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Paradigm shift | A paradigm shift is a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline. It is a concept in the philosophy of science that was introduced and brought into the common lexicon by the American physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn. Even though Kuhn restricted the use of the ter... | 0.784195 | 0.997237 | 0.782029 |
Physics of roller coasters | The physics of roller coasters comprises the mechanics that affect the design and operation of roller coasters, a machine that uses gravity and inertia to send a train of cars along a winding track. Gravity, inertia, g-forces, and centripetal acceleration give riders constantly changing forces which create certain sens... | 0.79911 | 0.978552 | 0.781971 |
Gravitational field | In physics, a gravitational field or gravitational acceleration field is a vector field used to explain the influences that a body extends into the space around itself. A gravitational field is used to explain gravitational phenomena, such as the gravitational force field exerted on another massive body. It has dimensi... | 0.78607 | 0.99472 | 0.78192 |
Bioenergetics | Bioenergetics is a field in biochemistry and cell biology that concerns energy flow through living systems. This is an active area of biological research that includes the study of the transformation of energy in living organisms and the study of thousands of different cellular processes such as cellular respiration an... | 0.789533 | 0.990302 | 0.781876 |
Linear motion | Linear motion, also called rectilinear motion, is one-dimensional motion along a straight line, and can therefore be described mathematically using only one spatial dimension. The linear motion can be of two types: uniform linear motion, with constant velocity (zero acceleration); and non-uniform linear motion, with va... | 0.786574 | 0.993634 | 0.781567 |
Inertial frame of reference | In classical physics and special relativity, an inertial frame of reference (also called inertial space, or Galilean reference frame) is a stationary or uniformly moving frame of reference. Observed relative to such a frame, objects exhibit inertia, i.e., remain at rest until acted upon by external forces, and the laws... | 0.78366 | 0.997098 | 0.781385 |
Statistical mechanics | In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applications include many problems in the fields of physics, biology, chemistry, neur... | 0.783361 | 0.997418 | 0.781339 |
Engine | An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one or more forms of energy into mechanical energy.
Available energy sources include potential energy (e.g. energy of the Earth's gravitational field as exploited in hydroelectric power generation), heat energy (e.g. geothermal), chemical energy, electric potential a... | 0.782156 | 0.998953 | 0.781337 |
Euler's laws of motion | In classical mechanics, Euler's laws of motion are equations of motion which extend Newton's laws of motion for point particle to rigid body motion. They were formulated by Leonhard Euler about 50 years after Isaac Newton formulated his laws.
Overview
Euler's first law
Euler's first law states that the rate of change... | 0.794512 | 0.983362 | 0.781293 |
Precession | Precession is a change in the orientation of the rotational axis of a rotating body. In an appropriate reference frame it can be defined as a change in the first Euler angle, whereas the third Euler angle defines the rotation itself. In other words, if the axis of rotation of a body is itself rotating about a second ax... | 0.784092 | 0.996331 | 0.781215 |
Quintessence (physics) | In physics, quintessence is a hypothetical form of dark energy, more precisely a scalar field, postulated as an explanation of the observation of an accelerating rate of expansion of the universe. The first example of this scenario was proposed by Ratra and Peebles (1988) and Wetterich (1988). The concept was expanded ... | 0.788175 | 0.990962 | 0.781052 |
Angular acceleration | In physics, angular acceleration (symbol α, alpha) is the time rate of change of angular velocity. Following the two types of angular velocity, spin angular velocity and orbital angular velocity, the respective types of angular acceleration are: spin angular acceleration, involving a rigid body about an axis of rotatio... | 0.785711 | 0.994061 | 0.781045 |
Time and motion study | A time and motion study (or time-motion study) is a business efficiency technique combining the Time Study work of Frederick Winslow Taylor with the Motion Study work of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth (the same couple as is best known through the biographical 1950 film and book Cheaper by the Dozen). It is a major part of ... | 0.785477 | 0.994313 | 0.78101 |
Physical chemistry | Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic and microscopic phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, analytical dynamics and chemical equilibria.
