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because if i see you, if you come into my periphery, you're gone.
A
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Male
experience. she was concerned with her own personal comfort.
X
4.916667
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Male
and i doubt if my kids we'll even make it that far, but i'm trying to get them working now.
F
4.4
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Male
our country is so wealthy. we got so much money laying around, that not only do our children not have to work, which isn't true in bangladesh.
X
5.909091
3.454545
5.818182
138
Male
now it's 2016, a guy's 25 years old and he hasn't even had a job. he's never had a real job.
D
5.5
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138
Male
what legacy am i going to leave? what am i going to have left over after i'm gone? what mark am i going to leave on this world?
S
4
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Male
and you got some people in this world for 25 years old who haven't even started yet.
A
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Male
that they're owed. that because they're in this country and because this country is so wealthy and so prosperous and some people have so much that they are entitled to a certain standard of living.
A
4.8
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138
Male
so let me ask you, when was the last time the government showed up to take your unregistered automatic weapon away?
X
5.333333
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138
Male
can you imagine the heat that the justice department would catch?
N
4
4
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138
Male
that's what i was just going to ask you because i never know box office stuff until way late in the week. so it didn't do well this weekend.yeah, it-
X
2.6
2.8
3.2
1256
Female
if they even do, i mean, expendables, is it right?
N
3.4
4
3.8
1256
Female
and his demise is really good.
H
3.6
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4.4
1255
Male
daniel plainview-type character.right.but you hate him and he uses his-
N
3.6
3.4
2.8
1255
Male
the impression it was because ryan dunn died and they didn't want to have that massive hole.
H
4.6
4.4
5
1255
Male
they decided to really class it up in the memory of ryan dunn and stop-
H
5.153846
5.230769
5.230769
1255
Male
i'm seeing it this week. i'm really excited to see it.there's a press-
N
4.8
4.6
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Male
these 30-year-old housewife, sex guide, article headlines that they have on huffington post.
X
4.2
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Male
there is this great turning point that i identify in the years around 1800-
X
2.2
3.4
2.8
231
Male
the way they achieve that is through widespread infanticide mostly.
D
3
4.2
5
231
Male
the other reason though, why i think it's so important is that-
N
2.545455
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3
231
Male
...the things we don't know are...
N
2.2
4.2
3.2
1256
Female
...just astonishing once you contemplate them.
U
2.8
4.4
4.6
1256
Female
okay and let's talk about your methodology. how did you do your research?
N
2.2
5.2
4.8
1081
Female
many years going through libraries and archives, tracking down population registers from the 17th, 18th, and 19th century.
N
4
5
3.8
231
Male
each municipality has, at some point, in the last 50 or 60 years, launched a local history project.
N
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4
3
231
Male
the documents that are available locally, type them up for you, publish them, and deliver them to the shelves of the sterling memorial library.
N
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3.8
2.6
231
Male
the second leg is a wonderful wealth of different-
N
3.2
4.8
4.2
231
Male
types of materials on infanticide. i say wonderful because, well, it's a strange word to use maybe in this context, but-
H
4.555556
4.777778
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231
Male
there are pregnancy reports that peasant women had to submit to the authorities to-
N
1.8
3.2
2.2
231
Male
to respond to a surveillance policy that try to stamp out and fantasize.
N
1.4
3.6
1.6
1256
Female
they talk about infanticide, they talk about nothing but infanticide. and then finally there is a rich visual record as well.
X
5.2
4.2
3.4
1255
Male
and to track down that record has perhaps been the most...
S
3
5
3.2
231
Male
and a lot of these have been lost, because they weren't considered great works of art.
X
2.6
4
3
231
Male
[crosstalk 00:00:51] and were you able to visit on those days and have access to that information or...
N
3
4.2
4
1081
Female
professional museum. and i went there because i knew that in their storage had one infanticide tablet.
H
3.4
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4
231
Male
tracking down these images that in many cases you can't find anywhere in the published record.
N
2.8
4.6
3.2
231
Male
but on the whole, we have the complaints of people who think that infanticide is a problem or the sort of rather, feeble excuses of people.
X
4.4
3.2
3.8
231
Male
and then we have the patterns of the demographic record and to respond more directly to your question,
N
1.909091
3.818182
2.454545
231
Male
the population registers of the tokugawa period, the heart of the 300 years that i span in my project.
S
4
4.2
3.8
231
Male
the first time the annual recording ritual coincided with their lives, so if a child was born in december, the first recording might be in...
X
2.4
3.8
2.8
231
Male
these early childhood deaths. so part of my methodology was to...
N
2
4
2.4
231
Male
under the kind of conditions of life and contraceptive technology and so on that people had at the time.
C
3.4
3.8
4
231
Male
it's hard to imagine that people would have had fewer than six or seven children without the practice of infanticide
S
1.636364
3.090909
3
231
Male
so i think one good way to visualize those different cultures, is to look at two encounters that happened in highway ends in japan, in the early 18th century.
X
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Male
...get the one image that represents japan most directly in this clip.
N
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Female
and we are on this holy pilgrimage we can't share a roof with people who do such a thing.
N
3.2
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3.2
231
Male
...and so the man from southern shikoku is so ashamed that he-
S
2.8
3.2
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1256
Female
...breaks off his pilgrimage and goes home and vows to do better. oh, and-
S
2.2
3.4
3
1256
Female
okay. so that's encounter number one. encounter number two happens at the other end of japan, in the east, right around the same time, so, okay, 1720. and do you have a medicine-
X
3.8
3.8
4.2
231
Male
when he notices that an infanticide is going to happen, he clings to his sleeves and eventually talks him into accepting a subsidy for buying milk.
