in any way.
It is misleading to mention the Friends of Orthodoxy on Iona without making clear that the group is in fact a non-Scottish, London-based group. For this article is geographically-specificed (it is about an island located off the west coast of Scotland), and it is natural therefore for the reader to think in terms of geographical locale. As such, if no further specification is provided, it is natural for a reader to think of the Friends as an organization centred on Iona, or if not on Iona itself, then in the west of Scotland. This will be even more the case in that the mention of the Friends in the article follows the mention of the Iona Community, which of course IS centred on Iona, and is very active in Scottish church and social affairs. The Friends, however, is not based on Iona, and has no such activity.
Beyond that, I am perplexed by your appeal to your own obviously very limited anecdotal experience of Iona and the Friends. If I wrote something about St Tikhon's seminary, and you contradicted me on the basis of your vastly greater experience - I would not think to challenge you, even if my limited experience suggested something different to me. And if you wrote something about St Tikhon's which contradicted what I myself, in my very limited knowledge, had thought - I would not think to challenge that. Rather, I would simply accept that in all likelihood you knew more about the subject than me. Maybe I would even ask for clarification. But I certainly would not pull something out the article unilaterally and without warning. In this case, I am an Orthodox who has lived all his life in the UK. I have been to Iona many times. I am well acquainted with the Friends. Now, I don't know how many weeks you've spent in Britain, but my experience in this instance dwarfs yours.
Go to the website of the Friends. There you will see that (a) none of the office-bearers named are Scottish; (b) none of the organisers of the pilgrimage are Scottish; (c) the chaplain of the pilgrimage is not Scottish; (d) this year the only activity of 'the Friends of Orthodoxy on Iona' does not even involve Iona or Scotland at all - they are going to north-east of England. You could also visit the photo-album of the pilgrimages and see how many people are Scottish.
To make the point clear about the Anglican centre on Iona (since you have been to Iona, I believe you are feigning non-comprehension): out of the different places you could stay on Iona the Anglican centre is the one English place. There are different places you could stay with different ecclesiastical attachments (as well as places you could stay which have none); it is reflective of the orientation of the Friends that they choose to stay in the one English and Anglican place - indeed that they choose to stay in the one place which has its own Anglican chaplain.
Lastly, as regards your comment about 'some readers' who 'usually' think of the UK as 'one country' - such readers clearly know nothing about the UK. I would simply observe that Scotland has its own crown, its own church, its own legal system, its own parliament, its own banknotes, etc. etc. etc. I'm sure you would have no difficulties in correcting such readers and reminding them that the 'U' in 'UK' stands for 'United'. The next time you see the Scotland team playing football, ask yourself 'Which country is playing in blue?'; 'Which country's fans are waving the saltire?'; 'Which country's anthem makes Hampden roar?'. Each time your answer will be the same: that country is Scotland. I am very proud to be British under the reign of Queen Elizabeth, Queen Elizabeth the First of Scotland and the Second of England, just I am sure you are very proud to be an American under the presidency of George W. Bush. And just as I am sure that you would deem it unnecessary in the writing of an encyclopedia article to avoid confusing the pig-ignorant who think of America as an illiberal dictatorship, so too I consider it unnecessary in the writing of this article to avoid confusing those who are not aware that within the United Kingdom, Scotland is a different country from England.
Oncemore, Maxim 11:21, June 28, 2006 (CDT) | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9723789691925048}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '23364', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:HJL7BVWWYNHOT6HBTDXHM7IT7IPI4PQ2', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d0765cdc-d287-44ad-8b54-011844aaa0c0>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 18, 6, 25, 14), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.237.145.75', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:LMTZGFTG3ARFNGSA32A5DZAIMIW7Q3UK', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:b85a2240-b95a-4385-92b1-0a2c512eb3c9>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Talk:Iona&oldid=34778', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:c314094a-bae3-467b-a609-c4016906b0ad>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '1253', 'url': 'https://orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Talk:Iona&oldid=34778', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-71-180-189.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-43\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.027682065963745117', 'original_id': 'bb984d285cd55b08b09ff2af8a83ab81adebeb6305ee05aebafe72b21f946937'} |
What can you eat to prevent macular degeneration?
While some studies examining eye health and nutrition are inconclusive, there are some prominent studies (including the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), Rotterdam, the Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES), and prospective analysis from the Nurse’s Health Study and the Health Professional Follow-up Study) which show the benefit of good nutrition.
mivision vegies 2.jpg
The common recommendation between most of these studies is the emphasis on adequate intake of fruit and vegetables. These are the source of important micro-nutrients. The eye is susceptible to oxidative damage (high metabolic rate and light- exposure) which means antioxidants are important for the oxidative stress- related eye diseases including cataracts, glaucoma, and macular degeneration (MD).
Current evidence shows everyone with MD, regardless of whether the changes are early/mild or advanced, should be advised to eat more dark green leafy vegetables and fish, and to consume low glycemic index (GI) diets.
The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) demonstrated that taking a supplement containing high doses of vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, zinc, and copper could reduce MD progression by 25% - worth considering.
The follow up study (AREDS 2), found adding lutein and zeaxanthin (naturally occurring carotenoids) or omega-3 fatty acids to the original formula had no overall effect on the risk of advancing MD. But the trial found that swapping beta-carotene with a five to one mixture of lutein and zeaxanthin could help to further reduce late MD risk.
Associate Professor Bamini Gopinath, an epidemiologist with the Univeristy of Sydney aims to move the research forward. She is using the landmark BMES to investigate links between dietary habits and risk of MD. For instance, the epidemiological data available on the association between vitamin B12 and folate with MD is largely equivocal. Data has shown that people with vitamin B12 deficiency had around 58% higher risk of developing early MD, and just over two-fold increased risk of late AMD over a 10-year follow up. Similarly, folate deficiency was associated with 75% and 89% increased risk of early and late MD respectively.
Conversely, participants who were taking vitamin B12 supplements had 47% per cent reduced risk of developing any MD 10 years later. These associations were independent of factors such as smoking, fish consumption and antioxidant intake.
It has been proposed that the direct antioxidant effect of vitamin B12 and folate could explain this beneficial influence on MD risk. There is not enough evidence to recommend B12 and folate supplementation to prevent the development of MD.
A goftyon brussel sprouts.jpg
As this work continues we will no doubt hear more evidence for the benefits of micro and macro nutrients. The take-home message is still about diet and at this time of year look no further than brussel sprouts!
Here are a couple of recipes to inspire.
Olive oil and garlic roasted brussels sprouts - Allyson Gofton
Brussels sprouts with bacon - Annabel Langbein | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '7', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9345765113830566}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '90248', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:4PLMC7RUKON6ROW3DKBXF3IMXOEWVTFW', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:f3801548-24c8-4dc3-9694-f57964413fe6>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 2, 16, 15, 56, 53), 'WARC-IP-Address': '198.49.23.145', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:PBLS6YVRDCIUIGU7SKFVCJVUZEDDH3D7', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:9a20df39-b548-4e79-9f18-d0808f02c9cf>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.mcdonaldadams.co.nz/blog/2018/6/25/what-can-you-do-to-prevent-macular-degeneration', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:108c3ab7-9147-4fa0-b345-0007a25fea66>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '467', 'url': 'https://www.mcdonaldadams.co.nz/blog/2018/6/25/what-can-you-do-to-prevent-macular-degeneration', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-09\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-166-118-163.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.06174921989440918', 'original_id': '18732ba97d82ae8499e3724a1231a0fa4e8355ec439af1db07994a4f47eb4c4b'} |
Some Thoughts About Lying
by Philip Greenspan
March 17, 2003
Why do so many throughout the world stagger like robots in their struggle to survive? Why do they accept the myths of the powerful minority? Isn't it tragic?
Perhaps they are right. Fighting the system may cause injury, death or imprisonment. But strong protests have achieved those freedoms and benefits that are now being eroded through inaction.
Mesmerized by the pap on their TV sets and willingly accepting the establishment's lies, they utterly fail to use their mental abilities to question and think. Those lies must be exposed; and to do that the people must think.
You may and probably will object to some or perhaps many of my assertions. Fine. My intention is not for agreement but to stimulate the thought processes.
Write your own article and submit it to Swans. Let's inundate and smother the established myths with a plethora of ideas and options.
The essay that follows are my thoughts on lying. This is a rich subject for exploration. Other articles on lying by business, media, and government will appear from time to time.
Communication and Lying
Isn't it amazing? Billions of babies all over the world within a couple of short years will be learning to speak the language of their environment and if they are exposed to numerous languages will learn to communicate in all of them. This ability will not be limited to the bright and intelligent. All, irrespective of their mental abilities or limitations, will learn to communicate in the languages of their surroundings. They will not only pick up vocabulary but will instinctively adopt the correct grammatical tools. Pronunciation, inflection and the adaptation of linguistic accents will also accompany that learning process. Amazing, n'est-ce pas?
Should a bright, intelligent foreign adult attempt to accomplish the same learning experience he will have extreme difficulty and will perhaps not be able to progress past a very limited beginner's level. The window of language learning opportunity exists for a limited period of time in the early years. Many intelligent individuals who move to foreign countries, even if they learn the new language, cannot overcome the accents of the old country.
Communication is as inherent as fingers, toes and any other part of the new-born body.
Isn't the propensity to lie an adjunct of that communication inheritance? Nature has endowed many animals with various deceptive devices to protect them from predators. To survive, it is necessary to deceive or, in simpler terms, to lie. It would seem that lying is just another hereditary survival talent.
Individual lies
When mother's little angel denies knowledge of the disappearance of his cookies, the telltale raspberry icing around his mouth and cookie crumbs on his shirt shock mother. Who could have taught Junior to be so naughty? He has never been exposed to any outside influences. The little darling is just responding to an inherent survival trait.
To highlight George Washington's superior character, elementary school children, already knowledgeable about pervasive lying, are exposed to the cherry tree fable.
Lying provides the means to accomplish results that would be unobtainable or extremely difficult if the truth were disclosed.
In everyday living lying is so pervasive that one does not even think about it. There are numerous situations that can be cited by everyone. Knowing that our boss has certain strong feelings, we outwardly support him although deep down we vehemently disagree with his decision. A dear friend has a fatal illness but does not know it. We frequently tell him he looks great and will soon be completely recovered. We exaggerate qualifications and experience on a job application. We deny our actual speed when the policeman pulls us over. We make up phony excuses for commitments we fail to keep. Rarely do we give any of these daily lies a second thought.
That so much communication is so readily accepted as true is remarkable since we know how extensive lying is.
Group lies
When individuals join others in groups -- social clubs, partnerships, political organizations, unions, charitable associations, business corporations, governments, etc. -- lying inclinations are melded by the group's leaders to promote and enhance the aspirations of the organization. Lies that the leaders utilize are often knowingly adopted by the members of the organization.
Just as an individual may lie to his closest relations, the organization may actually deceive and harm its members. The leaders determine the goals to be achieved and go to extremes to accomplish the desired results.
