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Charismatic authority | In the field of sociology, charismatic authority is a concept of organizational leadership wherein the authority of the leader derives from the personal charisma of the leader. In the tripartite classification of authority, the sociologist Max Weber contrasts charismatic authority (character, heroism, leadership, relig... | 0.760221 | 0.993063 | 0.754947 |
Semantic change | Semantic change (also semantic shift, semantic progression, semantic development, or semantic drift) is a form of language change regarding the evolution of word usage—usually to the point that the modern meaning is radically different from the original usage. In diachronic (or historical) linguistics, semantic change ... | 0.76021 | 0.993043 | 0.754922 |
Orientalizing period | The Orientalizing period or Orientalizing revolution is an art historical period that began during the later part of the 8th century BC, when art of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Ancient Near East heavily influenced nearby Mediterranean cultures, most notably Archaic Greece. The main sources were Syria, Assyria, Ph... | 0.765933 | 0.985621 | 0.754919 |
Metanarrative | In social theory, a metanarrative (also master narrative, or meta-narrative and grand narrative; or ) is an overarching narrative about smaller historical narratives, which offers a society legitimation through the anticipated completion of a (as yet unrealized) master idea. The term was popularized by the writing of ... | 0.760101 | 0.99316 | 0.754902 |
Comparative research | Comparative research is a research methodology in the social sciences exemplified in cross-cultural or comparative studies that aims to make comparisons across different countries or cultures. A major problem in comparative research is that the data sets in different countries may define categories differently (for exa... | 0.763338 | 0.98892 | 0.75488 |
Marxist humanism | Marxist humanism is an international body of thought and political action rooted in a humanist interpretation of the works of Karl Marx. It is an investigation into "what human nature consists of and what sort of society would be most conducive to human thriving" from a critical perspective rooted in Marxist philosophy... | 0.763379 | 0.988855 | 0.754871 |
Comparing Media Systems | Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics (2004), by Daniel C. Hallin and Paolo Mancini, is a seminal study in the field of international comparative media system research. The study compares media systems of 18 Western democracies including nine Northern European countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark,... | 0.775 | 0.973985 | 0.754838 |
Generalization | A generalization is a form of abstraction whereby common properties of specific instances are formulated as general concepts or claims. Generalizations posit the existence of a domain or set of elements, as well as one or more common characteristics shared by those elements (thus creating a conceptual model). As such, ... | 0.762639 | 0.989763 | 0.754832 |
American modernism | American modernism, much like the modernism movement in general, is a trend of philosophical thought arising from the widespread changes in culture and society in the age of modernity. American modernism is an artistic and cultural movement in the United States beginning at the turn of the 20th century, with a core per... | 0.765104 | 0.98657 | 0.754828 |
Mechanical and organic solidarity | In sociology, mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity are the two types of social solidarity that were formulated by Émile Durkheim, introduced in his Division of Labour in Society (1893) as part of his theory on the development of societies. According to Durkheim, the type of solidarity will correlate with the ty... | 0.763717 | 0.988356 | 0.754824 |
Six Ages of the World | The Six Ages of the World (Latin: sex aetates mundi), also rarely Seven Ages of the World (Latin: septem aetates mundi), is a Christian historical periodization first written about by Augustine of Hippo .
It is based upon Christian religious events, from the creation of Adam to the events of Revelation. The six ages o... | 0.763116 | 0.989105 | 0.754802 |
Foresight (futures studies) | In futurology, especially in Europe, the term foresight has become widely used to describe activities such as:
critical thinking concerning long-term developments,
debate and for some futurists who are normative and focus on action driven by their values who may be concerned with effort to create wider participatory ... | 0.77612 | 0.972508 | 0.754783 |
Historiography of the British Empire | The historiography of the British Empire refers to the studies, sources, critical methods and interpretations used by scholars to develop a history of the British Empire. Historians and their ideas are the main focus here; specific lands and historical dates and episodes are covered in the article on the British Empire... | 0.764851 | 0.986817 | 0.754768 |
Normalization (sociology) | Normalization refers to social processes through which ideas and actions come to be seen as 'normal' and become taken-for-granted or 'natural' in everyday life. There are different behavioral attitudes that humans accept as normal, such as grief for a loved one's suffering or death, avoiding danger, and not participati... | 0.772243 | 0.977288 | 0.754704 |
Catastrophism | In geology, catastrophism is the theory that the Earth has largely been shaped by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope.
