gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-900 | 5a8450567cf838001a46a706 | Endangered_Species_Act | One species in particular received widespread attention—the whooping crane. The species' historical range extended from central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast. Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane population until, by 1890, it had disapp... | What species is found ranging from Canada to Utah? | What species is found ranging from Canada to Utah? | [
"What species is found ranging from Canada to Utah?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92907 | 5aced2ee32bba1001ae4b5fe | Tajikistan | After the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi, waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence. The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed. Soviet auth... | Which religions were encouraged after the four-year war? | Which religions were encouraged after the four-year war? | [
"Which religions were encouraged after the four-year war?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51250 | 5a57ace6770dc0001aeefcd1 | Empiricism | Aristotle's explanation of how this was possible was not strictly empiricist in a modern sense, but rather based on his theory of potentiality and actuality, and experience of sense perceptions still requires the help of the active nous. These notions contrasted with Platonic notions of the human mind as an entity that... | What position by Plato was summarized by Middle Ages commentators? | What position by Plato was summarized by Middle Ages commentators? | [
"What position by Plato was summarized by Middle Ages commentators?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46864 | 5a8c7cd4fd22b3001a8d8913 | Textual_criticism | Two common considerations have the Latin names lectio brevior (shorter reading) and lectio difficilior (more difficult reading). The first is the general observation that scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit, more often than they removed them. The second, lectio difficilior potior (the harder ... | What is the term for when there are consistencies in the text? | What is the term for when there are consistencies in the text? | [
"What is the term for when there are consistencies in the text?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77118 | 56df50e896943c1400a5d384 | United_Nations_Population_Fund | Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN
2011–present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin (Nigeria)
2000–2010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid (Saudi Arabia)
1987–2000 Dr Nafis Sadik (Pakistan)
1969–87 Mr Rafael M. Salas (Philippines) | Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 2000 to 2010? | Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 2000 to 2010? | [
"Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 2000 to 2010?"
] | {
"text": [
"Thoraya Ahmed Obaid"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11853 | 56faeccbf34c681400b0c1ab | Somalis | The Xeer legal system also requires a certain amount of specialization of different functions within the legal framework. Thus, one can find odayal (judges), xeer boggeyaal (jurists), guurtiyaal (detectives), garxajiyaal (attorneys), murkhaatiyal (witnesses) and waranle (police officers) to enforce the law. | What does the Xeer system call attorneys? | What does the Xeer system call attorneys? | [
"What does the Xeer system call attorneys?"
] | {
"text": [
"garxajiyaal"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96580 | 57277c0add62a815002e9e51 | Crucifixion_of_Jesus | The consensus of modern scholarship is that the New Testament accounts represent a crucifixion occurring on a Friday, but a Thursday or Wednesday crucifixion have also been proposed. Some scholars explain a Thursday crucifixion based on a "double sabbath" caused by an extra Passover sabbath falling on Thursday dusk to ... | How long was Jesus said to be in the tomb? | How long was Jesus said to be in the tomb? | [
"How long was Jesus said to be in the tomb?"
] | {
"text": [
"three days and three nights"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113392 | 5a877c5f1d3cee001a6a11f6 | Vacuum | In 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke further develope... | In what year did Otto von Guericke invent the mercury displacement pump? | In what year did Otto von Guericke invent the mercury displacement pump? | [
"In what year did Otto von Guericke invent the mercury displacement pump?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36393 | 5ace973b32bba1001ae4ab65 | Printed_circuit_board | Since it was quite easy to stack interconnections (wires) inside the embedding matrix, the approach allowed designers to forget completely about the routing of wires (usually a time-consuming operation of PCB design): Anywhere the designer needs a connection, the machine will draw a wire in straight line from one locat... | It was difficult to stack interconnections inside of what? | It was difficult to stack interconnections inside of what? | [
"It was difficult to stack interconnections inside of what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111845 | 5727758f5951b619008f8a65 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the envir... | What was the name of Charles Darwin's grandfather? | What was the name of Charles Darwin's grandfather? | [
"What was the name of Charles Darwin's grandfather?"
] | {
"text": [
"Erasmus Darwin"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60174 | 572f986a947a6a140053cab8 | Washington_University_in_St._Louis | After working for many years at the University of Chicago, Arthur Holly Compton returned to St. Louis in 1946 to serve as Washington University's ninth chancellor. Compton reestablished the Washington University football team, making the declaration that athletics were to be henceforth played on a "strictly amateur" ba... | What helped lead to the increase of enrollment at Washington University during Arthur Holly Compton's term as chancellor? | What helped lead to the increase of enrollment at Washington University during Arthur Holly Compton's term as chancellor? | [
"What helped lead to the increase of enrollment at Washington University during Arthur Holly Compton's term as chancellor?"
] | {
"text": [
"World War II veterans' use of their GI Bill benefits"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110695 | 5730083f04bcaa1900d77040 | Iran | By the 1500s, Ismail I from Ardabil, established the Safavid Dynasty, with Tabriz as the capital. Beginning with Azerbaijan, he subsequently extended his authority over all of the Iranian territories, and established an intermittent Iranian hegemony over the vast relative regions, reasserting the Iranian identity withi... | What was the capital of the Safavid Dynasty? | What was the capital of the Safavid Dynasty? | [
"What was the capital of the Safavid Dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tabriz"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4509 | 5727ff7c2ca10214002d9b00 | Pope_John_XXIII | On 30 November 1934, he was appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece and titular archbishop of Mesembria, Bulgaria. Thus, he is known as "the Turcophile Pope," by the Turkish society which is predominantly Muslim. Roncalli took up this post in 1935 and used his office to help the Jewish underground in saving t... | When was he appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece? | When was he appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece? | [
"When was he appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece?"
