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Selective degeneration by capsaicin of a subpopulation of primary sensory neurons in the adult rat.
The morphological effects of systemic capsaicin treatment have been studied in adult rats. Light and electron microscopy revealed that a subpopulation of small-to-medium sized B-type primary sensory neurons, representing about 17% of the total neuronal population in the 4th lumbar spinal ganglion, underwent rapid degeneration after the administration of capsaicin. Quantitative electron microscopy demonstrated a decrease of about 45% in the number of unmyelinated axons in the saphenous nerve. Light microscopy showed extensive axon terminal degeneration in the brainstem and spinal cord confined to the central projection areas of capsaicin-sensitive afferent fibers, as has already been revealed in the newborn rat. The present results furnish evidence for a hitherto unrecognized selective neurodegenerative action of capsaicin in the adult rat.
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How to Kill Mosquito Larvae
Every successful mosquito control process requires biological mosquito control that focuses on killing mosquito larvae and eliminating breeding grounds. At NorthlineExpress.com, we offer a variety of effective products that have been tested and proven to kill mosquito larva during the aquatic stages of their life cycle before they mature into flying, biting adult insects.
If you are unsure of which biological mosquito control product best suits your needs, our mosquito control experts are just a call or click away. Call, email or instant message our mosquito control professionals today and learn about our exclusive, proven effective 4-Step Process to Ultimate Mosquito Control.
Our price is lower than the manufacturer's "minimum advertised price." As a result, we cannot show you the price in catalog or the product page.
You have no obligation to purchase the product once you know the price. You can simply remove the item from your cart.
Our price is lower than the manufacturer's "minimum advertised price." As a result, we cannot show you the price in catalog or the product page.
You have no obligation to purchase the product once you know the price. You can simply remove the item from your cart.
How to Kill Mosquito Larvae
All mosquito species require aquatic habitats for development during the larval and pupal stages of their life cycle; and because of this, killing mosquito larvae during these premature stages of their life cycle presents the best chance at being successful in mosquito control attempts.
There are several effective mosquito control systems that focus on eliminating breeding grounds by aggressively killing mosquito larvae before they have a chance to develop into mature, adult biting insects.
Mosquito Dunks and Mosquito Bits
Mosquito dunks and mosquito bits immediately begin targeting and eliminating mosquito larvacide in breeding areas using effective levels of B.T.I. B.T.I. is a group bacteria used as biological control agents for mosquito populations during the aquatic stages of their life cycle.
When mosquito dunks and bits are introduced to a water source, they immediately start releasing a microbial insecticide that settles down into the water where mosquito larva are feeding and growing. Mosquito larva begin feeding on the bacteria which causes a disease that is specific to them but are harmless to all other forms of wildlife.
Mosquito Barrier has been used by farmers to kill mosquito larva for generations. It is a "super garlic" concentrate that doesn't kill bees or butterflies, it is completely safe for children, fish, birds, dogs, cats and other pets, it is undetectable to humans, but it is lethal to mosquitoes and other soft bodied insects.
when mixed with canola oil, Mosquito Barrier coats any standing water in the area with a very thin film of natural oil. This oil effectively eliminates mosquito populations by suffocating and killing mosquito larvae developing in the standing water.
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Microsoft setup boots-trapper had stopped working A problem caused the program to stop working correctly.
I get this error: Microsoft setup boots-trapper had stopped working A problem caused the program to stop working correctly while trying to install Office Pro 2016.
Microsoft gives a solution to delete a registry key, that fails to: an error occurred while trying to delete the registry key. Ran the "regedit.exe" as administrator, to no avail.
MS Outlook undoubtedly is the most widely used email client.Its user-friendliness, cost effectiveness, and availability with Microsoft Office Suite make it the most popular email application. Its compatibility with Microsoft applications like Exch…
The viewer will learn how to use the =DISCRINV command to create a discrete random variable, use this command to model a set of probabilities and outcomes in a Monte Carlo simulation, and learn how to find the standard deviation of a set of probabil…
The Relationships Diagram is a good way to get an overall view of what a database is keeping track of. It is also where relationships are defined. A relationship specifies how two tables connect to each other.
As you build tables in Microsoft Ac…
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Qui est Jacques Cheminade, candidat à la présidentielle? "je suis gaulliste de gauche"
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Q:
SQL Server 2005 - How to take a record from one table and loop through another table looking for match
I have 2 tables. for this example I will use only one users records.
The first table has the user name and an evaluation date as such:
USER EVALDATE
--------------
bobr 6/7/2010
bobr 9/20/2010
bobr 9/21/2010
The above table needs to be joined against this user history table, which has the history of the ID's and the dates they were valid, to look for a match (the NULL date means current):
USER STARTDATE ENDDATE
----------------------------
bobr 2/20/2006 4/18/2010
bobr2 4/19/2010 9/7/2010
bobr 9/8/2010 null
What I'm trying to do in SQL Server 2005 is take the first record from the first table, loop it through the second table and when(if) the EVALDATE is within one of these date ranges and the IDs match, then flag that record from the first table as valid.
The current code takes the record from the first table and runs against all rows of the second table and kicks out a record for each invalid evaldate, so it kicks out a record when joined against the second table because the evaldate is not between the dates of the first record on the history table, even though the record is fine because the evaldate is between the start and end dates of the third record in the history table.
I hope this makes sense! In something like SAS I can create an array and loop through checking against each record in the history table. How do I do this in SQL? What I was trying to do was just update the first table with a flag if the records dates are invalid. Any ideas? Thanks!!!
A:
Try this:
SELECT [USER]
,[EVALDATE]
,CASE WHEN ( SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM [UserStartEndDates] b
WHERE [a].[USER] = [b].[User]
AND [EVALDATE] BETWEEN [STARTDATE]
AND COALESE([ENDDATE],[EVALDATE])
) > 0 THEN 1
ELSE 0
END AS [IsValid]
FROM [Evaluations] a
|
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Property Description
Single Family Detached
This exquisite equestrian estate sits on over five acres of bay front property located right in Panama City Beach, FL., and it is completely secluded. As you enter the grounds, you drive past the white fenced corrals, the horse barn and stables that feature living quarters upstairs for your caretaker. You drive on under the Spanish moss hanging from the oak trees that provide a canopy and on through the brick entrance past the manicured grounds to the circular drive which features a large antique stone fountain with four stallions at its base, to the mansion that inhabits this idyllic setting. The home has 5690 sq. feet of living space and features old world custom mill working throughout. Antique stained glass windows in the grand foyer and dining room add to the unrivaled architectural details that define this home. Heart pine, maple, and poplar are used extensively in ceilings, walls and floors. The master suite is on the first floor. All four bedrooms have a bathroom en suite. The main living room has ceilings that soar thirty feet and past the balcony that leads from the upstairs landing to the billiards room. The living room opens onto a brick veranda that steps down to the swimming pool with an island in its center. The pool also features a built in hot tub where you can relax while overlooking the beautiful Saint Andrews Bay. There are water views from every room on the back of the home. From your dock you can navigate to beautiful Shell Island in less than five minutes and out to the open waters of the Gulf of Mexico. This is an opportunity of a lifetime to own a secluded equestrian estate of this size and magnificence located within a very popular beach community.
* Based on a 30-year fixed rate of 4.75% with 20% down. The estimated payment is offered for convenience and is not an offer of credit. Due to market fluctuations, interest rates are subject to change at any time and without notice. Interest rates are also subject to credit and property approval based on secondary market guidelines. The rates shown are based on average rates for our best qualified customers. Your individual rate may vary. Rates may differ for FHA, VA or jumbo loans.
The Single Family Detached located at 3007 Bear Point Dr, Panama City, FL 32408 is currently for sale.
3007 Bear Point Dr, Panama City is listed by CENTURY 21 Real Estate for $4,250,000.
This property has 4 bedrooms, 4 full bathrooms, 1 half bathrooms, and approximately 5,690 square feet. The property was built in 1994.
If the property located at 3007 Bear Point Dr, Panama City, FL isn't what you're looking for,
search Florida real estate to see other houses for sale in Panama City.
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Q:
Get the variables set in 'this' by a function in another function
I have a function which adds some variables in this, for example:
this.a = "hello";
this.b = "bye";
The this of this function is an image,
$('#image').function1();
Now I want to access these variables in another function. I am calling this function the same way:
$('#image').function2();
but when I try to access this.a and this.b, undefined is thrown.
How can I access these variables from function2?
A:
You can use $.fn.functionName to extend prototype with new method that will add new properties in your case a and b to object that you call this method on, and then in another method you can access those properties.
$ or jQuery is a constructor function and fn is same as prototype
$.fn.function1 = function() {
this.a = 'hello';
this.b = 'bye';
return this;
}
$.fn.function2 = function() {
console.log(this.a)
}
$('img').function1().function2()
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<img src="" alt="">
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
Objective-c [iOS разработка] работа с таблицами
Доброе время суток всем пользователям данного сайта!
У меня возникла проблема при разработке под iOS одной программы, в общем у меня есть два ViewController'a, на одном из них у меня таблица с записями, а на другом детальное отображение записей, собственно переход по ячейке приводит к подробной записи с рисунком и т.д.
Собственно суть проблемы. Мне нужно сделать так как в приложении Notes на iPhon'e/iPod'e. Что бы я с детального контроллера мог переключать записи по кнопке, как это можно реализовать?
Буду очень благодарен вам за помощь!
A:
Можно попробовать следующим образом
UITableViewController со списком свех заметок
Subclass of UIPageViewController (MYNotesPageController) с кастомным методом - (id)initWithNotes:(NSArray *)items initialIndex:(NSInteger)index (либо заправшиваем все объекты MYNote из CoreData через NSFetchedResultsController или как-то еще)
MYNoteDetailsVC с методом - (id)initWithNote:(MYNote *)note - контроллер отображение каждой конкретной note
Добавляем логику в UIPageController для смены страниц - объектов MYNoteDetailsVC
в контроллере со списком заметок
- (void)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView didSelectRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath
{
MYNotesPageController *pageVC = [[MYNotesPageController alloc] initWithNotes:self.items initialIndex:indexPath.row];
[self.navigationController pushViewController:pageVC];
}
либо еще вариант вместо UIPageViewController можно использовать UICollectionViewController где каждая UICollectionViewCell и будет представлять из себя note editor. Этот метод проще, но может быть не так функционален, как через UIPageViewController
и самый просто способ:
пусть MYNoteEditorVC - котроллер/эдитор для заметки
в нем
@property (nonatomic, string) NSArray *notes; // все заметки
добавляем метод
- (void)reloadDataForNote:(MyNote *)note
который будет перегружать содержимое контроллера под новую заметку
дальше когда выбираем следующую или предыдущую заметку примо внутри этого контроллера
- (IBAction)nextNotePressed
{
if (self.currentNoteIndex + 1 < self.notes.count) {
MYNote *nextNote = self.notes[self.currentNoteIndex + 1];
self.currentNoteIndex++;
[self reloadDataForNote:nextNote];
}
}
|
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How Does A 24-Year-Old Woman's Drinking Habits For A Week Compare To a 35-Year-Old's?
'I order another glass of wine. My husband raises his eyebrows, which I pretend not to see'
Remember being in your 20s, binge-drinking every weekend with your mates, livers be damned? Well, according to new research, those pastimes have long since been shunned by young people, who are opting to abstain from alcohol more and more.
A study by University College London has found that 29% of people aged 16-24 class themselves as ‘non-drinkers’ in 2015, increasing from 18% ten years previously. With a large proportion of these coming from ‘lifetime abstainers’, whom have increased from 9% to 17%, the research shows that cultural attitudes towards alcohol are changing drastically.
In fact, never mind the Geordie Shore influence, only 28% of young people actually binge drink anymore. While in 2005, 43% said they drank harmful amounts of alcohol, this drastic reduction to less than 30% in 2015 was prevalent ‘across a broad range of groups’.
‘Increases in non-drinking among young people were found across a broad range of groups,’ said leader author of the study, Dr Linda Ng Fat, ‘including those living in northern or southern regions of England, among the white population, those in full-time education, in employment and across all social classes and healthier groups.
‘The increase in young people who choose not to drink alcohol suggests that this behaviour maybe becoming more acceptable, whereas risky behaviours such as binge drinking may be becoming less normalised.’
But when and HOW did this happen? When did all of the young people stop drinking and start… what do you even do without alcohol at a social event? It’s baffling to older generations, whose weeknight routine regularly includes a glass of wine.
So, we’ve decided to delve into the diaries of the 20-somethings and 30-somethings to find out exactly how these alternate drinking habits really change their life. Are they healthier? But more importantly, are they actually having fun?
Beth*, 24, says she doesn’t drink much, if at all. She used to drink heavily, but stopped drinking entirely after she blacked out and was raped during a night out at university.
Monday: I have a hectic week of socialising ahead, I’m celebrating the end of my masters degree and starting a new job, plus visiting a friend for a girls’ night in. I’m already preparing my excuses in my head for why I’m not drinking. My close friends are very accepting of how little I drink, they’re not massive drinkers anyway unless it’s a big night out. On that occasion, they love to take advantage of it knowing I’ll be there to look after them as the resident sober one. But even though they’re not big drinkers, I still always feel like I need a reason to be sober. Sometimes it’s the truth, sometimes it’s a lie.
Total units: 0
Tuesday: Prepping my excuses for a week ahead, I decide to drive to most of the social events I’m invited to so I have a legitimate reason not to drink. I know my own reasons are legitimate, but it’s not easy to explain a heavy topic when everyone just wants to have fun.
I stopped drinking heavily during a girls’ trip to Malia at 18, I saw so many people vomiting and lying alone in the street, it began to seem really dangerous. One of my friends threw up in her sleep and if I hadn’t of been sober enough to wake up and realise, I hate to think what would’ve happened.
After that I would still drink when I went out but I knew my limits. Then, in university I decided to let loose and did some shots with my flat mates, we were at home so I felt safe. However, I blacked out and woke up to realise I’d been raped. I know none of it was my fault regardless of drinking, but I’ve been afraid of getting drunk ever since.
I don’t want to let that fear ruin my enjoyment of life, so I limit when I drink and how much depending on how I feel that week but I’ve found that whenever I do choose to let go and drink, I have a bad night, so that fear of drinking is always reinforced.
Total units: 0
Wednesday: I’m at my friend Chelsea’s* tonight for a pamper night, they open the wine immediately. I tell them I’m driving, but my other friends are too and they will at least have one glass, so I’m not really convincing anyone.
Total units: 0
Thursday: I wake up feeling refreshed, I’m glad I didn’t drink last night, even though I was tempted. I’ve noticed that when I do drink, I tend to feel demotivated and anxious for days afterwards. I overthink more than usual, I don’t feel as energized or as healthy after exercising.
Drinking for me means making the decision to have or not have control over the actions of others, so I see not drinking as a way to protect myself, and ergo my mental health. Knowing I’ll feel safe, and I won’t spend days feeling down after a night out, avoiding alcohol for me is as good for my mental health as it is physical.
Total units: 0
Friday: I’m celebrating a family friend’s 30th wedding anniversary tonight, so I know there’ll be a lot of questions about why I’m not drinking. When I arrive at their home for pre-drinks, everyone is already tipsy, my family friend asks the inevitable when I’m only drinking water so I tell him I’m dehydrated. At the restaurant, the table is full of wine and champagne, so I get one glass of pink champagne and nurse it the entire night. One of my uncles makes a joke about it, but I laugh it off and drink water the rest of the night.
At the end of the night, the restaurant owner came to the table and asked us all what we wanted to drink one by one. He wouldn’t take no for an answer, off anyone, so I order a Baileys and then give it to my dad. He’s fine with that.
Total units: 1
Saturday: I’ve gathered all of my friends together to celebrate the end of my masters, I want them to have a good time, but as the host if I’m not drinking I know others might hold back. That’s the one of the awkward things about not drinking, if you host anything you have to make it clear that you want other people to drink as much as they want, but when you’re not it’s always a weird situation.
I decide to have one cocktail with dinner, and when we get to the next bar my friend is asking me what I want off the drinks menu. She wants to buy me a drink but I’m driving home (purposefully) so I tell her I’ll just have a coke. She knows why I don’t drink so she doesn’t judge, but it’s one of the few occasions I wish I could let loose and drink without fear.
Total units: 1
Sunday: My family decides to go for a roast dinner, so naturally there’s wine being ordered as soon as we sit down. The generational gap is hilarious. My dad has a wine club that involves him and his mates getting together to drink every Wednesday, whereas me and my sister – who's 21 - won’t even have one glass at family dinner. They’re used to us not drinking no one questions it - thank goodness. I’m sick of the excuses this week.
Total units: 0
Claire, 35, doesn't go on as many big nights out as she used to - and feels like she probably binge drinks far less as a result. But she's aware that as someone who drinks most nights she definitely needs to cut down - and she's always shocked by how quickly her weekly units add up.
Monday: I go to the gym after work (essentially to sweat out the last bit of booze from the weekend) and then don’t get home for dinner until nearly 9pm. I’m really thirsty and dehydrated from the gym, so glug a couple of glasses of water - the last thing I want to do is drink. But I do treat myself to a cup of tea when i’m watching TV. I feel insanely smug and virtuous about my Dry Monday, even though having a glass of wine I didn’t really want out of habit would have been utterly pointless.
Despite a good start, I'm quite nervous about laying out how much I drink this week - I know I drink too much and my husband and I keep taking it in turns to wring our hands and say that we should try to cut down more, but our good intentions never seem to go very far. I’m definitely better at cutting out that ‘just one’ glass of wine when I get home after work than I used to be. But that definitely doesn’t make up for the 3-4 times a week I go out after work, or for dinner or drinks, and go over my daily recommended intake (incidentally, who even sticks to those, they’re impossible?).
Total Units: 0
Tuesday: My friend is coming round for dinner. I WhatsApp her beforehand to specifically suggest that we share one bottle of wine and that’s it, because we’re both a fan of the ‘just one more’ bad idea drink at the end of the night. She’s bringing a bottle of red over, and I know we’ve got more in the cupboard but I resolve not to open a second bottle. On my way home I do, however, remember that I have a miniature bottle of gin and a miniature can of tonic in my knicker drawer (sounds weird, I had them hanging around so stashed them in there when I was tidying up.. they’ve been there six months now). I decide that we could share them as an aperitif with some olives while I’m making dinner - which is all very civilised and doesn’t even count as drinking, right?
When my friend arrives, she’s bought a chilled bottle of tonic and full bottle of gin along with the wine. Oh. We have a large one each before dinner then share the bottle of red which is… not as bad as it could have been???
On my way to bed, I spend a good 15 minutes staring in the mirror, trying to work out if I'm getting jowels. Booze is definitely my only ‘bad thing’ - I exercise regularly, I eat well, I don’t smoke and I don’t take drugs. But as a result, alcohol feels like the only leaver I have to pull if I want to look better. Sadly I suspect if anything was to make me cut down on how much I drink, it would be vanity rather than health concerns.
Total units: 7.3
Wednesday: Going to a gig with my husband, and I’m running late for dinner beforehand, so he orders me a cheeseburger and a glass of wine, which I happily glug down. I get another glass of wine to drink during the first half of the gig, and he buys me another one in the interval while i’m in the endless queue for the lady’s toilets. I resist the urge to suggest we go for ‘just one more’ on the way home, because I am a steely resolve/it’s 10.30 and I’m actually really knackered.
Total units: 6.3
Thursday: I go to get my hair cut on the way home from work. I’d made a half-hearted suggestion to meet a friend who lives near me on the way back, but am secretly relieved when she cancels. My plan is to go straight home, make some pasta and do some work in bed. But my haircut looks really nice and I’m hit by a sudden panic that I’m wasting my life and should be doing more exciting things with my new hair/Thursday night.
Instead I text my husband and my sister in law, who are in the pub and arrange to meet them for Turkish food. I realise they’re both quite hammered when I turn up - it feels quite unusual being the most sober person in the room. We share a bottle of red wine, which is just enough for me to feel like a fancy one more glass, but they’re both swaying a bit, so I bite my lip and order an Uber home instead. I’m such a paragon of virtue.
Units 4.2
Friday: It’s been a full-on week and I’m knackered. My plan to head straight home for an early night gets railroaded when our close friends, who live around the corner from us and are moving tomorrow, have an unexpected child-free night (grandparents to the rescue!). We’ve been talking about the four of us going out locally for a year, but work and children keep getting in the way, and this is our last chance.
Fortunately, they’ve both got a cold and have to be up early in the morning to finish packing. We still manage a couple of glasses of wine each in the pub, a bottle of wine over dinner, and one more in the pub afterwards. I don’t feel too trashed when I get home, but I definitely feel it in the morning. Ouch.
That said, I’d been expecting the night to tip into insanity, and I’ve realised how much I kind of let that sort of big night out ‘happen’ around me. If I really can’t face it I won’t go at all, but i make no attempt to control the situation once I’m there. I’d love to be that person who switches to water after a couple of drinks and heads home at a sensible hour - how do you do that???
Units: 10.5
Saturday: Feeling really tired and grumpy - go to a yoga class to try and sort myself out, which sort-of works although I leave feeling really shaky and out of it. Afterwards, we’ve agreed to meet our friends for lunch while they wait for their letting agent to do an inspection of their house. At this point, I should definitely switch to fizzy water, but I order wine along with my friend.
At the end of the meal my husband orders a coffee and my friend goes for an espresso martini, so I split the difference with another (small) glass of wine. My husband raises his eyebrows, which I pretend not to see. Feel amazing for about 20 minutes, while i consider how decadent and amazing daytime drinking is, then start to crash and have to have a little afternoon nap. Wake up a couple of hours later feeling out of sorts and annoyed with myself.
Units: 5.5
Sunday: Feel like i’m getting a cold and can’t face the gym, so spend the day mooching round the house and doing personal admin. I feel like I’ve earned the glass of wine I pour myself in front of the TV before dinner, but realise I’ve gulped it in 10 minutes flat. Resist the urge to get up and pour myself a second before I go to eat dinner - this is 100% progress, right?
Units: 4.
So what did the experts have to say about our two sets of very different drinkers? Dr John Larsen, Director of Evidence and Impact at Drinkaware:
'As illustrated by Beth’s and Claire’s diaries, it can be really hard to break the habit of regular drinking – especially when there is pressure from friends and family to be drinking as part of social occasions. A great way to break the habit, and to share with your friends that you are not drinking today, is to explain that you are taking a Drink Free Day. That doesn’t mean that you can’t take part in the fun.
'As more and more people are increasingly aware, the more alcohol you drink, the greater the risk of developing a number of serious potentially life limiting health conditions, such as high blood pressure and heart disease, as well as seven types of cancer.
'Regular drinking also increases the amount of calories consumed and can contribute to weight gain and obesity. It also impacts on mental health and anxiety levels and affects sleep.
'The Chief Medical Officers advise that to keep the health risks from alcohol to a low level, men and women should not be regularly drinking more than 14 standard units a week, which is six standard glasses of 13% wine or six pints of 4% beer.
'If you choose to drink, and regularly drink as much as this, then it’s best to spread your drinking evenly over three or more days.
'We would also encourage people to think about having several drink free days a week to help them cut back and keep the risks low.'
Andrew Misell, Director of Alcohol Concern in Wales. also explains:
'Claire’s account of her week shows the pitfalls that all of us who drink will be familiar with – we start out with such good intentions and then we get a bit carried away. It’s easily done, and it’s not the end of the world. That said, it’s always worth thinking about how much we’re drinking and why.'
'Maybe we’ve got into a routine of always having a drink at certain times and we’re doing it more by habit than for pleasure. It’s worth considering too whether our drinking is getting in the way of other things we want to do – are we letting good stuff pass us by because we’re too drunk or too hungover?'
|
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What would it take to record and entire life on video? - Zenbach
Imagine you were asked to build a system with today's technology capable of storing people's entire life on video. This request would be insane a few years ago only. I think today is already possible and pretty soon it may be a reality ( I know, scary.. ie: wife to husband: "Let's rewind an see where really were you last night? or an specific date 25 years ago?.. oops!)
Let's assume video would come at same data rate as YouTube HQ video from a tiny camera (iPhone size) embedded into a person's forehead. Assuming and average life span of 80 years what kind of infrastructure, storage, costs would you estimate?
======
Zenbach
Here are some numbers to give you and idea of what it would take to record
your entire life on video.
Assumed Parameters: \- 80 years (average life span) \- 1000 kbits/sec (YouTube
video datarate) \- $50.00/TeraByte
Solution: \- 80 yrs * 365 days/year * 24 hours/day * 3600 sec/hour =
2,522,880,000 secs/yr \- Total Secs in 80 yrs * data/sec = Total Storage
required to store 80 yrs so: Total Storage = 2,522,880,000 secs/80yr * 1000
kbits/sec = 2.5 e+12 kbits for 80 yrs (1 GB = 8,589,934.59 kbits) in GB would
be 293,701.89 GB for 80 years totalling about 287 TeraBytes (about 3.6
TB/year)
COST/Yr: at 3.6TB/year * $50/TB = $179/yr
TOTAL STORAGE REQUIRED TO RECORD YOUR ENTIRE LIFE: ######### 287 TeraBytes
###########
TOTAL STORAGE COST TO RECORD YOUR ENTIRE LIFE: $179/yr * 80 years = #########
$14.340 ###########
NOTE: This is an approximate value not considering that storage prices would
be dramatically lower 80 yrs from today. Probably, to record your entire life
80 years from now would cost less than $1000.
------
joshuarr
Crap... if you could develop a decent compression algorithm that tossed out
all the sleeping, masturbating, eating, wandering around aimlessly, sitting
there stoned out of my gourd, and posting stupid stuff to the internet, I bet
you could compress my 30 some years into about five.
~~~
Zenbach
I think your point makes a lot of sense. One of the sad things we would
discover from that experiment is how the majority of the footage would be
absolutely useless.. which to some degree would demonstrate how much time of
our lives is spent doing useless or totally boring things. My guess is that in
an average 80 year life you would be pressed to find more than 24 hours worth
of "worthy", relevant, amusing, moments.. most of these moments only relevant
to the person itself or friends or relatives.. Another interesting thing that
this experiment would yield would be to find out how much time in total was
really spent doing useful things, moments that were turning points on our
lives, in which we were truly happy, felt accomplished. On the average? how
much time would that add up to.. probably to less than 0.0001% of our lives..
pff.. how depressing.. I cam going to do something useful right now.
------
idleworx
i don't think we'll be truly able to build a system until technology comes up
with a free floating personal video assistant. eg. a digital page to follow
the squire around, floating above you or something like that. chip embedding
might be another option i guess.
~~~
Zenbach
I think the technology is already available. Of course, not yet integrated
into a functional system. The little iPhone like camera could be implanted on
your forehead and powered by a tiny rechargeable battery embedded inside your
chest (like a pacemaker) together with a miniature circuit. Video would be
buffered on an internal 64GB solid memory and continuously transmitted via 3G
network to a centralized storage facility. the 64GB buffer would be used when
wireless was not available. With 64GB you could store about a day worth of
highly compressed (YouTube video like at about 1000kbits/sec) of continuous
video before you an out of memory. Hardware wise it could be mass produced for
less than $100 bucks. Wireless costs would be expensive but as they go down in
time more affordable.
------
markca
you should look at gordan bell's project/book at microsoft
[http://www.wired.com/culture/culturereviews/magazine/17-09/p...](http://www.wired.com/culture/culturereviews/magazine/17-09/pl_print)
~~~
Zenbach
Thanks Markca, I was sure someone would be crazy enough to be attempting this
already.
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Last time I took a look at Andrew Luck’s touchdowns during the 2014 season. Now we’ll take a look at the other side of the coin. Andrew Luck threw 20 interceptions during the season and playoffs in 2014. For this article we’ll take a look at all of his interceptions to see what Luck still needs to improve on going into his 4th season.
Let’s start by looking at some stats on Luck’s interceptions.
Receiver Breakdown
Reggie Wayne 5 T.Y. Hilton 4 Coby Fleener 3 Hakeem Nicks 3 Donte Moncreif 2 Dwayne Allen 1 Ahmad Bradshaw 1 Zurlon Tipton 1
Quarter Breakdown
1st Quarter 4 2nd Quarter 6 3rd Quarter 5 4th Quarter 5
Down Breakdown
1st Down 2 2nd Down 11 3rd Down 7 4th Down 0
Route Breakdown
Go/Stop-n-Go/Out-n-Up 6 Out/In Route 5 Curl 3 Slant/Drag 2 HB Out/HB Angle 2 Post 1
Location Breakdown
Deep Left 0 Deep Middle 3 Deep Right 4 Intermediate Left 2 Intermediate Middle 2 Intermediate Right 2 Short Left 3 Short Middle 2 Short Right 2
Distance Breakdown
Fewer than 6 yards 4 Between 6 and 15 yards 9 Greater than 15 yards 7
From this I noticed a slight pattern in Luck’s interceptions. He throws most of his interceptions on intermediate routes and routes that are under 15 yards. He also throws a lot of his interceptions on curl routes and on in and out routes. What that tells me, at least from a statistical standpoint, is that Luck has trouble identifying underneath coverage as that is usually the main cause of interceptions on those types of routes. A quarterback that cannot identify underneath coverage will struggle to complete passes over the middle of the field and throw interceptions to the players in short zones. However, this article is not about statistics, it’s about film analysis. So let’s take a look at Luck’s interceptions.
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Diagnostic transcranial magnetic stimulation as a method of objective evaluation of motor pathways in patients with neoplastic and infectious brain damage.
The aim of our study was to evaluate validity of transcranial magnetic stimulation as evaluation tool of motor pathways condition dynamics in patients with gliomas and meningitis. There were included 91 patients: 40 children with aseptic meningitis, 26 matching age controls, 10 adults with gliomas and 16 matching controls. All patients underwent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) before and after the treatment. TMS showed good tolerability in all groups. Significant improvement of central motor pathways conductivity (MEPs amplitudes) was seen in both groups. In meningitis group significant rising of functional state of motoneurons was seen as well. We propose that TMS proved to be effective evaluation tool of motor pathways condition dynamic in patients with gliomas and meningitis.
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From the team that brought you the bellowing admonitions of Bob Casey -- "No smoking in the Metrodome" -- the Twins are removing the last place to light up on Target Field property.