This contrasts with uniformitarianism (sometimes called gradualism), according to which slow incremental changes, such as erosion, brought about all the Earth's geological... | 0.761582 | 0.990947 | 0.754687 |
Anti-statism | Anti-statism is an approach to social, economic or political philosophy that opposes the influence of the state over society. It emerged in reaction to the formation of modern sovereign states, which anti-statists considered to work against the interests of the people. During the 19th century, anarchists formulated a c... | 0.764997 | 0.986516 | 0.754682 |
Racial hierarchy | A racial hierarchy is a system of stratification that is based on the belief that some racial groups are superior to other racial groups. At various points of history, racial hierarchies have featured in societies, often being formally instituted in law, such as in the Nuremberg Laws in Nazi Germany. Generally, those ... | 0.7634 | 0.988547 | 0.754657 |
Transatlantic relations | Transatlantic relations refer to the historic, cultural, political, economic and social relations between countries on both side of the Atlantic Ocean. Sometimes it specifically means relationships between the Anglophone North American countries (the United States and Canada), and particular European countries or orga... | 0.775297 | 0.973361 | 0.754644 |
Time geography | Time geography or time-space geography is an evolving transdisciplinary perspective on spatial and temporal processes and events such as social interaction, ecological interaction, social and environmental change, and biographies of individuals. Time geography "is not a subject area per se", but rather an integrative o... | 0.778507 | 0.969348 | 0.754644 |
Pasteur's quadrant | Pasteur's quadrant is a classification of scientific research projects that seek fundamental understanding of scientific problems, while also having immediate use for society. Louis Pasteur's research is thought to exemplify this type of method, which bridges the gap between "basic" and "applied" research. The term was... | 0.773741 | 0.9753 | 0.75463 |
Military Revolution | The Military Revolution is the theory that a series of radical changes in military strategy and tactics during the 16th and 17th centuries resulted in major lasting changes in governments and society. The theory was introduced by Michael Roberts in the 1950s as he focused on Sweden (1560–1660) searching for major chang... | 0.764755 | 0.986729 | 0.754606 |
Global studies | Global studies (GS) or global affaires (GA) is the interdisciplinary study of global macro-processes. Predominant subjects are political science in the form of global politics, as well as economics, law, the sociology of law, ecology, environmental studies, geography, sociology, culture, anthropology and ethnography. I... | 0.768479 | 0.981881 | 0.754555 |
Postcolonial literature | Postcolonial literature is the literature by people from formerly colonized countries, originating from all continents except Antarctica. Postcolonial literature often addresses the problems and consequences of the decolonization of a country, especially questions relating to the political and cultural independence of ... | 0.760054 | 0.992761 | 0.754552 |
Race and society | Social interpretations of race regard the common categorizations of people into different races. Race is often culturally understood to be rigid categories (Black, White, Pasifika, Asian, etc) in which people can be classified based on biological markers or physical traits such as skin colour or facial features. This r... | 0.770612 | 0.979037 | 0.754458 |
Social dominance orientation | Social dominance orientation (SDO) is a personality trait measuring an individual's support for social hierarchy and the extent to which they desire their in-group be superior to out-groups. SDO is conceptualized under social dominance theory as a measure of individual differences in levels of group-based discriminatio... | 0.763364 | 0.988327 | 0.754453 |
Technics and Civilization | Technics and Civilization is a 1934 book by American philosopher and historian of technology Lewis Mumford. The book presents the history of technology and its role in shaping and being shaped by civilizations. According to Mumford, modern technology has its roots in the Middle Ages rather than in the Industrial Revo... | 0.776478 | 0.971623 | 0.754444 |
Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism | A prominent position was held by wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism, as in other pagan European cultures, featuring as sites of religious practice and belief from the Nordic Bronze Age until the Christianisation of the Germanic peoples.
