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Epistemology | Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature, origin, and limits of knowledge. Also called theory of knowledge, it explores different types of knowledge, such as propositional knowledge about facts, practical knowledge in the form of skills, and knowledge by acquaintance as a familiarity through ex... | 0.820849 | 0.999733 | 0.82063 |
Relativism | Relativism is a family of philosophical views which deny claims to objectivity within a particular domain and assert that valuations in that domain are relative to the perspective of an observer or the context in which they are assessed. There are many different forms of relativism, with a great deal of variation in sc... | 0.818478 | 0.995858 | 0.815088 |
Ontology | Ontology is the philosophical study of being. As one of the most fundamental concepts, being encompasses all of reality and every entity within it. To articulate the basic structure of being, ontology examines what all entities have in common and how they are divided into fundamental classes, known as categories. An in... | 0.813667 | 0.999506 | 0.813266 |
Philosophy of education | The philosophy of education is the branch of applied philosophy that investigates the nature of education as well as its aims and problems. It also examines the concepts and presuppositions of education theories. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws inspiration from various disciplines both within and outside ph... | 0.810864 | 0.996986 | 0.808419 |
Philosophy | Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language. It is a rational and critical inquiry that reflects on its own methods and assumptions.
Historically, many of the individual sciences... | 0.805632 | 0.999908 | 0.805558 |
Philosophical methodology | Philosophical methodology encompasses the methods used to philosophize and the study of these methods. Methods of philosophy are procedures for conducting research, creating new theories, and selecting between competing theories. In addition to the description of methods, philosophical methodology also compares and eva... | 0.811069 | 0.989667 | 0.802688 |
Ethics | Ethics is the philosophical study of moral phenomena. Also called moral philosophy, it investigates normative questions about what people ought to do or which behavior is morally right. Its main branches include normative ethics, applied ethics, and metaethics.
Normative ethics aims to find general principles that gov... | 0.802633 | 0.999787 | 0.802462 |
Qualitative research | Qualitative research is a type of research that aims to gather and analyse non-numerical (descriptive) data in order to gain an understanding of individuals' social reality, including understanding their attitudes, beliefs, and motivation. This type of research typically involves in-depth interviews, focus groups, or f... | 0.801955 | 0.997602 | 0.800032 |
Reality | Reality is the sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent within the universe, as opposed to that which is only imaginary, nonexistent or nonactual. The term is also used to refer to the ontological status of things, indicating their existence. In physical terms, reality is the totality of a system, known and unk... | 0.79999 | 0.998531 | 0.798814 |
Philosophical theory | A philosophical theory or philosophical position is a view that attempts to explain or account for a particular problem in philosophy. The use of the term "theory" is a statement of colloquial English and not a technical term. While any sort of thesis or opinion may be termed a position, in analytic philosophy it is th... | 0.817997 | 0.976331 | 0.798636 |
Philosophical skepticism | Philosophical skepticism (UK spelling: scepticism; from Greek σκέψις skepsis, "inquiry") is a family of philosophical views that question the possibility of knowledge. It differs from other forms of skepticism in that it even rejects very plausible knowledge claims that belong to basic common sense. Philosophical skept... | 0.801125 | 0.995879 | 0.797823 |
Education sciences | Education sciences, also known as education studies, education theory, and traditionally called pedagogy, seek to describe, understand, and prescribe education including education policy. Subfields include comparative education, educational research, instructional theory, curriculum theory and psychology, philosophy, s... | 0.808233 | 0.986535 | 0.79735 |
Rationalism | In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification", often in contrast to other possible sources of knowledge such as faith, tradition, or sensory experience. More formally, ra... | 0.79758 | 0.998485 | 0.796371 |
