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Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process | In mathematics, the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process is a stochastic process with applications in financial mathematics and the physical sciences. Its original application in physics was as a model for the velocity of a massive Brownian particle under the influence of friction. It is named after Leonard Ornstein and George E... | 0.775481 | 0.996388 | 0.77268 |
Entropic gravity | Entropic gravity, also known as emergent gravity, is a theory in modern physics that describes gravity as an entropic force—a force with macro-scale homogeneity but which is subject to quantum-level disorder—and not a fundamental interaction. The theory, based on string theory, black hole physics, and quantum informati... | 0.780514 | 0.989943 | 0.772664 |
Homothety | In mathematics, a homothety (or homothecy, or homogeneous dilation) is a transformation of an affine space determined by a point S called its center and a nonzero number called its ratio, which sends point to a point by the rule
for a fixed number .
Using position vectors:
.
In case of (Origin):
,
which is a uni... | 0.786395 | 0.982515 | 0.772645 |
Continuity equation | A continuity equation or transport equation is an equation that describes the transport of some quantity. It is particularly simple and powerful when applied to a conserved quantity, but it can be generalized to apply to any extensive quantity. Since mass, energy, momentum, electric charge and other natural quantities ... | 0.774673 | 0.997379 | 0.772643 |
Lagrangian and Eulerian specification of the flow field | In classical field theories, the Lagrangian specification of the flow field is a way of looking at fluid motion where the observer follows an individual fluid parcel as it moves through space and time. Plotting the position of an individual parcel through time gives the pathline of the parcel. This can be visualized as... | 0.778939 | 0.991829 | 0.772574 |
Mechanical wave | In physics, a mechanical wave is a wave that is an oscillation of matter, and therefore transfers energy through a material medium.
(Vacuum is, from classical perspective, a non-material medium, where electromagnetic waves propagate.)
While waves can move over long distances, the movement of the medium of transmissi... | 0.779289 | 0.991315 | 0.772521 |
Time derivative | A time derivative is a derivative of a function with respect to time, usually interpreted as the rate of change of the value of the function. The variable denoting time is usually written as .
Notation
A variety of notations are used to denote the time derivative. In addition to the normal (Leibniz's) notation,
A ver... | 0.785388 | 0.983617 | 0.77252 |
Stellar kinematics | In astronomy, stellar kinematics is the observational study or measurement of the kinematics or motions of stars through space.
Stellar kinematics encompasses the measurement of stellar velocities in the Milky Way and its satellites as well as the internal kinematics of more distant galaxies. Measurement of the kinema... | 0.782874 | 0.986765 | 0.772513 |
History of energy | The word energy derives from Greek , which appears for the first time in the 4th century BCE works of Aristotle (OUP V, 240, 1991) (including Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics and De Anima).
The modern concept of energy emerged from the idea of vis viva (living force), which Leibniz defined as the product of th... | 0.792101 | 0.975266 | 0.77251 |
CPT symmetry | Charge, parity, and time reversal symmetry is a fundamental symmetry of physical laws under the simultaneous transformations of charge conjugation (C), parity transformation (P), and time reversal (T). CPT is the only combination of C, P, and T that is observed to be an exact symmetry of nature at the fundamental level... | 0.779403 | 0.991095 | 0.772463 |
Atmospheric entry | Atmospheric entry (sometimes listed as Vimpact or Ventry) is the movement of an object from outer space into and through the gases of an atmosphere of a planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite. There are two main types of atmospheric entry: uncontrolled entry, such as the entry of astronomical objects, space debris,... | 0.774815 | 0.996958 | 0.772458 |
Equipartition theorem | In classical statistical mechanics, the equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energies. The equipartition theorem is also known as the law of equipartition, equipartition of energy, or simply equipartition. The original idea of equipartition was that, in thermal equilibrium, energy is... | 0.776525 | 0.994717 | 0.772423 |