Depositions of items such as food, weapons and riding equipment have been d... | 0.780343 | 0.966758 | 0.754403 |
Democratization of knowledge | The democratization of knowledge is the acquisition and spread of knowledge amongst a wider part of the population, not just privileged elites such as clergy and academics. Libraries, in particular public libraries, and modern information technology such as the Internet play a key role, as they provide the masses with ... | 0.770067 | 0.979651 | 0.754397 |
History of anarchism | According to different scholars, the history of anarchism either goes back to ancient and prehistoric ideologies and social structures, or begins in the 19th century as a formal movement. As scholars and anarchist philosophers have held a range of views on what anarchism means, it is difficult to outline its history un... | 0.760089 | 0.992483 | 0.754376 |
Collation | Collation is the assembly of written information into a standard order. Many systems of collation are based on numerical order or alphabetical order, or extensions and combinations thereof. Collation is a fundamental element of most office filing systems, library catalogs, and reference books.
Collation differs from c... | 0.764309 | 0.987002 | 0.754375 |
Haplogroup T-M184 | Haplogroup T-M184, also known as Haplogroup T, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The unique-event polymorphism that defines this clade is the single-nucleotide polymorphism known as M184.
T-M184 is unusual in that it is both geographically widespread and relatively rare. T1 (T-L206) – the numerically dominant pr... | 0.76234 | 0.9895 | 0.754336 |
Archaeological excavation | In archaeology, excavation is the exposure, processing and recording of archaeological remains. An excavation site or "dig" is the area being studied. These locations range from one to several areas at a time during a project and can be conducted over a few weeks to several years.
Excavation involves the recovery of s... | 0.76145 | 0.990649 | 0.754329 |
Chalcolithic Europe | The European Chalcolithic, the Chalcolithic (also Eneolithic, Copper Age) period of Prehistoric Europe, lasted roughly from 5000 to 2000 BC, developing from the preceding Neolithic period and followed by the Bronze Age.
It was a period of Megalithic culture, the appearance of the first significant economic stratificat... | 0.763825 | 0.987553 | 0.754318 |
Proto-Germanic folklore | Proto-Germanic paganism was the beliefs of the speakers of Proto-Germanic and includes topics such as the Germanic mythology, legendry, and folk beliefs of early Germanic culture. By way of the comparative method, Germanic philologists, a variety of historical linguist, have proposed reconstructions of entities, locati... | 0.7666 | 0.983976 | 0.754316 |
Oriental Despotism | Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power is a book of political theory and comparative history by Karl August Wittfogel (1896–1988) published by Yale University Press in 1957. The book offers an explanation for the despotic governments in "Oriental" societies, where control of water was necessary for irri... | 0.764555 | 0.986544 | 0.754267 |
Indigenous Aryanism | Indigenous Aryanism, also known as the Indigenous Aryans theory (IAT) and the Out of India theory (OIT), is the conviction that the Aryans are indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, and that the Indo-European languages radiated out from a homeland in India into their present locations. It is a "religio-nationalistic" v... | 0.76045 | 0.991838 | 0.754243 |
Marxist international relations theory | Marxist and neo-Marxist international relations theories are paradigms which reject the realist/liberal view of state conflict or cooperation, instead focusing on the economic and material aspects. It purports to reveal how the economy trumps other concerns, which allows for the elevation of class as the focus of the s... | 0.767809 | 0.9823 | 0.754219 |
Present | The present is the period of time that is occurring now. The present is contrasted with the past, the period of time that has already occurred, and the future, the period of time that has yet to occur.
