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gem-squad_v2-train-25494 | 5acfaad377cf76001a6857c9 | Namibia | Weather and climate in the coastal area are dominated by the cold, north-flowing Benguela current of the Atlantic Ocean which accounts for very low precipitation (50 mm per year or less), frequent dense fog, and overall lower temperatures than in the rest of the country. In Winter, occasionally a condition known as Bergwind (German: Mountain breeze) or Oosweer (Afrikaans: East weather) occurs, a hot dry wind blowing from the inland to the coast. As the area behind the coast is a desert, these winds can develop into sand storms with sand deposits in the Atlantic Ocean visible on satellite images. | What is the German expression for Oosweer? | What is the German expression for Oosweer? | [
"What is the German expression for Oosweer?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Weather and climate in the coastal area are dominated by the cold, north-flowing Benguela current of the Atlantic Ocean which accounts for very low precipitation (50 mm per year or less), frequent dense fog, and overall lower temperatures than in the rest of the country. In Winter, occasionally a condition known as Bergwind (German: Mountain breeze) or Oosweer (Afrikaans: East weather) occurs, a hot dry wind blowing from the inland to the coast. As the area behind the coast is a desert, these winds can develop into sand storms with sand deposits in the Atlantic Ocean visible on satellite images.
Question: What is the German expression for Oosweer? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-87123 | 570af9ad6b8089140040f65a | Videoconferencing | One of the first demonstrations of the ability for telecommunications to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when AT&T's videophone (trademarked as the "Picturephone") was introduced to the public at the 1964 New York World's Fair –two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city. Various universities and other organizations, including British Telecom's Martlesham facility, have also conducted extensive research on signing via videotelephony. The use of sign language via videotelephony was hampered for many years due to the difficulty of its use over slow analogue copper phone lines, coupled with the high cost of better quality ISDN (data) phone lines. Those factors largely disappeared with the introduction of more efficient video codecs and the advent of lower cost high-speed ISDN data and IP (Internet) services in the 1990s. | In what year was AT&T's "Picturephone" device introduced? | In what year was AT&T's "Picturephone" device introduced? | [
"In what year was AT&T's \"Picturephone\" device introduced?"
] | {
"text": [
"1964"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: One of the first demonstrations of the ability for telecommunications to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when AT&T's videophone (trademarked as the "Picturephone") was introduced to the public at the 1964 New York World's Fair –two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city. Various universities and other organizations, including British Telecom's Martlesham facility, have also conducted extensive research on signing via videotelephony. The use of sign language via videotelephony was hampered for many years due to the difficulty of its use over slow analogue copper phone lines, coupled with the high cost of better quality ISDN (data) phone lines. Those factors largely disappeared with the introduction of more efficient video codecs and the advent of lower cost high-speed ISDN data and IP (Internet) services in the 1990s.
Question: In what year was AT&T's "Picturephone" device introduced? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-56888 | 5727e6212ca10214002d9908 | Gramophone_record | Vinyl records can be warped by heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects such as excessively tight plastic shrinkwrap on the album cover. A small degree of warp was common, and allowing for it was part of the art of turntable and tonearm design. "wow" (once-per-revolution pitch variation) could result from warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered. Standard practice for LPs was to place the LP in a paper or plastic inner cover. This, if placed within the outer cardboard cover so that the opening was entirely within the outer cover, was said to reduce ingress of dust onto the record surface. Singles, with rare exceptions, had simple paper covers with no inner cover. | What method was used to protect a vinyl record? | What method was used to protect a vinyl record? | [
"What method was used to protect a vinyl record?"
] | {
"text": [
"place the LP in a paper or plastic inner cover"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Vinyl records can be warped by heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects such as excessively tight plastic shrinkwrap on the album cover. A small degree of warp was common, and allowing for it was part of the art of turntable and tonearm design. "wow" (once-per-revolution pitch variation) could result from warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered. Standard practice for LPs was to place the LP in a paper or plastic inner cover. This, if placed within the outer cardboard cover so that the opening was entirely within the outer cover, was said to reduce ingress of dust onto the record surface. Singles, with rare exceptions, had simple paper covers with no inner cover.
Question: What method was used to protect a vinyl record? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-86918 | 570bd5e26b8089140040fa7b | Biodiversity | Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change, as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are associated with changes in biodiversity (e.g. changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources etc.) This is because the species most likely to disappear are those that buffer against infectious disease transmission, while surviving species tend to be the ones that increase disease transmission, such as that of West Nile Virus, Lyme disease and Hantavirus, according to a study done co-authored by Felicia Keesing, an ecologist at Bard College, and Drew Harvell, associate director for Environment of the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future (ACSF) at Cornell University. | What types of species disappear when a new disease is introduced? | What types of species disappear when a new disease is introduced? | [
"What types of species disappear when a new disease is introduced?"
] | {
"text": [
"those that buffer against infectious disease transmission"
],
"answer_start": [
548
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change, as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are associated with changes in biodiversity (e.g. changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources etc.) This is because the species most likely to disappear are those that buffer against infectious disease transmission, while surviving species tend to be the ones that increase disease transmission, such as that of West Nile Virus, Lyme disease and Hantavirus, according to a study done co-authored by Felicia Keesing, an ecologist at Bard College, and Drew Harvell, associate director for Environment of the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future (ACSF) at Cornell University.
Question: What types of species disappear when a new disease is introduced? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-11662 | 56fad4558f12f319006301d2 | Somalis | Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somalis once part of Somali empires such as the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State under one flag and one nation. The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism, which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia, Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other. | In what geographic portion of Kenya can Somali people be found? | In what geographic portion of Kenya can Somali people be found? | [
"In what geographic portion of Kenya can Somali people be found?"
] | {
"text": [
"northeastern"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somalis once part of Somali empires such as the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State under one flag and one nation. The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism, which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia, Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other.
Question: In what geographic portion of Kenya can Somali people be found? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-79636 | 57313e7f497a881900248cbf | Kievan_Rus%27 | In the north, the Republic of Novgorod prospered because it controlled trade routes from the River Volga to the Baltic Sea. As Kievan Rus' declined, Novgorod became more independent. A local oligarchy ruled Novgorod; major government decisions were made by a town assembly, which also elected a prince as the city's military leader. In the 12th century, Novgorod acquired its own archbishop Ilya in 1169, a sign of increased importance and political independence, while about 30 years prior to that in 1136 in Novgorod was established a republican form of government - elective monarchy. Since then Novgorod enjoyed a wide degree of autonomy although being closely associated with the Kievan Rus. | Why was the Republic of Novgorod doing so well while the Kievan Rus declined? | Why was the Republic of Novgorod doing so well while the Kievan Rus declined? | [
"Why was the Republic of Novgorod doing so well while the Kievan Rus declined?"
] | {
"text": [
"it controlled trade routes"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In the north, the Republic of Novgorod prospered because it controlled trade routes from the River Volga to the Baltic Sea. As Kievan Rus' declined, Novgorod became more independent. A local oligarchy ruled Novgorod; major government decisions were made by a town assembly, which also elected a prince as the city's military leader. In the 12th century, Novgorod acquired its own archbishop Ilya in 1169, a sign of increased importance and political independence, while about 30 years prior to that in 1136 in Novgorod was established a republican form of government - elective monarchy. Since then Novgorod enjoyed a wide degree of autonomy although being closely associated with the Kievan Rus.
Question: Why was the Republic of Novgorod doing so well while the Kievan Rus declined? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-25431 | 5acfa4f277cf76001a6856e0 | Namibia | A combined UN civilian and peace-keeping force called UNTAG (United Nations Transition Assistance Group) under Finnish diplomat Martti Ahtisaari was deployed from April 1989 to March 1990 to monitor the peace process, elections and supervise military withdrawals. As UNTAG began to deploy peacekeepers, military observers, police, and political workers, hostilities were briefly renewed on the day the transition process was supposed to begin. After a new round of negotiations, a second date was set and the elections process began in earnest. After the return of SWAPO exiles (over 46,000 exiles), Namibia's first one-person one-vote elections for the constitutional assembly took place in November 1989. The official election slogan was "Free and Fair Elections". This was won by SWAPO although it did not gain the two-thirds majority it had hoped for; the South African-backed Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) became the official opposition. The elections were peaceful and declared free and fair. | In what month in 1989 did campaigning begin for the constitutional assembly election? | In what month in 1989 did campaigning begin for the constitutional assembly election? | [
"In what month in 1989 did campaigning begin for the constitutional assembly election?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: A combined UN civilian and peace-keeping force called UNTAG (United Nations Transition Assistance Group) under Finnish diplomat Martti Ahtisaari was deployed from April 1989 to March 1990 to monitor the peace process, elections and supervise military withdrawals. As UNTAG began to deploy peacekeepers, military observers, police, and political workers, hostilities were briefly renewed on the day the transition process was supposed to begin. After a new round of negotiations, a second date was set and the elections process began in earnest. After the return of SWAPO exiles (over 46,000 exiles), Namibia's first one-person one-vote elections for the constitutional assembly took place in November 1989. The official election slogan was "Free and Fair Elections". This was won by SWAPO although it did not gain the two-thirds majority it had hoped for; the South African-backed Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) became the official opposition. The elections were peaceful and declared free and fair.
Question: In what month in 1989 did campaigning begin for the constitutional assembly election? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-40228 | 5727e04eff5b5019007d974c | New_Haven,_Connecticut | New Haven Harbor is home to the Port of New Haven, a deep-water seaport with three berths capable of hosting vessels and barges as well as the facilities required to handle break bulk cargo. The port has the capacity to load 200 trucks a day from the ground or via loading docks. Rail transportation access is available, with a private switch engine for yard movements and private siding for loading and unloading. Approximately 400,000 square feet (40,000 m2) of inside storage and 50 acres (200,000 m2) of outside storage are available at the site. Five shore cranes with a 250-ton capacity and 26 forklifts, each with a 26-ton capacity, are also available. | In addition to ground service, what other function is available at the Port of New Haven for offloading truck cargo? | In addition to ground service, what other function is available at the Port of New Haven for offloading truck cargo? | [
"In addition to ground service, what other function is available at the Port of New Haven for offloading truck cargo?"
] | {
"text": [
"loading docks"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: New Haven Harbor is home to the Port of New Haven, a deep-water seaport with three berths capable of hosting vessels and barges as well as the facilities required to handle break bulk cargo. The port has the capacity to load 200 trucks a day from the ground or via loading docks. Rail transportation access is available, with a private switch engine for yard movements and private siding for loading and unloading. Approximately 400,000 square feet (40,000 m2) of inside storage and 50 acres (200,000 m2) of outside storage are available at the site. Five shore cranes with a 250-ton capacity and 26 forklifts, each with a 26-ton capacity, are also available.
Question: In addition to ground service, what other function is available at the Port of New Haven for offloading truck cargo? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-39789 | 57294fd36aef051400154ca6 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | The American Civil War boosted the local economy with wartime purchases of industrial goods, including that of the New Haven Arms Company, which would later become the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. (Winchester would continue to produce arms in New Haven until 2006, and many of the buildings that were a part of the Winchester plant are now a part of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company Historic District.) After the war, population grew and doubled by the start of the 20th century, most notably due to the influx of immigrants from southern Europe, particularly Italy. Today, roughly half the populations of East Haven, West Haven, and North Haven are Italian-American. Jewish immigration to New Haven has left an enduring mark on the city. Westville was the center of Jewish life in New Haven, though today many have fanned out to suburban communities such as Woodbridge and Cheshire. | What was the original name of the famous rifle manufacturing companies in New Haven? | What was the original name of the famous rifle manufacturing companies in New Haven? | [
"What was the original name of the famous rifle manufacturing companies in New Haven?"
] | {
"text": [
"New Haven Arms Company"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The American Civil War boosted the local economy with wartime purchases of industrial goods, including that of the New Haven Arms Company, which would later become the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. (Winchester would continue to produce arms in New Haven until 2006, and many of the buildings that were a part of the Winchester plant are now a part of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company Historic District.) After the war, population grew and doubled by the start of the 20th century, most notably due to the influx of immigrants from southern Europe, particularly Italy. Today, roughly half the populations of East Haven, West Haven, and North Haven are Italian-American. Jewish immigration to New Haven has left an enduring mark on the city. Westville was the center of Jewish life in New Haven, though today many have fanned out to suburban communities such as Woodbridge and Cheshire.
Question: What was the original name of the famous rifle manufacturing companies in New Haven? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-30666 | 5726427cec44d21400f3dd02 | Mexico_City | Mexico’s capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Amerindians (Native Americans), the other being Quito. The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan, which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan, and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenochtitlán, and as of 1585 it was officially known as Ciudad de México (Mexico City). Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire. After independence from Spain was achieved, the Federal District was created in 1824. | Where was the city first built? | Where was the city first built? | [
"Where was the city first built?"
] | {
"text": [
"on an island of Lake Texcoco"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Mexico’s capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Amerindians (Native Americans), the other being Quito. The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan, which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan, and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenochtitlán, and as of 1585 it was officially known as Ciudad de México (Mexico City). Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire. After independence from Spain was achieved, the Federal District was created in 1824.
Question: Where was the city first built? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-6733 | 5ad351c7604f3c001a3fdcf1 | PlayStation_3 | Activision Blizzard CEO Bobby Kotick has criticized PS3's high development costs and inferior attach rate and return to that of Xbox 360 and Wii. He believes these factors are pushing developers away from working on the console. In an interview with The Times Kotick stated "I'm getting concerned about Sony; the PlayStation 3 is losing a bit of momentum and they don't make it easy for me to support the platform." He continued, "It's expensive to develop for the console, and the Wii and the Xbox are just selling better. Games generate a better return on invested capital (ROIC) on the Xbox than on the PlayStation." Kotick also claimed that Activision Blizzard may stop supporting the system if the situation is not addressed. "[Sony has] to cut the [PS3's retail] price, because if they don't, the attach rates are likely to slow. If we are being realistic, we might have to stop supporting Sony." Kotick received heavy criticism for the statement, notably from developer Bioware who questioned the wisdom of the threatened move, and referred to the statement as "silly." | What game development company completely agreed with Kotick's statements in The Times interview? | What game development company completely agreed with Kotick's statements in The Times interview? | [
"What game development company completely agreed with Kotick's statements in The Times interview?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Activision Blizzard CEO Bobby Kotick has criticized PS3's high development costs and inferior attach rate and return to that of Xbox 360 and Wii. He believes these factors are pushing developers away from working on the console. In an interview with The Times Kotick stated "I'm getting concerned about Sony; the PlayStation 3 is losing a bit of momentum and they don't make it easy for me to support the platform." He continued, "It's expensive to develop for the console, and the Wii and the Xbox are just selling better. Games generate a better return on invested capital (ROIC) on the Xbox than on the PlayStation." Kotick also claimed that Activision Blizzard may stop supporting the system if the situation is not addressed. "[Sony has] to cut the [PS3's retail] price, because if they don't, the attach rates are likely to slow. If we are being realistic, we might have to stop supporting Sony." Kotick received heavy criticism for the statement, notably from developer Bioware who questioned the wisdom of the threatened move, and referred to the statement as "silly."
