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Anamnesis (philosophy) | In Plato's theory of epistemology, anamnesis (; ) refers to the recollection of innate knowledge acquired before birth. The concept posits the claim that learning involves the act of rediscovering knowledge from within oneself. This stands in contrast to the opposing doctrine known as empiricism, which posits that all ... | 0.775941 | 0.98898 | 0.76739 |
Epicurean paradox | The Epicurus paradox is a logical dilemma about the problem of evil attributed to the Greek philosopher Epicurus, who argued against the existence of a god who is simultaneously omniscient, omnipotent, and omnibenevolent.
The paradox
The logic of the paradox proposed by Epicurus takes three possible characteristics o... | 0.770881 | 0.995412 | 0.767344 |
Post-truth | Post-truth is a term that refers to the widespread documentation of, and concern about, disputes over public truth claims in the 21st century. The term's academic development refers to the theories and research that explain the specific causes historically, and the effects of the phenomenon. Oxford Dictionaries popular... | 0.771898 | 0.993898 | 0.767188 |
Equivocation | In logic, equivocation ("calling two different things by the same name") is an informal fallacy resulting from the use of a particular word or expression in multiple senses within an argument.
It is a type of ambiguity that stems from a phrase having two or more distinct meanings, not from the grammar or structure of ... | 0.774355 | 0.990721 | 0.76717 |
Quantitative research | Quantitative research is a research strategy that focuses on quantifying the collection and analysis of data. It is formed from a deductive approach where emphasis is placed on the testing of theory, shaped by empiricist and positivist philosophies.
Associated with the natural, applied, formal, and social sciences thi... | 0.768509 | 0.998116 | 0.767061 |
Thomism | Thomism is the philosophical and theological school which arose as a legacy of the work and thought of Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), the Dominican philosopher, theologian, and Doctor of the Church.
In philosophy, Thomas's disputed questions and commentaries on Aristotle are perhaps his best-known works. In theology, his... | 0.769722 | 0.996374 | 0.766931 |
Experimentalism | Experimentalism is the philosophical belief that the way to truth is through experiments and empiricism. It is also associated with instrumentalism, the belief that truth should be evaluated based upon its demonstrated usefulness. Experimentalism is considered a theory of knowledge that emphasizes direct action and sci... | 0.803551 | 0.954426 | 0.76693 |
State of nature | In ethics, political philosophy, social contract theory, religion, and international law, the term state of nature describes the hypothetical way of life that existed before humans organised themselves into societies or civilizations. Philosophers of the state of nature theory propose that there was a historical period... | 0.770738 | 0.995035 | 0.766911 |
Moral skepticism | Moral skepticism (or moral scepticism in British English) is a class of meta-ethical theories all members of which entail that no one has any moral knowledge. Many moral skeptics also make the stronger, modal claim that moral knowledge is impossible. Moral skepticism is particularly opposed to moral realism: the view ... | 0.782624 | 0.979916 | 0.766906 |
Anthroposophy | Anthroposophy is a spiritual new religious movement which was founded in the early 20th century by the esotericist Rudolf Steiner that postulates the existence of an objective, intellectually comprehensible spiritual world, accessible to human experience. Followers of anthroposophy aim to engage in spiritual discovery ... | 0.767854 | 0.99864 | 0.76681 |
Decoloniality | Decoloniality is a school of thought that aims to delink from Eurocentric knowledge hierarchies and ways of being in the world in order to enable other forms of existence on Earth. It critiques the perceived universality of Western knowledge and the superiority of Western culture, including the systems and institutions... | 0.774184 | 0.990284 | 0.766661 |
Arbitrariness | Arbitrariness is the quality of being "determined by chance, whim, or impulse, and not by necessity, reason, or principle". It is also used to refer to a choice made without any specific criterion or restraint.
