gem_id stringlengths 22 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 51 | context stringlengths 152 1.42k | question stringlengths 24 161 | target stringlengths 24 161 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict | prompt stringlengths 492 1.76k | input_ids listlengths 307 488 | attention_mask listlengths 307 488 | answers_generated stringlengths 1 199 |
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gem-squad_v2-train-10392 | 56e01d2f231d4119001abf34 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884. | When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin? | When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin? | [
"When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"1825"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884.
Question: When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-78263 | 57278e045951b619008f8d6d | Child_labour | From the 1950s on, the students were also used for unpaid work at schools, where they cleaned and performed repairs. This practice has continued in the Russian Federation, where up to 21 days of the summer holidays is sometimes set aside for school works. By law, this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission, but those provisions are widely ignored. In 2012 there was an accident near city of Nalchik where a car killed several pupils cleaning up a highway shoulder during their "holiday work" as well as their teacher who was supervising them. | Did they need parental consent? | Did they need parental consent? | [
"Did they need parental consent?"
] | {
"text": [
"this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: From the 1950s on, the students were also used for unpaid work at schools, where they cleaned and performed repairs. This practice has continued in the Russian Federation, where up to 21 days of the summer holidays is sometimes set aside for school works. By law, this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission, but those provisions are widely ignored. In 2012 there was an accident near city of Nalchik where a car killed several pupils cleaning up a highway shoulder during their "holiday work" as well as their teacher who was supervising them.
Question: Did they need parental consent? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-6516 | 5ad2e13cd7d075001a42a602 | PlayStation_3 | Photo Gallery is an optional application to view, create and group photos from PS3, which is installed separately from the system software at 105 MB. It was introduced in system software version 2.60 and provides a range of tools for sorting through and displaying the system's pictures. The key feature of this application is that it can organize photos into groups according to various criteria. Notable categorizations are colors, ages, or facial expressions of the people in the photos. Slideshows can be viewed with the application, along with music and playlists. The software was updated with the release of system software version 3.40 allowing users to upload and browse photos on Facebook and Picasa. | What allows you to view photos on PS4? | What allows you to view photos on PS4? | [
"What allows you to view photos on PS4?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Photo Gallery is an optional application to view, create and group photos from PS3, which is installed separately from the system software at 105 MB. It was introduced in system software version 2.60 and provides a range of tools for sorting through and displaying the system's pictures. The key feature of this application is that it can organize photos into groups according to various criteria. Notable categorizations are colors, ages, or facial expressions of the people in the photos. Slideshows can be viewed with the application, along with music and playlists. The software was updated with the release of system software version 3.40 allowing users to upload and browse photos on Facebook and Picasa.
Question: What allows you to view photos on PS4? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-38383 | 5a7d3f5b70df9f001a875046 | Neolithic | Neolithic peoples in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and Central Asia were also accomplished builders, utilizing mud-brick to construct houses and villages. At Çatal höyük, houses were plastered and painted with elaborate scenes of humans and animals. In Europe, long houses built from wattle and daub were constructed. Elaborate tombs were built for the dead. These tombs are particularly numerous in Ireland, where there are many thousand still in existence. Neolithic people in the British Isles built long barrows and chamber tombs for their dead and causewayed camps, henges, flint mines and cursus monuments. It was also important to figure out ways of preserving food for future months, such as fashioning relatively airtight containers, and using substances like salt as preservatives. | What scenes did the people on homes depict? | What scenes did the people on homes depict? | [
"What scenes did the people on homes depict?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Neolithic peoples in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and Central Asia were also accomplished builders, utilizing mud-brick to construct houses and villages. At Çatal höyük, houses were plastered and painted with elaborate scenes of humans and animals. In Europe, long houses built from wattle and daub were constructed. Elaborate tombs were built for the dead. These tombs are particularly numerous in Ireland, where there are many thousand still in existence. Neolithic people in the British Isles built long barrows and chamber tombs for their dead and causewayed camps, henges, flint mines and cursus monuments. It was also important to figure out ways of preserving food for future months, such as fashioning relatively airtight containers, and using substances like salt as preservatives.
Question: What scenes did the people on homes depict? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-82898 | 56e07d387aa994140058e56e | Saint_Helena | Radio St Helena, which started operations on Christmas Day 1967, provided a local radio service that had a range of about 100 km (62 mi) from the island, and also broadcast internationally on shortwave radio (11092.5 kHz) on one day a year. The station presented news, features and music in collaboration with its sister newspaper, the St Helena Herald. It closed on 25 December 2012 to make way for a new three-channel FM service, also funded by St. Helena Government and run by the South Atlantic Media Services (formerly St. Helena Broadcasting (Guarantee) Corporation). | What newspaper did Radio Saint Helena collaborate with? | What newspaper did Radio Saint Helena collaborate with? | [
"What newspaper did Radio Saint Helena collaborate with?"
] | {
"text": [
"St Helena Herald"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Radio St Helena, which started operations on Christmas Day 1967, provided a local radio service that had a range of about 100 km (62 mi) from the island, and also broadcast internationally on shortwave radio (11092.5 kHz) on one day a year. The station presented news, features and music in collaboration with its sister newspaper, the St Helena Herald. It closed on 25 December 2012 to make way for a new three-channel FM service, also funded by St. Helena Government and run by the South Atlantic Media Services (formerly St. Helena Broadcasting (Guarantee) Corporation).
Question: What newspaper did Radio Saint Helena collaborate with? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-78896 | 56d11a7017492d1400aab969 | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | The game features nine dungeons—large, contained areas where Link battles enemies, collects items, and solves puzzles. Link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot. The dungeons are connected by a large overworld, across which Link can travel on foot; on his horse, Epona; or by teleporting. | Who must Link fight at the end of a dungeon level? | Who must Link fight at the end of a dungeon level? | [
"Who must Link fight at the end of a dungeon level?"
] | {
"text": [
"boss"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The game features nine dungeons—large, contained areas where Link battles enemies, collects items, and solves puzzles. Link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot. The dungeons are connected by a large overworld, across which Link can travel on foot; on his horse, Epona; or by teleporting.
Question: Who must Link fight at the end of a dungeon level? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-95940 | 5726b8385951b619008f7bb9 | Hokkien | Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among Chinese varieties, with more consonants than Standard Mandarin or Cantonese. Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties. These include the retention of the /t/ initial, which is now /tʂ/ (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 is tik, but zhú in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Chinese varieties. | What do Hokkein varieties retain that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties? | What do Hokkein varieties retain that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties? | [
"What do Hokkein varieties retain that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties?"
] | {
"text": [
"many pronunciations"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among Chinese varieties, with more consonants than Standard Mandarin or Cantonese. Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties. These include the retention of the /t/ initial, which is now /tʂ/ (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 is tik, but zhú in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Chinese varieties.
Question: What do Hokkein varieties retain that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-46420 | 5ad09ee7645df0001a2cff76 | Department_store | Selfridges was established in 1909 by American-born Harry Gordon Selfridge on Oxford Street. The company's innovative marketing promoted the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity and its techniques were adopted by modern department stores the world over. The store was extensively promoted through paid advertising. The shop floors were structured so that goods could be made more accessible to customers. There were elegant restaurants with modest prices, a library, reading and writing rooms, special reception rooms for French, German, American and "Colonial" customers, a First Aid Room, and a Silence Room, with soft lights, deep chairs, and double-glazing, all intended to keep customers in the store as long as possible. Staff members were taught to be on hand to assist customers, but not too aggressively, and to sell the merchandise. Selfridge attracted shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits; – in 1909, Louis Blériot's monoplane was exhibited at Selfridges (Blériot was the first to fly over the English Channel), and the first public demonstration of television by John Logie Baird took place in the department store in 1925. | Who founded Selfridges in 1990? | Who founded Selfridges in 1990? | [
"Who founded Selfridges in 1990?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Selfridges was established in 1909 by American-born Harry Gordon Selfridge on Oxford Street. The company's innovative marketing promoted the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity and its techniques were adopted by modern department stores the world over. The store was extensively promoted through paid advertising. The shop floors were structured so that goods could be made more accessible to customers. There were elegant restaurants with modest prices, a library, reading and writing rooms, special reception rooms for French, German, American and "Colonial" customers, a First Aid Room, and a Silence Room, with soft lights, deep chairs, and double-glazing, all intended to keep customers in the store as long as possible. Staff members were taught to be on hand to assist customers, but not too aggressively, and to sell the merchandise. Selfridge attracted shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits; – in 1909, Louis Blériot's monoplane was exhibited at Selfridges (Blériot was the first to fly over the English Channel), and the first public demonstration of television by John Logie Baird took place in the department store in 1925.
Question: Who founded Selfridges in 1990? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-14706 | 5730938d069b53140083219f | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead was unimpressed by this objection. In the notes of one his students for a 1927 class, Whitehead was quoted as saying: "Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized." In Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that "philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles," he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic. For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy. | What did Whitehead ask people to reimagine in order for philosophy to make progress? | What did Whitehead ask people to reimagine in order for philosophy to make progress? | [
"What did Whitehead ask people to reimagine in order for philosophy to make progress?"
] | {
"text": [
"basic assumptions about how the universe works"
],
"answer_start": [
690
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Whitehead was unimpressed by this objection. In the notes of one his students for a 1927 class, Whitehead was quoted as saying: "Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized." In Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that "philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles," he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic. For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy.
Question: What did Whitehead ask people to reimagine in order for philosophy to make progress? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-86775 | 5a8ca483fd22b3001a8d8c95 | Biodiversity | This multilevel construct is consistent with Dasmann and Lovejoy. An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) for the 1982 World National Parks Conference. Wilcox's definition was "Biological diversity is the variety of life forms...at all levels of biological systems (i.e., molecular, organismic, population, species and ecosystem)...". The 1992 United Nations Earth Summit defined "biological diversity" as "the variability among living organisms from all sources, including, 'inter alia', terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems". This definition is used in the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. | Who commissioned the park research paper? | Who commissioned the park research paper? | [
"Who commissioned the park research paper?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: This multilevel construct is consistent with Dasmann and Lovejoy. An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) for the 1982 World National Parks Conference. Wilcox's definition was "Biological diversity is the variety of life forms...at all levels of biological systems (i.e., molecular, organismic, population, species and ecosystem)...". The 1992 United Nations Earth Summit defined "biological diversity" as "the variability among living organisms from all sources, including, 'inter alia', terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems". This definition is used in the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.
Question: Who commissioned the park research paper? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-1452 | 573157bae6313a140071ce44 | Mosaic | In the 7th–9th centuries Rome fell under the influence of Byzantine art, noticeable on the mosaics of Santa Prassede, Santa Maria in Domnica, Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura, Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, Santi Nereo e Achilleo and the San Venanzio chapel of San Giovanni in Laterano. The great dining hall of Pope Leo III in the Lateran Palace was also decorated with mosaics. They were all destroyed later except for one example, the so-called Triclinio Leoniano of which a copy was made in the 18th century. Another great work of Pope Leo, the apse mosaic of Santa Susanna, depicted Christ with the Pope and Charlemagne on one side, and SS. Susanna and Felicity on the other. It was plastered over during a renovation in 1585. Pope Paschal I (817–824) embellished the church of Santo Stefano del Cacco with an apsidal mosaic which depicted the pope with a model of the church (destroyed in 1607). | What do most mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries have in common? | What do most mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries have in common? | [
"What do most mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries have in common?"
] | {
"text": [
"They were all destroyed later"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In the 7th–9th centuries Rome fell under the influence of Byzantine art, noticeable on the mosaics of Santa Prassede, Santa Maria in Domnica, Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura, Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, Santi Nereo e Achilleo and the San Venanzio chapel of San Giovanni in Laterano. The great dining hall of Pope Leo III in the Lateran Palace was also decorated with mosaics. They were all destroyed later except for one example, the so-called Triclinio Leoniano of which a copy was made in the 18th century. Another great work of Pope Leo, the apse mosaic of Santa Susanna, depicted Christ with the Pope and Charlemagne on one side, and SS. Susanna and Felicity on the other. It was plastered over during a renovation in 1585. Pope Paschal I (817–824) embellished the church of Santo Stefano del Cacco with an apsidal mosaic which depicted the pope with a model of the church (destroyed in 1607).
Question: What do most mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries have in common? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-107741 | 571aa29f10f8ca140030520e | Umayyad_Caliphate | In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river. The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, were major gains for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms in India in the battle of Rajasthan. The Arabs tried to invade India but they were defeated by the north Indian king Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty and by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty in the early 8th century. After this the Arab chroniclers admit that the Caliph Mahdi "gave up the project of conquering any part of India." | Along with the Punjab, what did Muhammad bin Wasim conquer? | Along with the Punjab, what did Muhammad bin Wasim conquer? | [
"Along with the Punjab, what did Muhammad bin Wasim conquer?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sindh"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river. The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, were major gains for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms in India in the battle of Rajasthan. The Arabs tried to invade India but they were defeated by the north Indian king Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty and by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty in the early 8th century. After this the Arab chroniclers admit that the Caliph Mahdi "gave up the project of conquering any part of India."
Question: Along with the Punjab, what did Muhammad bin Wasim conquer? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-98097 | 56e19ab0e3433e1400423000 | Hydrogen | This reaction is favored at low pressures but is nonetheless conducted at high pressures (2.0 MPa, 20 atm or 600 inHg). This is because high-pressure H
2 is the most marketable product and Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) purification systems work better at higher pressures. The product mixture is known as "synthesis gas" because it is often used directly for the production of methanol and related compounds. Hydrocarbons other than methane can be used to produce synthesis gas with varying product ratios. One of the many complications to this highly optimized technology is the formation of coke or carbon: | At what pressure does PSA work best in? | At what pressure does PSA work best in? | [
"At what pressure does PSA work best in?"
] | {
"text": [
"high pressures"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: This reaction is favored at low pressures but is nonetheless conducted at high pressures (2.0 MPa, 20 atm or 600 inHg). This is because high-pressure H
2 is the most marketable product and Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) purification systems work better at higher pressures. The product mixture is known as "synthesis gas" because it is often used directly for the production of methanol and related compounds. Hydrocarbons other than methane can be used to produce synthesis gas with varying product ratios. One of the many complications to this highly optimized technology is the formation of coke or carbon:
Question: At what pressure does PSA work best in? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-40410 | 56e753fb37bdd419002c3e84 | Paper | Besides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve its characteristics for printing or writing. Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it and/or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit ink or paint. | What besides china clay is used as a filler? | What besides china clay is used as a filler? | [
"What besides china clay is used as a filler?"
] | {
"text": [
"chalk"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Besides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve its characteristics for printing or writing. Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it and/or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit ink or paint.