For the team's first two seasons at Target Field, smokers were relegated to a corral outside left field on the promenade, cutting that number down from two locations at the Metrodome.
That final nicotine outpost will no longer exist at Monday's home opener, after the Minnesota Ballpark Authority came to the team with the idea to make Target Field smoke-free.
"When wind was blowing the right way, second-hand smoke would back into the main concourse, and it would even get up into escalators and waft up into the club level," said Twins spokesman Kevin Smith. "That was very unpleasant."
Smith said the team surveyed fans and employees "and got a resounding response that this is in the best interests of everyone."
The ban includes not only inside the stadium but all of Target Plaza, the sidewalk along 7th Street, the promenade on the west side and Target Field's side of 5th Street.
As for any fan wanting to leave at any point for a smoke and then returning, Smith said, "You may not. And that's not a smoking thing. That's just our long-standing policy of having a no re-entry rule."
The smoking ban applies to any goings on at Target Field, whether it's a concert or a private gathering such as a wedding.
When the ballpark authority meets on Friday, chairman Steve Cramer said he will suggest reviving the public address audio of the late Bob Casey's fan-pleasing directive starting Monday.
"I think that would be a great idea, sort of nostalgia of the Dome," Cramer said. "It's certainly drilled into all of our memories."
Paul Walsh • 612-673-4482
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Press Room
Entrematic Introduces Amarr Color Zone
WINSTON-SALEM, NC (MAY 18, 2017) – Entrematic recently introduced its new Amarr Color Zone program, which allows customized paint colors to be applied to all Amarr residential and commercial steel sectional doors. The customization is factory-applied using Sherwin-Williams SnapDry™ finishes, which are resistant to dirt, fingerprints and UV weathering.
“Whether looking for the perfect match to your home’s shutters, trim or front door or if you want to make a bold color statement on a commercial building, Amarr Color Zone is the answer to your most color-filled dreams,” said Entrematic vice president of marketing Vickie Lents. “Those who are interested in Amarr Color Zone options should visit a local Sherwin-Williams retail store to review and choose from more than 500 paint color selections.”
“Using a multi-step process, the home or business owner’s chosen color is applied as a top coat to Amarr pre-painted, galvanized steel sections to give their door one more layer of protection from the elements,” Lents added. “One of the key trends we’re seeing in garage doors is that customers want more color options to customize their homes and businesses. This is a wonderful tool to give garage doors a truly unique look.”
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Revision total hip arthroplasty using a Kerboull-type acetabular reinforcement device with bone allograft: minimum 4.5-year follow-up results and mechanical analysis.
We retrospectively reviewed 40 hips in 36 patients who had undergone acetabular reconstruction using a titanium Kerboull-type acetabular reinforcement device with bone allografts between May 2001 and April 2006. Impacted bone allografts were used for the management of American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Type II defects in 17 hips, and bulk bone allografts together with impacted allografts were used for the management of Type III defects in 23 hips. A total of five hips showed radiological failure at a mean follow-up of 6.7 years (4.5 to 9.3), two of which were infected. The mean pre-operative Merle d'Aubigné score was 10 (5 to 15) vs 13.6 (9 to 18) at the latest follow-up. The Kaplan-Meier survival rate at ten years, calculated using radiological failure or revision of the acetabular component for any reason as the endpoint, was 87% (95% confidence interval 76.3 to 97.7). A separate experimental analysis of the mechanical properties of the device and the load-displacement properties of bone grafts showed that a structurally hard allograft resected from femoral heads of patients with osteoarthritis should be preferentially used in any type of defect. If impacted bone allografts were used, a bone graft thickness of < 25 mm was acceptable in Type II defects. This clinical study indicates that revision total hip replacement using the Kerboull-type acetabular reinforcement device with bone allografts yielded satisfactory mid-term results.
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Post navigation
Check Me Out in the February Issue of Latina & as a Featured Panelist in #FoodFri on 1/10!
One of the happiest days of my recent life was when I was asked to write the back page of Latina’s February 2014 issue.
Featuring pop stars Jasmine V and Becky G on the cover, it’s our first ever social media issue–and they wanted me to write about the power of Latina bloggers! Obviously, I was thrilled and I’ve been waiting in anticipation ever since to share the news with you! And now here it FINALLY is.
It’s always a crazy dream when your full-time job recognizes your fun side project, and I’m so incredibly happy because I honestly just love both so much. So run–don’t walk!–to get the latest issue of Latina. And don’t forget to check out the full list of 37 Latina Bloggers You Need To Know in 2014, which includes some of my really good friends!
The other exciting news that I wanted to share with you is that I’ve been asked to be a featured panelist in this week’s #FoodFri Twitter Chat from @MomsRising! Starting at 1 p.m. on January 10th, join me on Twitter as I answer all kinds of questions about weight loss and healthy eating. I’m pretty excited about this opportunity to connect with more people and, if I can, help those struggling on their weight loss journeys. So come and chat with me and @MomsRising during #FoodFri this Friday! Check out their full announcement about the #FoodFri Tweetchat on MomsRising.org.
Who are some of your other favorite Latina bloggers?
Want more Healthy Latin Food? Follow me on Twitter and Instagram, become a fan on Facebook, or sign up to receive e-mail updates. And if you have any questions about cooking healthy or weight loss, please don’t hesitate to e-mail me. Thanks for reading!
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4 months ago
4 months ago
4 months ago
4 months ago
Jim Boeheim retirement rumor-mongering has become something of a cottage industry in recent seasons, so it’s always relieving when the man himself can add some clarity to the things that bounce around the world of message boards and e-mail chains. In his Sweet Sixteen presser yesterday, Boeheim took the time to end speculation as to whether he will coach the team in the 2013-14 season: “There is no process. There is no process. I’m coachin’ next year, I kid around a little bit and everybody gets crazy when I do so I’m not going to kid around about it anymore, I’m coaching next year, thrilled, got a great challenge, looking forward to it.” That is, unless he isn’t: “About September, if I don’t want to coach, I won’t coach.” That last little bit seems to open the door for a Jim Calhoun/Kevin Ollie situation, although Mike Hopkins has been the established head coach in waiting at Syracuse for years, so that type of manipulation seems unnecessary.
Match-ups between elite programs like Syracuse and Indiana are always great fun for a variety of reasons. Because these types of schools dip into the same small pool of blue-chip recruits, a lot of these players have long relationships, and these back stories can only help build intrigue for the games. IU”s Victor Oladipo spent a lot of time on Wednesday talking about his relationships with Syracuse’s DMV-area forwards Jerami Grant and C.J. Fair. Oladipo is very close with the entire Grant family, and descibed Jerami as a “little brother” while calling Fair a “good player” who is “a real cool dude to chill with.” Much of the pregame speculation on the Syracuse end of things has been about whom Oladipo will be tasked with guarding. That assignment may very well be Fair, who has been SU’s most consistent scorer all season.
The Marquette-Miami game has its own built-in storyline heading into tonight’s Sweet Sixteen bout. Hurricane assistant Eric Konkol coached guard Trent Lockett, who has come on as a big factor in the backcourt for the Golden Eagles, at Hopkins High School. Both took an unconventional road to this NCAA Tournament match-up. Konkol found himself in the high school ranks after coaching under Jim Larranaga at George Mason while his wife worked on a degree at the University of Minnesota. He rejoined Larranaga in 2010, moving with him to Miami. Lockett spent his first three years at Arizona State, where he averaged over 13 points per game as a sophomore and junior before transferring to Marquette. Lockett had a big game in the Round of 32 against Butler, scoring 13 points on 4-of-7 shooting and grabbing six rebounds.
Dueling articles are always fun. Think Progress‘ Travis Waldron penned a piece called “The University of Louisville is Everything That’s Wrong With College Basketball“, where his basic thesis is that because Louisville is the most profitable college basketball program but their basketball alumni don’t all matriculate to the NBA and make millions of dollars within a year or two, they’re evil… or something. I’m not a fan of using someone’s alma mater and inherent biases to try to invalidate their arguments, but when Waldron brought up his Kentucky background a lot of things were cleared up. SB Nation‘s Louisville blog Card Chronicle writer Mike Rutherford responded with his own post: “The University of Louisville is Not Everything That’s Wrong With College Basketball“, and I think he sums things up pretty well in response to Waldron – “You forgot the #BBN hashtag as your signature.”
Alas, this year’s sprint towards NIT glory was not to be for the Providence Friars, who fell in the quarterfinals to Baylor in Waco last night. The Friars had big performances from the usual suspects – Bryce Cotton led the team with 23 points while Vince Council and Kadeem Batts were close behind with 21 and 20 points, respectively. Kris Dunn was the only other Friar to score, however, and Baylor took advantage of Providence’s limited depth to cruise to a 79-68 victory. With Providence now out of the NIT, the three remaining Big East teams in the NCAA Tournament are the conference’s last representatives in postseason play this season.
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Hydrogen peroxide diffusion with and without light activation.
The aim of this study was to assess the dental bleaching efficacy of 37.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP), with and without light activation, in HP-exposed and unexposed areas. 28 bovine teeth were selected and divided into two groups (n = 14). Crowns were detached and stained with tea. The gingival half was covered with a gingival barrier. In the incisal half, 37.5% HP (Pola Office+, SDI) was applied three times, with a 1-week interval between applications. In HP-A group, the bleaching agent was activated for 3 min with a LED lamp. No light activation was applied in HP-N group. Dental color variation was determined through a spectrophotometer in both halves. Statistical analysis between groups was performed with an ANOVA test, and intragroup differences were evaluated, with an ANOVA test for paired data, with a significance level of P < 0.05. An increase in lightness and a decrease in chroma were found in both groups and halves. No significant differences in ΔE between groups (P > 0.5) were detected in the incisal half. After treatment, a significantly higher ΔE was found in the gingival half for HP-A group (P < 0.05). For the same group, a significantly higher bleaching effect was found in the gingival half, compared with the incisal half (P < 0.05). LED activation did not have a significant effect in terms of bleaching in the incisal half, but increased clearance in the gingival half. HP light activation does not significantly increase the whitening effect, but it can improve the bleaching diffusion to areas where it has not been directly applied.
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Unclear dose equals toxic dose.
Medication errors are a significant public health issue. Their frequency and severity are currently under increased scrutiny from many perspectives. In 1996, the National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCCMERP) was established to promote the reporting, understanding, and prevention of medication errors. NCCMERP has published prescription writing recommendations to remedy error-prone aspects of prescription writing. An example of a hazardously written medication order and its possible toxicity is provided.
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RNA silencing
RNA silencing or RNA interference refers to a family of gene silencing effects by which gene expression is negatively regulated by non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs. RNA silencing may also be defined as sequence-specific regulation of gene expression triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). RNA silencing mechanisms are highly conserved in most eukaryotes. The most common and well-studied example is RNA interference (RNAi), in which endogenously expressed microRNA (miRNA) or exogenously derived small interfering RNA (siRNA) induces the degradation of complementary messenger RNA. Other classes of small RNA have been identified, including piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) and its subspecies repeat associated small interfering RNA (rasiRNA).
Background
RNA silencing describes several mechanistically related pathways which are involved in controlling and regulating gene expression. RNA silencing pathways are associated with the regulatory activity of small non-coding RNAs (approximately 20–30 nucleotides in length) that function as factors involved in inactivating homologous sequences, promoting endonuclease activity, translational arrest, and/or chromatic or DNA modification. In the context in which the phenomenon was first studied, small RNA was found to play an important role in defending plants against viruses. For example, these studies demonstrated that enzymes detect double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) not normally found in cells and digest it into small pieces that are not able to cause disease.
While some functions of RNA silencing and its machinery are understood, many are not. For example, RNA silencing has been shown to be important in the regulation of development and in the control of transposition events. RNA silencing has been shown to play a role in antiviral protection in plants as well as insects. Also in yeast, RNA silencing has been shown to maintain heterochromatin structure. However, the varied and nuanced role of RNA silencing in the regulation of gene expression remains an ongoing scientific inquiry. A range of diverse functions have been proposed for a growing number of characterized small RNA sequences—e.g., regulation of developmental, neuronal cell fate, cell death, proliferation, fat storage, haematopoietic cell fate, insulin secretion.
RNA silencing functions by repressing translation or by cleaving messenger RNA (mRNA), depending on the amount of complementarity of base-pairing. RNA has been largely investigated within its role as an intermediary in the translation of genes into proteins. More active regulatory functions, however, only began to be addressed by researchers beginning in the late-1990s. The landmark study providing an understanding of the first identified mechanism was published in 1998 by Fire et al., demonstrating that double-stranded RNA could act as a trigger for gene silencing. Since then, various other classes of RNA silencing have been identified and characterized. Presently, the therapeutic potential of these discoveries is being explored, for example, in the context of targeted gene therapy.
While RNA silencing is an evolving class of mechanisms, a common theme is the fundamental relationship between small RNAs and gene expression. It has also been observed that the major RNA silencing pathways currently identified have mechanisms of action which may involve both post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) as well as chromatin-dependent gene silencing (CDGS) pathways. CDGS involves the assembly of small RNA complexes on nascent transcripts and is regarded as encompassing mechanisms of action which implicate transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) and co-transcriptional gene silencing (CTGS) events. This is significant at least because the evidence suggests that small RNAs play a role in the modulation of chromatin structure and TGS.
Despite early focus in the literature on RNA interference (RNAi) as a core mechanism which occurs at the level of messenger RNA translation, others have since been identified in the broader family of conserved RNA silencing pathways acting at the DNA and chromatin level. RNA silencing refers to the silencing activity of a range of small RNAs and is generally regarded as a broader category than RNAi. While the terms have sometimes been used interchangeably in the literature, RNAi is generally regarded as a branch of RNA silencing. To the extent it is useful to craft a distinction between these related concepts, RNA silencing may be thought of as referring to the broader scheme of small RNA related controls involved in gene expression and the protection of the genome against mobile repetitive DNA sequences, retroelements, and transposons to the extent that these can induce mutations. The molecular mechanisms for RNA silencing were initially studied in plants but have since broadened to cover a variety of subjects, from fungi to mammals, providing strong evidence that these pathways are highly conserved.
At least three primary classes of small RNA have currently been identified, namely: small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA).
small interfering RNA (siRNA)
siRNAs act in the nucleus and the cytoplasm and are involved in RNAi as well as CDGS. siRNAs come from long dsRNA precursors derived from a variety of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) precursors, such as sense and antisense RNAs. siRNAs also come from hairpin RNAs derived from transcription of inverted repeat regions. siRNAs may also arise enzymatically from non-coding RNA precursors. The volume of literature on siRNA within the framework of RNAi is extensive.
microRNA (miRNA)
The majority of miRNAs act in the cytoplasm and mediate mRNA degradation or translational arrest. However, some plant miRNAs have been shown to act directly to promote DNA methylation. miRNAs come from hairpin precursors generated by the RNaseIII enzymes Drosha and Dicer. Both miRNA and siRNA form either the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) or the nuclear form of RISC known as RNA-induced transcriptional silencing complex (RITS). The volume of literature on miRNA within the framework of RNAi is extensive.
Three prime untranslated regions and microRNAs
Three prime untranslated regions (3'UTRs) of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) often contain regulatory sequences that post-transcriptionally cause RNA interference. Such 3'-UTRs often contain both binding sites for microRNAs (miRNAs) as well as for regulatory proteins. By binding to specific sites within the 3'-UTR, miRNAs can decrease gene expression of various mRNAs by either inhibiting translation or directly causing degradation of the transcript. The 3'-UTR also may have silencer regions that bind repressor proteins that inhibit the expression of a mRNA.
The 3'-UTR often contains microRNA response elements (MREs). MREs are sequences to which miRNAs bind. These are prevalent motifs within 3'-UTRs. Among all regulatory motifs within the 3'-UTRs (e.g. including silencer regions), MREs make up about half of the motifs.
As of 2014, the miRBase web site, an archive of miRNA sequences and annotations, listed 28,645 entries in 233 biologic species. Of these, 1,881 miRNAs were in annotated human miRNA loci. miRNAs were predicted to have an average of about four hundred target mRNAs (affecting expression of several hundred genes). Freidman et al. estimate that >45,000 miRNA target sites within human mRNA 3'UTRs are conserved above background levels, and >60% of human protein-coding genes have been under selective pressure to maintain pairing to miRNAs.
Direct experiments show that a single miRNA can reduce the stability of hundreds of unique mRNAs. Other experiments show that a single miRNA may repress the production of hundreds of proteins, but that this repression often is relatively mild (less than 2-fold).
The effects of miRNA dysregulation of gene expression seem to be important in cancer. For instance, in gastrointestinal cancers, nine miRNAs have been identified as epigenetically altered and effective in down regulating DNA repair enzymes.
The effects of miRNA dysregulation of gene expression also seem to be important in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and autism spectrum disorders.
piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)
piRNAs represent the largest class of small non-coding RNA molecules expressed in animal cells, deriving from a large variety of sources, including repetitive DNA and transposons. However, the biogenesis of piRNAs is also the least well understood. piRNAs appear to act both at the post-transcriptional and chromatin levels. They are distinct from miRNA due to at least an increase in terms of size and complexity. Repeat associated small interfering RNA (rasiRNAs) are considered to be a subspecies of piRNA.
Mechanism
The most basic mechanistic flow for RNA Silencing is as follows:
(For a more detailed explanation of the mechanism, refer to the RNAi:Cellular mechanism article.)
1: RNA with inverted repeats hairpin/panhandle constructs --> 2: dsRNA --> 3: miRNAs/siRNAs --> 4: RISC --> 5: Destruction of target mRNA
It has been discovered that the best precursor to good RNA silencing is to have single stranded antisense RNA with inverted repeats which, in turn, build small hairpin RNA and panhandle constructs. The hairpin or panhandle constructs exist so that the RNA can remain independent and not anneal with other RNA strands.
These small hairpin RNAs and/or panhandles then get transported from the nucleus to the cytosol through the nuclear export receptor called exportin-5, and then get transformed into a dsRNA, a double stranded RNA, which, like DNA, is a double stranded series of nucleotides. If the mechanism didn't use dsRNAs, but only single strands, there would be a higher chance for it to hybridize to other "good" mRNAs. As a double strand, it can be kept on call for when it is needed.
The dsRNA then gets cut up by a Dicer into small (21-28 nt = nucleotides long) strands of miRNAs (microRNAs) or siRNAs (short interfering RNAs.) A Dicer is an endoribonuclease RNase, which is a complex of a protein mixed with strand(s) of RNA.
Lastly, the double stranded miRNAs/siRNAs separate into single strands; the antisense RNA strand of the two will combine with another endoribonuclease enzyme complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex), which includes the catalytic component Argonaute, and will guide the RISC to break up the "perfectly complementary" target mRNA or viral genomic RNA so that it can be destroyed.
It means that based on a short sequence specific area, a corresponding mRNA will be cut. To make sure, it will be cut in many other places as well. (If the mechanism only worked with a long stretch, then there would be higher chance that it would not have time to match to its complementary long mRNA.) It has also been shown that the repeated-associated short interference RNAs (rasiRNA) have a role in guiding chromatin modification.
For an animated explanation of the mechanism of RNAi by Nature Reviews, see the External Links section below.
Biological functions
Immunity against viruses or transposons
RNA silencing is the mechanism that our cells (and cells from all kingdoms) use to fight RNA viruses and transposons (which originate from our own cells as well as from other vehicles). In the case of RNA viruses, these get destroyed immediately by the mechanism cited above. In the case of transposons, it's a little more indirect. Since transposons are located in different parts of the genome, the different transcriptions from the different promoters produce complementary mRNAs that can hybridize with each other. When this happens, the RNAi machinery goes into action, debilitating the mRNAs of the proteins that would be required to move the transposons themselves.
Down-regulation of genes
For a detailed explanation of the down-regulation of genes, see RNAi:downregulation of genes
Up-regulation of genes
For a detailed explanation of the up-regulation of genes, see RNAi:upregulation of genes
RNA silencing also gets regulated
The same way that RNA silencing regulates downstream target mRNAs, RNA silencing itself is regulated. For example, silencing signals get spread between cells by a group of enzymes called RdRPs (RNA-dependent RNA polymerases) or RDRs.
Practical applications
Growing understanding of small RNA gene-silencing mechanisms involving dsRNA-mediated sequence-specific mRNA degradation has directly impacted the fields of functional genomics, biomedicine, and experimental biology. The following section describes various applications involving the effects of RNA silencing. These include uses in biotechnology, therapeutics, and laboratory research. Bioinformatics techniques are also being applied to identify and characterize large numbers of small RNAs and their targets.
Biotechnology
Artificial introduction of long dsRNAs or siRNAs has been adopted as a tool to inactivate gene expression, both in cultured cells and in living organisms. Structural and functional resolution of small RNAs as the effectors of RNA silencing has had a direct impact on experimental biology. For example, dsRNA may be synthesized to have a specific sequence complementary to a gene of interest. Once introduced into a cell or biological system, it is recognized as exogenous genetic material and activates the corresponding RNA silencing pathway. This mechanism can be used to effect decreases in gene expression with respect to the target, useful for investigating loss of function for genes relative to a phenotype. That is, studying the phenotypic and/or physiologic effects of expression decreases can reveal the role of a gene product. The observable effects can be nuanced, such that some methods can distinguish between “knockdown” (decrease expression) and “knockout” (eliminate expression) of a gene. RNA interference technologies have been noted recently as one of the most widely utilized techniques in functional genomics. Screens developed using small RNAs have been used to identify genes involved in fundamental processes such as cell division, apoptosis and fat regulation.
Biomedicine
Since at least the mid-2000s, there has been intensifying interest in developing short interfering RNAs for biomedical and therapeutic applications. Bolstering this interest is a growing number of experiments which have successfully demonstrated the clinical potential and safety of small RNAs for combatting diseases ranging from viral infections to cancer as well as neurodegenerative disorders. In 2004, the first Investigational New Drug applications for siRNA were filed in the United States with the Food and Drug Administration; it was intended as a therapy for age-related macular degeneration. RNA silencing in vitro and in vivo has been accomplished by creating triggers (nucleic acids that induce RNAi) either via expression in viruses or synthesis of oligonucleotides. Optimistically many studies indicate that small RNA-based therapies may offer novel and potent weapons against pathogens and diseases where small molecule/pharmacologic and vaccine/biologic treatments have failed or proved less effective in the past. However, it is also warned that the design and delivery of small RNA effector molecules should be carefully considered in order to ensure safety and efficacy.
The role of RNA silencing in therapeutics, clinical medicine, and diagnostics is a fast developing area and it is expected that in the next few years some of the compounds using this technology will reach market approval. A report has been summarized below to highlight the many clinical domains in which RNA silencing is playing an increasingly important role, chief among them are ocular and retinal disorders, cancer, kidney disorders, LDL lowering, and antiviral. The following table displays a listing of RNAi based therapy currently in various phases of clinical trials. The status of these trials can be monitored on the ClinicalTrials.gov website, a service of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Of note are treatments in development for ocular and retinal disorders, that were among the first compounds to reach clinical development. AGN211745 (sirna027) (Allergan) and bevasiranib (Cand5) (Opko) underwent clinical development for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration, but trials were terminated before the compounds reached the market. Other compounds in development for ocular conditions include SYL040012 (Sylentis) and QPI-007 (Quark). SYL040012 (bamosinan) is a drug candidate under clinical development for glaucoma, a progressive optic neurdegeneration frequently associated to increased intraocular pressure; QPI-007 is a candidate for the treatment of angle-closure glaucoma and Non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy; both compounds are currently undergoing phase II clinical trials. Several compounds are also under development for conditions such as cancer and rare diseases.
Main challenge
As with conventional manufactured drugs, the main challenge in developing successful offshoots of the RNAi-based drugs is the precise delivery of the RNAi triggers to where they are needed in the body. The reason that the ocular macular degeneration antidote was successful sooner than the antidote with other diseases is that the eyeball is almost a closed system, and the serum can be injected with a needle exactly where it needs to be. The future successful drugs will be the ones who are able to land where needed, probably with the help of nanobots. Below is a rendition of a table that shows the existing means of delivery of the RNAi triggers.
Laboratory
The scientific community has been quick to harness RNA silencing as a research tool. The strategic targeting of mRNA can provide a large amount of information about gene function and its ability to be turned on and off. Induced RNA silencing can serve as a controlled method for suppressing gene expression. Since the machinery is conserved across most eukaryotes, these experiments scale well to a range of model organisms. In practice, expressing synthetic short hairpin RNAs can be used to reach stable knock-down. If promoters can be made to express these designer short hairpin RNAs, the result is often potent, stable, and controlled gene knock-down in both in vitro and in vivo contexts. Short hairpin RNA vector systems can be seen as roughly analogous in scope to using cDNA overexpression systems. Overall, synthetic and natural small RNAs have proven to be an important tool for studying gene function in cells as well as animals.
Bioinformatics approaches to identify small RNAs and their targets have returned several hundred, if not thousands of, small RNA candidates predicted to affect gene expression in plants, C. elegans, D. melanogaster, zebrafish, mouse, rat, and human. These methods are largely directed to identifying small RNA candidates for knock-out experiments but may have broader applications. One bioinformatics approach evaluated sequence conservation criteria by filtering seed complementary target-binding sites. The cited study predicted that approximately one third of mammalian genes were to be regulated by, in this case, miRNAs.
Ethics & Risk-Benefit Analysis
One aspect of RNA silencing to consider is its possible off-target affects, toxicity, and delivery methods. If RNA silencing is to become a conventional drug, it must first pass the typical ethical issues of biomedicine. Using risk-benefit analysis, researchers can determine whether RNA silencing conforms to ethical ideologies such as nonmaleficence, beneficence, and autonomy.
There is a risk of creating infection-competent viruses that could infect non-consenting people. There is also a risk of affecting future generations based on these treatments. These two scenarios, in respect to autonomy, is possible unethical. At this moment, unsafe delivery methods and unintended aspects of vector viruses add to the argument against RNA silencing.
In terms of off-target effects, siRNA can induce innate interferon responses, inhibit endogenous miRNAs through saturation, and may have complementary sequences to other non-target mRNAs. These off-targets could also have target up-regulations such as oncogenes and antiapoptotic genes. The toxicity of RNA silencing is still under review as there are conflicting reports.
RNA silencing is quickly developing, because of that, the ethical issues need to be discussed further. With the knowledge of general ethical principles, we must continuously perform risk-benefit analysis.
See also
RNAi
siRNA
miRNA
piwiRNA
rasiRNA
References
External links
Nature Reviews animation explaining the mechanism of RNAi can be found here.
Category:RNA
Category:Gene expression
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Glutamate uptake determines pathway specificity of long-term potentiation in the neural circuitry of fear conditioning.
Long-term synaptic modifications in afferent inputs to the amygdala underlie fear conditioning in animals. Fear conditioning to a single sensory modality does not generalize to other cues, implying that synaptic modifications in fear conditioning pathways are input specific. The mechanisms of pathway specificity of long-term potentiation (LTP) are poorly understood. Here we show that inhibition of glutamate transporters leads to the loss of input specificity of LTP in the amygdala slices, as assessed by monitoring synaptic responses at two independent inputs converging on a single postsynaptic neuron. Diffusion of glutamate ("spillover") from stimulated synapses, paired with postsynaptic depolarization, is sufficient to induce LTP in the heterosynaptic pathway, whereas an enzymatic glutamate scavenger abolishes this effect. These results establish active glutamate uptake as a crucial mechanism maintaining the pathway specificity of LTP in the neural circuitry of fear conditioning.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Durante las denominadas III Jornadas de Marzo, Organizando la Resistencia, participaron varios ponentes y líderes políticos de izquierdas. Se celebraron en 2013 durante varias jornadas de marzo en el salón de actos de la biblioteca María Moliner perteneciente a la Universidad de Zaragoza. Una de esas ponencias "Comunicación política en tiempos de crisis", celebrada el viernes 1 de marzo, era presentada por Pablo Iglesias, actual vicepresidente del gobierno, ante un auditorio repleto de estudiantes.
Durante su ponencia Iglesias planteaba situaciones en las que la ideología comunista pudiera ser aceptada. "¿Cuándo los comunistas han tenido éxito? En los momentos de excepcionalidad, en momentos de crisis", continuando con "un discurso que se aprovecha de esas grietas". También anticipaba que "la palabra democracia mola, por lo tanto habrá que disputársela al enemigo cuando hagamos política".
Entre otros ponentes se encontraban nombres tan conocidos como el del líder de Izquierda Unida, Alberto Garzón.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Q:
Save the text of a RichTextBox
I could do this easily in code-behind but don't want to break the MVVM pattern.
I have a RichTextBox and a 'Save' Button in my View. I want to save the contents of the RichTextBox to a file on the Save button click.
I have written a delegate class which expects a method to return void and have a single object parameter. I did this because I couldn't use the System.Action delegate.
class BtnCommandParameterised : ICommand
{
public delegate void ActionParameterised(object rtb);
private ActionParameterised _actionParameterised;
public object _object;
public BtnCommandParameterised(ActionParameterised BtnCommandParameterisedActionParameterised)
{
_actionParameterised = BtnCommandParameterisedActionParameterised;
}
public bool CanExecute(object parameter)
{
return true;
}
public void Execute(object parameter)
{
_actionParameterised.Invoke(_object);
}
public event EventHandler CanExecuteChanged;
}
Then in my ViewModel I have an InitialiseBtnCommands() method which is called from the constructor. This initializes the command:
private void InitialiseBtnCommands()
{
ReturnTextAsStringCommand = new BtnCommandParameterised(ReturnTextAsStringCommandAction);
}
This invokes my method to save the file.
private void ReturnTextAsStringCommandAction(object Document)
{
TextRange range;
FileStream fileStream;
range = new TextRange(((FlowDocument)Document).ContentStart,
((FlowDocument)Document).ContentEnd);
fileStream = new FileStream(FileName, FileMode.Create);
range.Save(fileStream, DataFormats.Text);
fileStream.Close();
Xceed.Wpf.Toolkit.MessageBox.Show("Text File Saved");
}
Finally, in the View XAML, this is my binding:
<Grid Name="MainGrid" DataContext="{StaticResource EditorViewModel}">
<xctk:RichTextBox SpellCheck.IsEnabled="True" HorizontalAlignment="Center" Margin="206,166,206,60" Name="richTextBoxArticleBody" AcceptsTab="True" BorderBrush="Silver" BorderThickness="1" VerticalAlignment="Center" Height="306" Width="600" FontFamily="Arial"/>
<Button Command="{Binding ReturnTextAsStringCommand}" CommandParameter="{Binding ElementName=richTextBoxArticleBody, Path=Document}" Content="Save Article Text" Height="23" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="703,478,0,0" Name="button1" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="103" />
</Grid>
The command is being called and my method is invoked but nothing is passed into the ReturnTextAsStringCommandAction method?