Unconscionable and damaging actions of supposedly reliable and ethical organizations are quite common. The deceit of large and powerful organizations often causes monumental and incurable harm.
Motivations for the lies in the following examples are quite obvious: MONEY.
Embezzlement of billions of dollars by top officers and directors of numerous highly-touted corporations, with the complicity of major accounting and brokerage firms, and financial institutions, left employees, lenders, and customers, amongst many, irreparably damaged.
Since the 1930s when the injurious effects of tobacco were uncovered officers and knowledgeable employees of that industry together with advertising and public relations agencies suppressed that knowledge to glamorize smoking and hook young new victims. Attorneys and expert witnesses were able for years and years to defeat case after case brought against the companies by fraudulently denying the existence of extremely incriminating evidence. The media, profiting from the industry's extensive advertising, never did an exposé of the industry.
Management at Ford was alerted to a dangerous design flaw in its new Pinto. Instead of correcting it for about ten dollars per car they marketed it as is. Why? Their estimate of the cost to the company of litigation and damage awards was less than the cost of correcting the problem.
Government lies
Careful and intelligent habits may minimize an individual's exposure to these dangers but some risks cannot be avoided. From birth, governmental authority exercises control that can only be eliminated by renunciation of citizenship and movement away from its territorial jurisdiction.
Governments have the most extensive powers of all groups. They confiscate wealth through taxation, fees, penalties and fines. They withhold freedom by imprisonment and conscription into military service. And they can extinguish life by criminal execution and military service in war.
Like other organizations governments lie to accomplish goals that can result in disaster for its citizens.
Their motivations are influenced by individuals and corporations that have made large contributions to political parties and government officials. Those donors receive valuable benefits far in excess of the payoffs. These may be in the form of favorable legislation, favorable tax treatment, government contracts, forbearance of criminal prosecutions, grants of franchises and monopolies, etc.
Municipal governments will consciously convict the innocent to prove their effectiveness in solving crimes. Prosecutors, police officers and even judicial officers railroad innocent defendants into long prison terms and even to their deaths as victims of capital punishment. Former Governor George Ryan of Illinois, who previously was a pharmacist and not in law enforcement, was so shocked that he commuted the sentences of all 167 death row prisoners.
Watergate, Iran-Contra and Iraqgate are just a few of the numerous government scandals that are replete with lies, corruption, duplicity, and the most despicable acts by the highest governmental officials completely in violation of their oaths of office.
The Vietnam War caused over fifty thousand American and millions of Vietnamese deaths. The Pentagon Papers, a well-documented top secret study of 47 volumes and over 4,000 pages, details the government fraud that created and maintained the war. The Nixon Administration was so distressed that the truth would be exposed that it attempted to suppress its publication.
For years the government stonewalled Vietnam veterans who suffered from the harmful effects of Agent Orange. Only after it was proven in court that the Pentagon was well aware of its injurious effects years before its use in the war did the Veterans Administration grant them disability payments.
Worldwide phenomenon
These examples occurred in the United States and were chosen because they are familiar to most readers of this essay, but people and organizations all over the world lie. Governments, rich or poor, democracies or dictatorships, friendly or antagonistic, all resort to the lie to further their leaders motivations, and whoa to the poor citizens who may needlessly suffer as a result.
Leaders of third world countries who have been clandestinely bought and paid for by foreign exploiters reduce their country to misery and poverty.
Current recognition
The lies of the Bush administration in its quest for war have become so patent that people all over the world turn out in the millions to protest. In many instances they are criticizing their own government for its acceptance of those lies.
Many individuals who protest must invest their own funds; they must devote a considerable amount of time; and they must travel long distances. Their commitments are deep and strong. They will not be deterred by the deceitful actions of proponents of war. And they definitely do not trust the U.S. to grant the beneficence of COMPASSIONATE CONSERVATISM to the poor Iraqi people.
· · · · · ·
Internal Resources
Main Media & Propaganda on Swans
Iraq on Swans
The 1991 Gulf War Rationale - A Swans Dossier
Philip Greenspan on Swans (with bio).
· · · · · ·
This Week's Internal Links
Equality In Canaan - Poem by Eli Beckerman
Tautological Hubris - Poem by Jim Craven
Deadly/ Contrived Syllogisms - Poem by Jim Craven
The fractal empire@usa.com - Poem by Kahnupad Haider
Different Drummers - Poem by Sabina Becker
Imperial Enterprise: War Mongers Run Amuck - by Gregory Elich
Zimbabwe: What Future For Morgan? - by Baffour Ankomah
US Script For Yugoslavia's Privatization - by Konstantin Kilibarda
Distortions about Yugoslavia's Disintegration - by Konstantin Kilibarda
In The Grip Of A Permanent War Economy - by Seymour Melman
A Geopolitical Tsunami - by Richard Macintosh
Memorylemming - by Scott Orlovsky
The Fourth Turning - Book Review by Milo Clark
Letters to the Editor
Published March 17, 2003 | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '129', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9522608518600464}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '15579', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LRY5LPNRWZOLBS3AOPIDEDJYJNDSSK3F', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:db8aec4b-2da8-4767-98d9-4d7a16fe9cb9>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 7, 24, 19, 17, 47), 'WARC-IP-Address': '66.39.76.207', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:5E2UCOG5V4DB3PCP7YBVIUNP3447BTWS', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:cb9f3220-52a7-4d6f-9f1b-18b6caf8c03f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.swans.com/library/art9/pgreen19.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:956dc8e1-8a1d-46ba-b2cc-67aae5671910>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1779', 'url': 'http://www.swans.com/library/art9/pgreen19.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-23\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for July 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.06152230501174927', 'original_id': '7703d91a91f18c1ca24b10b29c4c10f76ca00a944e2010db036d6a097900245a'} |
Huge victory for voting rights
Good news (or, actually, just bad news reversed, but we take what we can get).
President Trump signed an executive order on Wednesday evening to disband a White House commission investigating claims of voter fraud, ending an inquiry started after he falsely claimed that unauthorized votes had cost him the popular vote in the presidential election.
Mr. Trump cast blame for the commission’s demise on the refusal by several states to turn over voter information to the group. He said he made the decision despite “substantial evidence of voter fraud,” but experts generally agree such fraud is rare.
Ari Berman:
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Compass tattoos
Compass tattoos
Finding your way
The compass can represent different meanings for people including travelling to foreign lands, stepping out of your comfort zone and exploring the unknown.
Invented by the Chinese in the thirteenth century as a device to navigate by sea.
Today the compass tattoo is one of the most popular designs to have tattooed on the body.
Why are so many young people choosing to get a compass tattooed on them?
Travelling alone for the fist time can mark a new chapter in a young persons life and can be seen as a sort of a voyage in to adulthood.
Moving to a new country like Australia on their own is a milestone for lots of young travellers, marking their body with a compass tattoo can be a way of celebrating this achievement.
A compass tattoo has many small intricate details and precise linework is essential for these tattoos to look and age well over time.
Below are some examples of compass tattoos from Valhalla Tattoo in Bondi.
compass tattoo from Valhalla tattoo
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Is Your Landscape Drowning?
Despite drought conditions, one of the more common problems homeowners have is drowning their landscape by over-watering.
Usually, causes are related to improper irrigation, such as incorrect or broken heads, clogged lines and improperly timed zones. Over-watering causes a multitude of problems, from encouraging the growth of certain weeds, like dollarweed, to the development of fungal problems to the run-off of valuable top soil.
Over-watering also contributes to the mounting water shortage. There are several state, county and city government agencies that have placed strict regulations on watering. Please be sure to check with your local water management district to determine if there are any restrictions in your area or you could be facing fines and add to the increasing shortage.
Five Signs You Need Sprinkler Repair Services
Don’t underestimate the importance of proper irrigation for your landscape. If you notice any of the following signs in your lawn, you need Massey’s Irrigation Maintenance and Sprinkler Repair service before it’s too late:
1. A dull, bluish-gray coloring to your grass
2. Foot tracks that appear to be embedded in the grass
3. Leaf blades that are wilted and folded in half
4. Dry, crumbly soil around the roots of your grass
5. Brown areas within the lawn
Having your sprinkler system optimized and regularly maintained will ensure that your landscape gets the right amount of water it needs and that we’re all doing the best we can to conserve our water. Contact Massey GreenUP for your free irrigation inspection. We can fix any problems, plus provide regular expert maintenance. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '2', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9136366844177246}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '56557', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:AXCYS5G4VA45JB2VEYSUUGESJMOHUUBS', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:641963db-27f8-4cc5-b743-015883dd50ef>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 22, 22, 36, 36), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.24.119.149', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:RRSHPY5YZQWR5IKIPMSZELSEH6VU2NXI', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:190560f0-eaa1-48fb-adb8-a563b0101a6a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.masseyservices.com/is-your-landscape-drowning-2/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e6a8849b-6b92-4e34-afac-e6ac87e0b92d>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '263', 'url': 'https://www.masseyservices.com/is-your-landscape-drowning-2/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-186-163-226.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.17338120937347412', 'original_id': '38c76a0e18c1946b6481c90b7452413e5cf4c05fdae1234f39829797cb3c2d18'} |
The importance of internet access
Hit and Miss #25
I came home to a surprise last week.
My dad upgraded our internet package, tripling the speeds.
I recently reflected on the significance of internet access. One of the co-op positions I interviewed for included work on expanding Canadian broadband access, which caused me to realize how important home internet access was for me as I grew up.
My memories of internet at home start with playing Runescape on dialup. Over the years we upgraded now and then, but we were comfortable at 5 mbps down and stayed there for a long time. I still think it’s a decent, acceptable speed: HD streaming isn’t as practical, but if you sit far enough back SD becomes HD.
Sometimes the download speeds posed challenges. One summer I was conducting usability research for a client. I Skyped with users who shared their screens with me. I quickly realized that this consumed all our bandwidth, and had to ask my sister not to stream Netflix whenever I was on one of these calls.
But I was fortunate to have such download speeds at all. Reliable access to the internet allowed me to start my own business. My life would be very different if I couldn’t have built websites and communicated with clients from home. Not everyone shares that opportunity: internet access varies widely across Canada (original report) and some areas remain disproportionately underserved (select the “Unserved/Underserved Population” option, zoom in, and pan around).
Given the importance of digital services, some populations lose out because internet access is not equally available. Rural and remote areas, as well as many First Nations reserves, do not have the same internet access as urban Canada. (And it’s often urban Canada who designs and promotes those digital services.)
There are some inventive solutions out there. The Kitchener Public Library lends wireless hotspots (news story) and there are initiatives—government and otherwise—to expand internet access. We’re improving, bit by bit.
But I just want to highlight explicitly how important the internet is and how lucky are those who have regular access to it. I know I take it for granted, but I ought not to. An excellent surprise for all Canadians, I think, would be the one I received last week: to come home to faster, more reliable internet, and all the opportunities that offers.