It is sometimes represented as a hyperplane in space-time, typically called "now", although modern physics demonstrat... | 0.761526 | 0.990384 | 0.754203 |
Age of Anger | Age of Anger: A History of the Present is a 2017 nonfiction book by Indian author Pankaj Mishra. Mishra accounts for the resurgence of reactionary and right-wing political movements in the late 2010s. He argues that nationalist, isolationist, and chauvinist movements, ranging from terror groups such as ISIS to politica... | 0.785138 | 0.960573 | 0.754182 |
Atlantic history | Atlantic history is a specialty field in history that studies the Atlantic World in the early modern period. The Atlantic World was created by the contact between Europeans and the Americas, and Atlantic History is the study of that world. It is premised on the idea that, following the rise of sustained European conta... | 0.776466 | 0.971277 | 0.754163 |
English society | English society comprises the group behaviour of the English people, and of collective social interactions, organisation and political attitudes in England. The social history of England evidences many social and societal changes over the history of England, from Anglo-Saxon England to the contemporary forces upon the ... | 0.779359 | 0.967663 | 0.754156 |
Social degeneration | Social degeneration was a widely influential concept at the interface of the social and biological sciences in the 18th and 19th centuries. During the 18th century, scientific thinkers including Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, and Immanuel Kant argued that humans shared a common ori... | 0.762321 | 0.989284 | 0.754152 |
Praetorianism | Praetorianism means excessive or abusive political influence of the armed forces in a country. The word comes from the Roman Praetorian Guard, who became increasingly influential in the appointment of Roman emperors.
Daniel R. Headrick, professor of History and Social Sciences at Roosevelt University, describes praeto... | 0.778108 | 0.969178 | 0.754125 |
Geochronology | Geochronology is the science of determining the age of rocks, fossils, and sediments using signatures inherent in the rocks themselves. Absolute geochronology can be accomplished through radioactive isotopes, whereas relative geochronology is provided by tools such as paleomagnetism and stable isotope ratios. By combin... | 0.765141 | 0.985586 | 0.754112 |
Historical dynamics | Historical dynamics broadly includes the scientific modeling of history. This might also be termed computer modeling of history, historical simulation, or simulation of history - allowing for an extensive range of techniques in simulation and estimation. Historical dynamics does not exist as a separate science, but t... | 0.810621 | 0.930282 | 0.754106 |
Cambridge Pre-U | The Cambridge Pre-U was a school leaving qualification from Cambridge Assessment International Education that was an alternative to the current A-Level qualification. It was offered between 2008 and 2023 and was principally aimed at students aged 16–19, and has recognition for university entrance.
The Cambridge Pre-U ... | 0.770502 | 0.978719 | 0.754105 |
Social reproduction | Social reproduction describes the reproduction of social structures and systems, mainly on the basis of particular preconditions in demographics, education and inheritance of material property or legal titles (as earlier with aristocracy). Reproduction is understood as the maintenance and continuation of existing socia... | 0.764357 | 0.98658 | 0.7541 |
East–West dichotomy | In sociology, the East–West dichotomy is the perceived difference between the Eastern and the Western worlds. Cultural and religious rather than geographical in division, the boundaries of East and West are not fixed, but vary according to the criteria adopted by individuals using the term.
Used in discussing such stu... | 0.76028 | 0.991855 | 0.754087 |
The Creation of Patriarchy | The Creation of Patriarchy is a non-fiction book written by Gerda Lerner in 1986 as an explanation for the origins of misogyny in ancient Mesopotamia and the following Western societies. She traces the "images, metaphors, [and] myths" that lead to patriarchal concepts' existence in Western society (Lerner 10). She beli... | 0.775655 | 0.972168 | 0.754067 |
History of cross-dressing | This article details the history of cross-dressing, the act of wearing the clothes of the sex or gender one does not identify with.