Physical chemistry, in ... | 0.78408 | 0.996066 | 0.780995 |
Kinetic theory of gases | The kinetic theory of gases is a simple classical model of the thermodynamic behavior of gases. It treats a gas as composed of numerous particles, too small to see with a microscope, which are constantly in random motion. Their collisions with each other and with the walls of their container are used to explain physica... | 0.783338 | 0.99694 | 0.780941 |
Work (thermodynamics) | Thermodynamic work is one of the principal processes by which a thermodynamic system can interact with its surroundings and exchange energy. This exchange results in externally measurable macroscopic forces on the system's surroundings, which can cause mechanical work, to lift a weight, for example, or cause changes in... | 0.785419 | 0.994006 | 0.780711 |
Kinetics (physics) | In physics and engineering, kinetics is the branch of classical mechanics that is concerned with the relationship between the motion and its causes, specifically, forces and torques. Since the mid-20th century, the term "dynamics" (or "analytical dynamics") has largely superseded "kinetics" in physics textbooks, though... | 0.792736 | 0.984805 | 0.780691 |
Airflow | Airflow, or air flow, is the movement of air. Air behaves in a fluid manner, meaning particles naturally flow from areas of higher pressure to those where the pressure is lower. Atmospheric air pressure is directly related to altitude, temperature, and composition.In engineering, airflow is a measurement of the amount ... | 0.792123 | 0.985561 | 0.780685 |
Speed of gravity | In classical theories of gravitation, the changes in a gravitational field propagate. A change in the distribution of energy and momentum of matter results in subsequent alteration, at a distance, of the gravitational field which it produces. In the relativistic sense, the "speed of gravity" refers to the speed of a gr... | 0.785571 | 0.993773 | 0.78068 |
Displacement current | In electromagnetism, displacement current density is the quantity appearing in Maxwell's equations that is defined in terms of the rate of change of , the electric displacement field. Displacement current density has the same units as electric current density, and it is a source of the magnetic field just as actual cu... | 0.787466 | 0.991274 | 0.780594 |
Atomic physics | Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. Atomic physics typically refers to the study of atomic structure and the interaction between atoms. It is primarily concerned with the way in which electrons are arranged around the nucleus and
the proces... | 0.788094 | 0.990462 | 0.780577 |
Statics | Statics is the branch of classical mechanics that is concerned with the analysis of force and torque acting on a physical system that does not experience an acceleration, but rather is in equilibrium with its environment.
If is the total of the forces acting on the system, is the mass of the system and is the acce... | 0.786633 | 0.992296 | 0.780572 |
Conservative force | In physics, a conservative force is a force with the property that the total work done by the force in moving a particle between two points is independent of the path taken. Equivalently, if a particle travels in a closed loop, the total work done (the sum of the force acting along the path multiplied by the displacem... | 0.784707 | 0.994641 | 0.780502 |
Applied physics | Applied physics is the application of physics to solve scientific or engineering problems. It is usually considered a bridge or a connection between physics and engineering.
"Applied" is distinguished from "pure" by a subtle combination of factors, such as the motivation and attitude of researchers and the nature of th... | 0.786327 | 0.99234 | 0.780303 |
Latent heat | Latent heat (also known as latent energy or heat of transformation) is energy released or absorbed, by a body or a thermodynamic system, during a constant-temperature process—usually a first-order phase transition, like melting or condensation.
