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刘积学（），号群士（自传中又号群式），河南省新蔡县人。中国民主革命家，中华民国、中华人民共和国政治人物。
生平
1903年，刘积学中癸卯科举人。1904年至1905年，在河南武备学堂学习。1906年2月，被派赴日本留学。原拟学习军事，但因体弱而改学法政。起初入宏文学院，后入小石川区实科学校理化专修班。学习期满后，考入东京法政大学专门部政治科，毕业于1911年6月。在日本留学期间，经曾昭文介绍加入中国同盟会。1906年，中国同盟会河南分会在东京成立，曾昭文任支部长，刘积学任支部书记，负责会议记录及文件保管等。后来接替曾昭文任支部长。1906年11月，河南留日学生以同乡会的名义创办《豫报》杂志，主持人包括了立宪派和革命派，刘积学是该杂志的发起人、组织者、股东之一，并曾在该杂志发表宣传革命的文章。后来中国同盟会河南分会派曾昭文、刘积学进行调查之后，决定停办《豫报》，创刊《河南》杂志。1907年12月，在河南旅日女士刘青霞的资助下，《河南》杂志创刊，刘积学任总编辑，张钟端任总经理。该杂志鼓吹革命，反对立宪，影响很大。清政府严令在中国国内查禁该杂志，并令驻日本使馆同日本警署交涉，封闭了该杂志社，并扣压了该杂志第十期。他还曾在东京同盟会出版的《天讨》专号上发表了《河南留日学生讨满清政府檄》。1908年，刘积学受同盟会派遣，回开封策动中国北方起义。
1911年武昌起义爆发后，中国同盟会总部决定在日本的河南、山东、陕西、甘肃中国同盟会会员组织四省协会，以策动中国北方举行起义。中国同盟会河南支部派刘积学、杜潜、张钟端等人到河南开封。他们到达开封后，召集会议，传达中国同盟会总部的起义指示。他们企图策动河南省城开封的新军起义，但因所联络的新军协统应龙翔迟疑不决，后来又遭河南巡抚宝棻扣押，策动新军终告失败。此后，中国同盟会河南支部决定仍在开封起义，并将河南省分为四路，准备四路共同起义。刘积学负责新郑、密县、叶县、南阳一路的联络。他和孙豪、魏士骙、赵伯阶等人在汝州、鲁山、宝丰、郏县、襄城、密县等县发动农民武装，以策应南阳的起义军，企图控制豫西南。但派赴开封购买枪支弹药的魏士骙将枪弹运至叶县后，当即被县官没收。此后，刘积学、孙豪、赵伯阶等人决定孙豪任司令，赵伯阶任参谋攻打宝丰县。此时，刘积学收到同盟会河南支部的通知而赶赴开封。孙豪、赵伯阶率农民武装攻打宝丰县，孙豪受骗进城谈判和平光复时被杀害，赵伯阶指挥攻打宝丰县城时阵亡，起义军撤退到临汝山区，后来成了白朗起义的核心力量。
中国同盟会河南支部决定仍按原计划组织起义。但袁世凯调清军开赴河南，宝棻也调重兵进行防守，起义难以开展。中国同盟会河南支部遂派刘积学到上海向上海军政府都督陈其美请求援军。当时上海军政府中河南籍同盟会员很多，刘基炎还出任了上海军政府的参谋长。11月下旬刘积学抵达上海后，即与河南籍的同盟会员刘基炎、陈伯昂、贺升平等人取得联络，在陈其美、黄兴的支持下，准备在上海组成北伐军开赴河南。南京临时政府批准成立了河南北伐军，分为两路，一路以张国威为司令，经长江至河南，一路以刘基炎为司令，渡海到山东烟台登陆，然后转赴河南。长江的一路最后到达了河南光州，同阎子固、任芝铭的淮上军会师，烟台的一路则未能开入河南。后来南北议和，这两路军队都停止活动。
1912年中华民国成立后，同年刘积学当选北京临时参议院议员。同年8月25日，中国同盟会改组为国民党，该党随即在中国各省组织支部，河南支部以曾昭文为支部长，杜潜和刘积学各为该支部筹到了数万元的经费。1913年3月，刘积学被河南省议会选举为民元国会参议院议员。1914年7月，孙中山在日本组织中华革命党，刘积学首先加入该党。袁世凯去世后，段祺瑞抛弃《中华民国临时约法》，遭到刘积学反对。1917年7月，孙中山在广州召开非常国会，刘积学遂赴广州参加非常国会，直至1921年。
1922年，刘积学任河南自治筹备处处长。1925年2月6日，署河南省政务厅厅长。1928年，随北伐军到达湖北汉口，任河南宣抚使。1927年4月，蒋介石发动清党。1929年至1939年，因是老同盟会员，又和胡汉民有深交，刘积学获任国民政府立法院立法委员。1930年10月7日，刘积学任河南省政府委员，1932年7月28日免。1939年至1949年，刘积学任河南省临时参议会、河南省参议会议长。
1941年，任芝铭被汤恩伯逮捕，刘积学在营救任芝铭的过程中，开始靠拢中国共产党。1948年初，他在读了毛泽东《目前形势和我们的任务》之后对中共党员郭海长称：“如有必要，愿为效力。决意投靠共产党。”1948年5月，中国共产党决定策动华中剿总副总司令兼第五绥靖区司令官张轸举行起义。刘积学受委托同张轸联络，在促成张轸起义的过程中发挥了重要作用。1948年12月下旬，白崇禧召集了湖北、河南、安徽、湖南、江西五省的议长在汉口举行会议，要五省议长联名发电，请蒋介石暂回奉化，由李宗仁代行总统职。刘积学对此坚决反对，声称“蒋介石为内战的罪魁祸首，必迫使其下野”，遂拒不在白崇禧的电稿上签字。12月31日他在信阳单独发出了迫使蒋介石下野的通电，即“亥世电”，轰动一时。1949年4月，随着中国人民解放军的进军，信阳的中国国民党军政人员纷纷逃往南方，刘积学率河南省参议会单独留在信阳，迎接中国人民解放军。
1949年9月，刘积学作为中国国民党革命委员会代表出席了中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议。中华人民共和国成立后，历任中南军政委员会委员、河南省人民政府委员会委员、河南省政协副主席、河南省文史研究馆副馆长，民革河南省筹备委员会召集人、民革河南省委员会副主委等职。1957年，被打成右派分子。
1960年11月12日，刘积学在开封病逝。1978年，其右派问题获得平反。
家庭
兄：刘积勋
参考文献
光緒二十九年癸卯恩科舉人
中国同盟会会员
北京临时参议院议员
制宪国民大会代表
中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议代表
河南省政協副主席
法政大學校友
新蔡人
J
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新加坡博物馆列表列出新加坡所有博物馆。科技馆、档案馆、美术馆等一并附入。
社会历史类博物馆
自然科学类博物馆
文化艺术类博物馆
文化遗产机构
参见
新加坡國家文物局
新加坡旅游景点列表
外部链接
新加坡國家文物局官网
参考资料
新加坡历史博物馆
新加坡歷史
新加坡国立博物馆
各国博物馆列表
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黑龙宫位于中国云南省昆明市盘龙区茨坝街道黑龙潭社区黑龙潭公园内，原为龙泉观的一部分，位于龙潭旁边，称为下观，现已自成一个建筑单元，共3间，分为前后两院，正殿居后，单檐歇山顶，面阔3间。此地元初有庙，明洪武二十七年（1394年）改建为龙神祠，现存建筑大都为清嘉庆年间重修，故现存建筑皆为清代式样。古代黑龙宫为祭龙求雨的场所，原有龙王及其水族塑像，已全被毁弃，仅建筑物保存较为完好。1993年与龙泉观一起被云南省人民政府公布为第四批省级文物保护单位。
参考资料
H
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《鼠來寶3》（），2011年出品的3D動畫真人結合電影。為《鼠來寶》的《鼠來寶2》續集。
劇情
3 隻可愛的花栗鼠又回來了，結合3D效果登上大銀幕，看小鼠天團如何在無人荒島繼續熱歌勁舞？
這次，小鼠天團（艾文、賽門、喜多）好不容易在忙碌行程中，可以抽空搭乘豪華游輪出海渡假，但領頭搗蛋的艾文果然忍不住尋事生非，在一次玩風箏時，因風勢過大，一把將整團小鼠從甲板抓起，一路吹到無人荒島。
為求生存，他們利用島上天然景觀發明各式娛樂，更沒忘記唱勁歌熱舞﹗而另一端，經紀人大衛（傑森李飾）正神經兮兮尋找他們。此時荒島卻突然蹦出一個新訪客，他會是小鼠天團的敵人還是朋友？荒島上的危機正逐步發酵，小鼠天團會察覺嗎？
根據最受歡影迎卡通影集改編電影《鼠來寶》，是部適合闔家觀賞的諧劇片，劇情真情流露，音樂更是悅耳動聽，原創音樂帶熱賣超過3400萬套，並屢獲葛萊美獎，全球高達40多個語言版本﹗
角色
真人角色
動畫角色
音樂
外部連結
鼠來寶電影
2011年美国动画电影
2011年原聲帶
20世纪福斯电影
美國耶誕電影
美國奇幻電影
電影原聲帶
擬人化角色電影
改编自动画的真人电影
洛杉磯背景電影
巴黎背景電影
加利福尼亞州取景電影
法国取景电影
墨西哥取景电影
2011年喜剧片
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宜兴文昌阁原位于中国江苏省无锡宜兴市宜城街道通贞观东路今文化广场处，始建于明初，原为道观通贞观的一部分，同时用于科举考试试场和文人雅集之地，万历十二年（1584）重建，清顺治时重修。原建筑由大殿、东西廊庑、砚池和花园等组成，东院大殿面阔三间，两侧耳房各一间，进深十三檩，硬山顶，殿前有青石垒砌的月台，院内有上置单孔小石拱桥的长方形砚池及桂柏数株，东西廊庑原各九间，二十世纪八十年代初被改建，西院花园内有人工堆筑的土山与小亭。1998年因旧城改造而移建大殿至城西氿滨公园内，并重建大门一间与东西厢房各三间，现阁内陈列有“荆邑千秋、人杰文昌——科举和宜兴状元宰相史料展”。
图集
参考资料
文昌阁
无锡建筑物
宜兴建筑物
1584年中国建立
1584年完工建筑物
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烟酸占替诺氯化钠注射液药理作用？本品是一种血管扩张剂，它能改善血液流变学，减少周围血管的阻力。本品能促进葡萄糖透过血脑屏障，增强脑细胞的葡萄糖和氧的利用，改善大脑的糖代谢和大脑功能。
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田一明（），又名田益民，男，陕西白水人，中华人民共和国政治人物，曾任第五、六、七、八、九届全国政协委员。
参考资料
Yi
白水人
滬江大學校友
第五屆全國政協委員
第六屆全國政協委員
第七屆全國政協委員
第八屆全國政協委員
第九屆全國政協委員
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Caunahue River is a river located in the Los Ríos Region of Chile.
References
Rivers of Los Ríos Region
Rivers of Chile
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Dvorníky () is a village and municipality in Hlohovec District in the Trnava Region of western Slovakia.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1247.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 150 metres and covers an area of 25.537 km2. It has a population of about 2017 people.
Genealogical resources
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Bratislava, Slovakia"
Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1712-1895 (parish A)
See also
List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia
References
External links
https://dvorniky.sk/
https://web.archive.org/web/20071217080336/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Surnames of living people in Dvorniky
Villages and municipalities in Hlohovec District
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The Krewe of ALLA is a coed krewe and social organization.
History and formation
The Krewe of ALLA was formed November 1932, and was originally sponsored by the West Side Carnival and Social Club, Inc. In 1978 the Krewe reorganized as the Golden Gryphon Society, Inc. The name ALLA is taken from ALgiers, LA., where the organization was originally formed.
Originally an all-male Krewe, Alla became co-ed in 2014. The Krewe of Alla celebrated their 90th anniversary with 2022's parade.
Membership
Krewe of ALLA accepts membership from all men and women age 16 and older.
Parade
Parade themes
Royal court
Krewe of Alla annually present a royal court which includes a king and queen named the Maharajah and the Maharanee.
Throws
Trinkets, collectables, masks, and beads tossed by hand from riders of the floats are called throws. Collectible throws from Krewe of ALLA include custom beads, footballs, frisbees, and foam swords.
Krewe of ALLA is known for their hand decorated genie lamps, their signature throw.
References
Mardi Gras in New Orleans
1932 establishments in Louisiana
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喉咙长时间上火不好与食道癌有关系吗？长期咳嗽不好，要先判断导致咳嗽的原因，做好病因治疗。慢性咳嗽常见的原因有支原体肺炎，肺结核，变异性哮喘和肺部肿瘤等。需要做血常规，肺炎支原体检测，结核菌素试验，肺功能和肺部ct等检查。支原体肺炎可以用阿奇霉素治疗，肺结核可以用异烟肼，吡嗪酰胺，乙胺丁醇和利福平治疗。变异性哮喘和过敏有关，要进一步做过敏源试验，平时避免接触过敏源，肺部肿瘤要手术治疗。食道癌的前期症状不典型，症状隐匿不易发现。主要是表现为上消化道消化不良症状比如嗳气，打嗝，腹胀，胸骨后不适，进食异物感，及早发现有助于方案确定可以通过手术治疗结合化疗药物，以获取最好的预后。一般可以通过肿瘤标记物检查，食道镜检查等用于早期筛查。一旦出现典型的进行性吞咽困难，提示进入中晚期，预后通常不佳。食管癌的早期症状常不明显，但是在吞咽粗硬的食物时，可能会有不同程度的不适感，包括咽下食物时的哽咽，胸骨够的烧灼感，针刺样的疼痛。患者感觉食物通过缓慢以及停滞感。随着病情的加重，病人会出现明显的咽下困难，刚开始是以干质食物明显，需用水送服，到晚期进食流食，也会出现哽噎。病人会表现为逐渐的消耗，体重进行性的下降。食道癌的症状都很典型，也很明显，大多数患者都是表现在饮食出现吞咽困难等症状，当然也有部分食管癌患者会有咽喉位置感觉烧灼、疼痛症状，但并非所有的咽喉疼痛症状都同属于食管癌。喉咙不好和食道癌影响并没有什么关系的，一般食道癌并不会影响导致的咳嗽的，一般咳嗽多是由于肺部的炎症或者是咽喉处的炎症影响导致的，您可以先口服一下消炎的药物治疗的，看看具体的效果的，平时的时候注意多保暖的，防止受凉的。
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ACV可以指：
裝甲核心V，Armored Core V
阿昔洛韦，Aciclovir
刺客信条：英灵殿，Assassin's Creed Valhalla
越南机场公司
三字拉丁字母縮寫消歧義
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The Palácio do Planalto () in Brasília is the official workplace of the president of Brazil. The building was designed by Oscar Niemeyer in 1958 and inaugurated on 21 April 1960. It has been the workplace of every Brazilian president since Juscelino Kubitschek. It is located at the Praça dos Três Poderes (Three Powers Plaza), to the east of the National Congress of Brazil and across from the Supreme Federal Court.
It is one of the official palaces of the Presidency, along with the Palácio da Alvorada, the official residence. Besides the president, other high ranking government officials also work from the Planalto, including the Vice-President and the Chief of Staff; the other government ministry buildings are located on the Ministries Esplanade. As the seat of government, the term Planalto is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of the federal government.
The building, constructed in the modernist style, is part of the Brasília World Heritage Site, designated by UNESCO in 1987.
History
The presidential palace was a major feature of the plan for the newly established federal capital, Brasília. Oscar Niemeyer was chosen as the architect of the Palácio do Planalto and the building's construction, led by Construtora Rabello S.A., began on 10 July 1958. The Executive Office was temporarily headquartered at the Catetinho, on the outskirts of Brasília, during construction.
The palace was officially inaugurated on 21 April 1960, by President Juscelino Kubitschek. It was one of the first buildings inaugurated in the new capital city, along with the National Congress and the Supreme Federal Court. The inauguration ceremony was attended by several foreign leaders and attracted thousands of spectators, as it symbolised the transfer of the capital city from Rio de Janeiro to the center of the country.
The palace owes its name to the Brazilian Highlands (the term planalto meaning highland), specifically the Brazilian Central Plateau, where Brasília is located.
2009–2010 restoration
In March 2009, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ordered an extensive restoration of the palace. Decades of poor maintenance had taken a great toll on the structure built in 1958. The restoration was completed on 24 August 2010, at a cost of R$ 111 million. The restoration focused on: installing new electricity, water and central air conditioning systems; complete dismantling of the interior spaces and construction of new interior divisions; restoration of the exterior marble and granite façade; construction of an underground parking garage for 500 vehicles; substitution of the electrical generators; restoration of windows and doors; construction of emergency stairs; and technology upgrades
During the restoration process, the Executive Office was transferred temporarily to the Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil ('Bank of Brazil Cultural Center') and to the Itamaraty Palace.
2023 storming
On 8 January 2023, the building was attacked by supporters of former president Jair Bolsonaro.
Architecture
The presidential palace was a major feature of Costa's plan for the newly established capital city. Niemeyer's idea was to project an image of simplicity and modernity using fine lines and waves to compose the columns and exterior structures. The longitudinal lines of the palace are kept by a sequence of columns whose design is a variation of those at the Palácio da Alvorada, although they were arranged transversely to the body of the building. The palace's façade is also composed by two strong elements: the ramp leading to the hall and the parlatorium (speaker's platform), from where the president and foreign heads of state can address the public at the Three Powers Plaza.
A reflecting pool was built in 1991 to increase security around the palace and to balance humidity levels during the long dry season in Brasília. It has an approximate area of , holding of water, with a depth of . Several Japanese carp live in the pool.
Layout and amenities
The Palace has an area of . The main building has four floors above ground and one floor underground. The heliport is located by the north façade of the building.
First floor
The first floor consists of the main reception area, access control and security, entrance hall and press office. The large entrance hall is used frequently for temporary exhibitions on themes related to the federal government's programs. The hall features a sculpture by Franz Weissman and three sculptures by Zezinho de Tracunhaém. Also located on the first floor is the Presidential Gallery, housing the official portraits of the former presidents of Brazil.
Second floor
The second floor houses the East, Noble and West rooms, as well as the Supreme Meeting Room and Press Secretariat. The East Room is where the president signs decrees and other pieces of legislation. The Noble Room, also called the Mirror Hall, is the largest in the palace. It is used for large ceremonies, with a capacity to hold 1,000 guests. The highlights in this hall are Haroldo Barroso's sculpture Evoluções and Djanira da Motta e Silva's painting Os Orixás. The West Room was designed for medium-sized events, with a capacity to hold from 300 to 500 people. Due to its ample size and generous ceiling height, it is primarily used for events based on international themes. A large panel created by Roberto Burle Marx decorates the area. The Supreme Meeting Room was built in 1990 and is normally used for ministerial, government and presidential meetings.
Third floor
The third floor houses the office of the president and their senior staff. It also houses the mezzanine, a large area composed of waiting rooms and a circulation area between the Noble Room, the presidential office and the offices of the senior advisors. The waiting rooms are decorated with furniture by Sergio Rodrigues and Oscar Niemeyer, and paintings by Emiliano Di Cavalcanti, Firmino Saldanha, Frans Krajcberg, Geraldo de Barros and Frank Schaeffer. The bronze sculpture called O Flautista, by Bruno Giorgi, used to ornament the area but was destroyed during the invasion of Congress on 8 January 2023.
The president's office consists of three separate environments: office, meeting room and guest room. The president's office is decorated with modernist Brazilian furniture dating from the 1940s to the 1960s, and silverware from the Catete Palace. The highlights in this room are two large paintings by Djanira da Motta e Silva: Colhendo Bananas and Praia do Nordeste. The meeting room is used for private meetings between the president and members of their direct staff. The guest room is used for formal meetings between the president and foreign heads of state and government.
Fourth floor
The fourth floor contains a large lounge area and the offices of senior government officials, including the Chief of Staff and the Chief of the Institutional Security Cabinet. The lounge area was created during the 2010 restoration and is decorated with modernist Brazilian furniture from the 1960s. Highlights in the lounge include: a tapestry by Alberto Nicola; a draft of Tiradentes' bust, by Bruno Giorgi; and Cena Indígena, by Giovanni Oppido. Two large panels by Athos Bulcão are also seen on the side walls that lead to the lounge.
Public access and security
The Palace is open to public visitation on Sundays, from 9:30 am to 2 pm. Guided tours last 20 minutes. During the week, access to the building is restricted to authorised personnel. It is difficult to see the president, as they are often escorted into the Palace through the north entrance or arrive by helicopter. The ramp in front of the Palace is only used during special ceremonies, such as presidential inaugurations and state visits by foreign heads of state and government.
The building is protected by the Presidential Guard Battalion and by the 1st Guards Cavalry Regiment ('Independence Dragoons'), of the Brazilian Army. The ceremonial guard sentry duties are rotated among those two units every six months, and a change of the guard ceremony takes place to mark the rotation.
Gallery
See also
Alvorada Palace
Granja do Torto
Rio Negro Palace
Catete Palace
Paço Imperial
Palace of São Cristóvão
Petrópolis Imperial Palace
List of Oscar Niemeyer works
2023 invasion of the Brazilian Congress
References
External links
1959 establishments in Brazil
Government buildings completed in 1960
Palaces in Brasília
Presidential palaces in Brazil
Modernist architecture in Brazil
Tourist attractions in Brasília
Oscar Niemeyer buildings
World Heritage Sites in Brazil
Restored and conserved buildings
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Jørgen Friis (died 1616 in Skørping) was a Danish lord and Governor-general of Norway from 1601 to 1608.
During his lifetime, the Danish nobility had a monopoly on a number of administrative offices. Friis was a member of that small class of upper nobility whose had access to the highest positions in Denmark-Norway, including membership on the riksråd. He became Governor-general of Norway in 1601 and initiated a major effort to revise the Norwegian law which led to Christian IV’s Norwegian Law of 1604.
Personal life
The date of Friis' birth is unknown, though it is likely that he was born at Nes Castle in Denmark. His father, Ivar Friis (died 1557), was the lord at Nes, and his mother was Sophie Andersdatter Glob (died after 1574). His family was part of an early noble line from southern Jutland, which has been traced back to at least the mid 1300-century, based on the earliest recording of their coat-of-arms. The family belonged to the leading noble circles in Jutland, and Jørgen Friis had an upbringing that was common for young men of his standing. As a young man he experienced military action when in 1576 he served in the king's retinue during a campaign into Mecklenburg.
He was married three times, first on 2 August 1573 to Anne Pallesdatter Juel (died 19 December 1576), daughter of Palle Juel (died 1585), the judge in Nordjylland and Anne Lykke (died 1585). His second marriage was to Else Bjørnsdatter (1558–1594), daughter of national counselor Bjørn Andersen (1532–1583) and Sidsel Truidsdatter Ulfstand (died 1561). His third marriage was to Lisbeth Christoffersdatter Galle (died 1616), daughter of the lord of Steinvikholm, Christoffer Galle (died 1555) and Birte Clausdatter Bille (1534–1613). She served as Acting County Sheriff of the County of Vinstrupgård, taking charge of the tenantry after the death of her first husband, Eggert Ulfeldt.
Friis had a total of twelve children: four daughters and eight sons. Several of his sons died while studying abroad. His son Christen Friis became Chancellor of Denmark in 1616. Friis died in 1616 in Skørping and was buried on the same day as his wife Lisbeth.
Career
Friis followed the traditional early career path of a nobleman, with service at court and as a court Junker in 1578. In 1580s-90s he served with various smaller in Denmark, and 1595, he became a judge in North Jutland, which provided him a good knowledge of the law and its interpretation. He achieved the highest rank in 1596, when he was named to the national council (riksråd).
Most of Friis' labor went to managing the numerous fiefs for which he was responsible. He also devoted attention to his personal interests. He had inherited Krastrup manor in North Jutland from his mother. The manor house at Krastrup burned in 1612, but was restored at Jørgen Friis’ direction.
Governor-general of Norway
In 1601 he was granted Norway's most important fief, Akershus, as well as the position of Governor-general of Norway. Friis served as Governor-general of Norway until 1608, when he returned to Denmark, where he was granted the far less labor-intensive Seilstrup fief, which he held until his death. When he assumed the role of Governor-general (statholder) from Axel Gyldenstjerne, Christian IV was present in Norway. Friis had to pledge that we would "listen and pay diligent heed to the complaints of the common people and help them secure justice."
His most important contributions were in translating and organizing the law. The Danish administrators found it absolutely necessary to recast the old Norwegian law, which was written in old Norse and difficult for them to interpret and apply. Moreover, there were newer laws that were not properly entered into the older documented law record. As early as 1557 Christian III had directed a revision of the Norwegian laws, without success. Frederick II had also directed a revision of the law in 1572, without success. Yet another royal direction to translate the laws and add provisions for fines had been addressed to the governor, Axel Gyldenstierne, in 1592.
Christian IV was one of the most remarkable of the Danish-Norwegian kings, having initiated many reforms and projects in both Denmark and Norway. He visited Norway 26 times, more times than all his predecessors combined, and became aware of the egregious abuses of the law by fief holders like Ludvig Munk. In 1602 Christian IV resided in Akershus, reviewed the need to revise the laws, and the governor-general Jørgen Friis, with the support of Anders Green and various men of the law, was commanded to prepare a new law book. Under the eye of the king, the commission work quickly, and the new law book, which was printed in 1604, entered into force in January 1605 under the name, KONG CHRISTIAN DEN FJERDES NORSKE LOVBOG af 1604. The law was essentially a Danish translation of the older Norwegian law created by Magnus VI and recorded in Norwegian from 1274 to 1276.
Friis' work on the Norwegian law was of great importance, since it produced a law book which was better suited to conditions that existed at that time in Scandinavia. As is common with the law, it had to be updated multiple times, including revisions by Jens Bjelke, but it served as the essential source of law until it was superseded by kong Christian 5s Norske Lov av 1687 (King Christian V's Norwegian Law of 1687).
References
1616 deaths
16th-century Danish nobility
17th-century Danish nobility
Governors-general of Norway
16th-century Danish people
16th-century Norwegian nobility
17th-century Norwegian nobility
Year of birth unknown
Friis family
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乔兴力（），男，汉族，安徽宿州人，中华人民共和国地方政治人物。
生平
1984年7月毕业于安徽机电学院（现安徽工程大学），留校工作。1986年至1988年，在北京师范学院（现首都师范大学）第二学士学位班学习。历任安徽机电学院政治辅导员、团委干事，团委副书记（正科），团委书记（副处）。1994年10月至1996年10月，挂职宣城市宁国县副县长。1996年10月，任芜湖市芜湖县副县长。1998年2月，任芜湖县委副书记、副县长。
1998年5月，任芜湖市机电局局长。2000年4月，任芜湖市行政服务中心副主任。2003年2月，任芜湖市南陵县委副书记、县长。2004年10月，任南陵县委书记。2008年1月，任芜湖市人大常委会副主任。2008年5月，任安徽省淮南市委常委、市委组织部部长。2013年8月，任淮南市人民政府副市长。2015年9月，任安徽省商务厅副厅长。2021年6月，不再担任安徽省商务厅党组成员、副厅长职务，晋升为安徽省商务厅一级巡视员。
参考文献
XL
宿州人
安徽工程大学校友
首都师范大学校友
淮南市人民政府副市长
中共南陵县委书记
安徽省商务厅副厅长
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Innocence Project, Inc. is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit legal organization that is committed to exonerating individuals who have been wrongly convicted, through the use of DNA testing and working to reform the criminal justice system to prevent future injustice. The group cites various studies estimating that in the United States between 1% and 10% of all prisoners are innocent. The Innocence Project was founded in 1992 by Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld who gained national attention in the mid-1990s as part of the "Dream Team" of lawyers who formed part of the defense in the O. J. Simpson murder case.
, the Innocence Project has helped to successfully overturn over 300 convictions through DNA-based exonerations. In 2021, Innocence Project received the biennial Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty by Cato Institute, awarded in recognition and gratitude for its work to ensure liberty and justice for all. In March 2022, The Innocence Project won two Webby Awards for its Happiest Moments video, winning the Best Humanitarian & Services campaign in both the brand and non-profit categories. Happiest Moments was the organizations first-ever public service announcement that premiered in June 2021 and was produced by Hayden5.
Founding
The Innocence Project was established in the wake of a study by the U.S. Department of Justice and U.S. Senate, in conjunction with Yeshiva University's Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, which claimed that incorrect identification by eyewitnesses was a factor in over 70% of wrongful convictions. The Innocence Project was founded in 1992 by Scheck and Neufeld as part of a law clinic at Cardozo. It became an independent 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization on January 28, 2003, but it maintains institutional connections with Cardozo. Madeline deLone was the executive director from 2004 until 2020, succeeded by Christina Swarns on September 8, 2020.
The Innocence Project is the headquarters of the Innocence Network, a group of nearly 70 independent innocence organizations worldwide. One such example exists in the Republic of Ireland where in 2009 a project was set up at Griffith College Dublin.
Mission
The Innocence Project's mission is "to free the staggering number of innocent people who remain incarcerated, and to bring reform to the system responsible for their unjust imprisonment."
The Innocence Project focuses exclusively on post-conviction appeals in which DNA evidence is available to be tested or retested. DNA testing is possible in 5–10% of criminal cases. Other members of the Innocence Network also help to exonerate those in whose cases DNA testing is not possible.