F
4.4
3.4
4.2
231
Male
different cultures of in infanticide. one is the culture that i dedicate most of my book to.
N
4
4.8
4.4
231
Male
...so for example, they involved selling-
N
3
3.2
2.8
1256
Female
the geographical divisions were clearly present in people's minds, in the 18th century. no 18th century is kind of the heyday of this culture of infanticides.
N
1.8
3.4
2.8
231
Male
on the other hand, there are these disagreements and they really open up in the 19th century.
N
3.8
4
3.4
231
Male
...when, especially local elites. and so the warrior governments that...
X
3
3.4
2.8
1256
Female
...convey that to the, in their view, united parts of the population.
X
2.8
4.2
3.6
1255
Male
you also asked how people selected.
S
3.2
4.2
3.4
231
Male
it's a terrible task, and how...
S
4
3.8
4.8
1081
Female
in japan, it was more complicated. if you were a girl, you were at a slightly higher risk of falling victim to your parents unwillingness to raise you
S
2.9
2.7
3.1
231
Male
but one very typical pattern that we see very, very strongly in the demographic record is that [inaudible 00:00:45].
N
3.4
4.8
3.8
231
Male
your chances of being accepted by your parents, depend on how many children of the same gender-
N
1.6
3.4
2.4
231
Male
...already exists in the household. so if you're a girl and you're born into a family with two sons-
N
3.4
4.2
3.6
1255
Male
...chances are that your parents like the idea of having this kind of balance. sure. if you're a girl born into a family with two daughters, they probably don't need a third daughter. and that-
N
2.2
3.6
3
1255
Male
now it's interesting to think about why it is shocking to us. and i think part of that is that we live in a world where maternal love and immediate-
X
2.8
4
3.6
1255
Male
and again, if you look around the world, infanticide is so commonly practiced in many societies. well, not anymore, but-
X
2.4
3.2
2.8
1255
Male
and actually i was going down that road. i will get to asking at what point did it become completely unacceptable?
S
3
3.2
2.8
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Male
so one thing that made it more likely that women would do the killing, or i should say one thing that makes it more plausible, that it really was ...
N
3.4
3.2
3.2
Unknown
Unknown
... women is that-
N
2.6
3.2
2.8
1256
Female
the behavior of women, or denigrating women, painting women as being-
N
2.8
3
2.6
1256
Female
.. transmogrified into demons, into animals.
N
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3.2
3
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Female
and so to some extent, these accounts of women doing the killing might be slightly problematic. and i don't have an ultimate answer to that.
S
2
3
2
1256
Female
i should say for us that suffering is very relative and infanticide has been studied for a long time by historians.
N
2.6
3.2
3.8
231
Male
there's a little bit of truth to that but if you look at
N
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3.8
4
1256
Female
... an appropriate way of raising a child would be. and that appropriate way of raising a child depended on your economic station. and so the fertility norm worked out in a way that-
N
3.8
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3.4
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Female
[ [there 00:05:00] were various ideas that made infanticide seem virtuous. again, a very bizarre notion to us.
N
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3.6
2.6
231
Male
... one of those was that, well, i've mentioned several times already. you have to do right by the children-
X
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3.4
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Female
we choose to raise. so to be a good parent, you commit infanticide, paradoxically
N
2.4
3.4
3.8
231
Male
that under any circumstances a child can be killed. and the reason people who otherwise thought of themselves as good and
X
2.8
3.2
3
231
Male
... in the 18th century, say, would commit in infanticide was that-
N
2
3.8
2.4
1256
Female
... and a member of human society who deserves the full protections.
X
1.6
3.2
2.2
1256
Female
that that membership affords, is arbitrary
F
2.25
2.875
2.25
231
Male
you can say it's convenient to draw it at birth because that's an impressive event with lots of noise and blood and so on. but a lot of societies actually drew it.
X
4.6
5
3.8
1256
Female
typically or being wrapped in a rag kind of thing,
S
1.5
3.666667
2.166667
231
Male
there were different ways of committing infanticide and some of them involved things that seem strangely elaborate, like-
O
3.4
3.2
2.8
1256
Female
ensure that the child hasn't crossed this threshold to full human life
S
2.4
2.8
2.2
231
Male
so that the real story seems to be that
N
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4.2
3.6
231
Male
children are liminal at the point of birth anyway, and they can
N
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2.8
231
Male
... killing the child isn't really taking a life. and people come up with euphemisms like, "sending back the child," or-
X
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Female
weeding out superfluous plant
N
3
3.8
2.6
231
Male
you need a lot of cultural justifications for committing infanticide and a lot of incentives for doing it as well
N
1.5
3.5
2.3
231
Male
the situation of infanticide in japan today is the same as in the united states. it happens rarely. when it happens, people are shocked.
X
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Male
almost every second child has claimed to be stillborn. you notice that something
S
2.666667
2.75
2.833333
231
Male
woman remembering her life, that mentions an infanticide in 1945
N
3
4
3.4
231
Male
there are somewhere between a million and three million abortions, depending on how many you think were really reported.
N
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3.2
3.2
1255
Male
... their families. and then contraceptive practice slowly, gradually takes over. but once safe abortion is available-
X
2
3.8
2.8
1255
Male
on the one hand and committing infanticide, on the other hand. so there might also be a generational story
N
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3.6
1.8
231
Male
.. usually had a primary school education, at least.
N
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Male
if you walked in with an angry look-
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3.2
1256
Female
hence, forward-leaning and the first question i need to ask is why you so pissed off? and then he turns around and says, will you turn around and say, you killed my son two days ago.
S
3.6
3.2
3.8
232
Male