Background
Patriarchy is a social system in which men hold the primary power over women and their families in regards to the tradition, law, division of labor, and education women can t... | 0.760702 | 0.991254 | 0.754049 |
Soil retrogression and degradation | Soil retrogression and degradation are two regressive evolution processes associated with the loss of equilibrium of a stable soil. Retrogression is primarily due to soil erosion and corresponds to a phenomenon where succession reverts the land to its natural physical state. Degradation is an evolution, different fro... | 0.772675 | 0.975853 | 0.754017 |
Connectivism | Connectivism is a theoretical framework for understanding learning in a digital age. It emphasizes how internet technologies such as web browsers, search engines, wikis, online discussion forums, and social networks contributed to new avenues of learning. Technologies have enabled people to learn and share information ... | 0.767014 | 0.983021 | 0.753991 |
Eonothem | In stratigraphy and geology, an eonothem is the totality of rock strata laid down in the stratigraphic record deposited during a certain eon of the continuous geologic timescale. The eonothem is not to be confused with the eon itself, which is a corresponding division of geologic time spanning a specific number of (hun... | 0.767727 | 0.982082 | 0.753971 |
Sociocultural perspective | The sociocultural perspective is a theory used in fields such as psychology and education and is used to describe awareness of circumstances surrounding individuals and how their behaviors are affected specifically by their surrounding, social and cultural factors. According to Catherine A. Sanderson (2010) “Sociocultu... | 0.765379 | 0.985019 | 0.753913 |
Feminist movements and ideologies | A variety of movements of feminist ideology have developed over the years. They vary in goals, strategies, and affiliations. They often overlap, and some feminists identify themselves with several branches of feminist thought.
Groupings
Traditionally feminism is often divided into three main traditions, sometimes kno... | 0.763495 | 0.987425 | 0.753894 |
Source criticism | Source criticism (or information evaluation) is the process of evaluating an information source, i.e.: a document, a person, a speech, a fingerprint, a photo, an observation, or anything used in order to obtain knowledge. In relation to a given purpose, a given information source may be more or less valid, reliable or... | 0.767061 | 0.982811 | 0.753876 |
Four Great Ancient Civilizations | In Japanese and Chinese historiography, the Four Great Ancient Civilizations were Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and China, which are identified as the cradles of civilization. The concept is popularly used in Japan and China—for example in history textbooks—but not generally known in the western world.
Origin
The origin... | 0.762143 | 0.989111 | 0.753844 |
Continuum (measurement) | Continuum (: continua or continuums) theories or models explain variation as involving gradual quantitative transitions without abrupt changes or discontinuities. In contrast, categorical theories or models explain variation using qualitatively different states.
In physics
In physics, for example, the space-time cont... | 0.768507 | 0.980897 | 0.753826 |
Nature–culture divide | The nature–culture divide is the notion of a dichotomy between humans and the environment. It is a theoretical foundation of contemporary anthropology that considers whether nature and culture function separately from one another, or if they are in a continuous biotic relationship with each other.
In East Asian socie... | 0.771704 | 0.976824 | 0.753818 |
TESCREAL | TESCREAL is an acronym neologism proposed by computer scientist Timnit Gebru and philosopher Émile P. Torres that stands for "transhumanism, extropianism, singularitarianism, cosmism, rationalism, effective altruism, and longtermism". Gebru and Torres argue that these ideologies should be treated as an "interconnected ... | 0.760245 | 0.991544 | 0.753816 |
Ecotype | In evolutionary ecology, an ecotype, sometimes called ecospecies, describes a genetically distinct geographic variety, population, or race within a species, which is genotypically adapted to specific environmental conditions.