Sent on February 25th, 2018. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.965427577495575}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '6739', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:SSS7QZRJO4TA45S37EAFZK7AJJTHB7XO', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:81fa1af9-3492-4922-af34-ff345068e787>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 3, 22, 23, 30, 32), 'WARC-IP-Address': '159.203.50.102', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:J2B6RSLTP24CCL47U5RGGUJI7AKYR2TP', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:4d73a514-8e70-44a7-b332-f36d0ed28302>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://lucascherkewski.com/hit-and-miss/25-internet-access/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f7804cac-bead-4fd1-a3b1-0b825214afcd>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '392', 'url': 'https://lucascherkewski.com/hit-and-miss/25-internet-access/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-13\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-242-24.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.05391538143157959', 'original_id': '9ff3ee2ff7a41cf62f8b983b502076f7e2c9d09c8a8594bd229366cd85ddb837'} |
import { Link } from 'react-router-dom';
import styled from 'styled-components';
import { tokens } from '@equinor/eds-tokens';
export const Container = styled.div`
margin-top: var(--margin-module--top);
height: calc(100% - 120px);
tbody, thead {
.MuiButtonBase-root {
:hover {
background-color: ${tokens.colors.interactive.primary__hover_alt.rgba};
}
> .MuiIconButton-label > svg {
fill: ${tokens.colors.interactive.primary__resting.rgba};
}
}
.MuiCheckbox-colorSecondary.Mui-checked:hover {
background-color: ${tokens.colors.interactive.primary__hover_alt.rgba};
}
.MuiTouchRipple-root {
display: none;
}
}
.controlOverflow {
overflow: hidden;
white-space: pre-wrap;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
color: inherit;
}
`;
export const CustomLink = styled(Link)`
color: ${tokens.colors.interactive.primary__resting.rgba};
`;
| common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://github.com/equinor/procosys-js-frontend/blob/master/src/modules/InvitationForPunchOut/views/SearchIPO/Table/index.style.tsx', 'collection': 'Github Open Source', 'open_type': 'Open Source', 'license': 'MIT', 'date': '2021.0', 'title': 'procosys-js-frontend', 'creator': 'equinor', 'language': 'TypeScript', 'language_type': 'Code', 'word_count': '77', 'token_count': '321', '__index_level_0__': '43654', 'original_id': '0756740b07033830b6cb2b26311cc72800684c65c5212f17add6552218bc0a5c'} |
SINGAPORE (June 30): The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic has caused IPO activity to decline in the first half of 2020, according to the EY quarterly report, Global IPO trends for 2Q2020.
Overall, 2Q20 saw a decline compared to 2Q19 across all regions by deal numbers. For the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, proceeds were down in 2Q20 y-o-y. In Asia Pacific, deal numbers fell by 18% y-o-y, while proceeds rose by 28%.
Global IPO activity fell 48% (97) in volume, and plunged 67% (to US$13.2 billion or $18.39 billion) in proceeds in April and May, compared to the same period in 2019.
The decline in the two months dragged down 1H20 regional activities and overall year-to-date deal volume, which fell 19% and 8% y-o-y, respectively.
Global IPO activities in the Americas and Europe, the Middle East, and Africa remained sluggish in June, while the number of deals increased in the Asia Pacific region.
Year-to-date, the Americas deal volume and proceeds both fell by 30%. In Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, deal volume and proceeds fell 50% and 44% respectively. IPO activity in Asia Pacific increased by 2% for deal volume, and 56% in proceeds.
The technology, industrials, and health care sectors dominated year-to-date in 2020. Technology saw 87 IPOs raise US$17.2billion, industrials saw 83 IPOs raise US$9.6billion, and health care had 76 IPOs that raised US$15.9billion.
Asia Pacific exchanges also accounted for four of the top five exchanges by deal volume, and three of the top exchanges by proceeds.
NASDAQ led 2020 year-to-date in proceeds, followed by the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Hong Kong Stock Exchange.
By deal volume, Shanghai led the way, along with the Hong Kong and NASDAQ markets.
In Asean, IPO volume dipped y-o-y by 12% by saw a 72% increase in proceeds on the back of a strong 1Q20. The same quarter saw the largest IPO in Thailand’s history.
There was a total of 11 IPOs across the Asean market in 2Q20.
The Indonesia Stock Exchange was among the top 12 global exchanges in deal volume.
“Although IPO activity declined in April and May 2020 because of the economy lockdown in most markets, we began to see a strong rebound in June,” says Paul Go, global IPO leader at EY.
“With the COVID-19 pandemic, Asean IPO activity has significantly declined across the various markets. Companies continue to want to tap the capital markets for funding and growth while there is ample liquidity searching for yield and investment opportunities in quality companies,” says Max Loh, Asean IPO leader at EY.
“However, with the global economic challenges, IPO sentiment is expected to remain fairly tepid in the short term. With so much uncertainty and volatility, companies are evaluating the impact on their businesses and how they can de-risk their IPO plans and timing. Taking into account that Q3 is typically a slower time of the year, it does look like there may only be more robust IPO activity in late 2020 and 2021, as the market attempts a reset and the pipeline looks for IPO windows,” he adds. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '41', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9517697095870972}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '92624', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:JJHNETAXJQSFOYVLPEG62V4AOK67L6KS', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:19965cec-dbd6-45a6-a1f4-92edb4252e0d>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 8, 10, 22, 36, 29), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.67.149.149', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:I5VAEYVWAHH6Q7RF7LNM4KGOQXZF6WDJ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:959cb84a-06c7-4c18-a768-4a93c1ed3a56>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.theedgesingapore.com/news/ipo/1h20-sees-decline-ipo-activity-due-covid-19-says-ey', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3d0c2f68-ce25-44f5-ba70-6320a2ba6a16>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '540', 'url': 'https://www.theedgesingapore.com/news/ipo/1h20-sees-decline-ipo-activity-due-covid-19-says-ey', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-34\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-28.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03820335865020752', 'original_id': '5c160fc024b2549d0092bd1a0cc9666706e0ce3397ebc625dcc300f6713db68e'} |
Q:
What is the maximum number can store in MS excel with 2 decimal places
I tried to store 999,999,999,999,999.22 in Microsoft Excel. but its automatically rounded to 999,999,999,999,999.00.
What is the maximum number can store in MS excel with 2 decimal places?
How we store large numbers in excel files?
A:
I haven't looked at the documentations, but I did a quick test on my Excel 2007 and those are the results:
It's pretty self-explanatory and to answer your second question, you can store the numbers as text by pre-pending the number with a single quote: ' (e.g. Use '999999999999999.22). It's not ideal, but that works. You'll have to multiply it by 1 or add 0 if you use this value in a formula.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': 'f5b3f802ee14fe244294bc7b223de18b59c6cecbef0a9c4da2ba90f8c3a7235e'} |
Dismiss Notice
Dismiss Notice
QB Justin Fields (Official Thread)
Discussion in 'Buckeye Football' started by MD Buckeye, Dec 17, 2018.
1. MD Buckeye
2. BuckeyeNation27
BuckeyeNation27 Goal Goal USA! Staff Member
Harbaugh's ears just perked up.
3. BuckeyeTillIDie
BuckeyeTillIDie The North Remembers
And Lincoln Riley's
4. AuTX Buckeye
ShowMeBuck likes this.
5. OhioState001
OhioState001 Tressel Loyalist
6. OhioState001
OhioState001 Tressel Loyalist
7. NFBuck
NFBuck Total Coverage.
Wasn't he originally a ped aggy commit?
Not often you see a recruit of this caliber bail after one season, outside of disciplinary stuff. Would love for him to come here, but I'm assuming this is playing time-related? If that's the case, would he want to come here if Haskins is coming back (slim chance) or to compete with Tate, himself a highly-rated recruit?
OU has an immediate opening and it says he's gonna petition for immediate playing time...don't know how that will go.
Either way, seems like slim chances he would head north to C-bus. But maybe Day can work some magic. Was there even interest from him when he was being recruited?
8. NFBuck
NFBuck Total Coverage.
Coach Day...
9. NFBuck
NFBuck Total Coverage.
10. pnuts34
pnuts34 Drunk off of wolverine tears
Not getting my Hope's up at all
But honestly with the new transfer rule, I expect to see even more of this. Heck, there are rumors of Tate transferring if Haskins comes back, or if he doesnt win the starting job next year. That's the new nature of CFB, if you don't get the PT that you expect, transfer until you do
11. Buckeyebred97
Buckeyebred97 Senior
I’d love to see him in Columbus but I think OU has the best shot. 2 Heisman winners last 2 years under Riley, and immediate opening.
12. jwinslow
jwinslow A MAN OF BETRAYED JUSTICE Staff Member Tourney Pick'em Champ
Haskins has been gone for awhile.
If you can transfer for questionable stories about family health, being assaulted with institutional racism certainly seems like it would have a shot.
Day was deploying JT Barrett when he was deciding. Quite a different pitch now.
kujirakira, brodybuck21 and NFBuck like this.
13. Buckeye513
Buckeye513 Stable Genius
The OU situation is mainly attractive because of Lincoln Riley, who is probably already hearing from NFL teams. Day isn't going to guarantee him playing time.
An interesting fit would be Mississippi State, but I don't know how much of a bitch Kirby Smart is about conference transfers.
14. ShowMeBuck
ShowMeBuck You know what? Chicken butt.
Huge news regardless where he ends up.
15. Jaxbuck
Jaxbuck I hate tsun ‘18 Fantasy Baseball Champ
Fields would still have to sit out a year, no?
Share This Page | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '108', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9537388682365416}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '98505', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LIPINGN6XL7ZKAF4VNVFPXWNMKN3SXML', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:88151a9b-6a3c-43bf-bd37-b13f45cc1909>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 19, 2, 21, 20), 'WARC-IP-Address': '52.36.199.62', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:KFXHS3PGPZBKJ7AAVMP567DDYG7XGXKM', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:5e37858d-3830-4ad8-8763-dff2830e4d46>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.buckeyeplanet.com/forum/threads/qb-justin-fields-official-thread.661279/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2337138d-3dd8-42b1-b2f3-28fd6bbbd99b>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '582', 'url': 'https://www.buckeyeplanet.com/forum/threads/qb-justin-fields-official-thread.661279/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-45-61-6.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.026120126247406006', 'original_id': 'bea255087b5f5d2b8e916e648af64b05e613d9679ea9523b953d9c9bc6618570'} |
Square toroid transformer for hybrid integrated circuit
ABSTRACT
A square toroid transformer is assembled on a ceramic hybrid integrated circuit substrate. The primary and secondary windings of the transformer are provided on opposite arms of a square toroid ferrite core by providing first and second groups of spaced, parallel metal conductors on the surface of the ceramic substrate and adherent thereto, and an insulative layer over the first and second groups of conductors, leaving their respective end portions exposed. The square toroid ferrite core, coated with dielectric material, is attached to the insulative layer. Wire bonds in planes perpendicular to the longitudinal axes of the opposite arms each are wire bonded, respectively, to an inner end of one of the metal conductors and an outer end of an adjacent one. A large number of turns for both the primary winding and the secondary winding are achieved, resulting in high primary and secondary winding and inductances, while maintaining a uniform separation and high breakdown voltage between the primary and secondary wirings.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation-in-part of commonly assigned copending patent application, Ser. No. 856,720, entitled "PACKAGES FOR HYBRID INTEGRATED CIRCUIT HIGH VOLTAGE ISOLATION AMPLIFIERS AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE", by Walter B. Meinel, filed on Apr. 28 1986.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to hybrid integrated circuit transformers utilizing both printed conductors on a substrate and wire bonding loops to form primary and secondary windings about a unitary toroidal core and more particularly to such a transformer having a square toroidal core.
Commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,103,267 "HYBRID TRANSFORMER DEVICE", issued July 25, 1978 by Olschewski illustrates the closest prior art. The hybrid transformer device disclosed therein has been widely used by the assignee in commercially marketed hybrid integrated circuit isolation amplifiers and DC to DC converters. Although highly successful commercially, there have been several problems which reduce the yield and performance of the hybrid integrated circuits containing the toroidal hybrid integrated circuit transformer described in the Olschewski patent
One problem is that the maximum practical number of primary and secondary windings is considerably less than desirable, and hence the primary and secondary inductances are lower than desirable. The low primary inductance requires that a relatively large primary current be driven into the primary winding, necessitating use of a more expensive driver transistor having higher current capability than would be desirable. The high current level required results in increased cost and reduced reliability of products incorporating the toroidal hybrid IC transformer of the Olschewski patent.
Another more severe problem is that when the maximum permissable number of turns are provided in the primary winding and secondary winding, so as to provide adequate primary winding inductance and/or adequate amplification of the signal applied to the primary winding, the conductors at the extreme ends of the primary and secondary winding are only 10 mils apart. This short 10 mil gap has resulted in a severe problem of electrical arcing between the primary and secondary windings. Furthermore, the maximum total number of turns, including primary winding turns and secondary winding turns, is only 39 for the toroidal ferrite cores used which have an inside diameter of 197 and an outside diameter of 375 mils. Often, it would be desirable to have considerable more than 39 total turns to achieve adequate primary winding inductance and/or adequate voltage amplification.
Despite use of a very expensive dielectrical material commercially available from DuPont under the trade name PARYLENE, and despite use of the various DI (deionized water) rinses and alcohol cleaning steps to remove all possible ionic contamination before coating the substrate with PARYLENE dielectric coating, product failures due to electrical arcing at the adjacent end points of the primary and second windings has been a continuing source of difficulty, limiting the manufacturing yields, increasing the cost, and limiting the voltage breakdown specifications of the DC to DC converter and isolation amplifier products using the Olschewski toroidal transformer.
It would be very desirable to provide improved toroidal transformer that is as "process-compatible" with conventional hybrid integrated circuit manufacturing processes as the Olschewski device, but does not require the large primary drive currents required by the Olschewski hybrid transformer, has a substantially higher manufacturing yield, lower cost higher product reliability much higher isolation breakdown voltages than the Olschewski hybrid-transformer.
Apparently, up to now, no one has thought of providing a square hybrid integrated circuit of the general type disclosed in the Olschewski patent, even though transformers with unitary square ferrite cores have been widely used in other applications, because there was no recognition in the art that use of a miniature square toroidal transformer could be practical and lead to great advantage in high voltage microelectric products such as isolation amplifiers and DC to DC converters.
Instead, the state-of-the-art in hybrid integrated circuits has either been to use the round ferrite toroid hybrid integrated circuit transformer device disclosed in the Olschewski reference or to use "hand-wound" round toroidal transformer devices. The hand-wound round toroidal transformers generally have been composed of two U-shaped or E-shaped ferrite core sections serving as "bobbins" upon which the primary and secondary turns, consisting entirely of wire, have been wound. An unwieldy clip arrangement has been provided to secure the two halves of the ferrite core tightly together. Very precisely machined "half-core" end surfaces have been provided to fit precisely together to minimize gaps between the "end" portions of such "half-cores". High voltage products using such toroidal transformer devices have proven impractical due to their cost or to the above-mentioned arcing between closely spaced end portions of the primary and secondary windings. In order to achieve the above-mentioned 39 turns of the Olschewski hybrid transformer, it has been necessary to provide only 6 to 7 mil center-to-center spacing between the wire bonds forming portions of each turn. This center-to-center spacing requires that the 3 mil wide metalization strips be spaced only approximately 3 to 3.5 mils apart. Such a close spacing severely presses the present state-of-the-art, and reduce the manufacturing yields more than is really acceptable.
Square transformers have been commonly used in applications other than microelectronics, however. Frequently, square transformers have been composed of separate core sections constituting "bobbins" on which the primary and secondary windings are respectively wound. These core sections then are attached at their end points by additional core sections of the same material, forming a square toroid structure. These devices usually have been utilized in low isolation voltage applications. The square core configurations, however, have not been provided to increase the minimum spacing between conductors of the primary and secondary windings, but merely for convenience of manufacture.
It is noteworthy there have been relatively few major changes in hybrid IC fabricating techniquest in recent years. The state-of-the-art is indicated by the above-mentioned Olschewski patent, Japanese Patent Public Disclosure No. 48-22737 issued Mar. 15, 1973, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,104,377, 3,675,095, 3,764,938, 4,188,651, U.K. Patent Nos. 811,295 and 1,469,944 and German Patent Nos. 1,197,561 and 2,723,363.
There is a continuing need for an improved transformer of the general type described in the Olschewski patent which provides increased inductance, and much less subject to failure due to electrical arcing between the primary and secondary windings, does not introduce new difficulties into the manufacturing process, and simplifies the prior manufacturing process.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an improved hybrid integrated circuit transformer that can fit into the same sized cavity as the above-described Olschewski transformer is equally compatible with conventional hybrid integrated circuit manufacturing processes, yet substantially increases the number of turns and substantially increases the primary winding inductance.
It is another object of the invention to reduce the amount of primary drive current required in high voltage isolation hybrid integrated circuit products such as isolation amplifiers and DC to DC converters.
It is another object of the invention to improve the manufacturing yield of high voltage components requiring integrated circuit transformers by eliminating failures due to electrical arcing between primary and secondary windings.
It is another object of the invention to simplify the hydbrid integrated circuit manufacturing process for products utilizing transformers.
Briefly described, and in accordance with one embodiment thereof, the invention provides a hybrid integrated circuit transformer device including a ceramic substrate with two groups each including a plurality of planar parallel conductors formed of metalized strips on an insulating substrate. A dielectric layer is provided over intermediate portions of each of the planar conductors, exposing their end points. A rectangular ferrite toroidal core pre-coated with insulating material is adhesively secured to the dielectric layer without coating the substrate with PARYLENE dielectric material in most embodiments of the invention. In the described embodiment of the invention, the two parallel groups of strip conductors are dispensed at a slight angle relative to opposite arm of the toroid. A plurality of wire bonding conductors are bonded at one end of the respective strip conductors of the first group and looped over an arm of the toroid and bonded to the opposite end of an adjacent one of the strip conductors of the first group in a plane normal to the axis of one leg of the rectangular ferrite core to form a primary winding with a large number of turns. The secondary winding is similarly formed on an opposite arm of the rectangular ferrite core, providing a large number of secondary windings, all of which are separated from each other by a distance equal to the length of the remaining two arms of the rectangular ferrite core. The length of the remaining two arms of the ferrite core are sufficiently great to provide a high degree of isolation and thereby prevent electrical arcing between the primary and secondary windings without use of PARYLENE dielectric coating on the substrate for breakdown voltage ratings up to about 1500 volts AC, the remaining two arms of the toroid also are long enough to provide adequate room for the capillary of a wire bonding machine to move back and unspool a sufficient length of bonding wire to loop over an arm of the rectangular ferrite core and perform the above described bonding to an opposite end of an adjacent strip conductor on the ceramic substrate.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a partial perspective view illustrating the square toroid transformer of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a top view of the square toroid transformer of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a partial cutaway top view of the square toroid transformer of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a section view along section line 4--4 of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged plan view of a cutaway portion of the square toroid omitting the core but showing the bonding wires and strip conductors.
FIG. 6 is an enlarged diagram illustrating an improper wire bond.
FIG. 7 is a section view along section line 7--7 of FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 is an enlarged view of the end of one of the strip conductors of FIG. 1 showing a proper wire bond.
FIG. 9 is a section view along section line 9--9 of FIG. 8.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to the drawings, hybrid integrated circuit transformer 1 includes a square ferrite toroid 3 disposed on a ceramic substrate surface 2. Toroid 3 includes four "arms" 3A, 3B 3C and 3D. A plurality of metal strip conductors 6 are disposed on substrate 2 under arm 3D of toroid 3 to provide the lower portions of a plurality of primary winding turns of the transformer 1. Similarly, a plurality of spaced metal strip conductors 8 are disposed on substrate 2 under arm 3A to form the lower portions of a plurality of secondary winding turns.
As best seen in the cross-section view of FIG. 4, ferrite toroid 3 is coated with an insulative coating 16. Preferably, a layer of insulator 17 covers all of the strip conductors 6 and 8 except the extreme end portions, to further insulate them from ferrite toroid 3.
The primary winding includes "lead in" conductors 12 and 13 which are integral with the outermost strip conductors 6 of the primary winding, as best seen in FIG. 2.
The primary winding also includes a plurality of bonding wire loops 5, each of which has its left end "stitch bonded", i.e., wire bonded to one of the exposed left end portions of one of the strip conductors 6. The right end of each bonding wire loop 5 is ball bonded to the exposed right end portion of an adjacent one of the strip conductors 6.
Similarly the secondary winding is composed of the strip conductors 8. Two "lead in" conductors 9 and 11 are integral with the outermost strip conductors 8, and a center tap conductor 10 is integral with an intermediate one of the strip conductors 8. Each turn of the secondary winding also includes a bonding wire 7 that loops over the square toroid 4 and is bonded at opposite ends to the exposed end portions of adjacent strip conductors 8.
Each of the bonding wire loops lies flat across the top of the toroid 3. Each bonding wire loop also includes 2 steeply sloped "legs" the bottom ends of which are ball and stitch bonded to exposed ends of separate adjacent conductive strips 8. For example, in FIG. 4, bonding wire loop 7 includes a left sloped leg 7A, the bottom of which is ball bonded at 20-A to a left end 8-A of one of the strip conductors 8. The intermediate portion 7C of bonding wire loop 7 lies across the top of toroid 3. The right hand portion 7B is steeply sloped down from the end of section 7C to stitch bond 20B which is attached to right end of an adjacent one of strip conductors 8.
As best shown in FIGS. 3 and 5, the intermediate portion of each of the strip conductors 8 (and also strip conductors 7) is slightly inclined (in the plane of substrate 2) relative to the leg of toroid 3 around which the windings are formed. For example, strip conductor 8-1 has its right exposed end portion 8-1B at the same level as the exposed left hand portion 8-2A of the adjacent strip conductor 8-2. Bonding wire loop 7-2 is ball bonded at its left end to exposed end portion 8-2A of strip conductor 8-2, and the right end of bonding wire loop 7-2 is stitch bonded to the exposed end portion or pad 8-1B of strip conductor 8-1. All of the other turns of both the primary winding and the secondary winding of transformer 1 are similarly formed.