I'm new to MVVM, finding things shall we say, a little confusing.
A:
You're passing _object into the invoke method.
I think you're meaning to pass parameter.
public void Execute(object parameter)
{
_actionParameterised.Invoke(parameter);
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Callarge occidentalis
Callarge occidentalis is a butterfly found in the East Palearctic (West China and Japan) that belongs to the browns family.
Description from Seitz
C. sagitta. Whitish, yellowish beneath, with dark veins, longitudinal shadows at the costal and hind margins, and feeble
angle-shaped markings before the margin. On the Yang-tse-kiang. Two forms are known: sagitta Leech (41a),from Chang-Yang on the middle Yang-tse-kiang, is the light-coloured form, while occidentalis Leech, the western form from Wa-su-kow, has the ground-colour slightly shaded with ochreous and bears strong dark vein-streaks, the distal area of both wings being shaded with fuscous.According to Leech the nymotypical form appears to be very abundant at Chang -Yang.
References
Category:Satyrinae
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
As is well known to those skilled in the art, various catalysts are used in processing. Many of these catalysts are characterized by the presence of catalytically active components on a support. Attempts are constantly being made to improve the properties of the support and to thus permit attainment of a catalyst composition, containing support preferably plus other ingredients, which is characterized by desirable properties including, for example, conversion, yield, selectivity, etc.
It is an object of this invention to provide a novel alumina, and a process for making this product. Other objects will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
A fuel cell produces electrical energy by electrochemically oxidizing a fuel such as hydrogen and methanol in the cell to directly convert the chemical energy of the fuel into electrical energy. Fuel cells have recently drawn attention as a clean supply source for electrical energy.
Fuel cells are classified into a phosphoric acid type, a molten salt of a carbonic acid type, a solid oxide type and a solid polymer electrolyte type. Of these, the solid polymer electrolyte type fuel cell using a cation exchange mambrane as an electrolyte is called a proton exchange membrane type fuel cell. The proton exchange membrane type fuel cell is expected as a portable electric source such as an electric source for an electric car and a simple auxiliary electric source because it has high energy density even at a low operating temperature of 100.degree. C. or less.
A proton exchange membrane type fuel cell comprises an ion exchange membrane and a pair of gas diffusion electrodes bonded to both sides of the ion exchange membrane. Each gas diffusion electrode has a catalyst at least on a side thereof facing the ion exchange membrane. The cell is operated by feeding a fuel such as hydrogen to one gas diffusion electrode and feeding an oxidizing agent such as oxygen and air to the other gas diffusion electrode respectively, and connecting an external load circuit to both gas diffusion electrodes.
That is, a proton (a hydrogen ion) and an electron are generated due to the oxidization of fuel at one gas diffusion electrode. The proton is transferred to the other gas diffusion electrode through the membrane by conduction and there, water is produced by the reaction of the proton with oxygen contained in the oxidizing agent. At this time, the electron generated at one gas diffusion electrode is transferred to the other through the external load circuit to obtain electrical energy.
As mentioned above, in a proton exchange membrane type fuel cell, an ion exchange membrane operates as an electrolyte to conduct the proton. Further, the ion exchange membrane substantially forms one body structure with the gas diffusion electrodes due to a bonding of the electrodes to both sides of the membrane. Therefore, the ion exchange membrane also plays a part of a diaphragm by not allowing fuel to mix directly with the oxidizing agent.
The ion exchange membrane used for the proton exchange membrane type fuel cell requires low electrical resistance, quick movement of water through the ion exchange membrane, high water retention characteristics to maintain low electrical resistance and permeability to gases, which allows oxygen gas and hydrogen gas to be fed to the electrodes at a high enough speed. In addition, the ion exchange membrane requires an appropriate permeability to gases, excellent chemical stability during prolonged use and strong physical strength in view of its role as a diaphragm.
As a conventional ion exchange membrane used for the proton exchange membrane type fuel cell, for example, NAFION (registered trademark) manufactured by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. having a fluororesin as a main chain of a polymer and a sulfonic acid group as an ion exchange group is used.
However, the conventional ion exchange membrane used for the proton exchange membrane type fuel cell can not respond to the increased request these days for a proton exchange membrane type fuel cell having high performance. The conventional ion exchange membrane is excellent in chemical permanence properties and stability. However, it has high electrical resistance. Further, it easily becomes dry due to low water retention characteristics so that proton conductivity is reduced or the reaction of fuel gas or oxidizing agent gas is inhibited at the electrode having a catalyst.
International Unexamined Patent Publication No. Wo86/06879 discloses a diaphragm used for a fuel cell having an equivalent weight of less than 1000 g/eq and strong physical strength. This ion exchange membrane has relatively high strength even at a high temperature of 110.degree. C. or more. However, when it is used for fuel cell at a temperature of 100.degree. C. or less, its performance is not sufficient.
European Patent Unexamined Publication No. 0498076 discloses an ion exchange membrane having an equivalent weight of 700 to 1000 g/eq and a water content of 35 to 100% by weight. When it is used for a fuel cell, which is operated at a low pressure of about 1 atm., or uses air as an oxygen resource, its performance is not sufficient.
Neither of the above-mentioned ion exchange membranes has necessary performance as a diaphragm and an electrolyte when used for a fuel cell.
The present invention has been completed to overcome the above-described problems of the prior art. That is, the present invention provides an ion exchange membrane used for a proton exchange membrane type fuel cell having excellent performance as a diaphragm and an electrolyte by specifying the molecular structure of the ion exchange membrane and limiting its electrical conductivity, permeability to gases and water content to appropriate ranges. The proton exchange membrane type fuel cell comprising the ion exchange membrane of the present invention can maintain high output performance for a long time.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Chris Nicholl
Christopher John Nicholl (born 12 October 1946) is an English-born former Northern Ireland international footballer who later worked as a coach and manager.
Playing career
Nicholl was born in Macclesfield. He played for Burnley (1963–1966) (no league appearances), Witton Albion, Halifax Town (1968–1969) (42 league appearances, 3 goals) and Luton Town (1969–1972) (97 league appearances, 6 goals), before establishing himself as a centre-half with Aston Villa (1972–1977) (210 league appearances, 11 goals). He captained the side to victory over Everton in the 1976/1977 League Cup after two final replays. The second replay is remembered for Nicholl scoring one of the greatest goals in any Aston Villa match, a forty-yard left footer which helped take the match to extra time.
In a Division One game against Leicester City in 1976, he scored all four goals (two of them own goals) in a 2–2 draw.
He signed for Southampton in June 1977 and became the backbone of a successful side. He scored eight goals in 228 league appearances, before joining Grimsby Town in August 1983, for whom he made 70 league appearances in three years.
He won 51 Northern Ireland full international caps.
Management
Southampton
After serving Grimsby Town as assistant manager, he returned to Southampton as the club's manager when Lawrie McMenemy resigned in June 1985. He kept the Saints in the First Division but despite having players of the calibre of Danny and Rod Wallace, Alan Shearer and Matthew Le Tissier in his squad, he tended to be too cautious. During his 6 seasons in charge, Saints were under-achievers and his best result was in 1989–90 with a finish in 7th place achieved largely thanks to 20 goals from Le Tissier and 18 from Rod Wallace, although they did reach the FA Cup semi-finals in 1986 and the same stage of the League Cup a year later. This was relatively good for a club of Southampton's size, and under Nicholl they finished higher in the league than a number of bigger clubs including Manchester United, Manchester City, Newcastle United and Chelsea, but under McMenemy they had won the FA Cup in 1976, finished league runners-up in 1984 and then fifth in his final season.
In 1991, the Saints finished in 14th place and Nicholl was sacked in favour of Ian Branfoot. Thus ended a period of managerial stability, with only 3 managers in 36 years and started Southampton's managerial merry-go-round which saw them appoint 12 managers over the next 15 years, and at one stage started three successive seasons with a new manager in charge, although they did hold on to their top flight status until 2005.
Nicholl was responsible for bringing some of the club's most successful players into the first team. These included: Matthew Le Tissier, one of the most prolific strikers in the English league during the 1990s; Alan Shearer, sold to Blackburn Rovers for a British record fee in 1992 and then to Newcastle United for a world record fee in 1996, as well as scoring 30 goals for England; Rod Wallace, who helped Leeds United win the league title a year after leaving Southampton in 1991, and later won several Scottish trophies with Rangers. He also signed teenage goalkeeper Tim Flowers from Wolves in 1986, and seven years later he became Britain's most expensive goalkeeper when he was sold to Blackburn Rovers, helping them win the league title in 1995.
Walsall
It was three years before Nicholl returned to football. Early in the 1994–95 season he replaced Kenny Hibbitt as manager of Walsall FC and his first season at the club was successful as they were promoted from Division Three as runners-up. The Saddlers finished in the top half of Division Two during the next two seasons but Nicholl quit in May 1997 after failing to get Walsall into Division One, citing family reasons.
He made a brief return to Walsall as then-manager Ray Graydon's assistant in November 2001, but left in January 2002 through loyalty to Graydon, who had been sacked. He is now a regular at the Bescot Stadium, both as a supporter and as the correspondent for PA Sport.
Following the sacking of former Walsall player-manager Paul Merson in February 2006, Nicholl offered his services to the club within hours of Merson's departure. Nicholl remains popular amongst Walsall fans, but was not offered the manager's job – which later went to former Birmingham City captain Kevan Broadhurst.
Northern Ireland
In 1998, he was invited to work alongside Lawrie McMenemy as assistant manager of Northern Ireland where he spent the next two years.
Managerial statistics
As of 7 March 2015
Aston Villa Old Stars
Chris is currently the manager of Aston Villa Old Stars, who regularly play in testimonial and charity matches. The squad includes former Villa stars such as Gordon Cowans, Tony Morley and Des Bremner.
International goals
''Scores and results list Northern Ireland's goal tally first.
Honours
Halifax Town
Fourth Division Runners up: 1969
Aston Villa
League Cup Winners: 1975, 1977
Third Division Champions: 1972
Southampton
League Cup Runners up: 1979
References
External links
Northern Ireland profile
Category:1946 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Macclesfield
Category:English footballers
Category:English football managers
Category:Northern Ireland international footballers
Category:Association footballers from Northern Ireland
Category:Aston Villa F.C. players
Category:Burnley F.C. players
Category:Grimsby Town F.C. players
Category:Halifax Town A.F.C. players
Category:Luton Town F.C. players
Category:Southampton F.C. players
Category:1982 FIFA World Cup players
Category:Witton Albion F.C. players
Category:English Football League players
Category:Football managers from Northern Ireland
Category:Southampton F.C. managers
Category:Walsall F.C. managers
Category:English Football League managers
Category:Association football central defenders
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Q:
EntityWrapper Confusion
WPF
Entity Framework 6.0
Database first, entities are generated by TT file.
I'm having some problems with EntityWrapper, and can't find any useful information about it.
I have some entities, that when generated looks like this:
//generated code
public partial class scm_SupplierDepot : IPartsEntity, INotifyPropertyChanged
{
[...]
public virtual dms_Address dms_Address { get; set; }
}
public partial class dms_Address : IPartsEntity, INotifyPropertyChanged
{
//shortened for brevity
public System.Guid AddressId { get; set; }
public string StreetNumber { get; set; }
public string StreetName { get; set; }
public string ApartmentNumber { get; set; }
public string City { get; set; }
public string StateProvince { get; set; }
public string PostalCode { get; set; }
public string HouseName { get; set; }
public string Country { get; set; }
public string Address2 { get; set; }
public string County { get; set; }
//INotifyPropertyChanged
[..]
}
I extend the address class slightly with an interface:
public partial class dms_Address : IAddress { }
public interface IAddress
{
String StreetNumber { get; set; }
String StreetName { get; set; }
String ApartmentNumber { get; set; }
String Address2 { get; set; }
String City { get; set; }
String StateProvince { get; set; }
String PostalCode { get; set; }
String County { get; set; }
String Country { get; set; }
}
I am having some confusion and issues around getting the dms_Address entity from the scm_SupplierDepot entity. In most cases I can cast the Depot.dms_Address as IAddress and work with the entity with no issues.
But when I try binding this object to a Custom Control, the actual object that the control receives is a EntityWrapper< dms_Address > or EntityWrapperWithoutRelationships< dms_Address >
I had to make my control's dependency property accept an object, rather than an IAddress as I would prefer. Now I cannot work with the object as it will not cast to IAddress. I can't even cast it to EntityWrapper as I can't figure out the correct namespace to include.
public static readonly DependencyProperty AddressProperty = DependencyProperty.Register("Address", typeof(object), typeof(AddressForm), new FrameworkPropertyMetadata(null, AddressChanged));
public object Address
{
get { return (object)GetValue(AddressProperty); }
set { SetValue(AddressProperty, value); }
}
More information about my Custom Control and this Dependency Property issue can be read in a previous question: WPF Custom Control: DependencyProperty never Set (on only 1 of many properties)
Questions:
Can anyone explain to me what is going on here?
I don't understand where this wrapper is coming from. How can I make it go away?
How can I get the control to receive the IAddress instead of the wrapper?
Or how can I cast the EntityWrapper object to IAddress so I can access the properties in code? (oddly enough the template bindings work fine)
A:
I figured out how to do what I needed by using Reflection.
Type objectType = Address.GetType();
Type iAdd = objectType.GetInterface("IAddress");
if (iAdd != null)
{
PropertyInfo info = objectType.GetProperty("StateProvince");
if (info != null)
{
string currentProvince = info.GetValue(Address) as string;
if (currentProvince != newValue)
info.SetValue(Address, newValue);
}
}
I am still stumped on why I'm seeing this behaviour; if it has the interface, why can't I cast it?
Type iAdd = Address.GetType().GetInterface("IAddress"); //iAdd is not null,
IAddress IA = (Address as IAddress); //IA is null
.
In the end I managed to switch my code around to make all of this code unnecessary >.<
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
<?php
/**
* Shopware 5
* Copyright (c) shopware AG
*
* According to our dual licensing model, this program can be used either
* under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License, version 3,
* or under a proprietary license.
*
* The texts of the GNU Affero General Public License with an additional
* permission and of our proprietary license can be found at and
* in the LICENSE file you have received along with this program.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
*
* "Shopware" is a registered trademark of shopware AG.
* The licensing of the program under the AGPLv3 does not imply a
* trademark license. Therefore any rights, title and interest in
* our trademarks remain entirely with us.
*/
namespace Shopware\Components\Privacy;
use Enlight\Event\SubscriberInterface;
use Shopware\Bundle\CookieBundle\CookieGroupCollection;
use Shopware\Bundle\CookieBundle\Services\CookieHandlerInterface;
use Shopware\Bundle\CookieBundle\Services\CookieRemoveHandler;
use Shopware_Components_Config as Config;
class CookieRemoveSubscriber implements SubscriberInterface
{
public const COOKIE_MODE_NOTICE = 0;
public const COOKIE_MODE_TECHNICAL = 1;
public const COOKIE_MODE_ALL = 2;
/**
* @var bool
*/
private $cookieRemovalActive;
/**
* @var Config
*/
private $config;
/**
* @var CookieHandlerInterface
*/
private $cookieHandler;
/**
* @var bool
*/
private $httpCacheEnabled;
public function __construct(Config $config, CookieHandlerInterface $cookieHandler, bool $httpCacheEnabled)
{
$this->cookieRemovalActive = $config->get('cookie_note_mode') && $config->get('show_cookie_note');
$this->config = $config;
$this->cookieHandler = $cookieHandler;
$this->httpCacheEnabled = $httpCacheEnabled;
}
public static function getSubscribedEvents(): array
{
return [
'Enlight_Controller_Action_PostDispatch_Frontend' => 'onPostDispatch',
'Enlight_Controller_Action_PostDispatch_Widgets' => 'onPostDispatch',
];
}
public function onPostDispatch(\Enlight_Controller_ActionEventArgs $args): void
{
$controller = $args->getSubject();
$controller->View()->assign('httpCacheEnabled', $this->httpCacheEnabled);
if (!$this->cookieRemovalActive) {
return;
}
if ($this->httpCacheEnabled) {
$controller->Response()->headers->set(
CookieRemoveHandler::COOKIE_CONFIG_KEY,
json_encode([
'cookieNoteMode' => $this->config->get('cookie_note_mode'),
'showCookieNote' => $this->config->get('show_cookie_note'),
])
);
}
$allowCookie = (int) $controller->Request()->cookies->getInt('allowCookie');
if ($this->config->get('cookie_note_mode') !== self::COOKIE_MODE_TECHNICAL) {
if ($allowCookie === 1) {
return;
}
header_remove('Set-Cookie');
return;
}
if ($this->httpCacheEnabled) {
$controller->Response()->headers->set(
CookieRemoveHandler::COOKIE_GROUP_COLLECTION_KEY,
base64_encode(serialize($this->cookieHandler->getCookies()))
);
}
$controller->View()->assign(
'cookieGroups',
$this->convertToArray($this->cookieHandler->getCookies())
);
}
private function convertToArray(CookieGroupCollection $cookieGroupCollection): array
{
return json_decode(json_encode($cookieGroupCollection), true);
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
WMCA (AM)
WMCA (570 AM, "The Mission") is a radio station licensed to New York City, owned by Salem Media Group, the station programs a Christian radio format consisting of teaching and talk programs. The station's studios are in Lower Manhattan and are shared with co-owned WNYM (970 AM). WMCA's transmitter is located along Belleville Turnpike in Kearny, New Jersey. The station's daytime coverage includes New York City and portions of Long Island and the lower Hudson Valley in New York State, as well as parts of New Jersey and Connecticut. WMCA's programming is also broadcast on a 250 watt translator, W272DX (102.3 MHz), from a tower in Clifton, New Jersey.
Prior to switching to its current programming in 1989, WMCA was a talk radio station during the 1970s and 1980s, and earlier a Top 40 outlet featuring a lineup of disc jockeys known as the "Good Guys." WMCA is credited with having been the first New York radio station to broadcast a recording by The Beatles.
History
Early Years
After first testing as station 2XH, WMCA began regular transmissions on February 1, 1925, broadcasting on 428.6 meters wavelength (700 kHz) with a power of 500 watts. It was the 13th radio station to begin operations in New York City and was owned by broadcasting pioneer Donald Flamm. The station's original studios and antenna were located at the Hotel McAlpin, located on Herald Square and from which the WMCA call sign derives.
In 1928 it moved to the 570 kHz frequency, sharing time for the next three years with municipally-owned WNYC. On April 19, 1932, the Federal Radio Commission approved WMCA's application to broadcast full-time on 570 kHz.
In December 1940, Flamm had to surrender the station to industrialist Edward J. Noble, who had just resigned as Undersecretary of Commerce, in a transaction involving prominent political figures including Thomas Corcoran. Flamm's subsequent legal battle against Noble resulted in a congressional investigation and eventually ended in a financial settlement, though not the return of the station.
Through its early decades, WMCA had a varied programming history, playing music, hosting dramas, and broadcasting New York Giants baseball games. In 1943, it was acquired by the Straus family when Edward J. Noble acquired the Blue Network and its owned-and-operated stations from NBC, including WJZ in New York; the Blue Network would later be renamed the American Broadcasting Company (ABC).
In 1945, host Barry Gray began dropping music and adding talk with celebrities and later call-ins from listeners. Gray is sometimes considered "The Father of Talk Radio," and his show lasted on WMCA through several decades and format changes.
WMCA began playing hit music in the late 1950s with a Top 40 format. Among its disc jockey staff were Scott Muni, Frankie Crocker, Harry Harrison and Murray the K.
Good Guys Era
In 1960, WMCA began promoting itself by stressing its on-air personalities, who were collectively known as the Good Guys. The station was led by program director Ruth Meyer, the first woman to hold the position in New York City radio. This was the era of the high-profile, fast-talking Top 40 disc jockey with an exuberant personality aimed at a youthful audience. With the advent of the Good Guys format, WMCA saw its ratings increase and become known for "playing the hits."
In the early 1960s, the top 40 format was still young, and the field was crowded in New York City. Two major 50,000-watt stations, WMGM and WINS, had battled each other, playing the top hits for several years. Then in 1960, WABC joined the fray and started featuring top 40 music. Ultimately, it was WMCA's earnest competition with rival WABC that forced WMGM (in early 1962) and then WINS (in spring 1965) to abandon the top-40 format. There was so much attention on the high-profile WMCA-WABC battle that WMGM and WINS were forced to find a new niche.
The classic Good Guys era lineup included:
Joe O'Brien, an industry veteran whose humor appealed to multiple generations. (6am-10am)
Harry Harrison, whose show was aimed at housewives of that era. (10am-1pm)
Jack Spector, whose closing line was "Look out street, here I come!" (1pm-4pm)
Dandy Dan Daniel a lanky, smooth-talking Texan, and his daily countdown. (4pm-7pm)
Gary Stevens and his "Wooleyburger" bear, aimed at teenagers listening on small transistor radios in their rooms. (7pm-11pm - First show was in April, 1965)
B. Mitchel Reed, "BMR, Your Leader" Reed was the evening personality on WMCA from 1963–1965. He was part of the team that took WMCA to the top in 1963. He left the station in the spring of 1965, to return to L.A.'s troubled KFWB, where he had worked before WMCA. His on-air hours were the same as Gary Stevens.
Barry Gray, a talk show host who had been on WMCA before the Top 40 era and continued after it. (11pm-1am)
Dean Anthony, "Dino on your radio" with his "Actors and Actresses" game (1am-6am).
Weekends and fill-in, Ed Baer, Frank Stickle and Bill Beamish.
Owner R. Peter Straus was one of the first station owners to frequently read editorials, commenting on current events.
Straus was an active owner. In an on-air editorial, he endorsed John F. Kennedy for President in 1960. He also wrote and read the first broadcast editorial calling for the impeachment of Pres. Richard Nixon. In 1961, Straus and WMCA filed a lawsuit charging that the state legislature was violating the Constitution by giving rural areas disproportionate representation. That suit, combined with others, led to the Supreme Court of the United States 1964 "one man, one vote" decision. During the later talk era, Straus would sometimes go on the air to take listener questions and comments about the radio station.
On Friday nights, Gary Stevens ended at 10:30 and WMCA's locally produced, half-hour news show The World Tonite aired. This was a local recap of the week's news, and should not be confused with Garner Ted Armstrong's The World Tomorrow religious program, which was heard on WMCA after the Good Guys era ended.
Dan Daniel's countdown changed each week and consisted of the station's top 25 records. It also included a "Sure Shot" and "Long Shot" of records not yet on the chart. He also gave away his "Hit Kit" every day to a listener who had been chosen from postcards sent to the station. The "Hit Kit" consisted of a copy of each of the Top 25 records of the week. To claim this prize, listeners had to call in when they heard their name read on the air.
The Beatles
On December 26, 1963, WMCA, with Jack Spector as the DJ, earned the distinction of being the first New York City radio station to play the Beatles' Capitol Records' single, "I Want to Hold Your Hand". (Outside New York, the song's broadcast debut in America is widely accepted to have occurred earlier at WWDC in Washington, D.C.) There is no evidence that any New York City radio station played the Beatles before December 1963 despite the fact that the band's first singles had been released earlier, without fanfare, by smaller, resource-challenged labels (Vee-Jay Records and Swan Records). However, according to one account, rival Top 40 outlet WINS "reportedly" played the band's Swan Records single "She Loves You" on September 28, 1963, as part of a listener's poll. After the song finished last (third place), it was quickly dropped from the station's playlist. WMCA was keen on playing new product and breaking new hits, and consequently, it became the radio station most credited for introducing Beatlemania, and the subsequent "British Invasion" musical movement to New Yorkers.
While network-owned WABC was busy broadcasting New York Mets baseball games in the summer of 1963, family-owned WMCA was the music-intensive station that one would hear coming out of transistor radios at pools and beaches. Starting in 1963, the WMCA's Good Guys soared to the top of New York City's Arbitron ratings. WMCA also was known for its on-air production and promotions. Each hour, WMCA presented its music, jingles, promotions, contests, stagers and commercials in a tight, upbeat fast-paced style. Some radio industry veterans attribute WABC's "stodgy sound" to standards applied by its corporate ownership and to its staff of longtime (and older) studio engineers. This fueled speculation that independently-owned WMCA had younger, more "hip" board-operators with a better understanding of the top 40 format aimed at younger adults. Whatever the reason, the "sparkling sound" presented on-air by WMCA also contributed to its ratings success in New York City, the largest radio market in the United States.
WMCA's most famous promotions and contests involved the Beatles. Shortly after the band's arrival in the United States on February 7, 1964, WMCA was able to secure the Beatles' cooperation, recording several commercials promoting the station's "Good Guys." Many believe this cooperation was directly linked to the band's awareness of WMCA being the first radio station in New York City to play "I Want to Hold Your Hand" weeks earlier. According to industry observers, WMCA's success getting John Lennon and Ringo Starr to record several spots on behalf of WMCA convinced listeners that the station (along with WINS personality Murray the K, who called himself "The Fifth Beatle") had direct access to the group. This was despite the fact that during their first New York visit the band's movements were restricted to the Plaza Hotel, Central Park, CBS Studio 50 (where they appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show), the 21 Club, the Peppermint Lounge and Carnegie Hall.
In February 1964, WMCA held a contest for a chance to win a lock of hair belonging to Ringo Starr. It received nearly 90,000 entries. The lock of hair, and a runner-up prize of a photograph on a fan club card signed by all four members of the Beatles, were obtained directly from the group during marathon "one-on-one" meetings and a reception held with print and broadcast personnel at Plaza Hotel on February 10. Other runner-up prizes distributed by WMCA that were not directly handled by the Beatles included 1,000 specially made WMCA paper record sleeves picturing the Good Guys, containing the band's single, "I Want to Hold Your Hand", as well as $57.00 in cash, reminding listeners of WMCA's spot on the radio dial.
Contrary to some accounts, the enormous number of entries received by WMCA, an estimated 86,000 cards, letters, and packages, were from Beatle fans seeking only to obtain the lock of Starr's hair. For this "Good Guy-Ringo Starr Contest" (better known today as the "Beatles' Wig Contest") WMCA's listeners were encouraged to send in a drawing or picture of a person wearing a Beatles' wig. The winning entry from Roberta Corrigan (who won the lock of hair) featured a huge image of Queen Elizabeth II with a Beatles wig on her head, along with several other images including one of former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill wearing the same, all submitted in a book with captions for each. Runner-up winner Stella Scuotto of Brooklyn won the photograph of the Beatles on a fan club card signed by all four members of the band at the Plaza Hotel. According to Beatles' historian Bruce Spizer, Kay Smith was also a runner-up winner, winning $57 and the rare record sleeve for "I Want to Hold Your Hand", featuring a picture of WMCA's Good Guys.
WMCA continued to beat other radio stations on many Beatles' promotions, scoring firsts, causing headaches in particular for rival WABC, most notably when Capitol Records printed a photograph of the "Good Guys" line-up on the back of a limited edition record sleeve for the single, "I Want to Hold Your Hand" (Side 2: "I Saw Her Standing There"). WMCA's Good Guys were also featured at both of the Beatles' concerts at Shea Stadium on August 15, 1965 and on August 23, 1966.
WABC responded in different ways, scoring a major success during the Beatles' second New York visit in August 1964 when the band stayed at the Delmonico Hotel, rousing thousands of teenage fans into a frenzy while broadcasting from one floor above the Beatles' rooms. WABC later went against its own music policies, promising promoter Sid Bernstein that it would play a new group he was handling before any other New York City radio station if it could get exclusive access to the Beatles. WABC never added records "out of the box," but it did for Bernstein when it played The Young Rascals' "I Ain't Gonna Eat Out My Heart Anymore" before other radio stations. WABC also had a source in London able to provide the station with many British releases that were not yet available in the United States or to the other New York radio stations and thus were played exclusively on WABC for at least a few days to a couple of weeks.
Since WABC knew WMCA already had a relationship with the Beatles, WABC devised clever ways to one-up its competitor. In August 1965, WABC came up with its own special promotion, issuing "medals" called "The Order of the All-Americans" which was the name given to WABC's DJ line up. It intended to present the medals to each of the Beatles when the group next returned to New York. The goal was to get each Beatle to comment on the "medal" and then to get each to say the station's call letters, "W-A-B-C", which could then be used in station identification and on-air promos. The station got its interviews, but none of the band's members would utter WABC's call letters. According to Beatles' historian Bruce Spizer, manager Brian Epstein ordered the Beatles to stop "giving away valuable promotional spots to radio stations for free.". Ultimately, the WMCA-WABC (and to an extent WINS) competition for Beatles releases and promotions is considered to be one of the greatest radio "battles" in medium's history.
Apart from its link to the Beatles, WMCA saturated its programming with many other promotions and on-air games. They included "Name It and Claim It," with the most desired prize being one of the station's yellow "Good Guys" sweatshirts, which were designed by WMCA program director Ruth Meyer. The sweatshirts could be won if a listener's name was read over the air and that listener called PLaza 2-9944 within a certain time period.
Another distinctive feature of WMCA was its "Call For Action" Help Line (PLaza 9-1717), which listeners could call if they had any problems requiring WMCA's help resolving, usually consumer or public works service-related issues.
Competition with WABC
In the 1960s, WMCA's great competition was with rival WABC. Despite WMCA's strong ratings performance and its link to the Beatles, some radio historians have treated WMCA as a radio stepchild, the proverbial David going up against the Goliath that was corporate-owned, stronger-signaled WABC.