In addition to working on behalf of those who may have been wrongfully convicted of crimes throughout the United States, those working for the Innocence Project perform research and advocacy related to the causes of wrongful convictions.
Some of the Innocence Project's successes have resulted in releasing people from death row. The successes of the project have fueled American opposition to the death penalty and have likely been a factor in the decision by some American states to institute moratoria on criminal executions.
In District Attorney's Office v. Osborne (2009), US Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberts wrote that post-conviction challenge "poses questions to our criminal justice systems and our traditional notions of finality better left to elected officials than federal judges." In the opinion, another justice wrote that forensic science has "serious deficiencies". Roberts also said that post-conviction DNA testing risks "unnecessarily overthrowing the established system of criminal justice." Law professor Kevin Jon Heller wrote: "It might lead to a reasonably accurate one."
The Innocence Project, as of June 2018, receives 55% of its funding from individual contributions, 16% from foundations, 16% from events, 8% from investments, and the remaining 5% from corporations, Yeshiva University, and other sources.
Work
The Innocence Project originated in New York City but accepts cases from other parts of the country. The majority of clients helped are of low socio-economic status and have used all possible legal options for justice. Many clients hope that DNA evidence will prove their innocence, as the emergence of DNA testing allows those who have been wrongly convicted of crimes to challenge their cases. The Innocence Project also works with the local, state and federal levels of law enforcement, legislators, and other programs to prevent further wrongful convictions.
All potential clients go through an extensive screening process to determine whether or not they are likely to be innocent. If they pass the process, the Innocence Project takes up their case, resources permitting. About 2,400 prisoners write to the Innocence Project annually, and at any given time the Innocence Project is evaluating 6,000 to 8,000 potential cases. In addition to their co-directors and a managing attorney, the Innocence Project has six full-time staff attorneys and nearly 300 active cases.
In almost half of the cases that the Innocence Project takes on, the clients' guilt is reconfirmed by DNA testing. Of all the cases taken on by the Innocence Project so far, about 43% of clients were proven innocent, 42% were confirmed guilty, and evidence was inconclusive and not probative in 15% of cases. In about 40% of all DNA exoneration cases, law enforcement officials identified the actual perpetrator based on the same DNA test results that led to an exoneration.
Overturned convictions
, 375 people previously convicted of serious crimes in the United States had been exonerated by DNA testing since 1989, 21 of whom had been sentenced to death. Almost all (99%) of the wrongful convictions were males, with minority groups constituting approximately 70% (61% African American and 8% Latino). The National Registry of Exonerations lists 2,939 convicted defendants who were exonerated through DNA and non-DNA evidence from January, 1989 through January, 2022 with more than 25,600 years imprisoned.
According to a study published in 2014, at least 4.1% of persons overall sentenced to death from 1973 to 2004 are probably innocent. The following are some examples of exonerations they helped bring about:
Steven Avery was exonerated in 2003 after serving 18 years in prison for a sexual assault charge. After his release, he was convicted of murder.
Cornelius Dupree was convicted of sexual assault and robbery in 1980, and exonerated by DNA evidence in 2011 by the Innocence Project.
Douglas Echols and Samuel Scott were convicted in 1987 of sexual assault and robbery, and exonerated in 2002 by DNA evidence by the Innocence Project.
Clarence Elkins was convicted in 1999 for rape and murder, and exonerated by DNA evidence in 2005; defended by Ohio Innocence Project.
Ryan Ferguson was convicted in 2005 for a 2001 murder, and exonerated in 2013 because the prosecution withheld exculpatory evidence and the witnesses who testified against him recanted their testimony; defended by Missouri Innocence Project.
Glenn Ford was exonerated in 2014 in the murder of Isadore Newman. Ford, an African American, had been convicted by an all-white jury without any physical evidence linking him to the crime and with testimony withheld. He served 30 years on death row in Angola Prison before his release.
Darryl Hunt was exonerated in 2004 after serving years in prison of a life sentence for the rape and murder of a newspaper copy editor, Deborah Sykes.
Michael Morton was convicted of murder in 1987, spent over 24 years in prison, and exonerated through DNA and withholding of evidence in 2011 with help from the Innocence Project. In 2013 his prosecutor was convicted of withholding evidence, agreed to disbarment, and spent 4 days in jail.
Anthony Porter was convicted of murder in 1983, and exonerated in 1999 by the Medill Innocence Project.
James Calvin Tillman was exonerated in 2007 after an investigation begun by the Innocence Project, and after serving years in prison for a rape he did not commit. His sentence was 45 years.
Archie Williams was convicted in 1983 of sexual assault and sentenced to life without the possibility of parole, but was exonerated in 2019 due to DNA evidence after over three decades in prison.
Ken Wyniemko was convicted in 1994 of sexual assault, and exonerated in 2003 through DNA evidence by the Innocence Project.
Michael Sutton and Kenny Phillips went out for Phillips' birthday in May 2006, they were wrongfully arrested and incarcerated for 15 years. In 2023, their attempted murder convictions were overturned and the University of Akron granted them full scholarships to earn their college degrees.
Innocence Network
The Innocence Project is a founding member of the Innocence Network, a coalition of independent organizations and advocates, including law schools, journalism schools, and public defense offices that collaborate to help convicted felons prove their innocence. , there were 68 organizations in the network, operating in all 50 US states and 12 other countries, and had helped exonerate 625 people.
In South Africa, the Wits Justice Project investigates South African incarcerations. In partnership with the Wits Law Clinic, the Julia Mashele Trust, the Legal Resources Centre (LRC), the Open Democracy Advice Centre (ODAC), the US Innocence Project, and the Justice Project investigate individual cases of prisoners wrongly convicted or awaiting trial.
Causes of wrongful conviction
Wrongful convictions are a common occurrence with various causes that land innocent defendants in prison. Most common are false eyewitness accounts, where the accused are incorrectly identified by viewers of a crime. Most times eyewitnesses will select the individual in a lineup for example that most resemble their memories of the suspect. This relies on the person’s ability to perceive and later recall faces accurately, which studies have shown is more than lacking. This accounts for 69% of the exonerations that took place due to the Innocence Project, further proving that eyewitness accounts are often unreliable. While it is known that eyewitness identification can lead to wrongful convictions little has been done to prevent this inaccuracy and this is why it remains a leading cause of the conviction of the innocent. Eyewitness testimonies are still used in court and studies have shown that jurors have a limited ability to determine the reliability of eyewitnesses as evidence. In fact, they tend to over-believe eyewitnesses instead of weighing out the potential errors. This measure has proven to be inaccurate in many police lineups, as there is much bias, and suspects can be singled out based on their appearance and the frequency that they are placed in front of witnesses.
Additionally, 52% of the Innocence Project cases’ wrongful convictions have resulted from the misapplication of forensic science. These include faulty hair comparisons, arson artifacts, and comparative bullet lead analysis. These methods of evidence collection evolve as new technology arises, but said technology can take decades to create, making cases based on the faulty forensic science cases difficult to overturn.
In 26% of DNA exoneration cases—and more than double that number in homicide cases—innocent people were coerced into making false confessions. Many of these false confessors went on to plead guilty to crimes they did not commit (usually to avoid a harsher sentence or even the death penalty). Currently, there is a racial aspect of this issue where many black people are discriminated against during both their trial and while in jail. The hashtag #blackbehindbars has allowed those exonerated after false confessions to share their stories and the injustice they faced due to the failure of the criminal justice system.
Another large contributor of wrongful convictions is fabricated testimonies that falsely incriminate defendants. The Innocence Project has found that 17% of its cases have been caused by false testimonies, allowing the person who gave the testimony a shorter or better sentence while the accused face harsher repercussions. Many of these stories are given by inmates who have been given an incentive to falsely testify against certain people with rewards such as reduction of their sentences or leniency in prison.
In popular culture
Film
After Innocence (2005) is a documentary featuring the stories of eight wrongfully convicted men who were exonerated by the Innocence Project.
Conviction (2010) is a film about the exoneration of Kenneth Waters, who was a client of the Innocence Project. Hilary Swank plays Waters' sister Betty Anne, who went to college and law school to fight for his freedom, and Sam Rockwell plays Waters. Barry Scheck is portrayed by Peter Gallagher.
Happiest Moments (2021) is a Webby Award winning video by Innocence Project. Its the organizations first-ever public service announcement, produced by Hayden5.
Literature
In his nonfiction book The Innocent Man: Murder and Injustice in a Small Town (2006), John Grisham recounted the cases of Ron Williamson and Dennis Fritz, who were assisted on appeal by the Innocence Project and freed by DNA evidence after being wrongfully convicted of the murder of Debra Ann Carter.
Podcasts
Serial in its first season referenced the Innocence Project in episode 7 when Deirdre Enright, director of investigation for the Innocence Project at the University of Virginia School of Law, and a team of law students analyzed the case against Adnan Syed.
Television
Castle, an American television series, in the episode "Like Father, Like Daughter" (season 6, episode 7), mentioned the Innocence Project, as well as Frank Henson who was wrongfully convicted in 1998 of the death of Kimberly Tolbert.
The Innocence Project, a BBC One drama series that aired from 2006 to 2007, is based on a UK version of the organization.
The Innocence Project was discussed in season 2, episode 9 of The Good Wife, "Nine Hours" (December 14, 2010). Project co-founder Barry Scheck played himself in the episode, which was largely based on the actual Innocence Project case of Cameron Todd Willingham. Cary Agos, a recurring character on The Good Wife, is written to have worked for the Innocence Project after law school (and is a family friend of Scheck's).
In season six of Suits, a US legal dramedy, law student and paralegal Rachel Zane takes on an Innocence Project for a man wrongfully accused of murder.
In season three of Riverdale, a dark reimagining of the Archie Comics universe, Veronica Lodge mentions starting a chapter of the organization to help free her boyfriend Archie Andrews from prison following being falsely convicted of murder.
Making a Murderer, a two-season (of 10 episodes each) documentary relating Steven Avery wrongful conviction. The episodes were released on Netflix between 2015 and 2018.
The Innocence Files (2020) is a series of nine documentary films based on the work of the Innocence Project, released on Netflix in April 2020.
Quantum Leap, in the episode "Ben Song for the Defense" the Innocence Project is mentioned after Ben, having leapt into a public defender, successfully defends a teenager wrongfully accused of killing a gang recruiter.
The Innocent Man (2018) is a Netflix mini series composed of six episodes based on the Grisham nonfiction book The Innocent Man: Murder and Injustice in a Small Town.
See also
Miscarriage of justice
List of miscarriage of justice cases
List of wrongful convictions in the United States
Innocent prisoner's dilemma
Related groups and regional chapters
Alaska Innocence Project
California Innocence Project
Georgia Innocence Project
Illinois Innocence Project
Innocence Canada
Investigating Innocence
The Justice Project (Australia)
Los Angeles Innocence Project (LAIP)
Medill Innocence Project, Illinois
Nebraska Innocence Project
References
Further reading
External links
Innocence Network
Innocence Network UK (INUK) – An organisation to facilitate casework on alleged wrongful convictions by innocence projects
Innocent.org.uk – Website of UK cases of alleged and proven miscarriages of justice
Yeshiva University
Government watchdog groups in the United States
Legal advocacy organizations in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in New York City
Overturned convictions in the United States
Prison-related organizations
Innocence Project
Criminal defense organizations
Organizations established in 1992
DNA profiling techniques
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Raphitoma laviae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Raphitomidae.
Description
The length of the shell varies between 5 mm and 15 mm. The protoconch is multispiral.
(Original description) The reddish-brown shell has an oblong-fusiform shape. The six whorls show about 20 pronounced axial ribs, crossed by transverse riblets (about 5 in the upper whorls) forming a latticed structure. The aperture is oblong and is somewhat smaller than half the length of the shell. The outer lip is incrassate and notched within.
Distribution
This species occurs in the Western and Central Mediterranean Sea.
References
Giannuzzi-Savelli R., Pusateri F. & Bartolini S. (2018). A revision of the Mediterranean Raphitomidae (Gastropoda: Conoidea) 5: loss of planktotrophy and pairs of species, with the description of four new species. Bollettino Malacologico. 54, supplement 11: 1-77
Hoarau A. & Horst D. (2020). Les genres Cyrillia, Leufroyia & Raphitoma vivants de Méditerranée française. AFC, Paris, and ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 98 pp.
External links
Philippi R.A. (1844) - Bemerkungen über die Molluskenfauna Unter-Italiens; Archiv für Naturgeschichte. vol. 10 (1)
Gastropods.com: Raphitoma laviae
Biolib.cz: Raphitoma laviae
Natural History Museum, Rotterdam: Raphitoma laviae
Russini, V.; Giannuzzi-Savelli, R.; Pusateri, F.; Prkic, J.; Fassio, G.; Modica, M. V.; Oliverio, M. (2020). Candidate cases of poecilogony in Neogastropoda: implications for the systematics of the genus Raphitoma Bellardi, 1847. Invertebrate Systematics. 34: 293–318
laviae
Gastropods described in 1844
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请描述瓦楞子的药物配伍？1．配鱼枕骨，可治各种结石症。2．配滑石块，可治尿路结石之尿道疼痛，小便不利等症。3．配海浮石，用治症瘕痞块，老痰积结，结石症等。4．配半夏曲，一化一降，降逆和胃制酸，消胀止痛，用治湿郁化热吞酸诸症。
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Marvin Rood Dye (July 12, 1895 – October 25, 1997) was an American lawyer and politician.
Dye was the born of Daniel A. Dye and Jenni (Marvin) Dye in Forestville, Chautauqua County, New York. He graduated LL.B. from Cornell Law School in 1917. During World War I, he joined the armed forces and was commissioned a first lieutenant. On June 25, 1918, he married Miriam Kelley. Returning to civilian life, he began practicing law at Rochester, New York in 1920. He was County Attorney of Monroe County from 1934 to 1935.
On November 11, 1940, Dye was appointed by Governor Herbert H. Lehman to the New York Court of Claims.
In 1944, Dye was elected on the Democratic, American Labor and Liberal tickets to the New York Court of Appeals, and was re-elected unopposed in 1958. He retired from the Court of Appeals at the end of 1965 when he reached the constitutional age limit of 70 years, but later served on the New York Supreme Court (7th District).
Sources
The History of the New York Court of Appeals, 1932-2003 by Bernard S. Meyer, Burton C. Agata & Seth H. Agata (page 20)
Court of Appeals judges
Political Graveyard [gives wrong middle name "Reed"]
Judges of the New York Court of Appeals
1895 births
1997 deaths
American centenarians
Men centenarians
Cornell Law School alumni
People from Forestville, New York
Politicians from Rochester, New York
New York Supreme Court Justices
20th-century American judges
Lawyers from Rochester, New York
20th-century American lawyers
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尼克沙·斯凯林（，），克罗地亚男子赛艇运动员。他曾代表克罗地亚参加2000年、2004年和2008年夏季奥林匹克运动会赛艇比赛，获得一枚银牌和一枚铜牌。
家庭
哥哥西尼沙·斯凯林。
参考资料
克罗地亚男子赛艇运动员
克罗地亚奥运赛艇运动员
2000年夏季奥林匹克运动会赛艇运动员
2004年夏季奧林匹克運動會划船運動員
2008年夏季奧林匹克運動會划船運動員
2000年夏季奥林匹克运动会奖牌得主
2004年夏季奧林匹克運動會獎牌得主
奧林匹克運動會划船獎牌得主
克罗地亚奥林匹克运动会银牌得主
克羅地亞奧林匹克運動會銅牌得主
世界赛艇锦标赛奖牌得主
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Eurathea is a small genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the tribe Chrysallidini within the family Pyramidellidae.
Distribution
So far, species in this genus have been described from Australia, Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands.
Life habits
Little is known about the biology of the members of this genus. As is true of most members of the Pyramidellidae sensu lato, they are ectoparasites.
Species
Species within the genus Eurathea include:
Eurathea humerica Laseron, 1959 - type species, the type locality is Darwin, Australia. The length of the shell is 3.2 mm.
Eurathea rissoiformis Peñas & Rolán, 2017
Eurathea solomonensis Peñas & Rolán, 2017
References
Laseron, C. F. (1959). Family Pyramidellidae (Mollusca) from Northern Australia. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 10(2): 177–267.
Peñas A. & Rolán E. (2017). Deep water Pyramidelloidea from the central and South Pacific. The tribe Chrysallidini. ECIMAT (Estación de Ciencias Mariñas de Toralla), Universidade de Vigo. 412 pp
Pyramidellidae
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蒂莱特（，；）是法国德龙省的一个市镇，属于尼永斯区。
地理
（）面积，位于法国奥弗涅-罗讷-阿尔卑斯大区德龙省，该省份为法国东南部内陆省份，北起顺时针与伊泽尔省、上阿尔卑斯省、上普罗旺斯阿尔卑斯省、沃克吕兹省和阿尔代什省接壤。
与接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：。
的时区为UTC+01:00、UTC+02:00（夏令时）。
行政
的邮政编码为，INSEE市镇编码为。
政治
所属的省级选区为。
人口
于时的人口数量为人。
参见
德龙省市镇列表
参考文献
德龙省市镇
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17β-Dihydroequilenin, or β-dihydroequilenin, also known as δ6,8-17β-estradiol or 6,8-didehydro-17β-estradiol, as well as estra-1,3,5(10),6,8-pentaen-3,17β-diol, is a naturally occurring steroidal estrogen found in horses which is closely related to equilin, equilenin, and estradiol, and, as the 3-sulfate ester sodium salt, is a minor constituent (0.5%) of conjugated estrogens (Premarin). 17β-Dihydroequilenin has unexpectedly shown a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)-like profile of estrogenic activity in studies with monkeys, in which beneficial effects on bone and the cardiovascular system were noted but proliferative responses in breast and endometrium were not observed.
See also
List of estrogens § Equine estrogens
References
Secondary alcohols
Estranes
Estrogens
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"Hold On" is a song by the band Triumph. It appeared on their album Just a Game (1979) and was also released as a single. The single was released on August 6, 1979 and rose to number 38 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was written by Rik Emmett.
History
Rik Emmett said the song started as he was singing open vowels over some chord changes, and then he started saying the words "Hold on, hold on" out of holding the open vowel notes. "So now I was going to say, "Okay, so the song's going to be called 'Hold On.' What am I going to hold on for? Well, I'm going to hold on to my dreams." Then the lyrics grew backwards out of the hook," he said.
The introduction's verses were a poem Rik Emmett had written for English class in high school. Emmett often sings the second verse after the bridge in live performances, and wishes he would have done so on the original recording. The disco breakdown was inspired by the R&B scene in Toronto in the late 1970s, and the post-breakdown guitar chords had up to 24 tracks layered on top of each other.
The song, like "Lay It on the Line" from the same album, was written two years before the release of the album. After failing to be noticed as an acoustic track in concert the band decided to make it a rock song and placed it at the end of the concept song, The Twisted Maze which compasses the entire second side of the vinyl.
The song was rarely performed by the entire band in concert, due to its broad and complex arrangements. The live version from Stages, which is the only official live version, was done acoustically.
The B-side is the title track for the album.
The single version of the song was cut up and altered to help its chart potential, where it became only a two-minute-and-fifty-nine-second track. The edit did not include the acoustic folk section of the beginning or the disco-styled breakdown at the end.
Track listing
"Hold On" (Rik Emmett) – 2:59
"Just a Game" (Rik Emmett) – 5:48
Personnel
Rik Emmett – guitar, lead vocals
Mike Levine – bass, backing vocals
Gil Moore – drums, backing vocals, percussion
Charts
References
Triumph (band) songs
1979 singles
Songs written by Rik Emmett
RCA Records singles
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The Amapá Railway is a former rail line built by Bethlehem Steel to exploit the manganese deposits in the territory of Amapá (now a state), Brazil. It is , the only railway in the country to use this gauge aside from Line 5 of the São Paulo Metro. The line was also in use for passenger transport.
The line was about , spanning from mines near Serra do Navio to the port city of Santana. The rail line stopped transporting ore in 2014, and as of 2020, remains derelict.
See also
Rail transport in Brazil
References
Railway lines in Brazil
Standard gauge railways in Brazil
Transport in Amapá
Defunct railroads
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海諾泰（）是一個位於美國阿拉巴馬州傑尼瓦縣的非建制地區。該地的面積和人口皆未知。
地理
海諾泰的座標為，而該地最高點為海拔高度51米（即167英尺）。
參考文獻
阿拉巴馬州非建制地區
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本篤十六世教宗牧徽是由安德肋·科爾德羅·蘭扎·迪·蒙特澤莫洛總主教（後來晉升為樞機）於2005年教宗選舉秘密會議不久後設計。
盾
牧徽中盾的形狀隨著藝術家的不同而改變。在官方宣布的本篤十六世牧徽設計中，選擇了杯狀作為盾的形狀。
紋章
紋章的外型為一個紅色為底的盾牌，披掛著金色的布幕，形成中間下層為紅色而左右上部以金色為底色的三部分。在紅色部分有個金色扇貝；而在以盾牌角度而言的右方（對端者而言是左方）金色部分上有一個摩爾人頭像，該頭像有著棕色的肌膚及黑髮，頭頂紅色的王冠及掛著紅色耳環並圍著紅色領巾；另一個金色部分上則有一隻爬行中的棕熊，背上還背負著紅色的包袱以黑繩綁住。
寓意物
該牧徽的寓意物——摩爾人的頭像、高比寧之熊以及扇貝都曾出現於拉辛格擔任慕尼黑-弗賴辛總教區總主教時期的牧徽。然而，這些寓意物不僅僅代表他的出生，也代表他信任著天主，以及受召傳播世人天主教信仰的意涵。
扇貝
扇貝殼有多重意涵。希波的奥斯定曾說沿著海岸散步，邊沉思著神秘且深不可測的三位一體。一位男孩將海水，經由殼上的小孔洞，倒入了殼內。當奧斯定詢問他在做什麼，他回答：「我要將海水全部倒入洞裏面。」奧斯定從這個事件領悟到，人們永遠無法參透天主最深沉的奧秘。若瑟·拉辛格在1953年獲任樞機時，他寫了一篇文章《在奧斯定教導下，天主的子民與天主之家都是永遠的教會》（The People of God and the House of God in Augustine's Teaching is always about the Church），而扇貝貝殼也在他封為教會聖師後，有著一層個人的連結。
扇貝貝殼也是聖洗聖事的一個隱喻。在天主教會，海貝殼通常會裝滿水，高舉到小孩頭上並澆灌。因此，貝殼喚起了成為基督徒生活基礎的儀式（洗禮）意象。
貝殼也代表者朝聖。
弗賴辛的摩爾人
在本篤十六世牧徽左上方所繪的頭像為「弗賴辛的摩爾人」，這是一個保留在歷任弗賴辛總教區總主教牧徽上的紋章傳承符號。這個約在八世紀時開始出現的符號為弗賴辛教區的傳統符號，到了1818年弗賴辛教區升格為都總教區依然被沿用著，首位使用該符號的主教或總主教已不可考了。典型上的頭像有朝左的側臉，且有著褐色的肌膚和紅色的嘴唇。此外皇冠和衣領也是這個符號的特徵之一。
雖然外型及特徵不全然相同，但除了「弗賴辛的摩爾人」外，作為一種傳承符號摩爾人的頭像在歐洲的紋章中十分常見。直到今日的薩丁尼亞島和科西嘉島的徽章中依然保有這符號。也被使用在貴族的家紋中。只是在義大利地區，摩爾人頭像經常是在頭部環繞著白色的布條，在日耳曼地區則是使用皇冠。
科比尼亞諾之熊
盾牌右上方那頭揹負物體的熊，稱為「高比寧熊」。在天主教傳說中在一次前往羅馬的旅途中遇上一隻熊，其用來載運行李的馬被熊吞噬。於是他命令熊代替那隻馬來搬運他的行李，直到他抵達羅馬後才將熊釋放。由於聖高比寧是弗賴辛教區的首位主教以及該地的主保聖人，在巴伐利亞傳教上建有極大的功績。這個符號的意涵除了有取自傳說中代表基督信仰的天主教聖人馴服了代表異教的熊的意涵外，也從背負重物這一環代表著本篤十六世所肩負的重責。
額外裝飾
傳統上來說，教宗的牧徽只會額外加上帶有垂布的三重冕，與代表聖伯多祿磐石的交叉鑰匙，不加上格言與其他物件。三重冕代表著教宗權威的腳色，而鑰匙則代表天上與地上束縛與解放的力量（）。本篤十六世的牧徽維持著鑰匙的物件，但改為一個主教冠與一個羊毛披帶替代三重冕。三重冕與鑰匙仍然象徵著教宗，並且出現在聖座徽章與梵蒂岡國旗上。
主教冠
在本篤十六世的牧徽當中，三重冕被替換成一個銀色主教冠，帶有三條黃色色帶。這些色帶呼應了三重冕的三層結構，代表著聖統、司法和訓導三個權力。這些色帶保留了其意義，並結合在中心，顯示這些權力集中於一人身上。
羊毛披帶
帶有紅色十字的披带也是新加入牧徽的物件。這代表著主教的角色在於成為一位牧養基督託付羊群的牧羊人。牧徽中羊毛披帶的形狀，與總主教所使用的羊毛披帶相同（但總主教披帶上的十字為黑色），而不是本篤十六世就任時穿戴的較大羊毛披帶。
爭議
參考文獻
外部連結
教宗本篤十六世
教宗牧徽
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宫颈活检后纱布怎么取？宫颈活检一般是在阴道镜下去做宫颈活检，宫颈活检有助于诊断，知道是否患了宫颈癌及癌性病变。如果是宫颈的液基细胞学TCT和HPV病毒检测，这两项结果确实有问题，必须去做活检。否则没有办法确诊是否患了宫颈癌及癌性型病变。液基细胞TCT和HPV只是宫颈癌的初步筛查阶段。至于是否有问题，是否有宫颈癌及癌性病变，必须到医院去做宫颈活检才能知道。所以宫颈活检是诊断宫颈癌的金标准。如果做了宫颈活检，可能有的人做完宫颈活检以后会出现流血量多，有炎症迹象，一般活检后必须好好消炎，对症治疗。一般少量流血问题不大，出现流血多，必须到医院去看一下创面情况，查找是否有活动性出血，然后根据情况采用相应的止血药物来对症治疗。所以宫颈活检如果是身体必须做这项检查，是对身体诊断疾病是有帮助的。所以虽然可能有点副作用，会出现流血，可能有炎症，一般术后经过好好消炎，对症治疗基本是没问题。检查科室子宫颈取了活检以后，医生塞一块纱布在阴道里，是为了压迫当时的小伤口，防止出血。一般两小时以后就可以取出来。先用流水打肥皂，把手洗干净。最好戴无菌手套，采取蹲位，用食指和拇指伸在阴道口触摸到纱布以后，轻轻的往外拽出来。纱布吸了少量的血和阴道的分泌物，可能发红，不必惊慌失措。平常生活中应该保持外阴清洁干燥，不要冲洗阴道，不能同房。宫颈活检就是子宫颈的活体组织检查，即从宫颈上取一小块或几块组织作病理检查，多用于宫颈可疑癌变或是宫颈刮片有可疑的细胞等。宫颈活检可以明确诊断，确定治疗方法。宫颈活检是确诊宫颈癌最可靠的依据。无论是早期或晚期宫颈癌，都必须通过本项检查以确定癌肿的病理类型和细胞分化程度。
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鼻尖上起痘痘是什么原因？现在我们对于美的追求都很精致，而且现在美容也有非常多的方式帮助我们保养肌肤，在众多的肌肤问题中，鼻尖上长痘痘是很多求美者都苦恼的问题，非常的影响我们的面貌，那么鼻尖上长痘痘是什么原因呢？怎么办呢？一、分泌紊乱造成的鼻尖长痘女性来大姨妈期间，体内分泌是比较混乱的，容易精气不稳，鼻头就会长痘。所以这期间要多调养自己，不要生气。二、体内毒素长期的积累过多如果你不天天大便，就会导致体内的毒素越积越多，不能良好的排泄在外，脸上包括鼻头都是会长痘痘的，所以答辩的规律也是很重要的。三、皮肤油脂分泌旺盛皮肤喜爱出油，鼻部也一样，毛孔较大的话，油脂是会堵塞在里面的，长期下去是会形成逗逗的。四、家族性遗传型的青春痘有的人天生逗逗就很多，他的家人也是逗逗比较多，这可能是家族性遗传的问题了，是个人体质的原因了。鼻尖上长痘痘的治疗方法：1、青春痘的正确处理方法是禁止挤压或针清：保持患处清洁并请医生治疗，一定要请专业医生治疗，不要自己乱挤。挤压后毛囊结构变形，易造成不同程度的毁容。2、内服的药物主要是抗生素：以抗菌消炎为主，但有些含有四环霉素的药物，长期服用药物无形中会加重肝、肾的负担，对孕妇尤其有禁忌。所以必须有医生的处方，并且在就医时必须跟医生沟通，自己是否曾服用过其他医生或其他医院开出的药方。3、激光的治疗方法：激光是通过聚焦微型像束激光技术，产生近百个均匀排列的微激光光柱，当激光作用于青春痘部位时，皮肤表面只有病灶部分受到激光作用，其他正常组织不受任何影响。
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諾德曼（）是位於美國愛達荷州邦納縣的一個非建制地區。
地理
諾德曼的座標為，而該地的平均海拔高度為801米（即2628英尺）。
參考文獻
愛達荷州非建制地區
邦納縣非建制地區 (愛達荷州)
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滦柏输水干渠也称新滦河、柏各庄输水干渠、滦河下游输水干渠，位于中华人民共和国河北省唐山市境内的一项大型引水工程，为唐山市东南部水稻产区主要水源工程。干渠渠首位于滦州市响嘡街道夏庄子村东南滦河右岸的岩山渠首，向西南流经滦南县南部，止于滦南县柏各庄镇东南的西灌区总分水闸，全长64.5千米。
输水干渠最早开挖于1941年，是侵华日军为了开垦滦南县南部沿海荒滩而开挖。1955年，为开发滨海盐碱荒地，建立了河北国营柏各庄农场，在之前的基础上开挖了滦柏输水干渠，1958年竣工，设计灌溉面积2.56万公顷。1976年，输水干渠因唐山大地震遭到严重破坏。1977～1980年进行了修复。
输水干渠建成后使得沿海“不毛之地”变成鱼米之乡，成为河北省优质商品粮基地，灌区水产养殖面积为河北省之最。
参考资料
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两趾的汤姆（英语：）是美国南部一只传说中的鳄鱼，它的存在威胁了亚拉巴马州-佛罗里达州沿线的居民。它的名字来源于一个事实，它的两个脚趾被捕兽夹抓到了。它袭击居民和动物，尽管使用了枪支和炸药，居民仍然不能杀死它。20世纪80年代，有人看到两个脚趾的巨大鳄鱼的脚印。
参考书籍
外部链接
Two-Toed Tom - The Alligator Monster of Florida and Alabama Explore Southern History
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Loyandford is a woman's fashion brand established in 1999 in Los Angeles by German Designers Stefan Loy and Frank Ford. Since 2003 the Loyandford collection has been available in clothing shops in the US, Canada, Japan, Australia, Germany, England, Korea, Italy, Spain, and Hong Kong. In 2005 the design duo was chosen from the Smithsonian Institution to present their designs at the Cooper Hewitt museum in New York.