As best seen in FIGS. 3 and 5, the exposed end bonding pad portions of each of the strip conductors are shown as horizontal and parallel to the bonding wire loop that is stitched to that bonding pad. The intermediate inclined portions such as 8-2 in FIG. 5 are slightly sloped in the plane of the substrate 2.
As shown in the drawings, each of the bonding wire loops lies in a plane that is precisely perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the arm of toroid 3 about which the winding is formed. It is important that the bonding wire loops rather than the strip conductors be precisely perpendicular to the axis of an arm of the toroid in order to avoid "rolling" of the bonding wire loops 5 and 7 along an upper edge of the ferrite toroid 3. Such rolling could eventually cause electrical shorting between adjacent bonding wire loops, reducing the inductance of the winding.
It has been found to be highly desiable to stitch bond the ends of wire bonding loops 5 and 7 to pad portions of the strip conductors that are parallel, rather than "inclined" to the bonding wire loops. FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate why this is the case. In FIG. 6, bonding wire loop 7 is stitch bonded to the "inclined" bonding pad portion of an inclined strip conductor 22. Those skilled in the art know that typical thermocompression wire bonding capillaries tend to split the end of a bonding wire, as indicated by split ends 20B and 20C of stitch bond 20B. Dotted line 21 indicates the portion of the stitch bond at which the electrical contact to the metal bonding pad should is made, this being the area at which the maximum pressure is applied by the thermocompression bonder capillary or needle through which the bonding wire is fed.
In FIG. 7, which shows a section view through the electrical contact area 21, it is seen that the upper surface 22A of the bonding pad portion of strip conductor 22 actually is somewhat dome-shaped. Consequently, if the effective stitch bonding area 21 is not precisely centered on the curved upper surface of strip conductor 22, the effective bonding area may be reduced due to such curvature. However, if the bonding pad areas are parallel to the bonding wire loop 7 as shown in FIG. 8, misalignment of the effective bonding area 21 is much less likely to occur, as shown in FIG. 9, when a bonding pad end portion 24 of an inclined strip conductor 23 is parallel to the bonding wire loop 7.
The above described structure is even more easily compatible with hybrid integrated circuit processes than the above mentioned Oleschewski U.S. Pat. No. 4,103,267, commonly assigned and issued July 25, 1978, and incorporated herein by reference. The strip conductors 6 and 8 can be composed of gold approximately 0.6 mils thick and 7 mils wide, as is conventional. The strips can be spaced 7 mils apart. If the dimensions of the aperture 4 of the ferrite toroid 3 are 0.5 inches by 0.5 inches, then as many as 32 turns can be easily provided on the primary winding and/or the secondary winding far more than is the case for a round toroid occupying the same substrate area.
The substantially larger number of turns for the primary or secondary winding result in very high input inductance, which is highly desirable because it substantially reduces the peak drive current requirements for the primary winding allowing smaller lower power, lower cost drive current transistors to be utilized.
An important advantage of the above described structure is that there is no need to utilize a coating of PARYLENE insulative material on any portion of the structure except the toroid itself unless the breakdown voltage rating is in excess of 1,500 volts A.C. Furthermore, the intensive cleaning steps prior to application of a layer of PARLENE are unnecessary. The benefits of much higher primary to secondary breakdown voltage high primary winding impedence large "step up" voltages, and overall higher reliability have been achieved by providing the square toroid transformer of the present invention in the same size cavity as is required to accommodate the prior round toroid transformer. In some instances the square opening 4 eases the task of manipulating the wire bonding head therein.
The provision of the hybrid integrated circuit transformer of the present invention allows reliable high voltage D.C. to D.C. converters and isolation amplifiers to be manufactured at lower cost than has been previously attainable by making it possible to provide a total number of 64 windings on a square toroid on a 0.74 inch square substrate area, whereas the maximum number of windings that can be provided using a round toroid is 37. The minimum spacing between the resulting primary and secondary windings for a round toroid is only 7.5 mils, which leads to the above mentioned electrical arcing problem and component failures. For the present invention, the primary-to-secondary winding spacing is 400 mils. If the permativity, cross-sectional area, and magnetic path lengths are the same, the square toroid transformer has approximately three times the inductance of the round toroid transformer.
While the invention has been described with reference to a particular embodiment thereof, those skilled in the art will be able to make various modifications to the described embodiment without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. It is intended that all devices and processes which are equivalent to those in that they perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same result are within the scope of the invention.
I claim:
1. A hybrid transformer device for use in a hybrid integrated circuit, comprising in combination:(a) a nonconductive substrate having a planar surface; (b) first and second groups of parallel metal strip conductors adherent to the planar surface, each having an inner end and an outer end; (c) dielectric material on intermediate portions of each of the strip conductors between the inner and outer ends thereof, the inner and outer ends extending beyond the dielectric material; (d) a unitary rectangular magnetic core coated with dielectric material and having only first, second, third and fourth arms forming a continuous closed rectangular toroid, the first and third arms being parallel and the second and fourth arms being parallel, the first group of strip conductors being under the first arm and the second group of strip conductors being under the third arm; (e) a layer of adhesive material bonding the rectangular magnetic core to the dielectric material above the strip conductors; and (f) a first group of bonding wire conductors looping over the first arm and having first and second ends wire bonded to an outer end of a strip conductor of the first group and an inner end of an adjacent strip conductor of the first group, respectively, forming a primary winding, and a second group of bonding wire conductors looping over the third arm and each having first and second ends wire bonded to an inner end of a strip conductor of the second group and an outer end of an adjacent strip conductor of the second group, respectively, forming a secondary winding.
2. The hybrid transformer device of claim 1 wherein the rectangular magnetic core is ferrite and the strip conductors are gold and the bonding wire is gold.
3. The hybrid transformer device of claim 1 wherein each of the wire bonds lies in a respective plane perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the first arm of the rectangular magnetic core.
4. The hybrid transformer device of claim 3 wherein each of the strip conductors is approximately 7 mils wide and the spacing between each of the adjacent strip conductors of the first group is approximately 7 mils and the spacing between each of the adjacent strip conductors of the second group is approximately 7 mils.
5. The hybrid transformer device of claim 4 wherein the inside dimensions of the magnetic core are 0.5 inches by 0.5 inches and the outside dimensions are 0.7 inches by 0.7 inches.
6. The hybrid transformer device of claim 3 wherein each of the strip conductors has two exposed end portions that are coplanar with the bonding wire loops respectively bonded thereto and also has a midportion inclined relative to the planes of the bonding wire loops, to improve the reliability of the wire bonds..
| common_corpus | {'identifier': 'US-88207186-A_1', 'collection': 'USPTO', 'open_type': 'Open Government', 'license': 'Public Domain', 'date': '1986.0', 'title': 'None', 'creator': 'None', 'language': 'English', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '3847', 'token_count': '4800', '__index_level_0__': '1231', 'original_id': 'fdac390fead64e2bc481d10ae1ad22223b3ab247e96e06c95c71bfe2653c50a3'} |
Wednesday, May 10, 2017
What's For Dinner: This Week's Menu
I am fatigued (read that like Bugs Bunny and it just immediately makes you seriously try it). The medication that the son is on right now (which I guess is like the Intuniv but just a immediate release med instead of an extended release one) is definitely working better than the last one did. Downside? His sleep patterns have officially gone to crap being on it. I was up with him, wide awake and bright eyed and bushy tailed, until 3 am. Night before that was one am. It's going to be a long acclimating period when it comes to this medication and he's handling it better than I am energy-wise.
When it came to last week's menu I did actually pretty well following it (woohoo). The only thing that differed from the original menu was that Saturday and Monday we ended up having left overs both days to use up some of the leftover tacos and things in the fridge, so I ended up not having to make a "new" dinner those couple of nights.
I also baked up a storm this last week. I made cinnamon rolls with cream cheese frosting (for my husband to take to work to replace his beloved morning miniature cinnamon roll he was buying from Cinnabon), bread (used 1/2 of the bread recipe for the cinnamon rolls and made one loaf of bread), cake for strawberry shortcake and chocolate frosted cake (for the son as that's the only way he'll eat cake) and home made soft pretzels (the leftovers after dinner last night seen up top). The pretzels were for last night's dinner, which was a treat for my husband. I don't make them often because making pretzels take multiple pans and dishes to make (small kitchen makes this a bit of a process), take a lot of time and effort and I always find myself kind of "eh, these are okay" after making them *laugh*. I'd planned the dinner with sausages and pretzels since know...Octoberfest. Yup, shows how on the ball I am on menu plans sometimes *laugh*.
So onto this week's menu!
Wednesday: Chicken in Alfredo Sauce with rice and green beans
Thursday: Chicken Teriyaki (from freezer), leftover rice fried up with some bouillon (just to make a flavored rice for a little something "different"), garlic peas
Friday: Ham with kale (from freezer on both of those) and baked potatoes
Saturday: Ham and cheese crepes (use leftover ham), salad
Sunday: Chicken Caesar Salad (or Ranch if I don't have any Caesar salad dressing I can use to make it. Grill chicken if possible for something fun). Use leftover bread to make croutons (note to self).
Monday: Pork Roast (pull some that has been cooked and frozen from freezer), potatoes au gratin, fruit cocktail
Tuesday: Lamb chops, rice pilaf, broccoli in cheese sauce (from freezer)
Desserts: Strawberry shortcake, cake with chocolate frosting, ice cream,
Snacks: Apples, string cheese, sparkling juice, oranges, beef jerky, pretzels with cheese sauce (note: Make cheese sauce), cantaloupe
Breakfasts: English muffins (from freezer), cinnamon rolls, cereal
To Bake: Date and nut muffins (didn't get these done last week), mini fruit pies (for husband's lunches next week for a treat), pound cake (because it's Mother's Day Sunday and mom should get what she wants for dessert darn it ;).
1. Those pretzels look so good. Good luck with the new medication - I hope your son adjusts his sleep habits soon, more in keeping with the rest of the family so that you can get your rest also. I think you are an amazing person, dealing with all of the things that come your way. I enjoy reading your blog and there is always something of interest to me in addition to your many accomplishments. You are much stronger than I think you realize. Ranee (MN) | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9514725208282472}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '71698', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:3FRQTV3DVVP6QVCR3QFNCGHMQEKQTALY', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:2b3d3f99-3975-4e84-96a0-a46b395ae399>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 23, 0, 11, 49), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.13.65', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:UFVPF63STB3KVIDIUISNUSMMT2KM5W5X', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:dba7250a-5200-429b-9251-1eec05bfc1e1>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://makedohomemaker.blogspot.com/2017/05/whats-for-dinner-this-weeks-menu_10.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:5aa2dc23-fe0f-4820-a79d-fa09ec9fabe2>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '621', 'url': 'http://makedohomemaker.blogspot.com/2017/05/whats-for-dinner-this-weeks-menu_10.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-157-139-144.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03903007507324219', 'original_id': '4393209e4c1bf5207d9d684ccb38c390343ebdbfbb93cf57d2b9fdb7507028e0'} |
Obstetric Certified Nursing Tech Duties
Obstetric certified nursing techs help mothers throughout the birth process.