] | {
"text": [
"30 November 1934"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32924 | 57281f4a2ca10214002d9e5a | Central_African_Republic | A new government was appointed on 31 March 2013, which consisted of members of Séléka and representatives of the opposition to Bozizé, one pro-Bozizé individual, and a number representatives of civil society. On 1 April, the former opposition parties declared that they would boycott the government. After African leader... | How long did the parliament have until the next election? | How long did the parliament have until the next election? | [
"How long did the parliament have until the next election?"
] | {
"text": [
"18 months"
],
"answer_start": [
641
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10390 | 5acf6dbd77cf76001a684e10 | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the ... | In Rome, what do scientists consider to be a precedent for comics? | In Rome, what do scientists consider to be a precedent for comics? | [
"In Rome, what do scientists consider to be a precedent for comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102904 | 5acd1d2407355d001abf3588 | Unicode | The Unicode Roadmap Committee (Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, and Ken Whistler) maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding and their tentative code block assignments on the Unicode Roadmap page of the Unicode Consortium Web site. For some scripts on the Roadmap, such as Jurche... | Who are the potential candidates for encoding? | Who are the potential candidates for encoding? | [
"Who are the potential candidates for encoding?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7312 | 5a13828ec8eab200188dc9b0 | Georgian_architecture | Internal courtyards became more rare, except beside the stables, and the functional parts of the building were placed at the sides, or in separate buildings nearby hidden by trees. The views to and from the front and rear of the main block were concentrated on, with the side approaches usually much less important. The ... | What type of courtyard became more popular at this time | What type of courtyard became more popular at this time | [
"What type of courtyard became more popular at this time"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19421 | 5a3b5a503ff257001ab84420 | Rule_of_law | In Thailand, a kingdom that has had a constitution since the initial attempt to overthrow the absolute monarchy system in 1932, the rule of law has been more of a principle than actual practice.[citation needed] Ancient prejudices and political bias have been present in the three branches of government with each of the... | What has been practiced in Thailand since 1932? | What has been practiced in Thailand since 1932? | [
"What has been practiced in Thailand since 1932?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108087 | 5acd3dc207355d001abf39f2 | Estonian_language | The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language, the läänemurre or western dialect, roughly corresponding to Läänemaa and Pärnumaa, the saarte murre (islands') dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore o... | What dialect is also known as the middle dialect? | What dialect is also known as the middle dialect? | [
"What dialect is also known as the middle dialect?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95234 | 56df973238dc421700152096 | Alexander_Graham_Bell | Bell began a series of public demonstrations and lectures to introduce the new invention to the scientific community as well as the general public. A short time later, his demonstration of an early telephone prototype at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia brought the telephone to international attention. In... | In what city was the 1876 Centennial Exposition? | In what city was the 1876 Centennial Exposition? | [
"In what city was the 1876 Centennial Exposition?"
] | {
"text": [
"Philadelphia"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51515 | 5705e82775f01819005e7742 | New_Delhi | After the capital of India moved to Delhi, a temporary secretariat building was constructed in a few months in 1912 in North Delhi. Most of the government offices of the new capital moved here from the 'Old secretariat' in Old Delhi (the building now houses the Delhi Legislative Assembly), a decade before the new capit... | During what decade was the Lodhi colony built? | During what decade was the Lodhi colony built? | [
"During what decade was the Lodhi colony built?"
] | {
"text": [
"the 1940s"
],
"answer_start": [
572
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29353 | 57302590b2c2fd140056896d | Swaziland | Following the elections of 1973, the constitution of Swaziland was suspended by King Sobhuza II who thereafter ruled the country by decree until his death in 1982. At this point Sobhuza II had ruled Swaziland for 61 years, making him the longest ruling monarch in history. A regency followed his death, with Queen Regent... | In what year was the constitution of Swaziland suspended? | In what year was the constitution of Swaziland suspended? | [
"In what year was the constitution of Swaziland suspended?"
] | {
"text": [
"1973"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3707 | 56bf940da10cfb140055118b | Beyoncé | Beyoncé's second solo album B'Day was released on September 5, 2006, in the US, to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday. It sold 541,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200, becoming Beyoncé's second consecutive number-one album in the United States. The album's lead single "Déjà Vu", featuri... | How high did ''Deja Vu'' climb on the Billboard chart? | How high did ''Deja Vu'' climb on the Billboard chart? | [
"How high did ''Deja Vu'' climb on the Billboard chart?"
] | {
"text": [
"top five"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108715 | 5a7a326d17ab25001a8a0398 | Literature | Definitions of literature have varied over time; it is a "culturally relative definition". In Western Europe prior to the eighteenth century, literature as a term indicated all books and writing. A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, in which it began to demarcate "imaginative" literat... | What term has a "socially relative definition?" | What term has a "socially relative definition?" | [
"What term has a \"socially relative definition?\""
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24715 | 56cef300aab44d1400b88d02 | New_York_City | The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and spawning the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide. | In what district of Manhattan were the Occupy Wall Street protests? | In what district of Manhattan were the Occupy Wall Street protests? | [
"In what district of Manhattan were the Occupy Wall Street protests?"