Known for their stage clothes, Loyandford has been worn by celebrities such as Cher, The Rolling Stones, Lenny Kravitz and Britney Spears. The brand reached mainstream consumers when Angelina Jolie promoted the film Lara Croft wearing their tank top with an AK47 on it.
References
http://www.apparelnews.net/fashion/news/110510-The-Return-of-Loyandford?__array
External links
Loyandford Website
Clothing brands
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Yippee, also known as Yippee: A Journey to Jewish Joy, is a 2006 documentary film directed by and starring Paul Mazursky. The film follows Mazursky's journey to a small town in Ukraine, to witness and participate in a three-day festival of over 25,000 singing, dancing, praying, and emotionally elevated Hasidic Jews. It was Mazursky's only documentary.
Yippee made its North American debut at the 2007 Palm Springs International Film Festival.
References
External links
2006 films
Documentary films about Jews and Judaism
Hasidic Judaism in popular culture
2000s English-language films
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Maldivian Air Taxi (MAT) was a domestic carrier in the Maldives and was one of the largest seaplane operators in the world, operating over 500 flights a week during the peak tourist season. Beginning in November 1993 with two aircraft, MAT grew in direct response to the opening of newly developed resorts that require seaplane transport services for their guests.
In 2013, The Blackstone Group, an American equity fund, announced that they were acquiring both MAT and rival company Trans Maldivian Airways (TMA). A merger was brought underway and a new company was founded, retaining the Trans Maldivian Airways name, and the colours of MAT. TMA now operates 44 De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otters, including three brand new 400 series.
History
The airline was established in 1993 by Danish investors and started operations in the same year. It was wholly owned by Lars Erik Nielsen (chairman) and as of March 2007 had 275 employees.
Fleet
At the time of the merger in December 2010, Maldivian Air Taxi's fleet included the following aircraft.
1 de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter Series 100
1 de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter Series 200
19 de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter Series 300
Maldivian Air Taxi also had previously indicated plans to replace all of their DHC-6-100/-200/-300's with the new -400 series by Viking Air.
References
External links
Maldivian Air Taxi
Maldivian Air Taxi at Kenn Borek Air
Viking Air
Defunct airlines of the Maldives
Airlines established in 1993
Airlines disestablished in 2013
Defunct seaplane operators
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Maio of Bari () (died 10 November 1160) was the third of the great admirals of Sicily and the most important man in the Norman kingdom of Sicily during the reign of William I (1154–66). Lord Norwich calls him "one of the most influential statesmen in Europe."
Rise to the rank of admiral
Maio was born in the first decades of the twelfth century to Leo of Rayza and Kuraza, members of the urban upper class in Bari. Leo is documented as a judge in Bari between 1119 and 1135, as a royal justice from 1141 and as a regalis supra iudex ("royal superior judge") or protoiudex ("first judge") from 1142 to 1147. He was dead by 1155. The death of Maio's mother, Kuraza, is recorded in the necrology of the cathedral of Salerno as falling on 26 July 1158. The contemporary Liber de regno sicilie, a partisan source, falsely claims that Maio was the son of an oil merchant. In his Chronicle and Annals, Romuald Guarna (died 1181/2), a partisan of the other side, calls Maio "certainly an eloquent, fully honest and discreet man" (vir utique facundus, satis providus et discretus).
Maio is first documented as the royal scriniarius, the official in charge of the archive of the royal court (curia regia), in a royal concession to the monastery of Santa Maria Maddalena di Valle Giosafat in October 1144. Down to February 1148 he continued to witness documents, always as scriniarius, whenever the chancellor, Robert of Selby, was absent. The written record attests that he was constantly present with the court at either Messina or Palermo during this period. In 1149 he was granted the title "vice-chancellor" (vicecancellarius), which appears to have been created specifically for him. His new rank probably reflected a change in status, from that of a functionary internal to the chancery to a more clearly defined role in the government. After the death of Robert of Selby he was promoted to head the chancery. He first appears with the title of "chancellor" (cancellarius) in May 1152, in an Arabic-language document of the duana regia (or dīwān al-ma’mūr), the office which controlled the royal fisc, concerning a dispute between the monastery of San Giorgio di Triocala and the lord of Calamonaci.
After the deposition and execution of the admiral Philip of Mahdia (1153), the admiralcy was vacant for a year. Shortly after his coronation (4 April 1154), King William I appointed Maio to the rank of "admiral of admirals" (amiratus amiratorum). In June 1154 he subscribed to an official copy of a donation of land and serfs to the monastery of San Nicolò del Churchuro from 1149. Between October 1154 and May 1160 Maio's standard title was magnus [great] ammiratus ammiratorum. Although this title, derived from the Arabic amir al-umarā' (literally "emir of emirs"), evolved into a purely military one (c.f. admiral), in Maio's time it was an administrative title. The Arabic writer Ibn al-Athīr, who called Maio a "sad governor" for his role in the rebellion against William I, translated his title as vizier.
Heading the government
Maio was not popular with the baronage and supported the immigration of Western Europeans, Roman Catholics all, to increase the influence of that church, which was his largest supporter (at first). The chiefest of baronial opponent to Maio was, at first, Robert de Bassonville, the count of Loritello and cousin to the king. He resented Maio's rise and his own cousin's royal powers. He joined with a Byzantine army under Michael Palaeologus in 1155 and took Bari. At that time, the king fell ill and remained so from September to Christmas. Maio and Hugh, Archbishop of Palermo, took control of the kingdom in the meanwhile. It was then, with revolt spreading in the peninsula, that insurrection began in the island. A conspiracy formed to overthrow both Maio and the king. Maio refused to panic and the major revolts were soon dead. However, a revolt led by one Bartholomew of Garsiliato took Butera, on Sicily, and proceeded to declare themselves in armed insurrection. The rebels demanded the king remove Maio and the archbishop from his inner circle. William refused. The rebels stirred up riots in the capital of Palermo itself, where the people demanded the release of Count Simon of Policastro, whom Maio had imprisoned without trial. William negotiated himself out of the bind and Maio remained his right-hand man, though Maio's own right-hand, Asclettin, the chancellor, was imprisoned by the king.
In 1156, it was Maio who was primarily responsible for the Treaty of Benevento which ended hostilities between Sicily and the Holy See and preserved for William the legatine powers granted originally to his father. The newfound alliance with Adrian IV made the Sicilians enemies, inevitably, of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. Maio may have even been present at the formation of the Lombard League, as an envoy of William's. Maio's concentration on events to the north, however, proved the downfall of the African possessions of the crown. On 11 January 1160, Mahdia surrendered and Maio received a lot of the blame. His unpopularity peaked, but so did his power.
His enemies spread rumours that he was aiming to seize the crown, that he had already seized the regalia with the help of Queen Margaret, with whom he was certainly in bed, and that he was even planning the king's assassination: with the help of the pope. Certainly all such allegations were patent nonsense, but a conspiracy arose on the peninsula around one Matthew Bonnellus, who planned to assassinate the admiral himself. Bonnellus was an intimate of Maio, who wished to marry his daughter to him, and therefore well-positioned to strike the undoing blow. While Maio prepared a wedding, Bonnellus prepared an assassination. On 10 November 1160, in the street called Via Coperta, Bonnellus and his conspirators stabbed Maio to death and severely wounded his chief protégé, Matthew of Ajello. Maio's wife and children were quickly whisked away as a mob descended on his palace. It was a brutal end.
Maio's influence as a courtier of William was great. His administration is noted primarily for consolidating the centralisation begun under the first two Rogers. Though he neglected the widespread conquests (wrought largely by George of Antioch) of the kingdom, he assured a stability that proved after his death to be very volatile. The King's confidence in him was so great as to result in the nomination of his brother Stephen and his brother-in-law Simon to high posts of captain in Apulia and seneschal. According to his enemy the chronicler "Hugo Falcandus" put it:
Maio wrote an "Exposition of the Lord's Prayer" in the scholastic tradition.
Notes
Sources
Alio, Jacqueline. Margaret, Queen of Sicily. New York: Trinacria, 2017.
Norwich, J. J. The Kingdom in the Sun, 1130–1194. London: Longman, 1970.
1160 deaths
People from Bari
Lombard warriors
12th-century Lombard people
Kingdom of Sicily people
Year of birth unknown
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巴西紫热的西医治疗？药物治疗：治愈结膜炎仍不能防止BPF的发生，故有人建议用氨苄西林或氯霉素滴双眼外，尚应全身用药数天以防BPF的发生。目前BPF株HIBA菌，对氨苄西林、氯霉素、庆大霉素、利福平、氟喹诺酮、头孢菌素类抗生素均敏感。对BPF患者应尽早尽快由静脉输入足量的有效抗生素，如能在紫癜出现之前治疗则可明显控制病情发展。已有大量紫癜出现，伴有休克者则应尽量补充血容量，纠正酸中毒及电解质失衡，输以新鲜血，在大量有效抗生素应用的基础上可采用肾上腺皮质激素治疗，以对抗内毒素的致病作用。 预后：最初发现的10例典型BPF患儿全部死亡。其后BPF研究小组在扩大调查研究中，发现亦有部分较轻者生存，病死率为70%。如能在出现紫癜和休克之前应用有效抗生素及对症治疗，则可能降低死亡率。
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Gemma Newman known as the Plant Power Doctor is a British medical doctor, nutritionist, author and advocate of whole food plant-based nutrition.
Biography
Newman studied at the University of Wales College of Medicine and has worked as a medical doctor since 2004. She is a general practitioner and Senior Partner at The Orchard Surgery in Ashford, Surrey. She is also a qualified Reiki practitioner for the purpose of pain relief. Newman is an ambassador of Plant-Based Health Professionals UK. She has been featured on Channel 4, Channel 5, ITV and Sky News Sunrise. Newman appeared in the film Vegan 2018. She was a speaker at VegfestUK and VegMed Web 2021. She has supported the campaign "No Meat May", a plea for the public to give up eating meat for a month.
Newman promotes a whole food plant-based (WFPB) diet to her patients. A WFPB diet forbids all animal source foods and emphasises the consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, wholegrains, nuts and seeds consumed in their natural state as opposed to heavily processed versions. Newman has argued that this way of eating provides dietary fiber for gut health and plenty of antioxidants and phytochemicals that can reduce the risk of bowel cancer, heart disease, type 2 diabetes and autoimmune conditions. Newman authored The Plant Power Doctor in 2021 which includes WFPB recipes. It was nominated for the VegfestUK 2021 Favourite Plant-Based Book of the Year.
Selected publications
The Plant Power Doctor: A Simple Prescription for a Healthier You London: Penguin, 2021; .
References
External links
Gemma Newman
21st-century British medical doctors
21st-century British non-fiction writers
Alumni of Cardiff University
British cookbook writers
British general practitioners
British health and wellness writers
British nutritionists
British veganism activists
Living people
People from Ashford, Surrey
Plant-based diet advocates
Reiki practitioners
Year of birth missing (living people)
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The Red & the Black is a rock album by the Poway, California band Agent 51, released by Surfdog Records in 2003. It was the band's third album and was named "best punk album" at the 2003 San Diego Music Awards. With it the band distanced themselves from their previous punk rock sound by incorporating much more of an influence of classic rock and heavy metal bands such as AC/DC, Motörhead and Def Leppard. They also distanced themselves from the secret agent mythos they had created for themselves by ceasing to wear matching black suits in concert and by ceasing to write songs dealing with the existence of extraterrestrials and UFOs. The song "Loaded" was originally titled "Fuckin' Loaded" but was changed for printing on the album sleeve. They received airplay on local rock radio station 91X for the song "She's My Heroine." The album was the band's last before their extended hiatus, and they would not reconvene until a reunion show in 2005. Agent 51 have not released any more albums since The Red & the Black.
Track listing
All songs written by Chris Armes.
"American Rock N Roll"
"Wrecking Ball"
"Raised By Wolves"
"Loaded"
"Kiss of Death"
"She's My Heroine"
"Aim High"
"Kinda Like Murder"
"Air Raid"
"Hell Bent Whiskey Suicide"
"Love With the Devil"
"Disappear"
"Been So Long"
Personnel
Chris Armes – guitar, vocals
Eric "E-Rock" Davis – guitar, vocals
Sean Scura – bass, vocals
Michael "Mikey L" Levinson – drums
Production
Recorded at 4th Street Recording
Mastered by Tom Baker at Precision Mastering
Produced, engineered and mixed by Jim Wirt except tracks 7, 11 & 12 produced and engineered by Jim Wirt and Gary Hoey and mixed by Gary Hoey
Additional production and arrangement by Gary Hoey
Assistant Engineer: CJ Erickson
Executive Producer: Dave Kaplan
Music and lyrics by Agent 51
Art and layout by Shaddox Design
Photography by LaGuerra
2003 albums
Agent 51 albums
Surfdog Records albums
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1964年夏季奥林匹克运动会
1964年冬季奥林匹克运动会
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A pupillage, in England and Wales, Northern Ireland, Kenya, Malaysia, Pakistan and Hong Kong, is the final, vocational stage of training for those wishing to become practising barristers. Pupillage is similar to an apprenticeship, during which bar graduates build on what they have learnt during the Bar Professional Training Course or equivalent by combining it with practical work experience in a set of barristers' chambers or pupillage training organisation.
England and Wales
A pupillage is the final stage of training to be a barrister and usually lasts one year; in England and Wales the period is made up of two six-month periods (known as "sixes"). The first of these is the non-practising six, during which pupils shadow their pupil supervisor, and the second will be a practising six, when pupils can undertake to supply legal services and exercise rights of audience.
At the end of the first six months, a pupil needs to have the pupil supervisor sign a certificate confirming satisfactory completion and send it to the Bar Standards Board. The pupil receives a Provisional Qualification Certificate. At the end of the second six months, the pupil's supervisor must certify another document for satisfactory completion and send it to the Bar Standards Board pupillage records office. The pupil will then receive a Full Qualification Certificate.
Structure of pupillage
Pupillages are split into two different phases. The "first six" involves observing the pupil's supervisor at court and in conference, and assisting with related paperwork. In many chambers, this is the more relaxed part of the pupillage, as the pupil has little responsibility.
In the second six months of pupillage, each pupil is responsible for a personal case load. This will range from a first appearance in the county court or magistrates' court, hearings in the High Court, or Crown Court to full trials. Some second-six pupils may gain experience of jury trials, but this is rare. Generally, most second-six pupils handle minor proceedings such as case management conferences, plea and directions hearings, infant settlements or small claims cases, such as possession hearings, debt recovery proceedings or road traffic claims.
The amount of time that a pupil spends in court in the second six depends on the chambers. Second-six pupils in criminal sets are typically in court several times a week, while pupils in civil sets may only be in court two or three times in a week. Second-six pupils in commercial sets can go their entire pupillage without ever appearing in court.
In most leading criminal and civil sets, pupils receive a frequent supply of work. However, as clerks do not prioritise pupils, it may take some time before they are paid for their work. In some cases, pupils will never be paid for the work carried out in court. This has led to a situation where pupils struggle to make ends meet, especially in criminal sets.
Financial position of pupils
The financial position of pupils varies enormously. As of 1 January 2022, some pupil barristers will earn as little as £17,152 (Bar Council minimum) or £19,144 in London Chambers (the Bar Council minimum in London) for a 12-month pupillage. A pupil at a top commercial chambers can be paid £75,000.
Most pupillage awards are split into two halves: a "grant" in the first six months, which is paid monthly like a salary, and "guaranteed earnings" in the second six months. A pupil who earns less than the guaranteed earnings amount has their earnings topped up by chambers. If the pupil earns more than the guarantee, chambers will usually allow the pupil to keep all excess earnings, although these can be subject to deductions for clerking, chambers expenses and other sums. It can take several months for solicitors to pay pupils for magistrates' court work, which can cause financial hardship for some.
While pupils are allowed to supplement their incomes by undertaking part-time work outside of their pupillages, with the permission of their pupil master (supervisor) or Head of Chambers, the Bar Council requires pupils to apply themselves full-time to pupillage. Opportunities for earning outside of pupillage are limited by time constraints.
Pupillage is recognised as a difficult and demanding time. Pupils must attempt to impress as many members of their chambers as possible. They also have to impress their clerks by completing as many cases as possible and satisfying solicitors.
The Working Time Directive does not apply to most pupillages because most barristers are self-employed, and barristers' chambers are not companies or employers but a form of unincorporated association. However, the directive does apply to pupillages at the employed Bar, where pupils work in-house for an employer such as a public body, law firm, or other private company. For example, pupils can train to become a barrister with the Crown Prosecution Service or HM Revenue & Customs. Formally, under the directive, pupils may work a maximum of 48 hours per week, unless an opt-out has been signed.
Gaining pupillage
Prospective pupils can apply in advance for pupillages offered through Pupillage Gateway (a web-based application centre) usually about one year ahead of the proposed starting date. Non-Gateway chambers have their own application procedures, and details of how to contact all chambers with pupillages are advertised on the Pupillage Gateway website.
Gaining a pupillage is not easy. There is some evidence to suggest that every year around only 5–10% of applicants are successful. A candidate needs to demonstrate strong academic qualifications (preferably First Class Honours degree from a leading university, but normally an Upper Second at the very least) and excellent extracurricular activities. At the interview stage, candidates may be asked to perform advocacy exercises (such as mock court applications), and are tested on their ability to debate and think and answer questions on their feet.
Hong Kong
Pupillage in Hong Kong generally lasts 12 months. The period may be shortened for those with advocacy experience in other jurisdictions or as a solicitor. A pupil barrister may be admitted after 6 months pupillage and then obtain a limited practising certificate that allows them to practise under the supervision of their pupil master.
There is no contractual relationship between pupil master and pupil in Hong Kong, and pupils are not as a general rule paid. However, the Hong Kong Bar Association encourages pupil masters to remunerate their pupils where the pupil has done work of value to them at any stage of their pupillage. Starting from 1 September 2019, pupil masters are required to pay an honorarium of HK$6,000 per month to their pupils.
There is no central system for obtaining pupils and prospective pupils must apply directly to chambers or to barristers.
See also
OLPAS
Devilling, the Irish and Scottish systems
Articling, the Canadian system
References
Anna Williams (ed), Chambers Student Guide to Careers in the Law 2010
Bar of England and Wales
Law enforcement in Wales
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Events from the year 1663 in Sweden
Incumbents
Monarch – Charles XI
Events
The Swedish Collegium medicum is founded to supervise the medical professions.
The pirate Gustav Skytte is exposed, trialed and executed.
Births
August - Amalia Königsmarck, painter, actress and poet (died 1740)
unknown - Gävle Boy, notorious witch finder (died 1676)
16 April - Maria Elizabeth of Pfalz-Zweibrücken, princess (died 1748)
Deaths
8 March - Hans Christoff von Königsmarck, soldier (born 1600)
Johan Björnsson Printz, governor (born 1592)
Gustav Skytte, pirate (born 1637)
References
Years of the 17th century in Sweden
Sweden
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文化结合症候群是什么?？文化结合症候群的第五章附件二。出现文化结合症候群的原因可能是因为文化行为模式或行为的流行传染，类近于娱乐性药物的传播，取决于社会及人与人之间的交互。在致病的原因的层面上，这也是人们难以在其他环境因素中区分病因的结果。
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Marie Rosalie Bertaud (born 1738 – died early 19th century) also referred to as Mme Rosalie Bertaud, Me Re Bertaud, or Rosalie Bertrand, was a French engraver.
Life and work
Marie Rosalie Bertaud was an engraver born in Paris, France in 1738. She studied under Pierre Philippe Choffard and Augustin de Saint-Aubin, both well-known French engravers. Bertaud was skilled and left her mark as a distinguished engraver at a time when female engravers were in a minority.
In her lifetime, she produced numerous engravings after Claude-Joseph Vernet’s seascapes, often as pendant pairs. She has been referred to as a loyal follower of his work. Bertaud was known to take liberties in reproducing Vernet’s compositions, which is particularly evident in her figural arrangements, scale, and cropping. She typically engraved the composition on the plate in reverse, so when it was printed the engraving and painting had the same orientation. Her engraving of The Dangers of the Sea [Les dangers de la mer] is a notable exception as a mirror image of the original painting.
Her prints were often publicized in the Gazette de France and the Mercure. In a January 1, 1770 announcement regarding Impetuous Storm [Orage impétueux], her name was mistakenly printed as ‘Bertrand.’ At this point, Bertrand and Bertaud became recognizable as one and the same. The announcements were inconsistent, but generally provided a brief description of the print, the price and where it was available for purchase in Paris. Announcements were made for the following works between 1770 and 1772, usually printed first in the Gazette and in the Mercure later in the month or the following month: Impetuous Storm [Orage impétueux], The Boat Set Afloat [La barque mise à flot], The Italian Fishermen [Les pècheurs italiens], Fishing in the Moon Light [La peche au clair de la lune], and The Pierced Rock [Le rocher percé].
Her engravings have been collected by Harvard Art Museums, Bowdoin College Museum of Art, Reading Public Museum, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. At one time The Dangers of the Sea [Les dangers de la mer] was in the collection of Louis Roederer, a French patron of the arts and proprietor of the eponymous champagne house. It is unclear where the print is today.
There is no documentation detailing the end of Bertaud's career or her exact death date, only that she died in the early 19th century.
Engravings after Claude-Joseph Vernet
•Impetuous Storm [Orage impétueux], c. 1770
•Anglers [Les pècheurs à la ligne], c. 1770
•The Pierced Rock [Le rocher percé], before 1800 (pendant to The Boat Set Afloat [La barque mise à flot])
•The Boat Set Afloat [La barque mise à flot], 1770 (pendant to The Pierced Rock [Le rocher percé])
•Fishing in the Moon Light [La peche au clair de la lune], c. 1771
•The Italian Fishermen [Les pècheurs italiens], c. 1770
•Effect of Thunder [Effet du tonnerre], c. 1755–85
•The Dangers of the Sea [Les dangers de la mer], c. 1773
Gallery
References
External links
Bryan, Michael and Stanley, George. A Biographical and Critical Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, from the Revival of the Art Under Cimabue, and the Alleged Discovery of Engraving by Finiguerra, to the Present Time: with the Ciphers, Monograms, and Marks, Used by Each Engraver. London: H.G. Bohn, 1849, p. 74.
Catalogue of a Collection of Engravings, Etchings and Lithographs by Women: Exhibited at the Grolier Club, April 12 to 27, 1901. New York: The Grolier Club, 1901, p. 7.
Gaze, Delia, ed. Dictionary of Women Artists. Introductory Surveys; Artists, A-I. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997, p. 62.
18th-century French engravers
Women engravers
18th-century French women artists
Artists from Paris
1738 births
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Day Dreams is a lost 1919 silent film directed by Clarence Badger and starring Madge Kennedy and John Bowers. It was produced and distributed by Goldwyn Pictures.