Arbitrary decisions are not necessarily the same as random decisions. For example, during the 1973 oil crisi... | 0.781284 | 0.981262 | 0.766644 |
Antipositivism | In social science, antipositivism (also interpretivism, negativism or antinaturalism) is a theoretical stance which proposes that the social realm cannot be studied with the methods of investigation utilized within the natural sciences, and that investigation of the social realm requires a different epistemology. Funda... | 0.773373 | 0.991156 | 0.766533 |
Social theory | Social theories are analytical frameworks, or paradigms, that are used to study and interpret social phenomena. A tool used by social scientists, social theories relate to historical debates over the validity and reliability of different methodologies (e.g. positivism and antipositivism), the primacy of either structur... | 0.771452 | 0.993545 | 0.766473 |
Rights | Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory. Rights are an important concept in law and ethics, especially theories of... | 0.768012 | 0.99792 | 0.766415 |
Quietism (philosophy) | Quietism in philosophy sees the role of philosophy as broadly therapeutic or remedial. Quietist philosophers believe that philosophy has no positive thesis to contribute; rather, it defuses confusions in the linguistic and conceptual frameworks of other subjects, including non-quietist philosophy. For quietists, advanc... | 0.77255 | 0.992034 | 0.766396 |
Logic and rationality | As the study of argument is of clear importance to the reasons that we hold things to be true, logic is of essential importance to rationality. Arguments may be logical if they are "conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity", while they are rational according to the broader requirement that they ... | 0.788985 | 0.971329 | 0.766364 |
Modal verb | A modal verb is a type of verb that contextually indicates a modality such as a likelihood, ability, permission, request, capacity, suggestion, order, obligation, necessity, possibility or advice. Modal verbs generally accompany the base (infinitive) form of another verb having semantic content. In English, the modal ... | 0.767982 | 0.997865 | 0.766342 |
Instrumentalism | In philosophy of science and in epistemology, instrumentalism is a methodological view that ideas are useful instruments, and that the worth of an idea is based on how effective it is in explaining and predicting natural phenomena.
According to instrumentalists, a successful scientific theory reveals nothing known eith... | 0.775227 | 0.988518 | 0.766326 |
Religious naturalism | Religious naturalism is a framework for religious orientation in which a naturalist worldview is used to respond to types of questions and aspirations that are parts of many religions. It has been described as "a perspective that finds religious meaning in the natural world."
Religious naturalism can be considered int... | 0.778198 | 0.984567 | 0.766188 |
Philosophical analysis | Philosophical analysis is any of various techniques, typically used by philosophers in the analytic tradition, in order to "break down" (i.e. analyze) philosophical issues. Arguably the most prominent of these techniques is the analysis of concepts, known as conceptual analysis.
Method of analysis
While analysis is ch... | 0.781289 | 0.980589 | 0.766123 |
Metonymy | Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept.
Etymology
The words metonymy and metonym come ; , a suffix that names figures of speech, .
Background
Metonymy and related figures of speech are common in everyday speech and writin... | 0.766923 | 0.998888 | 0.766071 |
Pragmatic theory of truth | A pragmatic theory of truth is a theory of truth within the philosophies of pragmatism and pragmaticism. Pragmatic theories of truth were first posited by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and John Dewey. The common features of these theories are a reliance on the pragmatic maxim as a means of clarifying the meani... | 0.776828 | 0.986074 | 0.76601 |
Western philosophy | Western philosophy refers to the philosophical thought, traditions and works of the Western world. Historically, the term refers to the philosophical thinking of Western culture, beginning with the ancient Greek philosophy of the pre-Socratics. The word philosophy itself originated from the Ancient Greek (φιλοσοφία), ... | 0.767124 | 0.998485 | 0.765962 |
Ataraxia | In Ancient Greek philosophy, (Greek: , from indicating negation or absence and with the abstract noun suffix ), generally translated as , , , or , is a lucid state of robust equanimity characterized by ongoing freedom from distress and worry. In non-philosophical usage, was the ideal mental state for soldiers ent... | 0.768605 | 0.996397 | 0.765836 |
Hobbes's moral and political philosophy | Thomas Hobbes’s moral and political philosophy is constructed around the basic premise of social and political order, explaining how humans should live in peace under a sovereign power so as to avoid conflict within the ‘state of nature’. Hobbes’s moral philosophy and political philosophy are intertwined; his moral tho... | 0.780513 | 0.981165 | 0.765812 |
Phenomenology (philosophy) | Phenomenology is a philosophical study and movement largely associated with the early 20th century that seeks to objectively investigate the nature of subjective, conscious experience. It attempts to describe the universal features of consciousness while avoiding assumptions about the external world, aiming to describe... | 0.766532 | 0.998981 | 0.765751 |
Interdisciplinarity | Interdisciplinarity or interdisciplinary studies involves the combination of multiple academic disciplines into one activity (e.g., a research project). It draws knowledge from several fields like sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics, etc. It is related to an interdiscipline or an interdisciplinary field, whi... | 0.768137 | 0.996882 | 0.765742 |
Existence | Existence is the state of having being or reality in contrast to nonexistence and nonbeing. Existence is often contrasted with essence: the essence of an entity is its essential features or qualities, which can be understood even if one does not know whether the entity exists.