] | {
"text": [
"Financial District"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44220 | 5a2ef101a83784001a7d25b6 | Bras%C3%ADlia | After a visit to Brasília, the French writer Simone de Beauvoir complained that all of its superquadras exuded "the same air of elegant monotony," and other observers have equated the city's large open lawns, plazas, and fields to wastelands. As the city has matured, some of these have gained adornments, and many have ... | What is located on either side of the plazas? | What is located on either side of the plazas? | [
"What is located on either side of the plazas?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77960 | 572800512ca10214002d9b0b | Strasbourg | Between the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 and the Anglo-French declaration of War against the German Reich on 3 September 1939, the entire city (a total of 120,000 people) was evacuated, like other border towns as well. Until the arrival of the Wehrmacht troops mid-June 1940, the city was, for ten month... | How many people were evacuated during the invasion? | How many people were evacuated during the invasion? | [
"How many people were evacuated during the invasion?"
] | {
"text": [
"120,000"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107538 | 5a627fdff8d794001af1c061 | Royal_Dutch_Shell | Following the purchase of an offshore lease in 2005, Shell initiated its US$4.5 billion Arctic drilling program in 2006, after the corporation purchased the "Kulluk" oil rig and leased the Noble Discoverer drillship. At inception, the project was led by Pete Slaiby, a Shell executive who had previously worked in the No... | When was Pete Slaiby taken off of the Arctic drilling program? | When was Pete Slaiby taken off of the Arctic drilling program? | [
"When was Pete Slaiby taken off of the Arctic drilling program?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85281 | 572793a7dd62a815002ea0ec | Supreme_court | In South Africa, a "two apex" system existed from 1994 to 2013. The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters. The SCA is subordinate to the Constitutional Court, which is the hi... | What court in South Africa has authority over the SCA? | What court in South Africa has authority over the SCA? | [
"What court in South Africa has authority over the SCA?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Constitutional Court"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25030 | 56cfb021234ae51400d9be73 | New_York_City | New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971. WNET is the city's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television ... | In what year did the city cease to own WNYC? | In what year did the city cease to own WNYC? | [
"In what year did the city cease to own WNYC?"
] | {
"text": [
"1997"
],
"answer_start": [
386
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60819 | 570b1e506b8089140040f736 | Gregorian_calendar | Prior to 1917, Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes. The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year (see Rumi calendar). As the solar year is longer than the... | When did Turkey start using the Gregorian calendar for all purposes? | When did Turkey start using the Gregorian calendar for all purposes? | [
"When did Turkey start using the Gregorian calendar for all purposes?"
] | {
"text": [
"1 January 1926"
],
"answer_start": [
520
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40811 | 5a6b9734a9e0c9001a4e9f8b | Predation | Classification of predators by the extent to which they feed on and interact with their prey is one way ecologists may wish to categorize the different types of predation. Instead of focusing on what they eat, this system classifies predators by the way in which they eat, and the general nature of the interaction betwe... | How many factors are used when studying how prey avoids their predator? | How many factors are used when studying how prey avoids their predator? | [
"How many factors are used when studying how prey avoids their predator?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29716 | 570cd44ab3d812140066d29c | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | Although Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli honored Mary as the Mother of God in the 16th century, they did so less than Martin Luther. Thus the idea of respect and high honor for Mary was not rejected by the first Protestants; but, they came to criticize the Roman Catholics for venerating Mary. Following the Council of Trent... | In which century did the Council of Trent occur? | In which century did the Council of Trent occur? | [
"In which century did the Council of Trent occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"16th"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54318 | 56deff1d3277331400b4d878 | Christian | Kenneth Samuel Wuest holds that all three original New Testament verses' usages reflect a derisive element in the term Christian to refer to followers of Christ who did not acknowledge the emperor of Rome. The city of Antioch, where someone gave them the name Christians, had a reputation for coming up with such nicknam... | In what city did the term Christians start? | In what city did the term Christians start? | [
"In what city did the term Christians start?"
] | {
"text": [
"Antioch"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37035 | 5725ca1589a1e219009abead | Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation | In 1997, the charity introduced a U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet". Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet. The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical... | How much of the worlds population can reach the internet | How much of the worlds population can reach the internet | [
"How much of the worlds population can reach the internet"
] | {
"text": [
"Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49084 | 5acec23a32bba1001ae4b2f8 | Athanasius_of_Alexandria | In 361, after the death of Emperor Constantius, shortly followed by the murder of the very unpopular Bishop George, Athanasius returned to his patriarchate. The following year he convened a council at Alexandria, and presided over it with Eusebius of Vercelli. Athanasius appealed for unity among all those who had faith... | What happened to Bishop leaders who agreed with the doctrine? | What happened to Bishop leaders who agreed with the doctrine? | [
"What happened to Bishop leaders who agreed with the doctrine?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1071 | 5a848eae7cf838001a46a930 | Endangered_Species_Act | Growing scientific recognition of the role of private lands for endangered species recovery and the landmark 1981 court decision in Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources both contributed to making Habitat Conservation Plans/ Incidental Take Permits "a major force for wildlife conservation and a majo... | When did private lands start to have more recognition? | When did private lands start to have more recognition? | [
"When did private lands start to have more recognition?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40990 | 5726e5995951b619008f81ba | Predation | It has been observed that well-fed predator animals in a lax captivity (for instance, pet or farm animals) will usually differentiate between putative prey animals who are familiar co-inhabitants in the same human area from wild ones outside the area. This interaction can range from peaceful coexistence to close compan... | Why would cats and dogs potentially become companions in captivity? | Why would cats and dogs potentially become companions in captivity? | [
"Why would cats and dogs potentially become companions in captivity?"