Cast
Madge Kennedy - Primrose
John Bowers - Dan O'Hara
Jere Austin - George Graham
Alec B. Francis - Grandfather Burn
Grace Henderson - Grandmother Burn
Marcia Harris - The Housekeeper
Rumpletilzen - A Duck
References
External links
1919 films
American silent feature films
Lost American romantic comedy films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Clarence G. Badger
Goldwyn Pictures films
English-language romantic comedy films
1919 romantic comedy films
1910s American films
Silent American romantic comedy films
1910s English-language films
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斑点莎瑙鱼（学名：）为鲱科莎瑙鱼属的鱼类。分布于朝鲜、日本、俄罗斯远东诸海以及南海、东海和黄海等海域，属于近岸中上层洄游性集群鱼类。该物种的模式产地在日本。
斑点莎瑙鱼的肉可供食用，为经济鱼类。
参考文献
melanosticta
B
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1979年湯姆斯盃，是第十一屆湯姆斯盃國際男子羽球團體賽，於1979年在印尼首都雅加達舉行跨地區比賽（會內賽）。獲勝者是印尼隊，他們在決賽以9-0大勝丹麥隊，奪得第七個冠軍。
參賽隊伍
本屆共有23支隊伍參加比賽。除上屆冠軍印尼直接晉級跨地區比賽（會內賽）外，其餘分成4個地區進行資格賽。
泛美區
亞洲區
澳大拉西亞區
(免資格賽)
歐洲區
在資格賽階段，泛美區的加拿大因決賽對手墨西哥棄權而晉級跨地區比賽（會內賽）；亞洲區的印度在決賽以5-4擊敗馬來西亞而晉級；澳大拉西亞區的日本在決賽以9-0擊敗澳大利亞而晉級；歐洲區的丹麥在決賽以7-2擊敗瑞典而晉級。
跨地區比賽（會內賽）
第一輪
半決賽
決賽
參考文獻
湯姆斯盃
1979年羽毛球
印尼主辦的國際羽毛球賽事
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慢性浅表性胃炎症状表现是什么症状？浅表性胃炎是一种胃粘膜浅表性炎症，它是慢性胃炎中最多见的一种类型，在胃镜检查中约占全部慢性胃炎的50%～85%左右。在浅表性胃炎中的发病率是男性发病多于女性，且发病高峰年龄为31～50岁。那么，慢性浅表性胃炎症状表现是什么症状？下面为大家详细的介绍下。1、慢性浅表性胃炎症状主要以上腹部疼痛为主，有些病人可能也没有症状。同时慢性浅表性胃炎的治疗是比较顽固，经久不愈，反复发作是其重要特点；在临床慢性浅表性胃炎的症状表现为上腹痛，且疼痛没有规律，和食物无关，通常都是弥漫性的上腹灼痛、隐痛及胀痛，少部分病人会出现绞痛并往背部延伸。2、嗳气，因为慢性浅表性胃炎的患者多数表现为缺少胃酸，胃内发酵产气等原因，导致胃内堆积气体，引发嗳气。腹胀则是因为食物滞留、排空延迟、消化不良以及食用了难消化的食物，使得腹胀。食欲不振，慢性浅表性胃炎患者会出现食欲减退，或者时好时坏的情况。3、恶心与呕吐，因为炎性胃粘膜受到理化及生物因素等刺激，再加上患者的胃动力不足、胃逆蠕动等影响，从而引发恶心呕吐。便秘及腹泻也是大多数慢性浅表性胃炎患者存在的症状，一般便秘较多，腹泻较少。慢性浅表性胃炎症状表现是什么症状？通过上述的介绍，相信大家对于这些的症状有所了解了，浅表性胃炎如果不及时治疗会发展为萎缩性胃炎，甚至进而恶化成胃癌，所以，患者朋友们应该了解关于浅表性胃炎的症状，以及时自检，到医院及时检查治疗。因此，大家一定要重视起来。
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勝田里奈（，），是日本女歌手、演員、YouTuber，原為日本女子演唱團體ANGERME（舊稱：S/mileage）二期正式成員。已於2019年9月25日從ANGERME及早安家族畢業。。
参考文献
ANGERME
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充血性皮疹的特点？充血性皮疹出血性皮疹是一种皮疹，带红色，密集包裹，并有明显的瘙痒感。充血性皮疹的临床表现：红色丘疹在发病后第5至7天开始出现，从面部和臀部扩散到四肢和躯干。天后，他们出现融合皮疹，而不是瘙痒，并在第12天消失。可能有浅表淋巴结肿大，喉咙痛，咳嗽，胸痛;心律失常甚至心力衰竭;少尿，无尿和肾功能衰竭;神经系统表现如抽搐和昏迷。也有睾丸炎的报道。充血性皮疹是很多伤害，如果你还不知道的话，那就来看看吧。1.严重影响外观，充血性皮疹看起来有点肿，非常难看，严重打击患者的自信心，甚至在一定程度上影响沟通。2.对患者的心理和生理造成伤害。患有充血性皮疹的患者会在某种程度上感觉自卑。他们总觉得自己与别人不同。随着时间的推移，他们会导致不善交际和非社交。一般治疗分为几个步骤：1.一般支持治疗，应在卧床休息，现场隔离治疗。给予高热量，适量的维生素或半流质食物。2.液体治疗，补充足够的液体和电解质，补液应根据等渗溶液和盐溶液，常用的平衡盐溶液和葡萄糖生理盐水。保持水，电解质和酸碱平衡。3.恢复期间患者的血清治疗，例如从恢复期患者向早期患者注射血清，可能是有效的。4.症状和并发症治疗，明显出血的患者应失去新鲜血液，以提供大量正常功能的血小板和凝血因子。如果血小板数量显着减少，应输注血小板。对于弥漫性血管内凝血的患者，可以使用抗凝血药物如肝素。心脏功能不全适用于强心药物。肾少尿可根据急性肾功能衰竭进行治疗：限制液体量，使用利尿剂，维持电解质和酸碱平衡，必要时进行透析。肝功能受损的患者可以发生肝功能障碍。在严重的情况下，可以适当使用抗生素来预防感染。建议穿柔软宽松的纯棉内裤，调节饮食，限制辛辣饮食，保持大便通畅，保持良好的心态，注意少吃海鲜，羊肉等食物，多吃蔬菜水果等食物。以上是关于“充血性皮疹”的相关介绍，希望对大家有帮助，祝大家健康。
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宫颈管积液会有什么症状？对于妇科疾病是有很多种的，并且在日常生活中常见的妇科疾病也非常多，在近些年来各种各样的妇科疾病的病发率也在不断的上升，每种妇科疾病的治疗方法是不同的，因为每个疾病所引起的原因以及症状表现，还有对身体的危害也是不一样的。宫颈管积液其实是一种妇科疾病，属于宫颈类的一种疾病，有很多的女性出现了子宫粘连的现象，一般情况下子宫粘连会分成子宫腔粘连以及子宫颈管粘连不同的类型，子宫颈管粘连主要是因为宫颈管部位的粘膜受到了机械的损伤后而造成的粘连，引起了颈管狭窄或者是闭锁的情况发生，而宫颈管积液并不是一个小病，在发生宫颈管积液时必须要去正规的医院做及时的治疗。宫颈管积液的发生会让患者的身体有很多不适的症状出现，如会有腹痛、月经不调、痛经、不孕症等症状表现，对于腹痛的话是在下腹部有疼痛感，一般情况下是以隐性的疼痛为多见，而月经不调的话最常见的就是月经量过多或者是月经的次数有所增多等;当然还有痛经的症状，尤其是离月经期更近的时候，疼痛就会越剧烈;还会引起不孕症，输卵管部位受到损害后，会引起梗阻从而造成了不孕症的情况。宫颈管积液是一种妇科疾病，属于宫颈疾病中的一种，对于宫颈管积液必须要给予足够的重视，并且要做及时性的治疗，因为宫颈管积液会引起月经不调、痛经等症状，如果不及时治疗就会引起更严重的危害发生，如不孕症等，所以说及时治疗是非常重要的。治疗的关键在于建立信心，适应自然，接受现实，正确对待现实生活中的挫折和疾病，发挥个人优势，克服人格弱点，振兴精神，适当寻求解放方法，寻求社会心理支持，维护法律生活和充足的睡眠。参加一些体育锻炼，娱乐休闲。
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盐酸特比萘芬喷雾剂贮藏方法？密封，在阴凉处保存。『有效期』暂定2年。
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何經（），字宗易，號磐齋，廣東廣州府順德縣，明朝政治人物。景泰甲戌進士，成化間累官鄖陽撫治。
生平
廣東鄉試第二十三名舉人。景泰五年（1454年）甲戌科進士。歷工部郎中，累升广西左政使，迁右副都御史，抚治郧阳。成化二十三年（1487年）以疾致仕，弘治八年（1495年）五月二十九日卒。
家族
曾祖何□□。祖父何□安。父何彧。
参考
明朝工部郎中
明朝鄖陽撫治
順德人
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Aloysius Leon Higginbotham Jr. (February 25, 1928 – December 14, 1998) was an American civil rights advocate, historian, presidential adviser, and federal court judge. From 1990 to 1991, he served as chief judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Originally nominated to the bench by President Kennedy in 1963, Higginbotham was the seventh African-American Article III judge appointed in the United States, and the first African-American United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. He was elevated to the Third Circuit in 1977, serving as a federal judge for nearly 30 years in all. In 1995, President Bill Clinton awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Higginbotham used the name "Leon" informally.
Early life and education
Higginbotham was born on February 25, 1928, in Ewing Township, a suburb of Trenton, New Jersey. His mother, Emma Lee Higginbotham, was a maid, and his father, Aloyisus Leon Higginbotham Sr., was a factory worker. Higginbotham was raised in a largely African-American neighborhood, and attended a segregated grammar school.
Higginbotham attended Lincoln School, a segregated high school in Trenton. Before Higginbotham attended, no black student had been put on the academic track (which was a significant step towards attending college), because Latin, a requirement for the program, was not taught at the black elementary schools. Higginbotham's mother convinced the principal at the junior high school to enroll him in a second-year Latin course, even though he had never studied first year Latin. To ensure that he was able to pass the required classes, the junior high Latin teacher offered to tutor him at her home during the summer. Higginbotham's family was of modest economic means, so he worked while attending school, mowing lawns, shoveling snow, and working as a bus boy at the Stacy Trent hotel. While in high school, Higginbotham manipulated his birth certificate in order to get working papers at 15, a year before the law allowed, so that he could work in a pottery factory shoveling clay.
Undergraduate education
At 16 Higginbotham enrolled in Purdue University, in West Lafayette, Indiana. He chose Purdue because it admitted black students; was cheaper, at that time, than Rutgers University; and offered tuition discounts for good academic performance. Higginbotham was also interested in Purdue because he wanted to be an engineer, and Purdue was known as an engineering school.
Higginbotham entered Purdue as a freshman in 1944. At the time, the student body was composed of approximately 6,000 white students, and 12 black students. Although eligible for admission, black students were not permitted to live in the dormitories. Higginbotham and the other 11 black students were placed in a building called International House, which was the only building in which blacks could live in West Lafayette. The students slept in the attic, which was unheated. Higginbotham sought a meeting with the University President, Edward C. Elliott, to ask permission for the students to sleep in a section of one of the heated dormitories. Elliott's response was purportedly "[t]he law doesn't require us to put you in those dormitories. The law doesn't even require us to let you in. You take it or leave it." Higginbotham would later identify this encounter, and an incident where he was traveling with the Purdue debate team but unable to stay in a hotel with the rest of the members, as the events that caused him to pursue a career in the law, saying:
Higginbotham transferred to Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio, in 1945. On the day that Higginbotham entered Antioch, one other black student was also admitted, Coretta Scott, who would later become Coretta Scott King after marrying Martin Luther King Jr. At Antioch, Higginbotham served as the head of the college chapter of the NAACP. While in college, Higginbotham successfully convinced the Governor of Ohio to support legislation to lower the voting age to 18. Higginbotham earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1949.
Law school
In the fall of 1949 Higginbotham entered Yale Law School. As he had in grade school, he worked, this time as a butcher, to help support himself while at Yale. He was a member of the moot court team and the Barrister's Union (a mock trial organization). Higginbotham advanced to the finals of the first year moot court competition. The moot court panel before which he argued included Associate Justice Tom C. Clark (of the Supreme Court of the United States) and renowned appellate advocate John W. Davis. (A few years later, Davis would argue against Thurgood Marshall on behalf of the State of Kansas in Brown v. Board of Education.) In 1951, Higginbotham competed on a moot court team with Richard N. Gardner, who would later serve as United States Ambassador to Spain and the United States Ambassador to Italy. Higginbotham's Yale team competed against a team from Temple University Law School, which included another African American law student from the Philadelphia area, Clifford Scott Green, who would later become Higginbotham's colleague (first as a law partner and then as a fellow Judge on the Eastern District of Pennsylvania bench).
As a first-year student, Higginbotham worked as a research assistant to a professor, who arranged for him to attend the oral arguments in Sweatt v. Painter, which dealt with the admission of blacks to the University of Texas. Thurgood Marshall argued the case on behalf of Herman Sweatt, who had been denied admission to the university's law school. Higginbotham would later describe the experience of seeing Marshall arguing: "With controlled outrage, Marshall eloquently asserted the constitutional promise of equality for Sweatt, for all African Americans and, it seemed, for me personally." When the Court ruled in Sweatt's favor, Higginbotham later wrote, he felt that he had "witnessed the birth of racial justice in the Supreme Court." Higginbotham received his Bachelor of Laws from Yale in 1952. In 1969, as the first black to become a trustee of Yale, he advocated opening the university's undergraduate program to women.
Legal career
After graduation, Higginbotham initially sought employment with law firms in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, however, he was unable to find work at any of the major firms as a result of his race. He began his career as a law clerk for Judge Curtis Bok of the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas. In 1953 he was hired by Philadelphia County District Attorney Richardson Dilworth as an assistant district attorney. Prior to Dilworth's arrival, no black lawyer had ever argued on behalf of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the Courts of Common Pleas. Higginbotham was given the opportunity to argue both in front of the Court of Common Pleas, and the Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
In 1954 Higginbotham went into private practice as a member of the first African American law firm in Philadelphia, Norris, Schmidt, Green, Harris, and Higginbotham. In addition to Higginbotham, three of the other named partners went on to become judges; Harvey Schmidt and Doris Harris would later serve as judges on the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas, and Clifford Scott Green was appointed to the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Higginbotham stayed in private practice until 1962. While at the firm, Higginbotham practiced criminal defense and personal injury law. From 1960 to 1962 he was President of the Philadelphia chapter of the NAACP.
Public service
While still in private practice, Higginbotham simultaneously served in several government positions; he was a special Deputy State Attorney General from 1956 to 1962, a special hearing officer for conscientious objections for the United States Department of Justice from 1960 to 1962, and a Commissioner on the Pennsylvania Human Rights Commission from 1961 to 1962. He was a faculty member of the Rutgers University Law School.
Federal Trade Commission
In 1960 Higginbotham, as a delegate at the National NAACP convention, supported Hubert Humphrey over John F. Kennedy for the organization's endorsement for president. Nevertheless, Kennedy appointed Higginbotham to be a commissioner on the Federal Trade Commission in 1962, the first African American appointed as a commissioner on any regulatory commission. Justice Byron White administered the oath of office.
Higginbotham ultimately became a strong supporter of President Kennedy, and began attending functions on behalf of the administration. He was also a guest at White House functions, including a state dinner for the King and Queen of Afghanistan that took place several weeks before Kennedy's assassination.
As of 2021, Higginbotham is one of just three African Americans to have served on the FTC. (The other two are Mozelle W. Thompson (who served from 1997 to 2004) and Pamela Jones Harbour (who served from 2003 to 2009).)
U.S. District Court
Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, who had come to know Higginbotham through his work on the FTC, recommended that President Kennedy nominate him to be a judge on the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, which Kennedy did in 1963. Higginbotham's nomination was held up by Mississippi Senator James Eastland, the chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee and a committed segregationist. Eastland delayed the nomination long enough so that, despite being passed by a subcommittee, Higginbotham's nomination lapsed following the death of President Kennedy, and the beginning of a new congressional term. Higginbotham received a recess appointment from President Lyndon B. Johnson on January 6, 1964, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania vacated by Judge James Cullen Ganey. He was nominated to the same position by President Johnson on February 3, 1964. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 14, 1964, and received his commission on March 17, 1964. At the time of his appointment, he was 36 years old. His service on the district court terminated on November 7, 1977, due to his elevation to the Third Circuit.
Adviser to President Johnson
Following his appointment to the District Court, Higginbotham developed a relationship with President Johnson, attending various White House functions and conferences in the mid-1960s. The day after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., Higginbotham was called to the White House to take part in a series of meetings to advise the President on how to respond to King's death. Other notable figures at the meeting were Vice President Humphrey, Justice Marshall, Roy Wilkins, Whitney Young, Andrew Brimmer, Clarence Mitchell, Clifford Alexander, and Bayard Rustin. Higginbotham stayed the night at the White House, attended a service at the Washington National Cathedral, and continued to advise the President into the next days.
In 1967 Higginbotham arranged for President Johnson to visit North Philadelphia, to tour a community revitalization effort. Higginbotham would later describe Johnson's reaction to seeing the efforts of a small community to restore a dilapidated police station, saying "I think he was elated, absolutely exhilarated, because he saw results. It wasn't phony, and it wasn't something on which an extraordinary amount money had been spent." A year later, following the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy, President Johnson called on Higginbotham again, appointing him as a member of the newly created Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. In 1968 he served as Vice Chairman of President Johnson's Kerner Commission.
Higginbotham attended the opening of Johnson's presidential library, where Johnson referred to Higginbotham as "one of my closest advisers, sound, reliable, responsible." Higginbotham would later say that he was thankful for the comment, but "had the impression that there were probably a few hundred other people there who got that accolade." Higginbotham met with Johnson two weeks before his death in 1973, along with then newly elected Congresswoman Barbara Jordan, to discuss Jordan's career in the House.
Judicial career
Higginbotham spent 13 years as a District Court judge. His chambers were originally in the Federal Courthouse and Post Office at 9th and Market Streets, in Philadelphia (the building was later named in honor of Robert N.C. Nix Sr., the first African American member of Pennsylvania's congressional delegation and father of Robert N.C. Nix Jr., the first African-American Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court). As a new judge, Higginbotham still encountered racism. On his first day on the district court, he parked his car in the area reserved for judges, and was yelled at by a guard "Hey, boy!" Higginbotham asked whether the guard was speaking to him, and when the guard responded that only judges were permitted to park in the area, Higginbotham replied: "I understand, and that's why I parked there." The guard said, "Oh, you're Judge Higginbotham. Welcome to the Court." Higginbotham would later remember the incident as "typical of a lot of things which have happened to both minorities and to women."
Higginbotham did not experience any such behavior from his fellow judges on the district court, although, as the youngest person ever appointed to the Eastern District (Higginbotham was younger than some of his colleagues' children), he would later recall that "the most difficult problem [in terms of human relations] was the phenomenon of age."
In 1974, Higginbotham issued his influential opinion in Comm. of Pa. v. Local 542, Int'l Union of Operating Engineers, explaining why he as an African American judge with a history of active involvement in the civil rights struggle was not obligated to recuse himself from presiding over litigation concerning claims of racial discrimination. He held, in an opinion that was followed by later judges, including a series of Black judges who faced recusal requests, that a judge should not be forced to recuse solely because of their membership in a minority group. Jewish federal Judge Paul Borman relied on the Higginbotham opinion in part in his 2014 decision not to recuse himself from the trial of Palestinian-American Rasmea Odeh.
Higginbotham was nominated by President Jimmy Carter on September 19, 1977, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit vacated by Judge Francis Lund Van Dusen. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 7, 1977, and received his commission on October 11, 1977. Higginbotham's elevation came only a year after the opening of a new federal courthouse in Philadelphia, now called the James A. Byrne United States Courthouse, located at 6th and Market. Higginbotham would later describe his judicial philosophy on the appellate bench as being in line with Justice Cardozo, rejecting the strict constructionist concept, in favor of "an evolutionary concept in terms of what is fair and just in a society." He attacked strict constructionists as being inconsistent, "want[ing] an original intent for what are their conservative positions, and an evolutionary [position], in order to protect their conservative positions..." He was Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals from 1990 to 1991 and assumed senior status due to a certified disability on January 31, 1991. He retired from the bench on March 5, 1993.
In 1991, Judge Higginbotham wrote "An Open Letter to Justice Clarence Thomas From a Federal Judicial Colleague," published in the University of Pennsylvania Law Review. In his letter, Judge Higginbotham expressed his "concern and sorrow that Justice Thomas would turn his back on a century of [racial] struggle."
Higginbotham's first law clerk was Eleanor Holmes, later Eleanor Holmes Norton, who was the first female Chair of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and later Delegate to the United States House of Representatives from the District of Columbia (1991-). One of his clerks for 1986–87 was Sandile Ngcobo, later Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of South Africa. NAACP Legal Defense Fund president and director-counsel Sherrilyn Ifill also clerked during the summer of 1986.
Academic and post-judicial career
Higginbotham was an adjunct professor at the University of Pennsylvania for 24 years, in the sociology department and later in the law school. Higginbotham served as a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania from 1968 until his death in 1998. He was also a trustee of Yale University and of Thomas Jefferson University.
After retiring from the federal bench shortly after his 65th birthday (and with nearly three decades of federal judicial service), Higginbotham joined the firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison, and accepted a position at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government as a professor of Public Service Jurisprudence. He held both positions for the remainder of his life.
Higginbotham served as counsel to the Congressional Black Caucus in a series of voting rights cases before the Supreme Court. In 1996, Higginbotham served as an adviser to Texaco on human resources and diversity matters.
Publications
Higginbotham published In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process 1: The Colonial Period in 1978, which the Oxford University Press reissued in 1980. He also wrote or helped write over 100 law review articles. His second and surviving wife, Dr. Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, was also a distinguished historian and faculty member of Harvard's History and African American Studies Departments. Judge Higginbotham's second book, Shades of Freedom: Racial Politics and Presumptions in the American Legal Process was first published by the Oxford University Press in 1996, after his judicial retirement. He also helped University of Pennsylvania law professor Anita Hill and Emma Coleman Jordan publish Race, Gender, and Power in America: The Legacy of the Hill-Thomas Hearings in 1995. Although retired, he delivered over 100 speeches to spur younger generations to continue to fight for racial justice, and during his lifetime received more than 60 honorary degrees from institutions of higher learning.
Work in South Africa
Higginbotham was involved in the transition to open democratic elections in South Africa. He had visited South Africa in 1982 with other black jurists and had been appalled by the racial oppression he found and analogized to before the American Civil War. After apartheid's demise, Higginbotham consulted with Nelson Mandela and founded the South Africa Free Election (SAFE) Fund. He raised several million dollars to support fair elections in South Africa, and served as one of the international mediators of the first inter-racial elections in South Africa in 1994. After the election, he helped South Africa's newly elected government draft a new constitution.
Nelson Mandela would later say "Judge Higginbotham['s] work and the example he set made a critical contribution to the course of the rule of law in the United States and a difference in the lives of African Americans, and indeed the lives of all Americans. But his influence also crossed borders and inspired many who fought for freedom and equality in other countries.... Judge Higginbotham played an important role in [South Africa's] first democratic elections, support the development of public interest law work in South Africa and helped to create broader opportunities for black South African lawyers."
Testimony at Clinton impeachment hearings
On December 1, 1998, two weeks before his death, Higginbotham gave testimony before the House Judiciary Committee concerning the issue of what constituted an impeachable offense, as part of the hearings on President Clinton's impeachment. Higginbotham argued that Clinton's conduct did not rise to the level of an impeachable offense. Higginbotham offered a hypothetical scenario of a person driving his car at a speed of -per-hour in a -per-hour speed zone, and then falsely testifying under oath that he was only driving -per-hour. Higginbotham then said,
Higginbotham concluded his testimony, writing, "I submit that your individual vote will have a profound impact on the entire history and future of the United States of America. I would remind you once again of the incisive words of Luther Standing Bear: 'Thought comes before speech.' I pray that this Committee will, in a non-partisan way, rise to its highest potential of statesmanship by giving this issue its calm and insightful thought before speaking and casting a vote that will affect America's rendezvous with destiny."
After Higginbotham's death, Clinton said "I shall never forget how he spoke up for me."
Death
Higginbotham died on December 14, 1998, in Boston, Massachusetts, following a series of strokes. President Clinton described him as "one of our nation's most passionate and steadfast advocates for civil rights." Jesse Jackson said of Higginbotham, "[w]hat Thurgood Marshall and Charles Hamilton Houston were to the first half of this century, Judge Higginbotham was to the second half." Kweisi Mfume said "[t]he world has lost one of its finest, most pre-eminent jurists of our times. His work is a reflection of both his deep passion for civil rights and his legendary pursuit of justice and equality for all Americans."
Personal life
Higginbotham married twice and was survived by his second wife, two sons and two daughters. In August 1948, shortly after graduating from college, he married Jeanne L. Foster, with whom he had three children. That marriage ended in divorce in 1988. He later married Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, who survived him.
He is the uncle of law professor F. Michael (Mike) Higginbotham of the University of Baltimore School of Law, who co-authored works with his uncle, and who has published open letters to a number of important figures in his late uncle's voice.
Awards and honors
Higginbotham was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1978 and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1993. President Clinton awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1995. In 1996, the NAACP award him its highest honor, the Spingarn Medal. Higginbotham received the first Spirit of Raoul Wallenberg Humanitarian Award in 1994 from the American Swedish Historical Museum on the basis of his advocacy on behalf of America's children within the legal profession and his human rights efforts in South Africa. The Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law named its annual A. Leon Higginbotham Corporate Leadership Award after Judge Higginbotham. Higginbotham was award honorary degrees from 62 different universities.
See also
List of African-American federal judges
List of African-American jurists
List of first minority male lawyers and judges in Pennsylvania
References
Bibliography
In the Matter of Color: The Colonial Period (1978)
Shades of Freedom: Racial Politics and Presumptions of the American Legal Process (1996)
External links
Oral History Interview with A. Leon Higginbotham Jr., from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
1928 births
1998 deaths
20th-century American judges
20th-century American lawyers
African-American judges
African-American writers
American writers
Antioch College alumni
Harvard University faculty
Harvard Kennedy School faculty
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
Judges of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
People from Ewing Township, New Jersey
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Spingarn Medal winners
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Jimmy Carter
United States district court judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson
Yale Law School alumni
Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison people
Members of the American Philosophical Society
20th-century African-American lawyers
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约翰·帕斯勒（，），意大利男子冬季两项运动员。他曾代表意大利参加1984年、1988年、1992年和1994年冬季奥林匹克运动会冬季两项比赛，共获得二枚铜牌。
参考资料
意大利男子冬季两项运动员
意大利奥运冬季两项运动员
1984年冬季奥林匹克运动会冬季两项运动员
1988年冬季奥林匹克运动会冬季两项运动员
1992年冬季奥林匹克运动会冬季两项运动员
1994年冬季奥林匹克运动会冬季两项运动员
1988年冬季奧林匹克運動會獎牌得主
奧林匹克運動會冬季兩項獎牌得主
意大利奧林匹克運動會銅牌得主
冬季两项世界锦标赛奖牌得主
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大事记
托马斯·亨德森用视差测量半人马座α的距离。
玛雅文明城邦科潘的遗址被发现。
奥斯曼帝国埃及总督穆罕默德·阿里叛乱，第二次土埃战争爆发
盧森堡加入德意志邦聯，但仍處於荷蘭國王統治下。
美國攝影師羅伯特·科尼利厄斯拍攝了第一張自拍照。
英國入侵阿富汗，爆發第一次英阿戰爭。
蘇加沙在英國的扶持下成為國王，恢復了阿富汗杜蘭尼王朝。
1月3日——清朝道光帝任命林則徐為欽差大臣，主持查禁鴉片。
1月9日——法国科学院发表银版摄影术的发明。
1月19日——英國皇家海軍陸戰隊在阿拉伯半島的亞丁登陸，亞丁成為英國殖民地。
3月18日——林則徐宣布所有外商須在3天內將所有鴉片交出，並且保證永遠不再輸入鴉片，更表明「鴉片一日未絕，本大臣一日不回。」
4月19日——歐洲多國簽訂倫敦條約，正式承認比利時獨立。
6月3日——虎门销烟发生，历时二十三日共销毁英方鸦片1.9万箱，为日后第一次鸦片战争埋下伏笔
7月——林维喜事件发生，为第一次鸦片战争导火索。
8月19日——法國畫家路易·達蓋爾發明了第一台可攜式木箱照相機。
11月17日——朱塞佩·威尔第的第一部歌剧《波尼法西奥伯爵奥贝托》在米兰首演。
出生
2月11日——约西亚·吉布斯，美国物理学家。（1903年4月28日逝世）
3月16日——苏利·普吕多姆，法国作家，第一位诺贝尔文学奖获得者。（1907年9月6日逝世）
3月21日——莫杰斯特·彼得罗维奇·穆索尔斯基，俄罗斯作曲家。（1881年3月28日逝世）
7月8日——约翰·戴维森·洛克菲勒，美国企业家、慈善家。（1937年5月23日逝世）
逝世
參考資料
9年
3
外部連結
土豆網－失落的马雅文明
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药物福利管理是什么?？在美国，药物福利管理者。截至2016年，PBM为美国管理药物福利，覆盖的人数达到2.66亿人。2017年，美国规模最大的PBM公司，收入比最大的药厂还高，表明这个类别的产业在美国医疗系统中的角色越来越重要。值得注意的是在2016年，美国主要的PBM公司数目少于30个，其中三个最大的，它们共同的市场占有率是78％，为1.8亿登记加入者提供覆盖。。
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維多斯角是南極洲的海岬，位於恩德比地，是弗里斯灣入口處的西部，在1956年首次由澳大利亞探險隊拍攝空中照片，以莫森站的氣象學家命名。
南極洲海岬
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格斯特利峰（Gstellihorn），是瑞士的山峰，位於該國南部，由伯恩州負責管轄，屬於伯爾尼茲阿爾卑斯山脈的一部分，海拔高度2,855米，每年平均降雨量2,465毫米。
外部連結
Gstellihorn on Hikr
瑞士山峰
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Hamilton Livingstone "Billy" Gilmour (March 21, 1885 – March 13, 1959) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. A winger, Gilmour played for the Ottawa Hockey Club in the Canadian Amateur Hockey League. Two of his brothers, Suddy Gilmour and Dave Gilmour, also played with Ottawa. He was a member of five Ottawa Stanley Cup championship teams in 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906 and 1909. He also played competitively for the McGill Redmen and Montreal Victorias. He retired from competitive ice hockey in 1909, but returned to play two games for Ottawa in the 1915–16 season.
Playing career
At 15, Gilmour played for the Ottawa Aberdeens in the Canadian Amateur Hockey League intermediate division. He played two seasons with the club and joined the Ottawa Hockey Club for the 1903 season, where he played with his brothers Suddy and Dave. He scored seven goals in six games and was a member of the Stanley Cup championship team that was nicknamed the "Silver Seven", after the silver nuggets the players were given after the Stanley Cup win by team manager Robert Taylor Shillington, who was a part-owner of a silver mine.
Later in 1903, Gilmour moved to Montreal to attend McGill University, where he played college hockey, and joined Ottawa for some Stanley Cup challenge games, in the 1904 and 1905 seasons and a league game in 1906. After finishing McGill in 1907, Gilmour played one season with the Montreal Victorias, scoring five goals in ten games. He returned to Ottawa to join the now-professional Ottawa Hockey Club for the 1908-09 season, scoring nine goals in eleven games as Ottawa won the league and another Stanley Cup championship. In 1909, Gilmour moved to Montreal, married and stopped playing competitive hockey. Gilmour did play some exhibition games for the Ottawa New Edinburghs in 1911, and played two games with the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey Association (NHA) in 1916.
Gilmour was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963.
Personal
Born in 1885 in Ottawa, Gilmour was one of four sons of five children born to Mr. and Mrs. John Gilmour. The other children were Dave, Sutherland (Suddy), Ward and his sister Gilbert. The family business was lumber, and Gilmour's father was a partner in Gilmour and Highson Lumber. While playing ice hockey for Ottawa, Gilmour was studying engineering at McGill University of Montreal, and later worked as an engineer. At the start of the First World War Gilmour enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the 1st Construction Battalion. He returned to Canada in 1919.
Gilmour married Merle Woods of Montreal and moved to Paris, France before returning to Canada in 1942 to reside in Mount Royal, Quebec, where he lived for the rest of his life.