Tsiolkovsky rocket equation | The classical rocket equation, or ideal rocket equation is a mathematical equation that describes the motion of vehicles that follow the basic principle of a rocket: a device that can apply acceleration to itself using thrust by expelling part of its mass with high velocity and can thereby move due to the conservation ... | 0.774247 | 0.997635 | 0.772416 |
A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism | A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism is a two-volume treatise on electromagnetism written by James Clerk Maxwell in 1873. Maxwell was revising the Treatise for a second edition when he died in 1879. The revision was completed by William Davidson Niven for publication in 1881. A third edition was prepared by J. J. Th... | 0.793887 | 0.972954 | 0.772415 |
Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation | In heat transfer, Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation refers to wavelength-specific radiative emission and absorption by a material body in thermodynamic equilibrium, including radiative exchange equilibrium. It is a special case of Onsager reciprocal relations as a consequence of the time reversibility of microscopic... | 0.778681 | 0.991914 | 0.772385 |
Biefeld–Brown effect | The Biefeld–Brown effect is an electrical phenomenon, first noticed by inventor Thomas Townsend Brown in the 1920s, where high voltage applied to the electrodes of an asymmetric capacitor causes a net propulsive force toward the smaller electrode. Brown believed effect was an anti-gravity force, and referred to as "ele... | 0.78318 | 0.986152 | 0.772334 |
Aeroelasticity | Aeroelasticity is the branch of physics and engineering studying the interactions between the inertial, elastic, and aerodynamic forces occurring while an elastic body is exposed to a fluid flow. The study of aeroelasticity may be broadly classified into two fields: static aeroelasticity dealing with the static or stea... | 0.778553 | 0.991993 | 0.77232 |
T-symmetry | T-symmetry or time reversal symmetry is the theoretical symmetry of physical laws under the transformation of time reversal,
Since the second law of thermodynamics states that entropy increases as time flows toward the future, in general, the macroscopic universe does not show symmetry under time reversal. In other wo... | 0.776876 | 0.994093 | 0.772287 |
Dimensionless numbers in fluid mechanics | Dimensionless numbers (or characteristic numbers) have an important role in analyzing the behavior of fluids and their flow as well as in other transport phenomena. They include the Reynolds and the Mach numbers, which describe as ratios the relative magnitude of fluid and physical system characteristics, such as densi... | 0.780406 | 0.989581 | 0.772275 |
Gravitational redshift | In physics and general relativity, gravitational redshift (known as Einstein shift in older literature) is the phenomenon that electromagnetic waves or photons travelling out of a gravitational well lose energy. This loss of energy corresponds to a decrease in the wave frequency and increase in the wavelength, known mo... | 0.778506 | 0.991979 | 0.772262 |
Relativistic electromagnetism | Relativistic electromagnetism is a physical phenomenon explained in electromagnetic field theory due to Coulomb's law and Lorentz transformations.
Electromechanics
After Maxwell proposed the differential equation model of the electromagnetic field in 1873, the mechanism of action of fields came into question, for inst... | 0.792733 | 0.974161 | 0.77225 |
Environment (systems) | In science and engineering, a system is the part of the universe that is being studied, while the environment is the remainder of the universe that lies outside the boundaries of the system. It is also known as the surroundings or neighbourhood, and in thermodynamics, as the reservoir. Depending on the type of system... | 0.776935 | 0.993873 | 0.772174 |
Radiesthesia | Radiesthesia describes a physical ability to detect radiation emitted by a person, animal, object or geographical feature. One of its practitioners, J. Cecil Maby, defined it as "The faculty and study of certain reflexive physical responses of living tissue to various radiations ... resulting in displacement currents ... | 0.783682 | 0.985288 | 0.772153 |
Lagrangian (field theory) | Lagrangian field theory is a formalism in classical field theory. It is the field-theoretic analogue of Lagrangian mechanics. Lagrangian mechanics is used to analyze the motion of a system of discrete particles each with a finite number of degrees of freedom. Lagrangian field theory applies to continua and fields, whic... | 0.775729 | 0.995352 | 0.772124 |
Internal ballistics | Internal ballistics (also interior ballistics), a subfield of ballistics, is the study of the propulsion of a projectile.