] | {
"text": [
"warmth, companionship, and even protection"
],
"answer_start": [
706
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35718 | 5a4860a984b8a4001a7e7859 | Imperial_College_London | Imperial's main campus is located in the South Kensington area of central London. It is situated in an area of South Kensington, known as Albertopolis, which has a high concentration of cultural and academic institutions, adjacent to the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Ro... | What campus reduced its size in the 1950's and 1960's? | What campus reduced its size in the 1950's and 1960's? | [
"What campus reduced its size in the 1950's and 1960's?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101741 | 56d62e521c85041400946f9c | Dog | The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans. | What type of imaging was used to study the relationship between humans and dogs? | What type of imaging was used to study the relationship between humans and dogs? | [
"What type of imaging was used to study the relationship between humans and dogs?"
] | {
"text": [
"magnetic resonance imaging"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110213 | 5a3979992f14dd001ac7237c | Culture | The modern term "culture" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or "cultura animi", using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for hu... | What had written in it an agricultural metaphor for the destruction of a philosophical soul? | What had written in it an agricultural metaphor for the destruction of a philosophical soul? | [
"What had written in it an agricultural metaphor for the destruction of a philosophical soul?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67725 | 5a81c3a731013a001a334e79 | Norfolk_Island | Norfolk Island was originally a colony acquired by settlement but was never within the British Settlements Act. It was accepted as a territory of Australia, separate from any state, by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth), passed under the territories power (Constitution section 122) and made effective in 1914. In 1976 th... | What was Norfolk Island against being? | What was Norfolk Island against being? | [
"What was Norfolk Island against being?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75783 | 5705f30452bb891400689708 | The_Times | During the 19th century, it was not infrequent for the Foreign Office to approach The Times and ask for continental intelligence, which was often superior to that conveyed by official sources.[citation needed] | Which agency often used The Times for continental intelligence? | Which agency often used The Times for continental intelligence? | [
"Which agency often used The Times for continental intelligence?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Foreign Office"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53766 | 5ad28140d7d075001a4297f5 | Dialect | Similar examples abound. Macedonian, although mutually intelligible with Bulgarian, certain dialects of Serbian and to a lesser extent the rest of the South Slavic dialect continuum, is considered by Bulgarian linguists to be a Bulgarian dialect, in contrast with the contemporary international view and the view in the ... | In what year was there a literary standard of Slavic developed? | In what year was there a literary standard of Slavic developed? | [
"In what year was there a literary standard of Slavic developed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57277 | 5a542777bdaabd001a38685f | Muslim_world | Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, derived features of and episodes about Bolgia from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology: the Hadith and the Kitab al-Miraj (translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before as Liber Scale Machometi) concerning the ascension to Heaven of Muhammad, and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi. T... | Whose works featured Arabian Characters? | Whose works featured Arabian Characters? | [
"Whose works featured Arabian Characters?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97548 | 56cfe9df234ae51400d9c0a3 | Frédéric_Chopin | Some of his friends provided music at his request; among them, Potocka sang and Franchomme played the cello. Chopin requested that his body be opened after death (for fear of being buried alive) and his heart returned to Warsaw where it rests at the Church of the Holy Cross. He also bequeathed his unfinished notes on a... | What did Chopin reply to the doctor when asked is he was suffering? | What did Chopin reply to the doctor when asked is he was suffering? | [
"What did Chopin reply to the doctor when asked is he was suffering?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"No longer\""
],
"answer_start": [
492
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113915 | 5a56dc506349e2001acdcfaf | Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) | The MoD has been criticised for an ongoing fiasco, having spent £240m on eight Chinook HC3 helicopters which only started to enter service in 2010, years after they were ordered in 1995 and delivered in 2001. A National Audit Office report reveals that the helicopters have been stored in air conditioned hangars in Brit... | How much did the helicopters with safety faults cost when ordered in 2010? | How much did the helicopters with safety faults cost when ordered in 2010? | [
"How much did the helicopters with safety faults cost when ordered in 2010?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50088 | 56fc3e7800a8df1900403824 | Phonology | Broadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed] | What followed government phonology? | What followed government phonology? | [
"What followed government phonology?"
] | {
"text": [
"strict-CV phonology"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61127 | 5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a89 | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | What international police agency was created before WW2? | What international police agency was created before WW2? | [
"What international police agency was created before WW2?"
] | {
"text": [
"Interpol"
],
"answer_start": [
671
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65033 | 57295f18af94a219006aa33c | Renewable_energy_commercialization | The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since 2008. In late 2011, factory-gate prices for crystalline-silicon photovoltaic modules dropped below the $1.00/W mark. The $1.00/W installed cost, is often regarded in the PV industry as marking the achievement of grid parity for PV. These reductions have taken many s... | What is a sign that further price reductions are likely in coming years? | What is a sign that further price reductions are likely in coming years? | [
"What is a sign that further price reductions are likely in coming years?"
] | {
"text": [
"technological advancements"
],
"answer_start": [
607
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23289 | 5731b8f8e17f3d1400422326 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S., in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison, seeking a legal definition for the word religion. Writing for the majority, Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that "C... | What was the case that used Jefferson's letter? | What was the case that used Jefferson's letter? | [
"What was the case that used Jefferson's letter?"
] | {
"text": [
"Reynolds v. U.S."