Ontology is the philosophical discipline ... | 0.766823 | 0.998527 | 0.765694 |
Scholasticism | Scholasticism was a medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical organic method of philosophical analysis predicated upon Aristotelianism and the Ten Categories. Christian scholasticism emerged within the monastic schools that translated scholastic Judeo-Islamic philosophies, and "rediscovered" the collected... | 0.767249 | 0.997953 | 0.765678 |
Intellect | In the study of the human mind, intellect is the ability of the human mind to reach correct conclusions about what is true and what is false in reality; and includes capacities such as reasoning, conceiving, judging, and relating. Translated from the Ancient Greek philosophical concept nous, intellect derived from the ... | 0.771517 | 0.992429 | 0.765676 |
Truism | A truism is a claim that is so obvious or self-evident as to be hardly worth mentioning, except as a reminder or as a rhetorical or literary device, and is the opposite of falsism.
In philosophy, a sentence which asserts incomplete truth conditions for a proposition may be regarded as a truism. An example of such a se... | 0.775487 | 0.987315 | 0.76565 |
Anapodoton | An anapodoton (from Ancient Greek anapódoton: "that which lacks an apodosis, that is, the consequential clause in a conditional sentence), plural anapodota, is a rhetorical device related to the anacoluthon; both involve a thought being interrupted or discontinued before it is fully expressed. It is a figure of speech... | 0.768093 | 0.996782 | 0.765621 |
Human condition | The human condition can be defined as the characteristics and key events of human life, including birth, learning, emotion, aspiration, reason, morality, conflict, and death. This is a very broad topic that has been and continues to be pondered and analyzed from many perspectives, including those of art, biology, liter... | 0.767401 | 0.997638 | 0.765588 |
Descriptive ethics | Descriptive ethics, also known as comparative ethics, is the study of people's beliefs about morality. It contrasts with prescriptive or normative ethics, which is the study of ethical theories that prescribe how people ought to act, and with meta-ethics, which is the study of what ethical terms and theories actually r... | 0.775785 | 0.986779 | 0.765528 |
Nature conservation | Nature conservation is the moral philosophy and conservation movement focused on protecting species from extinction, maintaining and restoring habitats, enhancing ecosystem services, and protecting biological diversity. A range of values underlie conservation, which can be guided by biocentrism, anthropocentrism, ecoce... | 0.770053 | 0.994076 | 0.765491 |
Reification (fallacy) | Reification (also known as concretism, hypostatization, or the fallacy of misplaced concreteness) is a fallacy of ambiguity, when an abstraction (abstract belief or hypothetical construct) is treated as if it were a concrete real event or physical entity.
In other words, it is the error of treating something that is no... | 0.770577 | 0.993398 | 0.76549 |
Ad hoc | Ad hoc is a Latin phrase meaning literally for this. In English, it typically signifies a solution designed for a specific purpose, problem, or task rather than a generalized solution adaptable to collateral instances (compare with a priori).