Latent heat can be understood as hidden energy which is supplied or extrac... | 0.782269 | 0.99738 | 0.780219 |
Introduction to Electrodynamics | Introduction to Electrodynamics is a textbook by physicist David J. Griffiths. Generally regarded as a standard undergraduate text on the subject, it began as lecture notes that have been perfected over time. Its most recent edition, the fifth, was published in 2023 by Cambridge University. This book uses SI units (the... | 0.793879 | 0.982794 | 0.780219 |
Moment (physics) | A moment is a mathematical expression involving the product of a distance and a physical quantity such as a force or electric charge. Moments are usually defined with respect to a fixed reference point and refer to physical quantities located some distance from the reference point. For example, the moment of force, oft... | 0.783148 | 0.996251 | 0.780211 |
Damping | In physical systems, damping is the loss of energy of an oscillating system by dissipation. Damping is an influence within or upon an oscillatory system that has the effect of reducing or preventing its oscillation. Examples of damping include viscous damping in a fluid (see viscous drag), surface friction, radiation, ... | 0.781998 | 0.997689 | 0.780191 |
METRIC | METRIC (Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration) is a computer model developed by the University of Idaho, that uses Landsat satellite data to compute and map evapotranspiration (ET). METRIC calculates ET as a residual of the surface energy balance, where ET is estimated by keeping ... | 0.787067 | 0.991136 | 0.78009 |
Mechanics | Mechanics is the area of physics concerned with the relationships between force, matter, and motion among physical objects. Forces applied to objects result in displacements, which are changes of an object's position relative to its environment.
Theoretical expositions of this branch of physics has its origins in Anci... | 0.782932 | 0.996334 | 0.780062 |
Rigid body dynamics | In the physical science of dynamics, rigid-body dynamics studies the movement of systems of interconnected bodies under the action of external forces. The assumption that the bodies are rigid (i.e. they do not deform under the action of applied forces) simplifies analysis, by reducing the parameters that describe the c... | 0.787847 | 0.990085 | 0.780035 |
Elastic collision | In physics, an elastic collision is an encounter (collision) between two bodies in which the total kinetic energy of the two bodies remains the same. In an ideal, perfectly elastic collision, there is no net conversion of kinetic energy into other forms such as heat, noise, or potential energy.
During the collision o... | 0.783017 | 0.99594 | 0.779838 |
Inertial confinement fusion | Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is a fusion energy process that initiates nuclear fusion reactions by compressing and heating targets filled with fuel. The targets are small pellets, typically containing deuterium (2H) and tritium (3H).
Energy is deposited in the target's outer layer, which explodes outward. This pr... | 0.785146 | 0.993113 | 0.779739 |
Electromagnetic radiation | In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) consists of waves of the electromagnetic (EM) field, which propagate through space and carry momentum and electromagnetic radiant energy.
Classically, electromagnetic radiation consists of electromagnetic waves, which are synchronized oscillations of electric and magnetic fi... | 0.780068 | 0.999547 | 0.779714 |
Stoic physics | Stoic physics refers to the natural philosophy of the Stoic philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome which they used to explain the natural processes at work in the universe.
To the Stoics, the cosmos is a single pantheistic god, one which is rational and creative, and which is the basis of everything which exists. No... | 0.791967 | 0.984305 | 0.779538 |
Prandtl number | The Prandtl number (Pr) or Prandtl group is a dimensionless number, named after the German physicist Ludwig Prandtl, defined as the ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity. The Prandtl number is given as:where:
: momentum diffusivity (kinematic viscosity), , (SI units: m2/s)
: thermal diffusivity, , (... | 0.783069 | 0.995388 | 0.779457 |
Lorentz oscillator model | The Lorentz oscillator model describes the optical response of bound charges. The model is named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Antoon Lorentz. It is a classical, phenomenological model for materials with characteristic resonance frequencies (or other characteristic energy scales) for optical absorption, e.g. ionic ... | 0.787935 | 0.989218 | 0.77944 |
Angular frequency | In physics, angular frequency (symbol ω), also called angular speed and angular rate, is a scalar measure of the angle rate (the angle per unit time) or the temporal rate of change of the phase argument of a sinusoidal waveform or sine function (for example, in oscillations and waves).