Metaphysics | Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality. It is traditionally seen as the study of mind-independent features of the world, but some modern theorists view it as an inquiry into the fundamental categories of human understanding. It is sometimes characterized as first philosophy... | 0.795747 | 0.999681 | 0.795494 |
Philosophy of science | Philosophy of science is the branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science. Amongst its central questions are the difference between science and non-science, the reliability of scientific theories, and the ultimate purpose and meaning of science as a human endeavour. Philosop... | 0.796138 | 0.99752 | 0.794164 |
Social philosophy | Social philosophy examines questions about the foundations of social institutions, behavior, power structures, and interpretations of society in terms of ethical values rather than empirical relations. Social philosophers emphasize understanding the social contexts for political, legal, moral and cultural questions, an... | 0.802135 | 0.989053 | 0.793354 |
Philosophy of logic | Philosophy of logic is the area of philosophy that studies the scope and nature of logic. It investigates the philosophical problems raised by logic, such as the presuppositions often implicitly at work in theories of logic and in their application. This involves questions about how logic is to be defined and how diffe... | 0.795279 | 0.996328 | 0.792358 |
Perspectivism | Perspectivism (; also called perspectivalism) is the epistemological principle that perception of and knowledge of something are always bound to the interpretive perspectives of those observing it. While perspectivism regard all perspectives and interpretations as being of equal truth or value, it holds that no one ha... | 0.798969 | 0.991264 | 0.79199 |
Socratic method | The Socratic method (also known as method of Elenchus or Socratic debate) is a form of argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering questions.
In Plato's dialogue "Theaetetus", Socrates describes his method as a form of "midwifery" because it is employed to help his interlocutors develop ... | 0.79131 | 0.999048 | 0.790557 |
Episteme | In philosophy, (; ) is knowledge or understanding. The term epistemology (the branch of philosophy concerning knowledge) is derived from .
History
Plato
Plato, following Xenophanes, contrasts with : common belief or opinion. The term is also distinguished from : a craft or applied practice. In the Protagoras, Pl... | 0.796439 | 0.99153 | 0.789693 |
Social constructivism | Social constructivism is a sociological theory of knowledge according to which human development is socially situated, and knowledge is constructed through interaction with others. Like social constructionism, social constructivism states that people work together to actively construct artifacts. But while social const... | 0.794224 | 0.994121 | 0.789555 |
Human science | Human science (or human sciences in the plural) studies the philosophical, biological, social, justice, and cultural aspects of human life. Human science aims to expand the understanding of the human world through a broad interdisciplinary approach. It encompasses a wide range of fields - including history, philosophy,... | 0.795537 | 0.991869 | 0.789069 |
Empiricism | In philosophy, empiricism is an epistemological view which holds that true knowledge or justification comes only or primarily from sensory experience and empirical evidence. It is one of several competing views within epistemology, along with rationalism and skepticism. Empiricists argue that empiricism is a more relia... | 0.789726 | 0.999029 | 0.78896 |
Morality | Morality is the categorization of intentions, decisions and actions into those that are proper, or right, and those that are improper, or wrong. Morality can be a body of standards or principles derived from a code of conduct from a particular philosophy, religion or culture, or it can derive from a standard that is un... | 0.789858 | 0.998788 | 0.788901 |
Definitions of philosophy | Definitions of philosophy aim at determining what all forms of philosophy have in common and how to distinguish philosophy from other disciplines. Many different definitions have been proposed but there is very little agreement on which is the right one. Some general characteristics of philosophy are widely accepted, f... | 0.801186 | 0.984117 | 0.78846 |
Postmodern philosophy | Postmodern philosophy is a philosophical movement that arose in the second half of the 20th century as a critical response to assumptions allegedly present in modernist philosophical ideas regarding culture, identity, history, or language that were developed during the 18th-century Age of Enlightenment. Postmodernist ... | 0.793113 | 0.993891 | 0.788268 |