Common examples include ad hoc committees and commissions created at the nat... | 0.76694 | 0.998085 | 0.765471 |
Agrarianism | Agrarianism is a social and political philosophy that advocates for a return to subsistence agriculture, family farming, widespread property ownership, and political decentralization. Those who adhere to agrarianism tend to value traditional forms of local community over urban modernity. Agrarian political parties some... | 0.767539 | 0.997285 | 0.765455 |
Moral realism | Moral realism (also ethical realism) is the position that ethical sentences express propositions that refer to objective features of the world (that is, features independent of subjective opinion), some of which may be true to the extent that they report those features accurately. This makes moral realism a non-nihilis... | 0.771841 | 0.991718 | 0.765449 |
Greek words for love | Ancient Greek philosophy differentiates main conceptual forms and distinct words for the Modern English word love: agápē, érōs, philía, philautía, storgē, and xenía.
List of concepts
Though there are more Greek words for love, variants and possibly subcategories, a general summary considering these Ancient Greek conce... | 0.767272 | 0.997574 | 0.76541 |
Scholarly method | The scholarly method or scholarship is the body of principles and practices used by scholars and academics to make their claims about their subjects of expertise as valid and trustworthy as possible, and to make them known to the scholarly public. It comprises the methods that systemically advance the teaching, researc... | 0.772537 | 0.99055 | 0.765236 |
Justification (epistemology) | Justification (also called epistemic justification) is a property of beliefs that fulfill certain norms about what a person should believe. Epistemologists often identify justification as a component of knowledge distinguishing it from mere true opinion. They study the reasons why someone holds a belief. Epistemologist... | 0.772027 | 0.991145 | 0.765191 |
Tinbergen's four questions | Tinbergen's four questions, named after 20th century biologist Nikolaas Tinbergen, are complementary categories of explanations for animal behaviour. These are also commonly referred to as levels of analysis. It suggests that an integrative understanding of behaviour must include ultimate (evolutionary) explanations, ... | 0.778483 | 0.982909 | 0.765178 |
Social epistemology | Social epistemology refers to a broad set of approaches that can be taken in epistemology (the study of knowledge) that construes human knowledge as a collective achievement. Another way of characterizing social epistemology is as the evaluation of the social dimensions of knowledge or information.
As a field of inqu... | 0.780775 | 0.980017 | 0.765173 |
Conceptual model | The term conceptual model refers to any model that is formed after a conceptualization or generalization process. Conceptual models are often abstractions of things in the real world, whether physical or social. Semantic studies are relevant to various stages of concept formation. Semantics is fundamentally a study of ... | 0.769299 | 0.994567 | 0.76512 |
Potentiality and actuality | In philosophy, potentiality and actuality are a pair of closely connected principles which Aristotle used to analyze motion, causality, ethics, and physiology in his Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, and De Anima.
The concept of potentiality, in this context, generally refers to any "possibility" that a thing ... | 0.771072 | 0.992251 | 0.765097 |
Relevance | Relevance is the concept of one topic being connected to another topic in a way that makes it useful to consider the second topic when considering the first. The concept of relevance is studied in many different fields, including cognitive sciences, logic, and library and information science. Most fundamentally, howeve... | 0.775954 | 0.986005 | 0.765095 |
Genetic epistemology | Genetic epistemology or 'developmental theory of knowledge' is a study of the origins (genesis) of knowledge (epistemology) established by Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget. This theory opposes traditional epistemology and unites constructivism and structuralism. Piaget took epistemology as the starting point and adopted ... | 0.779974 | 0.980867 | 0.76505 |
Ordinary language philosophy | Ordinary language philosophy (OLP) is a philosophical methodology that sees traditional philosophical problems as rooted in misunderstandings philosophers develop by distorting or forgetting how words are ordinarily used to convey meaning in non-philosophical contexts. "Such 'philosophical' uses of language, on this vi... | 0.7758 | 0.986115 | 0.765028 |
Anti-foundationalism | Anti-foundationalism (also called nonfoundationalism) is any philosophy which rejects a foundationalist approach. An anti-foundationalist is one who does not believe that there is some fundamental belief or principle which is the basic ground or foundation of inquiry and knowledge.