Obstetric certified nursing techs help mothers throughout the birth process.
Obstetric certified nursing technicians, more commonly shortened to obstetric or OB technicians, are the people who support doctors during childbirth and make sure delivery rooms are prepared before the mother arrives. To be certified as an OB technician, you need to pass a training program or gain some experience and pass a certification exam.
Required Skills
Obstetric certified nursing technicians spend most of their shifts -- which can be no longer than eight hours -- on their feet. They need to be able to lift patients onto gurneys, beds or operating tables with or without help from other medical staff. This makes physical stamina and strength important for doing their duties effectively. OB techs also need the manual dexterity to handle small, potentially delicate instruments and the ability to work and take instruction under pressure in a fast-paced, stressful delivery or operating room environment. In addition, OB techs must be organized and detail-oriented to prevent surgical tools or delivery rooms from going unsterilized or uncleaned, which can lead to serious problems for patients.
Delivery Room Duties
Obstetric technicians are in charge of making sure that delivery and operating rooms are clean and sterile before doctors and expectant mothers arrive. They sterilize the surgical instruments, help clean the rooms and stock supplies like gauze and hypodermic needles. OB techs are scrubbed members of the surgical team, which means they need to clean themselves before entering delivery rooms and maintain a sterile environment. During deliveries or Caesarean sections, they assist doctors by handing them surgical tools and supplies. Many hospitals require OB techs to have certification in basic life support, so they might need to perform basic medical techniques like CPR.
Duties Outside the Delivery Room
When OB techs aren't helping doctors deliver babies, they are helping patients and doing basic clerical duties. These clerical duties usually include ordering supplies for delivery and operating rooms, maintaining logs, pulling up patient information on computers, doing inventory and supporting the administrative and clerical staff as needed. OB techs help patients get ready for surgery by cleaning and transporting them to operating rooms or helping them out of the hospital when they are discharged. They might also help with postnatal tasks like preparing birth certificates.
Certification and Background
There are no certifications specifically for OB techs, so most certified OB techs have a surgical technologist certification. Two of the popular certifications come from the National Board of Surgical Technology and Surgical Assisting and the National Center for Competency Testing. The NBST certification requires you to complete a training program and pass an exam. The NCCT certification also requires an exam, but you can substitute experience for formal training in certain cases. Hospitals usually require OB techs to have Basic Life Support certification from the American Heart Association, which you need to keep current throughout your career. You can get BLS certification by passing a course either online or in a classroom. OB techs also need to pass a surgical technology certificate or associate's degree program. Community and technical colleges around the country offer these programs, which last from a few months to two years.
About the Author
Photo Credits
• Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '32', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9515225887298584}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '82546', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:PZ34RPKYOY7RMKYCH5DIGVXGDCAEDSA4', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:86d6624d-c88a-47a0-b8a0-6af4a3edabf4>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 18, 7, 33, 21), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.227.10.118', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:IIYJBXLYBDWCQZT2TINKGUSJA2JUXTCB', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:73f686f3-4246-4576-831e-98e6d8c4b776>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://woman.thenest.com/obstetric-certified-nursing-tech-duties-22598.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:59e075fc-4379-4f54-8718-564072a89c9a>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '585', 'url': 'http://woman.thenest.com/obstetric-certified-nursing-tech-duties-22598.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-218-138-106.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-43\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.023033201694488525', 'original_id': 'c4aa560a2701928567019c7f5915197997b33593a420e6aa9112dd499a3c2feb'} |
Outcome of infrainguinal arterial reconstruction in women.
The outcome of leg bypass in women is unknown. To date, most series of lower extremity bypass have included few women, and the results in women compared with those in men have not been reported. The experience with infrainguinal arterial reconstruction in women treated at the Oregon Health Sciences University has been greater than previously reported. We have reviewed our recent experience with lower extremity bypass to determine whether results in women differ significantly from those in men. In the past 11 years we have performed 823 infrainguinal arterial reconstructions for lower extremity ischemia in 585 patients, of which 357 procedures were performed in women and 466 procedures were performed in men. The mean ages were 65 years for men and 68 years for women. Diabetes was present in 59% of the men and 48% of the women. Among men, 84% had a history of tobacco use compared with 66% of the women. Bypasses in men were performed for limb salvage in 73%, claudication in 22%, and a failing bypass graft in 5% of cases. Bypasses in women were performed for limb salvage in 79%, claudication in 15%, and a failing graft in 6% of cases. Previous revascularizations had been performed in 63% of the men and 71% of the women. Autogenous vein was used in 97% of the bypasses in men and 96% of bypasses in women. Graft distribution among infrainguinal arterial target sites was similar between the groups. Bypasses in men were femoral to above-knee popliteal in 11%, femoral to below-knee popliteal in 40%, femoral to tibial in 38%, popliteal to tibial in 10%, and tibial to tibial in 1% of cases. Bypasses in women were femoral to above-knee popliteal in 14%, femoral to below-knee popliteal in 43%, femoral to tibial in 33%, popliteal to tibial in 9%, and tibial to tibial in 1% of cases. Perioperative 30-day mortality rates were 3.7% overall, 4.3% in men, and 2.9% in women. Long-term survival at 1, 3, and 5 years in men was 80%, 59%, and 44%, respectively. Long-term survival at 1, 3, and 5 years in women was 83%, 69%, and 44%, respectively. Life-table primary patency rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 86%, 77%, and 71% for men and 87%, 74%, and 67% for women. Limb-salvage results at 1 and 5 years were 93% and 91% for men and 96% and 96% for women. These results indicate that long-term graft patency and limb salvage results in women are identical to those obtained in men in this experience with autogenous vein. Infrainguinal arterial reconstruction can be performed in women with mortality rates similar to those of men. In this series long-term survival was similar for both men and women. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '8514880f5be7ff85568b9de1198ac2446f516dac2f702320c475253755e7e29d'} |
L_202400420GA. 000101. fmx. xml Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh GA Sraith L 2024/420 29. 1. 2024 CINNEADH (AE) 2024/420 ÓN gCOMHAIRLE an 23 Eanáir 2024 maidir leis an seasamh atá le glacadh thar ceann an Aontais Eorpaigh sa Chomhairle Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais idir an tAontas Eorpach agus an Albáin a bhaineann le Comhchoistí Comhairliúcháin a bhunú i gcomhar le Coiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa agus le Coiste na Réigiún, faoi seach, agus le Rialacha Nós Imeachta na Comhairle Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais a leasú TÁ COMHAIRLE AN AONTAIS EORPAIGH, Ag féachaint don Chonradh ar Fheidhmiú an Aontais Eorpaigh, agus go háirithe Airteagal 217, i gcomhar le hAirteagal 218(9), de, Ag féachaint don togra ón gCoimisiún Eorpach, De bharr an mhéid seo a leanas: (1) Rinne an tAontas an Comhaontú Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais idir na Comhphobail Eorpacha agus a mBallstáit, de pháirt amháin, agus Poblacht na hAlbáine, den pháirt eile (1) (‘an Comhaontú’), a thabhairt i gcrích trí bhíthin Chinneadh 2009/332/CE, Euratom (2) ón gComhairle agus ón gCoimisiún agus tháinig sé i bhfeidhm an 1 Aibreán 2009. (2) Le hAirteagal 116 den Chomhaontú, bunaítear Comhairle Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais (‘an Chomhairle Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais’). (3) Foráiltear le hAirteagal 117(2) den Chomhaontú go bhfuil an Chomhairle Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais lena Rialacha Nós Imeachta a bhunú. (4) Foráiltear le hAirteagal 120(4) den Chomhaontú go bhféadfaidh an Chomhairle Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais cinneadh a dhéanamh coistí nó comhlachtaí speisialta eile a bhunú a bheidh in ann cabhrú léi a cuid dualgas a chomhlíonadh. Foráiltear freisin go bhfuil an Chomhairle Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais le cinntiú, ina Rialacha Nós Imeachta, comhdhéanamh agus dualgais na gcoistí nó na gcomhlachtaí sin agus an chaoi a bhfuil siad le feidhmiú. (5) Chuir údaráis na hAlbáine in iúl gur spéis leo dhá Chomhchoiste Comhairliúcháin a bhunú, ceann amháin le Coiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa agus ceann amháin le Coiste na Réigiún. (6) Is é is aidhm do na Comhchoistí Comhairliúcháin atá beartaithe cabhrú leis an gComhairle Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais d’fhonn idirphlé agus comhar a chur chun cinn idir comhpháirtithe sóisialta agus eagraíochtaí eile na sochaí sibhialta san Aontas agus san Albáin, agus idir údaráis áitiúla agus réigiúnacha san Aontas agus san Albáin, faoi seach. (7) Chuir an tAontas tús le caibidlíocht aontachais leis an Albáin an 19 Iúil 2022. Le dlús an idirphlé beartais i gcomhthéacs an Chomhaontaithe, rachaidh sé sin chun tairbhe do dhul chun cinn na hAlbáine maidir lena conair lánpháirtíochta san Aontas, go háirithe tríd an gcaidreamh idir údaráis ar an leibhéal áitiúil agus réigiúnach mar aon le comhpháirtithe sóisialta agus eagraíochtaí eile na sochaí sibhialta san Aontas agus san Albáin a neartú. (8) Ba cheart, dá bhrí sin, na Comhchoistí Comhairliúcháin atá beartaithe a bhunú i gcomhar le Coiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa agus le Coiste na Réigiún, faoi seach, trí bhíthin leasú ar Rialacha Nós Imeachta na Comhairle Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais, dá bhforáiltear in Airteagal 120(4) den Chomhaontú. (9) Is iomchuí, dá bhrí sin, an seasamh atá le glacadh thar ceann an Aontais sa Chomhairle Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais a bhaineann leis an leasú ar Rialacha Nós Imeachta na Comhairle Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais a bhunú, ós rud é go mbeidh éifeachtaí dlíthiúla ag an leasú sin don Aontas, TAR ÉIS AN CINNEADH SEO A GHLACADH: Airteagal 1 An seasamh atá le glacadh thar ceann an Aontais sa Chomhairle Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais arna bunú le hAirteagal 116 den Chomhaontú Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais idir na Comhphobail Eorpacha agus a mBallstáit, de pháirt amháin, agus Poblacht na hAlbáine, den pháirt eile (‘an Chomhairle Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais’) a bhaineann le Comhchoistí Comhairliúcháin a bhunú i gcomhar le Coiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa agus le Coiste na Réigiún, faoi seach, agus le leasú Rialacha Nós Imeachta na Comhairle Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais, beidh sé bunaithe ar an dréachtchinneadh ón gComhairle Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais atá i gceangal leis an gCinneadh seo. Féadfaidh ionadaithe an Aontais mionleasuithe ar an dréachtchinneadh sin a ghlacadh gan aon chinneadh eile ón gComhairle. Airteagal 2 Tiocfaidh an Cinneadh seo i bhfeidhm ar dháta a ghlactha. Arna dhéanamh sa Bhruiséil, an 23 Eanáir 2024. Thar ceann na Comhairle An tUachtarán D. CLARINVAL (1) IO L 107, 28. 