Pleonasm | Pleonasm (; , ) is redundancy in linguistic expression, such as in "black darkness," "burning fire," "the man he said," or "vibrating with motion." It is a manifestation of tautology by traditional rhetorical criteria. Pleonasm may also be used for emphasis, or because the phrase has become established in a certain for... | 0.792214 | 0.994977 | 0.788235 |
Ontology (information science) | In information science, an ontology encompasses a representation, formal naming, and definitions of the categories, properties, and relations between the concepts, data, or entities that pertain to one, many, or all domains of discourse. More simply, an ontology is a way of showing the properties of a subject area and ... | 0.790434 | 0.996876 | 0.787964 |
Dialectic | Dialectic (, dialektikḗ; ), also known as the dialectical method, refers originally to dialogue between people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to arrive at the truth through reasoned argumentation. Dialectic resembles debate, but the concept excludes subjective elements such as emotional ap... | 0.788496 | 0.999204 | 0.787869 |
Knowledge | Knowledge is an awareness of facts, a familiarity with individuals and situations, or a practical skill. Knowledge of facts, also called propositional knowledge, is often characterized as true belief that is distinct from opinion or guesswork by virtue of justification. While there is wide agreement among philosophers ... | 0.787459 | 0.999386 | 0.786975 |
Postpositivism | Postpositivism or postempiricism is a metatheoretical stance that critiques and amends positivism and has impacted theories and practices across philosophy, social sciences, and various models of scientific inquiry. While positivists emphasize independence between the researcher and the researched person (or object), p... | 0.793764 | 0.990931 | 0.786566 |
Essentialism | Essentialism is the view that objects have a set of attributes that are necessary to their identity. In early Western thought, Platonic idealism held that all things have such an "essence"—an "idea" or "form". In Categories, Aristotle similarly proposed that all objects have a substance that, as George Lakoff put it, "... | 0.789045 | 0.996854 | 0.786562 |
Positivism | Positivism is a philosophical school that holds that all genuine knowledge is either true by definition or positive meaning a posteriori facts derived by reason and logic from sensory experience. Other ways of knowing, such as intuition, introspection, or religious faith, are rejected or considered meaningless.
Althou... | 0.787399 | 0.998822 | 0.786471 |
Pluralism (philosophy) | Pluralism is a term used in philosophy, referring to a worldview of multiplicity, often used in opposition to monism (the view that all is one) or dualism (the view that all is two). The term has different meanings in metaphysics, ontology, epistemology and logic. In metaphysics, it is the view that there are in fact m... | 0.79436 | 0.989547 | 0.786057 |
Theory of forms | In philosophy and specifically metaphysics, the theory of Forms, theory of Ideas, Platonic idealism, or Platonic realism is a theory widely credited to the Classical Greek philosopher Plato. The theory suggests that the physical world is not as real or true as "Forms". According to this theory, Forms—conventionally cap... | 0.786792 | 0.999016 | 0.786018 |
Practical philosophy | Practical philosophy concerns itself mainly with subjects that have applications in life, like the study of values, norms, politics, art, etc. The modern division of philosophy into theoretical philosophy and practical philosophy has its origin in Aristotle's categories of natural and moral philosophy. The one has theo... | 0.80206 | 0.979557 | 0.785664 |
Philosophical logic | Understood in a narrow sense, philosophical logic is the area of logic that studies the application of logical methods to philosophical problems, often in the form of extended logical systems like modal logic. Some theorists conceive philosophical logic in a wider sense as the study of the scope and nature of logic in ... | 0.798899 | 0.983326 | 0.785578 |
Demarcation problem | In philosophy of science and epistemology, the demarcation problem is the question of how to distinguish between science and non-science. It also examines the boundaries between science, pseudoscience and other products of human activity, like art and literature and beliefs. The debate continues after more than two mil... | 0.792232 | 0.99133 | 0.785363 |
Platonic epistemology | In philosophy, Plato's epistemology is a theory of knowledge developed by the Greek philosopher Plato and his followers.