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46829 | 5a8c7aaafd22b3001a8d88bd | Textual_criticism | When comparing different documents, or "witnesses", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called variant readings, or simply variants or readings. It is not always apparent which single variant represents the author's original work. The process of textual criticism seeks to explain how each variant m... | What is the fourth way the textual critic considers evidence? | What is the fourth way the textual critic considers evidence? | [
"What is the fourth way the textual critic considers evidence?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44956 | 5ace2a3232bba1001ae49c48 | Sony_Music_Entertainment | In 1929, ARC was founded through a merger of several smaller record companies, which, ultimately, transformed into one enterprise known as SME. In the depths of the Great Depression, the Columbia Phonograph Company (founded in 1888) in the U.S. (including its Okeh Records subsidiary) was acquired by ARC in 1934. | The Columbia Phonograph Company in China was acquired by ARC in what year? | The Columbia Phonograph Company in China was acquired by ARC in what year? | [
"The Columbia Phonograph Company in China was acquired by ARC in what year?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108753 | 5a7a38ea17ab25001a8a03b8 | Literature | The formalist definition is that the history of "literature" foregrounds poetic effects; it is the "literariness" or "poeticity" of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing (e.g., journalism). Jim Meyer considers this a useful characteristic in explaining the use of the term to me... | Tim Meyer says scientific literature, for example, must use what? | Tim Meyer says scientific literature, for example, must use what? | [
"Tim Meyer says scientific literature, for example, must use what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62754 | 5acd091307355d001abf31eb | Pain | Paraplegia, the loss of sensation and voluntary motor control after serious spinal cord damage, may be accompanied by girdle pain at the level of the spinal cord damage, visceral pain evoked by a filling bladder or bowel, or, in five to ten per cent of paraplegics, phantom body pain in areas of complete sensory loss. T... | How is phantom spinal pain initially described? | How is phantom spinal pain initially described? | [
"How is phantom spinal pain initially described?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53309 | 5727b50e2ca10214002d946f | Sichuan | The Yangtze River and its tributaries flows through the mountains of western Sichuan and the Sichuan Basin; thus, the province is upstream of the great cities that stand along the Yangtze River further to the east, such as Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai. One of the major tributaries of the Yangtze within the pr... | Name some cities downstream of the Yangtze river that are to the east of Sichuan. | Name some cities downstream of the Yangtze river that are to the east of Sichuan. | [
"Name some cities downstream of the Yangtze river that are to the east of Sichuan."
] | {
"text": [
"Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50689 | 56e8887799e8941900975e71 | Bern | Albert Einstein lived in a flat at the Kramgasse 49, the site of the Einsteinhaus, from 1903 to 1905, the year in which the Annus Mirabilis Papers were published. | What was published the same years? | What was published the same years? | [
"What was published the same years?"
] | {
"text": [
"Annus Mirabilis Papers"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81316 | 5723fd980ba9f01400d97b06 | Queen_Victoria | Victoria's father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III. Until 1817, Edward's niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis that brought pressure on ... | Who was the reigning King of the United Kingdom until 1817? | Who was the reigning King of the United Kingdom until 1817? | [
"Who was the reigning King of the United Kingdom until 1817?"
] | {
"text": [
"George III"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89570 | 572fba92a23a5019007fc8e5 | The_Blitz | The cheerful crowds visiting bomb sites were so large they interfered with rescue work, pub visits increased in number (beer was never rationed), and 13,000 attended cricket at Lord's. People left shelters when told instead of refusing to leave, although many housewives reportedly enjoyed the break from housework. Some... | What percent of Briton's expected to lose the war? | What percent of Briton's expected to lose the war? | [
"What percent of Briton's expected to lose the war?"
] | {
"text": [
"3%"
],
"answer_start": [
572
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100164 | 5ace64f932bba1001ae4a57e | Guam | An infestation of the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros, was detected on Guam on September 12, 2007. CRB is not known to occur in the United States except in American Samoa. Delimiting surveys performed September 13–25, 2007 indicated that the infestation was limited to Tumon Bay and Faifai Beach, an ... | Where did the coconut rhinoceros beetle originate? | Where did the coconut rhinoceros beetle originate? | [
"Where did the coconut rhinoceros beetle originate?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84089 | 5a7e379370df9f001a875587 | Translation | The Arabs undertook large-scale efforts at translation. Having conquered the Greek world, they made Arabic versions of its philosophical and scientific works. During the Middle Ages, translations of some of these Arabic versions were made into Latin, chiefly at Córdoba in Spain. King Alfonso X el Sabio (Alphonse the Wi... | Who attempted no effort at translation? | Who attempted no effort at translation? | [
"Who attempted no effort at translation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26634 | 57319fb90fdd8d15006c6405 | University | Until the 19th century, religion played a significant role in university curriculum; however, the role of religion in research universities decreased in the 19th century, and by the end of the 19th century, the German university model had spread around the world. Universities concentrated on science in the 19th and 20t... | What was the focus of universities in the 20th century? | What was the focus of universities in the 20th century? | [
"What was the focus of universities in the 20th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"science"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115027 | 5a6b12d5a9e0c9001a4e9ebe | Wayback_Machine | Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's web site and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly. An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pag... | Who filed a sworn statement supporting Netubla's motion? | Who filed a sworn statement supporting Netubla's motion? | [
"Who filed a sworn statement supporting Netubla's motion?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1305 | 5a4e9ad0755ab9001a10f52f | Airport | Generally, this pattern is a circuit consisting of five "legs" that form a rectangle (two legs and the runway form one side, with the remaining legs forming three more sides). Each leg is named (see diagram), and ATC directs pilots on how to join and leave the circuit. Traffic patterns are flown at one specific altitud... | What does the runway consist of? | What does the runway consist of? | [
"What does the runway consist of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12884 | 5acff6cc77cf76001a686677 | Republic_of_the_Congo | The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues. | What is the Congo's rank among all the oil generating nations of the world? | What is the Congo's rank among all the oil generating nations of the world? | [
"What is the Congo's rank among all the oil generating nations of the world?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78177 | 57276ed9708984140094dd68 | Child_labour | Child labour accounts for 22% of the workforce in Asia, 32% in Africa, 17% in Latin America, 1% in the US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations. The proportion of child labourers varies greatly among countries and even regions inside those countries. Africa has the highest percentage of children aged 5–17 employed ... | Caribean and where else is there a low population of child workers? | Caribean and where else is there a low population of child workers? | [
"Caribean and where else is there a low population of child workers?"