Question: What besides china clay is used as a filler? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-88593 | 56db6f0ce7c41114004b50ff | 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay | The United Nations Organization and its children's agency UNICEF withdrew their staff, saying that it wasn't sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt. "It was unconscionable," said a UN official who was briefed on the arguments. North Korea is frequently listed among the world’s worst offenders against human rights. | What is the children's agency of the United Nations Organization? | What is the children's agency of the United Nations Organization? | [
"What is the children's agency of the United Nations Organization?"
] | {
"text": [
"UNICEF"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The United Nations Organization and its children's agency UNICEF withdrew their staff, saying that it wasn't sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt. "It was unconscionable," said a UN official who was briefed on the arguments. North Korea is frequently listed among the world’s worst offenders against human rights.
Question: What is the children's agency of the United Nations Organization? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-105111 | 5a3eac175a76c5001a3a843a | Palermo | The cathedral has a heliometer (solar "observatory") of 1690, one of a number built in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The device itself is quite simple: a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts as pinhole camera, projecting an image of the sun onto the floor at solar noon (12:00 in winter, 13:00 in summer). There is a bronze line, la Meridiana on the floor, running precisely N/S. The ends of the line mark the positions as at the summer and winter solstices; signs of the zodiac show the various other dates throughout the year. | What signs are a tribute to pagean customs? | What signs are a tribute to pagean customs? | [
"What signs are a tribute to pagean customs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The cathedral has a heliometer (solar "observatory") of 1690, one of a number built in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The device itself is quite simple: a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts as pinhole camera, projecting an image of the sun onto the floor at solar noon (12:00 in winter, 13:00 in summer). There is a bronze line, la Meridiana on the floor, running precisely N/S. The ends of the line mark the positions as at the summer and winter solstices; signs of the zodiac show the various other dates throughout the year.
Question: What signs are a tribute to pagean customs? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-30603 | 5ace315b32bba1001ae49d6e | Appalachian_Mountains | Eastern or Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is another important evergreen needle-leaf conifer that grows along the Appalachian chain from north to south, but is confined to lower elevations than red spruce and the firs. It generally occupies richer and less acidic soils than the spruce and firs and is characteristic of deep, shaded and moist mountain valleys and coves. It is, unfortunately, subject to the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae), an introduced insect, that is rapidly extirpating it as a forest tree. Less abundant, and restricted to the southern Appalachians, is Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana). Like Canada hemlock, this tree suffers severely from the hemlock woolly adelgid. | Where are Carolina Hemlocks traditionally found? | Where are Carolina Hemlocks traditionally found? | [
"Where are Carolina Hemlocks traditionally found?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Eastern or Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is another important evergreen needle-leaf conifer that grows along the Appalachian chain from north to south, but is confined to lower elevations than red spruce and the firs. It generally occupies richer and less acidic soils than the spruce and firs and is characteristic of deep, shaded and moist mountain valleys and coves. It is, unfortunately, subject to the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae), an introduced insect, that is rapidly extirpating it as a forest tree. Less abundant, and restricted to the southern Appalachians, is Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana). Like Canada hemlock, this tree suffers severely from the hemlock woolly adelgid.
Question: Where are Carolina Hemlocks traditionally found? [/INST] Answer: | [
2,
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gem-squad_v2-train-49628 | 570d6968b3d812140066d885 | Valencia | The third largest city in Spain and the 24th most populous municipality in the European Union, Valencia has a population of 809,267 within its administrative limits on a land area of 134.6 km2 (52 sq mi). The urban area of Valencia extending beyond the administrative city limits has a population of between 1,561,000 and 1,564,145. 1,705,742 or 2,300,000 or 2,516,818 people live in the Valencia metropolitan area. Between 2007 and 2008 there was a 14% increase in the foreign born population with the largest numeric increases by country being from Bolivia, Romania and Italy. | How many inhabitants live within Valencia's limits? | How many inhabitants live within Valencia's limits? | [
"How many inhabitants live within Valencia's limits?"
] | {
"text": [
"809,267"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The third largest city in Spain and the 24th most populous municipality in the European Union, Valencia has a population of 809,267 within its administrative limits on a land area of 134.6 km2 (52 sq mi). The urban area of Valencia extending beyond the administrative city limits has a population of between 1,561,000 and 1,564,145. 1,705,742 or 2,300,000 or 2,516,818 people live in the Valencia metropolitan area. Between 2007 and 2008 there was a 14% increase in the foreign born population with the largest numeric increases by country being from Bolivia, Romania and Italy.
Question: How many inhabitants live within Valencia's limits? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-52281 | 5ad39551604f3c001a3fe743 | Miami | Miami's tropical weather allows for year-round outdoors activities. The city has numerous marinas, rivers, bays, canals, and the Atlantic Ocean, which make boating, sailing, and fishing popular outdoors activities. Biscayne Bay has numerous coral reefs which make snorkeling and scuba diving popular. There are over 80 parks and gardens in the city. The largest and most popular parks are Bayfront Park and Bicentennial Park (located in the heart of Downtown and the location of the American Airlines Arena and Bayside Marketplace), Tropical Park, Peacock Park, Morningside Park, Virginia Key, and Watson Island. | How many gardens and parks aren't in Miami? | How many gardens and parks aren't in Miami? | [
"How many gardens and parks aren't in Miami?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Miami's tropical weather allows for year-round outdoors activities. The city has numerous marinas, rivers, bays, canals, and the Atlantic Ocean, which make boating, sailing, and fishing popular outdoors activities. Biscayne Bay has numerous coral reefs which make snorkeling and scuba diving popular. There are over 80 parks and gardens in the city. The largest and most popular parks are Bayfront Park and Bicentennial Park (located in the heart of Downtown and the location of the American Airlines Arena and Bayside Marketplace), Tropical Park, Peacock Park, Morningside Park, Virginia Key, and Watson Island.
Question: How many gardens and parks aren't in Miami? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-111690 | 5acd7b1307355d001abf4413 | Education | In 2012, the modern use of electronic educational technology (also called e-learning) had grown at 14 times the rate of traditional learning.[clarification needed] Open education is fast growing to become the dominant form of education, for many reasons such as its efficiency and results compared to traditional methods. Cost of education has been an issue throughout history, and a major political issue in most countries today. Online courses often can be more expensive than face-to-face classes. Out of 182 colleges surveyed in 2009 nearly half said tuition for online courses was higher than for campus based ones. Many large university institutions are now starting to offer free or almost free full courses such as Harvard, MIT and Berkeley teaming up to form edX. Other universities offering open education are Stanford, Princeton, Duke, Johns Hopkins, Edinburgh, U. Penn, U. Michigan, U. Virginia, U. Washington, and Caltech. It has been called the biggest change in the way we learn since the printing press. Despite favorable studies on effectiveness, many people may still desire to choose traditional campus education for social and cultural reasons. | What grew at 10 times the rate of traditional learning? | What grew at 10 times the rate of traditional learning? | [
"What grew at 10 times the rate of traditional learning?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In 2012, the modern use of electronic educational technology (also called e-learning) had grown at 14 times the rate of traditional learning.[clarification needed] Open education is fast growing to become the dominant form of education, for many reasons such as its efficiency and results compared to traditional methods. Cost of education has been an issue throughout history, and a major political issue in most countries today. Online courses often can be more expensive than face-to-face classes. Out of 182 colleges surveyed in 2009 nearly half said tuition for online courses was higher than for campus based ones. Many large university institutions are now starting to offer free or almost free full courses such as Harvard, MIT and Berkeley teaming up to form edX. Other universities offering open education are Stanford, Princeton, Duke, Johns Hopkins, Edinburgh, U. Penn, U. Michigan, U. Virginia, U. Washington, and Caltech. It has been called the biggest change in the way we learn since the printing press. Despite favorable studies on effectiveness, many people may still desire to choose traditional campus education for social and cultural reasons.
Question: What grew at 10 times the rate of traditional learning? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-85328 | 5727ff303acd2414000df1b6 | European_Central_Bank | The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as laid down in Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The Governing Council in October 1998 defined price stability as inflation of under 2%, “a year-on-year increase in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for the euro area of below 2%” and added that price stability ”was to be maintained over the medium term”. (Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices) Unlike for example the United States Federal Reserve Bank, the ECB has only one primary objective but this objective has never been defined in statutory law, and the HICP target can be termed ad-hoc. | What is the primary goal of the ECB? | What is the primary goal of the ECB? | [
"What is the primary goal of the ECB?"
] | {
"text": [
"maintain price stability within the Eurozone"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as laid down in Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The Governing Council in October 1998 defined price stability as inflation of under 2%, “a year-on-year increase in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for the euro area of below 2%” and added that price stability ”was to be maintained over the medium term”. (Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices) Unlike for example the United States Federal Reserve Bank, the ECB has only one primary objective but this objective has never been defined in statutory law, and the HICP target can be termed ad-hoc.
Question: What is the primary goal of the ECB? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-17135 | 570e347a0b85d914000d7d4c | Uranium | It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$59 per lb of uranium, while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction). Prices went from about $10/lb in May 2003 to $138/lb in July 2007. This has caused a big increase in spending on exploration, with US$200 million being spent worldwide in 2005, a 54% increase on the previous year. This trend continued through 2006, when expenditure on exploration rocketed to over $774 million, an increase of over 250% compared to 2004. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency said exploration figures for 2007 would likely match those for 2006. | In 2005, how much money was spent on uranium exploration? | In 2005, how much money was spent on uranium exploration? | [
"In 2005, how much money was spent on uranium exploration?"
] | {
"text": [
"US$200 million"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$59 per lb of uranium, while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction). Prices went from about $10/lb in May 2003 to $138/lb in July 2007. This has caused a big increase in spending on exploration, with US$200 million being spent worldwide in 2005, a 54% increase on the previous year. This trend continued through 2006, when expenditure on exploration rocketed to over $774 million, an increase of over 250% compared to 2004. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency said exploration figures for 2007 would likely match those for 2006.
Question: In 2005, how much money was spent on uranium exploration? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-462 | 56f966c39b226e1400dd1402 | Marshall_Islands | The Marshall Islands also lays claim to Wake Island. While Wake has been administered by the United States since 1899, the Marshallese government refers to it by the name Enen-kio. | What island do the Marshall Islands claim? | What island do the Marshall Islands claim? | [
"What island do the Marshall Islands claim?"
] | {
"text": [
"Wake Island"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The Marshall Islands also lays claim to Wake Island. While Wake has been administered by the United States since 1899, the Marshallese government refers to it by the name Enen-kio.
Question: What island do the Marshall Islands claim? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-70819 | 57313429a5e9cc1400cdbcdc | Bird | Feathers are a feature characteristic of birds (though also present in some dinosaurs not currently considered to be true birds). They facilitate flight, provide insulation that aids in thermoregulation, and are used in display, camouflage, and signaling. There are several types of feathers, each serving its own set of purposes. Feathers are epidermal growths attached to the skin and arise only in specific tracts of skin called pterylae. The distribution pattern of these feather tracts (pterylosis) is used in taxonomy and systematics. The arrangement and appearance of feathers on the body, called plumage, may vary within species by age, social status, and sex. | What feature of a bird facilitate flight? | What feature of a bird facilitate flight? | [
"What feature of a bird facilitate flight?"
] | {
"text": [
"Feathers"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Feathers are a feature characteristic of birds (though also present in some dinosaurs not currently considered to be true birds). They facilitate flight, provide insulation that aids in thermoregulation, and are used in display, camouflage, and signaling. There are several types of feathers, each serving its own set of purposes. Feathers are epidermal growths attached to the skin and arise only in specific tracts of skin called pterylae. The distribution pattern of these feather tracts (pterylosis) is used in taxonomy and systematics. The arrangement and appearance of feathers on the body, called plumage, may vary within species by age, social status, and sex.
Question: What feature of a bird facilitate flight? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-6258 | 57277421708984140094ddfa | Late_Middle_Ages | Hunyadi succeeded during the Siege of Belgrade in 1456 against the Ottomans, the biggest victory against that empire in decades. This battle became a real Crusade against the Muslims, as the peasants were motivated by the Franciscan monk Saint John of Capistrano, who came from Italy predicating Holy War. The effect that it created in that time was one of the main factors that helped in achieving the victory. However the premature death of the Hungarian Lord left Pannonia defenseless and in chaos. In an extremely unusual event for the Middle Ages, Hunyadi's son, Matthias, was elected as King of Hungary by the nobility. For the first time, a member of an aristocratic family (and not from a royal family) was crowned. | Which country did Saint Francis of Capistrano come from? | Which country did Saint Francis of Capistrano come from? | [
"Which country did Saint Francis of Capistrano come from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Italy"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Hunyadi succeeded during the Siege of Belgrade in 1456 against the Ottomans, the biggest victory against that empire in decades. This battle became a real Crusade against the Muslims, as the peasants were motivated by the Franciscan monk Saint John of Capistrano, who came from Italy predicating Holy War. The effect that it created in that time was one of the main factors that helped in achieving the victory. However the premature death of the Hungarian Lord left Pannonia defenseless and in chaos. In an extremely unusual event for the Middle Ages, Hunyadi's son, Matthias, was elected as King of Hungary by the nobility. For the first time, a member of an aristocratic family (and not from a royal family) was crowned.
Question: Which country did Saint Francis of Capistrano come from? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-19346 | 5727c7a7ff5b5019007d9510 | Rule_of_law | The functional interpretation of the term "rule of law", consistent with the traditional English meaning, contrasts the "rule of law" with the "rule of man." According to the functional view, a society in which government officers have a great deal of discretion has a low degree of "rule of law", whereas a society in which government officers have little discretion has a high degree of "rule of law". Upholding the rule of law can sometimes require the punishment of those who commit offenses that are justifiable under natural law but not statutory law. The rule of law is thus somewhat at odds with flexibility, even when flexibility may be preferable. | What level of discretion do governments with a low degree of the "rule of law" have? | What level of discretion do governments with a low degree of the "rule of law" have? | [
"What level of discretion do governments with a low degree of the \"rule of law\" have?"
] | {
"text": [
"a great deal"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The functional interpretation of the term "rule of law", consistent with the traditional English meaning, contrasts the "rule of law" with the "rule of man." According to the functional view, a society in which government officers have a great deal of discretion has a low degree of "rule of law", whereas a society in which government officers have little discretion has a high degree of "rule of law". Upholding the rule of law can sometimes require the punishment of those who commit offenses that are justifiable under natural law but not statutory law. The rule of law is thus somewhat at odds with flexibility, even when flexibility may be preferable.