Platonic epistemology holds that knowledge of Platonic Ideas is innate, so that learning is the development of ideas buried deep in the soul, often under the midwife-like guidance of an interrogato... | 0.795297 | 0.987417 | 0.78529 |
Applied science | Applied science is the application of the scientific method and scientific knowledge to attain practical goals. It includes a broad range of disciplines, such as engineering and medicine. Applied science is often contrasted with basic science, which is focused on advancing scientific theories and laws that explain and ... | 0.788075 | 0.996006 | 0.784927 |
Epistemic virtue | The epistemic virtues, as identified by virtue epistemologists, reflect their contention that belief is an ethical process, and thus susceptible to intellectual virtue or vice. Some epistemic virtues have been identified by W. Jay Wood, based on research into the medieval tradition. Epistemic virtues are sometimes also... | 0.813078 | 0.965334 | 0.784892 |
Social constructionism | Social constructionism is a term used in sociology, social ontology, and communication theory. The term can serve somewhat different functions in each field; however, the foundation of this theoretical framework suggests various facets of social reality—such as concepts, beliefs, norms, and values—are formed through co... | 0.786988 | 0.997279 | 0.784846 |
Colloquialism | Colloquialism (also called colloquial language, everyday language, or general parlance) is the linguistic style used for casual (informal) communication. It is the most common functional style of speech, the idiom normally employed in conversation and other informal contexts. Colloquialism is characterized by wide usag... | 0.786555 | 0.997683 | 0.784732 |
Ethical dilemma | In philosophy, an ethical dilemma, also called an ethical paradox or moral dilemma, is a situation in which two or more conflicting moral imperatives, none of which overrides the other, confront an agent. A closely related definition characterizes an ethical dilemma as a situation in which every available choice is wro... | 0.786982 | 0.996961 | 0.78459 |
Applied philosophy | Applied philosophy (philosophy from Greek: φιλοσοφία, philosophia, 'love of wisdom') is a branch of philosophy that studies philosophical problems of practical concern. The topic covers a broad spectrum of issues in environment, medicine, science, engineering, policy, law, politics, economics and education. The term wa... | 0.804644 | 0.974492 | 0.784119 |
Evidence | Evidence for a proposition is what supports the proposition. It is usually understood as an indication that the supported proposition is true. What role evidence plays and how it is conceived varies from field to field.
In epistemology, evidence is what justifies beliefs or what makes it rational to hold a certain dox... | 0.785177 | 0.998607 | 0.784083 |
Nihilism | In philosophy, nihilism (; ) is any viewpoint, or a family of views, that rejects generally accepted or fundamental aspects of human existence, namely knowledge, morality, or meaning. There have been different nihilist positions, including that human values are baseless, that life is meaningless, that knowledge is impo... | 0.784061 | 0.999846 | 0.78394 |
Applied ethics | Applied ethics is the practical aspect of moral considerations. It is ethics with respect to real-world actions and their moral considerations in private and public life, the professions, health, technology, law, and leadership. For example, bioethics is concerned with identifying the best approach to moral issues in t... | 0.787369 | 0.995378 | 0.78373 |
Eudaimonia | Eudaimonia (; ), sometimes anglicized as Eudaemonia, Eudemonia or Eudimonia, is a Greek word literally translating to the state or condition of good spirit, and which is commonly translated as happiness or welfare.
In the works of Aristotle, eudaimonia was the term for the highest human good in older Greek tradition.... | 0.784081 | 0.999183 | 0.783441 |
Skepticism | Skepticism, also spelled scepticism in British English, is a questioning attitude or doubt toward knowledge claims that are seen as mere belief or dogma. For example, if a person is skeptical about claims made by their government about an ongoing war then the person doubts that these claims are accurate. In such cases,... | 0.78543 | 0.997438 | 0.783417 |
Socratic questioning | Socratic questioning (or Socratic maieutics) is an educational method named after Socrates that focuses on discovering answers by asking questions of students. According to Plato, Socrates believed that "the disciplined practice of thoughtful questioning enables the scholar/student to examine ideas and be able to deter... | 0.786894 | 0.995348 | 0.783233 |
Coherentism | In philosophical epistemology, there are two types of coherentism: the coherence theory of truth, and the coherence theory of justification (also known as epistemic coherentism).