Angular frequency (or angular spe... | 0.781513 | 0.997338 | 0.779433 |
Conservative vector field | In vector calculus, a conservative vector field is a vector field that is the gradient of some function. A conservative vector field has the property that its line integral is path independent; the choice of path between two points does not change the value of the line integral. Path independence of the line integral i... | 0.785574 | 0.991914 | 0.779223 |
Wave | In physics, mathematics, engineering, and related fields, a wave is a propagating dynamic disturbance (change from equilibrium) of one or more quantities. Periodic waves oscillate repeatedly about an equilibrium (resting) value at some frequency. When the entire waveform moves in one direction, it is said to be a trave... | 0.780841 | 0.99789 | 0.779194 |
Dissipation | In thermodynamics, dissipation is the result of an irreversible process that affects a thermodynamic system. In a dissipative process, energy (internal, bulk flow kinetic, or system potential) transforms from an initial form to a final form, where the capacity of the final form to do thermodynamic work is less than tha... | 0.788657 | 0.987996 | 0.77919 |
Coriolis force | In physics, the Coriolis force is an inertial (or fictitious) force that acts on objects in motion within a frame of reference that rotates with respect to an inertial frame. In a reference frame with clockwise rotation, the force acts to the left of the motion of the object. In one with anticlockwise (or counterclockw... | 0.779717 | 0.999313 | 0.779181 |
Energy-based model | An energy-based model (EBM) (also called a Canonical Ensemble Learning(CEL) or Learning via Canonical Ensemble (LCE)) is an application of canonical ensemble formulation of statistical physics for learning from data problems. The approach prominently appears in generative models (GMs).
EBMs provide a unified framework... | 0.791007 | 0.984995 | 0.779137 |
Planck relation | The Planck relation (referred to as Planck's energy–frequency relation, the Planck–Einstein relation, Planck equation, and Planck formula, though the latter might also refer to Planck's law) is a fundamental equation in quantum mechanics which states that the energy of a photon, known as photon energy, is proportional... | 0.784987 | 0.992537 | 0.779129 |
Black hole information paradox | The black hole information paradox is a paradox that appears when the predictions of quantum mechanics and general relativity are combined. The theory of general relativity predicts the existence of black holes that are regions of spacetime from which nothing—not even light—can escape. In the 1970s, Stephen Hawking app... | 0.782167 | 0.996059 | 0.779085 |
Primitive equations | The primitive equations are a set of nonlinear partial differential equations that are used to approximate global atmospheric flow and are used in most atmospheric models. They consist of three main sets of balance equations:
A continuity equation: Representing the conservation of mass.
Conservation of momentum: Con... | 0.800803 | 0.972821 | 0.779038 |
Accretion disk | An accretion disk is a structure (often a circumstellar disk) formed by diffuse material in orbital motion around a massive central body. The central body is most frequently a star. Friction, uneven irradiance, magnetohydrodynamic effects, and other forces induce instabilities causing orbiting material in the disk to s... | 0.782182 | 0.995979 | 0.779037 |
Hemodynamics | Hemodynamics or haemodynamics are the dynamics of blood flow. The circulatory system is controlled by homeostatic mechanisms of autoregulation, just as hydraulic circuits are controlled by control systems. The hemodynamic response continuously monitors and adjusts to conditions in the body and its environment. Hemodyna... | 0.785729 | 0.991439 | 0.779002 |
Helmholtz free energy | In thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy (or Helmholtz energy) is a thermodynamic potential that measures the useful work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature (isothermal). The change in the Helmholtz energy during a process is equal to the maximum amount of work that the system c... | 0.782877 | 0.994986 | 0.778951 |
Stochastic thermodynamics | Overview
When a microscopic machine (e.g. a MEM) performs useful work it generates heat and entropy as a byproduct of the process, however it is also predicted that this machine will operate in "reverse" or "backwards" over appreciable short periods. That is, heat energy from the surroundings will be converted into use... | 0.782778 | 0.99497 | 0.77884 |