Gilmour is buried at Beechwood Cemetery in Ottawa.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
References
External links
1885 births
1959 deaths
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ottawa
McGill Redbirds and Martlets ice hockey players
Ottawa Senators (NHA) players
Ottawa Senators (original) players
Stanley Cup champions
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
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防止早泄锻炼方法有哪些？早泄是最常见的射精功能障碍，以性交之始即行排精，甚至性交前即泄精，不能进行正常性生活为主要表现，发病率占成年男子的1/3以上。早泄的定义尚有争议，通常以男性的射精潜伏期或女性在性交中达到性高潮的频度来评价，如以男性在性交时失去控制射精的能力，则阴茎插入阴道之前或刚插入即射精为标准；或以女性在性交中达到性高潮的频度少于50%为标准来定义早泄，但这些都未被普遍接受。早泄的病因：目前认为与心理因素和(或)器质性因素有关.心理性因素害怕性交失败、焦虑,而陷入早泄;年轻时习惯自慰者,总以快速达到高潮为目的;缺乏性知识,仅以满足男性为宗旨;夫妻不善于默契配合;感情不融,对配偶厌恶,有意或无意的施虐意识;担心性行为有损健康,加剧身体的某些固有疾病;性交频度过少或长时间性压抑者;以及女方厌恶性交,忧心忡忡,迫于要求快速结束房事等.器质性因素尚无定论.有人认为脊髓系统疾病如多发性硬化症或脊髓肿瘤、癫痫发作或大脑皮层器质性病变如脑血管意外,可引起射精失控.也有报告提示糖尿病、心血管疾病、骨盆骨折、泌尿生殖系统疾病如尿道炎、前列腺炎、精囊炎以及前列腺增生等,均与早泄相关。防止早泄锻炼方法有哪些？提肛运动：提肛运动对于防止早射是一种非常简单有效的方法，平时坐着或者站着的时候都可以锻炼。跑步，打篮球，骑单车这些锻炼对防止早射，都拥有显著的效果。早泄的原因是阴茎，尤其是龟头部分不习惯受到刺激，过于敏感造成的。锻炼让龟头习惯刺激，感觉变得迟钝，就可以达到预期的效果。方法就是洗澡时用毛巾按摩龟头，按摩时要施予适度的强度才行。
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Selaginella bigelovii is a species of spikemoss known by the common names bushy spikemoss and Bigelow's spikemoss. It is native to California and Baja California, where it grows in rocky places in many different habitat types, from the coastline to the mountains to the deserts. This lycophyte forms clumps of spreading upright to erect stems up to 20 centimeters long with a few short lateral branches. The linear or lance-shaped green leaves are up to 4 millimeters long, including the tiny rigid bristles at their tips. They are flattened to the stem or stick out just a little. The strobili borne at the leaf bases are yellow-orange in color.
References
External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
Flora of North America
Photo gallery
bigelovii
Flora of Baja California
Flora of California
Flora of Northern America
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卡瑟爾巴赫河（），是德國的河流，位於該國中部，由黑森州負責管轄，該河流屬於比伯河的右支流，河道全長6.9公里，流域面積16.6平方公里。
參考資料
Gewässerkartendienst des Hessischen Ministeriums für Umwelt, Klimaschutz, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz (Hinweise)
德國河流
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艾滋病患者的身上会不会起东西？艾滋病是一种会导致人体的免疫力低下，从而引发各种感染的疾病。艾滋病会对病人的生命产生极大的危险，因此艾滋病的别称是获得性免疫缺陷综合症。艾滋病的成因就是艾滋病毒的感染，艾滋病毒可能会通过母婴传播，血液传播性接触等传播。艾滋病的患者可能会出现疱疹或者带状疱疹，并且随着病情的恶化，还会产生其余危害生命的感染。艾滋病病病发的急性期，艾滋病急性期一般重要发生在初次感染艾滋病病毒后的三周到五周左右。艾滋病急性期的主要表现为头疼发热、咽喉肿痛、呕吐恶心、多汗或者腹泻等不同的疾病症状。艾滋病病发的无症状期，艾滋病急性期过后就是艾滋病的无症状期，艾滋病的这个阶段一般没有明显的临床症状表现，一般不容易被发现，并不是所有的艾滋病毒携带者都会产生临床症状，原因是艾滋病存在一定的潜伏期。在潜伏期的几年或是十几年中，患者不会有不适的症状，还是可以和正常一样生活，只有在演变成艾滋病之后才会产生相应的症状。艾滋病的患者在初期可能只会产生类似于普通流感的症状，乏力头晕或是食欲不振等。随着病情的加重，患者可能会在皮肤上产生带状疱疹，这个时候患者就要特别引起注意并且及时就医。每个艾滋病患者的症状可能都不尽相同，有的患者可能会产生不同的感染，比如肺炎肠炎或是肺结核等等。对于艾滋病的治疗目前还是主要以抗病毒的治疗为主，同时患者也要注意保持情绪的稳定。艾滋病的患者在平时的生活中一定要多注意补充营养和热量，良好的心态也是治愈疾病的重中之重。同时要多和医生家人进行沟通和交流，积极配合治疗。
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自觉汗臭的原因是什么？(一)发病原因目前没有相关内容描述。(二)发病机制目前没有相关内容描述。
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Steirastoma melanogenys is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by White in 1855.
References
Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 1855
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升主动脉根部环状缩窄的鉴别诊断？升主动脉根部环状缩窄的需要做如下鉴别：一、多发性大动脉炎 多发性大动脉炎临床表现典型者诊断并不困难，但不典型者则需与其他疾病进行鉴别。凡年轻人尤其女性具有下列一种以上表现者，应怀疑或诊断本病。 1.单侧或双侧肢体出现缺血症状，伴有动脉搏动减弱或消失，血压降低或测不出或两侧肢体脉压差大于1.33kpa(10mmHg)或下肢收缩压较上肢收缩压低于2.67kPa(20mmHg)(相同宽度袖带)者。 2.脑动脉缺血症状，伴有单侧或双侧颈动脉搏动减弱或消失以及颈部血管杂音者。但有些轻人，由于脉压增大或心率增快，于右侧颈部可闻及轻度血管杂音，应与病理性杂音相鉴别诊断根据以下特点：40岁以下，特别是女性，而出现典型症状和体征一个月以上，肢体或脑部。 3.近期发生的高血压或顽固性高血压，伴有上腹部二级以上高调血管性杂音。 4.不明显低热、血沉快，伴有血管性姆音、四肢脉搏或血压有异常改变者。并可累及肺动脉或冠状动脉引起相应的临床表现。 5.无脉病眼底改变者.二、主动脉瓣狭窄 大多数主动脉瓣狭窄患者为成年人，多无风湿病史，常于查体时发现心脏杂音。由于左心室的代偿能力很强，临床可能没有任何症状或仅主诉容易疲劳，这类患者称为无症状性主动脉瓣狭窄。由于病情发展，逐渐出现症状，当左心室舒张末期压力升高后，运动时出现呼吸困难、头目眩晕，但是相当时期内，由于运动后心搏增加，左心房收缩压增强，尚能维持一定的心排血量，故上述症状相对稳定不变。一旦出现运动后晕倒、心绞痛等症状，则表明病情恶化。三、动脉导管未闭 动脉导管是胎儿血循环沟通肺动脉和降主动脉的血管，位于左肺动脉根部和降主动脉峡部之间，正常状态多于出生后短期内闭合。如未能闭合，称动脉导管未闭。动脉导管未闭的症状取决于导管的粗细、分流量的大小、肺血管阻力的高低、患者年龄以及合并的心内畸形。足月患婴虽导管粗大，需出生后6-8周，待肺血管阻力下降后才出现症状。早产婴儿由于肺小动脉平滑肌较少，血管阻力较早下降，故于第一周即可有症状，往往出现气促、心动过速和急性呼吸困难等。于哺乳时更为明显，且易患感冒以及上呼吸道感染、肺炎等。此后小儿期得到代偿，很少有自觉症状，只是发育欠佳，身材瘦小。有些儿童仅在劳累后易感到疲乏、心悸。未闭导管中等大小患者一般都无症状，直至20多岁剧烈活动后才出现气急、心悸等心功能失代偿症状。肺动脉高压虽然可在2岁以下出现，但明显的肺动脉高压征候大都在年龄较大才表现出头晕、气促、咯血。活动后发绀(多以下半身发绀明显)。若并发亚急性心内膜炎，则有发热、食欲不振、出汗等全身症状。心内膜炎在儿童期很少发生，而以青年期多见。一、大多数病例在童年期才呈现主动脉出口狭窄症状。由于冠状动脉粥样硬化病变发生较早，心绞痛较为多见，有的病人有家族史。主动脉瓣上狭窄，特别是并有智力发育迟缓，特殊面容和肺动脉广泛狭窄的病例。常在早年因左心室流出道严重梗阻和冠状动脉病变而发生猝死，未经手术治疗的病例，很少能生长入成年期。二、体征与其它种类的主动脉出口狭窄相似，但听不到收缩期喀喇音，心脏杂音及震颤的部位较瓣膜部狭窄为高，主动脉舒张期杂音很少见。一部分病人生长发育差，体态矮小，智力低，多言、并具有特殊面容：下颌后缩、鼻孔前倾、鼻梁低、唇厚、前额宽、眼距大、牙齿咬合不良，约5%病人血钙增高。三、X线检查与心电图检查显示的征象与其它种类的主动脉出口狭窄相似。四、心导管检查：左心导管检查并连续记录压力曲线可能发现压力波形改变的部位在主动脉上方。五、选择性左心室造影可显示瓣上狭窄的部位，长度和轻重程度，同时尚可查看主动脉瓣的形态及功能是否正常，以及冠状动脉瓣窦和冠动脉的情况。右心造影则可显示肺总动脉及其分支是否也有病变。六、切面超声心动图：可直接显示瓣上狭窄的部位和长度。
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死精子过多的鉴别诊断？精子异常指精子量的多少，质的异常、畸形等，是精液异常症的一种精子大头畸形指精子头的长宽分别超过5和3微米时，是即为畸形精子症的一种，畸形精子症指男性在精液检查中畸形精子数量超过30%以上精子存活率低指精子存活率(死精子大于50%),精子形态(正常形态精子少于70%),精液酸性磷酸酶(低于2.5～6万单位/毫升),精液果糖(低于150～800毫克/100毫升)。精子质量下降是指精子的数量、成活率及活动能力、密度等在同等体积的水平下降低正常情况下,精液排出体外1小时之内,正常存活的精子应70%以上，如死精子超过40%即影响受孕。 本症临床表现颇不一致，有的病人无临床症状;部分病人或有慢性前列腺炎病史、睾丸炎、精囊炎等;有的病人或有遗精早泄或性欲低下。其诊断主要依据亦是精液化验，一般来说,精液化验不活精子数40%以上者，称为死精过多。畸形精子超过20%以上者，称为畸形精子过多症。精液常规或前列腺液常规中常同时出现脓细胞。精液内因有不同时期产生之新、老精子，故含有一定比例的畸形精子、死精子是允许的，但为数不能过高，过高则影响生育力。男子生育能力与精子数目(分数和总数)、精子活力成正比，与畸形成反比。但久末射精者往往密度高，畸形死精多，活动度差。
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金針菇（），本名金珍榮（；），是生於韓國光州、在台灣發跡的YouTuber，畢業於國立臺灣大學中國文學系。其於2018年3月在YouTube上傳第一支影片。
經歷
為了學好中文，加上哥哥比她早一步來到台灣，金針菇於高中畢業那年選擇到台灣就讀大學。
2020年12月3日，Google旗下的YouTube公布「熱門創作者」第八名。
2021年5月2日，其YouTube頻道觀看次數突破1億人次。
2021年10月10日，其YouTube頻道訂閱量突破一百萬。
2022年2月23日，金針菇和全家便利商店聯名合作，推出3款以韓國家常料理為主題的飯糰。
獲獎紀錄獎項
頒獎禮獲獎獎項
相關條目
台灣YouTube頻道訂閱人數排行榜
參考來源
外部連結
PressPlay
國立臺灣大學文學院校友
韓國女性YouTuber
台灣YouTube頻道
韓國留台學生
首爾特別市出身人物
台灣2020年YouTube熱門創作者獲得者
Jin Young
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龙临镇，是下辖的一个乡镇级行政单位。
行政区划
龙临镇下辖以下地区：
。
参考资料
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吡罗昔康搽剂的用法用量？注意：同种药品可由于不同的包装规格有不同的用法或用量。本文只供参考。如果不确定，请参看药品随带的说明书或向医生询问。外用。适量涂于患部皮肤或关节表面皮肤，一日2次。
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The Evil Queen (), also called the Wicked Queen or just the Queen, is a fictional character and the main antagonist of "Snow White", a German fairy tale recorded by the Brothers Grimm; similar stories exist worldwide. Other versions of the Queen appear in subsequent adaptations and continuations of the fairy tale, including novels and films. One particularly notable version is Disney's depiction, sometimes known as Queen Grimhilde. The character has also become an archetype that inspired unrelated works.
The Evil Queen is Snow White's vindictive wicked stepmother who is obsessed with being "the fairest in the land". The beautiful young princess Snow White evokes the Queen's sense of envy, so the Queen designs a number of plans to kill Snow White through the use of witchcraft. A driving force in the story is the Queen's Magic Mirror. In the traditional resolution of the story, the Queen is grotesquely executed for her crimes. The tale is meant as a lesson for young children warning them against the dangers of narcissism, pride, and hubris.
In some retellings of the fairy tale, the Queen has been re-imagined or portrayed more sympathetically, such as being morally conflicted or suffering from madness instead of being simply evil. In some of the revisionist stories she serves as the protagonist and has even been portrayed as an antihero or a tragic hero.
The Brothers Grimm tale
The Evil Queen is a very beautiful but proud and arrogant woman who marries the King after the death of his first wife, the mother of Snow White. The Evil Queen owns a magic mirror, which one day informs her that her young stepdaughter Princess Snow White has surpassed her in beauty.
After deciding to eliminate Snow White, the Queen orders her Huntsman to take the princess into the forest and murder her. The Queen tells him to bring back Snow White's lungs and liver, as proof that the princess is dead. However, the Huntsman takes pity on Snow White, and instead, brings the Queen the lungs and liver of a wild boar. The Queen has the cook prepare the lungs and liver and she eats what she believes are Snow White's organs.
While questioning her mirror again, the Queen discovers that Snow White has survived and has found sanctuary with the Seven Dwarfs. Intending to kill Snow White herself, she takes the disguise of an old peddler woman. She visits the dwarfs' house and sells Snow White laces for a corset that she laces too tight in an attempt to suffocate the girl. When that fails, the Queen returns as a comb seller and tricks Snow White into using a poisoned comb. When the comb, too, fails to kill Snow White, the Queen again visits Snow White disguised as a farmer's wife and gives Snow White a poisoned apple.
Snow White is awakened by the Prince from another kingdom, and they invite the Queen to their wedding. Although fearing what will happen, her own jealousy drives her to attend. There she is forced to put on red-hot iron shoes and "dance" until she drops dead.
Alternative fates
In the classic ending of "Snow White", the Evil Queen is put to death by torture. This is often considered to be too dark and potentially horrifying for children in modern society. In fact, already the first English translation of the Grimms' tale, written by Edgar Taylor in 1823, has the Queen choke on her own envy upon the sight of Snow White alive. Another early (1871) English translation by Susannah Mary Paull "replaces the Queen's death by cruel physical punishment with death by self-inflicted pain and self-destruction" when it was her own shoes that became hot due to her anger. Other alternative endings can have the Queen just instantly drop dead "of anger" at the wedding or in front of her mirror upon learning about it, die from her own designs going awry (such as from touching her own poisoned rose) or by nature (such as falling into quicksands while crossing a swamp on her way back to the castle after poisoning Snow White), be killed by the dwarfs during a chase, be destroyed by her own mirror, run away into the forest never to be seen again, or simply being banished from the kingdom forever. As Sara Maitland wrote, "we do not tell this part of the story any more; we say it is too cruel and will break children's soft hearts."
Therefore, many (especially modern) revisions of the fairy tale often change the gruesome classic ending in order to make it seem less violent. In some versions instead of dying, the Queen is merely prevented from committing further wrongdoings. Fawzia Gilani-Williams' Snow White: An Islamic Tale, for instance, has Snow White forgive her evil witch stepmother entirely, making her repent and redeem herself, as part of the book's religious lessons for children. However, in the same 2014 nationwide UK poll that considered the Queen from "Snow White" the scariest fairy tale character of all time (as cited by 32.21% of responding adults), around two-thirds opined that today's stories are too "sanitised" for children. Anthony Burgess commented in 1983: "Reading that, how seriously can we take it? It is fairy-tale violence, which is not like real mugging, terrorism and Argentinean torture."
Sheldon Cashdan, Professor of Psychology at the University of Massachusetts, argues that, in accordance to the logic of fairy tales, the Queen could not be allowed to flee or merely be locked up in a dungeon or exiled, as the story portrayed her "as a thoroughly despicable creature who deserves the worst conceivable punishment." In his opinion, fairy tale narrative also demands that "if the witch is to die — and remain dead — she must die in a way that makes her return highly unlikely," and so "the reader needs to know that the death of the witch is thorough and complete, even if it means exposing young readers to acts of violence that are extreme by contemporary standards." Conversely, writers such as Oliver Madox Hueffer have expressed sympathy for the queen, or, like psychology professor Sharna Olfman, remove the violence when reading the story to children while also acknowledging that verbal storytelling lacks "graphic visual imagery".
Origins and evolution
In the first edition of the Brothers Grimm story, from their 1812 collection Kinder- und Hausmärchen ("Children's and Household Tales"), the Queen is Snow White's biological mother. In subsequent versions after 1819, this was changed; text was added to include that Snow White's mother died and the king remarried. Jack Zipes said that the change was made because the Grimms "held motherhood sacred." According to Cashdan, a "cardinal rule of fairy tales" mandates that the "heroes and heroines are allowed to kill witches, sorceresses, even stepmothers, but never their own mothers." Zipes' 2014 collection of Grimm fairy tales in their original forms reinstated the Queen as Snow White's mother.
However, the wicked stepmother was not unknown in German versions predating the Brothers Grimm's collection. In 1782, Johann Karl August Musäus published a literary fairy tale titled "Richilde" which reimagined the folktale from the villain's point of view. The main character is Richilde, arrogant Countess of Brabant, who as a child received the gift of a magic mirror invented by her godfather Albertus Magnus. Many elements of the Grimms' Snow White appear in this story, including the wicked stepmother, the magic mirror, the poisoned apple, and the punishment of dancing in red-hot shoes.
Hueffer noted that the wicked stepmother with magical powers threatening a young princess is a recurring theme in fairy tales; one similar character is the witch-queen in "The Wild Swans" as told by Hans Christian Andersen. According to Kenny Klein, the enchantress Ceridwen of the Welsh mythology was "the quintissential evil stepmother, the origin of that character in the two tales of Snow White and Cinderella."
Equivalents of the Evil Queen can be found in Snow White-like tales from around the world. In the Scottish Gaelic oral tale "Gold-Tree and Silver-Tree", the Queen is named Silver-Tree and is the heroine's biological mother. A talking trout takes the place of the Queen's mirror and the huntsman figure is the princess' own father. The villain's relationship with Snow White can also vary, with versions from around the world sometimes featuring wicked sisters or sisters-in-law, or a wicked mother of the prince. One earlier variation of the tale was Giambattista Basile's "The Young Slave" (1634), where the heroine's mother is unintentionally involved in putting her to sleep, and she is awoken by her cruel and jealous aunt who treats her like a slave.
The Queen's tricks also vary from place to place. In Italy, she uses a toxic comb, a contaminated cake, or a suffocating braid. In France, a local tale features a poisoned tomato. The Queen's demands of proof from the huntsman (often her lover in non-Grimm versions) also vary: a bottle of blood stoppered with the princess' toe in Spain, or the princess' intestines and blood-soaked shirt in Italy.
Rosemary Ellen Guiley suggests that the Queen of the Brothers Grimm tale uses an apple because it recalls the temptation of Eve; this creation story from the Bible led the Christian Church to view apples as a symbol of sin. Many people feared that apples could carry evil spirits, and that witches used them for poisoning. Robert G. Brown of Duke University also makes a connection with the story of Adam and Eve, seeing the Queen as a representation of the archetype of Lilith. The symbol of an apple has long had traditional associations with enchantment and witchcraft in some European cultures, as in case of Morgan le Fay's Avalon ("Isle of the Apples").
Diane Purkiss attributes the Queen's fiery death in the Brothers Grimm tale to "the folkbelief that burning a witch's body ended her power, a belief which subtended (but did not cause) the practice of burning witches in Germany." The American Folklore Society noted that the use of iron shoes "recalls folk practices of destroying a witch through the magic agency of iron."
Interpretations
According to some scholars such as Roger Sale and University of Hawaii professor Cristina Bacchilega, the story has ageist undertones vilifying the older woman character, with her envy of Snow White's beauty. Terri Windling wrote that the Queen is "a woman whose power is derived from her beauty; it is this, the tale implies, that provides her place in the castle's hierarchy. If the king’s attention turns from his wife to another, what power is left to an aging woman? Witchcraft, the tale answers. Potions, poisons, and self-protection."
Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar regard Snow White and her mother/stepmother as two female stereotypes, the angel and the monster. The fact that the Queen was Snow White's biological mother in the first version of the Grimms' story has led several psychoanalytic critics to interpret "Snow White" as a story about repressed Oedipus complex, or about Snow White's Electra complex and sexual rivalry with the Queen. According to Bruno Bettelheim, the story's main motif is "the clash of sexual innocence and sexual desire": "whereas Snow White achieves inner harmony, her stepmother fails to do so. Unable to integrate the social and the antisocial aspects of human nature, she remains enslaved to her desires and gets caught up in an Oedipal competition with her daughter from which she cannot extricate herself. This imbalance between her contradictory drives proves to be her undoing." Cashdan interprets the Queen's motives as "fear that the king will find Snow White more appealing than her." This struggle is so dominating the psychological landscape of the tale, that Gilber and Gubar even proposed renaming the story "Snow White and Her Wicked Stepmother". Harold Bloom opined that the three "temptations" all "testify to a mutual sexual attraction between Snow White and her stepmother."
Cashdan proposes that the evil queen "embodies narcissism, and the young princess, with whom readers identify, embodies parts of the child struggling to overcome this tendency. Vanquishing the queen represents a triumph of positive forces in the self over vain impulses." As such, "the death of the witch signals a victory of virtue over vice, a sign that positive forces in the self have prevailed." In addition, "the active involvement of heroine in the witch's demise communicates to readers that they must take an active role in overcoming their own errant tendencies." Similarly, psychologist Betsy Cohen wrote about the perceived symbolism of the act: "In order to avoid becoming a wicked queen herself, Snow White needs to separate from and kill off this destructive force inside of her." In the words of Bettelheim, "only the death of the jealous queen (the elimination of all outer and inner turbulence) can make for a happy world."
Regarding the manner of the Queen's execution, scholars such as Cashdan, Sheldon Donald Haase, and John Hanson Saunders argue from psychological and storytelling viewpoints that the Queen's punishment fits her crimes, gives closure to the reader and shows good triumphing over evil. Jo Eldridge Carney, Professor of English at The College of New Jersey, wrote: "Again, the fairy tale's system of punishment is horrific but apt: a woman so actively consumed with seeking affirmation from others and with violently undoing her rival is forced to enact her own physical destruction as a public spectacle." Likewise, Mary Ayers of the Stanford University School of Medicine wrote that the red-hot shoes symbolise that the Queen was "subjected to the effects of her own inflamed, searing hot envy and hatred." It was also noted that this ending echoes the fairy tale of "The Red Shoes", which similarly "warns of the danger of attachment to appearances."
Adaptations and reimaginations
The character was portrayed in a variety of ways in the subsequent adaptations and reimaginations the classic fairy tale. According to Lana Berkowitz of the Houston Chronicle, "Today stereotypes of the evil queen and innocent Snow White often are challenged. Rewrites may show the queen is reacting to extenuating circumstances." Scott Meslow, of The Atlantic, noted that "Disney's decision to throw out the Grimms's appropriately grim ending—which sentences the evil queen to dance in heated iron shoes until her death—has meant that ending is all but forgotten."
Film and television
The 1916 silent film Snow White was based on the 1912 play Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. In the play, written by "Jessie Graham White" (Winthrop Ames), Queen Brangomar is jealous of Prince Florimond's love of Snow White. Brangomar summons Witch Hex (Hexy), a powerful godmother. In the end, Snow White forgives the Queen and, despite objections from the hunter (Berthold) who wants Brangomar dead, lets her go away unharmed. In the 1916 film, Queen Brangomar (played by Dorothy Cumming) and the Witch are two separate characters, and it is the latter who demands to have the heart of Snow White. In the end, Brangomar is punished by being turned into a peacock. Elements from these versions of "Snow White" inspired Disney's film adaptation.
Snow White (1933) is a Betty Boop series cartoon short in which the Queen resembles Olive Oyl. At one point, her mirror explodes in a puff of magic smoke that changes her into a hideous monster that chases the protagonists until the Queen's own former guard grabs the monster's tongue and turns it inside out.
In Disney's 1937 animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the Queen, usually known as the Evil Queen or the Wicked Queen, is the villain. This version of the character was sometimes referred to as Queen Grimhilde in Disney publications from the 1930s, and was originally voiced by Lucille La Verne. The film's Queen, in the form of an old witch, falls to her death after poisoning Snow White. In the film, similar to the Brothers Grimm story, the Queen is cold, cruel, and extremely vain, and obsessively desires to remain the "fairest in the land". She becomes madly envious of the beauty of her stepdaughter, as well as the attention of the Prince from another land; such a love triangle element is one of Disney's changes to the story. This leads her to plot the death of Snow White and ultimately on the path to her own demise, which in the film is indirectly caused by the Seven Dwarfs. The film's version of the Queen character uses her dark magic powers to actually transform herself into an old woman instead of just taking a disguise like in the Grimms' story; this appearance of hers is commonly referred to as the Wicked Witch or alternatively as the Old Hag or just the Witch. The film's version of the Queen was created by Walt Disney and Joe Grant, and originally animated by Art Babbit and voiced by Lucille La Verne. Inspiration for her design came from several sources, including the characters of Queen Hash-a-Motep from She and Princess Kriemhild from Die Nibelungen, as well as actresses such as Joan Crawford and Gale Sondergaard. The Queen has since been voiced by Eleanor Audley, Louise Chamis and Susanne Blakeslee, and was portrayed live by Anne Francine, Jane Curtin and Olivia Wilde, and in alternative versions, by Lana Parrilla (Once Upon a Time) and Kathy Najimy (Descendants). This interpretation of the classic fairy tale character has been very well received by film critics and the general public, often being considered one of Disney's most iconic and menacing villains. Besides the film, the Evil Queen has made numerous appearances in Disney attractions and productions, including not only those directly related to the tale of Snow White, such as Fantasmic!, The Kingdom Keepers and Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep, sometimes appearing alongside Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty. The film's version of the Queen has also become a popular archetype that influenced a number of artists and non-Disney works. Gal Gadot is set to portray the character in Snow White, Disney's own 2025 live-action film reimagining of their 1937 animated classic.
Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs, a controversial 1943 World War II propaganda cartoon reimagines all the story's characters as African-Americans. The "mean ol' queen" (voiced by Ruby Dandridge and Danny Webb) of the story represents food hoarders at the time of war rationing.
In the 1961 film Snow White and the Three Stooges, the Queen is played by Patricia Medina. She is a beautiful but evil woman who wants Snow White dead go be the fairest but the princess is protected by the Three Stooges. When the Queen attempts to track down and destroy Snow White by herself, the Stooges spot her flying on a broom and accidentally but happily kill her with a magic wish by making her crash and burn. Her companion in the film, the wizard Oga, is killed when he falls into a pot of boiling tar.
In the 1962 Mexican children's film, Tom Thumb and Little Red Riding Hood, Snow White's stepmother appears as the Queen Witch (Reina Bruja), the mistress of all evil and the queen of all monsters in the world. The Queen looks similar as in Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs but has a green face like Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty. She dies when the Little Red Riding Hood tricks her to fall into a furnace-like shrine of the Devil at her castle.
The 1962 East German film Snow White adapts the fairy tale directly, following the story faithful up to the very end. When the Queen (played by Marianne Christina Schilling) arrives at Snow White's wedding where the Prince offers her a half of a red apple, which she assumes is poisoned. Terrified, the queen flees and is chased out of the country by the Prince.
The Wicked Queen is voiced by Melendy Britt in the 1980 animated television film A Snow White Christmas, set years after the events of the fairy tale. One day, a large ice block melts, freeing the Wicked Queen, who has been encased within it ever since her defeat. Determined to rid of the now ruling queen Snow White and King Charming, as well as their daughter who is also named Snow White, the Queen freezes the entire kingdom. But the young princess escapes alive and enlists the help of the seven friendly giants to stop the Queen again. Each time, Queen's attempts to harm the young Snow White with her evil magic are foiled by the new protectors of the princess. Eventually, the Queen resorts to disguise herself as an old giant woman to trick Snow White into smelling the scent of a poisoned flower. Having found Snow White dead, the enraged giants attack the Queen's castle but she summons seven demons to protect her. Only by a lucky chance one of the giants, Hicker, causes an earthquake that shatters the magic mirror that was the source of the Queen's life and power, and she is finally gone for good as her spells are broken and all of her victims are returned to life.
The 1981 Slovak television musical Let the Princess Stay with Us is a modern reimagination of the fairy tale, devoid of magical motifs. In it, the Queen's figure is represented by the protagonist Katka's biological mother, played by Marie Rottrová.
In the Snow White episode of the 1984 television series Faerie Tale Theatre, the Queen is played by Vanessa Redgrave. In the end, she is punished by a spell that prevents her from ever seeing her reflection again, which drives the Queen to insanity.
The 1987 musical film Snow White was one of the nine Cannon Movie Tales fairy tale musicals produced in the 1980s. Diana Rigg starred as the Queen. The plot follows the story of the original fairytale including the three attempts by the Queen to kill Snow White (a tight bodice, a poisoned silver comb and finally the poisoned half of a red and white apple, the white half having no poison in it in order to trick Snow White into thinking the apple is harmless). When she is invited to Snow White's wedding, the Queen damages the mirror in rage, causing her to age rapidly. After arriving at the wedding, she shatters into glassy pieces and disintegrates.