Anti-foundationalism can be metaphys... | 0.778978 | 0.982003 | 0.764959 |
Constructivism (philosophy of education) | Constructivism in education is a theory that suggests that learners do not passively acquire knowledge through direct instruction. Instead, they construct their understanding through experiences and social interaction, integrating new information with their existing knowledge. This theory originates from Swiss developm... | 0.766693 | 0.997562 | 0.764824 |
Philosophical pessimism | Philosophical pessimism is a family of philosophical views that assign a negative value to life or existence. Philosophical pessimists commonly argue that the world contains an empirical prevalence of pains over pleasures, that existence is ontologically or metaphysically adverse to living beings, and that life is fund... | 0.768375 | 0.995365 | 0.764813 |
Moral constructivism | Moral constructivism or ethical constructivism is a view both in meta-ethics and normative ethics.
Metaethical constructivism holds that correctness of moral judgments, principles and values is determined by being the result of a suitable constructivist procedure. In other words, normative values are not something dis... | 0.79921 | 0.956957 | 0.76481 |
Equifinality | Equifinality is the principle that in open systems a given end state can be reached by many potential means. The term and concept is due to the German Hans Driesch, the developmental biologist, later applied by the Austrian Ludwig von Bertalanffy, the founder of general systems theory, and by William T. Powers, the fou... | 0.783934 | 0.975139 | 0.764445 |
Convergent thinking | Convergent thinking is a term coined by Joy Paul Guilford as the opposite of divergent thinking. It generally means the ability to give the "correct" answer to questions that do not require novel ideas, for instance on standardized multiple-choice tests for intelligence.
Relevance
Convergent thinking is the type of ... | 0.775949 | 0.985061 | 0.764357 |
Monism | Monism attributes oneness or singleness to a concept, such as to existence. Various kinds of monism can be distinguished:
Priority monism states that all existing things go back to a source that is distinct from them; e.g., in Neoplatonism everything is derived from The One. In this view only the One is ontologically ... | 0.765443 | 0.998462 | 0.764266 |
The Order of Things | The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (Les Mots et les Choses: Une archéologie des sciences humaines) is a book by French philosopher Michel Foucault. It proposes that every historical period has underlying epistemic assumptions, ways of thinking, which determine what is truth and what is acceptable... | 0.770313 | 0.992089 | 0.76422 |
Degrowth | Degrowth is an academic and social movement critical of the concept of growth in gross domestic product as a measure of human and economic development. The idea of degrowth is based on ideas and research from economic anthropology, ecological economics, environmental sciences, and development studies. It argues that mo... | 0.766595 | 0.996878 | 0.764202 |
Ethical naturalism | Ethical naturalism (also called moral naturalism or naturalistic cognitivistic definism) is the meta-ethical view which claims that:
Ethical sentences express propositions.
Some such propositions are true.
Those propositions are made true by objective features of the world.
These moral features of the world are re... | 0.777289 | 0.983062 | 0.764123 |
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding | An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding is a book by the Scottish empiricist philosopher David Hume, published in English in 1748 under the title Philosophical Essays Concerning Human Understanding until a 1757 edition came up with the now-familiar name. It was a revision of an earlier effort, Hume's A Treatise of Hu... | 0.773819 | 0.987463 | 0.764117 |
Culture | Culture is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, attitude, and habits of the individuals in these groups. Culture is often originated from or attributed to a specific region or location.
Hu... | 0.764458 | 0.99951 | 0.764083 |
Neopragmatism | Neopragmatism is a variant of pragmatism that infers that the meaning of words is a result of how they are used, rather than the objects they represent.