Question: What game development company completely agreed with Kotick's statements in The Times interview? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-115332 | 56e9ed745a205f1900d6d32c | Political_corruption | Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is also considered political corruption. | One form of corruption involves the hiring of family members, which is called what? | One form of corruption involves the hiring of family members, which is called what? | [
"One form of corruption involves the hiring of family members, which is called what?"
] | {
"text": [
"nepotism"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is also considered political corruption.
Question: One form of corruption involves the hiring of family members, which is called what? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-18224 | 5ad0cc1d645df0001a2d03a5 | Eritrea | In an attempt at reform, Eritrean government officials and NGO representatives have participated in numerous public meetings and dialogues. In these sessions they have answered questions as fundamental as, "What are human rights?", "Who determines what are human rights?", and "What should take precedence, human or communal rights?" In 2007, the Eritrean government also banned female genital mutilation. In Regional Assemblies and religious circles, Eritreans themselves speak out continuously against the use of female circumcision. They cite health concerns and individual freedom as being of primary concern when they say this. Furthermore, they implore rural peoples to cast away this ancient cultural practice. Additionally, a new movement called Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea aimed at bringing about dialogue between the government and opposition was formed in early 2009. The group consists of ordinary citizens and some people close to the government. | In what year was Citizens for Democratic Rights formed in Eretria? | In what year was Citizens for Democratic Rights formed in Eretria? | [
"In what year was Citizens for Democratic Rights formed in Eretria?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In an attempt at reform, Eritrean government officials and NGO representatives have participated in numerous public meetings and dialogues. In these sessions they have answered questions as fundamental as, "What are human rights?", "Who determines what are human rights?", and "What should take precedence, human or communal rights?" In 2007, the Eritrean government also banned female genital mutilation. In Regional Assemblies and religious circles, Eritreans themselves speak out continuously against the use of female circumcision. They cite health concerns and individual freedom as being of primary concern when they say this. Furthermore, they implore rural peoples to cast away this ancient cultural practice. Additionally, a new movement called Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea aimed at bringing about dialogue between the government and opposition was formed in early 2009. The group consists of ordinary citizens and some people close to the government.
Question: In what year was Citizens for Democratic Rights formed in Eretria? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-95644 | 5ad3e20e604f3c001a3ff524 | Yale_University | Yale has a history of difficult and prolonged labor negotiations, often culminating in strikes. There have been at least eight strikes since 1968, and The New York Times wrote that Yale has a reputation as having the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S. Yale's unusually large endowment exacerbates the tension over wages. Moreover, Yale has been accused of failing to treat workers with respect. In a 2003 strike, however, the university claimed that more union employees were working than striking. Professor David Graeber was 'retired' after he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues. | Why was Professor David Graeber hired during the strike? | Why was Professor David Graeber hired during the strike? | [
"Why was Professor David Graeber hired during the strike?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Yale has a history of difficult and prolonged labor negotiations, often culminating in strikes. There have been at least eight strikes since 1968, and The New York Times wrote that Yale has a reputation as having the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S. Yale's unusually large endowment exacerbates the tension over wages. Moreover, Yale has been accused of failing to treat workers with respect. In a 2003 strike, however, the university claimed that more union employees were working than striking. Professor David Graeber was 'retired' after he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues.
Question: Why was Professor David Graeber hired during the strike? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-98423 | 56f8c57f9e9bad19000a0475 | Alps | Conrad Gessner was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains in the 16th century, to study them, writing that in the mountains he found the "theatre of the Lord". By the 19th century more naturalists began to arrive to explore, study and conquer the high peaks; they were followed by artists, writers and painters. Two men who first explored the regions of ice and snow were Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740–1799) in the Pennine Alps, and the Benedictine monk of Disentis Placidus a Spescha (1752–1833). Born in Geneva, Saussure was enamored with the mountains from an early age; he left a law career to become a naturalist and spent many years trekking through the Bernese Oberland, the Savoy, the Piedmont and Valais, studying the glaciers and the geology, as he became an early proponent of the theory of rock upheaval. Saussure, in 1787, was a member of the third ascent of Mont Blanc—today the summits of all the peaks have been climbed. | Where was Horace-Benedict de Saussure born? | Where was Horace-Benedict de Saussure born? | [
"Where was Horace-Benedict de Saussure born?"
] | {
"text": [
"Geneva"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Conrad Gessner was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains in the 16th century, to study them, writing that in the mountains he found the "theatre of the Lord". By the 19th century more naturalists began to arrive to explore, study and conquer the high peaks; they were followed by artists, writers and painters. Two men who first explored the regions of ice and snow were Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740–1799) in the Pennine Alps, and the Benedictine monk of Disentis Placidus a Spescha (1752–1833). Born in Geneva, Saussure was enamored with the mountains from an early age; he left a law career to become a naturalist and spent many years trekking through the Bernese Oberland, the Savoy, the Piedmont and Valais, studying the glaciers and the geology, as he became an early proponent of the theory of rock upheaval. Saussure, in 1787, was a member of the third ascent of Mont Blanc—today the summits of all the peaks have been climbed.
Question: Where was Horace-Benedict de Saussure born? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-6622 | 5ad349e6604f3c001a3fdc75 | PlayStation_3 | The system displays the What's New screen by default instead of the [Games] menu (or [Video] menu, if a movie was inserted) when starting up. What's New has four sections: "Our Pick", "Recently Played", latest information and new content available in PlayStation Store. There are four kinds of content the What's New screen displays and links to, on the sections. "Recently Played" displays the user's recently played games and online services only, whereas, the other sections can contain website links, links to play videos and access to selected sections of the PlayStation Store. | How many different sections doesn't What's New have? | How many different sections doesn't What's New have? | [
"How many different sections doesn't What's New have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The system displays the What's New screen by default instead of the [Games] menu (or [Video] menu, if a movie was inserted) when starting up. What's New has four sections: "Our Pick", "Recently Played", latest information and new content available in PlayStation Store. There are four kinds of content the What's New screen displays and links to, on the sections. "Recently Played" displays the user's recently played games and online services only, whereas, the other sections can contain website links, links to play videos and access to selected sections of the PlayStation Store.
Question: How many different sections doesn't What's New have? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-15377 | 5706931c52bb891400689a8a | Black_people | In South Africa, the period of colonization resulted in many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes, resulting in mixed-race children. As the Europeans acquired territory and imposed rule over the Africans, they generally pushed mixed-race and Africans into second-class status. During the first half of the 20th century, the Afrikaaner-dominated government classified the population according to four main racial groups: Black, White, Asian (mostly Indian), and Coloured. The Coloured group included people of mixed Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent (with some Malay ancestry, especially in the Western Cape). The Coloured definition occupied an intermediary political position between the Black and White definitions in South Africa. It imposed a system of legal racial segregation, a complex of laws known as apartheid. | What did the colonization of South Africa result in? | What did the colonization of South Africa result in? | [
"What did the colonization of South Africa result in?"
] | {
"text": [
"many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In South Africa, the period of colonization resulted in many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes, resulting in mixed-race children. As the Europeans acquired territory and imposed rule over the Africans, they generally pushed mixed-race and Africans into second-class status. During the first half of the 20th century, the Afrikaaner-dominated government classified the population according to four main racial groups: Black, White, Asian (mostly Indian), and Coloured. The Coloured group included people of mixed Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent (with some Malay ancestry, especially in the Western Cape). The Coloured definition occupied an intermediary political position between the Black and White definitions in South Africa. It imposed a system of legal racial segregation, a complex of laws known as apartheid.
Question: What did the colonization of South Africa result in? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-78112 | 5acd745d07355d001abf4310 | Strasbourg | The tram system that now criss-crosses the historic city centre complements walking and biking in it. The centre has been transformed into a pedestrian priority zone that enables and invites walking and biking by making these active modes of transport comfortable, safe and enjoyable. These attributes are accomplished by applying the principle of "filtered permeability" to the existing irregular network of streets. It means that the network adaptations favour active transportation and, selectively, "filter out" the car by reducing the number of streets that run through the centre. While certain streets are discontinuous for cars, they connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre. In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces increasing the enjoyment of the trip. This logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts – the Fused Grid. | How do people most often get to Strasbourg from elsewhere? | How do people most often get to Strasbourg from elsewhere? | [
"How do people most often get to Strasbourg from elsewhere?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The tram system that now criss-crosses the historic city centre complements walking and biking in it. The centre has been transformed into a pedestrian priority zone that enables and invites walking and biking by making these active modes of transport comfortable, safe and enjoyable. These attributes are accomplished by applying the principle of "filtered permeability" to the existing irregular network of streets. It means that the network adaptations favour active transportation and, selectively, "filter out" the car by reducing the number of streets that run through the centre. While certain streets are discontinuous for cars, they connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre. In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces increasing the enjoyment of the trip. This logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts – the Fused Grid.
Question: How do people most often get to Strasbourg from elsewhere? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-33950 | 5728a4674b864d1900164b3c | Alaska | Starting in the 1890s and stretching in some places to the early 1910s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was officially incorporated as an organized territory in 1912. Alaska's capital, which had been in Sitka until 1906, was moved north to Juneau. Construction of the Alaska Governor's Mansion began that same year. European immigrants from Norway and Sweden also settled in southeast Alaska, where they entered the fishing and logging industries. | What event brought thousands of people to Alaska in the 1890s to early 1910s? | What event brought thousands of people to Alaska in the 1890s to early 1910s? | [
"What event brought thousands of people to Alaska in the 1890s to early 1910s?"
] | {
"text": [
"gold rushes"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Starting in the 1890s and stretching in some places to the early 1910s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was officially incorporated as an organized territory in 1912. Alaska's capital, which had been in Sitka until 1906, was moved north to Juneau. Construction of the Alaska Governor's Mansion began that same year. European immigrants from Norway and Sweden also settled in southeast Alaska, where they entered the fishing and logging industries.
Question: What event brought thousands of people to Alaska in the 1890s to early 1910s? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-89103 | 5acd54e907355d001abf3d75 | Hunter-gatherer | To this day, most hunter-gatherers have a symbolically structured sexual division of labour. However, it is true that in a small minority of cases, women hunt the same kind of quarry as men, sometimes doing so alongside men. The best-known example are the Aeta people of the Philippines. According to one study, "About 85% of Philippine Aeta women hunt, and they hunt the same quarry as men. Aeta women hunt in groups and with dogs, and have a 31% success rate as opposed to 17% for men. Their rates are even better when they combine forces with men: mixed hunting groups have a full 41% success rate among the Aeta." Among the Ju'/hoansi people of Namibia, women help men track down quarry. Women in the Australian Martu also primarily hunt small animals like lizards to feed their children and maintain relations with other women. | Among the Aeta people of Japan, how many women hunt? | Among the Aeta people of Japan, how many women hunt? | [
"Among the Aeta people of Japan, how many women hunt?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: To this day, most hunter-gatherers have a symbolically structured sexual division of labour. However, it is true that in a small minority of cases, women hunt the same kind of quarry as men, sometimes doing so alongside men. The best-known example are the Aeta people of the Philippines. According to one study, "About 85% of Philippine Aeta women hunt, and they hunt the same quarry as men. Aeta women hunt in groups and with dogs, and have a 31% success rate as opposed to 17% for men. Their rates are even better when they combine forces with men: mixed hunting groups have a full 41% success rate among the Aeta." Among the Ju'/hoansi people of Namibia, women help men track down quarry. Women in the Australian Martu also primarily hunt small animals like lizards to feed their children and maintain relations with other women.
Question: Among the Aeta people of Japan, how many women hunt? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-93974 | 572e9d6d03f9891900756839 | Cyprus | Available modes of transport are by road, sea and air. Of the 10,663 km (6,626 mi) of roads in the Republic of Cyprus in 1998, 6,249 km (3,883 mi) were paved, and 4,414 km (2,743 mi) were unpaved. In 1996 the Turkish-occupied area had a similar ratio of paved to unpaved, with approximately 1,370 km (850 mi) of paved road and 980 km (610 mi) unpaved.[citation needed] Cyprus is one of only four EU nations in which vehicles drive on the left-hand side of the road, a remnant of British colonisation (the others being Ireland, Malta and the United Kingdom). A series of motorways runs along the coast from Paphos east to Ayia Napa, with two motorways running inland to Nicosia, one from Limassol and one from Larnaca. | How many miles of roads are unpaved on Cyprus? | How many miles of roads are unpaved on Cyprus? | [
"How many miles of roads are unpaved on Cyprus?"
] | {
"text": [
"4,414 km (2,743 mi)"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Available modes of transport are by road, sea and air. Of the 10,663 km (6,626 mi) of roads in the Republic of Cyprus in 1998, 6,249 km (3,883 mi) were paved, and 4,414 km (2,743 mi) were unpaved. In 1996 the Turkish-occupied area had a similar ratio of paved to unpaved, with approximately 1,370 km (850 mi) of paved road and 980 km (610 mi) unpaved.[citation needed] Cyprus is one of only four EU nations in which vehicles drive on the left-hand side of the road, a remnant of British colonisation (the others being Ireland, Malta and the United Kingdom). A series of motorways runs along the coast from Paphos east to Ayia Napa, with two motorways running inland to Nicosia, one from Limassol and one from Larnaca.
Question: How many miles of roads are unpaved on Cyprus? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-48115 | 56f9f187f34c681400b0bf01 | Wood | During the development of a tree, the lower limbs often die, but may remain attached for a time, sometimes years. Subsequent layers of growth of the attaching stem are no longer intimately joined with the dead limb, but are grown around it. Hence, dead branches produce knots which are not attached, and likely to drop out after the tree has been sawn into boards. | What will the lower limbs of a tree usually do during development? | What will the lower limbs of a tree usually do during development? | [
"What will the lower limbs of a tree usually do during development?"
] | {
"text": [
"die"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: During the development of a tree, the lower limbs often die, but may remain attached for a time, sometimes years. Subsequent layers of growth of the attaching stem are no longer intimately joined with the dead limb, but are grown around it. Hence, dead branches produce knots which are not attached, and likely to drop out after the tree has been sawn into boards.
Question: What will the lower limbs of a tree usually do during development? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-85254 | 5727911add62a815002ea09e | Supreme_court | Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).
In Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations. In most private law cases, two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim are needed to appeal at the Supreme Court.
Five sections form the Spanish Supreme court: | The Spanish Supreme Court hears all cases related to law in what areas? | The Spanish Supreme Court hears all cases related to law in what areas? | [
"The Spanish Supreme Court hears all cases related to law in what areas?"