Question: What level of discretion do governments with a low degree of the "rule of law" have? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-23529 | 5ad148d5645df0001a2d156c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. The national motto "In God We Trust" has been challenged as a violation, but the Supreme Court has ruled that ceremonial deism is not religious in nature. A circuit court ruling affirmed Ohio's right to use as its motto a passage from the Bible, "With God, all things are possible", because it displayed no preference for a particular religion. | Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been disallowed for churches? | Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been disallowed for churches? | [
"Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been disallowed for churches?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. The national motto "In God We Trust" has been challenged as a violation, but the Supreme Court has ruled that ceremonial deism is not religious in nature. A circuit court ruling affirmed Ohio's right to use as its motto a passage from the Bible, "With God, all things are possible", because it displayed no preference for a particular religion.
Question: Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been disallowed for churches? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-85338 | 572800aaff5b5019007d9ab5 | European_Central_Bank | The banks in effect borrow cash and must pay it back; the short durations allow interest rates to be adjusted continually. When the repo notes come due the participating banks bid again. An increase in the quantity of notes offered at auction allows an increase in liquidity in the economy. A decrease has the contrary effect. The contracts are carried on the asset side of the European Central Bank's balance sheet and the resulting deposits in member banks are carried as a liability. In layman terms, the liability of the central bank is money, and an increase in deposits in member banks, carried as a liability by the central bank, means that more money has been put into the economy.[a] | What is a good way to boost the economy? | What is a good way to boost the economy? | [
"What is a good way to boost the economy?"
] | {
"text": [
"increase in deposits in member banks"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The banks in effect borrow cash and must pay it back; the short durations allow interest rates to be adjusted continually. When the repo notes come due the participating banks bid again. An increase in the quantity of notes offered at auction allows an increase in liquidity in the economy. A decrease has the contrary effect. The contracts are carried on the asset side of the European Central Bank's balance sheet and the resulting deposits in member banks are carried as a liability. In layman terms, the liability of the central bank is money, and an increase in deposits in member banks, carried as a liability by the central bank, means that more money has been put into the economy.[a]
Question: What is a good way to boost the economy? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-115723 | 5727c88fff5b5019007d953d | Galicia_(Spain) | Galicia has a surface area of 29,574 square kilometres (11,419 sq mi). Its northernmost point, at 43°47′N, is Estaca de Bares (also the northernmost point of Spain); its southernmost, at 41°49′N, is on the Portuguese border in the Baixa Limia-Serra do Xurés Natural Park. The easternmost longitude is at 6°42′W on the border between the province of Ourense and the Castilian-Leonese province of Zamora) its westernmost at 9°18′W, reached in two places: the A Nave Cape in Fisterra (also known as Finisterre), and Cape Touriñán, both in the province of A Coruña. | What is its northernmost point? | What is its northernmost point? | [
"What is its northernmost point?"
] | {
"text": [
"Estaca de Bares"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Galicia has a surface area of 29,574 square kilometres (11,419 sq mi). Its northernmost point, at 43°47′N, is Estaca de Bares (also the northernmost point of Spain); its southernmost, at 41°49′N, is on the Portuguese border in the Baixa Limia-Serra do Xurés Natural Park. The easternmost longitude is at 6°42′W on the border between the province of Ourense and the Castilian-Leonese province of Zamora) its westernmost at 9°18′W, reached in two places: the A Nave Cape in Fisterra (also known as Finisterre), and Cape Touriñán, both in the province of A Coruña.
Question: What is its northernmost point? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-12378 | 5a65d0fec2b11c001a425d63 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials—for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones—are produced solely by chemical synthesis. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.[citation needed] | What are cephalosporins produced by? | What are cephalosporins produced by? | [
"What are cephalosporins produced by?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials—for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones—are produced solely by chemical synthesis. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.[citation needed]
Question: What are cephalosporins produced by? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-113715 | 5a56892f6349e2001acdce10 | Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) | The Ministry of Defence (MoD) is the British government department responsible for implementing the defence policy set by Her Majesty's Government, and is the headquarters of the British Armed Forces. | What is another name for Her Majesty's Government? | What is another name for Her Majesty's Government? | [
"What is another name for Her Majesty's Government?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The Ministry of Defence (MoD) is the British government department responsible for implementing the defence policy set by Her Majesty's Government, and is the headquarters of the British Armed Forces.
Question: What is another name for Her Majesty's Government? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-25778 | 57096959200fba1400367f89 | Copper | The uses of copper in art were not limited to currency: it was used by Renaissance sculptors, in photographic technology known as the daguerreotype, and the Statue of Liberty. Copper plating and copper sheathing for ships' hulls was widespread; the ships of Christopher Columbus were among the earliest to have this feature. The Norddeutsche Affinerie in Hamburg was the first modern electroplating plant starting its production in 1876. The German scientist Gottfried Osann invented powder metallurgy in 1830 while determining the metal's atomic mass; around then it was discovered that the amount and type of alloying element (e.g., tin) to copper would affect bell tones. Flash smelting was developed by Outokumpu in Finland and first applied at Harjavalta in 1949; the energy-efficient process accounts for 50% of the world's primary copper production. | Who used copper to produce art? | Who used copper to produce art? | [
"Who used copper to produce art?"
] | {
"text": [
"Renaissance sculptors"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The uses of copper in art were not limited to currency: it was used by Renaissance sculptors, in photographic technology known as the daguerreotype, and the Statue of Liberty. Copper plating and copper sheathing for ships' hulls was widespread; the ships of Christopher Columbus were among the earliest to have this feature. The Norddeutsche Affinerie in Hamburg was the first modern electroplating plant starting its production in 1876. The German scientist Gottfried Osann invented powder metallurgy in 1830 while determining the metal's atomic mass; around then it was discovered that the amount and type of alloying element (e.g., tin) to copper would affect bell tones. Flash smelting was developed by Outokumpu in Finland and first applied at Harjavalta in 1949; the energy-efficient process accounts for 50% of the world's primary copper production.
Question: Who used copper to produce art? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-103254 | 571de30db64a571400c71dd0 | Multiracial_American | In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial period in Virginia. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790–1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years. | When could white women and black men be in a union? | When could white women and black men be in a union? | [
"When could white women and black men be in a union?"
] | {
"text": [
"In the colonial years"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial period in Virginia. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790–1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years.
Question: When could white women and black men be in a union? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-50651 | 56e87d480b45c0140094ccc9 | Bern | The city council of the city of Bern decided against having twinned cities except for a temporary (during the UEFA Euro 2008) cooperation with the Austrian city Salzburg | What did the city decide again? | What did the city decide again? | [
"What did the city decide again?"
] | {
"text": [
"having twinned cities"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The city council of the city of Bern decided against having twinned cities except for a temporary (during the UEFA Euro 2008) cooperation with the Austrian city Salzburg
Question: What did the city decide again? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-89095 | 5acd541e07355d001abf3d64 | Hunter-gatherer | It is easy for Western-educated scholars to fall into the trap of viewing hunter-gatherer social and sexual arrangements in the light of Western values.[editorializing] One common arrangement is the sexual division of labour, with women doing most of the gathering, while men concentrate on big game hunting. It might be imagined that this arrangement oppresses women, keeping them in the domestic sphere. However, according to some observers, hunter-gatherer women would not understand this interpretation. Since childcare is collective, with every baby having multiple mothers and male carers, the domestic sphere is not atomised or privatised but an empowering place to be.[citation needed] In all hunter-gatherer societies, women appreciate the meat brought back to camp by men. An illustrative account is Megan Biesele's study of the southern African Ju/'hoan, 'Women Like Meat'. Recent archaeological research suggests that the sexual division of labor was the fundamental organisational innovation that gave Homo sapiens the edge over the Neanderthals, allowing our ancestors to migrate from Africa and spread across the globe. | One rare arrangement is the sexual division of what? | One rare arrangement is the sexual division of what? | [
"One rare arrangement is the sexual division of what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: It is easy for Western-educated scholars to fall into the trap of viewing hunter-gatherer social and sexual arrangements in the light of Western values.[editorializing] One common arrangement is the sexual division of labour, with women doing most of the gathering, while men concentrate on big game hunting. It might be imagined that this arrangement oppresses women, keeping them in the domestic sphere. However, according to some observers, hunter-gatherer women would not understand this interpretation. Since childcare is collective, with every baby having multiple mothers and male carers, the domestic sphere is not atomised or privatised but an empowering place to be.[citation needed] In all hunter-gatherer societies, women appreciate the meat brought back to camp by men. An illustrative account is Megan Biesele's study of the southern African Ju/'hoan, 'Women Like Meat'. Recent archaeological research suggests that the sexual division of labor was the fundamental organisational innovation that gave Homo sapiens the edge over the Neanderthals, allowing our ancestors to migrate from Africa and spread across the globe.
Question: One rare arrangement is the sexual division of what? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-109893 | 57100090b654c5140001f72f | Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States | The largest single execution in United States history was the hanging of 38 American Indians convicted of murder and rape during the Dakota War of 1862. They were executed simultaneously on December 26, 1862, in Mankato, Minnesota. A single blow from an axe cut the rope that held the large four-sided platform, and the prisoners (except for one whose rope had broken and who had to be re-hanged) fell to their deaths. The second-largest mass execution was also a hanging: the execution of 13 African-American soldiers for taking part in the Houston Riot of 1917. The largest non-military mass execution occurred in one of the original thirteen colonies in 1723, when 26 convicted pirates were hanged in Newport, Rhode Island by order of the Admiralty Court. | In what year did the Admiralty Court hang 26 pirates in Newport, Rhode Island? | In what year did the Admiralty Court hang 26 pirates in Newport, Rhode Island? | [
"In what year did the Admiralty Court hang 26 pirates in Newport, Rhode Island?"
] | {
"text": [
"1723"
],
"answer_start": [
657
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The largest single execution in United States history was the hanging of 38 American Indians convicted of murder and rape during the Dakota War of 1862. They were executed simultaneously on December 26, 1862, in Mankato, Minnesota. A single blow from an axe cut the rope that held the large four-sided platform, and the prisoners (except for one whose rope had broken and who had to be re-hanged) fell to their deaths. The second-largest mass execution was also a hanging: the execution of 13 African-American soldiers for taking part in the Houston Riot of 1917. The largest non-military mass execution occurred in one of the original thirteen colonies in 1723, when 26 convicted pirates were hanged in Newport, Rhode Island by order of the Admiralty Court.
Question: In what year did the Admiralty Court hang 26 pirates in Newport, Rhode Island? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-39613 | 5a8ca838fd22b3001a8d8cda | FA_Cup | Almost 60 years later, 80 year old career criminal Henry (Harry) James Burge claimed to have committed the theft, confessing to a newspaper, with the story being published in the Sunday Pictorial newspaper on 23 February 1958. He claimed to have carried out the robbery with two other men, although when discrepancies with a contemporaneous report in the Birmingham Post newspaper (the crime pre-dated written police reports) in his account of the means of entry and other items stolen, detectives decided there was no realistic possibility of a conviction and the case was closed. Burge claimed the cup had been melted down to make counterfeit half-crown coins, which matched known intelligence of the time, in which stolen silver was being used to forge coins which were then laundered through betting shops at a local racecourse, although Burge had no past history of forgery in a record of 42 previous convictions for which he had spent 42 years in prison. He had been further imprisoned in 1957 for seven years for theft from cars. Released in 1961, he died in 1964. | Who returned the FA cup? | Who returned the FA cup? | [
"Who returned the FA cup?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Almost 60 years later, 80 year old career criminal Henry (Harry) James Burge claimed to have committed the theft, confessing to a newspaper, with the story being published in the Sunday Pictorial newspaper on 23 February 1958. He claimed to have carried out the robbery with two other men, although when discrepancies with a contemporaneous report in the Birmingham Post newspaper (the crime pre-dated written police reports) in his account of the means of entry and other items stolen, detectives decided there was no realistic possibility of a conviction and the case was closed. Burge claimed the cup had been melted down to make counterfeit half-crown coins, which matched known intelligence of the time, in which stolen silver was being used to forge coins which were then laundered through betting shops at a local racecourse, although Burge had no past history of forgery in a record of 42 previous convictions for which he had spent 42 years in prison. He had been further imprisoned in 1957 for seven years for theft from cars. Released in 1961, he died in 1964.
Question: Who returned the FA cup? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-35802 | 5a48747484b8a4001a7e7888 | Imperial_College_London | Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust was formed on 1 October 2007 by the merger of Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust (Charing Cross Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital and Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital) and St Mary's NHS Trust (St. Mary's Hospital and Western Eye Hospital) with Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine. It is an academic health science centre and manages five hospitals: Charing Cross Hospital, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital, St Mary's Hospital, and Western Eye Hospital. The Trust is currently the largest in the UK and has an annual turnover of £800 million, treating more than a million patients a year.[citation needed] | what hospitals were formed from Imperial College Healthcare? | what hospitals were formed from Imperial College Healthcare? | [
"what hospitals were formed from Imperial College Healthcare?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust was formed on 1 October 2007 by the merger of Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust (Charing Cross Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital and Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital) and St Mary's NHS Trust (St. Mary's Hospital and Western Eye Hospital) with Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine. It is an academic health science centre and manages five hospitals: Charing Cross Hospital, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital, St Mary's Hospital, and Western Eye Hospital. The Trust is currently the largest in the UK and has an annual turnover of £800 million, treating more than a million patients a year.[citation needed]
Question: what hospitals were formed from Imperial College Healthcare? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-82975 | 56de6e7c4396321400ee28bf | Arnold_Schwarzenegger | Gustav had a preference for his elder son, Meinhard (July 17, 1946 – May 20, 1971), over Arnold. His favoritism was "strong and blatant," which stemmed from unfounded suspicion that Arnold was not his biological child. Schwarzenegger has said his father had "no patience for listening or understanding your problems." Schwarzenegger had a good relationship with his mother and kept in touch with her until her death. In later life, Schwarzenegger commissioned the Simon Wiesenthal Center to research his father's wartime record, which came up with no evidence of Gustav's being involved in atrocities, despite Gustav's membership in the Nazi Party and SA. Schwarzenegger's father's background received wide press attention during the 2003 California recall campaign. At school, Schwarzenegger was apparently in the middle but stood out for his "cheerful, good-humored and exuberant" character. Money was a problem in their household; Schwarzenegger recalled that one of the highlights of his youth was when the family bought a refrigerator. | What was Schwarzenegger's older brother's name? | What was Schwarzenegger's older brother's name? | [
"What was Schwarzenegger's older brother's name?"