] | {
"text": [
"Latin America"
],
"answer_start": [
485
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50310 | 572e923bdfa6aa1500f8d15f | Neptune | Most languages today, even in countries that have no direct link to Greco-Roman culture, use some variant of the name "Neptune" for the planet. However, in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, the planet's name was translated as "sea king star" (海王星), because Neptune was the god of the sea. In Mongolian, Neptune is called Da... | What was the Biblical sea monster that Neptune is named in Hebrew? | What was the Biblical sea monster that Neptune is named in Hebrew? | [
"What was the Biblical sea monster that Neptune is named in Hebrew? "
] | {
"text": [
"Rahab"
],
"answer_start": [
521
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33448 | 56f93cda9e9bad19000a0816 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | 24th Street is in two parts. 24th Street starts at First Avenue and it ends at Madison Avenue, because of Madison Square Park. 25th Street, which is in three parts, starts at FDR Drive, is a pedestrian plaza between Third Avenue and Lexington Avenue, and ends at Madison. Then West 24th and 25th Streets continue from Fi... | Where does 24th street start? | Where does 24th street start? | [
"Where does 24th street start?"
] | {
"text": [
"First Avenue"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42511 | 570ffc01a58dae1900cd67af | Sexual_orientation | A third concern with the Kinsey scale is that it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale, making one a tradeoff of the other. Research in the 1970s on masculinity and femininity found that concepts of masculinity and femininity are more appropriately measured as independent concepts... | What did the research performed in the 1970s show about masculinity and feminity? | What did the research performed in the 1970s show about masculinity and feminity? | [
"What did the research performed in the 1970s show about masculinity and feminity?"
] | {
"text": [
"more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100414 | 5acd475b07355d001abf3be8 | BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System | Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system, the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only to study general characteristics of the signals, but even to build a COMPASS receiver. | How much information about the new system's signals was released by Japanese authorities? | How much information about the new system's signals was released by Japanese authorities? | [
"How much information about the new system's signals was released by Japanese authorities? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51882 | 570c5f39b3d812140066d19f | John,_King_of_England | Popular representations of John first began to emerge during the Tudor period, mirroring the revisionist histories of the time. The anonymous play The Troublesome Reign of King John portrayed the king as a "proto-Protestant martyr", similar to that shown in John Bale's morality play Kynge Johan, in which John attempts ... | In The Troublesome Reign of King John, John portrayed the king as what? | In The Troublesome Reign of King John, John portrayed the king as what? | [
"In The Troublesome Reign of King John, John portrayed the king as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"proto-Protestant martyr"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16807 | 5725b4ef38643c19005acb95 | Israel | With successive Persian rule, the region, divided between Syria-Coele province and later the autonomous Yehud Medinata, was gradually developing back into urban society, largely dominated by Judeans. The Greek conquests largely skipped the region without any resistance or interest. Incorporated into Ptolemaic and final... | Who dominated the society? | Who dominated the society? | [
"Who dominated the society?"
] | {
"text": [
"Judeans"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93583 | 5728acd92ca10214002da59f | Estonia | After Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht crossed the Estonian southern border on 7 July. The Red Army retreated behind the Pärnu River – Emajõgi line on 12 July. At the end of July the Germans resumed their advance in Estonia working in tandem with the Estonian Forest Brothers. Both German ... | When did the Werhmacht cross the south border of Estonia? | When did the Werhmacht cross the south border of Estonia? | [
"When did the Werhmacht cross the south border of Estonia?"
] | {
"text": [
"7 July"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31549 | 570d3941fed7b91900d45d4a | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Initially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s, but were quickly superseded by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s, when Britain created an integrated system fo... | What did the integrated system for ADGB link? | What did the integrated system for ADGB link? | [
"What did the integrated system for ADGB link?"
] | {
"text": [
"the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76224 | 5a57ec9d770dc0001aeefec8 | Utrecht | The fortified city temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht at the Old Hollandic Waterline. In 1674, only two years after the French left, the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado. The halt to building before construction of fly... | What did Uterecht become the center of in the 17th century? | What did Uterecht become the center of in the 17th century? | [
"What did Uterecht become the center of in the 17th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115494 | 56eab5ed0030b61400a3504c | Political_corruption | Measuring corruption statistically is difficult if not impossible due to the illicit nature of the transaction and imprecise definitions of corruption. While "corruption" indices first appeared in 1995 with the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI, all of these metrics address different proxies for corruption, such as publ... | When did indices on corruption first appear? | When did indices on corruption first appear? | [
"When did indices on corruption first appear?"