Inertia coupling | In aeronautics, inertia coupling, also referred to as inertial coupling and inertial roll coupling, is a potentially catastrophic phenomenon of high-speed flight in a long, thin aircraft, in which an intentional rotation of the aircraft about one axis prevents the aircraft's design from inhibiting other unintended rota... | 0.791906 | 0.983362 | 0.77873 |
Nernst–Planck equation | The Nernst–Planck equation is a conservation of mass equation used to describe the motion of a charged chemical species in a fluid medium. It extends Fick's law of diffusion for the case where the diffusing particles are also moved with respect to the fluid by electrostatic forces. It is named after Walther Nernst and ... | 0.79078 | 0.984719 | 0.778697 |
Laws of thermodynamics | The laws of thermodynamics are a set of scientific laws which define a group of physical quantities, such as temperature, energy, and entropy, that characterize thermodynamic systems in thermodynamic equilibrium. The laws also use various parameters for thermodynamic processes, such as thermodynamic work and heat, and ... | 0.779118 | 0.999345 | 0.778607 |
Kugelblitz (astrophysics) | A kugelblitz is a theoretical astrophysical object predicted by general relativity. It is a concentration of heat, light or radiation so intense that its energy forms an event horizon and becomes self-trapped. In other words, if enough radiation is aimed into a region of space, the concentration of energy can warp spac... | 0.780624 | 0.997405 | 0.778599 |
Geodynamics | Geodynamics is a subfield of geophysics dealing with dynamics of the Earth. It applies physics, chemistry and mathematics to the understanding of how mantle convection leads to plate tectonics and geologic phenomena such as seafloor spreading, mountain building, volcanoes, earthquakes, faulting. It also attempts to pro... | 0.801049 | 0.971912 | 0.77855 |
Earnshaw's theorem | Earnshaw's theorem states that a collection of point charges cannot be maintained in a stable stationary equilibrium configuration solely by the electrostatic interaction of the charges. This was first proven by British mathematician Samuel Earnshaw in 1842.
It is usually cited in reference to magnetic fields, but was ... | 0.78855 | 0.987237 | 0.778486 |
Electron | The electron (, or in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge. Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure. The electron's mass is app... | 0.778882 | 0.999335 | 0.778364 |
Electrical energy | Electrical energy is energy related to forces on electrically charged particles and the movement of those particles (often electrons in wires, but not always). This energy is supplied by the combination of current and electric potential (often referred to as voltage because electric potential is measured in volts) that... | 0.781398 | 0.996057 | 0.778317 |
Moment of inertia | The moment of inertia, otherwise known as the mass moment of inertia, angular/rotational mass, second moment of mass, or most accurately, rotational inertia, of a rigid body is defined relative to a rotational axis. It is the ratio between the torque applied and the resulting angular acceleration about that axis. It pl... | 0.778778 | 0.999248 | 0.778193 |
Renormalization group | In theoretical physics, the term renormalization group (RG) refers to a formal apparatus that allows systematic investigation of the changes of a physical system as viewed at different scales. In particle physics, it reflects the changes in the underlying force laws (codified in a quantum field theory) as the energy ... | 0.783894 | 0.992699 | 0.778171 |
Larmor precession | In physics, Larmor precession (named after Joseph Larmor) is the precession of the magnetic moment of an object about an external magnetic field. The phenomenon is conceptually similar to the precession of a tilted classical gyroscope in an external torque-exerting gravitational field. Objects with a magnetic moment a... | 0.783575 | 0.993097 | 0.778165 |
Thermodynamic equations | Thermodynamics is expressed by a mathematical framework of thermodynamic equations which relate various thermodynamic quantities and physical properties measured in a laboratory or production process. Thermodynamics is based on a fundamental set of postulates, that became the laws of thermodynamics.