] | {
"text": [
"Meinhard"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Gustav had a preference for his elder son, Meinhard (July 17, 1946 – May 20, 1971), over Arnold. His favoritism was "strong and blatant," which stemmed from unfounded suspicion that Arnold was not his biological child. Schwarzenegger has said his father had "no patience for listening or understanding your problems." Schwarzenegger had a good relationship with his mother and kept in touch with her until her death. In later life, Schwarzenegger commissioned the Simon Wiesenthal Center to research his father's wartime record, which came up with no evidence of Gustav's being involved in atrocities, despite Gustav's membership in the Nazi Party and SA. Schwarzenegger's father's background received wide press attention during the 2003 California recall campaign. At school, Schwarzenegger was apparently in the middle but stood out for his "cheerful, good-humored and exuberant" character. Money was a problem in their household; Schwarzenegger recalled that one of the highlights of his youth was when the family bought a refrigerator.
Question: What was Schwarzenegger's older brother's name? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-77315 | 57320ae8e17f3d1400422601 | Armenians | The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia, itself a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, was the first state to adopt Christianity as its religion (it had formerly been adherent to Armenian paganism, which was influenced by Zoroastrianism, while later on adopting a few elements regarding identification of its pantheon with Greco-Roman deities). in the early years of the 4th century, likely AD 301, partly in defiance of the Sassanids it seems. In the late Parthian period, Armenia was a predominantly Zoroastrian-adhering land, but by the Christianisation, previously predominant Zoroastrianism and paganism in Armenia gradually declined. Later on, in order to further strengthen Armenian national identity, Mesrop Mashtots invented the Armenian alphabet, in 405 AD. This event ushered the Golden Age of Armenia, during which many foreign books and manuscripts were translated to Armenian by Mesrop's pupils. Armenia lost its sovereignty again in 428 AD to the rivalling Byzantine and Sassanid Persian empires, until the Muslim conquest of Persia overran also the regions in which Armenians lived. | What was the first country to make Christianity its official religion? | What was the first country to make Christianity its official religion? | [
"What was the first country to make Christianity its official religion?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia, itself a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, was the first state to adopt Christianity as its religion (it had formerly been adherent to Armenian paganism, which was influenced by Zoroastrianism, while later on adopting a few elements regarding identification of its pantheon with Greco-Roman deities). in the early years of the 4th century, likely AD 301, partly in defiance of the Sassanids it seems. In the late Parthian period, Armenia was a predominantly Zoroastrian-adhering land, but by the Christianisation, previously predominant Zoroastrianism and paganism in Armenia gradually declined. Later on, in order to further strengthen Armenian national identity, Mesrop Mashtots invented the Armenian alphabet, in 405 AD. This event ushered the Golden Age of Armenia, during which many foreign books and manuscripts were translated to Armenian by Mesrop's pupils. Armenia lost its sovereignty again in 428 AD to the rivalling Byzantine and Sassanid Persian empires, until the Muslim conquest of Persia overran also the regions in which Armenians lived.
Question: What was the first country to make Christianity its official religion? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-39778 | 57274df4f1498d1400e8f603 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | New Haven was home to one of the important early events in the burgeoning anti-slavery movement when, in 1839, the trial of mutineering Mende tribesmen being transported as slaves on the Spanish slaveship Amistad was held in New Haven's United States District Court. There is a statue of Joseph Cinqué, the informal leader of the slaves, beside City Hall. See "Museums" below for more information. Abraham Lincoln delivered a speech on slavery in New Haven in 1860, shortly before he secured the Republican nomination for President. | Who was the informal leader of the slaves to whom there is a statue dedicated beside City Hall in New Haven? | Who was the informal leader of the slaves to whom there is a statue dedicated beside City Hall in New Haven? | [
"Who was the informal leader of the slaves to whom there is a statue dedicated beside City Hall in New Haven?"
] | {
"text": [
"Joseph Cinqué"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: New Haven was home to one of the important early events in the burgeoning anti-slavery movement when, in 1839, the trial of mutineering Mende tribesmen being transported as slaves on the Spanish slaveship Amistad was held in New Haven's United States District Court. There is a statue of Joseph Cinqué, the informal leader of the slaves, beside City Hall. See "Museums" below for more information. Abraham Lincoln delivered a speech on slavery in New Haven in 1860, shortly before he secured the Republican nomination for President.
Question: Who was the informal leader of the slaves to whom there is a statue dedicated beside City Hall in New Haven? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-104082 | 5a07ea473fc874001820704f | Infrared | IR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiation that is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow beam. The beam is modulated, i.e. switched on and off, to encode the data. The receiver uses a silicon photodiode to convert the infrared radiation to an electric current. It responds only to the rapidly pulsing signal created by the transmitter, and filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from ambient light. Infrared communications are useful for indoor use in areas of high population density. IR does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other devices in adjoining rooms. Infrared is the most common way for remote controls to command appliances. Infrared remote control protocols like RC-5, SIRC, are used to communicate with infrared. | What infrared remote control protocols are used in areas of high population density? | What infrared remote control protocols are used in areas of high population density? | [
"What infrared remote control protocols are used in areas of high population density?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: IR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiation that is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow beam. The beam is modulated, i.e. switched on and off, to encode the data. The receiver uses a silicon photodiode to convert the infrared radiation to an electric current. It responds only to the rapidly pulsing signal created by the transmitter, and filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from ambient light. Infrared communications are useful for indoor use in areas of high population density. IR does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other devices in adjoining rooms. Infrared is the most common way for remote controls to command appliances. Infrared remote control protocols like RC-5, SIRC, are used to communicate with infrared.
Question: What infrared remote control protocols are used in areas of high population density? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-12034 | 5ad14404645df0001a2d1483 | Universal_Studios | Meanwhile, producer Joe Pasternak, who had been successfully producing light musicals with young sopranos for Universal's German subsidiary, repeated his formula in America. Teenage singer Deanna Durbin starred in Pasternak's first American film, Three Smart Girls (1936). The film was a box-office hit and reputedly restored the studio's solvency. The success of the film led Universal to offer her a contract, which for the first five years of her career produced her most successful pictures. | Who produced the 1963 film Three Smart Girls? | Who produced the 1963 film Three Smart Girls? | [
"Who produced the 1963 film Three Smart Girls?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Meanwhile, producer Joe Pasternak, who had been successfully producing light musicals with young sopranos for Universal's German subsidiary, repeated his formula in America. Teenage singer Deanna Durbin starred in Pasternak's first American film, Three Smart Girls (1936). The film was a box-office hit and reputedly restored the studio's solvency. The success of the film led Universal to offer her a contract, which for the first five years of her career produced her most successful pictures.
Question: Who produced the 1963 film Three Smart Girls? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-81120 | 572646e3708984140094c13b | Queen_Victoria | Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement. She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847, Balmoral Castle. In March 1864, a protester stuck a notice on the railings of Buckingham Palace that announced "these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business". Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage. | What else did Victoria do to try to return her former public image? | What else did Victoria do to try to return her former public image? | [
"What else did Victoria do to try to return her former public image?"
] | {
"text": [
"take a drive through London in an open carriage"
],
"answer_start": [
723
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement. She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847, Balmoral Castle. In March 1864, a protester stuck a notice on the railings of Buckingham Palace that announced "these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business". Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage.
Question: What else did Victoria do to try to return her former public image? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-69787 | 5ad4984cba00c4001a268cf5 | Windows_8 | Internet Explorer 10 is included as both a desktop program and a touch-optimized app, and includes increased support for HTML5, CSS3, and hardware acceleration. The Internet Explorer app does not support plugins or ActiveX components, but includes a version of Adobe Flash Player that is optimized for touch and low power usage. Initially, Adobe Flash would only work on sites included on a "Compatibility View" whitelist; however, after feedback from users and additional compatibility tests, an update in March 2013 changed this behavior to use a smaller blacklist of sites with known compatibility issues instead, allowing Flash to be used on most sites by default. The desktop version does not contain these limitations. | What improvements weren't made to Internet Explorer? | What improvements weren't made to Internet Explorer? | [
"What improvements weren't made to Internet Explorer?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Internet Explorer 10 is included as both a desktop program and a touch-optimized app, and includes increased support for HTML5, CSS3, and hardware acceleration. The Internet Explorer app does not support plugins or ActiveX components, but includes a version of Adobe Flash Player that is optimized for touch and low power usage. Initially, Adobe Flash would only work on sites included on a "Compatibility View" whitelist; however, after feedback from users and additional compatibility tests, an update in March 2013 changed this behavior to use a smaller blacklist of sites with known compatibility issues instead, allowing Flash to be used on most sites by default. The desktop version does not contain these limitations.
Question: What improvements weren't made to Internet Explorer? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-100460 | 5acd4db307355d001abf3c86 | BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System | In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December. During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve as more satellites are launched. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 m per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds. | The system began charging China and surrounding areas in what month? | The system began charging China and surrounding areas in what month? | [
"The system began charging China and surrounding areas in what month?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December. During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve as more satellites are launched. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 m per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds.
Question: The system began charging China and surrounding areas in what month? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-33295 | 572644fa1125e71900ae194e | Incandescent_light_bulb | The actual resistance of the filament is temperature dependent. The cold resistance of tungsten-filament lamps is about 1/15 the hot-filament resistance when the lamp is operating. For example, a 100-watt, 120-volt lamp has a resistance of 144 ohms when lit, but the cold resistance is much lower (about 9.5 ohms). Since incandescent lamps are resistive loads, simple phase-control TRIAC dimmers can be used to control brightness. Electrical contacts may carry a "T" rating symbol indicating that they are designed to control circuits with the high inrush current characteristic of tungsten lamps. For a 100-watt, 120-volt general-service lamp, the current stabilizes in about 0.10 seconds, and the lamp reaches 90% of its full brightness after about 0.13 seconds. | How long does it take a typical 100-watt bulb to achieve 90% of its brightness? | How long does it take a typical 100-watt bulb to achieve 90% of its brightness? | [
"How long does it take a typical 100-watt bulb to achieve 90% of its brightness?"
] | {
"text": [
"0.13 seconds"
],
"answer_start": [
751
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The actual resistance of the filament is temperature dependent. The cold resistance of tungsten-filament lamps is about 1/15 the hot-filament resistance when the lamp is operating. For example, a 100-watt, 120-volt lamp has a resistance of 144 ohms when lit, but the cold resistance is much lower (about 9.5 ohms). Since incandescent lamps are resistive loads, simple phase-control TRIAC dimmers can be used to control brightness. Electrical contacts may carry a "T" rating symbol indicating that they are designed to control circuits with the high inrush current characteristic of tungsten lamps. For a 100-watt, 120-volt general-service lamp, the current stabilizes in about 0.10 seconds, and the lamp reaches 90% of its full brightness after about 0.13 seconds.
Question: How long does it take a typical 100-watt bulb to achieve 90% of its brightness? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-47870 | 5726acfa5951b619008f79c7 | Napoleon | In the Kingdom of Holland, the British launched the Walcheren Campaign to open up a second front in the war and to relieve the pressure on the Austrians. The British army only landed at Walcheren on 30 July, by which point the Austrians had already been defeated. The Walcheren Campaign was characterized by little fighting but heavy casualties thanks to the popularly dubbed "Walcheren Fever." Over 4000 British troops were lost in a bungled campaign, and the rest withdrew in December 1809. The main strategic result from the campaign became the delayed political settlement between the French and the Austrians. Emperor Francis wanted to wait and see how the British performed in their theater before entering into negotiations with Napoleon. Once it became apparent that the British were going nowhere, the Austrians agreed to peace talks. | What was the name of the campaign by the British in Holland that created a second front in the war? | What was the name of the campaign by the British in Holland that created a second front in the war? | [
"What was the name of the campaign by the British in Holland that created a second front in the war?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Walcheren Campaign"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In the Kingdom of Holland, the British launched the Walcheren Campaign to open up a second front in the war and to relieve the pressure on the Austrians. The British army only landed at Walcheren on 30 July, by which point the Austrians had already been defeated. The Walcheren Campaign was characterized by little fighting but heavy casualties thanks to the popularly dubbed "Walcheren Fever." Over 4000 British troops were lost in a bungled campaign, and the rest withdrew in December 1809. The main strategic result from the campaign became the delayed political settlement between the French and the Austrians. Emperor Francis wanted to wait and see how the British performed in their theater before entering into negotiations with Napoleon. Once it became apparent that the British were going nowhere, the Austrians agreed to peace talks.
Question: What was the name of the campaign by the British in Holland that created a second front in the war? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-96179 | 5728cbe3ff5b5019007da6d0 | Paris | The mayor of Paris is elected indirectly by Paris voters; the voters of each arrondissement elect the Conseil de Paris (Council of Paris), composed of 163 members. Each arrondissement has a number of members depending upon its population, from 10 members for each of the least-populated arrondissements (1st through 9th) to 36 members for the most populated (the 15th). The elected council members select the mayor. Sometimes the candidate who receives the most votes city-wide is not selected if the other candidate has won the support of the majority of council members. Mayor Bertrand Delanoë (2001-2014) was elected by only a minority of city voters, but a majority of council members. Once elected, the council plays a largely passive role in the city government; it meets only once a month. The current council is divided between a coalition of the left of 91 members, including the socialists, communists, greens, and extreme left; and 71 members for the centre right, plus a few members from smaller parties. | How many members are there in the Conseil de Paris? | How many members are there in the Conseil de Paris? | [
"How many members are there in the Conseil de Paris?"
] | {
"text": [
"163"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The mayor of Paris is elected indirectly by Paris voters; the voters of each arrondissement elect the Conseil de Paris (Council of Paris), composed of 163 members. Each arrondissement has a number of members depending upon its population, from 10 members for each of the least-populated arrondissements (1st through 9th) to 36 members for the most populated (the 15th). The elected council members select the mayor. Sometimes the candidate who receives the most votes city-wide is not selected if the other candidate has won the support of the majority of council members. Mayor Bertrand Delanoë (2001-2014) was elected by only a minority of city voters, but a majority of council members. Once elected, the council plays a largely passive role in the city government; it meets only once a month. The current council is divided between a coalition of the left of 91 members, including the socialists, communists, greens, and extreme left; and 71 members for the centre right, plus a few members from smaller parties.
Question: How many members are there in the Conseil de Paris? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-27622 | 57302bbda23a5019007fcee3 | Liberia | In 2003, additional UN sanctions were placed on Liberian timber exports, which had risen from US$5 million in 1997 to over US$100 million in 2002 and were believed to be funding rebels in Sierra Leone. These sanctions were lifted in 2006. Due in large part to foreign aid and investment inflow following the end of the war, Liberia maintains a large account deficit, which peaked at nearly 60% in 2008. Liberia gained observer status with the World Trade Organization in 2010 and is in the process of acquiring full member status. | What were UN sanctions place placed on 2003? | What were UN sanctions place placed on 2003? | [
"What were UN sanctions place placed on 2003?"