In guns, internal ballistics covers the time from the propellant's ignition until the projectile exits the gun barrel. The study of internal ballistics is important to designers and users of firear... | 0.783996 | 0.984786 | 0.772068 |
Isometry | In mathematics, an isometry (or congruence, or congruent transformation) is a distance-preserving transformation between metric spaces, usually assumed to be bijective. The word isometry is derived from the Ancient Greek: ἴσος isos meaning "equal", and μέτρον metron meaning "measure". If the transformation is from a me... | 0.775777 | 0.995202 | 0.772055 |
Van der Waals force | In molecular physics and chemistry, the van der Waals force (sometimes van de Waals' force) is a distance-dependent interaction between atoms or molecules. Unlike ionic or covalent bonds, these attractions do not result from a chemical electronic bond; they are comparatively weak and therefore more susceptible to distu... | 0.772881 | 0.998859 | 0.771999 |
Thaumaturgy | Thaumaturgy, derived from the Greek words thauma (wonder) and ergon (work), refers to the practical application of magic to effect change in the physical world. Historically, thaumaturgy has been associated with the manipulation of natural forces, the creation of wonders, and the performance of magical feats through es... | 0.773894 | 0.99755 | 0.771999 |
History of Maxwell's equations | By the first half of the 19th century, the understanding of electromagnetics had improved through many experiments and theoretical work. In the 1780s, Charles-Augustin de Coulomb established his law of electrostatics. In 1825, André-Marie Ampère published his force law. In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered electromagnet... | 0.780574 | 0.988973 | 0.771966 |
Ultraviolet catastrophe | The ultraviolet catastrophe, also called the Rayleigh–Jeans catastrophe, was the prediction of late 19th century to early 20th century classical physics that an ideal black body at thermal equilibrium would emit an unbounded quantity of energy as wavelength decreased into the ultraviolet range. The term "ultraviolet ca... | 0.775131 | 0.995833 | 0.771901 |
Divergence theorem | In vector calculus, the divergence theorem, also known as Gauss's theorem or Ostrogradsky's theorem, is a theorem relating the flux of a vector field through a closed surface to the divergence of the field in the volume enclosed.
More precisely, the divergence theorem states that the surface integral of a vector field... | 0.773043 | 0.998509 | 0.771891 |
Adiabatic process | An adiabatic process (adiabatic ) is a type of thermodynamic process that occurs without transferring heat or mass between the thermodynamic system and its environment. Unlike an isothermal process, an adiabatic process transfers energy to the surroundings only as work. As a key concept in thermodynamics, the adiabatic... | 0.772989 | 0.998565 | 0.77188 |
Ehrenfest theorem | The Ehrenfest theorem, named after Austrian theoretical physicist Paul Ehrenfest, relates the time derivative of the expectation values of the position and momentum operators x and p to the expectation value of the force on a massive particle moving in a scalar potential ,
The Ehrenfest theorem is a special case of a ... | 0.777557 | 0.992652 | 0.771844 |
Liouville's theorem (Hamiltonian) | In physics, Liouville's theorem, named after the French mathematician Joseph Liouville, is a key theorem in classical statistical and Hamiltonian mechanics. It asserts that the phase-space distribution function is constant along the trajectories of the system—that is that the density of system points in the vicinity of... | 0.776001 | 0.994632 | 0.771835 |
Quantum thermodynamics | Quantum thermodynamics is the study of the relations between two independent physical theories: thermodynamics and quantum mechanics. The two independent theories address the physical phenomena of light and matter.
In 1905, Albert Einstein argued that the requirement of consistency between thermodynamics and electromag... | 0.78346 | 0.985162 | 0.771835 |
PhysX | PhysX is an open-source realtime physics engine middleware SDK developed by Nvidia as part of the Nvidia GameWorks software suite.