For four consecutive years (1963 through 1966) WMCA had the highest ratings share of all radio stations in New York City, according to Arbitron, in spite of its directional, 5,000-watt signal which could not cover the same geographic region as non-directional, 50,000-watt WABC. However, WMCA's directional signal is aimed right into Manhattan from just over the river in New Jersey, and its low frequency (570 kHz) results in strong Midtown Manhattan coverage. At the time, Arbitron was the newer and lesser quoted ratings source compared to the more established Pulse and Hooper Ratings. During this time frame, Pulse and Hooper usually placed adult full-service WOR as the overall number-one station, with WMCA generally but not always leading WABC and WINS as the Top 40 leader. WMCA's ratings strength was concentrated within New York City itself, along with the suburban areas immediately north and east. However, WABC proved more popular in suburban areas where WMCA's signal didn't come in as well on standard 1960s-era AM radio receivers. The areas where WMCA did not have a strong signal were southwest, west, and northwest of its transmitter. By 1967 and 1968, WMCA ratings had started to decline but still demonstrated a strong showing in total audience surveys, and as late as February 1969, Pulse ratings surveys showed that WMCA continued to best WABC in New York City. For the most part, from 1967 forward, WABC became the total market Top 40 leader.
In addition to its ratings strength, between 1964 and 1968, Billboard magazine rated WMCA as New York's most influential station for new records. Although every market had one station with record-buying influence, WMCA was in the top market, making it responsible for some songs becoming hits nationwide. Not every record added to the WMCA playlist became a hit, but as soon as sales stirred, WABC, with a shorter playlist of hits, would be forced to add the same record. With its longer playlist, WMCA played new records faster than rival WABC. WMCA's weekly countdown list was 25 records, compared with WABC's 20 song list. WMCA's included the "Sure Shot" and "Long Shot" speculations. WMCA's countdown was also "faster" than WABC's, in the sense that records climbed to the top more quickly, while WABC's rankings tended to lag behind. A comparison of both stations showed WABC to be up to two, sometimes three weeks behind WMCA.
The WMCA-WABC rivalry was never more intense than when it came to fighting over the Beatles. WABC was frustrated with its efforts to gain ratings dominance in New York City's ratings and with its efforts to forge a stronger relationship with one of the world's most popular musical acts. WMCA program director Ruth Meyer would later speculate in interviews that WABC's creativity during the 1960s could have been hampered by being owned by an ABC network rife with nationwide broadcast policies, commitments and standards. Conversely, WMCA could run free with "goofy" ideas, promotions and gimmicks as an independently run, family-owned station, without network interference.
According to WABC historians, "another success for WMCA was the fault of WABC itself." In 1969, WABC overnight host Roby Yonge, upon learning his contract with the station was not going to be renewed, used his shift to spread rumors about the "death" of Paul McCartney. This episode proved to be an embarrassment for WABC, leading to Yonge's firing, and WABC's status as a network-owned, clear-channel station mistakenly launched the "Paul is dead" story across America and ultimately around the world.
WMCA's eventual ratings decline was due to several factors: the January 1968 split of the ABC Radio Network into four distinct components allowed WABC to drop Don McNeill's Breakfast Club and become fully music-intensive during the day. Around the same time Ruth Meyer exited WMCA, the station temporarily dropped the "Good Guy" branding and it also lost key personalities, including Harry Harrison, who moved over to WABC. Additionally, the ascendance of R&B station WWRL in 1967 and of two FM rock stations–WOR-FM in 1967 and WNEW-FM in 1968–all took ratings away from WMCA.
Transition
In 1968, a chaotic period began in which Gary Stevens relocated to Switzerland and Harry Harrison moved to WABC, where he replaced Herb Oscar Anderson as its morning host. WMCA then started experimenting with some talk programming as part of "Power Radio," with hosts ranging from Domenic Quinn to countercultural Alex Bennett. The station also began playing album cuts in addition to singles, with the slogan "The hits and the Heavies."
As disc jockeys left, new DJs appeared with vague names (e.g., Lee Gray was originally "Lee Your Leader") and various stunts were performed. In one case, Frankie Crocker, who was lured away from WWRL as the station's first African-American personality, played two very short songs over and over again for an hour. The "Good Guys" were partly reassembled, then dropped again. Even reliable Dean Anthony, who was concurrently working at a country music station, sometimes got the slogans mixed up on air.
Talk Era
The station finally adopted a full-time talk radio format in 1970, calling itself as "Dial-Log Radio." The "Good Guys" music era was over, although the "Good Guy" theme eventually did make a comeback in a promotional marketing effort.
When WMCA acquired New York Yankees baseball broadcast rights in 1971, DJ Jack Spector stayed on to host a sports talk show, while Bob Grant debuted in New York radio as the house conservative. "Long John" Nebel came over from WNBC in 1973 and became a fixture on overnights, accompanied by his co-host and spouse Candy Jones. Malachy McCourt hosted a Sunday night call-in show that was mostly personal reminisces of the type that later became the subject of the best-selling autobiography Angela's Ashes, by his brother Frank McCourt.
In 1972, John Sterling succeeded Spector as sports talk host, transforming the program into one of the first confrontational sports talks shows, as well as doing play-by-play for New York Islanders hockey and New York Nets basketball games that were carried on WMCA. It was there that his knowledgeable and over-the-top broadcasting style would first be heard in the New York area. WMCA carried Yankees games until 1977. The station then held the broadcast rights for the New York Mets from 1978 through 1983.
WMCA introduced a new morning news-talk program, hosted by Ralph Howard, Bill Ryan and a team of reporters who were all referred to as the "Good Guys," as seen in this ad for the Ralph & Ryan show. During the 1970s, ratings were healthy for WMCA as a talk station. Jonathan King, who had been at the top of the Good Guys chart in 1965 with his single "Everyone's Gone To The Moon," hosted the weekday midday show for a year in 1981. Most surveys showed the station in the top 10. This was before WOR became exclusively talk, and also before WABC changed to talk in the early 1980s.
The Straus family sold WMCA around 1987. It was the last family-owned radio station in New York. New owner Federal Broadcasting kept the talk format, but switched to a financial news format on weekdays between 5:00 am and 7:00 pm, just prior to selling the station in April 1989 to Salem Communications, which already owned WWDJ since 1983. Salem immediately implemented a format that focused on religion and leased time programming. At that time, all WMCA staffers were invited to apply for positions with the "new" WMCA. Federal Broadcasting eventually sold off all its stations and left the broadcasting business.
Christian Era
Since September 16, 1989, WMCA has been airing a Christian talk and teaching format, as Salem Communications does in dozens of large and medium-sized cities across the U.S. Initially WMCA had the slogan "New York's Christian Radio." That later changed to "New York's Inspiring Talk." In the early 1990s, the moniker was "Together, we're sharing the moments of your day on WMCA...New York!". Salem retained just one of the on-air hosts from the talk years, financial advisor Sonny Bloch, who later ran into legal and tax problems.
WMCA was Salem's primary religious station in New York, while the company also ran extra Christian programming on WWDJ. This second station was publicly billed as "WMCA II" or "WMCA 970" until its call letters were changed to WNYM and it adopted a Conservative talk radio format in 2008.
During the mid-2000s, WMCA attempted to establish a connection back to its "Good Guys" era. The website had a tribute to the 1960s DJs, while the current air personalities—"a whole new team of 'Good Guys' filling the airwaves with the Good News"—made appearances and gave out an updated version of the Good Guys sweatshirt. On air, the station used its 1960s-era "Good Guys" jingles for station identification, program promos and transition between songs when music was scheduled. This ended in January 2015 when WMCA was rechristened as The Mission, a new corporate branding effort also used on other Salem Christian stations.
WMCA carries St. John's University basketball, sharing flagship responsibilities with WNYM. In September 2016, WMCA began airing United States Military Academy football. Additionally, WMCA airs Seton Hall University basketball contests which cannot air on WNYM due to scheduling conflicts; the Army, St. John's, and Seton Hall broadcasts are all provided by Learfield IMG College. The station carried a limited schedule of University at Buffalo football games in 2014 and 2015.
Studio Locations and Translator
After leaving the Hotel McAlpin in 1938, WMCA moved its studios to various locations in Midtown Manhattan, eventually settling in at 888 Seventh Avenue. Not long after taking control of WMCA in 1990, new owner Salem Communications relocated the station to New Jersey. The facilities were based in Teaneck, Rutherford, and Hasbrouck Heights at different times. In December 2013, WMCA returned to New York City. Salem moved WMCA and WNYM from Hasbrouck Heights into the former studios of WOR at 111 Broadway in lower Manhattan.
As of July 18, 2019, WMCA's programming began airing on the FM dial in Northern New Jersey, using 250-watt translator station W272DX (102.3 MHz). While it is licensed to New York City, the translator's signal eminates from the towers of Multicultural Broadcasting-owned WPAT in Clifton, New Jersey, off the Garden State Parkway.
See also
Radio broadcasting
References
External links
Tribute site in remembrance of WMCA's Good Guys era
NYC AM Radio History - WMCA
WMCA News Department Profile & Interviews - 1978
The 1960s week-by-week
Site visit to WMCA Kearny facility
Category:Christian radio stations in the United States
MCA
Category:Radio stations established in 1925
Category:1925 establishments in New York (state)
Category:Salem Media Group properties
Category:New York Giants (NL) broadcasters
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
/*
* USB FTDI SIO driver
*
* Copyright (C) 2009 - 2013
* Johan Hovold (jhovold@gmail.com)
* Copyright (C) 1999 - 2001
* Greg Kroah-Hartman (greg@kroah.com)
* Bill Ryder (bryder@sgi.com)
* Copyright (C) 2002
* Kuba Ober (kuba@mareimbrium.org)
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* See Documentation/usb/usb-serial.txt for more information on using this
* driver
*
* See http://ftdi-usb-sio.sourceforge.net for up to date testing info
* and extra documentation
*
* Change entries from 2004 and earlier can be found in versions of this
* file in kernel versions prior to the 2.6.24 release.
*
*/
/* Bill Ryder - bryder@sgi.com - wrote the FTDI_SIO implementation */
/* Thanx to FTDI for so kindly providing details of the protocol required */
/* to talk to the device */
/* Thanx to gkh and the rest of the usb dev group for all code I have
assimilated :-) */
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/errno.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/tty.h>
#include <linux/tty_driver.h>
#include <linux/tty_flip.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/spinlock.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/usb.h>
#include <linux/serial.h>
#include <linux/usb/serial.h>
#include "ftdi_sio.h"
#include "ftdi_sio_ids.h"
#define DRIVER_AUTHOR "Greg Kroah-Hartman <greg@kroah.com>, Bill Ryder <bryder@sgi.com>, Kuba Ober <kuba@mareimbrium.org>, Andreas Mohr, Johan Hovold <jhovold@gmail.com>"
#define DRIVER_DESC "USB FTDI Serial Converters Driver"
struct ftdi_private {
enum ftdi_chip_type chip_type;
/* type of device, either SIO or FT8U232AM */
int baud_base; /* baud base clock for divisor setting */
int custom_divisor; /* custom_divisor kludge, this is for
baud_base (different from what goes to the
chip!) */
__u16 last_set_data_urb_value ;
/* the last data state set - needed for doing
* a break
*/
int flags; /* some ASYNC_xxxx flags are supported */
unsigned long last_dtr_rts; /* saved modem control outputs */
char prev_status; /* Used for TIOCMIWAIT */
char transmit_empty; /* If transmitter is empty or not */
__u16 interface; /* FT2232C, FT2232H or FT4232H port interface
(0 for FT232/245) */
speed_t force_baud; /* if non-zero, force the baud rate to
this value */
int force_rtscts; /* if non-zero, force RTS-CTS to always
be enabled */
unsigned int latency; /* latency setting in use */
unsigned short max_packet_size;
struct mutex cfg_lock; /* Avoid mess by parallel calls of config ioctl() and change_speed() */
};
/* struct ftdi_sio_quirk is used by devices requiring special attention. */
struct ftdi_sio_quirk {
int (*probe)(struct usb_serial *);
/* Special settings for probed ports. */
void (*port_probe)(struct ftdi_private *);
};
static int ftdi_jtag_probe(struct usb_serial *serial);
static int ftdi_NDI_device_setup(struct usb_serial *serial);
static int ftdi_stmclite_probe(struct usb_serial *serial);
static int ftdi_8u2232c_probe(struct usb_serial *serial);
static void ftdi_USB_UIRT_setup(struct ftdi_private *priv);
static void ftdi_HE_TIRA1_setup(struct ftdi_private *priv);
static struct ftdi_sio_quirk ftdi_jtag_quirk = {
.probe = ftdi_jtag_probe,
};
static struct ftdi_sio_quirk ftdi_NDI_device_quirk = {
.probe = ftdi_NDI_device_setup,
};
static struct ftdi_sio_quirk ftdi_USB_UIRT_quirk = {
.port_probe = ftdi_USB_UIRT_setup,
};
static struct ftdi_sio_quirk ftdi_HE_TIRA1_quirk = {
.port_probe = ftdi_HE_TIRA1_setup,
};
static struct ftdi_sio_quirk ftdi_stmclite_quirk = {
.probe = ftdi_stmclite_probe,
};
static struct ftdi_sio_quirk ftdi_8u2232c_quirk = {
.probe = ftdi_8u2232c_probe,
};
/*
* The 8U232AM has the same API as the sio except for:
* - it can support MUCH higher baudrates; up to:
* o 921600 for RS232 and 2000000 for RS422/485 at 48MHz
* o 230400 at 12MHz
* so .. 8U232AM's baudrate setting codes are different
* - it has a two byte status code.
* - it returns characters every 16ms (the FTDI does it every 40ms)
*
* the bcdDevice value is used to differentiate FT232BM and FT245BM from
* the earlier FT8U232AM and FT8U232BM. For now, include all known VID/PID
* combinations in both tables.
* FIXME: perhaps bcdDevice can also identify 12MHz FT8U232AM devices,
* but I don't know if those ever went into mass production. [Ian Abbott]
*/
/*
* Device ID not listed? Test it using
* /sys/bus/usb-serial/drivers/ftdi_sio/new_id and send a patch or report.
*/
static const struct usb_device_id id_table_combined[] = {
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_BRICK_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ZEITCONTROL_TAGTRACE_MIFARE_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CTI_MINI_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CTI_NANO_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_AMC232_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CANUSB_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CANDAPTER_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_BM_ATOM_NANO_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_NXTCAM_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_EV3CON_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_SCS_DEVICE_0_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_SCS_DEVICE_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_SCS_DEVICE_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_SCS_DEVICE_3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_SCS_DEVICE_4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_SCS_DEVICE_5_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_SCS_DEVICE_6_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_SCS_DEVICE_7_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_USINT_CAT_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_USINT_WKEY_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_USINT_RS232_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ACTZWAVE_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_IRTRANS_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_IPLUS_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_IPLUS2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_DMX4ALL) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_SIO_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_8U232AM_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_8U232AM_ALT_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_232RL_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_8U2232C_PID) ,
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_8u2232c_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_4232H_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_232H_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_FTX_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_MICRO_CHAMELEON_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_RELAIS_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_OPENDCC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_OPENDCC_SNIFFER_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_OPENDCC_THROTTLE_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_OPENDCC_GATEWAY_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_OPENDCC_GBM_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_OPENDCC_GBM_BOOST_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(NEWPORT_VID, NEWPORT_AGILIS_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(NEWPORT_VID, NEWPORT_CONEX_CC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(NEWPORT_VID, NEWPORT_CONEX_AGP_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(INTERBIOMETRICS_VID, INTERBIOMETRICS_IOBOARD_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(INTERBIOMETRICS_VID, INTERBIOMETRICS_MINI_IOBOARD_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_SPROG_II) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_TAGSYS_LP101_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_TAGSYS_P200X_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_LENZ_LIUSB_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_XF_632_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_XF_634_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_XF_547_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_XF_633_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_XF_631_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_XF_635_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_XF_640_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_XF_642_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_DSS20_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_URBAN_0_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_URBAN_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_NF_RIC_VID, FTDI_NF_RIC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_VNHCPCUSB_D_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_MTXORB_0_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_MTXORB_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_MTXORB_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_MTXORB_3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_MTXORB_4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_MTXORB_5_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_MTXORB_6_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_R2000KU_TRUE_RNG) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_VARDAAN_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0100_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0101_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0102_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0103_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0104_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0105_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0106_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0107_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0108_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0109_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_010A_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_010B_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_010C_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_010D_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_010E_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_010F_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0110_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0111_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0112_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0113_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0114_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0115_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0116_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0117_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0118_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0119_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_011A_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_011B_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_011C_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_011D_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_011E_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_011F_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0120_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0121_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0122_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0123_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0124_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0125_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0126_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0127_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0128_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0129_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_012A_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_012B_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_012C_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_012D_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_012E_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_012F_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0130_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0131_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0132_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0133_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0134_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0135_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0136_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0137_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0138_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0139_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_013A_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_013B_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_013C_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_013D_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_013E_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_013F_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0140_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0141_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0142_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0143_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0144_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0145_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0146_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0147_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0148_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0149_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_014A_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_014B_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_014C_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_014D_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_014E_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_014F_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0150_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0151_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0152_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0153_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0154_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0155_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0156_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0157_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0158_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0159_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_015A_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_015B_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_015C_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_015D_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_015E_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_015F_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0160_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0161_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0162_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0163_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0164_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0165_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0166_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0167_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0168_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0169_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_016A_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_016B_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_016C_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_016D_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_016E_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_016F_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0170_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0171_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0172_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0173_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0174_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0175_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0176_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0177_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0178_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0179_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_017A_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_017B_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_017C_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_017D_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_017E_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_017F_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0180_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0181_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0182_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0183_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0184_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0185_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0186_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0187_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0188_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0189_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_018A_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_018B_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_018C_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_018D_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_018E_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_018F_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0190_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0191_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0192_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0193_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0194_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0195_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0196_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0197_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0198_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_0199_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_019A_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_019B_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_019C_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_019D_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_019E_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_019F_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01A0_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01A1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01A2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01A3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01A4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01A5_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01A6_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01A7_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01A8_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01A9_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01AA_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01AB_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01AC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01AD_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01AE_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01AF_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01B0_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01B1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01B2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01B3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01B4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01B5_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01B6_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01B7_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01B8_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01B9_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01BA_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01BB_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01BC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01BD_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01BE_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01BF_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01C0_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01C1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01C2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01C3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01C4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01C5_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01C6_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01C7_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01C8_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01C9_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01CA_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01CB_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01CC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01CD_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01CE_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01CF_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01D0_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01D1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01D2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01D3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01D4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01D5_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01D6_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01D7_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01D8_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01D9_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01DA_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01DB_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01DC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01DD_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01DE_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01DF_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01E0_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01E1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01E2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01E3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01E4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01E5_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01E6_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01E7_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01E8_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01E9_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01EA_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01EB_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01EC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01ED_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01EE_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01EF_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01F0_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01F1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01F2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01F3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01F4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01F5_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01F6_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01F7_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01F8_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01F9_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01FA_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01FB_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01FC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01FD_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01FE_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_01FF_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_4701_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_9300_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_9301_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_9302_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_9303_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_9304_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_9305_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_9306_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_9307_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_9308_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_9309_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_930A_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_930B_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_930C_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_930D_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_930E_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_930F_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_9310_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_9311_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_9312_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_9313_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_9314_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_9315_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_9316_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_9317_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_9318_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_9319_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_931A_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_931B_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_931C_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_931D_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_931E_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MTXORB_VID, MTXORB_FTDI_RANGE_931F_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_PERLE_ULTRAPORT_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_PIEGROUP_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_TNC_X_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_USBX_707_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2101_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2102_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2103_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2104_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2106_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2201_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2201_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2202_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2202_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2203_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2203_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2401_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2401_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2401_3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2401_4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2402_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2402_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2402_3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2402_4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2403_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2403_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2403_3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2403_4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2801_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2801_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2801_3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2801_4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2801_5_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2801_6_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2801_7_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2801_8_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2802_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2802_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2802_3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2802_4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2802_5_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2802_6_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2802_7_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2802_8_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2803_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2803_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2803_3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2803_4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2803_5_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2803_6_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2803_7_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2803_8_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2803R_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2803R_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2803R_3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(SEALEVEL_VID, SEALEVEL_2803R_4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(IDTECH_VID, IDTECH_IDT1221U_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(OCT_VID, OCT_US101_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(OCT_VID, OCT_DK201_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_HE_TIRA1_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_HE_TIRA1_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_USB_UIRT_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_USB_UIRT_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, PROTEGO_SPECIAL_1) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, PROTEGO_R2X0) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, PROTEGO_SPECIAL_3) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, PROTEGO_SPECIAL_4) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_GUDEADS_E808_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_GUDEADS_E809_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_GUDEADS_E80A_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_GUDEADS_E80B_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_GUDEADS_E80C_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_GUDEADS_E80D_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_GUDEADS_E80E_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_GUDEADS_E80F_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_GUDEADS_E888_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_GUDEADS_E889_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_GUDEADS_E88A_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_GUDEADS_E88B_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_GUDEADS_E88C_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_GUDEADS_E88D_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_GUDEADS_E88E_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_GUDEADS_E88F_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_UO100_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_UM100_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_UR100_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_ALC8500_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_PYRAMID_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_FHZ1000PC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_IBS_US485_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_IBS_PICPRO_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_IBS_PCMCIA_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_IBS_PK1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_IBS_RS232MON_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_IBS_APP70_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_IBS_PEDO_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_IBS_PROD_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_TAVIR_STK500_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_TIAO_UMPA_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_NT_ORIONLXM_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_NT_ORIONLX_PLUS_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_NT_ORION_IO_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_SYNAPSE_SS200_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CUSTOMWARE_MINIPLEX_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CUSTOMWARE_MINIPLEX2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CUSTOMWARE_MINIPLEX2WI_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CUSTOMWARE_MINIPLEX3_PID) },
/*
* ELV devices:
*/