] | {
"text": [
"Liberian timber exports"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In 2003, additional UN sanctions were placed on Liberian timber exports, which had risen from US$5 million in 1997 to over US$100 million in 2002 and were believed to be funding rebels in Sierra Leone. These sanctions were lifted in 2006. Due in large part to foreign aid and investment inflow following the end of the war, Liberia maintains a large account deficit, which peaked at nearly 60% in 2008. Liberia gained observer status with the World Trade Organization in 2010 and is in the process of acquiring full member status.
Question: What were UN sanctions place placed on 2003? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-49736 | 56cc5fd66d243a140015ef54 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | As evident in his imperial edicts, the Hongwu Emperor was well aware of the Buddhist link between Tibet and China and wanted to foster it. Rolpe Dorje, 4th Karmapa Lama (1340–1383) rejected the Hongwu Emperor's invitation, although he did send some disciples as envoys to the court in Nanjing. The Hongwu Emperor also entrusted his guru Zongluo, one of many Buddhist monks at court, to head a religious mission into Tibet in 1378–1382 in order to obtain Buddhist texts. | Who did Rolpe Dorje send as envoys to court in Nanjing? | Who did Rolpe Dorje send as envoys to court in Nanjing? | [
"Who did Rolpe Dorje send as envoys to court in Nanjing?"
] | {
"text": [
"disciples"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: As evident in his imperial edicts, the Hongwu Emperor was well aware of the Buddhist link between Tibet and China and wanted to foster it. Rolpe Dorje, 4th Karmapa Lama (1340–1383) rejected the Hongwu Emperor's invitation, although he did send some disciples as envoys to the court in Nanjing. The Hongwu Emperor also entrusted his guru Zongluo, one of many Buddhist monks at court, to head a religious mission into Tibet in 1378–1382 in order to obtain Buddhist texts.
Question: Who did Rolpe Dorje send as envoys to court in Nanjing? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-57282 | 572ff38604bcaa1900d76f1d | Muslim_world | One of the common definitions for "Islamic philosophy" is "the style of philosophy produced within the framework of Islamic culture." Islamic philosophy, in this definition is neither necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor is exclusively produced by Muslims. The Persian scholar Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037) had more than 450 books attributed to him. His writings were concerned with various subjects, most notably philosophy and medicine. His medical textbook The Canon of Medicine was used as the standard text in European universities for centuries. He also wrote The Book of Healing, an influential scientific and philosophical encyclopedia. | What philosophical encyclopedia is Ibn Sina known for writing? | What philosophical encyclopedia is Ibn Sina known for writing? | [
"What philosophical encyclopedia is Ibn Sina known for writing?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Book of Healing"
],
"answer_start": [
579
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: One of the common definitions for "Islamic philosophy" is "the style of philosophy produced within the framework of Islamic culture." Islamic philosophy, in this definition is neither necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor is exclusively produced by Muslims. The Persian scholar Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037) had more than 450 books attributed to him. His writings were concerned with various subjects, most notably philosophy and medicine. His medical textbook The Canon of Medicine was used as the standard text in European universities for centuries. He also wrote The Book of Healing, an influential scientific and philosophical encyclopedia.
Question: What philosophical encyclopedia is Ibn Sina known for writing? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-33181 | 57262d20271a42140099d704 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This made the lamp sensitive to fluctuations in the power supply, since a small increase of voltage would cause the filament to heat up, reducing its resistance and causing it to draw even more power and heat even further. In the "flashing" process, carbon filaments were heated by current passing through them while in an evacuated vessel containing hydrocarbon vapor (usually gasoline). The carbon deposited on the filament by this treatment improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency. A metallized or "graphitized" filament was first heated in a high-temperature oven before flashing and lamp assembly. This transformed the carbon into graphite which further strengthened and smoothed the filament. This also changed the filament to have a positive temperature coefficient, like a metallic conductor, and helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage. | What was the primary problem with early carbon filaments? | What was the primary problem with early carbon filaments? | [
"What was the primary problem with early carbon filaments?"
] | {
"text": [
"as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This made the lamp sensitive to fluctuations in the power supply, since a small increase of voltage would cause the filament to heat up, reducing its resistance and causing it to draw even more power and heat even further. In the "flashing" process, carbon filaments were heated by current passing through them while in an evacuated vessel containing hydrocarbon vapor (usually gasoline). The carbon deposited on the filament by this treatment improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency. A metallized or "graphitized" filament was first heated in a high-temperature oven before flashing and lamp assembly. This transformed the carbon into graphite which further strengthened and smoothed the filament. This also changed the filament to have a positive temperature coefficient, like a metallic conductor, and helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage.
Question: What was the primary problem with early carbon filaments? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-63023 | 572b8668f75d5e190021fe2c | Czech_language | The Czechs' language separated from other Slavic tongues into what would later be called Old Czech by the thirteenth century, a classification extending through the sixteenth century. Its use of cases differed from the modern language; although Old Czech did not yet have a vocative case or an animacy distinction, declension for its six cases and three genders rapidly became complicated (partially to differentiate homophones) and its declension patterns resembled those of Lithuanian (its Balto-Slavic cousin). | What other language did Old Czech's declension patterns resemble? | What other language did Old Czech's declension patterns resemble? | [
"What other language did Old Czech's declension patterns resemble?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lithuanian"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The Czechs' language separated from other Slavic tongues into what would later be called Old Czech by the thirteenth century, a classification extending through the sixteenth century. Its use of cases differed from the modern language; although Old Czech did not yet have a vocative case or an animacy distinction, declension for its six cases and three genders rapidly became complicated (partially to differentiate homophones) and its declension patterns resembled those of Lithuanian (its Balto-Slavic cousin).
Question: What other language did Old Czech's declension patterns resemble? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-15289 | 572fc292b2c2fd140056840c | Hyderabad | Institutes in Hyderabad include the National Institute of Rural Development, the Indian School of Business, the Institute of Public Enterprise, the Administrative Staff College of India and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy. Technical and engineering schools include the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad (IIITH), Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad (BITS Hyderabad) and Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad (IIT-H) as well as agricultural engineering institutes such as the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University. Hyderabad also has schools of fashion design including Raffles Millennium International, NIFT Hyderabad and Wigan and Leigh College. The National Institute of Design, Hyderabad (NID-H), will offer undergraduate and postgraduate courses from 2015. | What is the school otherwise known as IIT-H? | What is the school otherwise known as IIT-H? | [
"What is the school otherwise known as IIT-H?"
] | {
"text": [
"Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Institutes in Hyderabad include the National Institute of Rural Development, the Indian School of Business, the Institute of Public Enterprise, the Administrative Staff College of India and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy. Technical and engineering schools include the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad (IIITH), Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad (BITS Hyderabad) and Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad (IIT-H) as well as agricultural engineering institutes such as the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University. Hyderabad also has schools of fashion design including Raffles Millennium International, NIFT Hyderabad and Wigan and Leigh College. The National Institute of Design, Hyderabad (NID-H), will offer undergraduate and postgraduate courses from 2015.
Question: What is the school otherwise known as IIT-H? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-66984 | 5726aefadd62a815002e8cec | Nutrition | In the 1500s, Paracelsus was probably the first to criticize Galen publicly. Also in the 16th century, scientist and artist Leonardo da Vinci compared metabolism to a burning candle. Leonardo did not publish his works on this subject, but he was not afraid of thinking for himself and he definitely disagreed with Galen. Ultimately, 16th century works of Andreas Vesalius, sometimes called the father of modern medicine, overturned Galen's ideas. He was followed by piercing thought amalgamated with the era's mysticism and religion sometimes fueled by the mechanics of Newton and Galileo. Jan Baptist van Helmont, who discovered several gases such as carbon dioxide, performed the first quantitative experiment. Robert Boyle advanced chemistry. Sanctorius measured body weight. Physician Herman Boerhaave modeled the digestive process. Physiologist Albrecht von Haller worked out the difference between nerves and muscles. | Who criticized Galen in the 1500s? | Who criticized Galen in the 1500s? | [
"Who criticized Galen in the 1500s?"
] | {
"text": [
"Paracelsus"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In the 1500s, Paracelsus was probably the first to criticize Galen publicly. Also in the 16th century, scientist and artist Leonardo da Vinci compared metabolism to a burning candle. Leonardo did not publish his works on this subject, but he was not afraid of thinking for himself and he definitely disagreed with Galen. Ultimately, 16th century works of Andreas Vesalius, sometimes called the father of modern medicine, overturned Galen's ideas. He was followed by piercing thought amalgamated with the era's mysticism and religion sometimes fueled by the mechanics of Newton and Galileo. Jan Baptist van Helmont, who discovered several gases such as carbon dioxide, performed the first quantitative experiment. Robert Boyle advanced chemistry. Sanctorius measured body weight. Physician Herman Boerhaave modeled the digestive process. Physiologist Albrecht von Haller worked out the difference between nerves and muscles.
Question: Who criticized Galen in the 1500s? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-47450 | 572f9299947a6a140053ca7d | Armenia | During the 1890s, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, commonly known as Dashnaktsutyun, became active within the Ottoman Empire with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire that were advocating for reform and defending Armenian villages from massacres that were widespread in some of the Armenian-populated areas of the empire. Dashnaktsutyun members also formed fedayi groups that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance. The Dashnaks also worked for the wider goal of creating a "free, independent and unified" Armenia, although they sometimes set aside this goal in favor of a more realistic approach, such as advocating autonomy. | What was the Dashnaks objective? | What was the Dashnaks objective? | [
"What was the Dashnaks objective?"
] | {
"text": [
"creating a \"free, independent and unified\" Armenia"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: During the 1890s, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, commonly known as Dashnaktsutyun, became active within the Ottoman Empire with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire that were advocating for reform and defending Armenian villages from massacres that were widespread in some of the Armenian-populated areas of the empire. Dashnaktsutyun members also formed fedayi groups that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance. The Dashnaks also worked for the wider goal of creating a "free, independent and unified" Armenia, although they sometimes set aside this goal in favor of a more realistic approach, such as advocating autonomy.
Question: What was the Dashnaks objective? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-108042 | 56e3c50f39bdeb1400347906 | Estonian_language | After the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country. In 1945, 97.3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language. | What percentage of Estonians thought of themselves as ethnic Estonian's in 1945? | What percentage of Estonians thought of themselves as ethnic Estonian's in 1945? | [
"What percentage of Estonians thought of themselves as ethnic Estonian's in 1945?"
] | {
"text": [
"97.3%"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: After the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country. In 1945, 97.3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language.
Question: What percentage of Estonians thought of themselves as ethnic Estonian's in 1945? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-77377 | 57323009e17f3d14004226f9 | Armenians | Small Armenian trading and religious communities have existed outside of Armenia for centuries. For example, a community has existed for over a millennium in the Holy Land, and one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem has been called the Armenian Quarter. An Armenian Catholic monastic community of 35 founded in 1717 exists on an island near Venice, Italy. There are also remnants of formerly populous communities in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt.[citation needed] | Where is the Italian Armenian monastery? | Where is the Italian Armenian monastery? | [
"Where is the Italian Armenian monastery?"
] | {
"text": [
"on an island near Venice"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Small Armenian trading and religious communities have existed outside of Armenia for centuries. For example, a community has existed for over a millennium in the Holy Land, and one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem has been called the Armenian Quarter. An Armenian Catholic monastic community of 35 founded in 1717 exists on an island near Venice, Italy. There are also remnants of formerly populous communities in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt.[citation needed]
Question: Where is the Italian Armenian monastery? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-66040 | 571a395610f8ca1400304f83 | Seattle | The city has started moving away from the automobile and towards mass transit. From 2004 to 2009, the annual number of unlinked public transportation trips increased by approximately 21%. In 2006, voters in King County passed proposition 2 (Transit Now) which increased bus service hours on high ridership routes and paid for five bus rapid transit lines called RapidRide. After rejecting a roads and transit measure in 2007, Seattle-area voters passed a transit only measure in 2008 to increase ST Express bus service, extend the Link Light Rail system, and expand and improve Sounder commuter rail service. A light rail line from downtown heading south to Sea-Tac Airport began service on December 19, 2009, giving the city its first rapid transit line with intermediate stations within the city limits. An extension north to the University of Washington is scheduled to open in 2016; and further extensions are planned to reach Lynnwood to the north, Des Moines to the south, and Bellevue and Redmond to the east by 2023. Former mayor Michael McGinn has supported building light rail from downtown to Ballard and West Seattle. | What measure was passed by Seattle voters in 2006? | What measure was passed by Seattle voters in 2006? | [
"What measure was passed by Seattle voters in 2006?"
] | {
"text": [
"RapidRide"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The city has started moving away from the automobile and towards mass transit. From 2004 to 2009, the annual number of unlinked public transportation trips increased by approximately 21%. In 2006, voters in King County passed proposition 2 (Transit Now) which increased bus service hours on high ridership routes and paid for five bus rapid transit lines called RapidRide. After rejecting a roads and transit measure in 2007, Seattle-area voters passed a transit only measure in 2008 to increase ST Express bus service, extend the Link Light Rail system, and expand and improve Sounder commuter rail service. A light rail line from downtown heading south to Sea-Tac Airport began service on December 19, 2009, giving the city its first rapid transit line with intermediate stations within the city limits. An extension north to the University of Washington is scheduled to open in 2016; and further extensions are planned to reach Lynnwood to the north, Des Moines to the south, and Bellevue and Redmond to the east by 2023. Former mayor Michael McGinn has supported building light rail from downtown to Ballard and West Seattle.
Question: What measure was passed by Seattle voters in 2006? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-43457 | 57268e98708984140094ca02 | Korean_War | A major consideration was the possible Soviet reaction in the event that the US intervened. The Truman administration was fretful that a war in Korea was a diversionary assault that would escalate to a general war in Europe once the United States committed in Korea. At the same time, "[t]here was no suggestion from anyone that the United Nations or the United States could back away from [the conflict]". Yugoslavia–a possible Soviet target because of the Tito-Stalin Split—was vital to the defense of Italy and Greece, and the country was first on the list of the National Security Council's post-North Korea invasion list of "chief danger spots". Truman believed if aggression went unchecked a chain reaction would be initiated that would marginalize the United Nations and encourage Communist aggression elsewhere. The UN Security Council approved the use of force to help the South Koreans and the US immediately began using what air and naval forces that were in the area to that end. The Administration still refrained from committing on the ground because some advisers believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power alone. | Who believed that if the issues in Korea were not dealt with the communist aggression would spread? | Who believed that if the issues in Korea were not dealt with the communist aggression would spread? | [
"Who believed that if the issues in Korea were not dealt with the communist aggression would spread?"