Initially, video games supporting PhysX were meant to be accelerated by PhysX PPU (expansion cards designed by Ageia). However, after Ageia's acquisition by Nvidia, dedicated PhysX cards h... | 0.777364 | 0.992846 | 0.771803 |
Deformation (physics) | In physics and continuum mechanics, deformation is the change in the shape or size of an object. It has dimension of length with SI unit of metre (m). It is quantified as the residual displacement of particles in a non-rigid body, from an configuration to a configuration, excluding the body's average translation and ... | 0.780935 | 0.988304 | 0.771801 |
Psychodynamics | Psychodynamics, also known as psychodynamic psychology, in its broadest sense, is an approach to psychology that emphasizes systematic study of the psychological forces underlying human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience. It is especially interested in the dynamic relations b... | 0.774503 | 0.996473 | 0.771771 |
Electromagnetic field | An electromagnetic field (also EM field) is a physical field, mathematical functions of position and time, representing the influences on and due to electric charges. The field at any point in space and time can be regarded as a combination of an electric field and a magnetic field.
Because of the interrelationship be... | 0.773296 | 0.998008 | 0.771756 |
Derivations of the Lorentz transformations | There are many ways to derive the Lorentz transformations using a variety of physical principles, ranging from Maxwell's equations to Einstein's postulates of special relativity, and mathematical tools, spanning from elementary algebra and hyperbolic functions, to linear algebra and group theory.
This article provides... | 0.78048 | 0.988813 | 0.771749 |
Water cycle | The water cycle (or hydrologic cycle or hydrological cycle), is a biogeochemical cycle that involves the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time. However, the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh... | 0.772436 | 0.999079 | 0.771724 |
Incompressible flow | In fluid mechanics, or more generally continuum mechanics, incompressible flow (isochoric flow) refers to a flow in which the material density of each fluid parcel — an infinitesimal volume that moves with the flow velocity — is time-invariant. An equivalent statement that implies incompressible flow is that the diver... | 0.77895 | 0.990703 | 0.771708 |
Particle accelerator | A particle accelerator is a machine that uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to very high speeds and energies to contain them in well-defined beams. Small accelerators are used for fundamental research in particle physics. Accelerators are also used as synchrotron light sources for the study of cond... | 0.77267 | 0.998754 | 0.771707 |
Hazen–Williams equation | The Hazen–Williams equation is an empirical relationship which relates the flow of water in a pipe with the physical properties of the pipe and the pressure drop caused by friction. It is used in the design of water pipe systems such as fire sprinkler systems, water supply networks, and irrigation systems. It is named ... | 0.777135 | 0.993012 | 0.771705 |
Euler equations (fluid dynamics) | In fluid dynamics, the Euler equations are a set of partial differential equations governing adiabatic and inviscid flow. They are named after Leonhard Euler. In particular, they correspond to the Navier–Stokes equations with zero viscosity and zero thermal conductivity.
The Euler equations can be applied to incompres... | 0.774279 | 0.996662 | 0.771695 |
Derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations | The derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations as well as their application and formulation for different families of fluids, is an important exercise in fluid dynamics with applications in mechanical engineering, physics, chemistry, heat transfer, and electrical engineering. A proof explaining the properties and bounds... | 0.778124 | 0.991735 | 0.771693 |
Hydrostatic equilibrium | In fluid mechanics, hydrostatic equilibrium (hydrostatic balance, hydrostasy) is the condition of a fluid or plastic solid at rest, which occurs when external forces, such as gravity, are balanced by a pressure-gradient force. In the planetary physics of Earth, the pressure-gradient force prevents gravity from collapsi... | 0.774248 | 0.996656 | 0.771659 |
Mathematical physics | Mathematical physics refers to the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The Journal of Mathematical Physics defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulatio... | 0.775244 | 0.995267 | 0.771575 |
Boussinesq approximation (buoyancy) | In fluid dynamics, the Boussinesq approximation (, named for Joseph Valentin Boussinesq) is used in the field of buoyancy-driven flow (also known as natural convection). It ignores density differences except where they appear in terms multiplied by , the acceleration due to gravity. The essence of the Boussinesq approx... | 0.781088 | 0.987801 | 0.77156 |
Non-contact force | A non-contact force is a force which acts on an object without coming physically in contact with it. The most familiar non-contact force is gravity, which confers weight. In contrast, a contact force is a force which acts on an object coming physically in contact with it.