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_ELV_VID, FTDI_ELV_WS300_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_USR_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_MSM1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_KL100_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_WS550_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_EC3000_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_WS888_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_TWS550_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_FEM_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_CLI7000_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_PPS7330_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_TFM100_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_UDF77_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_UIO88_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_UAD8_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_UDA7_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_USI2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_T1100_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_PCD200_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_ULA200_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_CSI8_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_EM1000DL_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_PCK100_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_RFP500_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_FS20SIG_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_UTP8_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_WS300PC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_WS444PC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_FHZ1300PC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_EM1010PC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_WS500_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_HS485_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_UMS100_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_TFD128_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_FM3RX_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELV_WS777_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_PALMSENS_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_IVIUM_XSTAT_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, LINX_SDMUSBQSS_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, LINX_MASTERDEVEL2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, LINX_FUTURE_0_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, LINX_FUTURE_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, LINX_FUTURE_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CCSICDU20_0_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CCSICDU40_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CCSMACHX_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CCSLOAD_N_GO_3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CCSICDU64_4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CCSPRIME8_5_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, INSIDE_ACCESSO) },
{ USB_DEVICE(INTREPID_VID, INTREPID_VALUECAN_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(INTREPID_VID, INTREPID_NEOVI_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FALCOM_VID, FALCOM_TWIST_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FALCOM_VID, FALCOM_SAMBA_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_SUUNTO_SPORTS_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_OCEANIC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(TTI_VID, TTI_QL355P_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_RM_CANVIEW_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(ACTON_VID, ACTON_SPECTRAPRO_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(CONTEC_VID, CONTEC_COM1USBH_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MITSUBISHI_VID, MITSUBISHI_FXUSB_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BANDB_VID, BANDB_USOTL4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BANDB_VID, BANDB_USTL4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BANDB_VID, BANDB_USO9ML2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BANDB_VID, BANDB_USOPTL4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BANDB_VID, BANDB_USPTL4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BANDB_VID, BANDB_USO9ML2DR_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BANDB_VID, BANDB_USO9ML2DR_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BANDB_VID, BANDB_USOPTL4DR2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BANDB_VID, BANDB_USOPTL4DR_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BANDB_VID, BANDB_485USB9F_2W_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BANDB_VID, BANDB_485USB9F_4W_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BANDB_VID, BANDB_232USB9M_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BANDB_VID, BANDB_485USBTB_2W_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BANDB_VID, BANDB_485USBTB_4W_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BANDB_VID, BANDB_TTL5USB9M_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BANDB_VID, BANDB_TTL3USB9M_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BANDB_VID, BANDB_ZZ_PROG1_USB_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, EVER_ECO_PRO_CDS) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_4N_GALAXY_DE_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_4N_GALAXY_DE_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_4N_GALAXY_DE_3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, XSENS_CONVERTER_0_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, XSENS_CONVERTER_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, XSENS_CONVERTER_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, XSENS_CONVERTER_3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, XSENS_CONVERTER_4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, XSENS_CONVERTER_5_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, XSENS_CONVERTER_6_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, XSENS_CONVERTER_7_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(XSENS_VID, XSENS_AWINDA_DONGLE_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(XSENS_VID, XSENS_AWINDA_STATION_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(XSENS_VID, XSENS_CONVERTER_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(XSENS_VID, XSENS_MTDEVBOARD_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(XSENS_VID, XSENS_MTW_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_OMNI1509) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MOBILITY_VID, MOBILITY_USB_SERIAL_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ACTIVE_ROBOTS_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_MHAM_KW_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_MHAM_YS_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_MHAM_Y6_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_MHAM_Y8_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_MHAM_IC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_MHAM_DB9_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_MHAM_RS232_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_MHAM_Y9_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_TERATRONIK_VCP_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_TERATRONIK_D2XX_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(EVOLUTION_VID, EVOLUTION_ER1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(EVOLUTION_VID, EVO_HYBRID_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(EVOLUTION_VID, EVO_RCM4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ARTEMIS_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ATIK_ATK16_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ATIK_ATK16C_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ATIK_ATK16HR_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ATIK_ATK16HRC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ATIK_ATK16IC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(KOBIL_VID, KOBIL_CONV_B1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(KOBIL_VID, KOBIL_CONV_KAAN_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(POSIFLEX_VID, POSIFLEX_PP7000_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_TTUSB_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ECLO_COM_1WIRE_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_WESTREX_MODEL_777_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_WESTREX_MODEL_8900F_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_PCDJ_DAC2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_RRCIRKITS_LOCOBUFFER_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ASK_RDR400_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_NZR_SEM_USB_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(ICOM_VID, ICOM_ID_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(ICOM_VID, ICOM_OPC_U_UC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(ICOM_VID, ICOM_ID_RP2C1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(ICOM_VID, ICOM_ID_RP2C2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(ICOM_VID, ICOM_ID_RP2D_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(ICOM_VID, ICOM_ID_RP2VT_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(ICOM_VID, ICOM_ID_RP2VR_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(ICOM_VID, ICOM_ID_RP4KVT_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(ICOM_VID, ICOM_ID_RP4KVR_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(ICOM_VID, ICOM_ID_RP2KVT_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(ICOM_VID, ICOM_ID_RP2KVR_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ACG_HFDUAL_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_YEI_SERVOCENTER31_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_THORLABS_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(TESTO_VID, TESTO_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(TESTO_VID, TESTO_3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_GAMMA_SCOUT_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_TACTRIX_OPENPORT_13M_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_TACTRIX_OPENPORT_13S_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_TACTRIX_OPENPORT_13U_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(ELEKTOR_VID, ELEKTOR_FT323R_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_NDI_HUC_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_NDI_device_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_NDI_SPECTRA_SCU_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_NDI_device_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_NDI_FUTURE_2_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_NDI_device_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_NDI_FUTURE_3_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_NDI_device_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_NDI_AURORA_SCU_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_NDI_device_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(TELLDUS_VID, TELLDUS_TELLSTICK_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(NOVITUS_VID, NOVITUS_BONO_E_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_VX8_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_S03_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_59_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_57A_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_57B_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_29A_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_29B_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_29F_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_62B_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_S01_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_63_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_29C_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_81B_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_82B_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_K5D_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_K4Y_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_K5G_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_S05_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_60_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_61_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_62_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_63B_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_64_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_65_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_92_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_92D_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_W5R_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_A5R_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RTSYSTEMS_VID, RTSYSTEMS_USB_PW1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_MAXSTREAM_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_PHI_FISCO_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(TML_VID, TML_USB_SERIAL_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_ELSTER_UNICOM_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_PROPOX_JTAGCABLEII_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_PROPOX_ISPCABLEIII_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, CYBER_CORTEX_AV_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE_INTERFACE_NUMBER(OLIMEX_VID, OLIMEX_ARM_USB_OCD_PID, 1) },
{ USB_DEVICE_INTERFACE_NUMBER(OLIMEX_VID, OLIMEX_ARM_USB_OCD_H_PID, 1) },
{ USB_DEVICE_INTERFACE_NUMBER(OLIMEX_VID, OLIMEX_ARM_USB_TINY_PID, 1) },
{ USB_DEVICE_INTERFACE_NUMBER(OLIMEX_VID, OLIMEX_ARM_USB_TINY_H_PID, 1) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FIC_VID, FIC_NEO1973_DEBUG_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_OOCDLINK_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, LMI_LM3S_DEVEL_BOARD_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, LMI_LM3S_EVAL_BOARD_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, LMI_LM3S_ICDI_BOARD_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_TURTELIZER_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(RATOC_VENDOR_ID, RATOC_PRODUCT_ID_USB60F) },
{ USB_DEVICE(RATOC_VENDOR_ID, RATOC_PRODUCT_ID_SCU18) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_REU_TINY_PID) },
/* Papouch devices based on FTDI chip */
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_SB485_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_AP485_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_SB422_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_SB485_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_AP485_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_SB422_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_SB485S_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_SB485C_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_LEC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_SB232_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_TMU_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_IRAMP_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_DRAK5_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_QUIDO8x8_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_QUIDO4x4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_QUIDO2x2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_QUIDO10x1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_QUIDO30x3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_QUIDO60x3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_QUIDO2x16_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_QUIDO3x32_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_DRAK6_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_UPSUSB_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_MU_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_SIMUKEY_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_AD4USB_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_GMUX_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PAPOUCH_VID, PAPOUCH_GMSR_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_DOMINTELL_DGQG_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_DOMINTELL_DUSB_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(ALTI2_VID, ALTI2_N3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, DIEBOLD_BCS_SE923_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(ATMEL_VID, STK541_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(DE_VID, STB_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(DE_VID, WHT_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(ADI_VID, ADI_GNICE_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(ADI_VID, ADI_GNICEPLUS_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE_AND_INTERFACE_INFO(MICROCHIP_VID, MICROCHIP_USB_BOARD_PID,
USB_CLASS_VENDOR_SPEC,
USB_SUBCLASS_VENDOR_SPEC, 0x00) },
{ USB_DEVICE_INTERFACE_NUMBER(ACTEL_VID, MICROSEMI_ARROW_SF2PLUS_BOARD_PID, 2) },
{ USB_DEVICE(JETI_VID, JETI_SPC1201_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(MARVELL_VID, MARVELL_SHEEVAPLUG_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(LARSENBRUSGAARD_VID, LB_ALTITRACK_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(GN_OTOMETRICS_VID, AURICAL_USB_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, PI_C865_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, PI_C857_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PI_VID, PI_C866_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PI_VID, PI_C663_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PI_VID, PI_C725_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PI_VID, PI_E517_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PI_VID, PI_C863_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PI_VID, PI_E861_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PI_VID, PI_C867_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PI_VID, PI_E609_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PI_VID, PI_E709_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PI_VID, PI_100F_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PI_VID, PI_1011_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PI_VID, PI_1012_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PI_VID, PI_1013_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PI_VID, PI_1014_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PI_VID, PI_1015_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(PI_VID, PI_1016_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(KONDO_VID, KONDO_USB_SERIAL_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BAYER_VID, BAYER_CONTOUR_CABLE_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, MARVELL_OPENRD_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, TI_XDS100V2_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, HAMEG_HO820_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, HAMEG_HO720_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, HAMEG_HO730_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, HAMEG_HO870_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, MJSG_GENERIC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, MJSG_SR_RADIO_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, MJSG_HD_RADIO_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, MJSG_XM_RADIO_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, XVERVE_SIGNALYZER_ST_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, XVERVE_SIGNALYZER_SLITE_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, XVERVE_SIGNALYZER_SH2_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, XVERVE_SIGNALYZER_SH4_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, SEGWAY_RMP200_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, ACCESIO_COM4SM_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(IONICS_VID, IONICS_PLUGCOMPUTER_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CHAMSYS_24_MASTER_WING_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CHAMSYS_PC_WING_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CHAMSYS_USB_DMX_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CHAMSYS_MIDI_TIMECODE_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CHAMSYS_MINI_WING_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CHAMSYS_MAXI_WING_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CHAMSYS_MEDIA_WING_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CHAMSYS_WING_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_SCIENCESCOPE_LOGBOOKML_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_SCIENCESCOPE_LS_LOGBOOK_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_SCIENCESCOPE_HS_LOGBOOK_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CINTERION_MC55I_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_FHE_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_DOTEC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(QIHARDWARE_VID, MILKYMISTONE_JTAGSERIAL_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(ST_VID, ST_STMCLT_2232_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(ST_VID, ST_STMCLT_4232_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_stmclite_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_RF_R106) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_DISTORTEC_JTAG_LOCK_PICK_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_LUMEL_PD12_PID) },
/* Crucible Devices */
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CT_COMET_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_Z3X_PID) },
/* Cressi Devices */
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_CRESSI_PID) },
/* Brainboxes Devices */
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_VX_001_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_VX_012_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_VX_023_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_VX_034_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_101_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_160_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_160_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_160_3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_160_4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_160_5_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_160_6_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_160_7_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_160_8_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_257_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_279_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_279_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_279_3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_279_4_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_313_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_324_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_346_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_346_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_357_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_606_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_606_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_606_3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_701_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_701_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_842_1_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_842_2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_842_3_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(BRAINBOXES_VID, BRAINBOXES_US_842_4_PID) },
/* ekey Devices */
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, FTDI_EKEY_CONV_USB_PID) },
/* Infineon Devices */
{ USB_DEVICE_INTERFACE_NUMBER(INFINEON_VID, INFINEON_TRIBOARD_TC1798_PID, 1) },
{ USB_DEVICE_INTERFACE_NUMBER(INFINEON_VID, INFINEON_TRIBOARD_TC2X7_PID, 1) },
/* GE Healthcare devices */
{ USB_DEVICE(GE_HEALTHCARE_VID, GE_HEALTHCARE_NEMO_TRACKER_PID) },
/* Active Research (Actisense) devices */
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, ACTISENSE_NDC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, ACTISENSE_USG_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, ACTISENSE_NGT_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, ACTISENSE_NGW_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, ACTISENSE_D9AC_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, ACTISENSE_D9AD_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, ACTISENSE_D9AE_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, ACTISENSE_D9AF_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, CHETCO_SEAGAUGE_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, CHETCO_SEASWITCH_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, CHETCO_SEASMART_NMEA2000_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, CHETCO_SEASMART_ETHERNET_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, CHETCO_SEASMART_WIFI_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, CHETCO_SEASMART_DISPLAY_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, CHETCO_SEASMART_LITE_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(FTDI_VID, CHETCO_SEASMART_ANALOG_PID) },
/* ICP DAS I-756xU devices */
{ USB_DEVICE(ICPDAS_VID, ICPDAS_I7560U_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(ICPDAS_VID, ICPDAS_I7561U_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(ICPDAS_VID, ICPDAS_I7563U_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(WICED_VID, WICED_USB20706V2_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(TI_VID, TI_CC3200_LAUNCHPAD_PID),
.driver_info = (kernel_ulong_t)&ftdi_jtag_quirk },
{ USB_DEVICE(CYPRESS_VID, CYPRESS_WICED_BT_USB_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(CYPRESS_VID, CYPRESS_WICED_WL_USB_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE(AIRBUS_DS_VID, AIRBUS_DS_P8GR) },
/* EZPrototypes devices */
{ USB_DEVICE(EZPROTOTYPES_VID, HJELMSLUND_USB485_ISO_PID) },
{ USB_DEVICE_INTERFACE_NUMBER(UNJO_VID, UNJO_ISODEBUG_V1_PID, 1) },
{ } /* Terminating entry */
};
MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(usb, id_table_combined);
static const char *ftdi_chip_name[] = {
[SIO] = "SIO", /* the serial part of FT8U100AX */
[FT8U232AM] = "FT8U232AM",
[FT232BM] = "FT232BM",
[FT2232C] = "FT2232C",
[FT232RL] = "FT232RL",
[FT2232H] = "FT2232H",
[FT4232H] = "FT4232H",
[FT232H] = "FT232H",
[FTX] = "FT-X"
};
/* Used for TIOCMIWAIT */
#define FTDI_STATUS_B0_MASK (FTDI_RS0_CTS | FTDI_RS0_DSR | FTDI_RS0_RI | FTDI_RS0_RLSD)
#define FTDI_STATUS_B1_MASK (FTDI_RS_BI)
/* End TIOCMIWAIT */
/* function prototypes for a FTDI serial converter */
static int ftdi_sio_probe(struct usb_serial *serial,
const struct usb_device_id *id);
static int ftdi_sio_port_probe(struct usb_serial_port *port);
static int ftdi_sio_port_remove(struct usb_serial_port *port);
static int ftdi_open(struct tty_struct *tty, struct usb_serial_port *port);
static void ftdi_dtr_rts(struct usb_serial_port *port, int on);
static void ftdi_process_read_urb(struct urb *urb);
static int ftdi_prepare_write_buffer(struct usb_serial_port *port,
void *dest, size_t size);
static void ftdi_set_termios(struct tty_struct *tty,
struct usb_serial_port *port, struct ktermios *old);
static int ftdi_tiocmget(struct tty_struct *tty);
static int ftdi_tiocmset(struct tty_struct *tty,
unsigned int set, unsigned int clear);
static int ftdi_ioctl(struct tty_struct *tty,
unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg);
static void ftdi_break_ctl(struct tty_struct *tty, int break_state);
static bool ftdi_tx_empty(struct usb_serial_port *port);
static int ftdi_get_modem_status(struct usb_serial_port *port,
unsigned char status[2]);
static unsigned short int ftdi_232am_baud_base_to_divisor(int baud, int base);
static unsigned short int ftdi_232am_baud_to_divisor(int baud);
static __u32 ftdi_232bm_baud_base_to_divisor(int baud, int base);
static __u32 ftdi_232bm_baud_to_divisor(int baud);
static __u32 ftdi_2232h_baud_base_to_divisor(int baud, int base);
static __u32 ftdi_2232h_baud_to_divisor(int baud);
static struct usb_serial_driver ftdi_sio_device = {
.driver = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.name = "ftdi_sio",
},
.description = "FTDI USB Serial Device",
.id_table = id_table_combined,
.num_ports = 1,
.bulk_in_size = 512,
.bulk_out_size = 256,
.probe = ftdi_sio_probe,
.port_probe = ftdi_sio_port_probe,
.port_remove = ftdi_sio_port_remove,
.open = ftdi_open,
.dtr_rts = ftdi_dtr_rts,
.throttle = usb_serial_generic_throttle,
.unthrottle = usb_serial_generic_unthrottle,
.process_read_urb = ftdi_process_read_urb,
.prepare_write_buffer = ftdi_prepare_write_buffer,
.tiocmget = ftdi_tiocmget,
.tiocmset = ftdi_tiocmset,
.tiocmiwait = usb_serial_generic_tiocmiwait,
.get_icount = usb_serial_generic_get_icount,
.ioctl = ftdi_ioctl,
.set_termios = ftdi_set_termios,
.break_ctl = ftdi_break_ctl,
.tx_empty = ftdi_tx_empty,
};
static struct usb_serial_driver * const serial_drivers[] = {
&ftdi_sio_device, NULL
};
#define WDR_TIMEOUT 5000 /* default urb timeout */
#define WDR_SHORT_TIMEOUT 1000 /* shorter urb timeout */
/*
* ***************************************************************************
* Utility functions
* ***************************************************************************
*/
static unsigned short int ftdi_232am_baud_base_to_divisor(int baud, int base)
{
unsigned short int divisor;
/* divisor shifted 3 bits to the left */
int divisor3 = base / 2 / baud;
if ((divisor3 & 0x7) == 7)
divisor3++; /* round x.7/8 up to x+1 */
divisor = divisor3 >> 3;
divisor3 &= 0x7;
if (divisor3 == 1)
divisor |= 0xc000;
else if (divisor3 >= 4)
divisor |= 0x4000;
else if (divisor3 != 0)
divisor |= 0x8000;
else if (divisor == 1)
divisor = 0; /* special case for maximum baud rate */
return divisor;
}
static unsigned short int ftdi_232am_baud_to_divisor(int baud)
{
return ftdi_232am_baud_base_to_divisor(baud, 48000000);
}
static __u32 ftdi_232bm_baud_base_to_divisor(int baud, int base)
{
static const unsigned char divfrac[8] = { 0, 3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 6, 7 };
__u32 divisor;
/* divisor shifted 3 bits to the left */
int divisor3 = base / 2 / baud;
divisor = divisor3 >> 3;
divisor |= (__u32)divfrac[divisor3 & 0x7] << 14;
/* Deal with special cases for highest baud rates. */
if (divisor == 1)
divisor = 0;
else if (divisor == 0x4001)
divisor = 1;
return divisor;
}
static __u32 ftdi_232bm_baud_to_divisor(int baud)
{
return ftdi_232bm_baud_base_to_divisor(baud, 48000000);
}
static __u32 ftdi_2232h_baud_base_to_divisor(int baud, int base)
{
static const unsigned char divfrac[8] = { 0, 3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 6, 7 };
__u32 divisor;
int divisor3;
/* hi-speed baud rate is 10-bit sampling instead of 16-bit */
divisor3 = base * 8 / (baud * 10);
divisor = divisor3 >> 3;
divisor |= (__u32)divfrac[divisor3 & 0x7] << 14;
/* Deal with special cases for highest baud rates. */
if (divisor == 1)
divisor = 0;
else if (divisor == 0x4001)
divisor = 1;
/*
* Set this bit to turn off a divide by 2.5 on baud rate generator
* This enables baud rates up to 12Mbaud but cannot reach below 1200
* baud with this bit set
*/
divisor |= 0x00020000;
return divisor;
}
static __u32 ftdi_2232h_baud_to_divisor(int baud)
{
return ftdi_2232h_baud_base_to_divisor(baud, 120000000);
}
#define set_mctrl(port, set) update_mctrl((port), (set), 0)
#define clear_mctrl(port, clear) update_mctrl((port), 0, (clear))
static int update_mctrl(struct usb_serial_port *port, unsigned int set,
unsigned int clear)
{
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
struct device *dev = &port->dev;
unsigned urb_value;
int rv;
if (((set | clear) & (TIOCM_DTR | TIOCM_RTS)) == 0) {
dev_dbg(dev, "%s - DTR|RTS not being set|cleared\n", __func__);
return 0; /* no change */
}
clear &= ~set; /* 'set' takes precedence over 'clear' */
urb_value = 0;
if (clear & TIOCM_DTR)
urb_value |= FTDI_SIO_SET_DTR_LOW;
if (clear & TIOCM_RTS)
urb_value |= FTDI_SIO_SET_RTS_LOW;
if (set & TIOCM_DTR)
urb_value |= FTDI_SIO_SET_DTR_HIGH;
if (set & TIOCM_RTS)
urb_value |= FTDI_SIO_SET_RTS_HIGH;
rv = usb_control_msg(port->serial->dev,
usb_sndctrlpipe(port->serial->dev, 0),
FTDI_SIO_SET_MODEM_CTRL_REQUEST,
FTDI_SIO_SET_MODEM_CTRL_REQUEST_TYPE,
urb_value, priv->interface,
NULL, 0, WDR_TIMEOUT);
if (rv < 0) {
dev_dbg(dev, "%s Error from MODEM_CTRL urb: DTR %s, RTS %s\n",
__func__,
(set & TIOCM_DTR) ? "HIGH" : (clear & TIOCM_DTR) ? "LOW" : "unchanged",
(set & TIOCM_RTS) ? "HIGH" : (clear & TIOCM_RTS) ? "LOW" : "unchanged");
rv = usb_translate_errors(rv);
} else {
dev_dbg(dev, "%s - DTR %s, RTS %s\n", __func__,
(set & TIOCM_DTR) ? "HIGH" : (clear & TIOCM_DTR) ? "LOW" : "unchanged",
(set & TIOCM_RTS) ? "HIGH" : (clear & TIOCM_RTS) ? "LOW" : "unchanged");
/* FIXME: locking on last_dtr_rts */
priv->last_dtr_rts = (priv->last_dtr_rts & ~clear) | set;
}
return rv;
}
static __u32 get_ftdi_divisor(struct tty_struct *tty,
struct usb_serial_port *port)
{
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
struct device *dev = &port->dev;
__u32 div_value = 0;
int div_okay = 1;
int baud;
/*
* The logic involved in setting the baudrate can be cleanly split into
* 3 steps.
* 1. Standard baud rates are set in tty->termios->c_cflag
* 2. If these are not enough, you can set any speed using alt_speed as
* follows:
* - set tty->termios->c_cflag speed to B38400
* - set your real speed in tty->alt_speed; it gets ignored when
* alt_speed==0, (or)
* - call TIOCSSERIAL ioctl with (struct serial_struct) set as
* follows:
* flags & ASYNC_SPD_MASK == ASYNC_SPD_[HI, VHI, SHI, WARP],
* this just sets alt_speed to (HI: 57600, VHI: 115200,
* SHI: 230400, WARP: 460800)
* ** Steps 1, 2 are done courtesy of tty_get_baud_rate
* 3. You can also set baud rate by setting custom divisor as follows
* - set tty->termios->c_cflag speed to B38400
* - call TIOCSSERIAL ioctl with (struct serial_struct) set as
* follows:
* o flags & ASYNC_SPD_MASK == ASYNC_SPD_CUST
* o custom_divisor set to baud_base / your_new_baudrate
* ** Step 3 is done courtesy of code borrowed from serial.c
* I should really spend some time and separate + move this common
* code to serial.c, it is replicated in nearly every serial driver
* you see.
*/
/* 1. Get the baud rate from the tty settings, this observes
alt_speed hack */
baud = tty_get_baud_rate(tty);
dev_dbg(dev, "%s - tty_get_baud_rate reports speed %d\n", __func__, baud);
/* 2. Observe async-compatible custom_divisor hack, update baudrate
if needed */
if (baud == 38400 &&
((priv->flags & ASYNC_SPD_MASK) == ASYNC_SPD_CUST) &&
(priv->custom_divisor)) {
baud = priv->baud_base / priv->custom_divisor;
dev_dbg(dev, "%s - custom divisor %d sets baud rate to %d\n",
__func__, priv->custom_divisor, baud);
}
/* 3. Convert baudrate to device-specific divisor */
if (!baud)
baud = 9600;
switch (priv->chip_type) {
case SIO: /* SIO chip */
switch (baud) {
case 300: div_value = ftdi_sio_b300; break;
case 600: div_value = ftdi_sio_b600; break;
case 1200: div_value = ftdi_sio_b1200; break;
case 2400: div_value = ftdi_sio_b2400; break;
case 4800: div_value = ftdi_sio_b4800; break;
case 9600: div_value = ftdi_sio_b9600; break;
case 19200: div_value = ftdi_sio_b19200; break;
case 38400: div_value = ftdi_sio_b38400; break;
case 57600: div_value = ftdi_sio_b57600; break;
case 115200: div_value = ftdi_sio_b115200; break;
} /* baud */
if (div_value == 0) {
dev_dbg(dev, "%s - Baudrate (%d) requested is not supported\n",
__func__, baud);
div_value = ftdi_sio_b9600;
baud = 9600;
div_okay = 0;
}
break;
case FT8U232AM: /* 8U232AM chip */
if (baud <= 3000000) {
div_value = ftdi_232am_baud_to_divisor(baud);
} else {
dev_dbg(dev, "%s - Baud rate too high!\n", __func__);
baud = 9600;
div_value = ftdi_232am_baud_to_divisor(9600);
div_okay = 0;
}
break;
case FT232BM: /* FT232BM chip */
case FT2232C: /* FT2232C chip */
case FT232RL: /* FT232RL chip */
case FTX: /* FT-X series */
if (baud <= 3000000) {
__u16 product_id = le16_to_cpu(
port->serial->dev->descriptor.idProduct);
if (((FTDI_NDI_HUC_PID == product_id) ||
(FTDI_NDI_SPECTRA_SCU_PID == product_id) ||
(FTDI_NDI_FUTURE_2_PID == product_id) ||
(FTDI_NDI_FUTURE_3_PID == product_id) ||
(FTDI_NDI_AURORA_SCU_PID == product_id)) &&
(baud == 19200)) {
baud = 1200000;
}
div_value = ftdi_232bm_baud_to_divisor(baud);
} else {
dev_dbg(dev, "%s - Baud rate too high!\n", __func__);
div_value = ftdi_232bm_baud_to_divisor(9600);
div_okay = 0;
baud = 9600;
}
break;
case FT2232H: /* FT2232H chip */
case FT4232H: /* FT4232H chip */
case FT232H: /* FT232H chip */
if ((baud <= 12000000) && (baud >= 1200)) {
div_value = ftdi_2232h_baud_to_divisor(baud);
} else if (baud < 1200) {
div_value = ftdi_232bm_baud_to_divisor(baud);
} else {
dev_dbg(dev, "%s - Baud rate too high!\n", __func__);
div_value = ftdi_232bm_baud_to_divisor(9600);
div_okay = 0;
baud = 9600;
}
break;
} /* priv->chip_type */
if (div_okay) {
dev_dbg(dev, "%s - Baud rate set to %d (divisor 0x%lX) on chip %s\n",
__func__, baud, (unsigned long)div_value,
ftdi_chip_name[priv->chip_type]);
}
tty_encode_baud_rate(tty, baud, baud);
return div_value;
}
static int change_speed(struct tty_struct *tty, struct usb_serial_port *port)
{
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
__u16 urb_value;
__u16 urb_index;
__u32 urb_index_value;
int rv;
urb_index_value = get_ftdi_divisor(tty, port);
urb_value = (__u16)urb_index_value;
urb_index = (__u16)(urb_index_value >> 16);
if ((priv->chip_type == FT2232C) || (priv->chip_type == FT2232H) ||
(priv->chip_type == FT4232H) || (priv->chip_type == FT232H)) {
/* Probably the BM type needs the MSB of the encoded fractional
* divider also moved like for the chips above. Any infos? */
urb_index = (__u16)((urb_index << 8) | priv->interface);
}
rv = usb_control_msg(port->serial->dev,
usb_sndctrlpipe(port->serial->dev, 0),
FTDI_SIO_SET_BAUDRATE_REQUEST,
FTDI_SIO_SET_BAUDRATE_REQUEST_TYPE,
urb_value, urb_index,
NULL, 0, WDR_SHORT_TIMEOUT);
return rv;
}
static int write_latency_timer(struct usb_serial_port *port)
{
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
struct usb_device *udev = port->serial->dev;
int rv;
int l = priv->latency;
if (priv->flags & ASYNC_LOW_LATENCY)
l = 1;
dev_dbg(&port->dev, "%s: setting latency timer = %i\n", __func__, l);
rv = usb_control_msg(udev,
usb_sndctrlpipe(udev, 0),
FTDI_SIO_SET_LATENCY_TIMER_REQUEST,
FTDI_SIO_SET_LATENCY_TIMER_REQUEST_TYPE,
l, priv->interface,
NULL, 0, WDR_TIMEOUT);
if (rv < 0)
dev_err(&port->dev, "Unable to write latency timer: %i\n", rv);
return rv;
}
static int read_latency_timer(struct usb_serial_port *port)
{
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
struct usb_device *udev = port->serial->dev;
unsigned char *buf;
int rv;
buf = kmalloc(1, GFP_KERNEL);
if (!buf)
return -ENOMEM;
rv = usb_control_msg(udev,
usb_rcvctrlpipe(udev, 0),
FTDI_SIO_GET_LATENCY_TIMER_REQUEST,
FTDI_SIO_GET_LATENCY_TIMER_REQUEST_TYPE,
0, priv->interface,
buf, 1, WDR_TIMEOUT);
if (rv < 1) {
dev_err(&port->dev, "Unable to read latency timer: %i\n", rv);
if (rv >= 0)
rv = -EIO;
} else {
priv->latency = buf[0];
}
kfree(buf);
return rv;
}
static int get_serial_info(struct usb_serial_port *port,
struct serial_struct __user *retinfo)
{
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
struct serial_struct tmp;
if (!retinfo)
return -EFAULT;
memset(&tmp, 0, sizeof(tmp));
tmp.flags = priv->flags;
tmp.baud_base = priv->baud_base;
tmp.custom_divisor = priv->custom_divisor;
if (copy_to_user(retinfo, &tmp, sizeof(*retinfo)))
return -EFAULT;
return 0;
}
static int set_serial_info(struct tty_struct *tty,
struct usb_serial_port *port, struct serial_struct __user *newinfo)
{
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
struct serial_struct new_serial;
struct ftdi_private old_priv;
if (copy_from_user(&new_serial, newinfo, sizeof(new_serial)))
return -EFAULT;
mutex_lock(&priv->cfg_lock);
old_priv = *priv;
/* Do error checking and permission checking */
if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) {
if (((new_serial.flags & ~ASYNC_USR_MASK) !=
(priv->flags & ~ASYNC_USR_MASK))) {
mutex_unlock(&priv->cfg_lock);
return -EPERM;
}
priv->flags = ((priv->flags & ~ASYNC_USR_MASK) |
(new_serial.flags & ASYNC_USR_MASK));
priv->custom_divisor = new_serial.custom_divisor;
goto check_and_exit;
}
if (new_serial.baud_base != priv->baud_base) {
mutex_unlock(&priv->cfg_lock);
return -EINVAL;
}
/* Make the changes - these are privileged changes! */
priv->flags = ((priv->flags & ~ASYNC_FLAGS) |
(new_serial.flags & ASYNC_FLAGS));
priv->custom_divisor = new_serial.custom_divisor;
check_and_exit:
write_latency_timer(port);
if ((old_priv.flags & ASYNC_SPD_MASK) !=
(priv->flags & ASYNC_SPD_MASK)) {
if ((priv->flags & ASYNC_SPD_MASK) == ASYNC_SPD_HI)
tty->alt_speed = 57600;
else if ((priv->flags & ASYNC_SPD_MASK) == ASYNC_SPD_VHI)
tty->alt_speed = 115200;
else if ((priv->flags & ASYNC_SPD_MASK) == ASYNC_SPD_SHI)
tty->alt_speed = 230400;
else if ((priv->flags & ASYNC_SPD_MASK) == ASYNC_SPD_WARP)
tty->alt_speed = 460800;
else
tty->alt_speed = 0;
}
if (((old_priv.flags & ASYNC_SPD_MASK) !=
(priv->flags & ASYNC_SPD_MASK)) ||
(((priv->flags & ASYNC_SPD_MASK) == ASYNC_SPD_CUST) &&
(old_priv.custom_divisor != priv->custom_divisor))) {
change_speed(tty, port);
mutex_unlock(&priv->cfg_lock);
}
else
mutex_unlock(&priv->cfg_lock);
return 0;
}
static int get_lsr_info(struct usb_serial_port *port,
struct serial_struct __user *retinfo)
{
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
unsigned int result = 0;
if (!retinfo)
return -EFAULT;
if (priv->transmit_empty)
result = TIOCSER_TEMT;
if (copy_to_user(retinfo, &result, sizeof(unsigned int)))
return -EFAULT;
return 0;
}
/* Determine type of FTDI chip based on USB config and descriptor. */
static void ftdi_determine_type(struct usb_serial_port *port)
{
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
struct usb_serial *serial = port->serial;
struct usb_device *udev = serial->dev;
unsigned version;
unsigned interfaces;
/* Assume it is not the original SIO device for now. */
priv->baud_base = 48000000 / 2;
version = le16_to_cpu(udev->descriptor.bcdDevice);
interfaces = udev->actconfig->desc.bNumInterfaces;
dev_dbg(&port->dev, "%s: bcdDevice = 0x%x, bNumInterfaces = %u\n", __func__,
version, interfaces);
if (interfaces > 1) {
int inter;
/* Multiple interfaces.*/
if (version == 0x0800) {
priv->chip_type = FT4232H;
/* Hi-speed - baud clock runs at 120MHz */
priv->baud_base = 120000000 / 2;
} else if (version == 0x0700) {
priv->chip_type = FT2232H;
/* Hi-speed - baud clock runs at 120MHz */
priv->baud_base = 120000000 / 2;
} else
priv->chip_type = FT2232C;
/* Determine interface code. */
inter = serial->interface->altsetting->desc.bInterfaceNumber;
if (inter == 0) {
priv->interface = INTERFACE_A;
} else if (inter == 1) {
priv->interface = INTERFACE_B;
} else if (inter == 2) {
priv->interface = INTERFACE_C;
} else if (inter == 3) {
priv->interface = INTERFACE_D;
}
/* BM-type devices have a bug where bcdDevice gets set
* to 0x200 when iSerialNumber is 0. */
if (version < 0x500) {
dev_dbg(&port->dev,
"%s: something fishy - bcdDevice too low for multi-interface device\n",
__func__);
}
} else if (version < 0x200) {
/* Old device. Assume it's the original SIO. */
priv->chip_type = SIO;
priv->baud_base = 12000000 / 16;
} else if (version < 0x400) {
/* Assume it's an FT8U232AM (or FT8U245AM) */
/* (It might be a BM because of the iSerialNumber bug,
* but it will still work as an AM device.) */
priv->chip_type = FT8U232AM;
} else if (version < 0x600) {
/* Assume it's an FT232BM (or FT245BM) */
priv->chip_type = FT232BM;
} else if (version < 0x900) {
/* Assume it's an FT232RL */
priv->chip_type = FT232RL;
} else if (version < 0x1000) {
/* Assume it's an FT232H */
priv->chip_type = FT232H;
} else {
/* Assume it's an FT-X series device */
priv->chip_type = FTX;
}
dev_info(&udev->dev, "Detected %s\n", ftdi_chip_name[priv->chip_type]);
}
/*
* Determine the maximum packet size for the device. This depends on the chip
* type and the USB host capabilities. The value should be obtained from the
* device descriptor as the chip will use the appropriate values for the host.
*/
static void ftdi_set_max_packet_size(struct usb_serial_port *port)
{
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
struct usb_interface *interface = port->serial->interface;
struct usb_endpoint_descriptor *ep_desc;
unsigned num_endpoints;
unsigned i;
num_endpoints = interface->cur_altsetting->desc.bNumEndpoints;
if (!num_endpoints)
return;
/*
* NOTE: Some customers have programmed FT232R/FT245R devices
* with an endpoint size of 0 - not good. In this case, we
* want to override the endpoint descriptor setting and use a
* value of 64 for wMaxPacketSize.