] | {
"text": [
"Truman"
],
"answer_start": [
651
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: A major consideration was the possible Soviet reaction in the event that the US intervened. The Truman administration was fretful that a war in Korea was a diversionary assault that would escalate to a general war in Europe once the United States committed in Korea. At the same time, "[t]here was no suggestion from anyone that the United Nations or the United States could back away from [the conflict]". Yugoslavia–a possible Soviet target because of the Tito-Stalin Split—was vital to the defense of Italy and Greece, and the country was first on the list of the National Security Council's post-North Korea invasion list of "chief danger spots". Truman believed if aggression went unchecked a chain reaction would be initiated that would marginalize the United Nations and encourage Communist aggression elsewhere. The UN Security Council approved the use of force to help the South Koreans and the US immediately began using what air and naval forces that were in the area to that end. The Administration still refrained from committing on the ground because some advisers believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power alone.
Question: Who believed that if the issues in Korea were not dealt with the communist aggression would spread? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-74364 | 5ace586232bba1001ae4a34a | Asphalt | Bitumen was used in early photographic technology. In 1826 or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature. The bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewter plate which was then exposed in a camera. Exposure to light hardened the bitumen and made it insoluble, so that when it was subsequently rinsed with a solvent only the sufficiently light-struck areas remained. Many hours of exposure in the camera were required, making bitumen impractical for ordinary photography, but from the 1850s to the 1920s it was in common use as a photoresist in the production of printing plates for various photomechanical printing processes.[not in citation given] | What did spanish scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce use to make the oldest surviving photograph? | What did spanish scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce use to make the oldest surviving photograph? | [
"What did spanish scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce use to make the oldest surviving photograph?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Bitumen was used in early photographic technology. In 1826 or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature. The bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewter plate which was then exposed in a camera. Exposure to light hardened the bitumen and made it insoluble, so that when it was subsequently rinsed with a solvent only the sufficiently light-struck areas remained. Many hours of exposure in the camera were required, making bitumen impractical for ordinary photography, but from the 1850s to the 1920s it was in common use as a photoresist in the production of printing plates for various photomechanical printing processes.[not in citation given]
Question: What did spanish scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce use to make the oldest surviving photograph? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-30160 | 5acd53ef07355d001abf3d5a | Raleigh,_North_Carolina | In 1880, the newspapers News and Observer combined to form The News & Observer. It remains Raleigh's primary daily newspaper. The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, now known as North Carolina State University, was founded as a land-grant college in 1887. The city's Rex Hospital opened in 1889 and included the state's first nursing school. The Baptist Women's College, now known as Meredith College, opened in 1891, and in 1898, The Academy of Music, a private music conservatory, was established. | When did Rex Hospital close? | When did Rex Hospital close? | [
"When did Rex Hospital close?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In 1880, the newspapers News and Observer combined to form The News & Observer. It remains Raleigh's primary daily newspaper. The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, now known as North Carolina State University, was founded as a land-grant college in 1887. The city's Rex Hospital opened in 1889 and included the state's first nursing school. The Baptist Women's College, now known as Meredith College, opened in 1891, and in 1898, The Academy of Music, a private music conservatory, was established.
Question: When did Rex Hospital close? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-112943 | 570b32c46b8089140040f800 | Xbox_360 | Xbox Live Gold includes the same features as Free and includes integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third-party subscriptions. Microsoft has allowed previous Xbox Live subscribers to maintain their profile information, friends list, and games history when they make the transition to Xbox Live Gold. To transfer an Xbox Live account to the new system, users need to link a Windows Live ID to their gamertag on Xbox.com. When users add an Xbox Live enabled profile to their console, they are required to provide the console with their passport account information and the last four digits of their credit card number, which is used for verification purposes and billing. An Xbox Live Gold account has an annual cost of US$59.99, C$59.99, NZ$90.00, GB£39.99, or €59.99. As of January 5, 2011, Xbox Live has over 30 million subscribers. | How many users are subscribed to Xbox Live? | How many users are subscribed to Xbox Live? | [
"How many users are subscribed to Xbox Live?"
] | {
"text": [
"30 million"
],
"answer_start": [
828
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Xbox Live Gold includes the same features as Free and includes integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third-party subscriptions. Microsoft has allowed previous Xbox Live subscribers to maintain their profile information, friends list, and games history when they make the transition to Xbox Live Gold. To transfer an Xbox Live account to the new system, users need to link a Windows Live ID to their gamertag on Xbox.com. When users add an Xbox Live enabled profile to their console, they are required to provide the console with their passport account information and the last four digits of their credit card number, which is used for verification purposes and billing. An Xbox Live Gold account has an annual cost of US$59.99, C$59.99, NZ$90.00, GB£39.99, or €59.99. As of January 5, 2011, Xbox Live has over 30 million subscribers.
Question: How many users are subscribed to Xbox Live? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-73459 | 56d37eb059d6e41400146542 | American_Idol | Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week, and the judges decided to use their "save" option on her, making her the first female recipient of the save. The following week, unlike previous seasons, Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home. Sanchez later made the final two, the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale. | Who was the first female to be saved by the judges on American Idol? | Who was the first female to be saved by the judges on American Idol? | [
"Who was the first female to be saved by the judges on American Idol?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jessica Sanchez"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week, and the judges decided to use their "save" option on her, making her the first female recipient of the save. The following week, unlike previous seasons, Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home. Sanchez later made the final two, the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale.
Question: Who was the first female to be saved by the judges on American Idol? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-108906 | 5a7d14de70df9f001a874f75 | Literature | In ancient Greece, the epics of Homer, who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey, and Hesiod, who wrote Works and Days and Theogony, are some of the earliest, and most influential, of Ancient Greek literature. Classical Greek genres included philosophy, poetry, historiography, comedies and dramas. Plato and Aristotle authored philosophical texts that are the foundation of Western philosophy, Sappho and Pindar were influential lyric poets, and Herodotus and Thucydides were early Greek historians. Although drama was popular in Ancient Greece, of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical age, only a limited number of plays by three authors still exist: Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The plays of Aristophanes provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, the earliest form of Greek Comedy, and are in fact used to define the genre. | What types of texts did Plato and Socrates author? | What types of texts did Plato and Socrates author? | [
"What types of texts did Plato and Socrates author?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In ancient Greece, the epics of Homer, who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey, and Hesiod, who wrote Works and Days and Theogony, are some of the earliest, and most influential, of Ancient Greek literature. Classical Greek genres included philosophy, poetry, historiography, comedies and dramas. Plato and Aristotle authored philosophical texts that are the foundation of Western philosophy, Sappho and Pindar were influential lyric poets, and Herodotus and Thucydides were early Greek historians. Although drama was popular in Ancient Greece, of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical age, only a limited number of plays by three authors still exist: Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The plays of Aristophanes provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, the earliest form of Greek Comedy, and are in fact used to define the genre.
Question: What types of texts did Plato and Socrates author? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-44594 | 5707229c90286e26004fc949 | Chihuahua_(state) | Nueva Vizcaya (New Biscay) was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored and settled by the Spanish. Around 1528, a group of Spaniard explorers, led by Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, first entered the actual territory of what is now Chihuahua. The conquest of the territory lasted nearly one century, and encountered fierce resistance from the Conchos tribe, but the desire of the Spanish Crown to transform the region into a bustling mining center led to a strong strategy to control the area. | The Spanish crown wanted to turn the region into what type of industry? | The Spanish crown wanted to turn the region into what type of industry? | [
"The Spanish crown wanted to turn the region into what type of industry?"
] | {
"text": [
"mining center"
],
"answer_start": [
446
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Nueva Vizcaya (New Biscay) was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored and settled by the Spanish. Around 1528, a group of Spaniard explorers, led by Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, first entered the actual territory of what is now Chihuahua. The conquest of the territory lasted nearly one century, and encountered fierce resistance from the Conchos tribe, but the desire of the Spanish Crown to transform the region into a bustling mining center led to a strong strategy to control the area.
Question: The Spanish crown wanted to turn the region into what type of industry? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-24106 | 572943d53f37b319004781d5 | Bermuda | Bermuda watercolours painted by local artists are sold at various galleries. Hand-carved cedar sculptures are another speciality. One such 7 ft (2.1 m) sculpture, created by Bermudian sculptor Chesley Trott, is installed at the airport's baggage claim area. In 2010, his sculpture The Arrival was unveiled near the bay to commemorate the freeing of slaves from the American brig Enterprise in 1835. Local artwork may also be viewed at several galleries around the island. Alfred Birdsey was one of the more famous and talented watercolourists; his impressionistic landscapes of Hamilton, St George's and the surrounding sailboats, homes, and bays of Bermuda are world-renowned. | What significant event does the sculpture The Arrival portray? | What significant event does the sculpture The Arrival portray? | [
"What significant event does the sculpture The Arrival portray?"
] | {
"text": [
"the freeing of slaves from the American brig Enterprise in 1835"
],
"answer_start": [
334
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Bermuda watercolours painted by local artists are sold at various galleries. Hand-carved cedar sculptures are another speciality. One such 7 ft (2.1 m) sculpture, created by Bermudian sculptor Chesley Trott, is installed at the airport's baggage claim area. In 2010, his sculpture The Arrival was unveiled near the bay to commemorate the freeing of slaves from the American brig Enterprise in 1835. Local artwork may also be viewed at several galleries around the island. Alfred Birdsey was one of the more famous and talented watercolourists; his impressionistic landscapes of Hamilton, St George's and the surrounding sailboats, homes, and bays of Bermuda are world-renowned.
Question: What significant event does the sculpture The Arrival portray? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-96926 | 5a21d4c68a6e4f001aa08f3a | Canon_law | Much of the legislative style was adapted from the Roman Law Code of Justinian. As a result, Roman ecclesiastical courts tend to follow the Roman Law style of continental Europe with some variation, featuring collegiate panels of judges and an investigative form of proceeding, called "inquisitorial", from the Latin "inquirere", to enquire. This is in contrast to the adversarial form of proceeding found in the common law system of English and U.S. law, which features such things as juries and single judges. | What other law system do ecclesiastical courts share an adversarial form with? | What other law system do ecclesiastical courts share an adversarial form with? | [
"What other law system do ecclesiastical courts share an adversarial form with?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Much of the legislative style was adapted from the Roman Law Code of Justinian. As a result, Roman ecclesiastical courts tend to follow the Roman Law style of continental Europe with some variation, featuring collegiate panels of judges and an investigative form of proceeding, called "inquisitorial", from the Latin "inquirere", to enquire. This is in contrast to the adversarial form of proceeding found in the common law system of English and U.S. law, which features such things as juries and single judges.
Question: What other law system do ecclesiastical courts share an adversarial form with? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-72885 | 5ad362de604f3c001a3fdfad | Dell | The combined business is expected to address the markets for scale-out architecture, converged infrastructure and private cloud computing, playing to the strengths of both EMC and Dell. Commentators have questioned the deal, with FBR Capital Markets saying that though it makes a "ton of sense" for Dell, it's a "nightmare scenario that would lack strategic synergies" for EMC. Fortune said there was a lot for Dell to like in EMC's portfolio, but "does it all add up enough to justify tens of billions of dollars for the entire package? Probably not." The Register reported the view of William Blair & Company that the merger would "blow up the current IT chess board", forcing other IT infrastructure vendors to restructure to achieve scale and vertical integration. The value of VMware stock fell 10% after the announcement, valuing the deal at around $63–64bn rather than the $67bn originally reported. | What type of computing is the combined effort of MEC and Dell slated to address? | What type of computing is the combined effort of MEC and Dell slated to address? | [
"What type of computing is the combined effort of MEC and Dell slated to address?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The combined business is expected to address the markets for scale-out architecture, converged infrastructure and private cloud computing, playing to the strengths of both EMC and Dell. Commentators have questioned the deal, with FBR Capital Markets saying that though it makes a "ton of sense" for Dell, it's a "nightmare scenario that would lack strategic synergies" for EMC. Fortune said there was a lot for Dell to like in EMC's portfolio, but "does it all add up enough to justify tens of billions of dollars for the entire package? Probably not." The Register reported the view of William Blair & Company that the merger would "blow up the current IT chess board", forcing other IT infrastructure vendors to restructure to achieve scale and vertical integration. The value of VMware stock fell 10% after the announcement, valuing the deal at around $63–64bn rather than the $67bn originally reported.
Question: What type of computing is the combined effort of MEC and Dell slated to address? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-25852 | 5a836cfde60761001a2eb6b2 | Copper | The major applications of copper are in electrical wires (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%) and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is mostly used as a pure metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy (5% of total use) such as brass and bronze. A small part of copper supply is used in production of compounds for nutritional supplements and fungicides in agriculture. Machining of copper is possible, although it is usually necessary to use an alloy for intricate parts to get good machinability characteristics. | What percentage of copper is forbidden in roofing and plumbing? | What percentage of copper is forbidden in roofing and plumbing? | [
"What percentage of copper is forbidden in roofing and plumbing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The major applications of copper are in electrical wires (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%) and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is mostly used as a pure metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy (5% of total use) such as brass and bronze. A small part of copper supply is used in production of compounds for nutritional supplements and fungicides in agriculture. Machining of copper is possible, although it is usually necessary to use an alloy for intricate parts to get good machinability characteristics.
Question: What percentage of copper is forbidden in roofing and plumbing? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-115913 | 572e84dcdfa6aa1500f8d07b | Richard_Feynman | After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950. During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project, he focused on complex physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these was analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating dish as it is moving through the air. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, proved important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities. | Which colleague did Feynman follow to Cornell? | Which colleague did Feynman follow to Cornell? | [
"Which colleague did Feynman follow to Cornell?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hans Bethe"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950. During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project, he focused on complex physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these was analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating dish as it is moving through the air. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, proved important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities.
Question: Which colleague did Feynman follow to Cornell? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-114422 | 5ad245c7d7d075001a428ab1 | Emotion | Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have universal cross-cultural counterparts. Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that occur in animals. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion. | Along with survival, what did Darwin not see as the role of emotions in humans? | Along with survival, what did Darwin not see as the role of emotions in humans? | [
"Along with survival, what did Darwin not see as the role of emotions in humans?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have universal cross-cultural counterparts. Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that occur in animals. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion.
Question: Along with survival, what did Darwin not see as the role of emotions in humans? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-74055 | 56e4839b39bdeb140034796b | Architecture | Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka. | India produced which early architectural text? | India produced which early architectural text? | [
"India produced which early architectural text?"
] | {
"text": [
"Shilpa Shastras"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
Question: India produced which early architectural text? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-79718 | 570616a075f01819005e7972 | MP3 | MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most digital audio players. | Other than storage, what is the common audio format used for? | Other than storage, what is the common audio format used for? | [
"Other than storage, what is the common audio format used for?"