Coherent truth is divided between an anthropological approach, which applies only to localized networks ('true within a given sample of a po... | 0.79497 | 0.984922 | 0.782983 |
Philosophy and economics | Philosophy and economics studies topics such as public economics, behavioural economics, rationality, justice, history of economic thought, rational choice, the appraisal of economic outcomes, institutions and processes, the status of highly idealized economic models, the ontology of economic phenomena and the possibil... | 0.800818 | 0.977362 | 0.782689 |
Political philosophy | Political philosophy, or political theory, is the philosophical study of government, addressing questions about the nature, scope, and legitimacy of public agents and institutions and the relationships between them. Its topics include politics, justice, liberty, property, rights, law, and authority: what they are, if t... | 0.783657 | 0.998669 | 0.782614 |
Standpoint theory | Standpoint theory, also known as standpoint epistemology, is a foundational framework in feminist social theory that examines how individuals' unique perspectives, shaped by their social and political experiences, influence their understanding of the world. Standpoint theory proposes that authority is rooted in individ... | 0.788617 | 0.992365 | 0.782597 |
Aphorism | An aphorism (from Greek ἀφορισμός: aphorismos, denoting 'delimitation', 'distinction', and 'definition') is a concise, terse, laconic, or memorable expression of a general truth or principle. Aphorisms are often handed down by tradition from generation to generation.
The concept is generally distinct from those of an... | 0.783539 | 0.998641 | 0.782473 |
Value theory | Value theory is the systematic study of values. Also called axiology, it examines the nature, sources, and types of values. As a branch of philosophy, it has interdisciplinary applications in fields such as economics, sociology, anthropology, and psychology.
Value is the worth of something, usually understood as a deg... | 0.787305 | 0.993386 | 0.782098 |
Philosophy of psychology | Philosophy of psychology is concerned with the history and foundations of psychology. It deals with both epistemological and ontological issues and shares interests with other fields, including philosophy of mind and theoretical psychology. Philosophical and theoretical psychology are intimately tied and are therefore ... | 0.797676 | 0.980153 | 0.781845 |
Theology | Theology is the study of religious belief from a religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing the supernatural, but also deals with religious epistemology, asks and... | 0.782921 | 0.998506 | 0.781751 |
Philosophy and literature | Philosophy and literature involves the literary treatment of philosophers and philosophical themes (the literature of philosophy), and the philosophical treatment of issues raised by literature (the philosophy of literature).
The philosophy of literature, a subset of aesthetics, examines the nature of art and the sign... | 0.797574 | 0.979857 | 0.781508 |
Constructivism (philosophy of science) | Constructivism is a view in the philosophy of science that maintains that scientific knowledge is constructed by the scientific community, which seeks to measure and construct models of the natural world. According to constructivists, natural science consists of mental constructs that aim to explain sensory experiences... | 0.794906 | 0.98307 | 0.781448 |
Jurisprudence | Jurisprudence, also known as theory of law or philosophy of law, is the examination in a general perspective of what law is and what it ought to be. It investigates issues such as the definition of law; legal validity; legal norms and values; as well as the relationship between law and other fields of study, including ... | 0.782631 | 0.998261 | 0.78127 |
Platonism | Platonism is the philosophy of Plato and philosophical systems closely derived from it, though contemporary Platonists do not necessarily accept all doctrines of Plato. Platonism has had a profound effect on Western thought. At the most fundamental level, Platonism affirms the existence of abstract objects, which are a... | 0.782813 | 0.998017 | 0.78126 |
Semantics | Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning. It examines what meaning is, how words get their meaning, and how the meaning of a complex expression depends on its parts. Part of this process involves the distinction between sense and reference. Sense is given by the ideas and concepts associated with an expression whil... | 0.781964 | 0.998911 | 0.781113 |
Reflexivity (social theory) | In epistemology, and more specifically, the sociology of knowledge, reflexivity refers to circular relationships between cause and effect, especially as embedded in human belief structures. A reflexive relationship is multi-directional when the causes and the effects affect the reflexive agent in a layered or complex s... | 0.785374 | 0.994522 | 0.781072 |
Dogma | Dogma, in its broadest sense, is any belief held definitively and without the possibility of reform. It may be in the form of an official system of principles or doctrines of a religion, such as Judaism, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, or Islam, the positions of a philosopher or philosophical school, such as Stoicism... | 0.782444 | 0.997828 | 0.780744 |
Truth | Truth or verity is the property of being in accord with fact or reality. In everyday language, it is typically ascribed to things that aim to represent reality or otherwise correspond to it, such as beliefs, propositions, and declarative sentences.