] | {
"text": [
"private and public"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).
In Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations. In most private law cases, two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim are needed to appeal at the Supreme Court.
Five sections form the Spanish Supreme court:
Question: The Spanish Supreme Court hears all cases related to law in what areas? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-77175 | 5a29962d03c0e7001a3e17f6 | United_Nations_Population_Fund | Contributions from governments and the private sector to UNFPA in 2014 exceeded $1 billion. The amount includes $477 million to the organization’s core resources and $529 million earmarked for specific programs and initiatives. | How much funding was not earmarked correctly? | How much funding was not earmarked correctly? | [
"How much funding was not earmarked correctly?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Contributions from governments and the private sector to UNFPA in 2014 exceeded $1 billion. The amount includes $477 million to the organization’s core resources and $529 million earmarked for specific programs and initiatives.
Question: How much funding was not earmarked correctly? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-108114 | 56e42e3739bdeb140034791c | Estonian_language | Modern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography. Earlier writing in Estonian had by and large used an ad hoc orthography based on Latin and Middle Low German orthography. Some influences of the standard German orthography — for example, writing 'W'/'w' instead of 'V'/'v' persisted well into the 1930s. | In what Orthagraphy does Modern Estonian orthography have its basis? | In what Orthagraphy does Modern Estonian orthography have its basis? | [
" In what Orthagraphy does Modern Estonian orthography have its basis?"
] | {
"text": [
"Newer Orthography"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Modern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography. Earlier writing in Estonian had by and large used an ad hoc orthography based on Latin and Middle Low German orthography. Some influences of the standard German orthography — for example, writing 'W'/'w' instead of 'V'/'v' persisted well into the 1930s.
Question: In what Orthagraphy does Modern Estonian orthography have its basis? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-102023 | 57291e663f37b3190047803b | States_of_Germany | The debate on a new delimitation of the German territory started in 1919 as part of discussions about the new constitution. Hugo Preuss, the father of the Weimar Constitution, drafted a plan to divide the German Reich into 14 roughly equal-sized states. His proposal was turned down due to opposition of the states and concerns of the government. Article 18 of the constitution enabled a new delimitation of the German territory but set high hurdles: Three fifth of the votes handed in, and at least the majority of the population are necessary to decide on the alteration of territory. In fact, until 1933 there were only four changes in the configuration of the German states: The 7 Thuringian states were merged in 1920, whereby Coburg opted for Bavaria, Pyrmont joined Prussia in 1922, and Waldeck did so in 1929. Any later plans to break up the dominating Prussia into smaller states failed because political circumstances were not favorable to state reforms. | How many states was the German Reich to divided into? | How many states was the German Reich to divided into? | [
"How many states was the German Reich to divided into?"
] | {
"text": [
"14"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The debate on a new delimitation of the German territory started in 1919 as part of discussions about the new constitution. Hugo Preuss, the father of the Weimar Constitution, drafted a plan to divide the German Reich into 14 roughly equal-sized states. His proposal was turned down due to opposition of the states and concerns of the government. Article 18 of the constitution enabled a new delimitation of the German territory but set high hurdles: Three fifth of the votes handed in, and at least the majority of the population are necessary to decide on the alteration of territory. In fact, until 1933 there were only four changes in the configuration of the German states: The 7 Thuringian states were merged in 1920, whereby Coburg opted for Bavaria, Pyrmont joined Prussia in 1922, and Waldeck did so in 1929. Any later plans to break up the dominating Prussia into smaller states failed because political circumstances were not favorable to state reforms.
Question: How many states was the German Reich to divided into? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-109926 | 571007ebb654c5140001f759 | Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States | Several states have never had capital punishment, the first being Michigan, which abolished it shortly after entering the Union. (However, the United States government executed Tony Chebatoris at the Federal Correctional Institution in Milan, Michigan in 1938.) Article 4, Section 46 of Michigan's fourth Constitution (ratified in 1963; effective in 1964) prohibits any law providing for the penalty of death. Attempts to change the provision have failed. In 2004, a constitutional amendment proposed to allow capital punishment in some circumstances failed to make it on the November ballot after a resolution failed in the legislature and a public initiative failed to gather enough signatures. | In what city was Tony Chebatoris executed? | In what city was Tony Chebatoris executed? | [
"In what city was Tony Chebatoris executed?"
] | {
"text": [
"Milan"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Several states have never had capital punishment, the first being Michigan, which abolished it shortly after entering the Union. (However, the United States government executed Tony Chebatoris at the Federal Correctional Institution in Milan, Michigan in 1938.) Article 4, Section 46 of Michigan's fourth Constitution (ratified in 1963; effective in 1964) prohibits any law providing for the penalty of death. Attempts to change the provision have failed. In 2004, a constitutional amendment proposed to allow capital punishment in some circumstances failed to make it on the November ballot after a resolution failed in the legislature and a public initiative failed to gather enough signatures.
Question: In what city was Tony Chebatoris executed? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-81195 | 5ad168dc645df0001a2d1a1d | Queen_Victoria | Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality. | How old was Victoria when she rejected the throne? | How old was Victoria when she rejected the throne? | [
"How old was Victoria when she rejected the throne?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality.
Question: How old was Victoria when she rejected the throne? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-52992 | 5705fb9e52bb89140068975d | Bird_migration | Most migrations begin with the birds starting off in a broad front. Often, this front narrows into one or more preferred routes termed flyways. These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines, sometimes rivers, and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as large stretches of open water. The specific routes may be genetically programmed or learned to varying degrees. The routes taken on forward and return migration are often different. A common pattern in North America is clockwise migration, where birds flying North tend to be further West, and flying South tend to shift Eastwards. | What is a common pattern in North America migration? | What is a common pattern in North America migration? | [
"What is a common pattern in North America migration?"
] | {
"text": [
"clockwise"
],
"answer_start": [
540
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Most migrations begin with the birds starting off in a broad front. Often, this front narrows into one or more preferred routes termed flyways. These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines, sometimes rivers, and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as large stretches of open water. The specific routes may be genetically programmed or learned to varying degrees. The routes taken on forward and return migration are often different. A common pattern in North America is clockwise migration, where birds flying North tend to be further West, and flying South tend to shift Eastwards.
Question: What is a common pattern in North America migration? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-80746 | 5723b340f6b826140030fc80 | Queen_Victoria | In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies. Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle". | What was the name of Victoria's eighth child? | What was the name of Victoria's eighth child? | [
"What was the name of Victoria's eighth child?"
] | {
"text": [
"Leopold"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies. Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle".
Question: What was the name of Victoria's eighth child? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-82911 | 56e07f7e231d4119001ac1f1 | Saint_Helena | SURE provide the telecommunications service in the territory through a digital copper-based telephone network including ADSL-broadband service. In August 2011 the first fibre-optic link has been installed on the island, which connects the television receive antennas at Bryant's Beacon to the Cable & Wireless Technical Centre in the Briars. | SURE provides what kind of service to the territory? | SURE provides what kind of service to the territory? | [
"SURE provides what kind of service to the territory?"
] | {
"text": [
"telecommunications"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: SURE provide the telecommunications service in the territory through a digital copper-based telephone network including ADSL-broadband service. In August 2011 the first fibre-optic link has been installed on the island, which connects the television receive antennas at Bryant's Beacon to the Cable & Wireless Technical Centre in the Briars.
Question: SURE provides what kind of service to the territory? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-114994 | 5a6b0a37a9e0c9001a4e9e93 | Wayback_Machine | In 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. | What did the Wayback Machine keep the same? | What did the Wayback Machine keep the same? | [
"What did the Wayback Machine keep the same?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing.
Question: What did the Wayback Machine keep the same? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-82069 | 572ab0ca111d821400f38cd7 | Royal_assent | In Belgium, the sanction royale has the same legal effect as royal assent; the Belgian constitution requires a theoretically possible refusal of royal sanction to be countersigned—as any other act of the monarch—by a minister responsible before the House of Representatives. The monarch promulgates the law, meaning that he or she formally orders that the law be officially published and executed. In 1990, when King Baudouin advised his cabinet he could not, in conscience, sign a bill decriminalising abortion (a refusal patently not covered by a responsible minister), the Council of Ministers, at the King's own request, declared Baudouin incapable of exercising his powers. In accordance with the Belgian constitution, upon the declaration of the sovereign's incapacity, the Council of Ministers assumed the powers of the head of state until parliament could rule on the King's incapacity and appoint a regent. The bill was then assented to by all members of the Council of Ministers "on behalf of the Belgian People". In a joint meeting, both houses of parliament declared the King capable of exercising his powers again the next day. | Who declared the monarch incapable of acting upon an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990? | Who declared the monarch incapable of acting upon an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990? | [
"Who declared the monarch incapable of acting upon an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990?"
] | {
"text": [
"Council of Ministers"
],
"answer_start": [
576
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In Belgium, the sanction royale has the same legal effect as royal assent; the Belgian constitution requires a theoretically possible refusal of royal sanction to be countersigned—as any other act of the monarch—by a minister responsible before the House of Representatives. The monarch promulgates the law, meaning that he or she formally orders that the law be officially published and executed. In 1990, when King Baudouin advised his cabinet he could not, in conscience, sign a bill decriminalising abortion (a refusal patently not covered by a responsible minister), the Council of Ministers, at the King's own request, declared Baudouin incapable of exercising his powers. In accordance with the Belgian constitution, upon the declaration of the sovereign's incapacity, the Council of Ministers assumed the powers of the head of state until parliament could rule on the King's incapacity and appoint a regent. The bill was then assented to by all members of the Council of Ministers "on behalf of the Belgian People". In a joint meeting, both houses of parliament declared the King capable of exercising his powers again the next day.
Question: Who declared the monarch incapable of acting upon an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-12354 | 5731c1260fdd8d15006c6503 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities. Those that target protein synthesis (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. "Narrow-spectrum" antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin). | Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified? | Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified? | [
"Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified?"
] | {
"text": [
"mechanism of action"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities. Those that target protein synthesis (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. "Narrow-spectrum" antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin).
Question: Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-39795 | 572755c0f1498d1400e8f66d | New_Haven,_Connecticut | In 1954, then-mayor Richard C. Lee began some of the earliest major urban renewal projects in the United States. Certain sections of downtown New Haven were redeveloped to include museums, new office towers, a hotel, and large shopping complexes. Other parts of the city were affected by the construction of Interstate 95 along the Long Wharf section, Interstate 91, and the Oak Street Connector. The Oak Street Connector (Route 34), running between Interstate 95, downtown, and The Hill neighborhood, was originally intended as a highway to the city's western suburbs but was only completed as a highway to the downtown area, with the area to the west becoming a boulevard (See "Redevelopment" below). | What area of New Haven was Route 34 originally intended to service? | What area of New Haven was Route 34 originally intended to service? | [
"What area of New Haven was Route 34 originally intended to service?"
] | {
"text": [
"the city's western suburbs"
],
"answer_start": [
542
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In 1954, then-mayor Richard C. Lee began some of the earliest major urban renewal projects in the United States. Certain sections of downtown New Haven were redeveloped to include museums, new office towers, a hotel, and large shopping complexes. Other parts of the city were affected by the construction of Interstate 95 along the Long Wharf section, Interstate 91, and the Oak Street Connector. The Oak Street Connector (Route 34), running between Interstate 95, downtown, and The Hill neighborhood, was originally intended as a highway to the city's western suburbs but was only completed as a highway to the downtown area, with the area to the west becoming a boulevard (See "Redevelopment" below).
Question: What area of New Haven was Route 34 originally intended to service? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-48650 | 572849ebff5b5019007da0fe | War_on_Terror | The use of drones by the Central Intelligence Agency in Pakistan to carry out operations associated with the Global War on Terror sparks debate over sovereignty and the laws of war. The U.S. Government uses the CIA rather than the U.S. Air Force for strikes in Pakistan in order to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion. The United States was criticized by[according to whom?] a report on drone warfare and aerial sovereignty for abusing the term 'Global War on Terror' to carry out military operations through government agencies without formally declaring war. | Why did the US use the CIA instead of the Air Force to run drones? | Why did the US use the CIA instead of the Air Force to run drones? | [
"Why did the US use the CIA instead of the Air Force to run drones?"
] | {
"text": [
"to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The use of drones by the Central Intelligence Agency in Pakistan to carry out operations associated with the Global War on Terror sparks debate over sovereignty and the laws of war. The U.S. Government uses the CIA rather than the U.S. Air Force for strikes in Pakistan in order to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion. The United States was criticized by[according to whom?] a report on drone warfare and aerial sovereignty for abusing the term 'Global War on Terror' to carry out military operations through government agencies without formally declaring war.
Question: Why did the US use the CIA instead of the Air Force to run drones? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-614 | 56df5a5596943c1400a5d3fe | Plymouth | In 1945, Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party. | What party did Michael Foot become a leader of? | What party did Michael Foot become a leader of? | [
"What party did Michael Foot become a leader of?"
] | {
"text": [
"Labour"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In 1945, Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party.
Question: What party did Michael Foot become a leader of? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-95041 | 5710febab654c5140001fa8c | Age_of_Enlightenment | Although the existence of dictionaries and encyclopedias spanned into ancient times, the texts changed from simply defining words in a long running list to far more detailed discussions of those words in 18th-century encyclopedic dictionaries. The works were part of an Enlightenment movement to systematize knowledge and provide education to a wider audience than the elite. As the 18th century progressed, the content of encyclopedias also changed according to readers' tastes. Volumes tended to focus more strongly on secular affairs, particularly science and technology, rather than matters of theology. | What movement were dictionaries and encyclopedias trying to promote? | What movement were dictionaries and encyclopedias trying to promote? | [
"What movement were dictionaries and encyclopedias trying to promote?"
] | {
"text": [
"to systematize knowledge and provide education to a wider audience than the elite"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Although the existence of dictionaries and encyclopedias spanned into ancient times, the texts changed from simply defining words in a long running list to far more detailed discussions of those words in 18th-century encyclopedic dictionaries. The works were part of an Enlightenment movement to systematize knowledge and provide education to a wider audience than the elite. As the 18th century progressed, the content of encyclopedias also changed according to readers' tastes. Volumes tended to focus more strongly on secular affairs, particularly science and technology, rather than matters of theology.