Introduction
One ... | 0.788828 | 0.986461 | 0.778148 |
Robert Hooke | Robert Hooke (; 18 July 16353 March 1703) was an English polymath who was active as a physicist ("natural philosopher"), astronomer, geologist, meteorologist and architect. He is credited as one of the first scientists to investigate living things at microscopic scale in 1665, using a compound microscope that he desig... | 0.778808 | 0.999141 | 0.778139 |
Laplace's demon | In the history of science, Laplace's demon was a notable published articulation of causal determinism on a scientific basis by Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1814. According to determinism, if someone (the demon) knows the precise location and momentum of every atom in the universe, their past and future values for any given ... | 0.779861 | 0.99778 | 0.77813 |
Thermal energy | The term "thermal energy" is often used ambiguously in physics and engineering. It can denote several different physical concepts, including:
Internal energy: The total energy contained within a body of matter or radiation.
Heat: Energy in transfer between a system and its surroundings by mechanisms other than therm... | 0.780386 | 0.997061 | 0.778092 |
Introduction to electromagnetism | Electromagnetism is one of the fundamental forces of nature. Early on, electricity and magnetism were studied separately and regarded as separate phenomena. Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that the two were related – electric currents give rise to magnetism. Michael Faraday discovered the converse, that magnetism c... | 0.795708 | 0.977782 | 0.778029 |
Vehicle dynamics | Vehicle dynamics is the study of vehicle motion, e.g., how a vehicle's forward movement changes in response to driver inputs, propulsion system outputs, ambient conditions, air/surface/water conditions, etc.
Vehicle dynamics is a part of engineering primarily based on classical mechanics.
It may be applied for motorize... | 0.789409 | 0.985464 | 0.777934 |
Jevons paradox | In economics, the Jevons paradox (; sometimes Jevons effect) occurs when technological progress increases the efficiency with which a resource is used (reducing the amount necessary for any one use), but the falling cost of use induces increases in demand enough that resource use is increased, rather than reduced. Gove... | 0.779317 | 0.998217 | 0.777927 |
Sex in space | The conditions governing sex in space (intercourse, conception and procreation while weightless) have become a necessary study due to plans for long-duration space missions, as well as the future potential accommodation of sexual partners aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Issues explored include disrupted c... | 0.779242 | 0.998296 | 0.777914 |
Poisson's equation | Poisson's equation is an elliptic partial differential equation of broad utility in theoretical physics. For example, the solution to Poisson's equation is the potential field caused by a given electric charge or mass density distribution; with the potential field known, one can then calculate the corresponding electro... | 0.779994 | 0.997295 | 0.777884 |
Flow velocity | In continuum mechanics the flow velocity in fluid dynamics, also macroscopic velocity in statistical mechanics, or drift velocity in electromagnetism, is a vector field used to mathematically describe the motion of a continuum. The length of the flow velocity vector is scalar, the flow speed.
It is also called velocity... | 0.787725 | 0.987413 | 0.777809 |
Table of thermodynamic equations | Common thermodynamic equations and quantities in thermodynamics, using mathematical notation, are as follows:
Definitions
Many of the definitions below are also used in the thermodynamics of chemical reactions.
General basic quantities
General derived quantities
Thermal properties of matter
Thermal transfer
Equ... | 0.783806 | 0.992305 | 0.777775 |
Velocity-addition formula | In relativistic physics, a velocity-addition formula is an equation that specifies how to combine the velocities of objects in a way that is consistent with the requirement that no object's speed can exceed the speed of light. Such formulas apply to successive Lorentz transformations, so they also relate different fram... | 0.782772 | 0.993528 | 0.777706 |
Elastic scattering | Elastic scattering is a form of particle scattering in scattering theory, nuclear physics and particle physics. In this process, the internal states of the particles involved stay the same. In the non-relativistic case, where the relative velocities of the particles are much less than the speed of light, elastic scatte... | 0.790119 | 0.984266 | 0.777687 |
Principle of relativity | In physics, the principle of relativity is the requirement that the equations describing the laws of physics have the same form in all admissible frames of reference.