Truth is usually held to be the opposite of false statement. The conce... | 0.782136 | 0.998006 | 0.780576 |
Idealism | Idealism in philosophy, also known as philosophical idealism or metaphysical idealism, is the set of metaphysical perspectives asserting that, most fundamentally, reality is equivalent to mind, spirit, or consciousness; that reality is entirely a mental construct; or that ideas are the highest type of reality or have t... | 0.781487 | 0.998806 | 0.780554 |
Gnosiology | Gnosiology ("study of knowledge") is "the philosophy of knowledge and cognition". In Italian, Soviet and post-Soviet philosophy, the word is often used as a synonym for epistemology. The term is also currently used in regard to Eastern Christianity.
Etymology
The term is derived from the Ancient Greek words gnosis ("k... | 0.789118 | 0.989111 | 0.780525 |
Metaethics | In metaphilosophy and ethics, metaethics is the study of the nature, scope, and meaning of moral judgment. It is one of the three branches of ethics generally studied by philosophers, the others being normative ethics (questions of how one ought to be and act) and applied ethics (practical questions of right behavior i... | 0.783242 | 0.996048 | 0.780147 |
Universality (philosophy) | In philosophy, universality or absolutism is the idea that universal facts exist and can be progressively discovered, as opposed to relativism, which asserts that all facts are relative to one's perspective. Absolutism and relativism have been explored at length in contemporary analytic philosophy.
Also see Kantian an... | 0.791153 | 0.985887 | 0.779988 |
History of philosophy | The history of philosophy is the systematic study of the development of philosophical thought. It focuses on philosophy as rational inquiry based on argumentation, but some theorists also include myth, religious traditions, and proverbial lore.
Western philosophy originated with an inquiry into the fundamental nature ... | 0.782398 | 0.996868 | 0.779948 |
Declarative knowledge | Declarative knowledge is an awareness of facts that can be expressed using declarative sentences. It is also called theoretical knowledge, descriptive knowledge, propositional knowledge, and knowledge-that. It is not restricted to one specific use or purpose and can be stored in books or on computers.