] | {
"text": [
"1995"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100353 | 5acd414c07355d001abf3a95 | BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System | In 2007, the official Xinhua News Agency reported that the resolution of the BeiDou system was as high as 0.5 metres. With the existing user terminals it appears that the calibrated accuracy is 20m (100m, uncalibrated). | According to which news agency was the BeiDou-1X monitor resolution as high as .08 metres? | According to which news agency was the BeiDou-1X monitor resolution as high as .08 metres? | [
"According to which news agency was the BeiDou-1X monitor resolution as high as .08 metres?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69403 | 5ad42142604f3c001a400752 | Houston | Located in the American South, Houston is a diverse city with a large and growing international community. The metropolitan area is home to an estimated 1.1 million (21.4 percent) residents who were born outside the United States, with nearly two-thirds of the area's foreign-born population from south of the United Sta... | What percentage of Houston's foreign born population is from north of the U.S.-Mexican border? | What percentage of Houston's foreign born population is from north of the U.S.-Mexican border? | [
"What percentage of Houston's foreign born population is from north of the U.S.-Mexican border?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5914 | 5726945d708984140094cacf | Late_Middle_Ages | Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began (Age of Discovery). The rise of the Ottoman E... | In what year did Vasco da Gama sail around India and Africa? | In what year did Vasco da Gama sail around India and Africa? | [
"In what year did Vasco da Gama sail around India and Africa?"
] | {
"text": [
"1498"
],
"answer_start": [
649
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12107 | 5ad14f4a645df0001a2d16fd | Universal_Studios | The production arm of the studio still struggled. While there were to be a few hits like The Killers (1946) and The Naked City (1948), Universal-International's new theatrical films often met with disappointing response at the box office. By the late 1940s, Goetz was out, and the studio returned to low-budget films. Th... | What year was Ma and Pa Francis made? | What year was Ma and Pa Francis made? | [
"What year was Ma and Pa Francis made?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85813 | 5ad2a578d7d075001a429dc6 | Nintendo_Entertainment_System | The NES was released after the "video game crash" of the early 1980s, whereupon many retailers and adults had regarded electronic games as being merely a passing fad, and many believed at first that the NES was another fad. Before the NES/Famicom, Nintendo was known as a moderately successful Japanese toy and playing c... | Nintendo didn't require what from its software developers? | Nintendo didn't require what from its software developers? | [
" Nintendo didn't require what from its software developers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33263 | 5ad1a38a645df0001a2d2162 | Incandescent_light_bulb | A very small amount of water vapor inside a light bulb can significantly affect lamp darkening. Water vapor dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen at the hot filament. The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp. Hydrogen from water vapor reduces th... | How much water will significantly decrease darkening? | How much water will significantly decrease darkening? | [
"How much water will significantly decrease darkening?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42004 | 5730b1488ab72b1400f9c6a5 | Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System | Throughout the course of its life, a number of peripherals were released which added to the functionality of the SNES. Many of these devices were modeled after earlier add-ons for the NES: the Super Scope is a light gun functionally similar to the NES Zapper (though the Super Scope features wireless capabilities) and t... | What game accessory was similar to the NES Advantage? | What game accessory was similar to the NES Advantage? | [
"What game accessory was similar to the NES Advantage?"
] | {
"text": [
"Super Advantage"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82001 | 572aa7e3111d821400f38c92 | Royal_assent | A new device for granting assent was created during the reign of King Henry VIII. In 1542, Henry sought to execute his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, whom he accused of committing adultery; the execution was to be authorised not after a trial but by a bill of attainder, to which he would have to personally assent after ... | How many times in the 16th century was assent granted by Commissioners? | How many times in the 16th century was assent granted by Commissioners? | [
"How many times in the 16th century was assent granted by Commissioners?"
] | {
"text": [
"five"
],
"answer_start": [
757
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4091 | 56bec6763aeaaa14008c93f4 | Beyoncé | According to Italian fashion designer Roberto Cavalli, Beyoncé uses different fashion styles to work with her music while performing. Her mother co-wrote a book, published in 2002, titled Destiny's Style an account of how fashion had an impact on the trio's success. The B'Day Anthology Video Album showed many instances... | Which parent of Beyonce's help co-write a book? | Which parent of Beyonce's help co-write a book? | [
"Which parent of Beyonce's help co-write a book?"
] | {
"text": [
"Her mother"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7805 | 56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b572 | Iranian_languages | The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Per... | What script was converted to Latin in the 1920s? | What script was converted to Latin in the 1920s? | [
"What script was converted to Latin in the 1920s?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tajik script"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48300 | 56fa3ec18f12f31900630108 | Wood | It is common to classify wood as either softwood or hardwood. The wood from conifers (e.g. pine) is called softwood, and the wood from dicotyledons (usually broad-leaved trees, e.g. oak) is called hardwood. These names are a bit misleading, as hardwoods are not necessarily hard, and softwoods are not necessarily soft. ... | What kind of wood does an oak tree have? | What kind of wood does an oak tree have? | [
"What kind of wood does an oak tree have?"
] | {
"text": [
"hardwood"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93866 | 572e84dbcb0c0d14000f122e | Cyprus | In January 1950, the Church of Cyprus organised a referendum under the supervision of clerics and with no Turkish Cypriot participation, where 96% of the participating Greek Cypriots voted in favour of enosis, The Greeks were 80.2% of the total island' s population at the time (census 1946). Restricted autonomy under a... | In what year did the Church of Cyprus organize a referendum? | In what year did the Church of Cyprus organize a referendum? | [
"In what year did the Church of Cyprus organize a referendum?"
] | {
"text": [
"1950"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38368 | 572a34b83f37b319004787a7 | Neolithic | Neolithic people were skilled farmers, manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending, harvesting and processing of crops (such as sickle blades and grinding stones) and food production (e.g. pottery, bone implements). They were also skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of stone tools and ornaments... | What type of occupation were Neolithic people considered to be proficient at? | What type of occupation were Neolithic people considered to be proficient at? | [
"What type of occupation were Neolithic people considered to be proficient at?"