*/
for (i = 0; i < num_endpoints; i++) {
ep_desc = &interface->cur_altsetting->endpoint[i].desc;
if (!ep_desc->wMaxPacketSize) {
ep_desc->wMaxPacketSize = cpu_to_le16(0x40);
dev_warn(&port->dev, "Overriding wMaxPacketSize on endpoint %d\n",
usb_endpoint_num(ep_desc));
}
}
/* Set max packet size based on last descriptor. */
priv->max_packet_size = usb_endpoint_maxp(ep_desc);
}
/*
* ***************************************************************************
* Sysfs Attribute
* ***************************************************************************
*/
static ssize_t latency_timer_show(struct device *dev,
struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
struct usb_serial_port *port = to_usb_serial_port(dev);
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
if (priv->flags & ASYNC_LOW_LATENCY)
return sprintf(buf, "1\n");
else
return sprintf(buf, "%i\n", priv->latency);
}
/* Write a new value of the latency timer, in units of milliseconds. */
static ssize_t latency_timer_store(struct device *dev,
struct device_attribute *attr,
const char *valbuf, size_t count)
{
struct usb_serial_port *port = to_usb_serial_port(dev);
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
int v = simple_strtoul(valbuf, NULL, 10);
int rv;
priv->latency = v;
rv = write_latency_timer(port);
if (rv < 0)
return -EIO;
return count;
}
static DEVICE_ATTR_RW(latency_timer);
/* Write an event character directly to the FTDI register. The ASCII
value is in the low 8 bits, with the enable bit in the 9th bit. */
static ssize_t store_event_char(struct device *dev,
struct device_attribute *attr, const char *valbuf, size_t count)
{
struct usb_serial_port *port = to_usb_serial_port(dev);
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
struct usb_device *udev = port->serial->dev;
int v = simple_strtoul(valbuf, NULL, 10);
int rv;
dev_dbg(&port->dev, "%s: setting event char = %i\n", __func__, v);
rv = usb_control_msg(udev,
usb_sndctrlpipe(udev, 0),
FTDI_SIO_SET_EVENT_CHAR_REQUEST,
FTDI_SIO_SET_EVENT_CHAR_REQUEST_TYPE,
v, priv->interface,
NULL, 0, WDR_TIMEOUT);
if (rv < 0) {
dev_dbg(&port->dev, "Unable to write event character: %i\n", rv);
return -EIO;
}
return count;
}
static DEVICE_ATTR(event_char, S_IWUSR, NULL, store_event_char);
static int create_sysfs_attrs(struct usb_serial_port *port)
{
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
int retval = 0;
/* XXX I've no idea if the original SIO supports the event_char
* sysfs parameter, so I'm playing it safe. */
if (priv->chip_type != SIO) {
dev_dbg(&port->dev, "sysfs attributes for %s\n", ftdi_chip_name[priv->chip_type]);
retval = device_create_file(&port->dev, &dev_attr_event_char);
if ((!retval) &&
(priv->chip_type == FT232BM ||
priv->chip_type == FT2232C ||
priv->chip_type == FT232RL ||
priv->chip_type == FT2232H ||
priv->chip_type == FT4232H ||
priv->chip_type == FT232H ||
priv->chip_type == FTX)) {
retval = device_create_file(&port->dev,
&dev_attr_latency_timer);
}
}
return retval;
}
static void remove_sysfs_attrs(struct usb_serial_port *port)
{
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
/* XXX see create_sysfs_attrs */
if (priv->chip_type != SIO) {
device_remove_file(&port->dev, &dev_attr_event_char);
if (priv->chip_type == FT232BM ||
priv->chip_type == FT2232C ||
priv->chip_type == FT232RL ||
priv->chip_type == FT2232H ||
priv->chip_type == FT4232H ||
priv->chip_type == FT232H ||
priv->chip_type == FTX) {
device_remove_file(&port->dev, &dev_attr_latency_timer);
}
}
}
/*
* ***************************************************************************
* FTDI driver specific functions
* ***************************************************************************
*/
/* Probe function to check for special devices */
static int ftdi_sio_probe(struct usb_serial *serial,
const struct usb_device_id *id)
{
struct ftdi_sio_quirk *quirk =
(struct ftdi_sio_quirk *)id->driver_info;
if (quirk && quirk->probe) {
int ret = quirk->probe(serial);
if (ret != 0)
return ret;
}
usb_set_serial_data(serial, (void *)id->driver_info);
return 0;
}
static int ftdi_sio_port_probe(struct usb_serial_port *port)
{
struct ftdi_private *priv;
struct ftdi_sio_quirk *quirk = usb_get_serial_data(port->serial);
priv = kzalloc(sizeof(struct ftdi_private), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!priv)
return -ENOMEM;
mutex_init(&priv->cfg_lock);
if (quirk && quirk->port_probe)
quirk->port_probe(priv);
usb_set_serial_port_data(port, priv);
ftdi_determine_type(port);
ftdi_set_max_packet_size(port);
if (read_latency_timer(port) < 0)
priv->latency = 16;
write_latency_timer(port);
create_sysfs_attrs(port);
return 0;
}
/* Setup for the USB-UIRT device, which requires hardwired
* baudrate (38400 gets mapped to 312500) */
/* Called from usbserial:serial_probe */
static void ftdi_USB_UIRT_setup(struct ftdi_private *priv)
{
priv->flags |= ASYNC_SPD_CUST;
priv->custom_divisor = 77;
priv->force_baud = 38400;
}
/* Setup for the HE-TIRA1 device, which requires hardwired
* baudrate (38400 gets mapped to 100000) and RTS-CTS enabled. */
static void ftdi_HE_TIRA1_setup(struct ftdi_private *priv)
{
priv->flags |= ASYNC_SPD_CUST;
priv->custom_divisor = 240;
priv->force_baud = 38400;
priv->force_rtscts = 1;
}
/*
* Module parameter to control latency timer for NDI FTDI-based USB devices.
* If this value is not set in /etc/modprobe.d/ its value will be set
* to 1ms.
*/
static int ndi_latency_timer = 1;
/* Setup for the NDI FTDI-based USB devices, which requires hardwired
* baudrate (19200 gets mapped to 1200000).
*
* Called from usbserial:serial_probe.
*/
static int ftdi_NDI_device_setup(struct usb_serial *serial)
{
struct usb_device *udev = serial->dev;
int latency = ndi_latency_timer;
if (latency == 0)
latency = 1;
if (latency > 99)
latency = 99;
dev_dbg(&udev->dev, "%s setting NDI device latency to %d\n", __func__, latency);
dev_info(&udev->dev, "NDI device with a latency value of %d\n", latency);
/* FIXME: errors are not returned */
usb_control_msg(udev, usb_sndctrlpipe(udev, 0),
FTDI_SIO_SET_LATENCY_TIMER_REQUEST,
FTDI_SIO_SET_LATENCY_TIMER_REQUEST_TYPE,
latency, 0, NULL, 0, WDR_TIMEOUT);
return 0;
}
/*
* First port on JTAG adaptors such as Olimex arm-usb-ocd or the FIC/OpenMoko
* Neo1973 Debug Board is reserved for JTAG interface and can be accessed from
* userspace using openocd.
*/
static int ftdi_jtag_probe(struct usb_serial *serial)
{
struct usb_device *udev = serial->dev;
struct usb_interface *interface = serial->interface;
if (interface == udev->actconfig->interface[0]) {
dev_info(&udev->dev,
"Ignoring serial port reserved for JTAG\n");
return -ENODEV;
}
return 0;
}
static int ftdi_8u2232c_probe(struct usb_serial *serial)
{
struct usb_device *udev = serial->dev;
if (udev->manufacturer && !strcmp(udev->manufacturer, "CALAO Systems"))
return ftdi_jtag_probe(serial);
if (udev->product &&
(!strcmp(udev->product, "Arrow USB Blaster") ||
!strcmp(udev->product, "BeagleBone/XDS100V2") ||
!strcmp(udev->product, "SNAP Connect E10")))
return ftdi_jtag_probe(serial);
return 0;
}
/*
* First two ports on JTAG adaptors using an FT4232 such as STMicroelectronics's
* ST Micro Connect Lite are reserved for JTAG or other non-UART interfaces and
* can be accessed from userspace.
* The next two ports are enabled as UARTs by default, where port 2 is
* a conventional RS-232 UART.
*/
static int ftdi_stmclite_probe(struct usb_serial *serial)
{
struct usb_device *udev = serial->dev;
struct usb_interface *interface = serial->interface;
if (interface == udev->actconfig->interface[0] ||
interface == udev->actconfig->interface[1]) {
dev_info(&udev->dev, "Ignoring serial port reserved for JTAG\n");
return -ENODEV;
}
return 0;
}
static int ftdi_sio_port_remove(struct usb_serial_port *port)
{
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
remove_sysfs_attrs(port);
kfree(priv);
return 0;
}
static int ftdi_open(struct tty_struct *tty, struct usb_serial_port *port)
{
struct usb_device *dev = port->serial->dev;
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
/* No error checking for this (will get errors later anyway) */
/* See ftdi_sio.h for description of what is reset */
usb_control_msg(dev, usb_sndctrlpipe(dev, 0),
FTDI_SIO_RESET_REQUEST, FTDI_SIO_RESET_REQUEST_TYPE,
FTDI_SIO_RESET_SIO,
priv->interface, NULL, 0, WDR_TIMEOUT);
/* Termios defaults are set by usb_serial_init. We don't change
port->tty->termios - this would lose speed settings, etc.
This is same behaviour as serial.c/rs_open() - Kuba */
/* ftdi_set_termios will send usb control messages */
if (tty)
ftdi_set_termios(tty, port, NULL);
return usb_serial_generic_open(tty, port);
}
static void ftdi_dtr_rts(struct usb_serial_port *port, int on)
{
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
/* Disable flow control */
if (!on) {
if (usb_control_msg(port->serial->dev,
usb_sndctrlpipe(port->serial->dev, 0),
FTDI_SIO_SET_FLOW_CTRL_REQUEST,
FTDI_SIO_SET_FLOW_CTRL_REQUEST_TYPE,
0, priv->interface, NULL, 0,
WDR_TIMEOUT) < 0) {
dev_err(&port->dev, "error from flowcontrol urb\n");
}
}
/* drop RTS and DTR */
if (on)
set_mctrl(port, TIOCM_DTR | TIOCM_RTS);
else
clear_mctrl(port, TIOCM_DTR | TIOCM_RTS);
}
/* The SIO requires the first byte to have:
* B0 1
* B1 0
* B2..7 length of message excluding byte 0
*
* The new devices do not require this byte
*/
static int ftdi_prepare_write_buffer(struct usb_serial_port *port,
void *dest, size_t size)
{
struct ftdi_private *priv;
int count;
unsigned long flags;
priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
if (priv->chip_type == SIO) {
unsigned char *buffer = dest;
int i, len, c;
count = 0;
spin_lock_irqsave(&port->lock, flags);
for (i = 0; i < size - 1; i += priv->max_packet_size) {
len = min_t(int, size - i, priv->max_packet_size) - 1;
c = kfifo_out(&port->write_fifo, &buffer[i + 1], len);
if (!c)
break;
port->icount.tx += c;
buffer[i] = (c << 2) + 1;
count += c + 1;
}
spin_unlock_irqrestore(&port->lock, flags);
} else {
count = kfifo_out_locked(&port->write_fifo, dest, size,
&port->lock);
port->icount.tx += count;
}
return count;
}
#define FTDI_RS_ERR_MASK (FTDI_RS_BI | FTDI_RS_PE | FTDI_RS_FE | FTDI_RS_OE)
static int ftdi_process_packet(struct usb_serial_port *port,
struct ftdi_private *priv, char *packet, int len)
{
int i;
char status;
char flag;
char *ch;
if (len < 2) {
dev_dbg(&port->dev, "malformed packet\n");
return 0;
}
/* Compare new line status to the old one, signal if different/
N.B. packet may be processed more than once, but differences
are only processed once. */
status = packet[0] & FTDI_STATUS_B0_MASK;
if (status != priv->prev_status) {
char diff_status = status ^ priv->prev_status;
if (diff_status & FTDI_RS0_CTS)
port->icount.cts++;
if (diff_status & FTDI_RS0_DSR)
port->icount.dsr++;
if (diff_status & FTDI_RS0_RI)
port->icount.rng++;
if (diff_status & FTDI_RS0_RLSD) {
struct tty_struct *tty;
port->icount.dcd++;
tty = tty_port_tty_get(&port->port);
if (tty)
usb_serial_handle_dcd_change(port, tty,
status & FTDI_RS0_RLSD);
tty_kref_put(tty);
}
wake_up_interruptible(&port->port.delta_msr_wait);
priv->prev_status = status;
}
/* save if the transmitter is empty or not */
if (packet[1] & FTDI_RS_TEMT)
priv->transmit_empty = 1;
else
priv->transmit_empty = 0;
len -= 2;
if (!len)
return 0; /* status only */
/*
* Break and error status must only be processed for packets with
* data payload to avoid over-reporting.
*/
flag = TTY_NORMAL;
if (packet[1] & FTDI_RS_ERR_MASK) {
/* Break takes precedence over parity, which takes precedence
* over framing errors */
if (packet[1] & FTDI_RS_BI) {
flag = TTY_BREAK;
port->icount.brk++;
usb_serial_handle_break(port);
} else if (packet[1] & FTDI_RS_PE) {
flag = TTY_PARITY;
port->icount.parity++;
} else if (packet[1] & FTDI_RS_FE) {
flag = TTY_FRAME;
port->icount.frame++;
}
/* Overrun is special, not associated with a char */
if (packet[1] & FTDI_RS_OE) {
port->icount.overrun++;
tty_insert_flip_char(&port->port, 0, TTY_OVERRUN);
}
}
port->icount.rx += len;
ch = packet + 2;
if (port->port.console && port->sysrq) {
for (i = 0; i < len; i++, ch++) {
if (!usb_serial_handle_sysrq_char(port, *ch))
tty_insert_flip_char(&port->port, *ch, flag);
}
} else {
tty_insert_flip_string_fixed_flag(&port->port, ch, flag, len);
}
return len;
}
static void ftdi_process_read_urb(struct urb *urb)
{
struct usb_serial_port *port = urb->context;
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
char *data = (char *)urb->transfer_buffer;
int i;
int len;
int count = 0;
for (i = 0; i < urb->actual_length; i += priv->max_packet_size) {
len = min_t(int, urb->actual_length - i, priv->max_packet_size);
count += ftdi_process_packet(port, priv, &data[i], len);
}
if (count)
tty_flip_buffer_push(&port->port);
}
static void ftdi_break_ctl(struct tty_struct *tty, int break_state)
{
struct usb_serial_port *port = tty->driver_data;
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
__u16 urb_value;
/* break_state = -1 to turn on break, and 0 to turn off break */
/* see drivers/char/tty_io.c to see it used */
/* last_set_data_urb_value NEVER has the break bit set in it */
if (break_state)
urb_value = priv->last_set_data_urb_value | FTDI_SIO_SET_BREAK;
else
urb_value = priv->last_set_data_urb_value;
if (usb_control_msg(port->serial->dev,
usb_sndctrlpipe(port->serial->dev, 0),
FTDI_SIO_SET_DATA_REQUEST,
FTDI_SIO_SET_DATA_REQUEST_TYPE,
urb_value , priv->interface,
NULL, 0, WDR_TIMEOUT) < 0) {
dev_err(&port->dev, "%s FAILED to enable/disable break state (state was %d)\n",
__func__, break_state);
}
dev_dbg(&port->dev, "%s break state is %d - urb is %d\n", __func__,
break_state, urb_value);
}
static bool ftdi_tx_empty(struct usb_serial_port *port)
{
unsigned char buf[2];
int ret;
ret = ftdi_get_modem_status(port, buf);
if (ret == 2) {
if (!(buf[1] & FTDI_RS_TEMT))
return false;
}
return true;
}
/* old_termios contains the original termios settings and tty->termios contains
* the new setting to be used
* WARNING: set_termios calls this with old_termios in kernel space
*/
static void ftdi_set_termios(struct tty_struct *tty,
struct usb_serial_port *port, struct ktermios *old_termios)
{
struct usb_device *dev = port->serial->dev;
struct device *ddev = &port->dev;
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
struct ktermios *termios = &tty->termios;
unsigned int cflag = termios->c_cflag;
__u16 urb_value; /* will hold the new flags */
/* Added for xon/xoff support */
unsigned int iflag = termios->c_iflag;
unsigned char vstop;
unsigned char vstart;
/* Force baud rate if this device requires it, unless it is set to
B0. */
if (priv->force_baud && ((termios->c_cflag & CBAUD) != B0)) {
dev_dbg(ddev, "%s: forcing baud rate for this device\n", __func__);
tty_encode_baud_rate(tty, priv->force_baud,
priv->force_baud);
}
/* Force RTS-CTS if this device requires it. */
if (priv->force_rtscts) {
dev_dbg(ddev, "%s: forcing rtscts for this device\n", __func__);
termios->c_cflag |= CRTSCTS;
}
/*
* All FTDI UART chips are limited to CS7/8. We shouldn't pretend to
* support CS5/6 and revert the CSIZE setting instead.
*
* CS5 however is used to control some smartcard readers which abuse
* this limitation to switch modes. Original FTDI chips fall back to
* eight data bits.
*
* TODO: Implement a quirk to only allow this with mentioned
* readers. One I know of (Argolis Smartreader V1)
* returns "USB smartcard server" as iInterface string.
* The vendor didn't bother with a custom VID/PID of
* course.
*/
if (C_CSIZE(tty) == CS6) {
dev_warn(ddev, "requested CSIZE setting not supported\n");
termios->c_cflag &= ~CSIZE;
if (old_termios)
termios->c_cflag |= old_termios->c_cflag & CSIZE;
else
termios->c_cflag |= CS8;
}
cflag = termios->c_cflag;
if (!old_termios)
goto no_skip;
if (old_termios->c_cflag == termios->c_cflag
&& old_termios->c_ispeed == termios->c_ispeed
&& old_termios->c_ospeed == termios->c_ospeed)
goto no_c_cflag_changes;
/* NOTE These routines can get interrupted by
ftdi_sio_read_bulk_callback - need to examine what this means -
don't see any problems yet */
if ((old_termios->c_cflag & (CSIZE|PARODD|PARENB|CMSPAR|CSTOPB)) ==
(termios->c_cflag & (CSIZE|PARODD|PARENB|CMSPAR|CSTOPB)))
goto no_data_parity_stop_changes;
no_skip:
/* Set number of data bits, parity, stop bits */
urb_value = 0;
urb_value |= (cflag & CSTOPB ? FTDI_SIO_SET_DATA_STOP_BITS_2 :
FTDI_SIO_SET_DATA_STOP_BITS_1);
if (cflag & PARENB) {
if (cflag & CMSPAR)
urb_value |= cflag & PARODD ?
FTDI_SIO_SET_DATA_PARITY_MARK :
FTDI_SIO_SET_DATA_PARITY_SPACE;
else
urb_value |= cflag & PARODD ?
FTDI_SIO_SET_DATA_PARITY_ODD :
FTDI_SIO_SET_DATA_PARITY_EVEN;
} else {
urb_value |= FTDI_SIO_SET_DATA_PARITY_NONE;
}
switch (cflag & CSIZE) {
case CS5:
dev_dbg(ddev, "Setting CS5 quirk\n");
break;
case CS7:
urb_value |= 7;
dev_dbg(ddev, "Setting CS7\n");
break;
default:
case CS8:
urb_value |= 8;
dev_dbg(ddev, "Setting CS8\n");
break;
}
/* This is needed by the break command since it uses the same command
- but is or'ed with this value */
priv->last_set_data_urb_value = urb_value;
if (usb_control_msg(dev, usb_sndctrlpipe(dev, 0),
FTDI_SIO_SET_DATA_REQUEST,
FTDI_SIO_SET_DATA_REQUEST_TYPE,
urb_value , priv->interface,
NULL, 0, WDR_SHORT_TIMEOUT) < 0) {
dev_err(ddev, "%s FAILED to set databits/stopbits/parity\n",
__func__);
}
/* Now do the baudrate */
no_data_parity_stop_changes:
if ((cflag & CBAUD) == B0) {
/* Disable flow control */
if (usb_control_msg(dev, usb_sndctrlpipe(dev, 0),
FTDI_SIO_SET_FLOW_CTRL_REQUEST,
FTDI_SIO_SET_FLOW_CTRL_REQUEST_TYPE,
0, priv->interface,
NULL, 0, WDR_TIMEOUT) < 0) {
dev_err(ddev, "%s error from disable flowcontrol urb\n",
__func__);
}
/* Drop RTS and DTR */
clear_mctrl(port, TIOCM_DTR | TIOCM_RTS);
} else {
/* set the baudrate determined before */
mutex_lock(&priv->cfg_lock);
if (change_speed(tty, port))
dev_err(ddev, "%s urb failed to set baudrate\n", __func__);
mutex_unlock(&priv->cfg_lock);
/* Ensure RTS and DTR are raised when baudrate changed from 0 */
if (old_termios && (old_termios->c_cflag & CBAUD) == B0)
set_mctrl(port, TIOCM_DTR | TIOCM_RTS);
}
/* Set flow control */
/* Note device also supports DTR/CD (ugh) and Xon/Xoff in hardware */
no_c_cflag_changes:
if (cflag & CRTSCTS) {
dev_dbg(ddev, "%s Setting to CRTSCTS flow control\n", __func__);
if (usb_control_msg(dev,
usb_sndctrlpipe(dev, 0),
FTDI_SIO_SET_FLOW_CTRL_REQUEST,
FTDI_SIO_SET_FLOW_CTRL_REQUEST_TYPE,
0 , (FTDI_SIO_RTS_CTS_HS | priv->interface),
NULL, 0, WDR_TIMEOUT) < 0) {
dev_err(ddev, "urb failed to set to rts/cts flow control\n");
}
} else {
/*
* Xon/Xoff code
*
* Check the IXOFF status in the iflag component of the
* termios structure. If IXOFF is not set, the pre-xon/xoff
* code is executed.
*/
if (iflag & IXOFF) {
dev_dbg(ddev, "%s request to enable xonxoff iflag=%04x\n",
__func__, iflag);
/* Try to enable the XON/XOFF on the ftdi_sio
* Set the vstart and vstop -- could have been done up
* above where a lot of other dereferencing is done but
* that would be very inefficient as vstart and vstop
* are not always needed.
*/
vstart = termios->c_cc[VSTART];
vstop = termios->c_cc[VSTOP];
urb_value = (vstop << 8) | (vstart);
if (usb_control_msg(dev,
usb_sndctrlpipe(dev, 0),
FTDI_SIO_SET_FLOW_CTRL_REQUEST,
FTDI_SIO_SET_FLOW_CTRL_REQUEST_TYPE,
urb_value , (FTDI_SIO_XON_XOFF_HS
| priv->interface),
NULL, 0, WDR_TIMEOUT) < 0) {
dev_err(&port->dev, "urb failed to set to "
"xon/xoff flow control\n");
}
} else {
/* else clause to only run if cflag ! CRTSCTS and iflag
* ! XOFF. CHECKME Assuming XON/XOFF handled by tty
* stack - not by device */
dev_dbg(ddev, "%s Turning off hardware flow control\n", __func__);
if (usb_control_msg(dev,
usb_sndctrlpipe(dev, 0),
FTDI_SIO_SET_FLOW_CTRL_REQUEST,
FTDI_SIO_SET_FLOW_CTRL_REQUEST_TYPE,
0, priv->interface,
NULL, 0, WDR_TIMEOUT) < 0) {
dev_err(ddev, "urb failed to clear flow control\n");
}
}
}
}
/*
* Get modem-control status.
*
* Returns the number of status bytes retrieved (device dependant), or
* negative error code.
*/
static int ftdi_get_modem_status(struct usb_serial_port *port,
unsigned char status[2])
{
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
unsigned char *buf;
int len;
int ret;
buf = kmalloc(2, GFP_KERNEL);
if (!buf)
return -ENOMEM;
/*
* The 8U232AM returns a two byte value (the SIO a 1 byte value) in
* the same format as the data returned from the in point.
*/
switch (priv->chip_type) {
case SIO:
len = 1;
break;
case FT8U232AM:
case FT232BM:
case FT2232C:
case FT232RL:
case FT2232H:
case FT4232H:
case FT232H:
case FTX:
len = 2;
break;
default:
ret = -EFAULT;
goto out;
}
ret = usb_control_msg(port->serial->dev,
usb_rcvctrlpipe(port->serial->dev, 0),
FTDI_SIO_GET_MODEM_STATUS_REQUEST,
FTDI_SIO_GET_MODEM_STATUS_REQUEST_TYPE,
0, priv->interface,
buf, len, WDR_TIMEOUT);
/* NOTE: We allow short responses and handle that below. */
if (ret < 1) {
dev_err(&port->dev, "failed to get modem status: %d\n", ret);
if (ret >= 0)
ret = -EIO;
ret = usb_translate_errors(ret);
goto out;
}
status[0] = buf[0];
if (ret > 1)
status[1] = buf[1];
else
status[1] = 0;
dev_dbg(&port->dev, "%s - 0x%02x%02x\n", __func__, status[0],
status[1]);
out:
kfree(buf);
return ret;
}
static int ftdi_tiocmget(struct tty_struct *tty)
{
struct usb_serial_port *port = tty->driver_data;
struct ftdi_private *priv = usb_get_serial_port_data(port);
unsigned char buf[2];
int ret;
ret = ftdi_get_modem_status(port, buf);
if (ret < 0)
return ret;
ret = (buf[0] & FTDI_SIO_DSR_MASK ? TIOCM_DSR : 0) |
(buf[0] & FTDI_SIO_CTS_MASK ? TIOCM_CTS : 0) |
(buf[0] & FTDI_SIO_RI_MASK ? TIOCM_RI : 0) |
(buf[0] & FTDI_SIO_RLSD_MASK ? TIOCM_CD : 0) |
priv->last_dtr_rts;
return ret;
}
static int ftdi_tiocmset(struct tty_struct *tty,
unsigned int set, unsigned int clear)
{
struct usb_serial_port *port = tty->driver_data;
return update_mctrl(port, set, clear);
}
static int ftdi_ioctl(struct tty_struct *tty,
unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
struct usb_serial_port *port = tty->driver_data;
/* Based on code from acm.c and others */
switch (cmd) {
case TIOCGSERIAL: /* gets serial port data */
return get_serial_info(port,
(struct serial_struct __user *) arg);
case TIOCSSERIAL: /* sets serial port data */
return set_serial_info(tty, port,
(struct serial_struct __user *) arg);
case TIOCSERGETLSR:
return get_lsr_info(port, (struct serial_struct __user *)arg);
break;
default:
break;
}
return -ENOIOCTLCMD;
}
module_usb_serial_driver(serial_drivers, id_table_combined);
MODULE_AUTHOR(DRIVER_AUTHOR);
MODULE_DESCRIPTION(DRIVER_DESC);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
module_param(ndi_latency_timer, int, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(ndi_latency_timer, "NDI device latency timer override");
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
In certain parts of the world, such as France and Brazil, the "heart" or center portion of the stalk of the palmetto palm tree is considered a great delicacy for human consumption. Until now, it has, for the most part, been harvested in the wild, primarily in Brazil, where it is packed fresh in tins for domestic consumption and for export.
The palmetto palm comprises a "meristem" portion, which is the lowest (approximately) 1.5 meters (4.9.+-. ft.) of the exposed portion of the growing plant, and, above that, a main stalk portion, of which about 2/3+ meter (2.4+ ft.) is useful as a source for palmheart extraction. The meristem portion of the stalk is normally significantly larger in diameter (i.e., it is about 7.6 cm. or 3 inches) than is the upper portion of the exposed stalk, which is about 5.1 cm. or 2 inches in diameter. The two sections are connected by a tapered section of stalk which, in cross section, is roughly in the shape of an inverted, truncated cone. The processing steps for recovering palmheart sections traditionally have included field cutting an approximately 1 meter length of stalk from that portion of growing plant which includes a portion of the upper, main stalk that is about 2/3 meter (2.4 ft.) in length, and about 1/3 meter (1.2 ft.) of the upper part of the meristem portion, and the interposed tapered section, all as one piece. The object in such harvesting and the subsequent processing which takes place is to recover the very inside, or "heart" of the stalk from the entire harvested length. That traditionally has been done manually, using a knife to slit longitudinally the bark and the intermediate layer of the upper stalk portion, and by coring the meristem portion.
The narrower portion of the cut length of stalk is more or less round in cross section and has an outer bark layer which, while not as hard as some tree bark, is nevertheless very firm and tough. Therefore, the existing practice, as a prerequisite to removing the bark layer, is to steam the field-cut stalks in an autoclave for about 1/2 hour at about 125 degrees C. to soften the outermost or bark layer. More significantly, however, as harvested, the stalks are covered on the outside with fairly long, very sharp thorn-like projections. Even though they tend to lie at a shallow angle to the surface of the stalk rather than at right angles to it, these projections make the stalks difficult to handle and process. The outer bark layer encloses an intermediate layer which is also more or less circular in cross section, tough (but less tough than the bark layer), and, in the upper portion of a stalk whose outer diameter of the bark layer is about 5.1 cm. (2 inches), is about 3.5 cm. (13/8 inches) in diameter. The intermediate layer typically is somewhat larger in the meristem portion, while the innermost or palmheart section is substantially of uniform diameter throughout the upper, tapered and meristem sections. The palmheart itself, which lies within the intermediate layer, is more or less circular in cross section and, in the example given, is about 1.9 cm. (3/4 inch) in diameter. However, the periphery of the intermediate layer is eccentric with respect to the periphery of the outer bark layer. Further, the palmheart itself is eccentric but with respect to the periphery of the intermediate layer and usually with respect to the outer bark layer also. These circumstances are of less moment as to the meristem and tapered portions because coring type techniques may be used to remove the palmheart from those portions. However, these eccentricities, which (in cross section taken through the stalk) normally are not correspondingly positioned, complicate greatly the harvesting of the heart, particularly from the smaller diameter top section.
Traditionally, removal of the palmheart portions from these upper portions is done by people who use very sharp knives to split lengthwise first the outer bark layer of the stalk which is then torn away from that which underlies it, and then the intermediate layer which is then torn away from the underlying palmheart. The depth of any cut made in either of these layers to remove it from that which is underneath must be made with particular attention so as not to cut through it into the the underlying palmheart portion as well. Further, since the orientation of the eccentricities of the two outer layers is not the same, it is necessary usually to remove the outer and intermediate layers in separate, sequential steps, between which the stalks are reoriented by turning them. By this means, it is assured that the cuts are made through the thickest parts of each such layer, to minimize the possibility of cut-through. This is further complicated by the pronounced increase in the cross sectional "diameter" of the stalk moving past the tapered portion to the meristem portion from the upper or main portion of the stalk. (In the context of his disclosure it is to be understood that rarely is any portion of a stalk truly circular in cross section, but rather usually it is merely irregularly round, and thus by its "diameter" is meant the average of several mean distances taken across its cross-section). Since there is an annular ring in the region of the tapered portion which is comparatively weak that forms the juncture between the tapered portion and the upper portion of the stalk, usually bending the outer bark layer away from the upper part of the stalk which it surrounds causes it to snap at the juncture and separate from the the remainder of the stalk. Thereafter, the upper portion, now consisting of the intermediate layer-covered palmheart portion is severed from the remainder of the stalk and the palmheart is removed from it by linearly slitting its intermediate layer and stripping that layer away from the underlying palmheart core. It is to the phase of coring the palmheart center component from the remainder of the stalk, which consists of the meristem section and the adjacent tapered portion after the upper portion has been severed therefrom, that this invention is directed.