All four known fundamental interactions are no... | 0.779496 | 0.989745 | 0.771503 |
James Prescott Joule | James Prescott Joule (; 24 December 1818 11 October 1889) was an English physicist, mathematician and brewer, born in Salford, Lancashire. Joule studied the nature of heat, and discovered its relationship to mechanical work. This led to the law of conservation of energy, which in turn led to the development of the fir... | 0.77513 | 0.995295 | 0.771483 |
Velocity | Velocity is the speed in combination with the direction of motion of an object. Velocity is a fundamental concept in kinematics, the branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of bodies.
Velocity is a physical vector quantity: both magnitude and direction are needed to define it. The scalar absolute value... | 0.772388 | 0.998818 | 0.771475 |
A Short History of Nearly Everything | A Short History of Nearly Everything by American-British author Bill Bryson is a popular science book that explains some areas of science, using easily accessible language that appeals more to the general public than many other books dedicated to the subject. It was one of the bestselling popular science books of 2005 ... | 0.775267 | 0.995059 | 0.771437 |
Geomorphology | Geomorphology (from Ancient Greek: , , 'earth'; , , 'form'; and , , 'study') is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features generated by physical, chemical or biological processes operating at or near Earth's surface. Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look t... | 0.774499 | 0.996041 | 0.771432 |
Anaerobic exercise | Anaerobic exercise is a type of exercise that breaks down glucose in the body without using oxygen; anaerobic means "without oxygen". This type of exercise leads to a buildup of lactic acid.
In practical terms, this means that anaerobic exercise is more intense, but shorter in duration than aerobic exercise.
The bioc... | 0.77293 | 0.998055 | 0.771426 |
Potential energy surface | A potential energy surface (PES) or energy landscape describes the energy of a system, especially a collection of atoms, in terms of certain parameters, normally the positions of the atoms. The surface might define the energy as a function of one or more coordinates; if there is only one coordinate, the surface is call... | 0.785006 | 0.982674 | 0.771405 |
Classical field theory | A classical field theory is a physical theory that predicts how one or more fields in physics interact with matter through field equations, without considering effects of quantization; theories that incorporate quantum mechanics are called quantum field theories. In most contexts, 'classical field theory' is specifical... | 0.777457 | 0.992207 | 0.771398 |
Accelerating change | In futures studies and the history of technology, accelerating change is the observed exponential nature of the rate of technological change in recent history, which may suggest faster and more profound change in the future and may or may not be accompanied by equally profound social and cultural change.
Early observa... | 0.778161 | 0.991195 | 0.771309 |
Entropy (order and disorder) | In thermodynamics, entropy is often associated with the amount of order or disorder in a thermodynamic system. This stems from Rudolf Clausius' 1862 assertion that any thermodynamic process always "admits to being reduced [reduction] to the alteration in some way or another of the arrangement of the constituent parts o... | 0.781273 | 0.987225 | 0.771293 |
Ballistics | Ballistics is the field of mechanics concerned with the launching, flight behaviour and impact effects of projectiles, especially ranged weapon munitions such as bullets, unguided bombs, rockets or the like; the science or art of designing and accelerating projectiles so as to achieve a desired performance.
A ballisti... | 0.774675 | 0.995632 | 0.771291 |
Conjugate variables | Conjugate variables are pairs of variables mathematically defined in such a way that they become Fourier transform duals, or more generally are related through Pontryagin duality. The duality relations lead naturally to an uncertainty relation—in physics called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle—between them. In math... | 0.784178 | 0.983539 | 0.77127 |
Inertial measurement unit | An inertial measurement unit (IMU) is an electronic device that measures and reports a body's specific force, angular rate, and sometimes the orientation of the body, using a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes, and sometimes magnetometers. When the magnetometer is included, IMUs are referred to as IMMUs.