Typically, though ecotypes exhibit phenotypic differences (such as in morphology or physiolog... | 0.768595 | 0.980764 | 0.753811 |
Dual inheritance theory | Dual inheritance theory (DIT), also known as gene–culture coevolution or biocultural evolution, was developed in the 1960s through early 1980s to explain how human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution. Genes and culture continually inter... | 0.766962 | 0.982851 | 0.753809 |
Age progression | Age progression is the method involved with changing a photo of an individual to show the impact of maturing on their appearance. Computerized image processing is the most widely recognized procedure, in spite of the fact that craftsmen's drawings are frequently used. Age progression is most frequently utilized as a fo... | 0.761236 | 0.990221 | 0.753792 |
Feminist political theory | Feminist political theory is an area of philosophy that focuses on understanding and critiquing the way political philosophy is usually construed and on articulating how political theory might be reconstructed in a way that advances feminist concerns. Feminist political theory combines aspects of both feminist theory a... | 0.770501 | 0.978237 | 0.753732 |
Education sciences | Education sciences, also known as education studies, education theory, and traditionally called pedagogy, seek to describe, understand, and prescribe education including education policy. Subfields include comparative education, educational research, instructional theory, curriculum theory and psychology, philosophy, s... | 0.764013 | 0.986535 | 0.753725 |
Middle Stone Age | The Middle Stone Age (or MSA) was a period of African prehistory between the Early Stone Age and the Late Stone Age. It is generally considered to have begun around 280,000 years ago and ended around 50–25,000 years ago. The beginnings of particular MSA stone tools have their origins as far back as 550–500,000 years ag... | 0.760339 | 0.991283 | 0.753711 |
Pax Europaea | Pax Europaea ( – after the historical Pax Romana) is the period of relative peace experienced by Europe following World War II, in which there were notably few international conflicts or wars between European states. This peace had often been associated with the creation of NATO, the European Union (EU), and the predec... | 0.770253 | 0.978513 | 0.753703 |
Divergent evolution | Divergent evolution or divergent selection is the accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, sometimes leading to speciation. Divergent evolution is typically exhibited when two populations become separated by a geographic barrier (such as in allopatric or peripatric speciation) a... | 0.763618 | 0.987015 | 0.753703 |
Ancient Celtic women | The position of ancient Celtic women in their society cannot be determined with certainty due to the quality of the sources. On the one hand, great female Celts are known from mythology and history; on the other hand, their real status in the male-dominated Celtic tribal society was socially and legally constrained. Ye... | 0.766113 | 0.983791 | 0.753695 |
Polyethnicity | Polyethnicity, also known as pluri-ethnicity or multi-ethnicity, refers to specific cultural phenomena that are characterized by social proximity and mutual interaction of people from different ethnic backgrounds, within a country or other specific geographic region.
Same terms may also relate to the ability and will... | 0.778976 | 0.967399 | 0.753581 |
Paleoethnobotany | Paleoethnobotany (also spelled palaeoethnobotany), or archaeobotany, is the study of past human-plant interactions through the recovery and analysis of ancient plant remains. Both terms are synonymous, though paleoethnobotany (from the Greek words palaios [παλαιός] meaning ancient, ethnos [έθνος] meaning race or ethnic... | 0.780733 | 0.965221 | 0.75358 |
Open society | Open society is a term coined by French philosopher Henri Bergson in 1932, and describes a dynamic system inclined to moral universalism. Bergson contrasted an open society with what he called a closed society, a closed system of law, morality or religion. Bergson suggests that if all traces of civilization were to dis... | 0.761146 | 0.990025 | 0.753554 |
States and Social Revolutions | States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China is a 1979 book by Theda Skocpol, published by Cambridge University Press, that examines the causes of social revolutions.
In the book, Skocpol performs a comparative historical analysis of the French Revolution of 1789 through the early ... | 0.781312 | 0.964466 | 0.753549 |
Women in war | Throughout history, women have assumed diverse roles during periods of war, contributing to war efforts in various capacities.
In more ancient times, women often accompanied armies on campaigns, primarily taking on roles such as cooking, laundry, and other support tasks as relations or camp followers. They contribut... | 0.770638 | 0.977755 | 0.753495 |
Analytical Marxism | Analytical Marxism is an academic school of Marxist theory which emerged in the late 1970s, largely prompted by G. A. Cohen's Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence (1978). In this book, Cohen drew on the Anglo–American tradition of analytic philosophy in an attempt to raise the standards of clarity and rigor within ... | 0.765797 | 0.983898 | 0.753466 |
Costume | Costume is the distinctive style of dress and/or makeup of an individual or group that reflects class, gender, occupation, ethnicity, nationality, activity or epoch—in short, culture.
The term also was traditionally used to describe typical appropriate clothing for certain activities, such as riding costume, swimming ... | 0.760103 | 0.991266 | 0.753464 |
Borealism | Borealism is a form of exoticism in which stereotypes are imposed on the Earth's northern regions and cultures (particularly the Nordic and Arctic regions).
The term was inspired by the similar concept of Orientalism, first coined by Edward Said. An early form of Borealism can be identified in antiquity, especially Ro... | 0.779008 | 0.967198 | 0.753455 |
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