Question: What movement were dictionaries and encyclopedias trying to promote? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-66178 | 5a64fb54c2b11c001a425b69 | ASCII | The committee debated the possibility of a shift function (like in ITA2), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable. The standards committee decided against shifting, and so ASCII required at least a seven-bit code.:215, 236 § 4 | Why did the committee debate adding a character code function? | Why did the committee debate adding a character code function? | [
"Why did the committee debate adding a character code function?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The committee debated the possibility of a shift function (like in ITA2), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable. The standards committee decided against shifting, and so ASCII required at least a seven-bit code.:215, 236 § 4
Question: Why did the committee debate adding a character code function? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-63581 | 57261d0d38643c19005ad02f | Buckingham_Palace | Investitures, which include the conferring of knighthoods by dubbing with a sword, and other awards take place in the palace's Ballroom, built in 1854. At 36.6 m (120 ft) long, 18 m (59 ft) wide and 13.5 m (44 ft) high, it is the largest room in the palace. It has replaced the throne room in importance and use. During investitures, the Queen stands on the throne dais beneath a giant, domed velvet canopy, known as a shamiana or a baldachin, that was used at the Delhi Durbar in 1911. A military band plays in the musicians' gallery as award recipients approach the Queen and receive their honours, watched by their families and friends. | What is the largest room in the palace? | What is the largest room in the palace? | [
"What is the largest room in the palace?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ballroom"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Investitures, which include the conferring of knighthoods by dubbing with a sword, and other awards take place in the palace's Ballroom, built in 1854. At 36.6 m (120 ft) long, 18 m (59 ft) wide and 13.5 m (44 ft) high, it is the largest room in the palace. It has replaced the throne room in importance and use. During investitures, the Queen stands on the throne dais beneath a giant, domed velvet canopy, known as a shamiana or a baldachin, that was used at the Delhi Durbar in 1911. A military band plays in the musicians' gallery as award recipients approach the Queen and receive their honours, watched by their families and friends.
Question: What is the largest room in the palace? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-115404 | 56eaa11d0030b61400a34ff6 | Political_corruption | Trading in influence, or influence peddling, refers a person selling his/her influence over the decision making process to benefit a third party (person or institution). The difference with bribery is that this is a tri-lateral relation. From a legal point of view, the role of the third party (who is the target of the influence) does not really matter although he/she can be an accessory in some instances. It can be difficult to make a distinction between this form of corruption and some forms of extreme and loosely regulated lobbying where for instance law- or decision-makers can freely "sell" their vote, decision power or influence to those lobbyists who offer the highest compensation, including where for instance the latter act on behalf of powerful clients such as industrial groups who want to avoid the passing of specific environmental, social, or other regulations perceived as too stringent, etc. Where lobbying is (sufficiently) regulated, it becomes possible to provide for a distinctive criteria and to consider that trading in influence involves the use of "improper influence", as in article 12 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173) of the Council of Europe. | Where lobbying is controlled, what does it provide for consideration to determine improper influencing? | Where lobbying is controlled, what does it provide for consideration to determine improper influencing? | [
"Where lobbying is controlled, what does it provide for consideration to determine improper influencing?"
] | {
"text": [
"distinctive criteria"
],
"answer_start": [
996
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Trading in influence, or influence peddling, refers a person selling his/her influence over the decision making process to benefit a third party (person or institution). The difference with bribery is that this is a tri-lateral relation. From a legal point of view, the role of the third party (who is the target of the influence) does not really matter although he/she can be an accessory in some instances. It can be difficult to make a distinction between this form of corruption and some forms of extreme and loosely regulated lobbying where for instance law- or decision-makers can freely "sell" their vote, decision power or influence to those lobbyists who offer the highest compensation, including where for instance the latter act on behalf of powerful clients such as industrial groups who want to avoid the passing of specific environmental, social, or other regulations perceived as too stringent, etc. Where lobbying is (sufficiently) regulated, it becomes possible to provide for a distinctive criteria and to consider that trading in influence involves the use of "improper influence", as in article 12 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173) of the Council of Europe.
Question: Where lobbying is controlled, what does it provide for consideration to determine improper influencing? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-62653 | 5a7b9b6521c2de001afea1b0 | Software_testing | In contrast, some emerging software disciplines such as extreme programming and the agile software development movement, adhere to a "test-driven software development" model. In this process, unit tests are written first, by the software engineers (often with pair programming in the extreme programming methodology). Of course these tests fail initially; as they are expected to. Then as code is written it passes incrementally larger portions of the test suites. The test suites are continuously updated as new failure conditions and corner cases are discovered, and they are integrated with any regression tests that are developed. Unit tests are maintained along with the rest of the software source code and generally integrated into the build process (with inherently interactive tests being relegated to a partially manual build acceptance process). The ultimate goal of this test process is to achieve continuous integration where software updates can be published to the public frequently. | The goal of unit testing is to achieve discontinuous integration where software updates can be what? | The goal of unit testing is to achieve discontinuous integration where software updates can be what? | [
"The goal of unit testing is to achieve discontinuous integration where software updates can be what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In contrast, some emerging software disciplines such as extreme programming and the agile software development movement, adhere to a "test-driven software development" model. In this process, unit tests are written first, by the software engineers (often with pair programming in the extreme programming methodology). Of course these tests fail initially; as they are expected to. Then as code is written it passes incrementally larger portions of the test suites. The test suites are continuously updated as new failure conditions and corner cases are discovered, and they are integrated with any regression tests that are developed. Unit tests are maintained along with the rest of the software source code and generally integrated into the build process (with inherently interactive tests being relegated to a partially manual build acceptance process). The ultimate goal of this test process is to achieve continuous integration where software updates can be published to the public frequently.
Question: The goal of unit testing is to achieve discontinuous integration where software updates can be what? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-84622 | 5ad4d2705b96ef001a10a1d0 | San_Diego | San Diego and its backcountry are subject to periodic wildfires. In October 2003, San Diego was the site of the Cedar Fire, which has been called the largest wildfire in California over the past century. The fire burned 280,000 acres (1,100 km2), killed 15 people, and destroyed more than 2,200 homes. In addition to damage caused by the fire, smoke resulted in a significant increase in emergency room visits due to asthma, respiratory problems, eye irritation, and smoke inhalation; the poor air quality caused San Diego County schools to close for a week. Wildfires four years later destroyed some areas, particularly within the communities of Rancho Bernardo, Rancho Santa Fe, and Ramona. | When did California's smallest wildfire of the century take place? | When did California's smallest wildfire of the century take place? | [
"When did California's smallest wildfire of the century take place?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: San Diego and its backcountry are subject to periodic wildfires. In October 2003, San Diego was the site of the Cedar Fire, which has been called the largest wildfire in California over the past century. The fire burned 280,000 acres (1,100 km2), killed 15 people, and destroyed more than 2,200 homes. In addition to damage caused by the fire, smoke resulted in a significant increase in emergency room visits due to asthma, respiratory problems, eye irritation, and smoke inhalation; the poor air quality caused San Diego County schools to close for a week. Wildfires four years later destroyed some areas, particularly within the communities of Rancho Bernardo, Rancho Santa Fe, and Ramona.
Question: When did California's smallest wildfire of the century take place? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-10809 | 56fdeebd19033b140034cde4 | Computer | Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated into machine code by a compiler or an assembler before being run, or translated directly at run time by an interpreter. Sometimes programs are executed by a hybrid method of the two techniques. | Programming languages are translated at run time by what? | Programming languages are translated at run time by what? | [
"Programming languages are translated at run time by what?"
] | {
"text": [
"an interpreter"
],
"answer_start": [
405
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated into machine code by a compiler or an assembler before being run, or translated directly at run time by an interpreter. Sometimes programs are executed by a hybrid method of the two techniques.
Question: Programming languages are translated at run time by what? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-54177 | 5ad3eba0604f3c001a3ff733 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany. | What location is a Canadian navy base located whose name is also a dog breed? | What location is a Canadian navy base located whose name is also a dog breed? | [
"What location is a Canadian navy base located whose name is also a dog breed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany.
Question: What location is a Canadian navy base located whose name is also a dog breed? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-105171 | 5726f3eef1498d1400e8f0c7 | History_of_science | From their beginnings in Sumer (now Iraq) around 3500 BC, the Mesopotamian people began to attempt to record some observations of the world with numerical data. But their observations and measurements were seemingly taken for purposes other than for elucidating scientific laws. A concrete instance of Pythagoras' law was recorded, as early as the 18th century BC: the Mesopotamian cuneiform tablet Plimpton 322 records a number of Pythagorean triplets (3,4,5) (5,12,13). ..., dated 1900 BC, possibly millennia before Pythagoras, but an abstract formulation of the Pythagorean theorem was not. | How far back do the Mesopotamian people go? | How far back do the Mesopotamian people go? | [
"How far back do the Mesopotamian people go?"
] | {
"text": [
"3500 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: From their beginnings in Sumer (now Iraq) around 3500 BC, the Mesopotamian people began to attempt to record some observations of the world with numerical data. But their observations and measurements were seemingly taken for purposes other than for elucidating scientific laws. A concrete instance of Pythagoras' law was recorded, as early as the 18th century BC: the Mesopotamian cuneiform tablet Plimpton 322 records a number of Pythagorean triplets (3,4,5) (5,12,13). ..., dated 1900 BC, possibly millennia before Pythagoras, but an abstract formulation of the Pythagorean theorem was not.
Question: How far back do the Mesopotamian people go? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-41952 | 5a42bfc04a4859001aac72dd | Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System | PAL consoles face another incompatibility when playing out-of-region cartridges: the NTSC video standard specifies video at 60 Hz while PAL operates at 50 Hz, resulting in approximately 16.7% slower gameplay. Additionally, PAL's higher resolution results in letterboxing of the output image. Some commercial PAL region releases exhibit this same problem and, therefore, can be played in NTSC systems without issue while others will face a 20% speedup if played in an NTSC console. To mostly correct this issue, a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions. Later games will detect this setting and refuse to run, requiring the switch to be thrown only after the check completes. | What does NTSC higher resolution result in? | What does NTSC higher resolution result in? | [
"What does NTSC higher resolution result in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: PAL consoles face another incompatibility when playing out-of-region cartridges: the NTSC video standard specifies video at 60 Hz while PAL operates at 50 Hz, resulting in approximately 16.7% slower gameplay. Additionally, PAL's higher resolution results in letterboxing of the output image. Some commercial PAL region releases exhibit this same problem and, therefore, can be played in NTSC systems without issue while others will face a 20% speedup if played in an NTSC console. To mostly correct this issue, a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions. Later games will detect this setting and refuse to run, requiring the switch to be thrown only after the check completes.
Question: What does NTSC higher resolution result in? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-90061 | 5acf809d77cf76001a685012 | Somerset | Somerset has a high indigenous British population, with 98.8% registering as white British and 92.4% of these as born in the United Kingdom. Chinese is the largest ethnic group, while the black minority ethnic proportion of the total population is 2.9%. Over 25% of Somerset's population is concentrated in Taunton, Bridgwater and Yeovil. The rest of the county is rural and sparsely populated. Over 9 million tourist nights are spent in Somerset each year, which significantly increases the population at peak times. | What proportion of the Chinese ethnic group live in rural Somerset? | What proportion of the Chinese ethnic group live in rural Somerset? | [
"What proportion of the Chinese ethnic group live in rural Somerset?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Somerset has a high indigenous British population, with 98.8% registering as white British and 92.4% of these as born in the United Kingdom. Chinese is the largest ethnic group, while the black minority ethnic proportion of the total population is 2.9%. Over 25% of Somerset's population is concentrated in Taunton, Bridgwater and Yeovil. The rest of the county is rural and sparsely populated. Over 9 million tourist nights are spent in Somerset each year, which significantly increases the population at peak times.
Question: What proportion of the Chinese ethnic group live in rural Somerset? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-66127 | 570bdc256b8089140040fa9c | ASCII | Some software assigned special meanings to ASCII characters sent to the software from the terminal. Operating systems from Digital Equipment Corporation, for example, interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning "remove previously-typed input character", and this interpretation also became common in Unix systems. Most other systems used BS for that meaning and used DEL to mean "remove the character at the cursor".[citation needed] That latter interpretation is the most common now.[citation needed] | What did some software do to the ASCII characters? | What did some software do to the ASCII characters? | [
"What did some software do to the ASCII characters?"
] | {
"text": [
"assigned special meanings"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Some software assigned special meanings to ASCII characters sent to the software from the terminal. Operating systems from Digital Equipment Corporation, for example, interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning "remove previously-typed input character", and this interpretation also became common in Unix systems. Most other systems used BS for that meaning and used DEL to mean "remove the character at the cursor".[citation needed] That latter interpretation is the most common now.[citation needed]
Question: What did some software do to the ASCII characters? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-94124 | 5a7e4b1870df9f001a8756bb | Cork_(city) | Temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) or above 25 °C (77 °F) are rare. Cork Airport records an average of 1,227.9 millimetres (4.029 ft) of precipitation annually, most of which is rain. The airport records an average of 7 days of hail and 11 days of snow or sleet a year; though it only records lying snow for 2 days of the year. The low altitude of the city, and moderating influences of the harbour, mean that lying snow very rarely occurs in the city itself. There are on average 204 "rainy" days a year (over 0.2 millimetres (0.0079 in) of rainfall), of which there are 73 days with "heavy rain" (over 5 millimetres (0.20 in)). Cork is also a generally foggy city, with an average of 97 days of fog a year, most common during mornings and during winter. Despite this, however, Cork is also one of Ireland's sunniest cities, with an average of 3.9 hours of sunshine every day and only having 67 days where there is no "recordable sunshine", mostly during and around winter. | How many days of fog are there in Ireland a year? | How many days of fog are there in Ireland a year? | [
"How many days of fog are there in Ireland a year?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) or above 25 °C (77 °F) are rare. Cork Airport records an average of 1,227.9 millimetres (4.029 ft) of precipitation annually, most of which is rain. The airport records an average of 7 days of hail and 11 days of snow or sleet a year; though it only records lying snow for 2 days of the year. The low altitude of the city, and moderating influences of the harbour, mean that lying snow very rarely occurs in the city itself. There are on average 204 "rainy" days a year (over 0.2 millimetres (0.0079 in) of rainfall), of which there are 73 days with "heavy rain" (over 5 millimetres (0.20 in)). Cork is also a generally foggy city, with an average of 97 days of fog a year, most common during mornings and during winter. Despite this, however, Cork is also one of Ireland's sunniest cities, with an average of 3.9 hours of sunshine every day and only having 67 days where there is no "recordable sunshine", mostly during and around winter.
Question: How many days of fog are there in Ireland a year? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-81211 | 57267e59f1498d1400e8e1aa | Queen_Victoria | At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after her father and his three older brothers: the Prince Regent, the Duke of York, and the Duke of Clarence (later William IV). The Prince Regent and the Duke of York were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing age, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further children. The Dukes of Kent and Clarence married on the same day 12 months before Victoria's birth, but both of Clarence's daughters (born in 1819 and 1820 respectively) died as infants. Victoria's grandfather and father died in 1820, within a week of each other, and the Duke of York died in 1827. On the death of her uncle George IV in 1830, Victoria became heiress presumptive to her next surviving uncle, William IV. The Regency Act 1830 made special provision for the Duchess of Kent to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor. King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity to be regent, and in 1836 declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday, so that a regency could be avoided. | Who was to act as regent if George died while Victoria was still a minor? | Who was to act as regent if George died while Victoria was still a minor? | [
"Who was to act as regent if George died while Victoria was still a minor?"