IMUs a... | 0.77371 | 0.996835 | 0.771261 |
Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing | Mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) refers to the installation of services which provide a functional and comfortable space for the building occupants. In residential and commercial buildings, these elements are often designed by specialized MEP engineers. MEP's design is important for planning, decision-making, ... | 0.775667 | 0.994281 | 0.771231 |
Photon | A photon is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that always move at the speed of light measured in vacuum. The photon belongs to the c... | 0.771771 | 0.99926 | 0.7712 |
Solutions of the Einstein field equations | Solutions of the Einstein field equations are metrics of spacetimes that result from solving the Einstein field equations (EFE) of general relativity. Solving the field equations gives a Lorentz manifold. Solutions are broadly classed as exact or non-exact.
The Einstein field equations are
where is the Einstein tens... | 0.78003 | 0.988663 | 0.771187 |
Introduction to general relativity | General relativity is a theory of gravitation developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915. The theory of general relativity says that the observed gravitational effect between masses results from their warping of spacetime.
By the beginning of the 20th century, Newton's law of universal gravitation had been acc... | 0.779029 | 0.989882 | 0.771146 |
Gauss's law | In physics (specifically electromagnetism), Gauss's law, also known as Gauss's flux theorem (or sometimes Gauss's theorem), is one of Maxwell's equations. It is an application of the divergence theorem, and it relates the distribution of electric charge to the resulting electric field.
Definition
In its integral form... | 0.772291 | 0.9985 | 0.771133 |
Physical geography | Physical geography (also known as physiography) is one of the three main branches of geography. Physical geography is the branch of natural science which deals with the processes and patterns in the natural environment such as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. This focus is in contrast with the bra... | 0.772931 | 0.997665 | 0.771126 |
Integrated electric propulsion | Integrated electric propulsion (IEP), full electric propulsion (FEP) or integrated full electric propulsion (IFEP) is an arrangement of marine propulsion systems such that gas turbines or diesel generators or both generate three-phase electricity which is then used to power electric motors turning either propellers or... | 0.77914 | 0.98968 | 0.7711 |
Oculesics | Oculesics, a subcategory of kinesics, is the study of eye movement, behavior, gaze, and eye-related nonverbal communication. The term's specific designation slightly varies apropos of the field of study (e.g., medicine or social science). Communication scholars use the term "oculesics" to refer to the investigation of ... | 0.784175 | 0.98331 | 0.771087 |
First law of thermodynamics | The first law of thermodynamics is a formulation of the law of conservation of energy in the context of thermodynamic processes. The law distinguishes two principal forms of energy transfer, heat and thermodynamic work, that modify a thermodynamic system containing a constant amount of matter. The law also defines the ... | 0.771725 | 0.999049 | 0.770991 |
Frenet–Serret formulas | In differential geometry, the Frenet–Serret formulas describe the kinematic properties of a particle moving along a differentiable curve in three-dimensional Euclidean space , or the geometric properties of the curve itself irrespective of any motion. More specifically, the formulas describe the derivatives of the so-c... | 0.77499 | 0.994817 | 0.770973 |
Theory U | Theory U is a change management method and the title of a book by Otto Scharmer. Scharmer with colleagues at MIT conducted 150 interviews with entrepreneurs and innovators in science, business, and society and then extended the basic principles into a theory of learning and management, which he calls Theory U. The pri... | 0.780913 | 0.987202 | 0.770919 |
Elastic pendulum | In physics and mathematics, in the area of dynamical systems, an elastic pendulum (also called spring pendulum or swinging spring) is a physical system where a piece of mass is connected to a spring so that the resulting motion contains elements of both a simple pendulum and a one-dimensional spring-mass system. For s... | 0.790412 | 0.975335 | 0.770916 |