The Evil Queen is featured in the "Snow White" episode of the 1987 anime series Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics, voiced by Arlene Banas in the English dub. While her plans to dispose of her through the Huntsman and the purple laces remain intact in this version, she has no magic powers of her own and the old hag potion and the poison apple are given to her by an old witch who is her ally. As the Queen leaves the Seven Dwarfs' house after Snow White eats the poison apple, she is spotted by Snow White's friend Klaus and the Prince who both chase after her to end her life. But while this version of the Queen lacks in magic, she has surprising physical prowess as she fights off both of them until a pack of good wolves allied with the Seven Dwarfs arrives. The narrator tells that the Queen fought the wolves "like a lionesses" until they finally killed her.
In the 1987-1988 television series The Charmings, Queen Lillian "Lily" White, portrayed by Judy Parfitt, has been thrown into what they thought was a bottomless pit but returns to cast a powerful curse Snow White and her family. This curse banishes them all (including the Queen herself and her Magic Mirror) into the modern world, where they live as the titular Charmings. The name coming from the fact that the prince who rescued Snow White is often called 'Prince Charming.' The Queen is forced to live with her family, while trying to find a way to return herself back to their own world.
In Happily Ever After, the 1989 (released in 1993) animated sequel to the fairy tales, is the late Queen's brother, the evil wizard Lord Maliss, who arrives in the kingdom to avenge his sister on those responsible for her demise: Snow White and Prince Charming. Due to pressure by Disney lawyers, the Queen herself does not appear in person and is only shown via a portrait and a bust statue, and the film begins with her monster minions actually partying and celebrating her death. Her brother is eventually destroyed when he is transformed into a dragon and turned into a stone statue.
The 1991 animated film The Magic Riddle combines the story of Snow White with several other fairy tales in which the Queen figure is a widowed stepmother played by Robyn Moore. She The plans to marry her biological daughter, Bertha, to the handsome young Phillipe, but he is in love with her stepdaughter Cindy (a figure combing Snow White with Cinderella) who is aided by her grandmother. Following the advice of her magic mirror, the stepmother puts on a salesman disguise and visits the grandmother in the woods, tricking her into entering a castle from which there is no escape, and where later Phillipe and the dwarfs are trapped too. The stepmother, wearing another disguise devised by her magic mirror, hypnotises Cindy with a magic apple to fall asleep, but in the commotion she accidentally falls into a well. Eventually, Cindy and Phillippe's wedding is held at what used to be her stepmother's house, where she and her daughter are to serve as maids just as Cindy used to.
In the 1994-1995 anime television series The Legend of Snow White, Lady Chrystal (voiced by Mari Yokoo), a woman famed for her beauty and ruler of a small neighbouring kingdom, comes to the Emerald Valley in order to marry King Conrad and raise his daughter, Snow White. As in the fairy tale, she turns out to be an evil and jealous woman who uses the black art of witchcraft to eliminate her rivals and obtain what she desires most: beauty and power. After the king's departure, the evil Queen Chrystal, aided by her bat familiar, makes her first attempt to kill Snow White, but the princess ends up in a house owned by seven dwarves, who protect her from all harm inflicted by her stepmother. Chrystal then tries to take the life of Snow White several times. During the Queen's final attempt, she abandons her goal of killing Snow White and instead puts her hated rival in an enchanted sleep by means of a poisoned apple in order to take over her youthful body for her own. Eventually, the Queen turns out to be merely an unknowing puppet of her own demonic grandmother Lady Helene, a powerful and immortal witch who dwelled inside the Queen's mirror as the Evil Spirit and was the true source of her magic. Twenty years earlier, unable to bear the idea of growing old, Helene had found a way to keep herself forever young and beautiful by taking possession of another body and transfer her soul into it in a planned endless cycle of sacrifices to satisfy her vanity. The first victim of her ambition was her niece Chrystal on her 12th birthday, whose soul became imprisoned in the mirror to allow the evil witch to control the Queen's mind and actions. But Snow White's fiance Prince Richard manages to kill the witch on a desperate fight, saving not only his beloved but also freeing Chrystal from the evil influence.
In the 1997 film Snow White: A Tale of Terror, the character is not a queen, but rather a noblewoman named Lady Claudia Hoffman, played by Sigourney Weaver who was acclaimed for her role. Claudia marries widower nobleman and tries to befriend his daughter Lilli, but Lilli rejects her. When she is pregnant with a son, but Lilli receiving all of the attention causes her so much stress that the baby is stillborn. Driven mad by grief, she turns to her magic mirror for reassurance, but sees her reflection distorted and deformed. When the mirror blames Lilli for the baby's death, Claudia begins to plot her stepdaughter's assassination and sends her mute, inbred brother to kill her, replacing the Hunter from the fairy tale. When he fails and instead brings Claudia organs of a slain pig, she eats them with cannibalistic relish. When her mirror tells her that her stepdaughter is alive, she uses black magic to murder her brother. Eventually, Lady Claudia learns Lilli's whereabouts thanks to her ravens and attempts to kill her and the seven miners with whom Lilli hides with magic plots original to the film, causing deaths of some of the miners, before she finally tries the familiar poison apple and disguise, placing Lilli in a coma. But when Lilli is healed, she and the remaining miners confront Claudia and fight her. Lilli ultimately kills her stepmother by stabbing her image in the mirror, causing Claudia to rapidly age and catch fire before she is crushed by debris.
The main villain of the 2000 miniseries The 10th Kingdom is Christine White, more commonly referred to as the Evil Queen and portrayed by Dianne Wiest. Two hundred years after the events told in the story of Snow White, the original Evil Queen, who was left to die, uses her mirrors to spy on Earth, where she finds Christine Lewis, a troubled former socialite whose husband Tony lost their fortune through bad investments and whose daughter Virginia was unplanned. After almost killing her daughter in a psychotic break, Christine joins the Queen in the realm of the Nine Kingdoms to be groomed as an apprentice of the original evil queen (now an undead hag known as the Swamp Witch) to be her successor as well as her instrument of revenge. Having repressed the memories of her past, Christine insinuates herself into the House of White, first as the nanny of Snow White's grandson, Prince Wendell White, and later as Wendell's stepmother, after poisoning his mother. Prior to the events of the miniseries, Christine is finally imprisoned for the subsequent murder via poison of Wendell's father. As The 10th Kingdom begins, she escapes to cause further destruction, and at the climax of the series she is killed by the main protagonist, her daughter Virginia.
In the 2001 television film Snow White: The Fairest of Them All, a self-loathing crone named Elspeth (Miranda Richardson), who is part of a race of strange humanoid creatures, is transformed into a beautiful queen by her brother, the Green-Eyed Granter of Wishes. She becomes jealous when the mirror reveals that her stepdaughter Snow White is the fairest in the land, but in this adaptation she is driven more by insecurities than vanity. She also envies the affection that Prince Alfred shows toward her stepdaughter. She disguises herself as Snow White's deceased mother Josephine and succeeds in poisoning her with an apple. At the climax of the film, the Green-Eyed One turns Elspeth into a withered old crone once again and she is throttled to death off-screen by the dwarves whom she had once turn to stone. Josephine is played by Vera Farmiga and the Old Crone form is played by Karin Konoval.
Nina Hagen portrayed the Queen in the 2004 German comedy film 7 Dwarves – Men Alone in the Wood and its 2006 sequel 7 Dwarves: The Forest Is Not Enough, in the latter of which the characters is known as the witch after having been dethroned. It is a parody story in which for example the poisoned apple scene is replaced by the one involving the Queen pretending to be a door-to-door salesperson of supposed youth-preserving coffins to trick Snow White, played by Nina Hagen's real life daughter, Cosma Shiva Hagen. The two live-action films were followed by 2014's animated film The Seventh Dwarf, in which her character was gone the name of Dellamorta. In it, she ends up up accidentally defeated by the eponymous dwarf Bubi and turned into an ice figure.
In the 2005 historical fantasy film The Brothers Grimm, Monica Bellucci plays the villainous character that will inspire the fairy-tale Evil Queen after the Brothers Grimm themselves face her in the film's version of the Napoleonic-era Germany. Known as the Thuringian Queen or the Mirror Queen, many centuries earlier she was an extremely vain wife of the Frankish king Childeric I, obsessed with preserving her youth and beauty and being the fairest in the land. This led her to dabble in black magic, which backfired on her when she acquired a spell for eternal life that did not grant her eternal youth. Since then, she has been living in a tower, commanding various animals and monsters to abduct young girls so she could use their blood to regain her youth and beauty that otherwise is only preserved in her magic mirror. The Queen is destroyed after Jake Grimm shatters the mirror in the tower, making her werewolf minion transform into the woodsman (the Hunter figure) and destroy the rest of the mirror by jumping out of the tower's window with it.
In the 2007 teen comedy film, Sydney White, Sara Paxton plays Rachel Witchburn, the mean leader of the student council and the head of the sorority that Sydney White wants to attend. Jealous of Sydney, Rachel hires a hacker to destroy Sydney's computer files using a virus called The Poison Apple. Nevertheless, Sydney wins the debate and the election, becoming the new president, while Rachel is stripped of her sisterhood by her sisters because of her cruelty to them.
The Evil Queen, voiced by Susanne Blakeslee, appears in the 2007 animated film Shrek the Third. She joins the team of Prince Charming to take over Far Far Away, but at the ending she turns good and says that she always wanted to start a spa in France. She also appears in the Shrek the Third video game as one of the bosses Shrek and his team have to defeat.
In the 2009 animated film Happily N'Ever After 2: Snow White Another Bite @ the Apple, the would-be Queen is called Lady Vain, voiced by Cindy Robinson. She seduces King Cole in order to rule the kingdom herself and is aided by Rumpelstiltskin. Snow White is a thorn in Lady Vain's side, who wants Snow White to be gone from the kingdom. She does not poison Snow White; instead, she uses magic to compel Snow White to spread vicious gossip so that her friends and everyone in the kingdom will turn against her. Nevertheless, Snow White manages to foil Lady Vain's marriage ceremony and expose her as a witch.
In all seven seasons of the 2011–2017 American TV series Once Upon a Time, the Queen, also known as Regina Mills, is portrayed by Lana Parrilla. Regina saves Snow White's life when they are younger, leading to Regina's unwilling marriage to Snow's father. When Snow inadvertently causes the death of Regina's true love, Regina grows vengeful and becomes the Evil Queen. After years of failing to kill Snow White, the Evil Queen eventually casts the Dark Curse, provided by her mentor Rumpelstiltskin, sending all the fairytale characters to the real world and erasing their true memories. During the curse, Regina adopts a son, Henry. Later, Regina's curse is broken by Snow White's daughter, Emma (Henry's biological mother), and Regina decides to try and redeem herself for her son. In time, Regina manages to make amends with Snow White, Emma and her other enemies. She also meets her long lost half-sister, Zelena the Wicked Witch, and falls in love with Robin Hood. In the fifth season, following Robin's death, Regina uses Dr. Jekyll's serum to separate herself from the darkness within her, creating the Evil Queen as a separate individual. In the seventh season, set many years later, Regina is crowned the Good Queen when the realms are united.
In the 2012 comedy fantasy film Mirror Mirror, Julia Roberts plays Queen Clementianna, a vain, insecure woman who married the king and magicked him into a savage beast using a special necklace. The Queen spends her time by organizing lavish parties in the palace and buying expensive dresses, while neglecting the kingdom which has caused the people to struggle to survive in harsh weather and poverty due to high taxes by her. She often uses her magic to do her bidding but it often backfires with unintended consequences. She uses a magic mirror to talk to a much younger reflection of herself (played by Lisa Roberts Gillan), and the reflection often warns her not to use her magic for selfish short-sighted purposes. In her attempts to kill Snow White, she creates two giant wooden puppets to attack the dwarfs' home, and she also commands the Beast to attack. Once Snow destroys the Beast's necklace, the Queen begins to age as her reflection states that she must pay the price for her use of magic, and she eats her own poisoned apple offscreen at Snow White's wedding.
Maribel Verdú plays Encarna, the evil stepmother of Carmen Villalta also known as Snow White in the 2012 Spanish silent art film Blancanieves that transplants the story to the 1920s Andalusia and stripping it off any magic. Encarna eventually poisons Snow White at a bull fighting ring, and is herself killed by the dwarf bull fighters when they lock her with a bull.
2012 also saw the release of Snow White: A Deadly Summer, a modern-day reimagination of the story as a slasher horror film. In it, Maureen McCormick plays Eve, the psychopathic woman who hates her stepdaughter because she wants Snow's father all for herself.
In a more straightforward 2012 adaptation, the fantasy film Grimm's Snow White, the evil queen's name is Queen Gwendolyn and she is played by Jane March. Gwendolyn plans to marry Prince Alexander and so, using elf magic, she plots to kill her stepdaughter Snow White who loves him. But when she attempts a forced marriage between herself and Alexander, Snow White manages to break free and decapitate her evil stepmother before the ceremony can be finished.
In another 2012 film retelling, Snow White and the Huntsman, Charlize Theron played the character of Queen Ravenna. The Queen is depicted as vain, scheming, and power-hungry. On their wedding night, she kills the King, and fears that Snow White will challenge her rule over the kingdom. The Queen's obsession with power and beauty stems from childhood trauma, when her mother told her that beauty is a weapon to be used for protection. Additionally, the strength of her powers seems to correlate to her appearance, and both begin to fade as Snow White comes into her own. Her Magic Mirror assures her that the only way to render her powers and her youth permanent is to consume Snow White's heart, but she is ultimately killed by Snow White. Director Rupert Sanders said: "It was very important that we didn’t have a terrible cut-out villain. We had someone who was doing evil things from a fear and weakness. I think it is important that you do sympathize with her to a degree, but also really understand why she is the person she’s become because she wasn’t born evil. It was a journey for her to become evil, and I think it was very important to myself and Charlize Theron to play a realistic version of the queen." Theron said about the character: "At first, I didn't really understand why she was evil or losing her mind, but once I understood that it wasn't just the fact that her mortality relied upon finding Snow White, and that knowing that and not being able to do anything and being stuck in a castle. Well, I think that would be maddening for somebody like her. It reminded me a lot of Jack Nicholson's character in The Shiningthat idea that you're stuck in this place and you can't escape it, that cabin fever." Theron reprises her role in the film's 2016 sequel, The Huntsman: Winter's War, in which she was revealed to have hidden part of herself in the Mirror, allowing her to be restored to life by her sister, the Snow Queen Freya.
Gina Gershon voiced Queen Regina in the English version of the 2019 Korean animated film Red Shoes and the Seven Dwarfs. In it, Regina was brought to King White's castle accused of being a witch for punishment, but the king became bewitched by her beauty and fell for her. After Regina married the king and became the new queen, people started to disappear. After King White had found out that Queen Regina was indeed an evil witch, she forced him to eat an apple that turned him into a giant wooden bunny. When Snow White steals the red shoes that grant immortality and eternal beauty to Regina and escapes the castle, Regina is furious and tries to find her, using the Magic Mirror and her ally Prince Average in her search. Eventually, she hunts down Snow White in the woods, where, disguising herself as Merlin, she takes Snow White back to the castle and turns her into a magic tree with another magic apple. However, the real Merlin comes to Snow White's rescue as he tackles Regina off the tower and electrocutes her with his lightning magic as they fall, killing her and ending her tyranny, and then restores Snow White and her father to their human forms. The antagonist of the 2021 sequel mobile game Red Shoes: Wood Bear World is Regina's sister and also a beautiful but evil witch.
Literature
The Evil Queen's character has been given various names and characterisations by modern authors. In Adèle Geras' Snow White retelling Pictures of the Night (1992), for instance, the protagonist is plagued by a series of mysterious accidents that she believes are being caused by her jealous, malevolent stepmother Marjorie. In Laurence Anholt's children's book Snow White and the Seven Aliens (1998), the jealous Mean Queen is a former famous pop star who was the lead singer of The Wonderful Wicked Witches. In Tanith Lee's and Terri Windling's White as Snow (2000), mixing "Snow White" with the tragic myth of Demeter and Persephone, the Queen's name is Arpazia. In Black as Night (2004), Regina Doman's adolescent novel set in modern New York City, Elaine is an egocentric stepmother to Bear (the prince figure) rather than Blanche (Snow White). In My Fair Godmother (2009), a romantic comedy novel by Janette Rallison, the evil queen is named Queen Neferia. In Jane Yolen's Snow in Summer: Fairest of Them All (2011), the Queen is a dark magic-using stepmother simply called Stepmama. In Louise Simonson's Snow White and the Seven Robots: A Graphic Novel (2015), the Queen exiles the child genius scientist Snow White "so she cannot grow up and take the Queen's place as the most intelligent person on the planet."
In the "Snow White" chapter of Merseyside Fairy Story Collective's (edited by Jack Zipes) Don't Bet on the Prince: Contemporary Feminist Fairy Tales in North America and England (1986), the evil queen is ousted by popular revolution. Another short story, "The Tale of the Apple" in Emma Donoghue's collection Kissing the Witch: Old Tales in New Skins (1997), is a modern adaptation in which it is the Queen who awakens Snow White from her slumber because she yields to her desire for the princess. Priscilla Galloway's collection of short stories Truly Grim Tales (1999) includes a version of "Snow White" told from the wicked stepmother's point of view. In the erotic short story "Gold, on Snow", published by Alison Tyler in Alison's Wonderland (2010), the jealous Queen spies on her stepdaughter in the house of the dwarves.
In the DC Universe, the Queen of Fables was a scheming, villainous witch who, in her youth, wrought hell on earth until she was trapped in a book by her own stepdaughter, Snow White. Centuries later, she was freed accidentally by Snow White's descendants and has since faced many Justice League superheroes like Superman and Wonder Woman, who the Queen thought was Snow White due to her great beauty.
Robert Coover's satirical erotic short story "The Dead Queen" (1973) re-tells the fairy tale from the perspective of the Prince, deeply disappointed with Snow White and her creepy sexual relationship with the dwarves. At the Queen's funeral after her fiery execution, as she is buried in Snow White's former glass coffin, he suddenly realized that the Queen had loved him and had died for him. In desperation, he attempts bring her back to life by kissing her mutilated corpse, but in vain.
Carmen Boullosa's short story "Blancanieves" (1992) explores the concept of female sexuality, focusing on the relationship between the Queen and the forester (the hunter), and the 'love' triangle between the two and Blancanieves (Snow White). In it, the sexually aggressive Queen dominates the forester, who, within his narrative, blames his sexual weakness on the magic potion that he was forced to drink.
In Neil Gaiman's short story "Snow, Glass, Apples" (1994), the Queen is a tragic hero protagonist who struggles desperately to save the kingdom from her secretly vampiric stepdaughter. At the end of the story, it all turns out to be a recollection by the Queen as she is roasted alive inside an enormous kiln on the orders by Snow White and the Prince. Gaiman's story resembles
the titular story from "Red as Blood, or Tales from the Sisters Grimmer" (1983) by Tanith Lee, in which the Witch Queen is trying to stop the real villain, her stepdaughter Bianca, who is actually a vampire.
James Finn Garner included a satirical take on "Snow White" in his collection Politically Correct Bedtime Stories (1994) in which the Queen accidentally bonds with Snow White during the apple scene. Forgetting that the apple in question was poisoned, she shares it with Snow White and both fall comatose to the floor. When the dwarfs discover this, they decide to sell Snow White to the Prince so he can have sex with her. However, when they try to move the two women's bodies, they break the spell and the women awaken, angry and disgusted at what they overheard. The Queen then declares that the dwarfs are trespassers, throwing them out of her forest, and she and Snow White later open a spa for women on the same spot.
"Snow Night", a short story published in Barbara G. Walker's Feminist Fairy Tales (1996), the King's master of the hunt tries to incite jealousy in the Queen towards her stepdaughter after having been rejected by Snow Night. However, the Queen laughs off her magic mirror's answer, claiming that people go through cycles and that it is impossible to challenge the will of nature. The story suggests that the traditional version of the tale was actually invented by the exiled and crazed huntsman, now imprisoned in a distant country. In the preface, Walker wrote: "Snow White's stepmother seems to have been vilified because (a) she resented being less beautiful than Snow White, and (b) she practiced witchcraft. One might suspect that female beauty was really a larger issue for men than for women, because male sexual response depends to a considerable degree on visual clues. ... A queen who was also a witch would have been a formidable figure, adding political influence to spiritual mana. Snow White's stepmother therefore seems to me a projection of male jealousies. As re-envisioned in this story, she may seem more true to life."
"The True Story", a revisionist short story by Pat Murphy, published in the collection Black Swan, White Raven (1998), tells a story of a queen who sent her daughter away to avoid the incestous advances of her pedophiliac and abusive husband, the King. The princess is cared for by seven witches in the forest, and when the king dies, she is brought back to rule the kingdom in her own right, instead of at the side of a prince.
In Howard Barker's play Knowledge and a Girl (The Snow White Case) (2002), the Queen is the protagonist, attempting to resist the patriarchal and misogynistic structure of the kingdom's court through her lewd sexuality. The Queen is infertile and, at first, the impotent and abusive King actually accepts his wife's promiscuity. Snow White envies the Queen's sexual experience and tries to outdo her stepmother's debauchery. Eventually, however, the King decides to get rid of his Queen. In the final scene, when the Queen appears at the marriage of Snow White and is forced to put on red-hot iron shoes, she is determined to defy them by suffering in silence and motionless.
In Bill Willingham's comic book series Fables (2002-2015), the protagonist Snow White's and Rose Red's witch mother is ordered to kill Snow by the King. She fakes her daughter's death and arranges for her to live with her aunt, a widowed queen of a distant land (Snow's mother helped her to achieve this position). Years later, her aunt who is enraged by the fact that Snow is lovelier than her and decides to kill her herself in a manner similar to the fairy tale (first ordering the hunter and then delivering a poisoned apple).
Gregory Maguire's historical novel Mirror, Mirror (2003) casts the historical figure Lucrezia Borgia as the wicked stepmother's role. Bianca de Nevada (Snow White) is born as a child of a minor noble Vicente de Nevada in the 15th-century Renaissance Italy. After her father is forced to embark on a quest for a magical apple tree by Cesare Borgia, Bianca is left in the care the beautiful and madly vain Lucrezia who becomes jealous of her lecherous brother Cesare Borgia's interest in the growing child. The seven dwarves are the creators of the quicksilver mirror, which makes Lucrezia increasingly paranoid and insane.
In Mette Ivie Harrison's novel Mira, Mirror (2004), the titular Mirra was a young apprentice witch who was enchanted by her older sister and a fellow apprentice Amanda into a magic mirror so Amanda could transform herself into the most beautiful woman in the world. Amanda becomes a Queen, but later mysteriously disappears, while the story of Mirra continues.
In Gail Carson Levine's novel Fairest (2006), Queen Ivi is an insecure 19-year-old new queen of Ayortha, who is assisted by Skulni, the mysterious, evil creature living in Ivi's magic mirror. The cold-hearted and power-hungry Ivi blackmails the 15-year-old protagonist Aza into becoming her singing voice in order to preserve her own reputation, and later plots Aza's death. However, it turns out that Ivi's actions were manipulated by Skulni so that he can take a vacation when Ivi is killed. In the end, Ivi turns away from her evil ways, loses her magically created beauty, and is sent away to a remote castle.
Kazuki Nakashima manga series Lost Seven (2008) features Queen Rose, also known as The Witch of the Mirror, as a former court magician who usurped the throne and killed all members of the royal family except of Snow White, who managed to escape. She also appears to plan to open a portal to the demon realm through a magic mirror, here called Sephiroth Glass and crafted by Snow White's own family. Queen Rose is killed (as is Snow White), but as the castle crumbles she manages to rescue her own biological daughter, Red Rose, who 10 years later becomes the heroine of the series.
In Jim C. Hines's Princesses series (2009-2011) chronicling the adventures of Snow White, Princess Danielle Whiteshore (Cinderella) and former Princess Talia Malak-el-Dahshat (Sleeping Beauty), Snow White's mother, Queen Rose Curtana of Alessandria, was a powerful witch who trained her daughter in magic to later attempt transferring her soul into her daughter's body, but thwarted when Snow White proved to be more capable than she had revealed. Snow was banished from her kingdom for the crime of killing her mother (whose feet were burned by the dwarves, here elemental spirits that Snow can summon for aid at the cost of losing seven years of her life as 'payment' for their services, before they killed her). Rose is returned to life when she is summoned by Danielle's stepsisters (believing her to be their now-deceased mother), possessing the elder sister Stacia to acquire a new body, but she is finally defeated when the three princesses confront her with the aid of the seven dwarves. The fourth novel, The Snow Queen's Shadow (2011), reveals that her magic mirror was created by her imprisoning a demon and binding it to her service, suggesting that the mirror's role in the original story was motivated by the demon attempting to create a set of circumstances that would allow it to escape, with the protagonists returning to Rose's former castle to rediscover the secrets she used to bind the demon in hopes of exorcising it after it possesses Snow White.
P. W. Catanese's novel The Mirror's Tale (Further Tales Adventures) (2010) is a sequel to the fairy tale, taking place in the former castle of Rohesia. Before she went mad became known as the Witch-Queen, Rohesia had been using her magic for healing. Her fate is unclear and mysterious, but her ghost shows up to heal a poisoned character.
In the children's book trilogy Half Upon a Time by James Riley (2010-2013), the characters set out to rescue May's grandmother, who they believe is Snow White. She is eventually revealed as the Wicked Queen and the true antagonist of the series.
In The Wishing Spell (2012), a children's novel in The Land of Stories series by Chris Colfer, the Evil Queen has been spared by Snow White. She escapes her imprisonment, recovers her magic mirror and reunites with the Huntsman at a remote castle. The Queen desires to complete the Wishing Spell and seeks and sends her new Huntress (the Hunter's daughter) to collect the ingredients for it. She captures the protagonists Conner and Alex, and reveals to them her tragic story. Her real name was Evly, and she was once in love with, and engaged to, a man named Mira. When Evly refused to comply with the wishes of an evil enchantress, he was cursed to be trapped inside a mirror. Evly sought her revenge by killing the enchantress but there was no way for her to break the curse. A witch named Hagatha cured Evly's heartbreak by cutting out her heart and turning it to a stone heart and so Evly could only feel emotion when she was holding it. Evly then snaked her way up to the throne, killing Snow White's mother and marrying the King. Mira's condition began to deteriorate until he became a bland reflection, and he became enamored with Snow White rather than the Queen, and it was what so enraged her and made her order the Huntsman to kill Snow White. Using the Wishing Spell, the Queen manages to free Mira, but he is no longer capable of living outside the mirror and dies in her arms, and they both are consumed by the mirror that once held Mira captive, which then shatters. It is later revealed that Snow White herself has let her escape the dungeon, knowing the Queen's story. In the sequel, The Enchantress Returns (2015), Conner and Alex manage to restore the mirror and contact Evly, but find out that she has become insane and the mirror's curse is in process of taking over her soul completely, just as it did with Mira.
In Marissa Meyer's The Lunar Chronicles (2012-2015), Queen Levana is the main antagonist and the equivalent of the Evil Queen. She is the ruler of the moon, aunt of the protagonist Cinder, and stepmother of Princess Winter. Severely scarred from childhood burns, she either wears a veil or uses her psychic abilities to glamour herself with extreme beauty. Fairest, a prequel novella, focuses on her backstory.
Helen Oyeyemi's novel Boy, Snow, Bird (2014) is a reimagination of "Snow White" set in 1950s New England. Oyeyemi said she wrote a wicked stepmother story because she "wanted to rescue the wicked queen from Snow White, because she seemed to find being a villain a bit of a hassle in a lot of ways. She wasn’t very efficient – it took her three tries to kill Snow White, for example. And I had read Barbara Comyns' The Juniper Tree, which is a retelling of the fairy tale from the perspective of the wicked stepmother, as well, so I began to see a way that I could do it for myself."
Dark Shimmer by Donna Jo Napoli (2015) reimagines "Snow White" in medieval Italy, focused on the backstory of the Evil Queen figure. Dolce is an innocent, kind woman who grew up thinking she was hideous. Her mood swings and attempts to murder her beloved stepdaughter are the result of mercury poisoning from making mirrors.
Gena Showalter's The Evil Queen (2019), features Everly Morrow, a high school girl obsessed with mirrors who learns that she is prophesied to become the eponymous character in another world of the fairy-tale realm of Enchantia and tries to avert her destiny. The story continues in the Forest of Good and Evil series.
Other
Marius Petipa and Arseny Koreshchenko's 1903 ballet The Magic Mirror, combing the Brothers Grimm tale with the Russian variant The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights features no magic elements. After the evil deeds of the envious Queen (originally played by Marius Petipa's daughter Marie Petipa) against the Princess are exposed and the King threatens her with dungeon, she has attack of insanity, tells all what she ordered done and then falls dead.
In Robert Walser's 1904 opera Schneewittchen (and João César Monteiro's 2000 film Branca de Neve), the adolescent, weak Prince has revived Snow White, but instead of marrying her he fell in love with the beautiful Queen. The Prince thinks the villain is the huntsman, who is the Queen's lover, while the King is oblivious of everything. The story centers on the conflict between the Queen and Snow White, and ends when the latter decides to forgive the former and they make a peace at last.
In the Ever After High franchise by Mattel, Raven Queen is the daughter of the original Evil Queen, and is one of the lead character of the franchise, along with Snow White's daughter Apple White. She is a rebel, frustrated with her destiny to become a new queen of evil, and wishes to go her own way. Most people see her as evil and mean, but she is actually misunderstood and wishes to be herself and rewrite her own chapter and strives to try to make it work. The Evil Queen herself is locked up in Mirror Prison and often insults the things Raven talks about, including Raven's father, the Good King.