] | {
"text": [
"Duchess of Kent"
],
"answer_start": [
828
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after her father and his three older brothers: the Prince Regent, the Duke of York, and the Duke of Clarence (later William IV). The Prince Regent and the Duke of York were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing age, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further children. The Dukes of Kent and Clarence married on the same day 12 months before Victoria's birth, but both of Clarence's daughters (born in 1819 and 1820 respectively) died as infants. Victoria's grandfather and father died in 1820, within a week of each other, and the Duke of York died in 1827. On the death of her uncle George IV in 1830, Victoria became heiress presumptive to her next surviving uncle, William IV. The Regency Act 1830 made special provision for the Duchess of Kent to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor. King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity to be regent, and in 1836 declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday, so that a regency could be avoided.
Question: Who was to act as regent if George died while Victoria was still a minor? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-74821 | 570e76540dc6ce19002050ab | Melbourne | CSL, one of the world's top five biotech companies, and Sigma Pharmaceuticals have their headquarters in Melbourne. The two are the largest listed Australian pharmaceutical companies. Melbourne has an important ICT industry that employs over 60,000 people (one third of Australia's ICT workforce), with a turnover of $19.8 billion and export revenues of $615 million. In addition, tourism also plays an important role in Melbourne's economy, with about 7.6 million domestic visitors and 1.88 million international visitors in 2004. In 2008, Melbourne overtook Sydney with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city, accounting for around $15.8 billion annually. Melbourne has been attracting an increasing share of domestic and international conference markets. Construction began in February 2006 of a $1 billion 5000-seat international convention centre, Hilton Hotel and commercial precinct adjacent to the Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre to link development along the Yarra River with the Southbank precinct and multibillion-dollar Docklands redevelopment. | In 2008, Melbourne overtook what city with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city? | In 2008, Melbourne overtook what city with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city? | [
"In 2008, Melbourne overtook what city with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sydney"
],
"answer_start": [
560
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: CSL, one of the world's top five biotech companies, and Sigma Pharmaceuticals have their headquarters in Melbourne. The two are the largest listed Australian pharmaceutical companies. Melbourne has an important ICT industry that employs over 60,000 people (one third of Australia's ICT workforce), with a turnover of $19.8 billion and export revenues of $615 million. In addition, tourism also plays an important role in Melbourne's economy, with about 7.6 million domestic visitors and 1.88 million international visitors in 2004. In 2008, Melbourne overtook Sydney with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city, accounting for around $15.8 billion annually. Melbourne has been attracting an increasing share of domestic and international conference markets. Construction began in February 2006 of a $1 billion 5000-seat international convention centre, Hilton Hotel and commercial precinct adjacent to the Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre to link development along the Yarra River with the Southbank precinct and multibillion-dollar Docklands redevelopment.
Question: In 2008, Melbourne overtook what city with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-17006 | 5725cdb989a1e219009abefc | Israel | Despite limited natural resources, intensive development of the agricultural and industrial sectors over the past decades has made Israel largely self-sufficient in food production, apart from grains and beef. Imports to Israel, totaling $77.59 billion in 2012, include raw materials, military equipment, investment goods, rough diamonds, fuels, grain, consumer goods. Leading exports include electronics, software, computerized systems, communications technology, medical equipment, pharmaceuticals, fruits, chemicals, military technology, and cut diamonds; in 2012, Israeli exports reached $64.74 billion. | Imports to Israel totaled what in 2012? | Imports to Israel totaled what in 2012? | [
"Imports to Israel totaled what in 2012?"
] | {
"text": [
"$77.59 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Despite limited natural resources, intensive development of the agricultural and industrial sectors over the past decades has made Israel largely self-sufficient in food production, apart from grains and beef. Imports to Israel, totaling $77.59 billion in 2012, include raw materials, military equipment, investment goods, rough diamonds, fuels, grain, consumer goods. Leading exports include electronics, software, computerized systems, communications technology, medical equipment, pharmaceuticals, fruits, chemicals, military technology, and cut diamonds; in 2012, Israeli exports reached $64.74 billion.
Question: Imports to Israel totaled what in 2012? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-67930 | 57301654a23a5019007fcd48 | Charleston,_South_Carolina | Africans were brought to Charles Town on the Middle Passage, first as "servants", then as slaves. Ethnic groups transported here included especially Wolof, Yoruba, Fulani, Igbo, Malinke, and other people of the Windward Coast. An estimated 40% of the total 400,000 Africans transported and sold as slaves into North America are estimated to have landed at Sullivan's Island, just off the port of Charles Town; it is described as a "hellish Ellis Island of sorts .... Today nothing commemorates that ugly fact but a simple bench, established by the author Toni Morrison using private funds." | What percentage of those sold as slaves in North America landed at Sullivan's Island? | What percentage of those sold as slaves in North America landed at Sullivan's Island? | [
"What percentage of those sold as slaves in North America landed at Sullivan's Island?"
] | {
"text": [
"40%"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Africans were brought to Charles Town on the Middle Passage, first as "servants", then as slaves. Ethnic groups transported here included especially Wolof, Yoruba, Fulani, Igbo, Malinke, and other people of the Windward Coast. An estimated 40% of the total 400,000 Africans transported and sold as slaves into North America are estimated to have landed at Sullivan's Island, just off the port of Charles Town; it is described as a "hellish Ellis Island of sorts .... Today nothing commemorates that ugly fact but a simple bench, established by the author Toni Morrison using private funds."
Question: What percentage of those sold as slaves in North America landed at Sullivan's Island? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-89688 | 57302e8d04bcaa1900d772e2 | The_Blitz | London's defences were rapidly reorganised by General Pile, the Commander-in-Chief of Anti-Aircraft Command. The difference this made to the effectiveness of air defences is questionable. The British were still one-third below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery AAA (or ack-ack) in May 1941, with only 2,631 weapons available. Dowding had to rely on night fighters. From 1940 to 1941, the most successful night-fighter was the Boulton Paul Defiant; its four squadrons shot down more enemy aircraft than any other type. AA defences improved by better use of radar and searchlights. Over several months, the 20,000 shells spent per raider shot down in September 1940, was reduced to 4,087 in January 1941 and to 2,963 shells in February 1941. | The British were how far below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery? | The British were how far below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery? | [
"The British were how far below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery?"
] | {
"text": [
"one-third"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: London's defences were rapidly reorganised by General Pile, the Commander-in-Chief of Anti-Aircraft Command. The difference this made to the effectiveness of air defences is questionable. The British were still one-third below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery AAA (or ack-ack) in May 1941, with only 2,631 weapons available. Dowding had to rely on night fighters. From 1940 to 1941, the most successful night-fighter was the Boulton Paul Defiant; its four squadrons shot down more enemy aircraft than any other type. AA defences improved by better use of radar and searchlights. Over several months, the 20,000 shells spent per raider shot down in September 1940, was reduced to 4,087 in January 1941 and to 2,963 shells in February 1941.
Question: The British were how far below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-88244 | 56d89fbcbfea0914004b76fb | 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay | After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia, Greece on March 24, the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, and then to Beijing, arriving on March 31. From Beijing, the torch was following a route passing through six continents. The torch has visited cities along the Silk Road, symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world. The relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and Tibet, China from the Chinese side, which was closed specially for the event. | What day was the Olympic torch lit for the 2008 games? | What day was the Olympic torch lit for the 2008 games? | [
"What day was the Olympic torch lit for the 2008 games?"
] | {
"text": [
"March 24"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia, Greece on March 24, the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, and then to Beijing, arriving on March 31. From Beijing, the torch was following a route passing through six continents. The torch has visited cities along the Silk Road, symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world. The relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and Tibet, China from the Chinese side, which was closed specially for the event.
Question: What day was the Olympic torch lit for the 2008 games? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-80127 | 5726c12a5951b619008f7d4a | Samoa | The country currency is the Samoan tālā, issued and regulated by the Central Bank of Samoa. The economy of Samoa has traditionally been dependent on agriculture and fishing at the local level. In modern times, development aid, private family remittances from overseas, and agricultural exports have become key factors in the nation's economy. Agriculture employs two-thirds of the labour force, and furnishes 90% of exports, featuring coconut cream, coconut oil, noni (juice of the nonu fruit, as it is known in Samoan), and copra. | What portion of Samoa works in agriculture? | What portion of Samoa works in agriculture? | [
"What portion of Samoa works in agriculture?"
] | {
"text": [
"two-thirds"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The country currency is the Samoan tālā, issued and regulated by the Central Bank of Samoa. The economy of Samoa has traditionally been dependent on agriculture and fishing at the local level. In modern times, development aid, private family remittances from overseas, and agricultural exports have become key factors in the nation's economy. Agriculture employs two-thirds of the labour force, and furnishes 90% of exports, featuring coconut cream, coconut oil, noni (juice of the nonu fruit, as it is known in Samoan), and copra.
Question: What portion of Samoa works in agriculture? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-18778 | 5ad0bf6e645df0001a2d01a0 | Premier_League | Despite significant European success during the 1970s and early 1980s, the late '80s had marked a low point for English football. Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife, and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985. The Football League First Division, which had been the top level of English football since 1888, was well behind leagues such as Italy's Serie A and Spain's La Liga in attendances and revenues, and several top English players had moved abroad. | In which decade was the high point for English football? | In which decade was the high point for English football? | [
"In which decade was the high point for English football?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Despite significant European success during the 1970s and early 1980s, the late '80s had marked a low point for English football. Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife, and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985. The Football League First Division, which had been the top level of English football since 1888, was well behind leagues such as Italy's Serie A and Spain's La Liga in attendances and revenues, and several top English players had moved abroad.
Question: In which decade was the high point for English football? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-98700 | 57268d7ef1498d1400e8e394 | Marvel_Comics | On August 31, 2009, The Walt Disney Company announced a deal to acquire Marvel Comics' parent corporation, Marvel Entertainment, for $4 billion or $4.2 billion, with Marvel shareholders to receive $30 and 0.745 Disney shares for each share of Marvel they own. As of 2008, Marvel and its major, longtime competitor DC Comics shared over 80% of the American comic-book market. As of September 2010, Marvel switched its bookstores distribution company from Diamond Book Distributors to Hachette Distribution Services. | What was the sale price of Marvel? | What was the sale price of Marvel? | [
"What was the sale price of Marvel?"
] | {
"text": [
"$4 billion or $4.2 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: On August 31, 2009, The Walt Disney Company announced a deal to acquire Marvel Comics' parent corporation, Marvel Entertainment, for $4 billion or $4.2 billion, with Marvel shareholders to receive $30 and 0.745 Disney shares for each share of Marvel they own. As of 2008, Marvel and its major, longtime competitor DC Comics shared over 80% of the American comic-book market. As of September 2010, Marvel switched its bookstores distribution company from Diamond Book Distributors to Hachette Distribution Services.
Question: What was the sale price of Marvel? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-8833 | 5ace097a32bba1001ae499e8 | Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic | On December 24, Yeltsin informed the Secretary-General of the United Nations that by agreement of the member states of the CIS Russian Federation would assume the membership of the Soviet Union in all UN organs (including permanent membership in the UN Security Council). Thus, Russia is considered to be an original member of the UN (since October 24, 1945) along with Ukraine (Ukrainian SSR) and Belarus (Byelorussian SSR). On December 25—just hours after Gorbachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union—the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation (Russia), reflecting that it was now a sovereign state with Yeltsin assuming the Presidency. The change was originally published on January 6, 1992 (Rossiyskaya Gazeta). According to law, during 1992, it was allowed to use the old name of the RSFSR for official business (forms, seals and stamps). The Russian Federation's Constitution (Fundamental Law) of 1978, though with the 1991–1992 Amendements, remained in effect until the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis. | Who wasn't the first president of the Russian Federation? | Who wasn't the first president of the Russian Federation? | [
"Who wasn't the first president of the Russian Federation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: On December 24, Yeltsin informed the Secretary-General of the United Nations that by agreement of the member states of the CIS Russian Federation would assume the membership of the Soviet Union in all UN organs (including permanent membership in the UN Security Council). Thus, Russia is considered to be an original member of the UN (since October 24, 1945) along with Ukraine (Ukrainian SSR) and Belarus (Byelorussian SSR). On December 25—just hours after Gorbachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union—the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation (Russia), reflecting that it was now a sovereign state with Yeltsin assuming the Presidency. The change was originally published on January 6, 1992 (Rossiyskaya Gazeta). According to law, during 1992, it was allowed to use the old name of the RSFSR for official business (forms, seals and stamps). The Russian Federation's Constitution (Fundamental Law) of 1978, though with the 1991–1992 Amendements, remained in effect until the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis.
Question: Who wasn't the first president of the Russian Federation? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-7678 | 5a8c935dfd22b3001a8d8b74 | Database | Static analysis techniques for software verification can be applied also in the scenario of query languages. In particular, the *Abstract interpretation framework has been extended to the field of query languages for relational databases as a way to support sound approximation techniques. The semantics of query languages can be tuned according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data. The abstraction of relational database system has many interesting applications, in particular, for security purposes, such as fine grained access control, watermarking, etc. | What is a security measure that no longer uses a relational database system? | What is a security measure that no longer uses a relational database system? | [
"What is a security measure that no longer uses a relational database system?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Static analysis techniques for software verification can be applied also in the scenario of query languages. In particular, the *Abstract interpretation framework has been extended to the field of query languages for relational databases as a way to support sound approximation techniques. The semantics of query languages can be tuned according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data. The abstraction of relational database system has many interesting applications, in particular, for security purposes, such as fine grained access control, watermarking, etc.
Question: What is a security measure that no longer uses a relational database system? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-62219 | 57268c675951b619008f7657 | Chicago_Cubs | The Cubs had no official physical mascot prior to Clark, though a man in a 'polar bear' looking outfit, called "The Bear-man" (or Beeman), which was mildly popular with the fans, paraded the stands briefly in the early 1990s. There is no record of whether or not he was just a fan in a costume or employed by the club. Through the 2013 season, there were "Cubbie-bear" mascots outside of Wrigley on game day, but none are employed by the team. They pose for pictures with fans for tips. The most notable of these was "Billy Cub" who worked outside of the stadium until for over 6 years until July 2013, when the club asked him to stop. Billy Cub, who is played by fan John Paul Weier, had unsuccessfully petitioned the team to become the official mascot. | What did "The Bear-man" wear as an outfit? | What did "The Bear-man" wear as an outfit? | [
"What did \"The Bear-man\" wear as an outfit?"