4. 2009, lch. 166. (2) Cinneadh 2009/332/CE, Euratom ón gComhairle agus ón gCoimisiún an 26 Feabhra 2009 maidir le tabhairt i gcrích an Chomhaontaithe Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais idir na Comhphobail Eorpacha agus a mBallstáit, de pháirt amháin, agus Poblacht na hAlbáine, den pháirt eile (IO L 107, 28. 4. 2009, lch. 165). DRÉACHT CINNEADH Uimh. …/… ÓN gCOMHAIRLE COBHSAÍOCHTA AGUS COMHLACHAIS IDIR AN tAONTAS EORPACH AGUS AN ALBÁIN an. lena mbunaítear na Comhchoistí Comhairliúcháin i gcomhar le Coiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa agus le Coiste Eorpach na Réigiún, faoi seach, agus lena leasaítear Rialacha Nós Imeachta na Comhairle Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais TÁ AN CHOMHAIRLE COBHSAÍOCHTA AGUS COMHLACHAIS, Ag féachaint don Chomhaontú Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais idir na Comhphobail Eorpacha agus a mBallstáit, de pháirt, agus Poblacht na hAlbáine, den pháirt eile (‘an Comhaontú’), agus go háirithe Airteagal 120 (4) de, De bharr an mhéid seo a leanas: (1) Le hidirphlé agus comhar idir na comhpháirtithe sóisialta agus eagraíochtaí eile na sochaí sibhialta chomh maith le húdaráis áitiúla agus réigiúnacha san Aontas Eorpach agus iad siúd i bPoblacht na hAlbáine (dá ngairtear ‘an Albáin’ anseo feasta) is féidir rannchuidiú go mór le forbairt a gcaidrimh agus le lánpháirtiú na hEorpa. (2) Is iomchuí an comhar sin a eagrú trí bhíthin dhá Chomhchoiste Comhairliúcháin a bhunú: (a) comhchoiste amháin idir Coiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa, de pháirt, agus comhpháirtithe sóisialta na hAlbáine agus eagraíochtaí eile na sochaí sibhialta, den pháirt eile; agus (b) comhchoiste eile idir Coiste Eorpach na Réigiún, de pháirt, agus ionadaithe tofa údaráis áitiúla agus réigiúnacha na hAlbáine, den pháirt eile. (3) Ba cheart Rialacha Nós Imeachta na Comhairle Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais, arna nglacadh trí bhíthin Chinneadh Uimh. 1/2009, a leasú dá réir sin, chun, de bhun Airteagal 120(4) an Chomhaontaithe, an Comhchoiste Comhairliúcháin atá beartaithe i gcomhar le Coiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa agus an Comhchoiste Comhairliúchán atá beartaithe i gcomhar le Coiste Eorpach na Réigiún, faoi seach, a bhunú, TAR ÉIS A CHINNEADH MAR A LEANAS: Airteagal 1 Cuirtear na hAirteagail seo a leanas le Cinneadh Uimh. 1/2009: ‘Airteagal 14 An Comhchoiste Comhairliúcháin i gcomhar le Coiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa 1. Bunaítear leis seo Comhchoiste Comhairliúcháin i gcomhar le Coiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa, agus é de chúram air cabhrú leis an gComhairle Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais d’fhonn idirphlé agus comhar a chur chun cinn idir na comhpháirtithe sóisialta agus eagraíochtaí eile na sochaí sibhialta san Aontas Eorpach agus san Albáin. Cuimseofar san idirphlé agus sa chomhar sin gach gné ábhartha den chaidreamh idir an tAontas Eorpach agus an Albáin, de réir mar a thagann siad chun cinn i gcomhthéacs chur chun feidhme an Chomhaontaithe Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais. Díreofar an t-idirphlé agus an comhar sin go háirithe ar na nithe seo a leanas: (a) fostóirí, oibrithe agus eagraíochtaí sochaí sibhialta eile na hAlbáine a ullmhú le haghaidh gníomhaíocht faoi chuimsiú bhallraíocht an Aontais Eorpaigh amach anseo; (b) fostóirí, oibrithe agus eagraíochtaí sochaí sibhialta eile na hAlbáine a ullmhú dá rannpháirtíocht in obair Choiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa tar éis aontachas na hAlbáine; (c) faisnéis a mhalartú maidir le saincheisteanna reatha leasa fhrithpháirtigh, go háirithe maidir le staid na himeartha i ndáil leis an bpróiseas aontachais chomh maith le fostóirí, oibrithe agus eagraíochtaí sochaí sibhialta eile na hAlbáine a ullmhú don phróiseas sin; (d) malartuithe taithí agus idirphlé struchtúrtha a spreagadh idir fostóirí, oibrithe agus eagraíochtaí sochaí sibhialta eile na hAlbáine agus fostóirí, oibrithe agus eagraíochtaí sochaí sibhialta eile na mBallstát, lena n-áirítear trí líonrú i réimsí sonracha ina bhféadfadh teagmhálacha díreacha agus comhar a bheith ar an mbealach is éifeachtaí chun fadhbanna ar leith a réiteach; (e) aon ábhar eile a thagann chun cinn i gcomhthéacs chur chun feidhme an Chomhaontaithe Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais a phlé, lena n-áirítear i ndáil le próiseas aontachais na hAlbáine. 2. Beidh an Comhchoiste Comhairliúcháin i gcomhar le Coiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa comhdhéanta de sheisear ionadaithe ó Choiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa agus seisear ionadaithe ó chomhpháirtithe sóisialta na hAlbáine agus eagraíochtaí eile na sochaí sibhialta. Féadfar iarraidh ar bhreathnóirí a bheith rannpháirteach ann freisin. 3. Déanfaidh an Comhchoiste Comhairliúcháin i gcomhar le Coiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa a chúraimí a chur i gcrích ar bhonn comhairliúcháin ón gComhairle Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais nó, maidir le hidirphlé idir lucht eacnamaíoch agus sóisialta a chur chun cinn, ar a thionscnamh féin. 4. Roghnófar na comhaltaí d’fhonn a áirithiú go mbeidh an Comhchoiste Comhairliúcháin i gcomhar le Coiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa chomh dílis agus is féidir leis na comhpháirtithe sóisialta éagsúla agus le heagraíochtaí eile na sochaí sibhialta, san Aontas Eorpach agus san Albáin araon. Déanfaidh rialtas na hAlbáine ainmniúcháin oifigiúla chomhaltaí na hAlbáine ar bhonn moltaí ó na comhpháirtithe sóisialta agus ó eagraíochtaí eile na sochaí sibhialta. Beidh na moltaí sin bunaithe ar nósanna imeachta roghnúcháin cuimsitheacha trédhearcacha i measc na gcomhpháirtithe sóisialta agus eagraíochtaí eile na sochaí sibhialta. 5. Déanfaidh comhalta de Choiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa agus ionadaí ó údaráis áitiúla agus réigiúnacha na hAlbáine comhchathaoirleacht ar an gComhchoiste Comhairliúcháin i gcomhar le Coiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa. 6. Glacfaidh an Comhchoiste Comhairliúcháin i gcomhar le Coiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa a rialacha nós imeachta féin. 7. Íocfaidh Coiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa, ar thaobh amháin, agus Rialtas na hAlbáine, ar an taobh eile, as na speansais a thabhóidh siad mar gheall ar rannpháirtíocht a dtoscairí i gcruinnithe an Chomhchoiste Comhairliúcháin agus a mheithleacha maidir le caiteachas foirne, taistil agus cothaithe. 8. Is é an Páirtí a óstálfaidh na cruinnithe a íocfaidh aon chostas eile a bhaineann le heagrú ábhartha na gcruinnithe. Airteagal 15 An Comhchoiste Comhairliúcháin i gcomhar le Coiste Eorpach na Réigiún 1. Bunaítear leis seo Comhchoiste Comhairliúcháin i gcomhar le Coiste Eorpach na Réigiún agus é de chúram air cabhrú leis an gComhairle Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais d’fhonn idirphlé agus comhar a chur chun cinn idir na húdaráis áitiúla agus réigiúnacha san Aontas Eorpach agus iad siúd san Albáin. Cuimseofar san idirphlé agus sa chomhar sin gach gné ábhartha den chaidreamh idir an tAontas Eorpach agus an Albáin, de réir mar a thagann siad chun cinn i gcomhthéacs chur chun feidhme an Chomhaontaithe Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais. Díreofar an t-idirphlé agus an comhar sin go háirithe ar na nithe seo a leanas: (a) údaráis áitiúla agus réigiúnacha na hAlbáine a ullmhú le haghaidh gníomhaíocht faoi chuimsiú bhallraíocht an Aontais Eorpaigh amach anseo; (b) údaráis áitiúla agus réigiúnacha na hAlbáine a ullmhú dá rannpháirtíocht in obair Choiste Eorpach na Réigiún (‘Coiste na Réigiún’) tar éis aontachas na hAlbáine; (c) faisnéis a mhalartú maidir le saincheisteanna leasa fhrithpháirtigh atá ann faoi láthair, go háirithe maidir le staid na himeartha i ndáil le beartas réigiúnach Eorpach agus leis an bpróiseas aontachais, chomh maith le húdaráis áitiúla agus réigiúnacha na hAlbáine a ullmhú don bheartas sin agus don phróiseas sin; (d) idirphlé struchtúrtha iltaobhach a spreagadh idir údaráis áitiúla agus réigiúnacha na hAlbáine agus údaráis áitiúla agus réigiúnacha Ballstát de chuid an Aontais Eorpaigh (‘na Ballstáit’), lena n-áirítear trí líonrú i réimsí sonracha ina bhféadfadh teagmhálacha díreacha agus comhar idir údaráis áitiúla agus réigiúnacha na hAlbáine agus údaráis áitiúla agus réigiúnacha na mBallstát a bheith ar an mbealach is éifeachtaí chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar ábhair shonracha leasa fhrithpháirtigh; (e) malartuithe rialta faisnéise a sholáthar maidir le comhar idir-réigiúnach idir údaráis áitiúla agus réigiúnacha na hAlbáine agus údaráis áitiúla agus réigiúnacha na mBallstát; (f) malartuithe taithí agus eolais i réimse an bheartais réigiúnaigh agus idirghabhálacha struchtúracha a spreagadh idir údaráis áitiúla agus réigiúnacha na hAlbáine agus údaráis áitiúla agus réigiúnacha na mBallstát, go háirithe fios gnó agus teicnící a bhaineann le pleananna nó straitéisí forbartha áitiúla agus réigiúnacha a ullmhú agus an úsáid is éifeachtúla is féidir a bhaint as na Cistí réamhaontachais agus Struchtúracha; (g) cúnamh a thabhairt d’údaráis áitiúla agus réigiúnacha na hAlbáine trí bhíthin malartuithe faisnéise, go háirithe cur chun feidhme phrionsabal na coimhdeachta i ngach gné den saol ar an leibhéal áitiúil agus réigiúnach; (h) aon ábhar eile a thagann chun cinn i gcomhthéacs chur chun feidhme an Chomhaontaithe Cobhsaíochta agus Comhlachais a phlé, lena n-áirítear i ndáil le próiseas aontachais na hAlbáine. 2. I dtosach báire, beidh an Comhchoiste Comhairliúcháin i gcomhar le Coiste na Réigiún comhdhéanta d’ochtar ionadaithe ó Choiste na Réigiún, ar thaobh amháin, agus d’ochtar ionadaithe tofa ó údaráis áitiúla agus réigiúnacha na hAlbáine, ar an taobh eile. Féadfaidh an Comhchoiste Comhairliúcháin cinneadh a dhéanamh trí thromlach dá chomhaltaí ó Choiste na Réigiún agus trí thromlach dá chomhaltaí ón Albáin chun an líon ionadaithe a athrú. | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/9032ce90-be4a-11ee-b164-01aa75ed71a1_5', 'collection': 'Eurovoc', 'open_type': 'Open Government', 'license': 'CC-By', 'date': '', 'title': 'Neuvoston päätös (EU) 2024/420, annettu 23 päivänä\xa0tammikuuta 2024, Euroopan unionin puolesta esitettävästä kannasta\xa0EU:n ja Albanian vakautus- ja assosiaationeuvostossa Euroopan talous- ja sosiaalikomitean ja alueiden komitean neuvoa-antavien sekakomiteoiden perustamiseen ja vakautus- ja assosiaationeuvoston työjärjestyksen muuttamisesta', 'creator': 'None', 'language': 'Irish', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '2113', 'token_count': '5017', '__index_level_0__': '5388', 'original_id': '5a9c115c4ab4737a5aa4e0a3beaa9562471cef789a4258e444c7c371d31b73f3'} |
17 Dumb Ways Men Have Been Busted Cheating
Thank these guys for the resulting yard sales—and nothing else.