] | {
"text": [
"consumer audio streaming"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most digital audio players.
Question: Other than storage, what is the common audio format used for? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-51982 | 5ad3707d604f3c001a3fe249 | Miami | Miami (/maɪˈæmi/; Spanish pronunciation: [maiˈami]) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County. The 44th-most populated city proper in the United States, with a population of 430,332, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area, and the second most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States after Washington, D.C. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the eighth-most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million. | On which coast of Florida is Miami not located? | On which coast of Florida is Miami not located? | [
"On which coast of Florida is Miami not located?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Miami (/maɪˈæmi/; Spanish pronunciation: [maiˈami]) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County. The 44th-most populated city proper in the United States, with a population of 430,332, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area, and the second most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States after Washington, D.C. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the eighth-most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million.
Question: On which coast of Florida is Miami not located? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-69750 | 5ad496b5ba00c4001a268cbb | Windows_8 | Task Manager has been redesigned, including a new processes tab with the option to display fewer or more details of running applications and background processes, a heat map using different colors indicating the level of resource usage, network and disk counters, grouping by process type (e.g. applications, background processes and Windows processes), friendly names for processes and a new option which allows users to search the web to find information about obscure processes. Additionally, the Blue Screen of Death has been updated with a simpler and modern design with less technical information displayed. | What are some of the process type groups Windows 9 implemented? | What are some of the process type groups Windows 9 implemented? | [
"What are some of the process type groups Windows 9 implemented?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Task Manager has been redesigned, including a new processes tab with the option to display fewer or more details of running applications and background processes, a heat map using different colors indicating the level of resource usage, network and disk counters, grouping by process type (e.g. applications, background processes and Windows processes), friendly names for processes and a new option which allows users to search the web to find information about obscure processes. Additionally, the Blue Screen of Death has been updated with a simpler and modern design with less technical information displayed.
Question: What are some of the process type groups Windows 9 implemented? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-24305 | 572957101d046914007792c7 | Bermuda | In 1970 the country switched its currency from the Bermudian pound to the Bermudian dollar, which is pegged at par with the US dollar. US notes and coins are used interchangeably with Bermudian notes and coins within the islands for most practical purposes; however, banks levy an exchange rate fee for the purchase of US dollars with Bermudian dollars. Bermudian notes carry the image of Queen Elizabeth II. The Bermuda Monetary Authority is the issuing authority for all banknotes and coins, and regulates financial institutions. The Royal Naval Dockyard Museum holds a permanent exhibition of Bermuda notes and coins. | Who is pictured on Bermudian dollars? | Who is pictured on Bermudian dollars? | [
"Who is pictured on Bermudian dollars?"
] | {
"text": [
"Queen Elizabeth II."
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In 1970 the country switched its currency from the Bermudian pound to the Bermudian dollar, which is pegged at par with the US dollar. US notes and coins are used interchangeably with Bermudian notes and coins within the islands for most practical purposes; however, banks levy an exchange rate fee for the purchase of US dollars with Bermudian dollars. Bermudian notes carry the image of Queen Elizabeth II. The Bermuda Monetary Authority is the issuing authority for all banknotes and coins, and regulates financial institutions. The Royal Naval Dockyard Museum holds a permanent exhibition of Bermuda notes and coins.
Question: Who is pictured on Bermudian dollars? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-112950 | 570b33686b8089140040f807 | Xbox_360 | On May 26, 2009, Microsoft announced the future release of the Zune HD (in the fall of 2009), the next addition to the Zune product range. This is of an impact on the Xbox Live Video Store as it was also announced that the Zune Video Marketplace and the Xbox Live Video Store will be merged to form the Zune Marketplace, which will be arriving on Xbox Live in 7 countries initially, the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Italy, Germany, Ireland and Spain. Further details were released at the Microsoft press conference at E3 2009. | Where and when was the Zune HD marketplace announced? | Where and when was the Zune HD marketplace announced? | [
"Where and when was the Zune HD marketplace announced?"
] | {
"text": [
"E3 2009"
],
"answer_start": [
532
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: On May 26, 2009, Microsoft announced the future release of the Zune HD (in the fall of 2009), the next addition to the Zune product range. This is of an impact on the Xbox Live Video Store as it was also announced that the Zune Video Marketplace and the Xbox Live Video Store will be merged to form the Zune Marketplace, which will be arriving on Xbox Live in 7 countries initially, the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Italy, Germany, Ireland and Spain. Further details were released at the Microsoft press conference at E3 2009.
Question: Where and when was the Zune HD marketplace announced? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-88217 | 5a3c9ecfcc5d22001a521e3f | God | Adherents of different religions generally disagree as to how to best worship God and what is God's plan for mankind, if there is one. There are different approaches to reconciling the contradictory claims of monotheistic religions. One view is taken by exclusivists, who believe they are the chosen people or have exclusive access to absolute truth, generally through revelation or encounter with the Divine, which adherents of other religions do not. Another view is religious pluralism. A pluralist typically believes that his religion is the right one, but does not deny the partial truth of other religions. An example of a pluralist view in Christianity is supersessionism, i.e., the belief that one's religion is the fulfillment of previous religions. A third approach is relativistic inclusivism, where everybody is seen as equally right; an example being universalism: the doctrine that salvation is eventually available for everyone. A fourth approach is syncretism, mixing different elements from different religions. An example of syncretism is the New Age movement. | What does the New Age movement believe they have exclusive access to? | What does the New Age movement believe they have exclusive access to? | [
"What does the New Age movement believe they have exclusive access to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Adherents of different religions generally disagree as to how to best worship God and what is God's plan for mankind, if there is one. There are different approaches to reconciling the contradictory claims of monotheistic religions. One view is taken by exclusivists, who believe they are the chosen people or have exclusive access to absolute truth, generally through revelation or encounter with the Divine, which adherents of other religions do not. Another view is religious pluralism. A pluralist typically believes that his religion is the right one, but does not deny the partial truth of other religions. An example of a pluralist view in Christianity is supersessionism, i.e., the belief that one's religion is the fulfillment of previous religions. A third approach is relativistic inclusivism, where everybody is seen as equally right; an example being universalism: the doctrine that salvation is eventually available for everyone. A fourth approach is syncretism, mixing different elements from different religions. An example of syncretism is the New Age movement.
Question: What does the New Age movement believe they have exclusive access to? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-81470 | 572409ef0ba9f01400d97b43 | Queen_Victoria | Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her lame, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts. Through early January, she felt "weak and unwell", and by mid-January she was "drowsy ... dazed, [and] confused". She died on Tuesday, 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, at the age of 81. Her son and successor King Edward VII, and her eldest grandson, Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, were at her deathbed. Her favourite pet Pomeranian, Turri, was laid upon her deathbed as a last request. | What had caused Victoria to be lame? | What had caused Victoria to be lame? | [
"What had caused Victoria to be lame?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rheumatism in her legs"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her lame, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts. Through early January, she felt "weak and unwell", and by mid-January she was "drowsy ... dazed, [and] confused". She died on Tuesday, 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, at the age of 81. Her son and successor King Edward VII, and her eldest grandson, Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, were at her deathbed. Her favourite pet Pomeranian, Turri, was laid upon her deathbed as a last request.
Question: What had caused Victoria to be lame? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-22078 | 570b0ac3ec8fbc190045b802 | Aircraft_carrier | The Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three now retired Invincible-class carriers. The ships are HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales. They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft on peace time operations with a tailored group of up to 50, and will have a displacement of 70,600 tonnes. HMS Queen Elizabeth is projected to commission in 2017 followed by Prince of Wales in about 2020. The ships are due to become operational starting in 2020. Their primary aircraft complement will be made up of F-35B Lightning IIs, and their ship's company will number around 680 with the total complement rising to about 1600 when the air group is embarked. The two ships will be the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy. | When is HMS Queen Elizabeth projected to commission? | When is HMS Queen Elizabeth projected to commission? | [
"When is HMS Queen Elizabeth projected to commission?"
] | {
"text": [
"in 2017"
],
"answer_start": [
418
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three now retired Invincible-class carriers. The ships are HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales. They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft on peace time operations with a tailored group of up to 50, and will have a displacement of 70,600 tonnes. HMS Queen Elizabeth is projected to commission in 2017 followed by Prince of Wales in about 2020. The ships are due to become operational starting in 2020. Their primary aircraft complement will be made up of F-35B Lightning IIs, and their ship's company will number around 680 with the total complement rising to about 1600 when the air group is embarked. The two ships will be the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy.
Question: When is HMS Queen Elizabeth projected to commission? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-70904 | 57321138e17f3d1400422659 | Bird | In some species, both parents care for nestlings and fledglings; in others, such care is the responsibility of only one sex. In some species, other members of the same species—usually close relatives of the breeding pair, such as offspring from previous broods—will help with the raising of the young. Such alloparenting is particularly common among the Corvida, which includes such birds as the true crows, Australian magpie and fairy-wrens, but has been observed in species as different as the rifleman and red kite. Among most groups of animals, male parental care is rare. In birds, however, it is quite common—more so than in any other vertebrate class. Though territory and nest site defence, incubation, and chick feeding are often shared tasks, there is sometimes a division of labour in which one mate undertakes all or most of a particular duty. | What is more common in birds than any other vertebrate class? | What is more common in birds than any other vertebrate class? | [
"What is more common in birds than any other vertebrate class?"
] | {
"text": [
"male parental care"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In some species, both parents care for nestlings and fledglings; in others, such care is the responsibility of only one sex. In some species, other members of the same species—usually close relatives of the breeding pair, such as offspring from previous broods—will help with the raising of the young. Such alloparenting is particularly common among the Corvida, which includes such birds as the true crows, Australian magpie and fairy-wrens, but has been observed in species as different as the rifleman and red kite. Among most groups of animals, male parental care is rare. In birds, however, it is quite common—more so than in any other vertebrate class. Though territory and nest site defence, incubation, and chick feeding are often shared tasks, there is sometimes a division of labour in which one mate undertakes all or most of a particular duty.
Question: What is more common in birds than any other vertebrate class? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-104594 | 5732aa5bcc179a14009dabdf | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis; key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis, lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw; and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics at all levels". | Who was not prepared for the financial crisis in 2007 by lacking a full understanding of the financial system? | Who was not prepared for the financial crisis in 2007 by lacking a full understanding of the financial system? | [
"Who was not prepared for the financial crisis in 2007 by lacking a full understanding of the financial system?"
] | {
"text": [
"key policy makers"
],
"answer_start": [
539
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis; key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis, lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw; and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics at all levels".
Question: Who was not prepared for the financial crisis in 2007 by lacking a full understanding of the financial system? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-67744 | 5726bff8dd62a815002e8f54 | Norfolk_Island | Australian citizens and residents from other parts of the nation now have automatic right of residence on the island after meeting these criteria (Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012). Australian citizens must carry either a passport or a Document of Identity to travel to Norfolk Island. Citizens of all other nations must carry a passport to travel to Norfolk Island even if arriving from other parts of Australia. Holders of Australian visas who travel to Norfolk Island have departed the Australian Migration Zone. Unless they hold a multiple-entry visa, the visa will have ceased; in which case they will require another visa to re-enter mainland Australia. | What will happen to travelers with an Australian visa who don't depart from the Australian Migration Zone? | What will happen to travelers with an Australian visa who don't depart from the Australian Migration Zone? | [
"What will happen to travelers with an Australian visa who don't depart from the Australian Migration Zone? "
] | {
"text": [
"the visa will have ceased"
],
"answer_start": [
562
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Australian citizens and residents from other parts of the nation now have automatic right of residence on the island after meeting these criteria (Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012). Australian citizens must carry either a passport or a Document of Identity to travel to Norfolk Island. Citizens of all other nations must carry a passport to travel to Norfolk Island even if arriving from other parts of Australia. Holders of Australian visas who travel to Norfolk Island have departed the Australian Migration Zone. Unless they hold a multiple-entry visa, the visa will have ceased; in which case they will require another visa to re-enter mainland Australia.
Question: What will happen to travelers with an Australian visa who don't depart from the Australian Migration Zone? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-13256 | 56e78af900c9c71400d77279 | Nanjing | A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the Yangshan Quarry (located some 15–20 km (9–12 mi) east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleum), where a gigantic stele, cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor, lies abandoned, just as it was left 600 years ago when it was understood it was impossible to move or complete it. | How far from Nanjing is the Yangshan Quarry? | How far from Nanjing is the Yangshan Quarry? | [
"How far from Nanjing is the Yangshan Quarry?"
] | {
"text": [
"15–20 km (9–12 mi) east of the walled city"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the Yangshan Quarry (located some 15–20 km (9–12 mi) east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleum), where a gigantic stele, cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor, lies abandoned, just as it was left 600 years ago when it was understood it was impossible to move or complete it.
Question: How far from Nanjing is the Yangshan Quarry? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-112756 | 5a70ba5f8abb0b001a6760eb | Xbox_360 | The Xbox 360 features an online service, Xbox Live, which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console's lifetime. Available in free and subscription-based varieties, Xbox Live allows users to: play games online; download games (through Xbox Live Arcade) and game demos; purchase and stream music, television programs, and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications. In addition to online multimedia features, the Xbox 360 allows users to stream media from local PCs. Several peripherals have been released, including wireless controllers, expanded hard drive storage, and the Kinect motion sensing camera. The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia, turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment. | What was the name of the orginal Xbox's streaming service? | What was the name of the orginal Xbox's streaming service? | [
"What was the name of the orginal Xbox's streaming service?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The Xbox 360 features an online service, Xbox Live, which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console's lifetime. Available in free and subscription-based varieties, Xbox Live allows users to: play games online; download games (through Xbox Live Arcade) and game demos; purchase and stream music, television programs, and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications. In addition to online multimedia features, the Xbox 360 allows users to stream media from local PCs. Several peripherals have been released, including wireless controllers, expanded hard drive storage, and the Kinect motion sensing camera. The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia, turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment.
Question: What was the name of the orginal Xbox's streaming service? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-21420 | 56e6df336fe0821900b8ec11 | Adult_contemporary_music | This format often includes dance-pop (such as upbeat songs by Madonna, Cher, Gloria Estefan and Kylie Minogue), power pops (mainly by boybands such as Backstreet Boys and Westlife), and adult-oriented soft rock music that are ballad-driven (typically by Aerosmith[citation needed], The Eagles, Sting, Toto and The Moody Blues). Generally, Hot AC radio stations target their music output towards the 18-54 age group and a demographic audience of both men and women. | What type of band are Backstreet Boys and Westlife? | What type of band are Backstreet Boys and Westlife? | [
"What type of band are Backstreet Boys and Westlife?"