] | {
"text": [
"'polar bear' looking outfit"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The Cubs had no official physical mascot prior to Clark, though a man in a 'polar bear' looking outfit, called "The Bear-man" (or Beeman), which was mildly popular with the fans, paraded the stands briefly in the early 1990s. There is no record of whether or not he was just a fan in a costume or employed by the club. Through the 2013 season, there were "Cubbie-bear" mascots outside of Wrigley on game day, but none are employed by the team. They pose for pictures with fans for tips. The most notable of these was "Billy Cub" who worked outside of the stadium until for over 6 years until July 2013, when the club asked him to stop. Billy Cub, who is played by fan John Paul Weier, had unsuccessfully petitioned the team to become the official mascot.
Question: What did "The Bear-man" wear as an outfit? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-14627 | 5ad3c9a9604f3c001a3ff0aa | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. | With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead reject to write Principia Mathematica? | With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead reject to write Principia Mathematica? | [
"With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead reject to write Principia Mathematica?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century.
Question: With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead reject to write Principia Mathematica? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-33600 | 57263eaf89a1e219009ac5b8 | Film_speed | The Scheinergrade (Sch.) system was devised by the German astronomer Julius Scheiner (1858–1913) in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography. Scheiner's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development. Speed was expressed in degrees Scheiner, originally ranging from 1° Sch. to 20° Sch., where an increment of 19° Sch. corresponded to a hundredfold increase in sensitivity, which meant that an increment of 3° Sch. came close to a doubling of sensitivity. | Approximately how many degrees indicate double the sensitivity? | Approximately how many degrees indicate double the sensitivity? | [
"Approximately how many degrees indicate double the sensitivity? "
] | {
"text": [
"an increment of 3° Sch"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The Scheinergrade (Sch.) system was devised by the German astronomer Julius Scheiner (1858–1913) in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography. Scheiner's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development. Speed was expressed in degrees Scheiner, originally ranging from 1° Sch. to 20° Sch., where an increment of 19° Sch. corresponded to a hundredfold increase in sensitivity, which meant that an increment of 3° Sch. came close to a doubling of sensitivity.
Question: Approximately how many degrees indicate double the sensitivity? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-8563 | 56df54f18bc80c19004e4aba | Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic | The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west; Norway and Finland on the northwest; and to its southeast were the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China. Within the Soviet Union, the RSFSR bordered the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs to its west and Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs to the south. | Which countries did the RSFSR border on the northwest? | Which countries did the RSFSR border on the northwest? | [
"Which countries did the RSFSR border on the northwest?"
] | {
"text": [
"Norway and Finland"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west; Norway and Finland on the northwest; and to its southeast were the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China. Within the Soviet Union, the RSFSR bordered the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs to its west and Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs to the south.
Question: Which countries did the RSFSR border on the northwest? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-5153 | 56e15ea9cd28a01900c6781e | Boston | Another initiative, presented by the late Mayor Thomas Menino, is the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive, which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient. This, much like the green housing developments, gives people of low socioeconomic status an opportunity to find housing in communities that support the environment. The ultimate goal of this initiative is to enlist 500 Bostonians to participate in a free, in-home energy assessment. | Who came up with the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive? | Who came up with the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive? | [
"Who came up with the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mayor Thomas Menino"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Another initiative, presented by the late Mayor Thomas Menino, is the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive, which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient. This, much like the green housing developments, gives people of low socioeconomic status an opportunity to find housing in communities that support the environment. The ultimate goal of this initiative is to enlist 500 Bostonians to participate in a free, in-home energy assessment.
Question: Who came up with the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-57207 | 572fed4e04bcaa1900d76ecf | Muslim_world | The Islamic Golden Age coincided with the Middle Ages in the Muslim world, starting with the rise of Islam and establishment of the first Islamic state in 622. The end of the age is variously given as 1258 with the Mongolian Sack of Baghdad, or 1492 with the completion of the Christian Reconquista of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus, Iberian Peninsula. During the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid (786 to 809), the legendary House of Wisdom was inaugurated in Baghdad where scholars from various parts of the world sought to translate and gather all the known world's knowledge into Arabic. The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as "the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr," that stressed the value of knowledge. The major Islamic capital cities of Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba became the main intellectual centers for science, philosophy, medicine, and education. During this period, the Muslim world was a collection of cultures; they drew together and advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Greek, Roman, Persian, Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, and Phoenician civilizations. | There what is the latest year for the end of the Islamic Golden Age? | There what is the latest year for the end of the Islamic Golden Age? | [
"There what is the latest year for the end of the Islamic Golden Age?"
] | {
"text": [
"1492"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The Islamic Golden Age coincided with the Middle Ages in the Muslim world, starting with the rise of Islam and establishment of the first Islamic state in 622. The end of the age is variously given as 1258 with the Mongolian Sack of Baghdad, or 1492 with the completion of the Christian Reconquista of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus, Iberian Peninsula. During the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid (786 to 809), the legendary House of Wisdom was inaugurated in Baghdad where scholars from various parts of the world sought to translate and gather all the known world's knowledge into Arabic. The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as "the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr," that stressed the value of knowledge. The major Islamic capital cities of Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba became the main intellectual centers for science, philosophy, medicine, and education. During this period, the Muslim world was a collection of cultures; they drew together and advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Greek, Roman, Persian, Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, and Phoenician civilizations.
Question: There what is the latest year for the end of the Islamic Golden Age? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-80211 | 5a629330f8d794001af1c0fb | Samoa | In music, popular local bands include The Five Stars, Penina o Tiafau and Punialava'a. The Yandall Sisters' cover of the song Sweet Inspiration reached number one on the New Zealand charts in 1974. King Kapisi was the first hip hop artist to receive the prestigious New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award in 1999 for his song Reverse Resistance. The music video for Reverse Resistance was filmed in Savai'i at his villages. Other successful Samoan hip hop artists include rapper Scribe, Dei Hamo, Savage and Tha Feelstyle whose music video Suamalie was filmed in Samoa. | What kind of music style does Penina o Tiafau use? | What kind of music style does Penina o Tiafau use? | [
"What kind of music style does Penina o Tiafau use?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In music, popular local bands include The Five Stars, Penina o Tiafau and Punialava'a. The Yandall Sisters' cover of the song Sweet Inspiration reached number one on the New Zealand charts in 1974. King Kapisi was the first hip hop artist to receive the prestigious New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award in 1999 for his song Reverse Resistance. The music video for Reverse Resistance was filmed in Savai'i at his villages. Other successful Samoan hip hop artists include rapper Scribe, Dei Hamo, Savage and Tha Feelstyle whose music video Suamalie was filmed in Samoa.
Question: What kind of music style does Penina o Tiafau use? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-80048 | 5726b1c05951b619008f7ac7 | Samoa | From the end of World War I until 1962, New Zealand controlled Samoa as a Class C Mandate under trusteeship through the League of Nations, then through the United Nations. There followed a series of New Zealand administrators who were responsible for two major incidents. In the first incident, approximately one fifth of the Samoan population died in the influenza epidemic of 1918–1919. Between 1919 and 1962, Samoa was administered by the Department of External Affairs, a government department which had been specially created to oversee New Zealand's Island Territories and Samoa. In 1943, this Department was renamed the Department of Island Territories after a separate Department of External Affairs was created to conduct New Zealand's foreign affairs. | About how much of the total population of Samoa died from influenza during the epidemic? | About how much of the total population of Samoa died from influenza during the epidemic? | [
"About how much of the total population of Samoa died from influenza during the epidemic?"
] | {
"text": [
"one fifth"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: From the end of World War I until 1962, New Zealand controlled Samoa as a Class C Mandate under trusteeship through the League of Nations, then through the United Nations. There followed a series of New Zealand administrators who were responsible for two major incidents. In the first incident, approximately one fifth of the Samoan population died in the influenza epidemic of 1918–1919. Between 1919 and 1962, Samoa was administered by the Department of External Affairs, a government department which had been specially created to oversee New Zealand's Island Territories and Samoa. In 1943, this Department was renamed the Department of Island Territories after a separate Department of External Affairs was created to conduct New Zealand's foreign affairs.
Question: About how much of the total population of Samoa died from influenza during the epidemic? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-84130 | 5a7e3a9b70df9f001a8755b6 | Translation | The 19th century brought new standards of accuracy and style. In regard to accuracy, observes J.M. Cohen, the policy became "the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text", except for any bawdy passages and the addition of copious explanatory footnotes. In regard to style, the Victorians' aim, achieved through far-reaching metaphrase (literality) or pseudo-metaphrase, was to constantly remind readers that they were reading a foreign classic. An exception was the outstanding translation in this period, Edward FitzGerald's Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (1859), which achieved its Oriental flavor largely by using Persian names and discreet Biblical echoes and actually drew little of its material from the Persian original. | What did the Victorians aim to remind the writer of in their translations? | What did the Victorians aim to remind the writer of in their translations? | [
"What did the Victorians aim to remind the writer of in their translations?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The 19th century brought new standards of accuracy and style. In regard to accuracy, observes J.M. Cohen, the policy became "the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text", except for any bawdy passages and the addition of copious explanatory footnotes. In regard to style, the Victorians' aim, achieved through far-reaching metaphrase (literality) or pseudo-metaphrase, was to constantly remind readers that they were reading a foreign classic. An exception was the outstanding translation in this period, Edward FitzGerald's Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (1859), which achieved its Oriental flavor largely by using Persian names and discreet Biblical echoes and actually drew little of its material from the Persian original.
Question: What did the Victorians aim to remind the writer of in their translations? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-95600 | 5726d8c9dd62a815002e9267 | Yale_University | During the 1988 presidential election, George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Michael Dukakis for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique". When challenged on the distinction between Dukakis's Harvard connection and his own Yale background, he said that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it" and said Yale did not share Harvard's reputation for "liberalism and elitism". In 2004 Howard Dean stated, "In some ways, I consider myself separate from the other three (Yale) candidates of 2004. Yale changed so much between the class of '68 and the class of '71. My class was the first class to have women in it; it was the first class to have a significant effort to recruit African Americans. It was an extraordinary time, and in that span of time is the change of an entire generation". | Why was Howard Dean proud of his graduating class? | Why was Howard Dean proud of his graduating class? | [
"Why was Howard Dean proud of his graduating class?"
] | {
"text": [
"first class to have women in it"
],
"answer_start": [
688
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: During the 1988 presidential election, George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Michael Dukakis for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique". When challenged on the distinction between Dukakis's Harvard connection and his own Yale background, he said that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it" and said Yale did not share Harvard's reputation for "liberalism and elitism". In 2004 Howard Dean stated, "In some ways, I consider myself separate from the other three (Yale) candidates of 2004. Yale changed so much between the class of '68 and the class of '71. My class was the first class to have women in it; it was the first class to have a significant effort to recruit African Americans. It was an extraordinary time, and in that span of time is the change of an entire generation".
Question: Why was Howard Dean proud of his graduating class? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-14709 | 5733349d4776f41900660791 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead was unimpressed by this objection. In the notes of one his students for a 1927 class, Whitehead was quoted as saying: "Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized." In Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that "philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles," he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic. For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy. | What was Whitehead's opinion of basic assumptions in metaphysics? | What was Whitehead's opinion of basic assumptions in metaphysics? | [
"What was Whitehead's opinion of basic assumptions in metaphysics?"
] | {
"text": [
"such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned"
],
"answer_start": [
413
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Whitehead was unimpressed by this objection. In the notes of one his students for a 1927 class, Whitehead was quoted as saying: "Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized." In Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that "philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles," he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic. For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy.
Question: What was Whitehead's opinion of basic assumptions in metaphysics? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-21064 | 5a7704962d6d7f001a4a9f16 | Spanish_language_in_the_United_States | After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain also, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California and most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States of America and Spanish spoken in the present-day United Mexican States. | What was North Dakota a part of? | What was North Dakota a part of? | [
"What was North Dakota a part of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain also, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California and most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States of America and Spanish spoken in the present-day United Mexican States.
Question: What was North Dakota a part of? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-5861 | 5ad2a231d7d075001a429cee | House_music | It was during this decade that vocal house became firmly established, both in the underground and as part of the pop market, and labels such as Defected Records, Roule and Om were at the forefront of championing the emerging sound. In the mid-2000s, fusion genres such as electro house and fidget house emerged.[citation needed] This fusion is apparent in the crossover of musical styles by artists such as Dennis Ferrer and Booka Shade, with the former's production style having evolved from the New York soulful house scene and the latter's roots in techno. | What type of Shade fusion did Dennis Ferrer produce? | What type of Shade fusion did Dennis Ferrer produce? | [
"What type of Shade fusion did Dennis Ferrer produce?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: It was during this decade that vocal house became firmly established, both in the underground and as part of the pop market, and labels such as Defected Records, Roule and Om were at the forefront of championing the emerging sound. In the mid-2000s, fusion genres such as electro house and fidget house emerged.[citation needed] This fusion is apparent in the crossover of musical styles by artists such as Dennis Ferrer and Booka Shade, with the former's production style having evolved from the New York soulful house scene and the latter's roots in techno.
Question: What type of Shade fusion did Dennis Ferrer produce? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-84029 | 573070bb396df91900096100 | Translation | When a historic document survives only in translation, the original having been lost, researchers sometimes undertake back-translation in an effort to reconstruct the original text. An example involves the novel The Saragossa Manuscript by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki (1761–1815), who wrote the novel in French and anonymously published fragments in 1804 and 1813–14. Portions of the original French-language manuscript were subsequently lost; however, the missing fragments survived in a Polish translation that was made by Edmund Chojecki in 1847 from a complete French copy, now lost. French-language versions of the complete Saragossa Manuscript have since been produced, based on extant French-language fragments and on French-language versions that have been back-translated from Chojecki’s Polish version. | What do researchers use back-translation to try to reconstruct when a document survives only in translation? | What do researchers use back-translation to try to reconstruct when a document survives only in translation? | [
"What do researchers use back-translation to try to reconstruct when a document survives only in translation?"
] | {
"text": [
"the original text"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: When a historic document survives only in translation, the original having been lost, researchers sometimes undertake back-translation in an effort to reconstruct the original text. An example involves the novel The Saragossa Manuscript by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki (1761–1815), who wrote the novel in French and anonymously published fragments in 1804 and 1813–14. Portions of the original French-language manuscript were subsequently lost; however, the missing fragments survived in a Polish translation that was made by Edmund Chojecki in 1847 from a complete French copy, now lost. French-language versions of the complete Saragossa Manuscript have since been produced, based on extant French-language fragments and on French-language versions that have been back-translated from Chojecki’s Polish version.