Epistemology is ... | 0.781984 | 0.997322 | 0.779891 |
Contextualism | Contextualism, also known as epistemic contextualism, is a family of views in philosophy which emphasize the context in which an action, utterance, or expression occurs. Proponents of contextualism argue that, in some important respect, the action, utterance, or expression can only be understood relative to that contex... | 0.792146 | 0.98426 | 0.779677 |
Existentialism | Existentialism is a family of views and forms of philosophical inquiry that explore the existence of the human individual and conclude that, despite the absurdity or incomprehensibility of the universe, individuals must still embrace responsibility for their actions and strive to lead authentic lives. In examining mean... | 0.7798 | 0.999731 | 0.779591 |
A priori and a posteriori | ('from the earlier') and ('from the later') are Latin phrases used in philosophy to distinguish types of knowledge, justification, or argument by their reliance on experience. knowledge is independent from any experience. Examples include mathematics, tautologies and deduction from pure reason. knowledge depends on ... | 0.781094 | 0.998072 | 0.779588 |
Philosophical realism | Philosophical realism – usually not treated as a position of its own but as a stance towards other subject matters – is the view that a certain kind of thing (ranging widely from abstract objects like numbers to moral statements to the physical world itself) has mind-independent existence, i.e. that it exists even in t... | 0.78339 | 0.994898 | 0.779394 |
Logic | Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the study of deductively valid inferences or logical truths. It examines how conclusions follow from premises based on the structure of arguments alone, independent of their topic and content. Informal logic is associat... | 0.779538 | 0.999569 | 0.779202 |
Epistemic theories of truth | In philosophy and epistemology, epistemic theories of truth are attempts to analyze the notion of truth in terms of epistemic notions such as knowledge, belief, acceptance, verification, justification, and perspective.
A variety of such conceptions can be classified into verificationist theories, perspectivist or rel... | 0.810141 | 0.961725 | 0.779133 |
Pedagogy | Pedagogy, most commonly understood as the approach to teaching, is the theory and practice of learning, and how this process influences, and is influenced by, the social, political, and psychological development of learners. Pedagogy, taken as an academic discipline, is the study of how knowledge and skills are imparte... | 0.779083 | 0.999131 | 0.778406 |
Aporia | In philosophy, an aporia is a conundrum or state of puzzlement. In rhetoric, it is a declaration of doubt, made for rhetorical purpose and often feigned.
Philosophy
In philosophy, an aporia is a philosophical puzzle or a seemingly irresoluble impasse in an inquiry, often arising as a result of equally plausible yet in... | 0.782542 | 0.994711 | 0.778403 |
Applied ontology | Applied ontology is the application of Ontology for practical purposes. This can involve employing ontological methods or resources to specific domains,
such as management, relationships, biomedicine, information science or geography. Alternatively, applied ontology can aim more generally at developing improved method... | 0.801775 | 0.97051 | 0.778131 |
Intellectualism | Intellectualism is the mental perspective that emphasizes the use, development, and exercise of the intellect, and is identified with the life of the mind of the intellectual. In the field of philosophy, the term intellectualism indicates one of two ways of critically thinking about the character of the world: (i) rati... | 0.786344 | 0.989458 | 0.778054 |
Posthumanism | Posthumanism or post-humanism (meaning "after humanism" or "beyond humanism") is an idea in continental philosophy and critical theory responding to the presence of anthropocentrism in 21st-century thought. Posthumanization comprises "those processes by which a society comes to include members other than 'natural' biol... | 0.781209 | 0.995869 | 0.777982 |
Methodology | In its most common sense, methodology is the study of research methods. However, the term can also refer to the methods themselves or to the philosophical discussion of associated background assumptions. A method is a structured procedure for bringing about a certain goal, like acquiring knowledge or verifying knowledg... | 0.779233 | 0.998144 | 0.777787 |
Epistemic democracy | Epistemic democracy refers to a range of views in political science and philosophy which see the value of democracy as based, at least in part, on its ability to make good or correct decisions. Epistemic democrats believe that the legitimacy or justification of democratic government should not be exclusively based on t... | 0.798574 | 0.973881 | 0.777716 |
Discourse | Discourse is a generalization of the notion of a conversation to any form of communication. Discourse is a major topic in social theory, with work spanning fields such as sociology, anthropology, continental philosophy, and discourse analysis. Following pioneering work by Michel Foucault, these fields view discourse as... | 0.780498 | 0.995315 | 0.776841 |
Philosophy of biology | The philosophy of biology is a subfield of philosophy of science, which deals with epistemological, metaphysical, and ethical issues in the biological and biomedical sciences. Although philosophers of science and philosophers generally have long been interested in biology (e.g., Aristotle, Descartes, and Kant), philoso... | 0.796746 | 0.974958 | 0.776793 |
Theory | A theory is a rational type of abstract thinking about a phenomenon, or the results of such thinking. The process of contemplative and rational thinking is often associated with such processes as observational study or research. Theories may be scientific, belong to a non-scientific discipline, or no discipline at all.... | 0.778408 | 0.997831 | 0.77672 |
Basic research | Basic research, also called pure research, fundamental research, basic science, or pure science, is a type of scientific research with the aim of improving scientific theories for better understanding and prediction of natural or other phenomena. In contrast, applied research uses scientific theories to develop techno... | 0.780057 | 0.995632 | 0.77665 |
Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy) | The distinction between subjectivity and objectivity is a basic idea of philosophy, particularly epistemology and metaphysics. The understanding of this distinction has evolved through the work of countless philosophers over the centuries. There are many different definitions that have been employed to compare and cont... | 0.779377 | 0.995986 | 0.776248 |
Scientism | Scientism is the belief that science and the scientific method are the best or only way to render truth about the world and reality.