Concurrently with and/or sequentially and independently from those operations, the palmheart may be removed from the remainder of the original stalk, which now consists of the bark covered meristem portion and the adjacent bark covered tapered portion, by coring it out, manually, or by using mechanical means such as a tubular knife that is thrust axially to separate and extract the palmheart portion from it.
Obviously, all of this is very labor intensive, and since the recovered palmheart cannot be preserved for an appreciably length of time, must be done at or very near the place of harvesting. For these reasons, the price for this commodity traditionally has been very high. Recently, there have been efforts to raise palmettos for palmheart harvesting on plantations, to make the growing and harvesting of them easier and less expensive and to facilitate the rapid transport of cut stalks to processing locations. This also produces products of higher quality and better uniformity than can be obtained with cuttings from growth in the wild. The less wide range in "diameter" of plantation stalks, whose ages are more easily unified than is possible with wild stock, has led to interest in automating selected phases of the process, since this also can have the additional advantages of improving the quality of the product and making processing less expensive.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide means to recover palmhearts from the meristem and tapered portions of palm stalks.
Another object of this invention is to provide such means which is mechanized.
Still another object of this invention is to provide means for satisfying one or more of the foregoing objectives which is adapted to accommodate substantial diameter variations between and within individual palm stalks as they are being processed.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Susceptibility of pregnant women to toxoplasma infection--potential benefits for newborn screening.
Congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) arises as a result of new acquisition of Toxoplasma infection by a susceptible woman during pregnancy. Early detection of CT through neonatal screening programmes could optimize management and improve infant outcome. This study sought to estimate the prevalence of Toxoplasma susceptibility in pregnant women. As detection of Toxoplasma antibodies in neonatal blood reflects maternal exposure history, maternal antibody seroprevalence was determined using anonymized residual blood from newborn screening cards. A total of 20,252 cards were tested in 1 year. 4,991 (24.6%) cards tested positive for Toxoplasma antibody. Results were stratified by county. Toxoplasma antibody seroprevalence rates of 25% indicated that Toxoplasma infection is common in Ireland and that up to 75% of women remain susceptible to primary infection during pregnancy. This study aimed to a) determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma antibody in pregnant women, and hence b) estimate the risk for acquisition of primary toxoplasmosis in pregnancy in order to support an application to fund a pilot newborn screening programme.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Cannabis use is a better indicator of poor mental health in women than in men: a cross-sectional study in young adults from the general population.
Cannabis use is a known risk factor for a range of mental health problems, but less is known on the association with general mental health. We aim to explore the relationship between cannabis use and general mental health. We did a cross-sectional online survey of 1,929 young adults aged 18-30 years. Participants reported socio-demographic data, substance use and the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90). Monthly cannabis use was associated with a higher total score on the SCL-90, both in a crude (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.57-2.38) and fully adjusted model (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.07-2.03). The association between cannabis and mental health was stronger in women and weekly users, and was independent of age at first use of cannabis. We conclude that moderate cannabis use is associated with general mental health problems in young adulthood. This relationship is independent of age at first use and of other risk factors, and is strongest in women.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Striking Onyx Chinese Vintage Pendant
The black onyx comprising this 1 1/8 inch round pendant is just lovely and makes a great contrast to the gold tone. I did not test the gold tone and often real gold was used in these pendants, but I am saying it is just gold tone. It is in excellent condition.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
import Box from '../box';
Box.wide = function (data, output) {
let stream = this.stream;
stream.fill(data.size - 8);
output.write(new Uint8Array(stream.buffer.slice(0, stream.position)));
if (stream.position !== data.size - 8) {
throw `${data.type} box incomplete`;
} else {
this.outputSize = stream.position;
}
delete this.data;
};
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
How do therapists ally with adolescents in family therapy? An examination of relational control communication in early sessions.
Sequential analyses examined associations between the working alliance and therapist-adolescent communication patterns in 10 Spanish cases of brief conjoint family therapy. Early sessions with strong versus problematic alliances, rated by observers, were selected for coding of relational control communication patterns. No differences were found in the frequency of exchanges, but competitive responding by the therapists (reflecting an interpersonal struggle for control) was significantly more likely in problematic alliance sessions than in strong alliance sessions. Cases in which the adolescent's alliance with the therapist remained positive from Session 1 as compared with Session 3 showed a decrease in the likelihood of competitive symmetry. Notably, when the quality of the alliance deteriorated over time, the therapists were increasingly more likely to respond to the adolescents' domineering messages in a competitive manner. Results underscore the need to avoid competitive responding in order to ally with adolescents in conjoint family treatment.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
# Copyright (c) 2015 Brandon Mathis
#
# MIT License
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
# the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
# LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
# OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
# WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
begin
require "octopress-debugger"
rescue LoadError; end
module Octopress
module Paginate
extend self
DEFAULT = {
'collection' => 'posts',
'per_page' => 10,
'limit' => 5,
'permalink' => '/page:num/',
'title_suffix' => ' - page :num',
'page_num' => 1
}
LOOP = /(paginate.+\s+in)\s+(site\.(.+?))(.+)%}/
# Simple Page class override
class PaginationPage < Jekyll::Page
attr_accessor :dir, :name
def relative_asset_path
site_source = Pathname.new Octopress.site.source
page_source = Pathname.new @base
page_source.relative_path_from(site_source).to_s
end
end
def paginate(page)
defaults = DEFAULT.merge(page.site.config['pagination'] || {})
if page.data['paginate'].is_a? Hash
page.data['paginate'] = defaults.merge(page.data['paginate'])
else
page.data['paginate'] = defaults
end
if tag = page.data['paginate']['tag']
page.data['paginate']['tags'] = Array(tag)
end
if category = page.data['paginate']['category']
page.data['paginate']['categories'] = Array(category)
end
add_pages(page)
end
def add_pages(page)
config = page.data['paginate']
pages = (collection(page).size.to_f / config['per_page']).ceil - 1
if config['limit']
pages = [pages, config['limit'] - 1].min
end
page.data['paginate']['pages'] = pages + 1
new_pages = []
pages.times do |i|
index = i+2
# If page is generated by an Octopress Ink plugin, use the built in
# methods for cloning the page
#
if page.respond_to?(:asset) && page.asset.to_s.match('Octopress::Ink')
new_page = page.asset.new_page(page_data(page, index))
else
new_page = PaginationPage.new(page.site, page.site.source, File.dirname(page.path), File.basename(page.path))
new_page.data.merge!(page_data(page, index))
new_page.process('index.html')
end
new_pages << new_page
end
all_pages = [page].concat(new_pages)
all_pages.each_with_index do |p, index|
if index > 0
prev_page = all_pages[index - 1]
p.data['paginate']['previous_page'] = index
p.data['paginate']['previous_page_path'] = prev_page.url
end
if next_page = all_pages[index + 1]
p.data['paginate']['next_page'] = index + 2
p.data['paginate']['next_page_path'] = next_page.url
end
end
page.site.pages.concat new_pages
end
def page_data(page, index)
{
'paginate' => paginate_data(page, index),
'permalink' => page_permalink(page, index),
'title' => page_title(page, index),
'metaTitle' => page_title(page, index),
}
end
def page_permalink(page, index)
subdir = page.data['paginate']['permalink'].clone.sub(':num', index.to_s)
File.join(page.dir, subdir)
end
def paginate_data(page, index)
paginate_data = page.data['paginate'].clone
paginate_data['page_num'] = index
paginate_data
end
def page_title(page, index)
title = if page.data['title']
page.data['title']
else
page.data['paginate']['collection'].capitalize
end
title += page.data['paginate']['title_suffix'].sub(/:num/, index.to_s)
title
end
def collection(page)
collection = if page['paginate']['collection'] == 'posts'
if defined?(Octopress::Multilingual) && page.lang
page.site.posts_by_language(page.lang)
else
page.site.posts.docs.reverse
end
else
if page['paginate']['reverse'] == true
page.site.collections[page['paginate']['collection']].docs.reverse
else
page.site.collections[page['paginate']['collection']].docs
end
end
if categories = page.data['paginate']['categories']
collection = collection.reject{|p| (p.data['categories'] & categories).empty?}
end
if tags = page.data['paginate']['tags']
collection = collection.reject{|p| (p.data['tags'] & tags).empty?}
end
collection
end
def page_payload(payload, page)
config = page.data['paginate']
collection = collection(page)
{
"#{config['collection']}" => items(payload, collection),
"page" => config['page_num'],
"per_page" => config['per_page'],
"limit" => config['limit'],
"total_#{config['collection']}" => collection.size,
"total_pages" => config['pages'],
'previous_page' => config['previous_page'],
'previous_page_path' => config['previous_page_path'],
'next_page' => config['next_page'],
'next_page_path' => config['next_page_path']
}
end
def items(payload, collection)
config = payload['page']['paginate']
n = (config['page_num'] - 1) * config['per_page']
max = n + (config['per_page'] - 1)
collection[n..max]
end
end
end
if defined? Octopress::Docs
Octopress::Docs.add({
name: "Octopress Paginate",
gem: "octopress-paginate",
version: Octopress::Paginate::VERSION,
description: "Simple and flexible pagination for Jekyll posts and collections",
path: File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "../")),
source_url: "https://github.com/octopress/paginate"
})
end
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Air Combat
Air Combat, known as in Japan, is a semi-realistic flight-sim action game, released by Namco for the PlayStation home video game console in 1995.
Story
A terrorist force starts an uprising (and inflicts massive damage across an unidentified country, later retconned to Skully Island which is part of the continent of Usea); efforts to defeat these terrorists through conventional means have failed and the situation turns desperate. In response, a mercenary air force is assembled to take the fight against the enemy and free the nation from the terrorist forces.
Gameplay
Air Combat is considered an "arcade-style" flight game due to its semi-realistic physics and the fact that many of the planes can carry up to sixty-five missiles (an impossibility in real-life aircraft). The goal of the game is to destroy enemy targets dispersed throughout the various missions and earn money to purchase additional aircraft or employ wingmen. Extra money can also be earned by destroying "non-target", optional enemies. The player can choose from 16 different planes ranging from F-4 Phantoms to Su-27 Flankers and Stealth aircraft, except they are painted in a special "Phoenix" color scheme. Replaying the game after beating it once unlocks the normal color scheme for these aircraft. The game has multiple missions spread out over the campaign map, making it possible to not clear all missions in a single playthrough. Later in the game, players can select new pilots to be their "wingman" during a mission, by assigning them one of three tasks. Each wingman has his own corresponding aircraft, and deducts a fee from the player's credit haul at the end.
Reception
Air Combat received mixed reviews; IGN described the gameplay's elements as "rock solid", although they noted on its graphical flaws, stating that "the flickery images and bland colors do nothing to showcase the PlayStation's graphics prowess". Air Hendrix of GamePro similarly described the graphics as bland, with backgrounds and explosions lacking the "detail and polish" seen in most PlayStation games. He also found the early missions simplistic and uninteresting, but said the later missions show compelling strategic depth, and concluded, "Despite Air Combats substantial flaws, patient arcade-shooter fans will gradually get caught up in the gripping gameplay." A brief review in Next Generation stated "This decent flight game is one of the earliest PlayStation titles and hasn't aged as well as some". Air Combat was also awarded "Best Flight Sim of 1995" by Electronic Gaming Monthly.
References
Category:1995 video games
Category:Ace Combat
Category:Combat flight simulators
Category:PlayStation (console) games
Category:PlayStation (console)-only games
Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games
Category:Namco games
Category:Video games developed in Japan
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Purification and characterization of an alpha-1,2-mannosidase involved in processing asparagine-linked oligosaccharides.
A calcium-dependent alpha-1,2-mannosidase involved in the processing of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides was purified to homogeneity from rabbit liver microsomes. N-terminal amino acid analysis was consistent with the presence of a homogeneous protein. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, under both reducing and nonreducing conditions, revealed a single protein band with an apparent molecular weight of 52,000. Gel filtration and sedimentation analysis under nondenaturing conditions suggested that the purified enzyme is a monomeric protein. The mannosidase is a glycoprotein based on the presence of protein-linked sugar and specific binding of the enzyme to concanavalin A-Sepharose. Purified mannosidase was optimally active between pH 5.0 and 6.0. The enzyme was inactive with p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside and was inhibited by deoxymannojirimycin but not by swainsonine. The enzyme was specifically activated by Ca2+, with half-maximal activation occurring at concentrations of 10 microM or less and was inhibited by Mn2+, Co2+, Ba2+, and Zn2+. Calcium ions protected the enzyme against inactivation by p-chloromercuribenzoate. Rabbit liver mannosidase hydrolyzed alpha-1,2-mannosyl-mannose linkages in a variety of substrates including methyl-2-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside (Schutzbach, J. S. (1987) Anal. Biochem. 167, 279-283), ovalbumin glycopeptide IV, and the high mannose chains of thyroglobulin and phytohemagglutinin-P. Approximately 70% of the alpha-1,2-linked mannosyl units in the oligosaccharides of thyroglobulin were accessible to rabbit liver alpha-mannosidase, whereas most of the alpha-1,2-mannosyl units in phytohemagglutinin were resistant to digestion prior to heat denaturation of the plant lectin.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Factors associated with delays in accessing HIV primary care in rural Arkansas.
While debate continues at what stage of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease to begin combination antiretroviral therapy, a number of clinical and public health benefits are linked to early entry into primary care soon after first testing HIV positive. However, HIV-infected patients continue to test late and delay entry into care. We used routinely collected demographic and clinical information to examine which factors are associated with delays in seeking care in a predominantly rural, economically poor area of Arkansas. The study population is 75% African American and male and 70% lack health insurance; nearly one fourth were referred from prison. At diagnosis, two thirds of the population had CD4 counts below 500 cells per microliter. Days from initial HIV diagnosis to entry into care declined from a median of 178 in 1994 to 24 in 1998. In 1998, 75% of the population entered into primary care within 2 months of diagnosis. However, CD4 counts at HIV diagnosis also declined in this period, from a median of 427 in 1995 to 208 cells per microliter in 1998. More recent year of diagnosis was associated with a shorter delay in seeking care; males, and individuals lacking health insurance took significantly longer to enter into care than females and those with insurance, respectively. Our univariate finding of extensive delays in seeking care in the prison population did not hold in the multivariate analysis. We found significant delays in time to initial HIV diagnosis, and further considerable delays in males and those lacking health insurance in the time taken to enter into primary care.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Sunday, February 5, 2012
Resident Evil: Revelations (3DS) Demo Impressions
Resident Evil: Revelations has already released in PAL territories and Japan, so these demo impressions are not meant for those who are already enjoying the game. With the Resident Evil: Revelaitons (I guess that's how Capcom wants to spell it) game coming out for the 3DS on Tuesday for North American gamers, now is as good a time as any to unveil my personal opinion on the demo to the game. Better late than never, right? If you're type who thinks demo impressions can be considered spoilers, you may not want to read my thoughts. For everyone else, let's begin.
The demo starts off with Jill Valentine waking up on a bed within one of the cruise ship's cabins. She has no idea how she got there, but she knows she must return to and meet up with her partner Parker. Going to the exit, I found the door to be locked, so that meant trekking into the adjacent bathroom and doing some sleuthing. There I discovered a bathtub full of dirty water (did you really expect it to be pure and clean in a Resident Evil game?) with the option to drain it. I did, and the water subsided, revealing a key. Exiting into the cabin room, I walked forward only to be greeted by an albino monster crashing out of a nearby cabinet. Just imagine if this crooked creature came out of hiding while Jill was sleeping. I shudder to think of the outcome. Regardless, several shots of Jill's handgun put this monstrosity out to pasture.
Which virus has infected these poor souls?
Before I continued, I opted to change the controls. I went with Type C (there were three choices) which mapped the aiming to the face buttons a la the PSP's Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker. I then inverted the Y-axis to make things even easier for me to control. You can also choose between first or third-person aiming. Getting used to this setup took a little getting used to as I'm accustomed to dual analogs or Wii remote pointing to aim, but I quickly adhered to the controls and moved deeper into the demo.
I exited the cabin room and went into a hallway. Ammo is ubiquitously scarce in old-school Resident Evil games, and at least in the demo, this traditional held true. I traveled through hallways and into a room full of bookshelves placed in a maze-like fashion. I was once again met with another albino abomination which I promptly took out. When these monsters get close, they sink their teeth into Jill's neck, and you must mash the Y button to escape. Thankfully, herbs were generously placed around the many rooms of the demo.
Eventually I entered a dining room filled with tables covered with white linen sheets, already eaten food, and dirty silverware, plates, and centerpieces. Another monster appeared, crawling out from under a table. I must admit here that I was scared once during the demo. There was a hallway that looked unassuming at first. Then two albino creatures dropped down from the ceiling. ..Eek! Anyway, I took out the monster with my newly acquired shotgun received from one of the rooms I visited. I then went up the stairs in the dining room and entered a door. Inside was something I feel I will be using obsessively, the scanner. By using it you can find invisible items and monsters. I didn't come across any invisible oddities in the demo, thankfully. I wasn't wearing any protection, so that was a relief. I did, however, come across several hidden items like ammo for my handgun and shotgun as well as herbs and grenades.
These creatures can pop out from anywhere.
The grenades were used to take out bunches of foes with ease. There's even baddies that explode when they come near you, so taking them out from afar is generally the best and recommended tactic to use. After being overwhelmed by one of the enemies (I had no ammo left) and being chewed up like a dog's bone, I proceeded to exit out of the demo. This seemed like the perfect time to quit and not spoil the rest of that part of the game for me. The rest will be completely fresh to me when I pick up the retail version this Tuesday. Resident Evil: Revelations is already out in Euroland and Japan where in both the U.K. and the land of the rising sun it reached number one on the weekly sales charts. Here's hoping Capcom's console-like Nintendo 3DS Resident Evil gets the same amount of love from North American gamers.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
@import url("../main.css");
@import url("../styles/normal/_default.css");
@import url("../styles/normal/_glass.css");
@import url("../styles/normal/glass-out-glass.css");
@import url("../styles/normal/glass-in-lime.css");
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
This invention relates to improvements made on the method of nitriding disclosed in the Japanese Pat. No. 776055 (Japanese Patent Publication No. 49-41023) of the same inventor. In this method, a salt-bath including titanium and/or zirconium as catalyst is used, and the electrolysis is made at relatively low temperature of less than 500.degree. C. Although nitrided case of considerably deep and high hardness is obtainable by this method, these characteristics are still confined to some extent, and besides that the method is only applicable to the low carbon, or low alloy-low carbon steels.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
---
title: 生産性を計測する
tags: TAGS
---
http://www.martinfowler.com/bliki/MeasuringProductivity.html
ツールや方法論などについて、こんなにも長い間、激しく、出口の無い議論を続けてきたのは、それらの効果が正確に測定出来ないからです。つまり、開発チームの生産性を測ることが出来ないということです。厳密に言えば、成果物（どれだけのものを作り出せたか）を測定できないことが問題なのです。
計測しようという試みはあります。恐ろしいことに、他のところでは分別のある賢明な人々が、「生産性の計測にはコード行が適切だ」と考えているのです。しかし、私は今まで適切なものなど見たことがありません。ファンクションポイント法は理論的には興味深い代物ですが、互いに矛盾するような話をいくつも聞いています。
さらによくないことに、ほとんどの計測法では（それがちょっとだけ良かったとしても）どれだけの機能が実装されたかといった、私が「素の生産性」と呼んでいるものしか測らないようになっています。たしかに機能も顧客にどれだけの価値を提供したかということに関係あるにはあるのですが。ですが、誰も必要としない機能を多く作ったとしても、生産性が本当に高いとは言えません。本当に生産性を測定するのであれば、ビジネスの価値に基づいてなければなりません。単に機能だけではダメなのです。
「計測できなければ、マネジメントなんかできないよ」と言う人もいます。そんなのは単なる責任逃れです。ビジネスはいつだって計測できないものを扱っているのです。企業弁護士の生産性をどうやって計測しますか？ マーケティング部門の生産性は？ 教育機関の生産性は？ そんなの計測できっこないのです。だけど、計測できないものをマネジメントしていかなければならないのです（詳しくは[Robert Austin](http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0932633366)の書籍を参照のこと）。
チームの生産性が分かりづらいのであれば、個人のチームへの貢献度はさらに分かりづらいものでしょう。イテレーションにつきどれだけの機能を実装したかで、チームの成果をざっと把握することもできます。ざっくりとしすぎてはいますが、チームのスピードが上がったかどうか、もしくは、あるチームの生産性が他のチームよりも高いかどうかといったことは分かります。一方、個人の貢献はなかなか把握しづらいものです。機能を実装する役割のひとがいる一方、サポートの役割を担うひともいます（他のひとの実装を手伝う人）。彼らの貢献はチーム全体の生産性を上げています。しかしながら、チーム内にいないと、なかなか彼らの成果は分かりづらいものです。
追加コメント
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{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
How to prevent accidental publishing of a private pub package
When I have a package that I absolutely won't publish to pub.dartlang.org, how can I prevent someone accidentally publishing it?
A:
add
publish_to: none
to your pubspec.yaml.
This setting can be used to specify a custom pub package server to publish to and none prevents publishing.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Turn Rochdale into holiday heaven with your advice
The sun may not be shining yet but it's holiday season all the same - and we want to know about yours! We're asking holidaying Rochdalians to send us a snap from their destination and to tell us what advice their chosen spot could give to the town to improve it. It might be the rubbish collection system in Spain, the policing in Portugal, the markets in France or the leisure facilities in Cyprus - just have a look around and pass on any lessons that could be learnt to make Rochdale a better place to live and work.
THE sun may not be shining yet but it's holiday season all the same - and we want to know about yours!
We're asking holidaying Rochdalians to send us a snap from their destination and to tell us what advice their chosen spot could give to the town to improve it. It might be the rubbish collection system in Spain, the policing in Portugal, the markets in France or the leisure facilities in Cyprus - just have a look around and pass on any lessons that could be learnt to make Rochdale a better place to live and work.
Could our pubs, clubs and restaurants take a tip from those in popular holiday spots? Are children better catered for in your resort? What about the way shops and markets operate - have you noticed them doing it better elsewhere? What about traffic, public transport, parks, pools ... You don't have to be holidaying abroad either - if you spot a dazzling initiative in Devon, a brilliant idea in Blackpool or a wizard opportunity in Wales, pass it on.
And what about the other side of the coin - what could other areas learn from Rochdale? It might be the friendly feel of local attractions, the range of activities for children or even the pies! Whatever it is, make sure you shout about it too.
We'll be highlighting the advice you pass on - and your holiday pictures - through both our website and the Observer.
Email your words of advice and a holiday snap (jpeg format please) to rochdaleobserver@menwn.co.uk or via the post to Holiday heaven, Rochdale Observer, 82-86 Drake Street, Rochdale, OL16 1PH. We might not be able to do anything about the weather but we might all be able to benefit from your holiday bright ideas!
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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In vitro degradation of resin-dentin bonds analyzed by microtensile bond test, scanning and transmission electron microscopy.
Our knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for the degradation of resin-dentin bonds are poorly understood. This study investigated the degradation of resin-dentin bonds after 1 year immersion in water. Resin-dentin beams (adhesive area: 0.9mm(2)) were made by bonding using a resin adhesive, to extracted human teeth. The experimental beams were stored in water for 1 year. Beams that had been stored in water for 24h were used as controls. After water storage, the beams were subjected to microtensile bond testing. The dentin side of the fractured surface was observed using FE-SEM. Subsequently, these fractured beams were embedded in epoxy resin and examined by TEM. The bond strength of the control specimens (40.3+/-15.1MPa) decreased significantly (p<0.01) after 1 year of water exposure (13.3+/-5.6MPa). Loss of resin was observed within fractured hybrid layers in the 1 year specimens but not in the controls. Transmission electron microscopic examination revealed the presence of micromorphological alterations in the collagen fibrils after 1 year of water storage. These micromorphological changes (resin elution and alteration of the collagen fibrils) seem to be responsible for the bond degradation leading to bond strength reduction.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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[Long-term follow-up of right atrial multilinear high-frequency ablation in the treatment of recurrent paroxysmal atrial fibrillation].
To investigate the long-term follow-up after right atrial compartmentalization using radiofrequency catheter ablation to treat recurrent paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. 33 patients (eight women / 25 men, mean age 56.1+/-9.9 years) with highly symptomatic recurrent paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and mostly unresponsive to antiarrhythmic drugs were enrolled in this prospective study. All patients underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation, including right atrial compartmentalization and ablation of the right atrial isthmus region. The primary goal during follow-up was documentation of arrhythmia-related symptoms using a SF-36 quality-of-life questionnaire. During a mean follow-up of 2.1 years 21 % of patients were free of a relapse under continued antiarrhythmic medication, 79 % suffered at least from one period of atrial fibrillation. According to the underlying heart disease patients classified as "lone atrial fibrillation" (40 % without a relapse) showed improvement particularly compared to patients with coronary heart disease (10 % without a relapse). In the group of patients with a relapse of atrial fibrillation the mean of duration of an arrhythmic episode decreased significantly from 10.6 to 2.3 hours under continued administration of antiarrhythmic drugs (p = 0.01), as did the number of episodes, from 2.2 to 1.9/week. Despite of the high rate of clinical relapse, patients can profit due to an improved responsiveness to antiarrhythmic drugs after ablation. Right atrial compartmentalization should not be understood as a causal therapy but as an approach to a symptomatic form of hybrid therapy.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
MYL
MYL could refer to:
Maryland railway station, England; National Rail station code MYL.
McCall Municipal Airport, Valley County, Idaho, United States; IATA airport code MYL.
Mind Your Language, a 1970s and 1980s British television series
Music of Your Life
Muslim Youth League, a branch of Minhaj-ul-Quran
Mylan Laboratories Inc.; New York Stock Exchange symbol MYL.
+ text shorthand for "i'm Your Love"
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________________
Nos. 12-2839 & 13-1446
___________________
LAILA RAJABI,
Petitioner
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent
___________________
On Petition for Review from the Board of Immigration Appeals
BIA-1 No. A074-761-909
Immigration Judge: The Honorable Robert P. Owens
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
January 6, 2014
Before: SMITH, SHWARTZ, and SCIRICA, Circuit Judges
(Filed: February 3, 2014)
___________________
OPINION
___________________
SMITH, Circuit Judge.
1
I.
Laila Rajabi petitions for review of a June 15, 2012 order of the Board of
Immigration Appeals (C.A. No. 12-2839) affirming the denial of her application
for asylum and withholding of removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act
(INA), and withholding of removal under the United Nations Convention Against
Torture (CAT).1 See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(a), 1231(b)(3); 8 C.F.R. §§ 1208.16(c),
1208.17(a). She also petitions for review of the Board‟s February 4, 2013 order
denying her motion to reopen her removal proceedings (C.A. No. 13-1446). These
petitions have been consolidated for our review.2 For the reasons set forth below,
both will be denied.
II.
Rajabi, a native and citizen of Iran, entered the United States in 1996
without proper documentation and was immediately placed in removal
proceedings. She promptly filed an application for asylum and withholding of
1
The BIA‟s June 15, 2012 order addressed only Rajabi‟s application for deferral of
removal under the CAT. Yet the order incorporated by reference a June 25, 2009
interlocutory decision denying Rajabi‟s applications for asylum and withholding of
removal under the INA. Thus, the BIA‟s June 15, 2012 order constituted a final order of
removal, bringing this matter within our appellate jurisdiction. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a).
2
The BIA had jurisdiction over Rajabi‟s motion to reopen pursuant to 8 C.F.R. §
1003.2. This Court has jurisdiction to review final orders of the Board, including the
denial of a motion to reopen, pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1).
2
deportation under the INA, which was denied by an immigration judge (“IJ”) on
July 7, 2000.3 Rajabi appealed to the BIA, who remanded the case to the IJ in
2003, and again in 2005, because tapes were missing from the record. As a result
of these decisions, Rajabi‟s case was heard de novo before a different IJ in 2007.
In 2007, Rajabi once again applied for asylum and withholding of removal
under the INA, and also for protection under the CAT.4 Rajabi‟s application stated
that, beginning in 1995, she was a “student member and a recruiter” for
Mojahedin-e Khalq (“MEK”), an organization she claimed was purposed on
“replac[ing] the current regime in Iran with a democratic government” and
“promot[ing] social welfare.”5 Rajabi asserted that because of her MEK
3
During the pendency of her removal proceedings, Rajabi met and married her
husband, a United States citizen from Iran. Rajabi‟s husband filed a petition for an
adjustment of her status in 1998, and the first IJ to hear her case administratively closed
the proceedings pending the outcome of that petition, which was denied on the merits in
1999. This explains the three year gap between the date Rajabi first applied for asylum
and the IJ‟s denial of her application in 2000.
4
Relief under the CAT was not available at the time Rajabi filed her first
applications for asylum and withholding of removal in 1997.
5
Formed in the early 1960s, MEK‟s origins reflect both Marxist and Islamic
influences. U.S. Dep‟t of State, Iran; Country Reports on Terrorism, 2005. In its early
days, MEK collaborated with Ayatollah Khomeini in his effort to overthrow the former
Shah of Iran. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the organization participated in a series of
terrorist attacks against the interests of the United States. In view of these actions, the
U.S. Department of State added MEK to its list of designated Foreign Terrorist
Organizations in October 1997. That designation, however, was removed in September
2012, in light of “MEK‟s public renunciation of violence, the absence of confirmed acts
of terrorism by the MEK for more than a decade, and their cooperation in the peaceful
closure of Camp Ashraf, their historic paramilitary base.” Supp. A.R. at 19, Media Note,
3
membership she feared being “imprisoned . . . , tortured, raped, and possibly
killed” if she returned to Iran. Rajabi claimed that her sister—who was the leader
of several MEK cells and involved with a “small military wing” of the
organization—was arrested by Iranian police at their parents‟ home in May 1996.
Rajabi alleged that the authorities searched for her as well, and as a result, she has
not returned home since the date of her sister‟s arrest.