Introduction to quantum mechanics | Quantum mechanics is the study of matter and its interactions with energy on the scale of atomic and subatomic particles. By contrast, classical physics explains matter and energy only on a scale familiar to human experience, including the behavior of astronomical bodies such as the moon. Classical physics is still use... | 0.774194 | 0.995745 | 0.7709 |
Great Acceleration | The Great Acceleration is the dramatic, continuous and roughly simultaneous surge across a large range of measures of human activity, first recorded in the mid-20th century and continuing into the early 21st century. Within the concept of the proposed epoch of the Anthropocene, these measures are specifically those of ... | 0.781511 | 0.986397 | 0.77088 |
Rapidity | In special relativity, the classical concept of velocity is converted to rapidity to accommodate the limit determined by the speed of light. Velocities must be combined by Einstein's velocity-addition formula. For low speeds, rapidity and velocity are almost exactly proportional but, for higher velocities, rapidity tak... | 0.779711 | 0.98867 | 0.770877 |
Ponderomotive force | In physics, a ponderomotive force is a nonlinear force that a charged particle experiences in an inhomogeneous oscillating electromagnetic field. It causes the particle to move towards the area of the weaker field strength, rather than oscillating around an initial point as happens in a homogeneous field. This occurs b... | 0.790617 | 0.975029 | 0.770874 |
Spacetime | In physics, spacetime, also called the space-time continuum, is a mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum. Spacetime diagrams are useful in visualizing and understanding relativistic effects, such as how different observers perce... | 0.771395 | 0.999323 | 0.770873 |
Rheology | Rheology (; ) is the study of the flow of matter, primarily in a fluid (liquid or gas) state but also as "soft solids" or solids under conditions in which they respond with plastic flow rather than deforming elastically in response to an applied force. Rheology is the branch of physics that deals with the deformation a... | 0.775107 | 0.994486 | 0.770832 |
Davisson–Germer experiment | The Davisson–Germer experiment was a 1923–1927 experiment by Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer at Western Electric (later Bell Labs), in which electrons, scattered by the surface of a crystal of nickel metal, displayed a diffraction pattern. This confirmed the hypothesis, advanced by Louis de Broglie in 1924, of wave-... | 0.776873 | 0.992214 | 0.770824 |
Vacuum energy | Vacuum energy is an underlying background energy that exists in space throughout the entire universe. The vacuum energy is a special case of zero-point energy that relates to the quantum vacuum.
The effects of vacuum energy can be experimentally observed in various phenomena such as spontaneous emission, the Casimir e... | 0.77543 | 0.994031 | 0.770801 |
Geophysics | Geophysics is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. Geophysicists, who usually study geophysics, physics, or one of the Earth sciences at the graduate level, c... | 0.775792 | 0.993564 | 0.770799 |
Paramagnetism | Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism whereby some materials are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field, and form internal, induced magnetic fields in the direction of the applied magnetic field. In contrast with this behavior, diamagnetic materials are repelled by magnetic fields and form induced magn... | 0.773474 | 0.996473 | 0.770745 |
Chilton and Colburn J-factor analogy | Chilton–Colburn J-factor analogy (also known as the modified Reynolds analogy) is a successful and widely used analogy between heat, momentum, and mass transfer. The basic mechanisms and mathematics of heat, mass, and momentum transport are essentially the same. Among many analogies (like Reynolds analogy, Prandtl–Tayl... | 0.792237 | 0.972864 | 0.770739 |
Crystal momentum | In solid-state physics, crystal momentum or quasimomentum is a momentum-like vector associated with electrons in a crystal lattice. It is defined by the associated wave vectors of this lattice, according to
(where is the reduced Planck constant).
Frequently, crystal momentum is conserved like mechanical momentum, m... | 0.784618 | 0.9823 | 0.77073 |
Planck's law | In physics, Planck's law (also Planck radiation law) describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature , when there is no net flow of matter or energy between the body and its environment.