While the term was defined originally to mean "methods and attitudes typical of or attributed to natural scientists", some scholars, as well as political and religious leaders, have also... | 0.779809 | 0.995246 | 0.776102 |
Enculturation | Enculturation is the process by which people learn the dynamics of their surrounding culture and acquire values and norms appropriate or necessary to that culture and its worldviews.
Definition and history of research
The term enculturation was used first by sociologist of science Harry Collins to describe one of t... | 0.783846 | 0.990046 | 0.776044 |
Nyaya | Nyāya (Sanskrit:न्यायः, IAST:'nyāyaḥ'), literally meaning "justice", "rules", "method" or "judgment", is one of the six orthodox (Āstika) schools of Hindu philosophy. Nyāya's most significant contributions to Indian philosophy were systematic development of the theory of logic, methodology, and its treatises on epistem... | 0.779889 | 0.994795 | 0.77583 |
Virtue ethics | Virtue ethics (also aretaic ethics, from Greek []) is a philosophical approach that treats virtue and character as the primary subjects of ethics, in contrast to other ethical systems that put consequences of voluntary acts, principles or rules of conduct, or obedience to divine authority in the primary role.
Virtue ... | 0.776927 | 0.998527 | 0.775782 |
Value (ethics and social sciences) | In ethics and social sciences, value denotes the degree of importance of some thing or action, with the aim of determining which actions are best to do or what way is best to live (normative ethics in ethics), or to describe the significance of different actions. Value systems are proscriptive and prescriptive beliefs;... | 0.777923 | 0.997074 | 0.775647 |
Environmental philosophy | Environmental philosophy is the branch of philosophy that is concerned with the natural environment and humans' place within it. It asks crucial questions about human environmental relations such as "What do we mean when we talk about nature?" "What is the value of the natural, that is non-human environment to us, or i... | 0.784448 | 0.988601 | 0.775505 |
Wisdom | Wisdom (sapience, sagacity) is the use of one's knowledge and experience to make good judgements. Wisdom is the interpretating and understanding of knowledge that leads to greater insight (e.g., common sense). Wisdom is a pragmatic kind of "praxis (process)" where one is constantly using metacognition.
Overview
The ... | 0.777262 | 0.997565 | 0.77537 |
Formal semantics (natural language) | Formal semantics is the study of grammatical meaning in natural languages using formal concepts from logic, mathematics and theoretical computer science. It is an interdisciplinary field, sometimes regarded as a subfield of both linguistics and philosophy of language. It provides accounts of what linguistic expressions... | 0.78736 | 0.984767 | 0.775366 |
Epistemological pluralism | Epistemological pluralism is a term used in philosophy, economics, and virtually any field of study to refer to different ways of knowing things, different epistemological methodologies for attaining a fuller description of a particular field. A particular form of epistemological pluralism is dualism, for example, the ... | 0.807781 | 0.959507 | 0.775072 |
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