Question: What do researchers use back-translation to try to reconstruct when a document survives only in translation? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-46759 | 57267df65951b619008f7496 | Department_store | In 1849, Horne's began operations and soon became a leading Pittsburgh department store. In 1879, it opened a seven-story landmark which was the first department store in the city's downtown. In 1972, Associated Dry Goods acquired Horne's, and ADG expanded operations of Horne's to several stores in suburban malls throughout the Pittsburgh region as well as in Erie, Pennsylvania and Northeast Ohio. In December 1986, Horne's was acquired by a local investor group following ADG's acquisition by May Department Stores. By 1994, Federated Department Stores acquired the remaining ten Horne's stores and merged them with its Lazarus division, completely ceasing all operations of any store under the Horne's name. | How many Horne's stores did Federated Department Stores buy in 1994? | How many Horne's stores did Federated Department Stores buy in 1994? | [
"How many Horne's stores did Federated Department Stores buy in 1994?"
] | {
"text": [
"ten"
],
"answer_start": [
580
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In 1849, Horne's began operations and soon became a leading Pittsburgh department store. In 1879, it opened a seven-story landmark which was the first department store in the city's downtown. In 1972, Associated Dry Goods acquired Horne's, and ADG expanded operations of Horne's to several stores in suburban malls throughout the Pittsburgh region as well as in Erie, Pennsylvania and Northeast Ohio. In December 1986, Horne's was acquired by a local investor group following ADG's acquisition by May Department Stores. By 1994, Federated Department Stores acquired the remaining ten Horne's stores and merged them with its Lazarus division, completely ceasing all operations of any store under the Horne's name.
Question: How many Horne's stores did Federated Department Stores buy in 1994? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-98573 | 57267749dd62a815002e85ec | Marvel_Comics | Lee and freelance artist and eventual co-plotter Jack Kirby's Fantastic Four originated in a Cold War culture that led their creators to revise the superhero conventions of previous eras to better reflect the psychological spirit of their age. Eschewing such comic-book tropes as secret identities and even costumes at first, having a monster as one of the heroes, and having its characters bicker and complain in what was later called a "superheroes in the real world" approach, the series represented a change that proved to be a great success. | The emphasis on relatable settings and character motivations in Marvel's 1960s comics is called what? | The emphasis on relatable settings and character motivations in Marvel's 1960s comics is called what? | [
"The emphasis on relatable settings and character motivations in Marvel's 1960s comics is called what?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"superheroes in the real world\""
],
"answer_start": [
438
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Lee and freelance artist and eventual co-plotter Jack Kirby's Fantastic Four originated in a Cold War culture that led their creators to revise the superhero conventions of previous eras to better reflect the psychological spirit of their age. Eschewing such comic-book tropes as secret identities and even costumes at first, having a monster as one of the heroes, and having its characters bicker and complain in what was later called a "superheroes in the real world" approach, the series represented a change that proved to be a great success.
Question: The emphasis on relatable settings and character motivations in Marvel's 1960s comics is called what? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-84158 | 5a7e3cb870df9f001a875609 | Translation | Translations of sung texts—whether of the above type meant to be sung or of a more or less literal type meant to be read—are also used as aids to audiences, singers and conductors, when a work is being sung in a language not known to them. The most familiar types are translations presented as subtitles or surtitles projected during opera performances, those inserted into concert programs, and those that accompany commercial audio CDs of vocal music. In addition, professional and amateur singers often sing works in languages they do not know (or do not know well), and translations are then used to enable them to understand the meaning of the words they are singing. | What kind of text is not allowed to have a translation? | What kind of text is not allowed to have a translation? | [
"What kind of text is not allowed to have a translation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Translations of sung texts—whether of the above type meant to be sung or of a more or less literal type meant to be read—are also used as aids to audiences, singers and conductors, when a work is being sung in a language not known to them. The most familiar types are translations presented as subtitles or surtitles projected during opera performances, those inserted into concert programs, and those that accompany commercial audio CDs of vocal music. In addition, professional and amateur singers often sing works in languages they do not know (or do not know well), and translations are then used to enable them to understand the meaning of the words they are singing.
Question: What kind of text is not allowed to have a translation? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-85892 | 57112a6eb654c5140001fc06 | Nintendo_Entertainment_System | In response to these hardware flaws, "Nintendo Authorized Repair Centers" sprang up across the U.S. According to Nintendo, the authorization program was designed to ensure that the machines were properly repaired. Nintendo would ship the necessary replacement parts only to shops that had enrolled in the authorization program. In practice, the authorization process consisted of nothing more than paying a fee to Nintendo for the privilege. In a recent trend, many sites have sprung up to offer Nintendo repair parts, guides, and services that replace those formerly offered by the authorized repair centers. | What did the repair centers promise? | What did the repair centers promise? | [
"What did the repair centers promise?"
] | {
"text": [
"ensure that the machines were properly repaired"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In response to these hardware flaws, "Nintendo Authorized Repair Centers" sprang up across the U.S. According to Nintendo, the authorization program was designed to ensure that the machines were properly repaired. Nintendo would ship the necessary replacement parts only to shops that had enrolled in the authorization program. In practice, the authorization process consisted of nothing more than paying a fee to Nintendo for the privilege. In a recent trend, many sites have sprung up to offer Nintendo repair parts, guides, and services that replace those formerly offered by the authorized repair centers.
Question: What did the repair centers promise? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-57121 | 5728da31ff5b5019007da81e | Apollo | Four days after his birth, Apollo killed the chthonic dragon Python, which lived in Delphi beside the Castalian Spring. This was the spring which emitted vapors that caused the oracle at Delphi to give her prophecies. Hera sent the serpent to hunt Leto to her death across the world. To protect his mother, Apollo begged Hephaestus for a bow and arrows. After receiving them, Apollo cornered Python in the sacred cave at Delphi. Apollo killed Python but had to be punished for it, since Python was a child of Gaia. | What was the name of the chthonic dragon? | What was the name of the chthonic dragon? | [
"What was the name of the chthonic dragon?"
] | {
"text": [
"Python"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Four days after his birth, Apollo killed the chthonic dragon Python, which lived in Delphi beside the Castalian Spring. This was the spring which emitted vapors that caused the oracle at Delphi to give her prophecies. Hera sent the serpent to hunt Leto to her death across the world. To protect his mother, Apollo begged Hephaestus for a bow and arrows. After receiving them, Apollo cornered Python in the sacred cave at Delphi. Apollo killed Python but had to be punished for it, since Python was a child of Gaia.
Question: What was the name of the chthonic dragon? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-40061 | 5727b7823acd2414000dea77 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | Artspace on Orange Street is one of several contemporary art galleries around the city, showcasing the work of local, national, and international artists. Others include City Gallery and A. Leaf Gallery in the downtown area. Westville galleries include Kehler Liddell, Jennifer Jane Gallery, and The Hungry Eye. The Erector Square complex in the Fair Haven neighborhood houses the Parachute Factory gallery along with numerous artist studios, and the complex serves as an active destination during City-Wide Open Studios held yearly in October. | For what annual New Haven art event, held in early October, is the Erector Square complex used? | For what annual New Haven art event, held in early October, is the Erector Square complex used? | [
"For what annual New Haven art event, held in early October, is the Erector Square complex used? "
] | {
"text": [
"City-Wide Open Studios"
],
"answer_start": [
498
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Artspace on Orange Street is one of several contemporary art galleries around the city, showcasing the work of local, national, and international artists. Others include City Gallery and A. Leaf Gallery in the downtown area. Westville galleries include Kehler Liddell, Jennifer Jane Gallery, and The Hungry Eye. The Erector Square complex in the Fair Haven neighborhood houses the Parachute Factory gallery along with numerous artist studios, and the complex serves as an active destination during City-Wide Open Studios held yearly in October.
Question: For what annual New Haven art event, held in early October, is the Erector Square complex used? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-115603 | 5709885bed30961900e842b2 | England_national_football_team | Sven-Göran Eriksson took charge of the team between 2001 and 2006, and was the first non–English manager of England. Despite controversial press coverage of his personal life, Eriksson was consistently popular with the majority of fans.[citation needed] He guided England to the quarter-finals of the 2002 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2004, and the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He lost only five competitive matches during his tenure, and England rose to an No.4 world ranking under his guidance. His contract was extended by the Football Association by two years, to include UEFA Euro 2008. However, it was terminated by them at the 2006 FIFA World Cup's conclusion. | In what year did Sven-Göran Eriksson become the manager of England's football team? | In what year did Sven-Göran Eriksson become the manager of England's football team? | [
"In what year did Sven-Göran Eriksson become the manager of England's football team?"
] | {
"text": [
"2001"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Sven-Göran Eriksson took charge of the team between 2001 and 2006, and was the first non–English manager of England. Despite controversial press coverage of his personal life, Eriksson was consistently popular with the majority of fans.[citation needed] He guided England to the quarter-finals of the 2002 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2004, and the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He lost only five competitive matches during his tenure, and England rose to an No.4 world ranking under his guidance. His contract was extended by the Football Association by two years, to include UEFA Euro 2008. However, it was terminated by them at the 2006 FIFA World Cup's conclusion.
Question: In what year did Sven-Göran Eriksson become the manager of England's football team? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-61800 | 572a69757a1753140016af1a | Madrasa | In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school was known as a maktab, which dates back to at least the 10th century. Like madaris (which referred to higher education), a maktab was often attached to an endowed mosque. In the 11th century, the famous Persian Islamic philosopher and teacher Ibn Sīnā (known as Avicenna in the West), in one of his books, wrote a chapter about the maktab entitled "The Role of the Teacher in the Training and Upbringing of Children," as a guide to teachers working at maktab schools. He wrote that children can learn better if taught in classes instead of individual tuition from private tutors, and he gave a number of reasons for why this is the case, citing the value of competition and emulation among pupils, as well as the usefulness of group discussions and debates. Ibn Sīnā described the curriculum of a maktab school in some detail, describing the curricula for two stages of education in a maktab school. | Who wrote a training guide for Islamic maktab teachers? | Who wrote a training guide for Islamic maktab teachers? | [
"Who wrote a training guide for Islamic maktab teachers?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ibn Sīnā"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school was known as a maktab, which dates back to at least the 10th century. Like madaris (which referred to higher education), a maktab was often attached to an endowed mosque. In the 11th century, the famous Persian Islamic philosopher and teacher Ibn Sīnā (known as Avicenna in the West), in one of his books, wrote a chapter about the maktab entitled "The Role of the Teacher in the Training and Upbringing of Children," as a guide to teachers working at maktab schools. He wrote that children can learn better if taught in classes instead of individual tuition from private tutors, and he gave a number of reasons for why this is the case, citing the value of competition and emulation among pupils, as well as the usefulness of group discussions and debates. Ibn Sīnā described the curriculum of a maktab school in some detail, describing the curricula for two stages of education in a maktab school.
Question: Who wrote a training guide for Islamic maktab teachers? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-88900 | 570f541b80d9841400ab358e | Circadian_rhythm | Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism. In mice, deletion of the Rev-ErbA alpha clock gene facilitates diet-induced obesity and changes the balance between glucose and lipid utilization predisposing to diabetes. However, it is not clear whether there is a strong association between clock gene polymorphisms in humans and the susceptibility to develop the metabolic syndrome. | What do mice without the clock gene become? | What do mice without the clock gene become? | [
"What do mice without the clock gene become?"
] | {
"text": [
"hyperphagic and obese"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism. In mice, deletion of the Rev-ErbA alpha clock gene facilitates diet-induced obesity and changes the balance between glucose and lipid utilization predisposing to diabetes. However, it is not clear whether there is a strong association between clock gene polymorphisms in humans and the susceptibility to develop the metabolic syndrome.
Question: What do mice without the clock gene become? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-105695 | 572f5fe6947a6a140053c8dc | Compact_disc | Compact Disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. Audio CDs and audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982. | In what year were compact discs realesed for purchase? | In what year were compact discs realesed for purchase? | [
"In what year were compact discs realesed for purchase?"
] | {
"text": [
"1982"
],
"answer_start": [
513
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Compact Disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. Audio CDs and audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982.
Question: In what year were compact discs realesed for purchase? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-42278 | 5ad25e92d7d075001a428f27 | Karl_Popper | According to this theory, the conditions for the truth of a sentence as well as the sentences themselves are part of a metalanguage. So, for example, the sentence "Snow is white" is true if and only if snow is white. Although many philosophers have interpreted, and continue to interpret, Tarski's theory as a deflationary theory, Popper refers to it as a theory in which "is true" is replaced with "corresponds to the facts". He bases this interpretation on the fact that examples such as the one described above refer to two things: assertions and the facts to which they refer. He identifies Tarski's formulation of the truth conditions of sentences as the introduction of a "metalinguistic predicate" and distinguishes the following cases: | What does Tarski base his interpretation of Popper on? | What does Tarski base his interpretation of Popper on? | [
"What does Tarski base his interpretation of Popper on?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: According to this theory, the conditions for the truth of a sentence as well as the sentences themselves are part of a metalanguage. So, for example, the sentence "Snow is white" is true if and only if snow is white. Although many philosophers have interpreted, and continue to interpret, Tarski's theory as a deflationary theory, Popper refers to it as a theory in which "is true" is replaced with "corresponds to the facts". He bases this interpretation on the fact that examples such as the one described above refer to two things: assertions and the facts to which they refer. He identifies Tarski's formulation of the truth conditions of sentences as the introduction of a "metalinguistic predicate" and distinguishes the following cases:
Question: What does Tarski base his interpretation of Popper on? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-32640 | 5ad242ecd7d075001a4289af | Antarctica | About 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, a sheet of ice averaging at least 1.6 km (1.0 mi) thick. The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thereby about 70% of the world's fresh water). If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft). In most of the interior of the continent, precipitation is very low, down to 20 mm (0.8 in) per year; in a few "blue ice" areas precipitation is lower than mass loss by sublimation and so the local mass balance is negative. In the dry valleys, the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a desiccated landscape. | What ice sheet averages at least1 kilometer thick? | What ice sheet averages at least1 kilometer thick? | [
"What ice sheet averages at least1 kilometer thick?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: About 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, a sheet of ice averaging at least 1.6 km (1.0 mi) thick. The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thereby about 70% of the world's fresh water). If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft). In most of the interior of the continent, precipitation is very low, down to 20 mm (0.8 in) per year; in a few "blue ice" areas precipitation is lower than mass loss by sublimation and so the local mass balance is negative. In the dry valleys, the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a desiccated landscape.
Question: What ice sheet averages at least1 kilometer thick? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-115362 | 56ea97140030b61400a34fbd | Political_corruption | Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention. | Where is corruption most noticeable? | Where is corruption most noticeable? | [
"Where is corruption most noticeable?"
] | {
"text": [
"countries with the smallest per capita incomes"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention.