In the lore of the video game series Dark Parables, the jealous Queen enchants the King to put the twins Snow White and Ross Red to death for a false offense. She is eventually exposed by a magic frog that Snow White had befriended sometime before and turned out to be The Cursed Prince, and flees the kingdom.
Ellen Reid's 2001 debut album Cinderellen features the song "In Defense of the Wicked Queen", which tells the story from the Queen's perspective.
See also
Black Annis
Wicked fairy (Sleeping Beauty)
References
External links
Female characters in fairy tales
Female literary villains
Fictional characters without a name
Fictional fortune tellers
Fictional German people
Fictional queens
Fictional shapeshifters
Fictional witches
Literary archetypes
Literary characters introduced in 1812
Narcissism in fiction
Witchcraft in fairy tales
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陳維端（Charles W D Chan，），香港執業會計師、民建聯成員，現任國富浩華（香港）主席
陳葉馮會計師事務所合伙人、第十屆全國人民代表大會代表選舉會議成員。
兼任上市公司董事
華凌集團有限公司
三和集團有限公司
國訊國際有限公司
五礦資源有限公司
中大國際控股有限公司
茂盛控股有限公司
莊士中國投資有限公司
莊士機構國際有限公司
湖南有色金屬股份有限公司
錦恒汽車安全技術控股有限公司
中聯石油化工國際有限公司
專業團體成員
特許公認會計師公會資深會員
香港會計師公會資深會員
香港稅務學會資深會員
香港華人會計師公會會員
執業資深會計師
香港特別行政區第一屆政府推選委員會委員
中華海外聯誼會理事
上海海外聯誼會理事
廣州市政協委員
中華人民共和國香港特別行政區第九屆全國人民代表大會代表選舉會議成員
中華人民共和國香港特別行政區第十屆全國人民代表大會代表選舉會議成員
香港律師公會律師紀律審裁組非法律專業委員香港會計師公會紀律小組委員
香港貿易發展局專業服務諮詢委員會委員
廣州民營經濟發展研究會名譽顧問
香港會計師公會紀律小組委員
香港律師公會律師紀律審裁組非法律專業委員
香港貿易發展局專業服務諮詢委員會委員
內幕交易審裁處非公職委員
外部連線
陳維端有關陳葉馮管理層資料
会计业者北上前路广阔——访陈叶冯会计师事务所首席董事陈维端
香港會計師
香港商人
前香港協進聯盟成員
民主建港協進聯盟成員
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Eulimostraca linearis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eulimidae.
References
External links
To World Register of Marine Species
Eulimidae
Gastropods described in 1858
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End of the Line is a 1987 American drama film directed by Jay Russell in his directorial debut. Produced by Lewis M. Allen, Peter Newman and Mary Steenburgen, the film was shot in Arkansas.
Plot
Leo Pickett and Will Haney, railroad workers in Clifford, Arkansas, find out the parent company of the Southland railroad is about to close their yard and lay off the employees, switching all future shipments to the air freight business.
In a last-ditch effort to save their jobs, the two men "borrow" a locomotive and drive it from Clifford, Arkansas, to Chicago, Illinois, to make their case to Thomas G. Clinton, the railroad's chairman of the board.
Cast
Production
End of the Line was produced with the cooperation of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, which provide technical assistance to production crews as well as the contribution of multiple sets of rolling stock and locomotives. All Southland rolling stock and locomotives, including trackage rights for filming rights was provided by the Missouri Pacific, as well as limited assistance by the Union Pacific, which approved use of some rolling stock, trackage, and locomotives for completion of the film.
References
External links
1987 films
1987 drama films
American drama films
Films directed by Jay Russell
Films set in Arkansas
Films shot in Arkansas
Rail transport films
1987 directorial debut films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
English-language drama films
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宝宝腹泻吃什么菜？宝宝拉肚子本是一种很常见的事情，但对家长来说是一件很头痛的事情。一般，拉肚子的宝宝精神状态不好，只能吃一些清淡的食物。那么，宝宝拉肚子还可以吃哪些蔬菜呢？宝宝拉肚子有哪些注意事项呢？宝宝拉肚子可以吃什么菜吃一点清淡的，不要吃太油腻的东西，可以吃点豆腐。菠菜。柿子。腹泻期间控制饮食很重要，但还是不能完全改变原有饮食结构。一般的青菜，胡萝卜是可以食用的，水果的话，可以吃点苹果。可以吃带叶的蔬菜，胡萝卜，水果可以吃苹果。吃这些，就够了，营养不良也不是一两天造成的。等腹泻缓解，就可逐渐恢复平时的饮食。可以喂鱼汤、鱼肉（千万小心鱼刺），做菜尽量少油少盐。或者可将苹果切片加水加冰糖隔水蒸熟，可以止泻。黄瓜5条洗净去瓤，切成条，加少许水煮沸去掉多余的水，趁热加入蜂蜜100克，调匀至沸即成。日服2～3次，适量服用。宝宝拉肚子的注意事项1、千万不要禁食不论何种病因的腹泻，婴儿的消化道功能虽然降低了，但仍可消化吸收部分营养素，所以吃母乳的婴儿要继续哺喂，只要想吃，就可以喂。吃牛奶的婴儿每次可以减少1/3左右，奶中稍加些水。如果减量后婴儿不够吃，可以添加含盐分的米汤，或哺喂胡萝卜水，新鲜蔬菜水，以补充无机盐和维生素。已经加粥等辅助食品的婴儿，可将这些食物数量稍微减少。要根据婴儿口渴情况。2、保证喂水早期发现脱水。当婴儿腹泻严重，伴有呕吐、发烧、口渴、口唇发干，尿少或无尿，眼窝下陷、前囟下陷，婴儿在短期内“消瘦”，皮肤“发蔫”，哭而无泪，这说明已经引起脱水了，应及时将病儿送到医院去治疗。3、不要滥用抗生素许多轻型腹泻不用抗生素等消炎药物治疗就可自愈;或者服用妈咪爱等微生态制剂，思密达等吸附水分的药物也很快病愈，尤其秋季腹泻因病毒感染所致，应用抗生素治疗不仅无效，反而有害;细菌性痢疾或其它细菌性腹泻，可以应用抗生素，但必须在医生指导之下治疗。
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Ningalenne Communistakki (meaning: you made me a communist) is a Malayalam socio-political play by Kerala People's Arts Club (KPAC). This was the second and most popular stage play of KPAC . This drama propelled KPAC into the forefront of Kerala cultural scene and played a historical role in popularising the Communist movement in Kerala during 1950's eventually leading to the establishment of first democratically elected communist ministry in the world in 1957 in Kerala.
The history
The drama was inaugurated at Chavara, Kollam, on December 6, 1952. It portrayed the transition of an elderly man from a conservative upper-caste Hindu into a Communist. The play was a protest against the feudalism that prevailed in Kerala and it was the clarion call to rise and fight oppression and exploitation. On the 85th day of its performance in March 1953, the play was banned by the government under the Dramatic Performances Act, alleging that the play propagated "subversive ideas" and encouraged the people to "rebel against the government". Defying the ban, the troupe staged the play at Kovalam, near Thiruvananthapuram leading to arrest of all the artists and a case being registered against them. Following an intense legal battle, the ban was lifted after two months. Since its appearance, this play remained the most popular in Malayalam and has been performed more than ten thousand times and has highly influenced the course of Kerala's political history.
The artists
Thoppil Bhasi, then a young Communist activist who was underground for political reasons wrote the play under the pseudonym Soman. The drama was directed jointly by G. Janardhana Kurup and N Rajagopalan Nair MLA. The songs were written by ONV Kurup and G. Devarajan composed the music and sung by KS George and K. P. A. C. Sulochana. The main actors were Kampisseri Karunakaran MLA, Adv. G. Janardhana Kurup, Adv. N Rajagopalan Nair (MLA), O. Madhavan, Thoppil Krishna Pillai (Thoppil Krishna pillai, the younger brother of Thoppil Bhasi acted in different plays of KPAC for 37 years continuously), Bhaskara Panicker, V.Sambasivan, Sreenarayana Pillai, K. P. A. C. Sulochana, Sudharma, Bhargavi and Vijayakumari. Later highly talented artists like P. J. Antony, CG Gopinath and Adv. Kumarakom Sankunni Menon played leading roles in this play.
Patrons and prominent persons behind the staging of 'Ningalenne Communistakki'
M. N. Govindan Nair, Prof. MP Paul, R Sankara Narayanan Thampi, K Kesavan Potti, Adv. KS Rajamony,
N Sreedharan (in Travancore-Cochin), K.P.R. Gopalan, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, AK Gopalan, KA Keraleeyan, NE Balaram, K Damodharan, MK Kelu, Azheekkodan Raghavan, Chathunni Master, A.V. Kunjambu, Justice. V.R. Krishna Iyer (in Malabar), E. Balanandan, Prithviraj Kapoor, Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, Balraj Sahni (in Bombay).
Comments and Criticisms
E.M.S. Namboodiripad, in his essays "From 'Pattabacki' to 'Ningalenne Communistakki'" (1954) and "Malayalam Theatre: 'Ningalenne Communistakki' and After" (1973), wrote that one of the major flaws of "Ningalenne Communistakki" was that the Communist characters in the play failed to impress and did not correspond to real Communists. He commented that "They are puppets with no relationship to living Communist activists,".
Trivia
The drama was made as a Malayalam movie in 1970 with the same name with Prem Nazir and Sheela doing the lead roles.
Thoppil Bhasi's son Mr. Soman formed the Thoppil Bhasi Theatres to stage a sequel of this play titled Enum Ente Thampranum (Me and My Lord), the staging date is not announced yet.
See also
Civic Chandran v. Ammini Amma
References
Indian plays
Malayalam-language plays
Indian plays adapted into films
Works about communism
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JuntoBox Films was a Santa Monica-based independent film production company that focused on micro-budget films. It featured a social media platform where creators could share ideas and collaborate to make their ideas into films, and where members could vote which screenplays would be financed by JuntoBox. JuntoBox Films has been inactive since 2014/2015.
History
Philippe Caland founded JuntoBox in 2012 and officially launched it at that year's South by Southwest. The partnership with Indiegogo, a crowdfunding website, started upon its foundation. Actor Forest Whitaker was announced as co-chair in March 2012. The company's name was taken from Junto, a mutual improvement club started by Benjamin Franklin in 1727.
Structure
JuntoBox allowed actors, directors, producers, and writers to share ideas via a social media platform so they were able to collaborate with those without an agent or previous professional experience. Site users then voted on which films they thought JuntoBox should support, both as a financer and as a mentor. Those chosen still go through a vetting process, including traditional auditions for the chosen actors. The first films green-lighted by JuntoBox were Passenger, Sacrifice (2014), Anthem, and Sharon 1.2.3. (originally Sharon is Caring).
In 2013, JuntoBox partnered with the Slamdance Film Festival to increase the winnings of the festival's annual screenplay competition. Along with the usual $10,000 prize money, JuntoBox committed at least $50,000 towards production of the winning screenplay.
In 2014, JuntoBox Films launched a three-month long workshop series called the Feature Film Incubator that sought to bring screenplays into the development phase. This included "one-one-one meetings with industry professionals-including story analysts, casting directors and line producers." Those selected to participate in the program "receive[d] budgeting and distribution consulting" and other financial and mentorship resources. At least one of the films created during the Incubator was expected to be funded following the pitch session that marked the end of the program.
Films
In total, JuntoBox has sponsored the following films:
Passenger - written/directed by Tony McGrath, produced by Alex Malt
Sacrifice (2014) - written/directed by Michael Cohn, produced by Jeanine Rohn and Joseph Sememse
American Anthem - originally Anthem; written by John Carr
Sharon 1.2.3. (2018) - originally Sharon is Caring - written by Wesley Mills, directed by Mark Brown
Repentance (2013) - written by Shintaro Shimosawa and Philippe Caland, directed by Philippe Caland
The Driver - written by George Richards, directed by Alex Ardenti, produced by Philippe Caland
Operator (2016) - co-written/directed by Logan Kibens
Die Like a Man (expected 2022) - written/directed by Eric Nazarian, produced by Javier Chapa
God Loves Stu - written/directed by Aldo Velasco, produced by David Allen Cress
Letters from the President - written by Tony Tambi, directed by Michael D. Olmos
The Locksmith - written by Blair Kroeber, produced by Ted Kroeber
Mullet - written/directed by Rafael Del Toro
White Mice - co-written/directed by Simon Arthur, produced by Katie Holly and Claire Mundell
The Sweet Life (2016) - originally Good Humor; written by Jared Rappaport, directed by Rob Spera, produced by Bonnie Curtis and Julie Lynn
References
Film production companies of the United States
Companies based in Santa Monica, California
American companies established in 2012
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全身性紅斑狼瘡（，縮寫：）又称系统性红斑狼疮，是一種慢性的自體免疫性疾病。乃身體因不知明原因，促使免疫系統產生自身抗体攻擊自身細胞和組織，導致發炎和組織損害。症狀的嚴重程度因人而異，常見症狀包含關節炎、發燒、胸痛、脫髮、口腔潰瘍、、疲倦，及臉部紅疹等等，本疾病的病情會隨病程有所變化，病情較嚴重的時期稱為「發作」（），病情較輕微的時期則稱「」（）。
本疾病的發生率約為每10萬人有20至70例，而台灣約有2萬多人罹患，發病情形以年輕女性為主，病因目前尚未明確。其中適婚年齡的女性的病例數為男性的九倍。罹病的年齡約於 15 至 45 歲之間。非裔、加勒比海人，及華裔的罹病率較高加索人更高。至於開發中國家的發生率目前仍未知。「紅斑性狼瘡」譯自拉丁文「」，其中「」一詞指的是狼的意思，乃因18世紀期間人們相信該疾病是因狼咬而導致。
造成本疾病的原因尚不明朗，目前認為可能與激素、，及遺傳有關。如果同卵雙胞胎其中一個患病，另一個有24%的機會也會患病。其他可能的潛在危險因子還包含雌性激素、陽光、抽菸、维生素D缺乏症，以及其他感染因素。造成疾病的抗體一般為抗核抗体，並造成發炎。部分患者不易診斷，需結合患者症狀輔以實驗室檢驗才能確診。除了本疾病以外，另還有很多其他類型的红斑性狼疮，包含、，以及。其中還包含全身性紅斑狼瘡相關之間質性肺病病(systemic lupus erythematosus-associated interstitial lung disease，簡稱SLE-ILD) 根據統計，約有50-70%紅斑性狼瘡患者會出現肺部病變，其中就包括會造成永久性肺部損傷的肺纖維化，約有3~9%合併間質性肺病（肺纖維化)。
迄今仍無根治方法，目前使用的治療藥物包含NSAID、皮質類固醇、免疫抑制劑、羟氯喹，以及氨甲蝶呤。替代療法的結果並沒有實質幫助。患者預期壽命比一般人短，並提升了心血管疾病的風險，為患者最常見的死因。現代的療法可使80%的患者存活15年以上。罹患此病的孕婦具有較高的風險，但通常能夠成功生產。
分類
临床表现复杂多样，可分為以下幾種亞型：
全身性狼瘡
亞急性皮膚紅斑狼瘡（Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus, SCLE）
圓盤狀紅斑狼瘡（Discoid Lupus Erythematosus, DLE）
深在性紅斑狼瘡（又譯「深部紅斑狼瘡」，lupus erythematousus profundus, LEP）／狼瘡性脂膜炎（lupus panniculitis）
藥物引起之紅斑
新生兒紅斑狼瘡（Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus, NLE）
混合型（Lupus Eritematoso Sistemico, LES）
多数呈隐匿起病，开始仅累及1~2个系统，表现为轻度的关节炎、皮疹、隐匿性肾炎、血小板减少性紫癜等，部分病人长期稳定在亚临床状态或轻型狼疮，部分病人可由轻型突然变为重症狼疮，更多的则由轻型逐渐出现多系统损害；也有一些病人一起病就累及多个系统，甚至表现为狼疮危象。
臨床症狀
全身性紅斑狼瘡的并发症有（lupus nephritis, LN）和（neuropsychiatric SLE, NPSLE）。
經常感到疲勞
失去食慾
輕微感冒
感光反應變得強烈敏銳
面部出現顴骨皮疹
口或鼻部潰瘍
肌肉疼痛
關節炎
胸膜炎
心包炎
手、腳趾血液不流通
發病機制
全身性紅斑狼瘡是一種異質性的疾病，好發於女性居多，其特徵包括肺部和腎臟等許多重要器官會受影響。真正的致病機制仍然未知，其根源是多因素的，由基因，自身抗體，免疫複合體，內分泌荷爾蒙，環境因子以及其他一些未知的因子等複雜的交亙反應所造成的。這些因子合作產生顯著T協助細胞和B細胞的活化，引起一些多專一性（polyspecific）抗體的分泌。
多數全身性紅斑狼瘡病人出現自體免疫抗體。這個疾病有可能因為自體抗體和免疫複合物的結合，造成組織損傷。在全身性紅斑狼瘡病人身上常見呼吸道症狀，主要是感染性肺炎、 胸部肋膜積水發炎和肺部血管血栓。
「紅斑性狼瘡」可能是「抗SS-A/Ro抗體」所導致，但也可能是「抗Sm抗體」、「抗SS-B/ La抗體」等等所導致。目前相信這種疾病是由於案例本身產生自體免疫抗體造成特殊的細胞毒性傷害的一種自體免疫疾病，包括有溶血性貧血，血小板缺少症。有些會形成免疫複合體而形成免疫複合體發炎反應，包括有腎炎，皮膚炎，及中樞神經的發炎反應。
在這複雜的過程中，每一個因子都是必須的，但每一個分子單獨都不足以引起此病的臨床表現，不同因子間的相對重要性則因人而異。陽光裡的紫外線能導致圓盤狀狼瘡的突然發作，甚至也可能引起首度的爆發。疲勞、生產、感染、某些藥物（通常在中斷用藥後即復原）、緊張與壓力、病毒感染、化學物品等等，也可能觸發狼瘡。病人中只有約百分之三十的病人因為對光敏感，必須避免曬太陽，其它大多數病人無須逃避陽光而影響日常社交生活。有些狼瘡會發生在關節處，發病時又腫又痛。情況嚴重時，將影響腦、腎、心等器官的功能。當涉及中樞神經系統時，猝發症、健忘、精神病、抑鬱都可能發生。
诊断口诀：面颊蝴蝶盘状斑，日光过敏关节炎。心包炎症狼疮肺，口腔溃疡肾病变。血液系统四减少，精神症状非少见。免疫标志细测定，抗核抗体最敏感。
併發
在一項研究顯示，全身性紅斑狼瘡同時伴有間質性肺病病的危險因子包括年紀較大的病人，疾病病程較長，有雷諾氏現象，或是合併有全身性硬化症的病人。
間質性肺病目前已有抗肺纖維化藥物，不止能夠治療過去已取得適應症的特發性肺纖維化外，還能夠延緩持續發生的纖維化，不論肺纖維化的原因為何，皆能使用其藥物延緩疾病病程。經臨床試驗證明，可減少57％的肺功能下降；而該試驗亞洲族群次分析結果中更顯示，可降低74%的急性惡化發生與死亡風險。
診斷標準
根據1972及1982年美國風濕醫學會（American Rheumatism Association）標準，凡具有下列十一項準則中的任四項以上，可診斷為紅斑性狼瘡。
面頰有紅斑——臉上之蝶形皮疹（Malar rash）
圓盤紅斑（Discoid lupus）
陽光過敏（photosensitivity）
口腔潰瘍（oral ulcer）
非糜爛性關節炎（arthritis）
漿液膜炎（Serositis）包括有肋膜炎或心包膜炎
腎功能障礙，出現蛋白尿或尿中有圓柱體
神經障礙如抽搐或精神病
血液障礙主要是溶血性貧血，網狀血球增多（Reticulocytosis），加上下列之一：白血球過少（<4000/mm3）、淋巴球過少（<1500/mm3）、血小板過少（<100000/3）
免疫系統障礙有右列之一：LE（狼瘡）細胞陽性反應、DNA抗體、核酸核蛋白抗體（Anti-Sm）、梅毒血清假陽性反應半年以上
抗核抗體（ANA）陽性反應
治療
原则是早发现、早治疗，个体化应用糖皮质激素联合免疫抑制剂治疗。1955年美国食品和药物管理局批准羥氯奎寧，2010年10月批准贝利尤单抗，可用於治療全身性紅斑狼瘡的發作及疼痛。
建議全身性紅斑狼瘡患者在接受診斷後即刻進行肺功能檢查，並且定期進行肺功能評估，以監測肺部健康狀況。建議患者每半年接受呼吸道症狀評估（透過聽診後背下肺葉），每隔3-6個月進行肺功能檢測，以及每年進行一次高解析度電腦斷層檢查（HRCT）。及早發現肺纖維化病變，並接受適當治療，可最大限度地保留肺功能，提高生存率和生活品質。因此，建議患者應該關注肺部健康，注意早期診斷和治療，以減少肺部損傷及其對身體健康的不利影響。
参考文献
外部連結
風濕病醫學會（Taiwan Rheumatology Association）
自體免疫性疾病
皮肤和皮下组织疾病
筋膜障礙
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True Vibe was a CCM group that was active from 1999 to 2003. Composed of members Jonathan Lippmann, Nathan Gaddis, Jason Barton, and Jordan Roe, the group was born out of Lippmann's desire to pursue musical excellence without watering down his Christian faith.
Biography
Jonathan Lippmann left 98 Degrees just before they signed a recording contract; he had already signed on to several roles as an actor, but also found himself somewhat uncomfortable with his understanding of religion. After performing on Sweet Valley High and doing commercials for Burger King, Lippmann formed True Vibe in Nashville, Tennessee, and signed with Essential Records. The group released two albums on Essential.
The second album (See The Light) was Grammy-nominated for Best Pop/Contemporary Christian Album. Sometime in 2003, the group parted ways. Jonathan Lippmann told a Christian magazine that he thought about replacing the other three guys but decided against it.
They may be best known to mainstream audiences for appearing on the title track to NSYNC members' Lance Bass and Joey Fatone's film, On the Line.
True Vibe performed on the Late Show with David Letterman and are featured on the Jimmy Neutron soundtrack.
Member Jason Barton later became lead singer of the band 33Miles.
Member Nathan Gaddis is now a traveling worship leader, leading in churches, conferences and events.
Previous members included Chad Jarnagin, Terry Fritch, and Scott Pyper, who all left the group just before signing a recording contract.
Discography
True Vibe (Essential Records, released May 2001.)
Charts: US Billboard 200 #178, US Contemporary Christian #10.
The album spent 16 weeks on the charts and spawned a Radio Disney hit with "Jump, Jump, Jump" and a Christian radio hit with the single, "You Are The Way".
See the Light (Essential, released July 2002.)
Charts: US Contemporary Christian #22.
This album was Grammy-nominated for Best Pop/Contemporary Christian Album of the Year.
References
American boy bands
American Christian musical groups
Musical groups from Tennessee
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in Tennessee
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 51, adopted on June 3, 1948, reaffirmed previous Council resolutions on the India–Pakistan conflict, directed the Commission established in United Nations Security Council Resolution 39 to move to the areas of dispute and accomplish the duties assigned to it in United Nations Security Council Resolution 47 as soon as possible. The resolution also instructed the Commission to address a letter that was sent to the Council by the Foreign Minister of Pakistan.
The resolution was adopted by eight votes; the Republic of China, Ukrainian SSR and Soviet Union abstained.