] | {
"text": [
"boybands"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: This format often includes dance-pop (such as upbeat songs by Madonna, Cher, Gloria Estefan and Kylie Minogue), power pops (mainly by boybands such as Backstreet Boys and Westlife), and adult-oriented soft rock music that are ballad-driven (typically by Aerosmith[citation needed], The Eagles, Sting, Toto and The Moody Blues). Generally, Hot AC radio stations target their music output towards the 18-54 age group and a demographic audience of both men and women.
Question: What type of band are Backstreet Boys and Westlife? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-40796 | 5726bd4cdd62a815002e8ee4 | Predation | In an ecosystem, predation is a biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation often results in the death of the prey and the eventual absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption. Thus predation is often, though not always, carnivory. Other categories of consumption are herbivory (eating parts of plants), fungivory (eating parts of fungi), and detritivory (the consumption of dead organic material (detritus)). All these consumption categories fall under the rubric of consumer-resource systems. It can often be difficult to separate various types of feeding behaviors. For example, some parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on it while it continues to live in or on its decaying corpse after it has died. The key characteristic of predation however is the predator's direct impact on the prey population. On the other hand, detritivores simply eat dead organic material arising from the decay of dead individuals and have no direct impact on the "donor" organism(s). | What is the key characteristic of predation? | What is the key characteristic of predation? | [
"What is the key characteristic of predation?"
] | {
"text": [
"predator's direct impact on the prey population"
],
"answer_start": [
996
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In an ecosystem, predation is a biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation often results in the death of the prey and the eventual absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption. Thus predation is often, though not always, carnivory. Other categories of consumption are herbivory (eating parts of plants), fungivory (eating parts of fungi), and detritivory (the consumption of dead organic material (detritus)). All these consumption categories fall under the rubric of consumer-resource systems. It can often be difficult to separate various types of feeding behaviors. For example, some parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on it while it continues to live in or on its decaying corpse after it has died. The key characteristic of predation however is the predator's direct impact on the prey population. On the other hand, detritivores simply eat dead organic material arising from the decay of dead individuals and have no direct impact on the "donor" organism(s).
Question: What is the key characteristic of predation? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-36932 | 5a0cae34f5590b0018dab4f7 | Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation | The foundation explains on its website that its trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust (trust). The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty," and its trustees are Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals"—it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett. | What did Warren Buffett divide the foundation into? | What did Warren Buffett divide the foundation into? | [
"What did Warren Buffett divide the foundation into?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The foundation explains on its website that its trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust (trust). The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty," and its trustees are Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals"—it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett.
Question: What did Warren Buffett divide the foundation into? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-21598 | 5730b004396df9190009628b | Sumer | It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north, after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 5700 – 4900 BC C-14) in the north, who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture along the middle Tigris River and its tributaries. The connection is most clearly seen at Tell Awayli (Oueilli, Oueili) near Larsa, excavated by the French in the 1980s, where eight levels yielded pre-Ubaid pottery resembling Samarran ware. According to this theory, farming peoples spread down into southern Mesopotamia because they had developed a temple-centered social organization for mobilizing labor and technology for water control, enabling them to survive and prosper in a difficult environment.[citation needed] | How many levels of pre-Ubaid pottery were excavated by the French in the 1980s? | How many levels of pre-Ubaid pottery were excavated by the French in the 1980s? | [
"How many levels of pre-Ubaid pottery were excavated by the French in the 1980s?"
] | {
"text": [
"eight"
],
"answer_start": [
582
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north, after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 5700 – 4900 BC C-14) in the north, who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture along the middle Tigris River and its tributaries. The connection is most clearly seen at Tell Awayli (Oueilli, Oueili) near Larsa, excavated by the French in the 1980s, where eight levels yielded pre-Ubaid pottery resembling Samarran ware. According to this theory, farming peoples spread down into southern Mesopotamia because they had developed a temple-centered social organization for mobilizing labor and technology for water control, enabling them to survive and prosper in a difficult environment.[citation needed]
Question: How many levels of pre-Ubaid pottery were excavated by the French in the 1980s? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-65699 | 5728d223ff5b5019007da752 | Detroit | Detroit is one of 12 American metropolitan areas that are home to professional teams representing the four major sports in North America. All these teams but one play within the city of Detroit itself (the NBA's Detroit Pistons play in suburban Auburn Hills at The Palace of Auburn Hills). There are three active major sports venues within the city: Comerica Park (home of the Major League Baseball team Detroit Tigers), Ford Field (home of the NFL's Detroit Lions), and Joe Louis Arena (home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings). A 1996 marketing campaign promoted the nickname "Hockeytown". | Where do the Tigers play? | Where do the Tigers play? | [
"Where do the Tigers play?"
] | {
"text": [
"Comerica Park"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Detroit is one of 12 American metropolitan areas that are home to professional teams representing the four major sports in North America. All these teams but one play within the city of Detroit itself (the NBA's Detroit Pistons play in suburban Auburn Hills at The Palace of Auburn Hills). There are three active major sports venues within the city: Comerica Park (home of the Major League Baseball team Detroit Tigers), Ford Field (home of the NFL's Detroit Lions), and Joe Louis Arena (home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings). A 1996 marketing campaign promoted the nickname "Hockeytown".
Question: Where do the Tigers play? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-13611 | 5a35712a788daf001a5f85f6 | Glacier | On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran. Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth's land surface. Continental glaciers cover nearly 13,000,000 km2 (5×10^6 sq mi) or about 98 percent of Antarctica's 13,200,000 km2 (5.1×10^6 sq mi), with an average thickness of 2,100 m (7,000 ft). Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers. | Where is 99% of the world snow contained? | Where is 99% of the world snow contained? | [
"Where is 99% of the world snow contained?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran. Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth's land surface. Continental glaciers cover nearly 13,000,000 km2 (5×10^6 sq mi) or about 98 percent of Antarctica's 13,200,000 km2 (5.1×10^6 sq mi), with an average thickness of 2,100 m (7,000 ft). Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers.
Question: Where is 99% of the world snow contained? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-37915 | 572ff73b04bcaa1900d76f47 | Roman_Republic | Mithridates the Great was the ruler of Pontus, a large kingdom in Asia Minor (modern Turkey), from 120 to 63 BC. Mithridates antagonised Rome by seeking to expand his kingdom, and Rome for her part seemed equally eager for war and the spoils and prestige that it might bring. In 88 BC, Mithridates ordered the killing of a majority of the 80,000 Romans living in his kingdom. The massacre was the official reason given for the commencement of hostilities in the First Mithridatic War. The Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla forced Mithridates out of Greece proper, but then had to return to Italy to answer the internal threat posed by his rival, Gaius Marius. A peace was made between Rome and Pontus, but this proved only a temporary lull. | Who was the leader of Pontus in the year 85 BC? | Who was the leader of Pontus in the year 85 BC? | [
"Who was the leader of Pontus in the year 85 BC?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mithridates the Great"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Mithridates the Great was the ruler of Pontus, a large kingdom in Asia Minor (modern Turkey), from 120 to 63 BC. Mithridates antagonised Rome by seeking to expand his kingdom, and Rome for her part seemed equally eager for war and the spoils and prestige that it might bring. In 88 BC, Mithridates ordered the killing of a majority of the 80,000 Romans living in his kingdom. The massacre was the official reason given for the commencement of hostilities in the First Mithridatic War. The Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla forced Mithridates out of Greece proper, but then had to return to Italy to answer the internal threat posed by his rival, Gaius Marius. A peace was made between Rome and Pontus, but this proved only a temporary lull.
Question: Who was the leader of Pontus in the year 85 BC? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-20796 | 56cd828562d2951400fa6672 | IPod | In 2010, a number of workers committed suicide at a Foxconn operations in China. Apple, HP, and others stated that they were investigating the situation. Foxconn guards have been videotaped beating employees. Another employee killed himself in 2009 when an Apple prototype went missing, and claimed in messages to friends, that he had been beaten and interrogated. | What disappeared in 2009 prior to the suicide of a Foxconn employee? | What disappeared in 2009 prior to the suicide of a Foxconn employee? | [
"What disappeared in 2009 prior to the suicide of a Foxconn employee?"
] | {
"text": [
"Apple prototype"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In 2010, a number of workers committed suicide at a Foxconn operations in China. Apple, HP, and others stated that they were investigating the situation. Foxconn guards have been videotaped beating employees. Another employee killed himself in 2009 when an Apple prototype went missing, and claimed in messages to friends, that he had been beaten and interrogated.
Question: What disappeared in 2009 prior to the suicide of a Foxconn employee? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-102617 | 57303e10b2c2fd1400568ac8 | Association_football | In many parts of the world football evokes great passions and plays an important role in the life of individual fans, local communities, and even nations. R. Kapuscinski says that Europeans who are polite, modest, or humble fall easily into rage when playing or watching football games. The Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped secure a truce to the nation's civil war in 2006 and it helped further reduce tensions between government and rebel forces in 2007 by playing a match in the rebel capital of Bouaké, an occasion that brought both armies together peacefully for the first time. By contrast, football is widely considered to have been the final proximate cause for the Football War in June 1969 between El Salvador and Honduras. The sport also exacerbated tensions at the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s, when a match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade degenerated into rioting in May 1990. | Football made which wars more tense in the 1990's? | Football made which wars more tense in the 1990's? | [
"Football made which wars more tense in the 1990's?"
] | {
"text": [
"Yugoslav Wars"
],
"answer_start": [
804
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In many parts of the world football evokes great passions and plays an important role in the life of individual fans, local communities, and even nations. R. Kapuscinski says that Europeans who are polite, modest, or humble fall easily into rage when playing or watching football games. The Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped secure a truce to the nation's civil war in 2006 and it helped further reduce tensions between government and rebel forces in 2007 by playing a match in the rebel capital of Bouaké, an occasion that brought both armies together peacefully for the first time. By contrast, football is widely considered to have been the final proximate cause for the Football War in June 1969 between El Salvador and Honduras. The sport also exacerbated tensions at the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s, when a match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade degenerated into rioting in May 1990.
Question: Football made which wars more tense in the 1990's? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-45231 | 5a4c332b7a6c4c001a2bbbb1 | Sahara | The Sahara is the world's largest low-latitude hot desert. The area is located in the horse latitudes under the subtropical ridge, a significant belt of semi-permanent subtropical warm-core high pressure where the air from upper levels of the troposphere tends to sink towards the ground. This steady descending airflow causes a warming and a drying effect in the upper troposphere. The sinking air prevents evaporating water from rising and, therefore, prevents the adiabatic cooling, which makes cloud formation extremely difficult to nearly impossible. | What aids cloud formation? | What aids cloud formation? | [
"What aids cloud formation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The Sahara is the world's largest low-latitude hot desert. The area is located in the horse latitudes under the subtropical ridge, a significant belt of semi-permanent subtropical warm-core high pressure where the air from upper levels of the troposphere tends to sink towards the ground. This steady descending airflow causes a warming and a drying effect in the upper troposphere. The sinking air prevents evaporating water from rising and, therefore, prevents the adiabatic cooling, which makes cloud formation extremely difficult to nearly impossible.
Question: What aids cloud formation? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-105879 | 572f71df04bcaa1900d76966 | Compact_disc | The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the Red Book CD-DA after the colour of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit PCM encoding at a 44.1 kHz sampling rate per channel. Four-channel sound was to be an allowable option within the Red Book format, but has never been implemented. Monaural audio has no existing standard on a Red Book CD; thus, mono source material is usually presented as two identical channels in a standard Red Book stereo track (i.e., mirrored mono); an MP3 CD, however, can have audio file formats with mono sound. | What is the formal name for a CD? | What is the formal name for a CD? | [
"What is the formal name for a CD? "
] | {
"text": [
"Compact Disc Digital Audio"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the Red Book CD-DA after the colour of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit PCM encoding at a 44.1 kHz sampling rate per channel. Four-channel sound was to be an allowable option within the Red Book format, but has never been implemented. Monaural audio has no existing standard on a Red Book CD; thus, mono source material is usually presented as two identical channels in a standard Red Book stereo track (i.e., mirrored mono); an MP3 CD, however, can have audio file formats with mono sound.
Question: What is the formal name for a CD? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-88127 | 572864644b864d190016496e | God | Likewise, Émile Durkheim was one of the earliest to suggest that gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings. In line with this reasoning, psychologist Matt Rossano contends that when humans began living in larger groups, they may have created gods as a means of enforcing morality. In small groups, morality can be enforced by social forces such as gossip or reputation. However, it is much harder to enforce morality using social forces in much larger groups. Rossano indicates that by including ever-watchful gods and spirits, humans discovered an effective strategy for restraining selfishness and building more cooperative groups. | What are ways that small social groups can force morality? | What are ways that small social groups can force morality? | [
"What are ways that small social groups can force morality?"
] | {
"text": [
"gossip or reputation"
],
"answer_start": [
386
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Likewise, Émile Durkheim was one of the earliest to suggest that gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings. In line with this reasoning, psychologist Matt Rossano contends that when humans began living in larger groups, they may have created gods as a means of enforcing morality. In small groups, morality can be enforced by social forces such as gossip or reputation. However, it is much harder to enforce morality using social forces in much larger groups. Rossano indicates that by including ever-watchful gods and spirits, humans discovered an effective strategy for restraining selfishness and building more cooperative groups.
Question: What are ways that small social groups can force morality? [/INST] Answer: | [
2,
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gem-squad_v2-train-31919 | 572695bc5951b619008f7755 | Myanmar | Like the Pagan Empire, Ava, Hanthawaddy and the Shan states were all multi-ethnic polities. Despite the wars, cultural synchronisation continued. This period is considered a golden age for Burmese culture. Burmese literature "grew more confident, popular, and stylistically diverse", and the second generation of Burmese law codes as well as the earliest pan-Burma chronicles emerged. Hanthawaddy monarchs introduced religious reforms that later spread to the rest of the country. Many splendid temples of Mrauk U were built during this period. | Who increased the spread of religious reforms in Myanmar? | Who increased the spread of religious reforms in Myanmar? | [
"Who increased the spread of religious reforms in Myanmar?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hanthawaddy monarchs"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Like the Pagan Empire, Ava, Hanthawaddy and the Shan states were all multi-ethnic polities. Despite the wars, cultural synchronisation continued. This period is considered a golden age for Burmese culture. Burmese literature "grew more confident, popular, and stylistically diverse", and the second generation of Burmese law codes as well as the earliest pan-Burma chronicles emerged. Hanthawaddy monarchs introduced religious reforms that later spread to the rest of the country. Many splendid temples of Mrauk U were built during this period.
Question: Who increased the spread of religious reforms in Myanmar? [/INST] Answer: | [
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0... | Hanthawaddy monarchs. |
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