The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy (2004) defines "neo-pragmatism" as "A postmodern version of pragmatism developed by the American philosopher Richard Ro... | 0.775854 | 0.984664 | 0.763955 |
Validity (statistics) | Validity is the main extent to which a concept, conclusion, or measurement is well-founded and likely corresponds accurately to the real world. The word "valid" is derived from the Latin validus, meaning strong. The validity of a measurement tool (for example, a test in education) is the degree to which the tool measur... | 0.770071 | 0.99205 | 0.763949 |
Modality (semantics) | In linguistics and philosophy, modality refers to the ways language can express various relationships to reality or truth. For instance, a modal expression may convey that something is likely, desirable, or permissible. Quintessential modal expressions include modal auxiliaries such as "could", "should", or "must"; mod... | 0.773427 | 0.987667 | 0.763888 |
Semiotics | Semiotics is the systematic study of sign processes and the communication of meaning. In semiotics, a sign is defined as anything that communicates intentional and unintentional meaning or feelings to the sign's interpreter.
Semiosis is any activity, conduct, or process that involves signs. Signs can be communicated t... | 0.764521 | 0.999135 | 0.76386 |
Perennial philosophy | The perennial philosophy, also referred to as perennialism and perennial wisdom, is a school of thought in philosophy and spirituality which posits that the recurrence of common themes across world religions illuminates universal truths about the nature of reality, humanity, ethics, and consciousness. Some perennialist... | 0.765375 | 0.997997 | 0.763842 |
Toponymy | Toponymy, toponymics, or toponomastics is the study of toponyms (proper names of places, also known as place names and geographic names), including their origins, meanings, usage and types. Toponym is the general term for a proper name of any geographical feature, and full scope of the term also includes proper names o... | 0.766922 | 0.995912 | 0.763787 |
Philomath | A philomath is a lover of learning and studying.
The term is from Greek (; "beloved", "loving", as in philosophy or philanthropy) and , (, ; "to learn", as in polymath).
Philomathy is similar to, but distinguished from, philosophy in that , the latter suffix, specifies "wisdom" or "knowledge", rather than the proce... | 0.772361 | 0.988882 | 0.763774 |
Feasibility study | A feasibility study is an assessment of the practicality of a project or system. A feasibility study aims to objectively and rationally uncover the strengths and weaknesses of an existing business or proposed venture, opportunities and threats present in the natural environment, the resources required to carry through,... | 0.767838 | 0.994424 | 0.763557 |
Casuistry | Casuistry is a process of reasoning that seeks to resolve moral problems by extracting or extending abstract rules from a particular case, and reapplying those rules to new instances. This method occurs in applied ethics and jurisprudence. The term is also used pejoratively to criticise the use of clever but unsound re... | 0.768048 | 0.994105 | 0.76352 |
Epistemic modality | Epistemic modality is a sub-type of linguistic modality that encompasses knowledge, belief, or credence in a proposition. Epistemic modality is exemplified by the English modals may, might, must. However, it occurs cross-linguistically, encoded in a wide variety of lexical items and grammatical structures. Epistemic mo... | 0.784433 | 0.973105 | 0.763336 |
Analytical skill | Analytical skill is the ability to deconstruct information into smaller categories in order to draw conclusions. Analytical skill consists of categories that include logical reasoning, critical thinking, communication, research, data analysis and creativity. Analytical skill is taught in contemporary education with the... | 0.770243 | 0.990803 | 0.763159 |
Law of three stages | The law of three stages is an idea developed by Auguste Comte in his work The Course in Positive Philosophy. It states that society as a whole, and each particular science, develops through three mentally conceived stages: (1) the theological stage, (2) the metaphysical stage, and (3) the positive stage.