For example, in the framework of special relativity, the Maxwell equations have the same form in all inertial frames of reference. In the framework of g... | 0.784966 | 0.990647 | 0.777624 |
Simple harmonic motion | In mechanics and physics, simple harmonic motion (sometimes abbreviated as ) is a special type of periodic motion an object experiences by means of a restoring force whose magnitude is directly proportional to the distance of the object from an equilibrium position and acts towards the equilibrium position. It results ... | 0.77948 | 0.997563 | 0.777581 |
Magnetohydrodynamics | In physics and engineering, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD; also called magneto-fluid dynamics or hydromagnetics) is a model of electrically conducting fluids that treats all interpenetrating particle species together as a single continuous medium. It is primarily concerned with the low-frequency, large-scale, magnetic beh... | 0.781526 | 0.99494 | 0.777571 |
Modeling and simulation | Modeling and simulation (M&S) is the use of models (e.g., physical, mathematical, behavioral, or logical representation of a system, entity, phenomenon, or process) as a basis for simulations to develop data utilized for managerial or technical decision making.
In the computer application of modeling and simulation a... | 0.788771 | 0.985787 | 0.777561 |
Astronautics | Astronautics (or cosmonautics) is the practice of sending spacecraft beyond Earth's atmosphere into outer space. Spaceflight is one of its main applications and space science is its overarching field.
The term astronautics (originally astronautique in French) was coined in the 1920s by J.-H. Rosny, president of the Go... | 0.785812 | 0.98937 | 0.777458 |
Linear elasticity | Linear elasticity is a mathematical model as to how solid objects deform and become internally stressed by prescribed loading conditions. It is a simplification of the more general nonlinear theory of elasticity and a branch of continuum mechanics.
The fundamental "linearizing" assumptions of linear elasticity are: in... | 0.783068 | 0.992782 | 0.777416 |
Langevin equation | In physics, a Langevin equation (named after Paul Langevin) is a stochastic differential equation describing how a system evolves when subjected to a combination of deterministic and fluctuating ("random") forces. The dependent variables in a Langevin equation typically are collective (macroscopic) variables changing o... | 0.781445 | 0.994825 | 0.777401 |
Invariant (physics) | In theoretical physics, an invariant is an observable of a physical system which remains unchanged under some transformation. Invariance, as a broader term, also applies to the no change of form of physical laws under a transformation, and is closer in scope to the mathematical definition. Invariants of a system are de... | 0.795445 | 0.977273 | 0.777367 |
Heat transfer | Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase chan... | 0.778525 | 0.998256 | 0.777167 |
Boltzmann constant | The Boltzmann constant ( or ) is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative thermal energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. It occurs in the definitions of the kelvin (K) and the gas constant, in Planck's law of black-body radiation and Boltzmann's entropy formula, ... | 0.777508 | 0.999544 | 0.777153 |
Classical central-force problem | In classical mechanics, the central-force problem is to determine the motion of a particle in a single central potential field. A central force is a force (possibly negative) that points from the particle directly towards a fixed point in space, the center, and whose magnitude only depends on the distance of the object... | 0.78811 | 0.986059 | 0.777123 |
Linkage (mechanical) | A mechanical linkage is an assembly of systems connected so as to manage forces and movement. The movement of a body, or link, is studied using geometry so the link is considered to be rigid. The connections between links are modeled as providing ideal movement, pure rotation or sliding for example, and are called jo... | 0.784285 | 0.990791 | 0.777063 |
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is a comprehensive one-volume reference resource for science research. First published in 1914, it is currently in its 104th edition, published in 2023. It is known colloquially among chemists as the "Rubber Bible", as CRC originally stood for "Chemical Rubber Company".