At the end of the 19th century, physicists were un... | 0.77183 | 0.998564 | 0.770722 |
Dimensional analysis | In engineering and science, dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their base quantities (such as length, mass, time, and electric current) and units of measurement (such as metres and grams) and tracking these dimensions as calculations or compari... | 0.772417 | 0.997781 | 0.770703 |
Hawking radiation | Hawking radiation is the theoretical emission released outside a black hole's event horizon. This is counterintuitive because once ordinary electromagnetic radiation is inside the event horizon, it cannot escape. It is named after the physicist Stephen Hawking, who developed a theoretical argument for its existence in ... | 0.771706 | 0.998668 | 0.770678 |
Energy profile (chemistry) | In theoretical chemistry, an energy profile is a theoretical representation of a chemical reaction or process as a single energetic pathway as the reactants are transformed into products. This pathway runs along the reaction coordinate, which is a parametric curve that follows the pathway of the reaction and indicates ... | 0.790992 | 0.974298 | 0.770662 |
Biot–Savart law | In physics, specifically electromagnetism, the Biot–Savart law ( or ) is an equation describing the magnetic field generated by a constant electric current. It relates the magnetic field to the magnitude, direction, length, and proximity of the electric current.
The Biot–Savart law is fundamental to magnetostatics. I... | 0.772941 | 0.997024 | 0.770641 |
Joule-second | The joule-second (symbol J⋅s or J s) is the unit of action and of angular momentum in the International System of Units (SI) equal to the product of an SI derived unit, the joule (J), and an SI base unit, the second (s). The joule-second is a unit of action or of angular momentum. The joule-second also appears in quant... | 0.783827 | 0.983171 | 0.770636 |
Agronomy | Agronomy is the science and technology of producing and using plants by agriculture for food, fuel, fiber, chemicals, recreation, or land conservation. Agronomy has come to include research of plant genetics, plant physiology, meteorology, and soil science. It is the application of a combination of sciences such as bio... | 0.77332 | 0.996466 | 0.770588 |
Quaternions and spatial rotation | Unit quaternions, known as versors, provide a convenient mathematical notation for representing spatial orientations and rotations of elements in three dimensional space. Specifically, they encode information about an axis-angle rotation about an arbitrary axis. Rotation and orientation quaternions have applications in... | 0.772148 | 0.997977 | 0.770586 |
Monte Carlo method | Monte Carlo methods, or Monte Carlo experiments, are a broad class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results. The underlying concept is to use randomness to solve problems that might be deterministic in principle. The name comes from the Monte Carlo Casino in Monaco, ... | 0.770932 | 0.999505 | 0.77055 |
Symmetry (physics) | The symmetry of a physical system is a physical or mathematical feature of the system (observed or intrinsic) that is preserved or remains unchanged under some transformation.
A family of particular transformations may be continuous (such as rotation of a circle) or discrete (e.g., reflection of a bilaterally symmetri... | 0.778829 | 0.989312 | 0.770505 |
Trajectory | A trajectory or flight path is the path that an object with mass in motion follows through space as a function of time. In classical mechanics, a trajectory is defined by Hamiltonian mechanics via canonical coordinates; hence, a complete trajectory is defined by position and momentum, simultaneously.
The mass might be... | 0.776795 | 0.991894 | 0.770498 |
Momentum transfer | In particle physics, wave mechanics, and optics, momentum transfer is the amount of momentum that one particle gives to another particle. It is also called the scattering vector as it describes the transfer of wavevector in wave mechanics.
In the simplest example of scattering of two colliding particles with initial m... | 0.791068 | 0.973964 | 0.770472 |
Carnot cycle | A Carnot cycle is an ideal thermodynamic cycle proposed by French physicist Sadi Carnot in 1824 and expanded upon by others in the 1830s and 1840s. By Carnot's theorem, it provides an upper limit on the efficiency of any classical thermodynamic engine during the conversion of heat into work, or conversely, the efficien... | 0.772584 | 0.997244 | 0.770455 |
Rossby wave | Rossby waves, also known as planetary waves, are a type of inertial wave naturally occurring in rotating fluids. They were first identified by Sweden-born American meteorologist Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby in the Earth's atmosphere in 1939. They are observed in the atmospheres and oceans of Earth and other planets, owing ... | 0.778713 | 0.989387 | 0.770448 |
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