The progressi... | 0.766462 | 0.995598 | 0.763088 |
Research | Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization, and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error. These activities are characterized by a... | 0.763674 | 0.999219 | 0.763078 |
Mīmāṃsā | Mīmāṁsā (Sanskrit: मीमांसा; IAST: Mīmāṃsā) is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts ... | 0.768143 | 0.993155 | 0.762885 |
Ableism | Ableism (; also known as ablism, disablism (British English), anapirophobia, anapirism, and disability discrimination) is discrimination and social prejudice against people with physical or mental disabilities (see also Sanism). Ableism characterizes people as they are defined by their disabilities and it also classifi... | 0.764406 | 0.997928 | 0.762822 |
Law of thought | The laws of thought are fundamental axiomatic rules upon which rational discourse itself is often considered to be based. The formulation and clarification of such rules have a long tradition in the history of philosophy and logic. Generally they are taken as laws that guide and underlie everyone's thinking, thoughts,... | 0.76618 | 0.995573 | 0.762788 |
Verificationism | Verificationism, also known as the verification principle or the verifiability criterion of meaning, is a doctrine in philosophy which asserts that a statement is meaningful only if it is either empirically verifiable (can be confirmed through the senses) or a tautology (true by virtue of its own meaning or its own log... | 0.770633 | 0.989708 | 0.762701 |
Wissenschaft | Wissenschaft ( "knowledgeship") is a German-language term that embraces scholarship, research, study, higher education, and academia. Wissenschaft translates exactly into many other languages, e.g. vetenskap in Swedish or nauka in Polish, but there is no exact translation in modern English. The common translation to sc... | 0.783442 | 0.973425 | 0.762622 |
Teleology | Teleology (from , and ) or finality is a branch of causality giving the reason or an explanation for something as a function of its end, its purpose, or its goal, as opposed to as a function of its cause. James Wood, in his Nuttall Encyclopaedia, explained the meaning of teleology as "the doctrine of final causes, part... | 0.763754 | 0.998433 | 0.762557 |
Dualism in cosmology | Dualism or dualistic cosmology is the moral or belief that two fundamental concepts exist, which often oppose each other. It is an umbrella term that covers a diversity of views from various religions, including both traditional religions and scriptural religions.
Moral dualism is the belief of the great complement of... | 0.765999 | 0.995369 | 0.762451 |
False dilemma | A false dilemma, also referred to as false dichotomy or false binary, is an informal fallacy based on a premise that erroneously limits what options are available. The source of the fallacy lies not in an invalid form of inference but in a false premise. This premise has the form of a disjunctive claim: it asserts that... | 0.765097 | 0.996404 | 0.762346 |
Elitism | Elitism is the notion that individuals who form an elite — a select group with desirable qualities such as intellect, wealth, power, physical attractiveness, notability, special skills, experience, lineage — are more likely to be constructive to society and deserve greater influence or authority. The term elitism may b... | 0.765733 | 0.995493 | 0.762282 |
Didactic method | A didactic method ( didáskein, "to teach") is a teaching method that follows a consistent scientific approach or educational style to present information to students. The didactic method of instruction is often contrasted with dialectics and the Socratic method; the term can also be used to refer to a specific didactic... | 0.768883 | 0.991336 | 0.762222 |
Epistemological idealism | Epistemological idealism is a subjectivist position in epistemology that holds that what one knows about an object exists only in one's mind. It is opposed to epistemological realism.
Overview
Epistemological idealism suggests that everything we experience and know is of a mental nature—sense data in philosophical jar... | 0.79609 | 0.957397 | 0.762175 |
Paradigm shift | A paradigm shift is a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline. It is a concept in the philosophy of science that was introduced and brought into the common lexicon by the American physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn. Even though Kuhn restricted the use of the ter... | 0.764179 | 0.997237 | 0.762068 |
Argument | An argument is a series of sentences, statements, or propositions some of which are called premises and one is the conclusion. The purpose of an argument is to give reasons for one's conclusion via justification, explanation, and/or persuasion.