See also
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1 to 100 (1946–1953)
References
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
External links
0051
0051
June 1948 events
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塔拉韦鲁埃拉-德拉贝拉（，1986年前稱Talaveruela）是西班牙埃斯特雷马杜拉卡塞雷斯省的一个市镇。总面积21平方公里，总人口446人（2001年），人口密度21人/平方公里。
参考文献
卡塞雷斯省市镇
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布罗德曼46区的功能有哪些？BA46已知最重要的功能是工作记忆和维持注意力。
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但丁协会（）成立于1889年7月，是意大利在全世界传播推广意大利语言和文化的非营利组织，以意大利文学巨匠但丁·阿利吉耶里的名字命名。但丁协会现有近550个分会，其中450个分布于全球60余个国家。
参考来源
外部链接
但丁协会官方网站
但丁协会中文网站
但丁·阿利吉耶里
文化推广组织
意大利文化
意大利组织
语言教育
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萱草.医药典故？萱草幽华独殿众芳红，临砌亭亭发几丝。乱叶离波经宿雨，纤茎窈窕熏风。佳人作佩频朝采，倦蝶寻香几处通。最爱看一忧尽鲜，不须更酿酒多功。明.高启《萱草》萱草，俗称黄花菜，它不仅是名花佳卉，也是佳肴良蔬，自古以来就为历代诗人所吟咏。在历史文献中，不仅留下许多明诗佳作，而且还有动有的传说。相传，秦末农民起义领袖陈胜，起义前家境贫寒，又身染疾病，全身浮肿，不得不以乞食度日。一日，有位姓黄妇人蒸些萱草花，送给陈胜地。陈胜饥寒交迫，见萱草花香气扑鼻，便狼吞虎咽，吃完后赞不绝口：“好吃，好吃！”不久陈胜地发现自己身体舒坦多了，浮肿渐渐消退了。陈胜称王之后，感激黄母恩情，将她请进宫迁盛宴之中，陈胜地对无数佳肴珍馐毫无食欲。黄母见状，又蒸来萱草花，陈胜端起碗，谁知更难咽下，连说：“味不及当年。”黄母说道：“饥饿之时，萱草无异与山珍海味，吃腻了鱼肉之后，萱草堪似良药苦口。”陈胜地听后羞得跪地而拜。因此，萱草又称“忘忧草”，萱草治病也流传开来。根据现代药理学研究，萱草根对血吸虫、结核菌均有一定的抑制作用。中医认为：萱草根具有利水，凉血之功。主治水肿、小便不利、淋浊、带下、黄疸、衄血、便血、崩漏、乳痈、男妇腰痛等症。内服煎汤10-15g；外用捣敷。《本草求真》谓：“萱草味甘而气微凉，能去湿利水，除热通淋，止渴消烦，开胸宽膈，令人心平气和，无有忧郁。”对其药用功效，后人有歌诀：萱草甘寒归心脾，黄疸水肿又瘰疬，淋浊带下衄便血，崩漏乳痈小便利。
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世界糖尿病日是什么？世界糖尿病日（World Diabetes Day' WDD）是由世界卫生组织和国际糖尿病联盟于1991年共同发起的，定于每年的11月14日，其宗旨是引起全球对糖尿病的警觉和醒悟。这一天是为纪念 Frederick Banting 的诞辰而设立的。Frederick Banting 和 Charles Best 以在1921年发现胰岛素而著称于世。世界糖尿病日定于每年的11月14日，这一天是胰岛素发现者、加拿大科学家班廷的生日。其宗旨是引起全球对糖尿病的警觉和醒悟。
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睾丸胀痛可以自愈吗？睾丸胀痛有些人不是很了解是什么引起的？这个是因性刺激引起的。因为和恋人谈情说爱、拥抱接吻等，有关的性刺激会引起大脑皮层的性中枢的兴奋，引起阴茎勃起。导致前列腺液、精囊液等大量分泌，分泌液积聚在精囊、输精管、等部位，如果不发生性交，这些分泌物就不能被射出，这些器官就被动扩张，刺激这些器官的神经，反射性的引起睾丸胀痛。如果睾丸出现了损伤、缺血或者是睾丸炎的情况时，都会引起睾丸疼痛的不适症状，有些患者只是出现了单侧的睾丸疼痛，有些患者是双侧睾丸疼痛，不管是单侧还是双侧，都对患者的身体与生活造成很大的影响，因此要及时治疗，那么左侧睾丸疼痛能自愈吗？睾丸疼痛的症状是不能自愈的，出现这种情况之后要去正规的医院做相关的检查，并针对病因进行治疗，如果一时查不出具体病因的话，可以使用镇静以及止痛的方法来治疗，如果有必要的话可以采取精索普鲁卡因封闭的方法来治疗，这样可以使神经痛的痛源与大脑痛觉的中枢之间的恶性循环受到阻断，有些患者会稍有不适或者是根本没有不适的症状，也会引起睾丸疼痛的症状，这个便精神作用在作怪。对于睾丸疼痛的患者可以使用抗菌素、止痛类的药物以及手术引流等方法来治疗，一方面抗菌素与止痛类的药物对于疼痛的症状只能是起到缓解的作用，也就是治标不治本，见效速度也不会太快，并且长久服用的话，会让致病菌产生一定的耐药性，副作用也是很大的。另外因为这个疾病与尿道炎、前列腺炎等疾病同时存在，并且也是很难以治疗的感染性疾病，对于睾丸炎的治疗难度会有所增大，尤其是对于睾丸炎反复发作的患者，有时必须要做输精管结扎术或者是睾丸切除术来治疗。
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是一套育成類型日本成人遊戲，由MAIKA公司開發，2004年4月9日發售。遊戲講述的是大陸1311年，女英雄率領一群同樣是美貌漂亮的美少女，推翻了腐朽的王朝，建立了一個新國家。然而在這塊大陸中，還生活著一群幽靈魔法師，女性受其魔法影響，都會受其控制。
故事
大陸曆1311年，一位虽为女性之身，却身怀军政两面卓越才干的女英雄蕾荻茜雅，在其盟友·粲然轩昂，被人们以宝石为喻，外貌端丽动人的女将军们的协助下，推翻了腐败故国的傀卢王朝，建立了一个清新而前景明朗的新国家。可是，这群威严的霸王，高洁的圣骑士们有一个天生的，无法逃避的共同弱点——没错，她们都是女人。
而在这块温帝鲁大陆的历史阴影中，栖息着一群从事魔性的职业·调教师的“幽灵人群”。他们身份之古老能追溯到大陆形成的那一刻。传说中，其中将“技术”磨练到“高手之境”者，无论是多么贤淑高贵的妇人，也无论是对世事一无所知，清纯可爱的少女，都会在他们的魔技影响下，成为丑态毕露的奴隶。大陆的其他列强中，不知道是哪个跳跃思维超群的家伙提出：借这些调教师的手，让宝石骑士团堕落，以巩固自国的势力。反正这臭主意让他们一拍即合，并开始着手“工作”。就这样，魔性与官能快感的猎人的黑手，伸向了高贵的骑士们……。
人物介绍
女帝的心腹，该国公主。
一眼看上去，是个连虫子都不敢杀，比蝴蝶和鲜花更温雅端庄的美人，其实她娇弱的外表下，包裹着让人胆寒的军政韬略才能。由于失去了青梅竹马的婚约者，因此精神上成了“未亡人”。
以极端静霭，威风凛凛，硬质的美貌著称的女剑士。拥有一头在这世界非常罕见的鲜艳色调的藍色頭髮。虽然她本身并不讨厌男人，但生硬的性格让所有人都望而却步，非常“不幸”的女性。在圣宝石骑士团中处于中坚位置，其剑技之强让人无以挑剔。藏有对“主人”盲从的因子。
拥有一头跟“紫水晶的骑士”名号相称的，天生的华丽紫色頭髮。她的男性经历要数起来，少少能达到3位数。跟靡乱的私生活相异，她不仅具有超人的战斗指挥能力，而且数字处理能力也少人能及。
在王宫里工作的使女。被调教师们看上，调教之后作为让宝石骑士们堕落的道具。一眼上去，给人天真无邪的印象。
眼睑低垂，怎么看都是个楚楚动人的美女。在特A级调教师中，是由如教主般的存在。尤其擅长“防尿调教术”，其绝技在经验稀少的少女身上，能发挥出绝大的效果。本作中，她也要凭恐怖的魔技，诱引圣骑士们步入变态色情的沼泽。
製作人員
原畫：たいらはじめ
劇本：実験機八号
發行：MAIKA
參考資料
外部連結
遊戲官方網站
日本成人遊戲
2004年电子游戏
美少女遊戲
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岩手船越站（）是位於岩手縣上閉伊郡山田町船越6番28號，三陸鐵道的谷灣線車站。
此站的愛稱為「本州最東端之車站」，這是取自此站是本州最東的車站。
歷史
1936年（昭和11年）11月10日：鐵道省山田線車站啟用。
1987年（昭和62年）
3月17日：廢除岩手船越站長，此站由陸中山田站長管理。
4月1日：伴隨國鐵分割民營化，車站由東日本旅客鐵道（JR東日本）營運。
2001年（平成13年）12月：管理站陸中山田站不再派遣車站職員至此站，成為無人車站。
2011年（平成23年）3月11日：發生東北地方太平洋近海地震（東日本大震災），使此站暫停營業。
2019年（平成31年）3月23日：包含此站在內宮古站至釜石站之間重開，同時三陸鐵道繼承該區段。
車站構造
此站是地面車站，設有2面2線的相對式月台，可進行列車交會。此站是無人車站。此站設有側線，該側線靠近山邊一方，側線曾經用作起卸郵件專用，當時設有郵車使用該側線。現時沒有車輛使用。
車站大樓與候車室比較簡單。從此站出發的下行列車（宮古方向）設有1班，該列車是來自上行列車到達此站後，進行列車分離作業隨後折返，因此該班次會在2號月台出發。
月台
使用狀況
在2000年度（平成12年度），1日平均乘車人次為127人。
車站周邊
山田町公所船越分所
船越郵局
三陸自動車道（） -
「船越站前」巴士站
相鄰車站
三陸鐵道
谷灣線
浪板海岸－岩手船越－織笠
注腳
相關條目
日本鐵路車站列表 I
日本都道府縣東西南北端車站列表
梅峠站 - 本州最西車站（JR西日本山陰本線）
下北站 - 本州最北車站（JR東日本大湊線）
串本站 - 本州最南車站（JR西日本紀勢本線）
船越站 - JR東日本男鹿線車站
外部連結
車站·周邊資訊【岩手船越站】 ：三陸鐵道
岩手縣鐵路車站
wateFunakoshi
1936年啟用的鐵路車站
三陸鐵道車站
山田町
東日本旅客鐵道廢站
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尿道炎去哪个科室？尿道炎是泌尿系统的疾病，所以要去医院看病，可以挂泌尿外科。到医院后可以做一个尿常规检查，或者进一步的做一个尿液细菌的培养，再做一个药敏试验，看看自己是什么病菌导致的尿路感染，然后可以对症服用合适的抗生素。尿道炎患者多喝水是非常重要的。患者平时不注意身体保健会引起疾病，也可能会导致有的患者出现了尿频尿急的产生，甚至会导致排尿疼痛的症状，所以有的人就会认为自己患上了尿道炎，其实很多疾病都是有一定的相似之处的，最好应该到正规的医院进行身体检查，可以选择尿常规检测或者血常规检测的方法来确诊病情，使患者早日恢复健康，下面我们了解一下尿道炎要如何检查。1、尿道炎的患者可以及时到医院，通过使用尿道部位分泌物分析的方法来有效判断病情，据患者的身体状况和症状严重程度进行合理的治疗。尿道炎的患者可以到正规的医院的泌尿科，通过使用泌尿系统彩超检测的方法来进行判断。2、尿道炎的患者通过使用细菌培养进行检测可以有效的判断是否出现了某一方面发炎感染的现象，有的患者如果出现了尿道炎，可以选择使用前列腺液检测的方法来进行判断，对于男性尿道炎的治疗和确诊都有一定的作用，应该及时进行治疗。3、尿道炎的患者可以选择尿常规检测进行判断效果都是比较好的，一般都是早晨第1杯晨尿进行检测，也可以选择使用血常规检测进行判断。出现了尿道炎，也可以选择外用药品来辅助治疗疾病。尿道炎的发病率比较高，所以应该选择一个合适的治疗方法，平时应该多注意个人卫生，尽量不要穿紧身的衣裤，避免出现疾病复发的危害。
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Samuel Chu Muk Man (; born 3 January 1978) is a Hong Kong-born American activist and community organizer. Chu is the founder and President of The Campaign for Hong Kong, a US-based nonpartisan organization whose mission is to advocate for American leadership and policies that advance human rights and democracy in Hong Kong. He is also a founding member of the advisory board of the Axel Springer SE Freedom Foundation in Berlin (Germany), a Senior Advisor to the President and CEO of MAZON: A Jewish Response to Hunger, and a trainer for Midwest Academy, a training school for community organizers in the US.
Chu is also the founder of the Hong Kong Democracy Council (HKDC), launched in 2019, and was its managing director until August 2021. The success of HKDC and Chu in pushing for the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act and the Hong Kong Autonomy Act, and for economic sanctions and visa bans by the US on Chinese and Hong Kong officials it deemed responsible for the erosion of Hong Kong's basic freedoms and autonomy, led Hong Kong authorities to issue arrest warrants against Chu in July 2020, making him the first foreign citizen to be targeted under the Hong Kong National Security Law.
Samuel is a frequent presenter and speaker at convenings, including Forum 2000, Oslo Freedom Forum, #RealCollege, and RightsCon, and for organizations such as Jewish World Watch, Pacific Council on International Policy, Freedom House, etc. He regularly testifies in front of the United States Congress and Parliaments across Europe.
From 2011 to 2021, Chu served as the national organizer for MAZON: A Jewish Response to Hunger, leading local and regional campaigns around issues of food insecurity and access in various states. He was a fellow at the Center for Religion and Civic Culture at University of Southern California, where he engages in research, writing and teaching around community organizing, public leadership, and the role of religious institutions in social change.
He served as chair and president of the board of directors of One LA-Industrial Areas Foundation, one of the nation's largest community organizing networks and of 1010 Development Corporation, a non-profit affordable housing developer in Los Angeles rooted in the United Methodist tradition.
He also directed special projects for Consumer Watchdog as well as the social justice program, Minyan Tzedek, at IKAR, a Jewish spiritual community that stands at the intersection of spirituality and social justice in Los Angeles, CA, led by Rabbi Sharon Brous.
Early life
Chu was born on 3 January 1978 in Hong Kong. He grew up in a Southern Baptist household. Chu graduated from the University of California, San Diego in 2000, majoring in political science. He completed his studies at Fuller Theological Seminary in 2002.
Career
He pastored at Immanuel Presbyterian Church (Presbyterian Church USA) in Los Angeles, CA from 2002 to 2009., a multi-cultural, social justice congregation on Wilshire Boulevard.
He also served on the board of directors of various other organizations such as the California Council of Churches.
Chu was the Executive Director of California Faith for Equality and California Faith for Equality Action Fund from January 2009 to March 2011. Chu was appointed as interim executive director in January 2009 and later appointed as CFE's first permanent executive director in April 2010 after an extensive national search. He was the first straight person to head a statewide lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender supportive organization. Under his leadership, CFE filed one of the largest amicus briefs to the courts in support of marriage equality.
In 2011, Chu was recognized by the City of Los Angeles with the LGBT Pride Award for his leadership in promoting and organizing religious support for LGBT civil rights and marriage equality.
In 2008, Chu joined the effort, as a national director, to develop the national, bi-coastal network of youth development projects called WorkUp, focusing primarily on asset building, financial literacy, and social entrepreneurship.
He has organized for OneLA where his accomplishments included creating and implementing projects such as the largest community-led enrollment program for the Affordable Care Act in California and the nation's first mortgage principle reduction plan during the foreclosure crisis
In his role as National Organizer for MAZON: A Jewish Response to Hunger, Chu oversees engagement of over 950 synagogue partners across the country and directs a growing political constituency that has won legislative and administrative changes at the state and regional levels – including $8 million in new state funding to provide free school lunch to 62,000 additional low-income students in Minnesota, universal breakfast for over 4,000,000 students across 1,000 public school campuses in Texas, and improved access to Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (formerly known as "food stamps") for thousands of families, veterans and homeless minors in Pennsylvania and California.
Chu launched and led the nation's first state legislative effort to expose and address "lunch shaming" in Minnesota. "Lunch shaming" is the practice by school staff and workers of denying students healthy, nutritious meals because of the inability to pay or accrued debts. When a student is unable to pay for a school meal, he or she might be given an alternative meal (like half a cheese sandwich), some are turned away, others have their food taken away and dumped. The "shaming" extends to practices such as "hand-stamping" – whereas a student's hand is stamped with the word "money" – or other forms of debt collection activities against the students and families. The campaign led to the expansion of free school meals to 62,000 additional low-income students in Minnesota and led to the first statewide ban on all shaming practices by schools.
From 2016 to 2017, Chu served as the Director of the Civic Engagement Program for Murmuration – a 16-school pilot program in Los Angeles County designed to increase voter engagement and parent leadership by combining community organizing, voting data, and civic tech. The program resulted in a voting bloc of over 6,000 voters across partnering schools, registered over 2,000 new voters within the 16 school communities, and boosted voter turnout among pilot schools to consistently outpace the state, county, city, and district turnout over five consecutive elections. In his role with Murmuration Chu also organized one of the largest parent-led public actions in May 2017 to protect immigrant families with 300 parent leaders, California Senate President pro Tempore Kevin de León, Los Angeles City Attorney Mike Feuer, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, and Los Angeles Police Department.
Chu was the managing director of the Hong Kong Democracy Council until August 2021, when he stepped down together with fellow core members Victoria Hui and Annie Boyajian. Chu and Boyajian did not give reasons for their resignations; Hui hinted at difficulties within the board after efforts to recruit new leaders had failed.
Personal life
Chu resides in Los Angeles, California while also spending significant time in Washington, DC. Chu is the son of Rev. Chu Yiu-ming, a retired minister who co-founded Occupy Central with Love and Peace and one of the leaders of the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong. In July 2020, police in Hong Kong announced that they were seeking the arrest of six pro-democracy activists. Chu was one listed, despite being an American citizen.
See also
Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act
Hong Kong Autonomy Act
Magnitsky Act
United States sanctions against China
Chu Yiu-ming
Democratic development in Hong Kong
Hong Kong national security law
References
University of California, San Diego alumni
Hong Kong emigrants to the United States
Living people
Fuller Theological Seminary alumni
University of Southern California fellows
1978 births
Fugitives wanted under the Hong Kong national security law
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（学名：Albadraco）为神龙翼龙科的一个属。
下属物种
本属包括以下物种：
参考文献
A
A
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额外肾的西医治疗？(一)治疗无症状病例不需治疗，合并有梗阻、感染时，除对症处理，控制感染外，可考虑附加肾切除。(二)预后
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请描述牛黄的药材性状？本品多呈卵形、类球形、三角形或四方形，大小不一，直径0.6～3(4.5)cm，少数呈管状或碎片。表面黄红色至棕黄色，有的表面挂有一层黑色光亮的薄膜，习称“乌金衣”，有的粗糙，具疣状突起，有的具龟裂纹。体轻，质酥脆，易分层剥落，断面金黄色，可见细密的同心层纹，有的夹有白心。气清香，味苦而后甘，有清凉感，嚼之易碎，不粘牙。
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水疱性远端指炎临床表现？多为水疱或脓疱，周围绕以红晕，位于单个或数个手指1～3指节的掌面，偶然在甲沟处可见同样损害。自觉痛痒，无淋巴结肿大及发热。多发生于2～12岁儿童，亦可见于成人。疱液涂片可见大量多形核粒细胞及革兰阳性球菌，细菌培养为乙型()溶血性链球菌。
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维勒雷（，）是法国上法蘭西大區埃纳省的一个市镇，属于圣康坦区。
地理
（）面积，位于法国上法蘭西大區埃纳省，该省份为法国北部内陆省份，北起北部省，西接索姆省和瓦兹省，东临阿登省和马恩省，西南至塞纳-马恩省，东北部与比利时接壤。
与接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：。
的时区为UTC+01:00、UTC+02:00（夏令时）。
行政
的邮政编码为，INSEE市镇编码为。
政治
所属的省级选区为。
人口
于时的人口数量为人。
参见
埃纳省市镇列表
参考文献
埃纳省市镇
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Birkdale Palace railway station was located in Birkdale, Lancashire, England. The station was opened by the Southport & Cheshire Lines Extension Railway in 1884 and closed in 1952.
History
The Southport & Cheshire Lines Extension Railway (SCLER) opened Birkdale Palace on 1 September 1884, as an intermediate station from Southport Lord Street railway station. The station was built adjacent to a hotel called the Birkdale Palace Hotel (now closed and demolished) and was sandwiched between Palace Road & Weld Roads.
The station was an island platform, accessed from the Weld Road bridge. It first closed on 1 January 1917, along with all other stations on the extension line, as a World War I economy measure.
The station was reopened on 1 April 1919, and continued in use until 7 January 1952, when the SCLER was closed to passengers from Aintree Central to Southport Lord Street. Until 7 July 1952 the line remained open for public goods traffic at Southport Lord Street, Birkdale Palace and Altcar & Hillhouse stations. Public goods facilities were closed at Woodvale, Lydiate and Sefton & Maghull stations on the same date as passenger services, and goods facilities were never provided at Ainsdale Beach station. After 7 July 1952, a siding remained open at Altcar & Hillhouse for private goods traffic until May 1960. The last passenger train to run on the SCLER was a railway enthusiasts 'special' between Aintree and Altcar & Hillhouse railways stations on 6 June 1959.
On the subject of railway station or line 'closing dates', the official day of a closure is always given as the Monday following the date the last train ran. As this is almost always a Saturday, if Monday 7 January 1952 is given as the date of closure, the actual last day of services was Saturday, 5 January 1952. This is proven by last day tickets which bear the 5 January date.
After closure
Later the route of the line was converted into what is now Coastal Road, which runs from Woodvale to Southport, although at the site of Birkdale Palace station the road alignment runs to the west of the former trackbed.
References
Sources
Further reading
Encyclopedia of British Railway Companies, Christopher Awdry, 1990, Guild Publishing, CN 8983.
External links
The station on a 1948 OS Map via npe maps
The station's history via Disused Stations UK
Special trains via sixbellsjunction
The station and line via railwaycodes
Disused railway stations in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton
Former Cheshire Lines Committee stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1884
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1917
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1919
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1952
Buildings and structures in Southport
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钩活术能根治颈椎病吗？随着生活的改变，越来越多的年轻人都会患上劲椎病，颈椎病是一种缓慢发展的退行性疾病，常见于中老年人，其发病由于颈椎间盘变性或突出，颈椎间隙变窄，内平衡紊乱以及进行性骨赘形成，分别刺激或压迫邻近的颈脊神经根、颈脊髓、椎动脉、脊前动脉和颈交感神经等组织而出现的一种症状繁杂、影响广泛的综合症候群，一般来说症状轻微的，可采取非手术治疗，同时注意观察，如颈以下身体瘫痪、出现不同程度的感觉和运动障碍，并不断加重或突然加剧者，必须尽快手术，否则时间拖长、受压神经变性，则恢复困难。钩活术是石家庄魏玉锁先生发明了一个钩体针，是新九针中的一种，通过钩体针进行一系列的临床的治疗，从而迅速缓解患者症状的这样一个中医类的治疗模式。钩活术通过钩治粘连挛缩或受压、结疤的病变组织、肌肉、韧带,使其肌纤维、韧带断裂回缩,张力减小、压力减轻，重新建立起脊椎的内外平衡，局部血运增加，受压、扭曲的神经血管得到了缓解，受压迫神经血流恢复，代谢产物被清除，疼痛可迅速消失，颈腰各种症状必然得到缓解。所以从医院上来说，劲椎病患者通过钩活术是可以根治的。在饮食方面，颈椎病患者应该多吃一些高蛋白、高钙的食物，例如鱼肉、鸡肉、鸭肉、豆制品、牛奶、虾类，还应该多吃新鲜的水果和蔬菜，另外应该多营养的均衡。同时多吃一些含有维生素D的食物，如海鱼、鱼卵、鱼肝油、动物肝脏、蛋白、奶酪等，可以促进钙离子的吸收。另外，日光浴也可以促进维生素D在人体中合成。
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胃胀气总出不来老打嗝是怎么回事？胃胀气指的是胃、十二指肠存在炎症、反流、肿瘤时，就会使胃的排空延缓，食物不断对胃壁产生压力；同时，食物在胃内过度发酵后产生大量气体，使胃内压力进一步增高，因而就会出现上腹部的饱胀、压迫感就是胃胀气。连续打嗝的大概有以下几种疾病引起的：消化不良：在胃胀气打嗝的诸多原因当中，消化不良是最主要的原因之一。消化不良主要是胃肠运动过慢导致的，再加上如果我们吃的食物不卫生，食物当中含有大量的菌类，就可能会使得我们的消化系统出现细菌感染，从而使得肠胃系统失调，最终导致胃胀气打嗝的问题。胃脘撑胀：对于胃胀气打嗝这个问题，胃脘撑胀也是其中的一个原因，随着胃脘撑胀的出现，病人还会有胃脘疼痛、恶心、呕吐等不适症状，情况严重的甚至还会出现不能进食的临床表现，总而言之会对病人造成极大的伤害，因此出现胃胀气打嗝后一定要及时采取措施。食物发酵：食物发酵主要是因为食物在进入肠道后，有一部分的食物残渣停留在某段肠子当中，再加上细菌繁殖的作用，会使体内产生大量的气体，而这些气体的出现不仅会引起胃胀问题，还有引起打嗝的不适症状。而在所有的致病原因当中，食物发酵原因引起的不适最为常见。可以先进行食物、心态调整来改善这些不适现象，应该清淡饮食，不吃酸菜，豆类，水果蔬菜，暂时吃饭加鱼肉、猪肉等，避免吃过快过饱，饮食时间要有规律性。胃是消化食物的一个重要器官，一定要注意做好细致的呵护工作，以免肠胃出现问题，影响到身体健康。
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土星1号运载火箭是美国第一枚专门用来将载荷送入地球轨道的运载火箭。美国国家航空航天局共发射了10枚土星1号运载火箭。此后由土星1B號運載火箭所取代。与1号相比1B号拥有比较强的第二级推进器。
历史
1957年4月沃纳·冯·布劳恩的小组开始为陸軍彈道飛彈署开始设计重载火箭，这是土星计划的开始。冯·布劳恩建议使用红石火箭和木星火箭的组成部分，将它们组合在一起产生一个能够达到150万磅力（相当于670万牛顿）推进力的新设计。冯·布劳恩曾经将作为太空运载火箭的红石和木星火箭称为“土星一号”和“土星二号”，而将计划中的两者混合的设计称为“土星五号”。
冯·布劳恩的组计划将土星五号设计为研究和开发“主动和被动太空武器”的总运载火箭。预计的用途包括各种军事服务，比如发射海军的导航卫星、陆军和空军的侦查、通讯和气象卫星、支援空军载人飞行、陆军6400千米以上的物质运输。他觉得这个涉及还可以作为其它推进系统的极好的实验品，比如空军从1955年开始的150万磅力引擎。冯·布劳恩还打算使用土星作为载人月球飞行的基础。土星每次可以将9000千克载荷运输到近地轨道。冯·布劳恩建议一共使用它运输15次，然后在地球轨道上组装一个20万磅力的月球飞船。
他们研究了不同已有的部件的组合。这些设计的共同点在于其第一级都市围绕着土星火箭的燃料箱装置八枚红石火箭的推进器。燃料箱的底部装有一块推进板，在这块板上装有八枚引擎。火箭初是在发展纳瓦霍火箭时提出的，后来又被用在雷神火箭和土星的上。作为第二级他们考虑过使用擎天神火箭或者泰坦一號火箭。泰坦一號比较受青睐因为当时擎天神正在大量为美国空军生产，没有多余的生产能力。他们建议将现存的泰坦改造为120英寸直径，并将它延长为200英尺。作为第三级计划使用估计1963年可以开始使用的半人马座火箭。这时前两级也应该完成其测试。这个三级设计比后来实用的土星设计要高和瘦长。
1957年12月飞弹署将这个设计提交给美国国防先進研究计划局，按照这个方案这个“快速研制项目”将于1963年推出一个可以完全运行的系统。从1958年至1963年预计的总研制金额为8.5亿美元，其中包括30次研究和发展飞行，其中一些携带载人和不载人负载。但是一直到1958年8月该研制组才获得了继续研制的批准，9月他们与公司达成协议研究引擎的改善，这是土星项目的正式开始。
12月冯·布劳恩向新成立的美国国家航空航天局介绍了他们的设计，并介绍了他计划的月球登陆的设计。同时空军也展示了他们自己的设计。空军的设计包括使用已有的部件进行四级推进。空军的设计中最大的火箭比朱诺大得多，其目的在于使用单次发射直接飞往月球。1959年1月6日航空航天局选择了冯·布劳恩的设计，为这个设计提供了一个重要的推动。
1月末航空航天局完成了其整个发展计划，这个计划包括织女星和半人马座上级推进器、土星五号以及他们自己设计的新星火箭。后来原保密的阿金纳火箭公开后新星火箭被取消，因为阿金纳火箭的功能与原来航空航天局的设计差不多。
1959年2月冯·布劳恩将这个新火箭的名字改为土星，因为它“继木星之后”。木星是基于木星二号设计的，冯·布劳恩觉得应该给新设计起一个新名字。土星的发展迅速。5月推进器试验点火。6月在卡纳维拉尔角开始建造34号发射台。
空军对于陆军的设计赢得了航空航天局的投标显然非常气愤，他们试图赢得过程管理的合同。国防预先研究计划局后来支持陆军，使得整个事件更加麻烦。1959年12月计划局提出了将第二级提升为使用四个新的两万磅力液氢液氧作为燃料的推进器的修改要求。同时半人马座火箭也要求相应提升。这显然是要求使得土星能够发射X-20試驗機。但是由于X-20試驗機本来是计划使用120英寸泰坦火箭来发射的，不需要这么强大的发射功率，因此这个要求的来源当时非常可疑。后来证明这个要求实空军出的一个拖延策略，其目的是使得空军可以迅速设计其自己的、能够与土星竞争的火箭。
这些更改本来的目的在于推迟土星的研制，但是具有讽刺性的是它们后来导致了土星的最终设计。虽然要求中提出的新的两万磅力推进器没有实现，但是为了达到类似的推进能力设计师使用了六个半人马座引擎，将它们组合在新设计的160英寸第三级上，这样产生了第二级推进器。后来在中这六枚半人马座火箭被单一的J-2火箭取代。这大大提高了土星的发射功力，使得它能够发射阿波羅指揮/服務艙，为阿波罗计划提供了不可估量的作用。
最后美国国防部决定使用土星火箭运载军事任务太大太昂贵。他们也认为土星级的大型运载火箭应该由航空航天局负责，因为它们没有急迫的军事用途。1960年7月1日整个陸軍彈道飛彈署被转让给了航空航天局。土星火箭成为阿波罗计划的一部分。国防部将其运输重栽的重点转向泰坦火箭，发展了后来的大力神3号和大力神4号火箭。大力神3号可以运载约与土星1B号类似的重量，但是其生产和发射的费用比土星要低。
土星1号运载火箭的主要载物是阿波罗飞船。当时也有过用它发射X-20試驗機以及双子星座飞船的打算。
组成部分
级
是一个由八枚火箭引擎组成的第一级推进器。它由九个燃料箱、八个尾翼、推进结构、八枚火箭和许多其它部分组成。九个燃料箱中包括八个红石火箭燃料箱，其中四个装液氧，涂成白色，四个装，涂成黑色。它们组合在一个木星火箭燃料箱周围，这个木星火箭燃料箱也装液氧。外部的四枚火箭可以转向，由此可以用来控制火箭的推进方向。这使得整个第一级还需要一些更多的部件。
第一级数据:
高度：24.48米
直径：6.52米
引擎：8枚推进器
推进：160万磅力（710万牛顿）
燃料：4.1万加仑（提炼的煤油，155立方米）
氧化剂：6.6万加仑液氧（250立方米）
燃烧时间：2.5分钟
燃末高度：42英里（68千米）
引擎
引擎是使用液氧和的20万磅力（89万牛顿）引擎。一些德爾它火箭和木星火箭使用单个引擎。它是从纳瓦霍火箭发展出来的。在中它获得了继续的简化和提高。它被用在所有的火箭级里。后来它被改进为20.5万磅力（91.2万牛顿）推进。后来被改进为用在土星5号运载火箭中使用的引擎。基础数据：
燃料：
氧化剂：液氧
高度：8.5英尺（2.6米）
宽度：5.5英尺（1.7米）
推进：20万磅力（89万牛顿）
改进后的推进：20.5万磅力（91.2万牛顿）
燃料流量：2092加仑/分钟（132升/秒）
氧化剂流量：3330加仑/分钟（210升/秒）
氧化剂对燃料的比率：2.23:1
式样：双推进标准
标准内腔压力：4400帕斯卡
内侧重量：810千克
外侧重量：920千克
比冲：263秒（2.6千牛顿·秒/千克）
级
是一个液氢液氧火箭级。它由六枚引擎组成。它们全部能够转向。这个火箭级的燃料箱互相之间全部相通，这减轻了10吨的重量。数据：
高度：12.19米
直径：5.49米
引擎：六枚引擎
推进：40万牛顿
燃料：液氢
氧化剂：液氧
燃烧时间：约410秒
燃尽高度：至450千米
引擎
引擎是6.67万牛顿推动力的、使用液氧液氢的引擎。一些擎天神和泰坦火箭使用它作为第二级。所有的和半人马座火箭均使用它。
基本数据：
燃料：液氢
氧化剂：液氧
高度：68英寸（1.7米）
直径：39英寸（1.0米）
推进：1.5万磅力（6.7万牛顿）
比冲：433秒（4250牛顿·秒/千克）
燃烧时间：482秒
标准内腔压力：240万帕斯卡
干重量：135千克
仪表组
仪表环是一个位于土星1号第二级第二块顶端的一个环状结构。它是在第五至第十次发射时被装上的。其目的在于用来测试下一代土星5号仪表组的设计。一些土星1号仪表组中的部分也被用在土星1B中了。总的来说这个仪表组以及其控制计算机与土星1B中使用的类似。
仪表组是在马歇尔航天飞行中心生产的。它包括和导航平台以及控制和遥测系统。它控制在大气层内的上升，抵偿风的影响以及上升过程中的推进损失。
仪器组有一个光学窗口，这样地面上的一个經緯儀可以用来定向。这个定向方法是在起飞过程中必须的。
早期土星1号的导航计算机是根据为泰坦二號火箭设计的计算机发展过来的。
基础数据：
直径：3.9米
高度：2.3米
重量：2,769千克
发射
參考文獻
参考资料
Saturn launch vehicles (PDF)
运载火箭
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