Question: Where is corruption most noticeable? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-75501 | 5acfc92477cf76001a685f89 | Cubism | The art historian Douglas Cooper states that Paul Gauguin and Paul Cézanne "were particularly influential to the formation of Cubism and especially important to the paintings of Picasso during 1906 and 1907". Cooper goes on to say: "The Demoiselles is generally referred to as the first Cubist picture. This is an exaggeration, for although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist. The disruptive, expressionist element in it is even contrary to the spirit of Cubism, which looked at the world in a detached, realistic spirit. Nevertheless, the Demoiselles is the logical picture to take as the starting point for Cubism, because it marks the birth of a new pictorial idiom, because in it Picasso violently overturned established conventions and because all that followed grew out of it." | Who said The disruptive, expressionist element in it is not at all contrary to the spirit of Cubism" | Who said The disruptive, expressionist element in it is not at all contrary to the spirit of Cubism" | [
"Who said The disruptive, expressionist element in it is not at all contrary to the spirit of Cubism\""
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The art historian Douglas Cooper states that Paul Gauguin and Paul Cézanne "were particularly influential to the formation of Cubism and especially important to the paintings of Picasso during 1906 and 1907". Cooper goes on to say: "The Demoiselles is generally referred to as the first Cubist picture. This is an exaggeration, for although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist. The disruptive, expressionist element in it is even contrary to the spirit of Cubism, which looked at the world in a detached, realistic spirit. Nevertheless, the Demoiselles is the logical picture to take as the starting point for Cubism, because it marks the birth of a new pictorial idiom, because in it Picasso violently overturned established conventions and because all that followed grew out of it."
Question: Who said The disruptive, expressionist element in it is not at all contrary to the spirit of Cubism" [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-604 | 56de81824396321400ee2994 | Plymouth | The first record of the existence of a settlement at Plymouth was in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Sudtone, Saxon for south farm, located at the present day Barbican. From Saxon times, it was in the hundred of Roborough. In 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439, became the first town in England to be granted a Charter by Parliament. Between 1439 and 1934, Plymouth had a Mayor. In 1914 the county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth. Collectively they were referred to as "The Three Towns". | In what year was Plymouth recognized as a town? | In what year was Plymouth recognized as a town? | [
"In what year was Plymouth recognized as a town?"
] | {
"text": [
"1254"
],
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} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The first record of the existence of a settlement at Plymouth was in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Sudtone, Saxon for south farm, located at the present day Barbican. From Saxon times, it was in the hundred of Roborough. In 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439, became the first town in England to be granted a Charter by Parliament. Between 1439 and 1934, Plymouth had a Mayor. In 1914 the county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth. Collectively they were referred to as "The Three Towns".
Question: In what year was Plymouth recognized as a town? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-35675 | 5a48768584b8a4001a7e7896 | Imperial_College_London | In September 2014, Professor Stefan Grimm, of the Department of Medicine, was found dead after being threatened with dismissal for failure to raise enough grant money. The College made its first public announcement of his death on 4 December 2014. Grimm's last email accused his employers of bullying by demanding that he should get grants worth at least £200,000 per year. His last email was viewed more than 100,000 times in the first four days after it was posted. The College has announced an internal inquiry into Stefan Grimm's death. The inquest on his death has not yet reported. | Who was fired for not raising grant money? | Who was fired for not raising grant money? | [
"Who was fired for not raising grant money?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In September 2014, Professor Stefan Grimm, of the Department of Medicine, was found dead after being threatened with dismissal for failure to raise enough grant money. The College made its first public announcement of his death on 4 December 2014. Grimm's last email accused his employers of bullying by demanding that he should get grants worth at least £200,000 per year. His last email was viewed more than 100,000 times in the first four days after it was posted. The College has announced an internal inquiry into Stefan Grimm's death. The inquest on his death has not yet reported.
Question: Who was fired for not raising grant money? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-83415 | 5727d8773acd2414000dedf4 | Dominican_Order | Another who contributed significantly to the spirituality of the order is Albertus Magnus, the only person of the period to be given the appellation "Great". His influence on the brotherhood permeated nearly every aspect of Dominican life. Albert was a scientist, philosopher, astrologer, theologian, spiritual writer, ecumenist, and diplomat. Under the auspices of Humbert of Romans, Albert molded the curriculum of studies for all Dominican students, introduced Aristotle to the classroom and probed the work of Neoplatonists, such as Plotinus. Indeed, it was the thirty years of work done by Thomas Aquinas and himself (1245–1274) that allowed for the inclusion of Aristotelian study in the curriculum of Dominican schools. | Albert Magnus was also known as "Albert the what"? | Albert Magnus was also known as "Albert the what"? | [
"Albert Magnus was also known as \"Albert the what\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"Great"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Another who contributed significantly to the spirituality of the order is Albertus Magnus, the only person of the period to be given the appellation "Great". His influence on the brotherhood permeated nearly every aspect of Dominican life. Albert was a scientist, philosopher, astrologer, theologian, spiritual writer, ecumenist, and diplomat. Under the auspices of Humbert of Romans, Albert molded the curriculum of studies for all Dominican students, introduced Aristotle to the classroom and probed the work of Neoplatonists, such as Plotinus. Indeed, it was the thirty years of work done by Thomas Aquinas and himself (1245–1274) that allowed for the inclusion of Aristotelian study in the curriculum of Dominican schools.
Question: Albert Magnus was also known as "Albert the what"? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-30776 | 57267cbe708984140094c7c1 | Mexico_City | In response to the demands, in 1987 the Federal District received a greater degree of autonomy, with the elaboration the first Statute of Government (Estatuto de Gobierno), and the creation of an Assembly of Representatives.[citation needed] In the 1990s, this autonomy was further expanded and, starting from 1997, residents can directly elect the head of government of the Federal District and the representatives of a unicameral Legislative Assembly (which succeeded the previous Assembly) by popular vote. | When did the Federal District receive more power? | When did the Federal District receive more power? | [
"When did the Federal District receive more power? "
] | {
"text": [
"1987"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In response to the demands, in 1987 the Federal District received a greater degree of autonomy, with the elaboration the first Statute of Government (Estatuto de Gobierno), and the creation of an Assembly of Representatives.[citation needed] In the 1990s, this autonomy was further expanded and, starting from 1997, residents can directly elect the head of government of the Federal District and the representatives of a unicameral Legislative Assembly (which succeeded the previous Assembly) by popular vote.
Question: When did the Federal District receive more power? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-108914 | 5726cf505951b619008f7e9a | Literature | Roman histories and biographies anticipated the extensive mediaeval literature of lives of saints and miraculous chronicles, but the most characteristic form of the Middle Ages was the romance, an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal. Controversial, religious, political and instructional literature proliferated during the Renaissance as a result of the invention of printing, while the mediaeval romance developed into a more character-based and psychological form of narrative, the novel, of which early and important examples are the Chinese Monkey and the German Faust books. | What form of literature enjoyed the most widespread popularity during the Middle Ages? | What form of literature enjoyed the most widespread popularity during the Middle Ages? | [
"What form of literature enjoyed the most widespread popularity during the Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [
"the romance"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Roman histories and biographies anticipated the extensive mediaeval literature of lives of saints and miraculous chronicles, but the most characteristic form of the Middle Ages was the romance, an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal. Controversial, religious, political and instructional literature proliferated during the Renaissance as a result of the invention of printing, while the mediaeval romance developed into a more character-based and psychological form of narrative, the novel, of which early and important examples are the Chinese Monkey and the German Faust books.
Question: What form of literature enjoyed the most widespread popularity during the Middle Ages? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-73049 | 56d369ca59d6e41400146321 | American_Idol | Guest judges may occasionally be introduced. In season two, guest judges such as Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb were used, and in season three Donna Summer, Quentin Tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds. Guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four, six, nine, and fourteen such as Gene Simmons and LL Cool J in season four, Jewel and Olivia Newton-John in season six, Shania Twain in season eight, Neil Patrick Harris, Avril Lavigne and Katy Perry in season nine, and season eight runner-up, Adam Lambert, in season fourteen. | Which season eight contestant was a guest judge in season fourteen? | Which season eight contestant was a guest judge in season fourteen? | [
"Which season eight contestant was a guest judge in season fourteen?"
] | {
"text": [
"Adam Lambert"
],
"answer_start": [
576
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Guest judges may occasionally be introduced. In season two, guest judges such as Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb were used, and in season three Donna Summer, Quentin Tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds. Guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four, six, nine, and fourteen such as Gene Simmons and LL Cool J in season four, Jewel and Olivia Newton-John in season six, Shania Twain in season eight, Neil Patrick Harris, Avril Lavigne and Katy Perry in season nine, and season eight runner-up, Adam Lambert, in season fourteen.
Question: Which season eight contestant was a guest judge in season fourteen? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-73025 | 56d3686b59d6e41400146305 | American_Idol | In 2001, Fuller, Cowell, and TV producer Simon Jones attempted to sell the Pop Idol format to the United States, but the idea was met with poor response from United States television networks. However, Rupert Murdoch, head of Fox's parent company, was persuaded to buy the show by his daughter Elisabeth, who was a fan of the British show. The show was renamed American Idol: The Search for a Superstar and debuted in the summer of 2002. Cowell was initially offered the job as showrunner but refused; Lythgoe then took over that position. Much to Cowell's surprise, it became one of the hit shows for the summer that year. The show, with the personal engagement of the viewers with the contestants through voting, and the presence of the acid-tongued Cowell as a judge, grew into a phenomenon. By 2004, it had become the most-watched show in the U.S., a position it then held on for seven consecutive seasons. | What year did American Idol first air on FOX? | What year did American Idol first air on FOX? | [
"What year did American Idol first air on FOX?"
] | {
"text": [
"2002"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In 2001, Fuller, Cowell, and TV producer Simon Jones attempted to sell the Pop Idol format to the United States, but the idea was met with poor response from United States television networks. However, Rupert Murdoch, head of Fox's parent company, was persuaded to buy the show by his daughter Elisabeth, who was a fan of the British show. The show was renamed American Idol: The Search for a Superstar and debuted in the summer of 2002. Cowell was initially offered the job as showrunner but refused; Lythgoe then took over that position. Much to Cowell's surprise, it became one of the hit shows for the summer that year. The show, with the personal engagement of the viewers with the contestants through voting, and the presence of the acid-tongued Cowell as a judge, grew into a phenomenon. By 2004, it had become the most-watched show in the U.S., a position it then held on for seven consecutive seasons.
Question: What year did American Idol first air on FOX? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-58517 | 5a2ac1e45b078a001a2f06f6 | Sanskrit | The CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) of India, along with several other state education boards, has made Sanskrit an alternative option to the state's own official language as a second or third language choice in the schools it governs. In such schools, learning Sanskrit is an option for grades 5 to 8 (Classes V to VIII). This is true of most schools affiliated with the ICSE board, especially in those states where the official language is Hindi. Sanskrit is also taught in traditional gurukulas throughout India. | In which grades is learning Sanskrit required? | In which grades is learning Sanskrit required? | [
"In which grades is learning Sanskrit required?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) of India, along with several other state education boards, has made Sanskrit an alternative option to the state's own official language as a second or third language choice in the schools it governs. In such schools, learning Sanskrit is an option for grades 5 to 8 (Classes V to VIII). This is true of most schools affiliated with the ICSE board, especially in those states where the official language is Hindi. Sanskrit is also taught in traditional gurukulas throughout India.
Question: In which grades is learning Sanskrit required? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-92392 | 5730d552b54a4f140068cca6 | United_States_Air_Force | Space Control is defined as "operations to ensure freedom of action in space for the US and its allies and, when directed, deny an adversary freedom of action in space. This mission area includes: operations conducted to protect friendly space capabilities from attack, interference, or unintentional hazards (defensive space control); operations to deny an adversary's use of space capabilities (offensive space control); and the requisite current and predictive knowledge of the space environment and the operational environment upon which space operations depend (space situational awareness)" (JP 1-02). | What is the definition of Space Control according to the US and its allies? | What is the definition of Space Control according to the US and its allies? | [
"What is the definition of Space Control according to the US and its allies? "
] | {
"text": [
"operations to ensure freedom of action in space"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Space Control is defined as "operations to ensure freedom of action in space for the US and its allies and, when directed, deny an adversary freedom of action in space. This mission area includes: operations conducted to protect friendly space capabilities from attack, interference, or unintentional hazards (defensive space control); operations to deny an adversary's use of space capabilities (offensive space control); and the requisite current and predictive knowledge of the space environment and the operational environment upon which space operations depend (space situational awareness)" (JP 1-02).
Question: What is the definition of Space Control according to the US and its allies? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-7364 | 57301e1604bcaa1900d771be | Georgian_architecture | Public buildings generally varied between the extremes of plain boxes with grid windows and Italian Late Renaissance palaces, depending on budget. Somerset House in London, designed by Sir William Chambers in 1776 for government offices, was as magnificent as any country house, though never quite finished, as funds ran out. Barracks and other less prestigious buildings could be as functional as the mills and factories that were growing increasingly large by the end of the period. But as the period came to an end many commercial projects were becoming sufficiently large, and well-funded, to become "architectural in intention", rather than having their design left to the lesser class of "surveyors". | What was considered a lesser class of designers? | What was considered a lesser class of designers? | [
"What was considered a lesser class of designers?"
] | {
"text": [
"surveyors"
],
"answer_start": [
695
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Public buildings generally varied between the extremes of plain boxes with grid windows and Italian Late Renaissance palaces, depending on budget. Somerset House in London, designed by Sir William Chambers in 1776 for government offices, was as magnificent as any country house, though never quite finished, as funds ran out. Barracks and other less prestigious buildings could be as functional as the mills and factories that were growing increasingly large by the end of the period. But as the period came to an end many commercial projects were becoming sufficiently large, and well-funded, to become "architectural in intention", rather than having their design left to the lesser class of "surveyors".
Question: What was considered a lesser class of designers? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-293 | 56f78bb1a6d7ea1400e1724d | Marshall_Islands | Micronesians settled the Marshall Islands in the 2nd millennium BC, but there are no historical or oral records of that period. Over time, the Marshall Island people learned to navigate over long ocean distances by canoe using traditional stick charts. | What did not exist at the time during which Micronesians arrived at the Marshall Islands? | What did not exist at the time during which Micronesians arrived at the Marshall Islands? | [
"What did not exist at the time during which Micronesians arrived at the Marshall Islands?"
] | {
"text": [
"historical or oral records"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Micronesians settled the Marshall Islands in the 2nd millennium BC, but there are no historical or oral records of that period. Over time, the Marshall Island people learned to navigate over long ocean distances by canoe using traditional stick charts.
Question: What did not exist at the time during which Micronesians arrived at the Marshall Islands? [/INST] Answer: | [
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