] | {
"text": [
"farmers"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30737 | 572676f15951b619008f737d | Mexico_City | By the 1990s Mexico City had become infamous as one of the world's most polluted cities; however the city has become a model for dramatically lowering pollution levels. By 2014 carbon monoxide pollution had dropped dramatically, while levels of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were nearly three times lower than in 1... | How bad is the ozone in Mexico City? | How bad is the ozone in Mexico City? | [
"How bad is the ozone in Mexico City?"
] | {
"text": [
"2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits"
],
"answer_start": [
544
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22138 | 56e77ae437bdd419002c4011 | National_Archives_and_Records_Administration | The first Archivist, R.D.W. Connor, began serving in 1934, when the National Archives was established by Congress. As a result of a first Hoover Commission recommendation, in 1949 the National Archives was placed within the newly formed General Services Administration (GSA). The Archivist served as a subordinate offici... | The Archivist took on what role after the incorporation of the Nation Archives into GSA? | The Archivist took on what role after the incorporation of the Nation Archives into GSA? | [
"The Archivist took on what role after the incorporation of the Nation Archives into GSA?"
] | {
"text": [
"subordinate official"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1090 | 5a8490bd7cf838001a46a959 | Endangered_Species_Act | The "Safe Harbor" agreement is a voluntary agreement between the private landowner and FWS. The landowner agrees to alter the property to benefit or even attract a listed or proposed species in exchange for assurances that the FWS will permit future "takes" above a pre-determined level. The policy relies on the "enhanc... | When did FWS create the Safe Harbor agreement? | When did FWS create the Safe Harbor agreement? | [
"When did FWS create the Safe Harbor agreement?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17091 | 5ad1157f645df0001a2d0ced | Uranium | The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore (pitchblende) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials. This left a prodigious quantity of uranium as a waste product, since it takes three tonnes of ur... | Who isolated radium in uranium core? | Who isolated radium in uranium core? | [
"Who isolated radium in uranium core?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45742 | 57319e69e17f3d140042227a | YouTube | In a video posted on July 21, 2009, YouTube software engineer Peter Bradshaw announced that YouTube users can now upload 3D videos. The videos can be viewed in several different ways, including the common anaglyph (cyan/red lens) method which utilizes glasses worn by the viewer to achieve the 3D effect. The YouTube Fla... | What type of videos did youtube officially start supporting in July 2009? | What type of videos did youtube officially start supporting in July 2009? | [
"What type of videos did youtube officially start supporting in July 2009?"
] | {
"text": [
"3D"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90975 | 572aafa3111d821400f38cba | John_Kerry | On April 22, 1971, Kerry appeared before a U.S. Senate committee hearing on proposals relating to ending the war. The day after this testimony, Kerry participated in a demonstration with thousands of other veterans in which he and other Vietnam War veterans threw their medals and service ribbons over a fence erected at... | What did Kerry throw over a fence? | What did Kerry throw over a fence? | [
"What did Kerry throw over a fence?"
] | {
"text": [
"some of his own decorations and awards as well as some given to him by other veterans to throw"
],
"answer_start": [
765
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18674 | 5726f391dd62a815002e9608 | Nigeria | Health care delivery in Nigeria is a concurrent responsibility of the three tiers of government in the country, and the private sector. Nigeria has been reorganising its health system since the Bamako Initiative of 1987, which formally promoted community-based methods of increasing accessibility of drugs and health car... | When did the Bamako Initiative begin? | When did the Bamako Initiative begin? | [
"When did the Bamako Initiative begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"1987"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82486 | 56e753a737bdd419002c3e79 | Daylight_saving_time | In some Muslim countries DST is temporarily abandoned during Ramadan (the month when no food should be eaten between sunrise and sunset), since the DST would delay the evening dinner. Ramadan took place in July and August in 2012. This concerns at least Morocco and Palestine, although Iran keeps DST during Ramadan. Mos... | What do Muslims call the month when they fast between sunup and sundown? | What do Muslims call the month when they fast between sunup and sundown? | [
"What do Muslims call the month when they fast between sunup and sundown?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ramadan"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24268 | 5ad41e15604f3c001a400614 | Bermuda | Once known as "the Gibraltar of the West" and "Fortress Bermuda", Bermuda today is defended by forces of the British government. For the first two centuries of settlement, the most potent armed force operating from Bermuda was its merchant shipping fleet, which turned to privateering at every opportunity. The Bermuda g... | What year were the militias disbanded? | What year were the militias disbanded? | [
"What year were the militias disbanded?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78857 | 56cd8c5762d2951400fa66aa | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess is an action-adventure game focused on combat, exploration, and item collection. It uses the basic control scheme introduced in Ocarina of Time, including context-sensitive action buttons and L-targeting (Z-targeting on the Wii), a system that allows the player to keep Link's view... | What can be used to shoot without the need to manually target enemies? | What can be used to shoot without the need to manually target enemies? | [
"What can be used to shoot without the need to manually target enemies?"
] | {
"text": [
"L-targeting"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30567 | 5ace296732bba1001ae49c35 | Appalachian_Mountains | There are many geological issues concerning the rivers and streams of the Appalachians. In spite of the existence of the Great Appalachian Valley, many of the main rivers are transverse to the mountain system axis. The drainage divide of the Appalachians follows a tortuous course which crosses the mountainous belt just... | What is the name of the drainage divide? | What is the name of the drainage divide? | [
"What is the name of the drainage divide?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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