Arguments are intended to determine or show the degree of truth or accepta... | 0.765032 | 0.996095 | 0.762045 |
Determinism | Determinism is the philosophical view that all events in the universe, including human decisions and actions, are causally inevitable. Deterministic theories throughout the history of philosophy have developed from diverse and sometimes overlapping motives and considerations. Like eternalism, determinism focuses on par... | 0.763163 | 0.99847 | 0.761995 |
Philosophical fiction | Philosophical fiction is any fiction that devotes a significant portion of its content to the sort of questions addressed by philosophy. It might explore any facet of the human condition, including the function and role of society, the nature and motivation of human acts, the purpose of life, ethics or morals, the role... | 0.769513 | 0.990208 | 0.761978 |
Nondualism | Nondualism includes a number of philosophical and spiritual traditions that emphasize the absence of fundamental duality or separation in existence. This viewpoint questions the boundaries conventionally imposed between self and other, mind and body, observer and observed, and other dichotomies that shape our perceptio... | 0.763755 | 0.997659 | 0.761967 |
Animalism (philosophy) | In the philosophical subdiscipline of ontology, animalism is a theory of personal identity that asserts that humans are animals. The concept of animalism is advocated by philosophers Eric T. Olson, Peter van Inwagen, Paul Snowdon, Stephan Blatti, David Hershenov and David Wiggins. The view stands in contrast to positio... | 0.777196 | 0.9804 | 0.761963 |
Pre-Socratic philosophy | Pre-Socratic philosophy, also known as Early Greek Philosophy, is ancient Greek philosophy before Socrates. Pre-Socratic philosophers were mostly interested in cosmology, the beginning and the substance of the universe, but the inquiries of these early philosophers spanned the workings of the natural world as well as h... | 0.764047 | 0.99727 | 0.761961 |
Regress argument (epistemology) | In epistemology, the regress argument is the argument that any proposition requires a justification. However, any justification itself requires support. This means that any proposition whatsoever can be endlessly (infinitely) questioned, resulting in infinite regress. It is a problem in epistemology and in any genera... | 0.774746 | 0.983487 | 0.761952 |
Naturalism (philosophy) | In philosophy, naturalism is the idea that only natural laws and forces (as opposed to supernatural ones) operate in the universe. In its primary sense, it is also known as ontological naturalism, metaphysical naturalism, pure naturalism, philosophical naturalism and antisupernaturalism. "Ontological" refers to ontol... | 0.763954 | 0.997334 | 0.761918 |
Feminist philosophy | Feminist philosophy is an approach to philosophy from a feminist perspective and also the employment of philosophical methods to feminist topics and questions. Feminist philosophy involves both reinterpreting philosophical texts and methods in order to supplement the feminist movement and attempts to criticise or re-ev... | 0.777985 | 0.979318 | 0.761895 |
Solipsism syndrome | Solipsism syndrome refers to a psychological state and condition in which a person feels that reality is not external to their mind. Periods of extended isolation may predispose people to this condition. In particular, the syndrome has been identified as a potential concern for individuals living in outer space for ext... | 0.770221 | 0.989175 | 0.761883 |
Conceptual framework | A conceptual framework is an analytical tool with several variations and contexts. It can be applied in different categories of work where an overall picture is needed. It is used to make conceptual distinctions and organize ideas. Strong conceptual frameworks capture something real and do this in a way that is easy to... | 0.76482 | 0.996126 | 0.761857 |
Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences) | Critical realism is a philosophical approach to understanding science, and in particular social science, initially developed by Roy Bhaskar (1944–2014). It specifically opposes forms of empiricism and positivism by viewing science as concerned with identifying causal mechanisms. In the last decades of the twentieth cen... | 0.770348 | 0.988932 | 0.761821 |
Noumenon | In philosophy, a noumenon (, ; from ; : noumena) is knowledge posited as an object that exists independently of human sense. The term noumenon is generally used in contrast with, or in relation to, the term phenomenon, which refers to any object of the senses. Immanuel Kant first developed the notion of the noumenon as... | 0.764383 | 0.996609 | 0.761791 |
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