man cheating on spouse
In 21 states, adultery is illegal. And in five of them—Massachusetts, Idaho, Oklahoma, Michigan, and Wisconsin—it's a straight-up felony. In fact, Michigan will dole out up to four years in the slammer for prosecuted offenders. Still, these strict laws don't seem to deter men from cheating. (Yes, men indeed do the bulk of cheating. As revealed in recent General Social Survey data, 20 percent of men have admitted to extramarital affairs, while only 13 percent of women have.) And while many guys are busted thanks to relatively small errors—a rogue email or a text, a pair of underwear left behind, et cetera—there are plenty of men out there who have seen their cheating ways come to light in spectacularly dumb fashion.
For instance, have you heard about the guy who got outed by Burger King? Or what about the one who spilled the beans while on live radio? Yes, these—and even more outrageous instances—have all actually happened. And we've gathered them all here. So read on, and thank your lucky stars you've been lucky enough to dodge these insidious fellas. And if you're looking for info on why all these dudes are circumventing the law (and their lovers' feelings), learn the 10 Biggest Reasons Why Men Cheat.
The guy who carried on an affair with his girlfriend's coworker.
this is a trash person, Worst Dating Phrases
According to a wildly viral Twitter thread (30,000 retweets and counting) from user AyanaTheDiva, her boyfriend had been carrying on an affair with her new coworker—for a year. Here's how she found out. Ayana had recently started a new job, alongside an unnamed coworker. They started talking about respective boyfriends. When the coworker whipped out Instagram to show off pictures, Ayana was shocked to learn that, whoops, they had the same boyfriend.
Ayana kept her cool, and invited the coworker over for drinks one night. (Apparently, the boyfriend hadn't ever invited the coworker over.) He was home, in the bathroom. He walked out, saw both women, and was instantly dumped—twice. Oh, and speaking of infidelity, know that This Is the Age When Men Are Most Likely to Cheat.
The guy who outed himself on live radio.
talk radio cheating
On an episode of The Niall Boylan Show, on Ireland's 4FM radio station, a guy named "Dave" admitted to cheating on his fiancée. His justification: he wasn't sexually satisfied with the relationship. Apparently, this ticked off the fiancée's friend, who recognized the guy's voice, called into the show, and outed him on the spot. And for more on infidelity, learn what micro-cheating is—and if you're doing it.
The guy who went on a wild ride.
Uber car
As reported by French newspaper La Figaro, one (unnamed) man filed a $47 million lawsuit against Uber for revealing his infidelity, citing a glitch in the system. Here's what happened: He logged into Uber on his wife's phone for a single ride. But, after logging out, the app still sent notifications to his wife's phone. Apparently, he had been regularly traveling to a clandestine location to meet his tryst. His wife decoded the gambit—and filed for divorce. Next, learn the age when men are most likely to cheat.
The guy who wasn't photo-shy.
kiss in bar
It's a story as old as time. Girl meets boy (in a bar). Girl likes boy. Girl kisses boy. Girl takes a picture of kiss. Girl takes down boy's number. Girl later realizes number is incorrect. Girl posts picture of kiss on Facebook, asks if anyone knows boy, says she wants to see more of boy. Boy's girlfriend responds.
The dad who couldn't gamble.
father son dad arguing
We're taking this with a grain of salt (and you should, too), but it's so beyond the pale, it needs to be shared. In a widely spread viral text chain, a father, seemingly out of nowhere, informs his son of their home's security camera lock code. "Why would I need to know that?" the son responds.
"I thought you might want to delete the videos of you and Julia having sex," the father says.
"What about the ones of you and mom's yoga teacher?" the son asks, before extorting his father for $1,000 and a new car.
The guy who got caught in a whopper of a lie.
burger king
Instagram user jordan_vonsmith86 commented—and shortly thereafter (you'll see why in a second) deleted, though not before screenshots burned up the Internet—on Burger King's official account, "My girl legit took 20 minutes ordering in the drive thru last night, those whoppers were worth it tho lol [sic]."
The guy's actual girlfriend chimed in to say she doesn't recall eating dinner at Burger King—and that she doesn't even like the (objectively delicious) establishment in the first place. And for more 21st century romance, learn the 20 Online Dating Terms Older People Don't Know Yet.
The guy who didn't turn his phone off.
sexting over 40
One British man, as reported by Metro, had a habit of hiring sex workers. Unfortunately, during one such rendezvous, he mistakenly called his fiancée… mid-deed. If you want to prevent this from happening to you, learn the single best way to stop pocket dialing people for good. (Or you could, you know, not cheat.)
The guy who didn't understand iMessage.
demisexual woman in bed
From Chentazi, via reddit: "My ex-fiancée had both an iPhone and a Macbook. If you know anything about iMessage, this means that he can send and receive texts from his laptop. I was using his laptop for homework (with his permission) while he was at work.
He got a text message from his ex, who he talked with on a regular basis. I was uncomfortable with her since she was 'the one that got away,' but she was married and he insisted he just thought of her as a good friend and I chose to believe and trust my then-fiancee. But the text she sent him that day seemed strange, just randomly saying "Just texting to say I love you" or something like that, and it just popped up in the corner for me to read. I opened the messages.
The guy who didn't pay attention to the "ship to" field.
Single, unhappy couple, after sex
One woman discovered her husband's infidelities thanks to pure carelessness. As revealed to BuzzFeed, the guy ordered his secret girlfriend a new credit card. Thing is, he mistakenly had the card shipped to his house. The wife surreptitiously filed for a missing spouse divorce and "accidentally" had the decree sent to her husband's office.
The guy who became a meme.
An Ohio State University known as "AJ" tried to pick up a fellow student via Snapchat. "Won't your girlfriend be mad if she finds out?" the girl asked, before posting AJ's feeble flirting attempts in the school's public channel. The chat quickly devolved into a school-wide vindication crusade—seemingly every student named AJ demanded the cheater's name be made public, to prove their individual claims of innocence—before blowing up into a bona fide Internet meme, garnering Snapchats from as far away as Mount Everest. And for more infidelity of this sort, learn the 20 Social Media Habits That Are Technically Cheating.
The guy who showed up at his partner's work.
craziest Hollywood rumors
One guy was dating a woman who worked at Disney. (Rides galore!) He asked her for free tickets to, according to BuzzFeed, "take his little sister." The woman turned out not to be his sister. Guess who the couple ran into?
The guy who pretended he was with a sex doll.
clean sleeping
In this viral video, posted to Facebook, one jilted woman walks in on her partner hooking up with another woman. When confronted, he alleges that the other woman is just a sex doll. And for her part, she stands impressively stock-still and silent for some time—until the first women moves to touch her.
The guy who shared keys (and dated) his neighbor, and cheated anyway.
According to Kanorado1, via reddit: "I was dating my neighbor, and his door was 10 feet away from my front door. One night, I had some friends over and he went out with his friends. My friends and I had some Nerf guns at my apartment, and my guy friend shot me in the eye and scratched my cornea. It was so painful. I didn't know what to do. It was pretty late at night and I had been drinking, so I decided the best thing to do was to take some allergy medicine and fall into a Benadryl coma.
I woke up the next morning and was in so much pain. I couldn't open my eye, and crying made it burn, which made me cry more. So, I ran over to my boyfriend's apartment, let myself in (we had copies of each other's keys) and, as I was going up the stairs to his room, I kept thinking, 'Hm, women's shoes! How weird.' And, 'I wonder whose pants those are!' But I was so set on having him drive me to the emergency room or something so I just busted into his room and there he was, in bed with his best girl friend. They hadn't heard me come in, so I just stood there for an uncomfortably long time."
The guy who suddenly started grooming.
electric razor
From agoodliedown, via reddit: "His pubic hair was trimmed."
The guy who tried to juggle.
is she satisfied couple arguing
One guy thought it'd be a good idea to carry on two separate long-term relationships in tandem. (Fact: this never works out.) The whole thing crumbled when, as recounted in a now legendary Twitter thread, from ashedryden, one woman found out, called the other, and both left him. Ashe put it best: "I didn't think this [stuff] happened in real life."
The guy who got caught via Google Maps.
man spotted cheating
As reported by Express, a Russian man was caught by his fiancée as she was scrolling through Google Maps "street view" function, wherein you can can look through photo-captured renderings of real-world locations. In one shot, the guy was spotted canoodling with another woman.
The guy who used Tinder at the wrong time.
Tinder, 40s, what to give up in your 40s
From 84th_legistlature, via reddit: "He cheated on me while I was right next to him, setting up other dates with girls on his phone."
Ari Notis
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arr. Linda Spevacek Heritage Music Press
10366870E Easy
The traditional English carol God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen and the French carol Noel Nouvelet! (complete with the original French lyrics as an option) are joined with an enhancing, lyrical flute... view detailsview details
TB $2.20Qty: 5 copy min.
ePrint FAQ's
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Can I print my music and make copies?
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