As lat... | 0.783855 | 0.991166 | 0.77693 |
Phase space | The phase space of a physical system is the set of all possible physical states of the system when described by a given parameterization. Each possible state corresponds uniquely to a point in the phase space. For mechanical systems, the phase space usually consists of all possible values of the position and momentum p... | 0.780549 | 0.995355 | 0.776923 |
Spacetime diagram | A spacetime diagram is a graphical illustration of locations in space at various times, especially in the special theory of relativity. Spacetime diagrams can show the geometry underlying phenomena like time dilation and length contraction without mathematical equations.
The history of an object's location through tim... | 0.782352 | 0.993009 | 0.776883 |
Galilean invariance | Galilean invariance or Galilean relativity states that the laws of motion are the same in all inertial frames of reference. Galileo Galilei first described this principle in 1632 in his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems using the example of a ship travelling at constant velocity, without rocking, on a smo... | 0.784391 | 0.990425 | 0.776881 |
Kinetic energy weapon | A kinetic energy weapon (also known as kinetic weapon, kinetic energy warhead, kinetic warhead, kinetic projectile, kinetic kill vehicle) is a projectile weapon based solely on a projectile's kinetic energy to inflict damage to a target, instead of using any explosive, incendiary/thermal, chemical or radiological paylo... | 0.783568 | 0.991336 | 0.776779 |
Effective accelerationism | Effective accelerationism, often abbreviated as "e/acc", is a 21st-century philosophical movement that advocates for an explicitly pro-technology stance. Its proponents believe that unrestricted technological progress (especially driven by artificial intelligence) is a solution to universal human problems like poverty,... | 0.779524 | 0.996471 | 0.776773 |
Biomechanics | Biomechanics is the study of the structure, function and motion of the mechanical aspects of biological systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell organelles, using the methods of mechanics. Biomechanics is a branch of biophysics.
Today computational mechanics goes far beyond pure mechanics,... | 0.780243 | 0.995541 | 0.776764 |
Theoretical physics | Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain, and predict natural phenomena. This is in contrast to experimental physics, which uses experimental tools to probe these phenomena.
The advancement of science generally ... | 0.778331 | 0.997929 | 0.776719 |
Energy–maneuverability theory | Energy–maneuverability theory is a model of aircraft performance. It was developed by Col. John Boyd, a fighter pilot, and Thomas P. Christie, a mathematician with the United States Air Force, and is useful in describing an aircraft's performance as the total of kinetic and potential energies or aircraft specific energ... | 0.787005 | 0.986868 | 0.77667 |
Aristotelian physics | Aristotelian physics is the form of natural philosophy described in the works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC). In his work Physics, Aristotle intended to establish general principles of change that govern all natural bodies, both living and inanimate, celestial and terrestrialincluding all motion (chang... | 0.782438 | 0.992505 | 0.776573 |
Thermal conduction | Thermal conduction is the diffusion of thermal energy (heat) within one material or between materials in contact. The higher temperature object has molecules with more kinetic energy; collisions between molecules distributes this kinetic energy until an object has the same kinetic energy throughout. Thermal conductivit... | 0.778048 | 0.998036 | 0.77652 |
Enthalpy | Enthalpy is the sum of a thermodynamic system's internal energy and the product of its pressure and volume. It is a state function in thermodynamics used in many measurements in chemical, biological, and physical systems at a constant external pressure, which is conveniently provided by the large ambient atmosphere. Th... | 0.777308 | 0.998962 | 0.776501 |
Sensible heat | Sensible heat is heat exchanged by a body or thermodynamic system in which the exchange of heat changes the temperature of the body or system, and some macroscopic variables of the body or system, but leaves unchanged certain other macroscopic variables of the body or system, such as volume or pressure.
Usage
The ter... | 0.785889 | 0.988049 | 0.776497 |
Action at a distance | In physics, action at a distance is the concept that an object's motion can be affected by another object without being in physical contact with it; that is, the non-local interaction of objects that are separated in space. Coulomb's law and Newton's law of universal gravitation are based on action at a distance.
Hist... | 0.783214 | 0.991373 | 0.776457 |
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