Despite the detailed description in her application, Rajabi minimalized her
involvement with MEK during her hearing before the IJ. She testified that she was
not actually a member of MEK, explaining that at the time she filed her application
she was unaware that the group required that an individual be involved for several
years before it would grant membership. Further, Rajabi claimed that she
participated in MEK for only about six months, during which time she merely
distributed pamphlets and assisted several families displaced by the war between
Iraq and Iran. Rajabi also testified that she did not know that MEK engaged in
violence until after she came to the United States.
The IJ denied Rajabi‟s application for asylum and withholding of removal in
an order dated October 5, 2007. As an initial matter, the IJ found that Rajabi‟s
testimony was not credible, especially as to the “most crucial parts” related to her
U.S. Dep‟t of State, Delisting of the Mujahedin-e Khalq (Sept. 28, 2012).
4
knowledge of MEK and the extent of her involvement with the organization. He
noted that Rajabi‟s application “disclosed a more intimate knowledge of the way
MEK worked and its political objectives and militant capacities” than she
professed in her oral testimony. He also disbelieved her assertion that she did not
know about MEK‟s violent activities, particularly considering her sister‟s
leadership role and Rajabi‟s mention in her application of the organization‟s
military branch.
The IJ additionally concluded that Rajabi was statutorily ineligible for
asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT relief because, by distributing literature
and recruiting individuals to join MEK, Rajabi had provided material support to a
Tier III terrorist organization. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv)(VI)(dd), (vi)(III).
In determining that MEK was a Tier III terrorist organization, the IJ noted that the
organization‟s history is marked by anti-Western activity. Indeed, during the
1970s, MEK‟s members staged terrorist attacks inside Iran, assassinated at least six
American citizens, supported the takeover of the U.S. Embassy, and opposed the
release of American hostages. See People’s Mojahedin Org. of Iran v. U.S. Dep’t
of State, 182 F.3d 17, 20 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (quoting CIA Intelligence Research
Paper dated July 1993). In light of these actions, the U.S. State Department
designated MEK as a Tier I terrorist organization in 1997, just months after Rajabi
5
arrived in the United States. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1182(a)(3)(B)(vi)(I), 1189. Although
MEK was not listed as a Tier I terrorist organization while Rajabi was offering her
support, the IJ concluded that, given the organization‟s nefarious past, it was most
certainly a Tier III terrorist organization before its official designation.
Despite concluding that Rajabi was statutorily ineligible for withholding of
removal under the CAT for engaging in terrorist activities, the IJ nonetheless
granted her deferral of removal under 8 C.F.R. § 1208.17(a).6 The IJ reasoned that
because Rajabi would be required to submit her deportation order to Iranian
authorities, the authorities would be notified about her previous MEK involvement.
He thus found that “it is more likely than not that upon her arrival [in Iran],
[Rajabi] will be detained and subjected to torture by the Iranian government.”
The Department of Homeland Security and Rajabi both appealed to the BIA.
The Board affirmed the IJ‟s adverse credibility determination and his finding that
Rajabi was statutorily barred from asylum and withholding of removal as an alien
who participated in terrorist activities. The BIA, however, vacated the IJ‟s decision
to grant deferral of removal under the CAT because the IJ‟s order was “unclear as
6
The IJ purported to grant Rajabi CAT protection under 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(a). This
regulation, however, provides for withholding of removal, a form of relief that is not
available to aliens who have provided material support to a terrorist organization. The
BIA, therefore, appropriately understood the immigration judge to have intended to grant
deferral of removal under 8 C.F.R. § 1208.17(a).
6
to what evidence supports the finding of a clear probability of torture and whether
each „link‟ in the chain of events leading to her torture was demonstrated to be
more likely than not.”
On remand, the IJ determined that Rajabi failed to establish that she was
entitled to deferral of removal under the CAT, in part because she did not provide
sufficient testimony or other evidence to prove that it was more likely than not that
the Iranian government would identify her as a political opponent. On June 15,
2012, the BIA affirmed the IJ‟s decision and dismissed her appeal. Rajabi timely
petitioned this Court for review.
While her petition for review was pending, Rajabi filed a motion to reopen
her removal proceedings based on the fact that the Secretary of State had
decertified MEK as a Tier I terrorist organization on September 28, 2012. The BIA
denied the motion to reopen on February 4, 2013. The Board stated that the official
designation as a terrorist organization does not determine Rajabi‟s removability,
particularly where her removal was based on a finding that MEK was a Tier III
terrorist organization at the time of Rajabi‟s participation. Further, the BIA noted
that Rajabi‟s previous applications for relief were denied on the independent
ground that her testimony lacked credibility. Rajabi timely petitioned for review of
the denial of her motion to reopen. The two petitions have been consolidated for
7
our review.
III.
We “review the administrative record on which the final removal order is
based.” Li Hua Yuan v. Att’y Gen. of the U.S., 642 F.3d 420, 425 (3d Cir. 2011).
Where the BIA‟s decision affirms and specifically references the IJ‟s decision, our
review includes the referenced portions of the IJ‟s decision. Id. “Our review of
factual findings, including findings [related to] persecution and fear of persecution,
is for substantial evidence, which means we must uphold findings of fact unless the
record evidence compels a contrary finding.” Id. (citing Sandie v. Att’y Gen. of the
U.S., 562 F.3d 246, 250 (3d Cir. 2009)). We review legal conclusions de novo. Id.
Rajabi‟s primary contention, with respect to both her motion to reopen and
her application for asylum and withholding of removal, is that the Secretary of
State‟s September 2012 decision to delist MEK as a Tier I terrorist organization
somehow commands a different outcome in her removal proceedings. While the
decision to remove MEK from the list of Tier I terrorist organizations may reflect
the United States‟ current perception of the organization, we fail to see how this
has any bearing on whether MEK was a terrorist organization at the time of
Rajabi‟s involvement.
Under our immigration laws, an alien is inadmissible and ineligible for
8
asylum, withholding of removal, or CAT relief if she “has engaged in a terrorist
activity,” 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(i)(I), which includes committing “an act that
the actor knows, or reasonably should know, affords material support” to a terrorist
organization. Id. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv)(VI)(cc), (dd); see also id. § 1158(b)(2)(A)(v);
8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(d)(2). The INA defines a “terrorist organization” as a group so
designated by the Secretary of State (a “Tier I” organization), 8 U.S.C. §
1182(a)(3)(B)(vi)(I), or as an undesignated group that “engages in, or has a
subgroup which engages in,” terrorist activity (a “Tier III” organization). Id. §
1182(a)(3)(B)(vi)(III).7 To be sure, providing material support to a terrorist
organization—whether Tier I or Tier III—precludes an alien from obtaining
protection under our immigration laws.
Although MEK was not designated as a Tier I terrorist organization until
1997 (just after Rajabi arrived in the United States), the IJ concluded that, given its
history of violent anti-Western conduct throughout the 1970s and into the 1990s,
MEK was nonetheless a Tier III organization at the time Rajabi provided material
7
For our purposes, there is only one distinguishing feature between Tier I and Tier
III organizations: for undesignated Tier III organizations, the material support bar does
not apply if the alien “can demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that [she] did
not know, and should not reasonably have known, that the organization was a terrorist
organization.” 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv)(VI)(dd). The IJ concluded that, given MEK‟s
long history as an organization and her sister‟s leadership role, Rajabi could not
demonstrate that she should not reasonably have known that MEK was involved in
terrorist activities. Rajabi does not challenge this finding in her petition for review.
9
support in 1995.8 Rajabi, however, contends that she should not be disqualified
based on her past support of MEK. She argues that the statutory definition for a
Tier III terrorist organization uses present tense language, and thus the material
support bar should not apply where the supported organization is no longer
actively engaged in terrorist conduct.
Rajabi‟s position finds no support in either the plain language of the statute
or the statutory context. Importantly, the operative provision of the statute that
directly addresses an alien‟s eligibility for relief is plainly phrased in the past tense,
stating that an alien is inadmissible if she “has engaged in a terrorist activity.” 8
U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(i)(I). This language is clearly directed both at past conduct
and ongoing behavior. Our reading is bolstered by the fact that the PATRIOT
Act—which amended the INA to add restrictions for aliens who previously
engaged in terrorist activities—includes a retroactivity provision that states that the
law applies to all “actions taken by an alien before, on, or after [the date of
enactment].” USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-56, Title IV, §§
411(c)(1)(A), 115 Stat. 272, 348. Indeed, the authorization of retroactive
application would have no function if not to reach past conduct.
The use of the present tense in the definition of a Tier III organization does
8
Rajabi has not challenged the IJ‟s conclusion that distributing literature and
recruiting members constitutes “material support.” See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv)(V).
10
not alter our conclusion. Indeed, that definition includes any “group of two or more
individuals . . . which engages in [terrorist activity].” 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv)
(emphasis added). But here, the term “engages in” refers to the conduct of the
organization, not the individual alien‟s actions. It describes the acts the
organization must have undertaken at the time the support was given in order for
the alien to be deemed inadmissible. There is no basis for concluding this language
was intended to restrict the application of the INA‟s disqualification provisions to
aliens actively engaged in ongoing terrorist activities.
Furthermore, our sister circuits that have considered the issue agree that an
alien‟s past support to an organization that qualified as a “terrorist organization” at
the time the support was rendered precludes that individual from relief under our
immigration laws. See, e.g., Alturo v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 716 F.3d 1310, 1313 (11th
Cir. 2013) (“[T]he fact that the AUC was demobilized in 2006 does not render the
material support bar inapplicable. When Alturo made those payments, the AUC
was active and designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization . . . .”); Khan v.
Holder, 584 F.3d 773, 777 (9th Cir. 2009) (“[I]f an alien „has engaged in a terrorist
activity‟ under § 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv) at any time, he is ineligible for both asylum and
withholding of removal. It does not matter that the alien ceased participation in
terrorist activity at some point before seeking admission to or relief in the United
11
States.”). Rajabi has not identified any case that holds to the contrary.
For these reasons, we cannot accept Rajabi‟s argument that the State
Department‟s decision to delist MEK as a terrorist organization compels a different
outcome in her quest for asylum, withholding of removal, or CAT relief. The IJ
appropriately determined that MEK was a Tier III terrorist organization at the time
of Rajabi‟s involvement in 1995. Also, the IJ did not err when he concluded that,
by providing material support to MEK at that time, Rajabi is ineligible for
protection under United States immigration laws. Rajabi‟s consolidated petitions
for review will be denied.
12
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
The purposes of this study are to collect data on severe headache in order to measure the prevalence and to describe the demographic characteristics of the major types of headache. To this end a survey of the general population has been designed. A survey questionnaire, which includes sections on demography, descriptive headache features, medical information, and history, has been developed. The data will also be used to identify and assess the etiological and environmental factors associated with the major idiopathic headache types. The study was designed in two parts: a feasibility study and an area survey. The feasibility study has been completed. Telephone interviews have been conducted with the patients from four headache clinics. The questionnaire data have been processed together with information abstracted from the physician records about the headaches. The planning and design of the area survey has been completed. The area survey will not be funded and this study is thereby completed.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
}
|
Share this article on your social media
Saturday, December 19, 2009
Imagine if Michael Phelps or Lance Armstrong came out of the closet...
"Imagine if Michael Phelps or Lance Armstrong came out of the closet," writes Cyd Zeigler jr, editor for Outsports.com. As Cyd points out, the Welsh version of those sports legends, Gareth Thomas, has come out as a gay man and that has sent shock waves throughout the international sporting world. Below are just some of the headlines from around the world about Thomas's coming out story.
British Lions Rugby Legend Gareth Thomas: 'It's ended my marriage and nearly driven me to suicide. Now it's time to tell the world the truth - I'm gay'
Gareth Thomas is a sporting legend. He captained Wales in 2005 to their first Grand Slam victory since 1978. The same year he captained the British Lions tour of New Zealand. With 100 caps to his name - more than any other player in Welsh history - he has one of the fiercest reputations on the field, and a row of missing front teeth to prove it. At 6ft 3in of pure muscle, his masculinity has always been an absolute given. As a young man he bonded with rugby mates in the pub over tales of sexual conquests, and flirted with pretty girls eager to bag a sporting hero.
After his marriage in 2002 to teenage sweetheart Jemma - the woman he called his 'rock' - he spoke movingly of their desire to become parents and the heartbreak of her suffering three miscarriages. And if anyone dared to suggest he was anything other than 100 per cent straight, Gareth 'Alfie' Thomas was prepared to make them see the error of their ways. With his fists, if necessary.
But, as he admits in the Daily Mail today, it was all a pretence, a fragile artifice - and one which came crashing down around his ears on November 4, 2006, following a Wales game in Cardiff. Breaking down in tears in the changing rooms of the Millennium Stadium, Gareth finally realised he could not go on living a lie. Keeping his true sexuality a secret was destroying him. READ MORE
A former international rugby star has shocked the sports world by revealing that he is gay. Gareth Thomas, Wales' most-capped player after appearing in 100 Tests, made the surprise announcement in an interview with British newspaper The Daily Mail. The 35-year-old retired from internationals after the 2007 World Cup, but still plays for Welsh provincial side Cardiff Blues. "I could never accept it because I knew I would never be accepted as a gay man and still achieve what I wanted to achieve in the game," Thomas said. "I became a master of disguise and could play the straight man down to a tee, sometimes over-compensating by getting into fights or being overly aggressive because I didn't want the real me to be found out. But when you withdraw into yourself you start to feel lonely, upset, ashamed."
While homosexuality in a macho code such as rugby is rarely acknowledged, top-level tennis players such as Billie Jean King, Martina Navratilova and Amelie Mauresmo have openly admitted to being lesbian. Former NBA basketball star John Amaechi confessed to being gay in his memoir in 2007 a couple of years after his retirement, while Olympic diving champion Greg Louganis was candid about his sexuality and tested positive for HIV in 1988. READ MORE
Rugby star Gareth Thomas has said he hopes coming out publicly will "send a positive message" to the sport. The 35-year-old wants young gay people, particularly those with aspirations in sport, to be reassured after he became the first high-profile player to announce he is gay. The former British and Irish Lions and Wales captain, a supporter of the children's charity NSPCC, said: "If it makes one young lad pick up the phone to ChildLine, then it will have been worth it."
Thomas said he became aware of his sexual orientation at the age of 16 or 17 but could not accept it and feared it would affect his playing career. He told the Daily Mail he was "anxious about people's reactions" but "just couldn't ignore it any more". The rugby star, Wales's most-capped player, said he realised in summer 2006 that he could no longer live a lie. READ MORE
Former Wales and Lions captain Gareth Thomas has broken one of the major taboos that surround sport by revealing he is gay. The 35-year-old joins stars like basketball's John Amaechi and hurling's Donal Og Cusack who have come out. "Just because you are gay, it doesn't mean you fancy every man who walks the planet," Thomas told the Daily Mail. "I don't want to be known as a gay rugby player. I am a rugby player first and foremost. I am a man."
Welsh rugby referee Nigel Owens, who came out in 2007, told BBC Radio 5 live that he thought Thomas would receive a positive reaction from the public. "There's still a bit of stigma from some people but as far as the rugby community goes as a whole, I'm sure he'll be very pleasantly surprised like I was," he said. "You'll get some issues from some individuals but that's the same across society as a whole. "I think people will respect him as a person and as a player - he's a person just like anybody else, who just happens to be one of the great players Wales have had over the years and who just happens to be gay." READ MORE
Wales rugby great Gareth Thomas publicly announced he's gay on Saturday. Thomas, who retired from international rugby two years ago but still plays for Cardiff Blues, told the Daily Mail. "I've been through all sorts of emotions with this, tears, anger and absolute despair,'' the 35-year-old Thomas said. "I wasn't sure if I ever wanted to let people know and, to be honest, I feel anxious about people's reactions and the effect it might have on my family. Thomas said he knew he was gay when he was 16 or 17 but didn't accept it. READ MORE
Out Gay Rugby Star Gareth Thomas: A Photo Retrospective
My buddies over at AfterElton.com have put together a Gareth Thomas career photo gallery; check it out here.
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Blog Archives
Every now and then you have an unforgettable experience that helps remind you why you made the decisions you did.
I had one of those moments recently while camping in the desert just next door to Sudan’s ancient pyramids.
Six of us set off walking about 11pm from Bagrawiyah villagewhere we stayed with Rami’s family during the Muslim holiday Eid.
At the time, it seemed both reckless and exciting to be walking through the quiet village streets into the darkness beyond.
Guiding our way is intrepid fellow volunteer Robert, who is an experienced traveller and has already camped at the Meroëpyramids on previous trips to Sudan.
We navigate by the moonlight and the shadowy outline of the pyramids in front, walking parallel to the road so as not to be seen by passing cars.
Behind us the green minaret of the Bagrawiyah mosque becomes smaller and smaller.
The Meroë pyramids were constructed about 800 years after their Egyptian counterparts.
Good morning!!
The area is the final resting place of more than 40 kings and queens from the Merotic Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of Kush.
There were once more than 200 pyramids scattered across the desert sands at Meroë, but today that number stands at about 20.
While some remain well-preserved, others are crumbling or slowly being reclaimed by the desert sands.
One of the first stories locals will tell you is that of Italian explorer Giuseppe Ferlini, who infamously smashed the tops off 40 pyramids in 1834 in search of treasure.
While Ferlini hit the jackpot inside the first pyramid he plundered, the 39 he subsequently destroyed yielded nothing.
Desert campsite
Once back in Europe, he struggled to find a buyer for his treasure trove, as no-one believed that such exquisite jewels could come from black Africa, with collectors assuming Ferlini was an imposter trying to pass off fakes.
Since then, the pyramids have been virtually plundered of all their wealth and many historical treasures and artifacts relating to the period are now housed in British and German museums.
Still, there is something sacred about Meroë, and not simply for the fact it is an ancient burial ground, but also because it remains virtually undiscovered by modern tourism.
Technically tourists are not allowed to camp at the pyramids; however guards tend to tolerate the practice if done discreetly.
After an hour-and-a-half walking we arrive at the edge of the dunes and climb to the top to scope out a good spot to pitch our tents.
Our desert sunrise
The wind has picked up and setting up our tents in near darkness proves challenging, particularly when we discover mid-way through that the pegs are missing.
An ancient kingdom
Imagine how ridiculous we felt in the morning when we discover the bag of pegs in the sand nearby.
In the end we anchor them down with our backpacks and set off for a moonlight stroll amongst the pyramids.
The silence of the desert and the ghostly shadows of the ancient pyramids and the surrounding dunes makes for an eerie experience.
We talk in hushed tones and keep in the shadows, which to me is more out of reverence for the ancient crumbling kingdom we are walking amongst, than staying out of the way of any patrolling guards that may be in the area.
It’s just after six when we wake in the morning. As we step out of our tents the sun is just rising and a pale pink sky highlights the desert horizon.
I have to say, it’s a pretty special moment…
We climb to a nearby vantage point and watch as the light changes, illuminating the sands in various golden shades.
Young souvenir sellers
As we return to our camp to pack our tents away, a solitary man on a donkey waves at us across the desert and promptly sets up a small makeshift stall with small trinkets and pyramid replicas carved from the region’s distinctive sandstone.
This sets off a retail chain reaction and we are soon totally surrounded by a group of small children waving various replica pyramids at more and more reduced prices.
Something in their eyes and the desperation in their pleas makes me wish that I could do more for them than simply buy a dusty souvenir.
We set off on a hike later and quite by accident stumble across a series of mountains, housing a network of small caves. The rolling orange dunes give way to a rocky barren moonscape and the view from the top provides an impressive scale for the endless expanse of desert stretching out across the horizon.
It’s true that the Meroë pyramids may lack the grandness and scale of their Egyptian counterparts, but here you can have them almost to yourself – and that’s pretty hard to beat.
The two major tributaries of the Nile River are the Blue Nile and White Nile. The striking difference between them is their color. The Blue Nile, which begins in the mountains of Ethiopia, starts off with a bright blue color. As it passes through Sudan, however, it picks up black sediment that gives it a darker hue. The White Nile, which begins in the forests of Rwanda and flows through Lake Victoria, is a whitish-gray color, due to the light gray sediment it carries. Although the White Nile is longer than the Blue Nile, the Blue Nile carries around two-thirds of the Nile’s water supply. The two Nile tributaries join together near the city of Khartoum, and when the Nile River reaches Egypt, it divides into two branches, known as the Damietta on the right and the Rosetta on the left, which empty into the Mediterranean Sea.
A Legendary boat
A boat inhabited by the memory of the King Fouad who received it as a gift in 1885, the memory of the Belle Époque travellers who used it, or that of Hercule Poirot who Agatha Christie had walking its decks in her writings…
Along the broad passageways, one can easily picture refined ladies with parasols and gentlemen archaeologists strolling or relaxing in comfort. With the eager anticipation of a Champollion or a Carter, we look forward to discovering the magical sites that will punctuate our journey along the Nile.
Life on board takes one gently back in time, stopping off in the early days of the last century. At the bar in the lounge, the woodwork, copper and furniture are genuine period craftworks. The walls display old photographs of visitors who made their mark in Egyptian history, such as the legendary King Farouk. The restaurant has lost nothing of its period charm, and as the velvet strains of Oum Kalsoum’s golden voice enchant us, we can settle down in comfort to enjoy the finest Egyptian cuisine. The crew is made up of both Muslims and Christians, sharing one unique relgion : service with a smile.
Cabins and Suites
Each cabin is a haven of Belle Epoque refinement and comfort, allied to services and facilities worthy of a grand hotel.
The 5 suites and 18 cabins are laid out between the two decks, off broad passageways where the passengers can sit, relax and read in the evening, or enjoy a delicious hibiscus punch. Each cabin proudly bears a name linked to Egyptian history. On the upper deck, the Agatha Christie and Lady Duff Gordon suites, at the prow of the vessel, benefit from spectacular views over the river. The Aida and Queen Victoria suites, nestle spaciously in the gentle curves of the stern. The warm-toned wooden panelling, gilded and copper bed-frames, classical furniture and distinguished parquet floors bestow a definite period charm, revealed in every detail, such as the bathroom fittings. The decor is subtle and airy, enlivened by coloured textiles and fabrics in shades of fuschia, orange or absinthe.
Every bedroom has air conditioning.
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The Dynastic
From Luxor to Assouan
5 days / 4 night
Board the Steam Ship Sudan in Luxor for a 5 day journey through time. On this refined cruise from Luxor to Aswan, you will visit all the major archaeological sites of Upper Egypt and discover the spirit that so inspired Agatha Christie to write ‘Death on the Nile’…
Eternal river
From Assouan to Luxor
4 days / 3 nights
Departing from bustling Aswan, this 4 day cruise will journey north to the ancient city of Luxor. Cruising in the spirit of the Bell Époque, you will not miss any of the grand Pharaonic sites along the Nile Valley.
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KHARTOUM, Sudan — Every winter they come and go, like birds migrating south. Most of them nest in downtown Khartoum’s oldAcropole Hotel, but they’re not here to rest. They’re here to work in Sudan’s blistering deserts, and the past few years have yielded outstanding results.
For many people around the world, Sudan conjures images of war, instability, drought and poverty. All of those things exist here, often in tragic abundance. But lost in the narrative are the stories of the ancient kingdoms of Kush and Nubia that once rivaled Egypt, Greece and Rome.
Map
Lost to many, that is, but not to the archaeologists who have been coming here for years, sometimes decades, to help unearth that history.
“Sudan is the only country in sub-Saharan Africa that has real archaeology and local teams working,” said Claude Rilly, the director of the French Archaeological Unit in Sudan.
Though its historical importance has long been overshadowed by Egypt, its neighbor to the north, Sudan’s archaeological record is pivotal to understanding the history of Africa itself, experts say, and a wave of new discoveries may be adding crucial new information.
“The history of Sudan can play a role for Africa that Greece played for the history of Europe,” Mr. Rilly said enthusiastically. “People have been living here for 5,000 years” along the Nile, he added. “It is difficult not to find something.”
One overlooked fact is that Sudan has more pyramids than Egypt, in places like Nuri and Bijrawiyah, though they are smaller and not as old. In the town of Sedeinga in northern Sudan, for instance, Mr. Rilly and others excavated 35 small pyramids in the past few years, a discovery that points to what he called an ancient “democratization of pyramids.”
“Anyone who could afford it built one,” he said. “It was for social distinction.”
The pyramids at Sedeinga are built close together. Made of mud brick, they range in height from under three feet for children to as high as 32 feet for nobles.
Not far from Sedeinga is the town of Dukki Gel, where a Swiss archaeologist, Charles Bonnet, has been working in the area for 44 years. He focuses on the ancient civilization of Kerma — so much so that his friends call him Charles “Kerma” Bonnet — which flourished around 1500 B.C. Mr. Bonnet’s colleagues say that his research has greatly added to the understanding of 1,000 years of Sudan’s ancient history.
“I discovered a Nubian city in Dukki Gel with original African architecture from around 1500 B.C., and in a cache we found 40 pieces of seven monumental statues of black pharaohs,” Mr. Bonnet said. In late 2012, he found what he believes are the city’s walls.
At the height of its military power around 750 B.C., the ancient kingdom of Kush in northern Sudan ruled over Egypt and Palestine, inaugurating what historians call the rule of the 25th dynasty and the black pharaohs.
In the heartland of the Kush kingdom, Richard Lobban Jr., an American archaeologist who has been visiting Sudan since 1970, works mostly in the area of the Island of Meroe, which was added to Unesco’s World Heritage sites in 2011. Along with colleagues from Russia and Italy, Mr. Lobban uncovered an ancient and previously unknown Merotic temple in late 2011.
“The orientation of the temple has the sun directly pouring into the temple twice a year,” said Mr. Lobban, suggesting that it was dedicated to the ancient Egyptian sun god Amun.
Ancient Meroe, known today as Bijrawiyah, was a second capital in the kingdom of Kush from around 300 B.C. to 350 A.D. It was a major center for iron smelting, earning it the nickname “the Birmingham of Africa” by historians. Meroe was often ruled by queens, known by the title “kandake,” and boasts scores of pyramids similar in shape to the one exhibited on a one-dollar bill.
“We hope to excavate further and deeper and find still more of the missing pieces of this ancient puzzle,” Mr. Lobban said.
As fruitful as it may be, archaeology in Sudan faces many challenges, including the difficulty of protecting sites from development projects. There has even been a literal gold rush, in which many young Sudanese head to the desert in search of gold but occasionally find artifacts instead, leading to a rise in illegal trade in relics.
“Someone was arrested recently for trying to smuggle a statue,” says Abdel-Rahman Ali, director general of the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums.
Financing archaeological efforts has also been low on the list of priorities for the Sudanese government, but in February the government signed a $135 million agreement with Qatar that would provide money for 27 archaeological missions, the renovation of the Sudan National Museum and the development of tourism projects.
“Archaeology in Sudan is getting ready for a boom,” says Geoff Emberling, an archaeologist from the University of Michigan, who has been working in the town of El Kurru.
The impact of new archaeological discoveries has generated interest beyond the ring of specialists.
Since South Sudan split off from Sudan in 2011, Sudan’s economy has been hard hit because most of the oil is in the south. In January 2012, South Sudan shut off production in a dispute with Sudan. An agreement between both countries now promises to send the oil through the north for a fee, but some in Sudan have been searching for new sources of hard currency, including tourism.
Sohaib Elbadawi is a member of Sudan Archaeological Society and heads a private group working on establishing a five-star resort near the ancient site of Jebel Barkal.
Showing a model of the project in his office in downtown Khartoum, Mr. Elbadawi said that foreigners told him, “ ‘You have a history, but you don’t know how to market yourself.’ ”“There are voices rising in Sudan that tourism should be a source of income for the country after separation,” Mr. Elbadawi added optimistically.
Sudanese archaeologists are also conscious of current opportunities.
“We have been working to illuminate Sudanese heritage through exhibitions held abroad, such as in France and Germany, and we are planning for exhibitions in Qatar, Japan and Korea,” said Mr. Ali of the National Corporation for Antiquities.
Of course, it will take years for Sudan to turn itself into a tourism attraction, if it ever can. The lack of fully developed infrastructure and facilities, United States sanctions that bar the use of major credit cards, a maddening bureaucracy and, above all, political instability stand in the way.
Photographer Chester Higgins, Jr., Peter Lacovara, the Carlos Museum’s curator of Egyptian, Nubian and Near Eastern Art, Marjorie Martin Fisher of the University of Michigan, and Egyptologist Sue D’Auria, discuss their collaboration on the book “Ancient Nubia: African Kingdoms on the Nile,” recently published by the American University in Cairo Press. The panel discussion and book signing will be held at the Carlos Museum on
“Ancient Nubia,” published by the AUC Press in 2012, is a lushly illustrated gazetteer of the archaeological sites of southern Egypt and northern Sudan
April 23, 2013 at 7:30 p.m.
Nubia’s remote setting in the midst of an inhospitable desert, with access by river blocked by impassable rapids, has lent it not only an air of mystery, but also isolated it from exploration. “Ancient Nubia” documents recent archaeological discoveries about ancient Nubia, with its remarkable history, architecture, and culture. In describing his work to capture the essence of this civilization through photography, Higgins Jr. notes, “Working on the Ancient Nubia project, among the antiquity sites in Sudan, once peopled by a distinctive mindset, was like slipping into a parallel time, pulled along by the sight of the monuments, the place, and the desert air under a blistering sun. The very meaning and presence of these ancient remains informed the photographs, collapsing the images into something visually precious.”
Lacovara says, “This book is a testament to the commitment of many in our field to share the history and culture of ancient Africa. Ancient Nubia was the birthplace of many important kingdoms and the cradle of the pharaohs’ Egypt. Both recent excavations and new studies of earlier discoveries have offered us a better understanding of the uniqueness and significance of this lost land.”
“Ancient Nubia” wins the PROSE award
“Ancient Nubia,” published by the AUC Press in 2012, is a lushly illustrated gazetteer of the archaeological sites of southern Egypt and northern Sudan, with contributing essays by Lacovara, Fisher, Salima Ikram, professor of Egyptology in the American University in Cairo, and D’Auria, all leading experts on the history, archaeology, and material culture of the region. Many of the book’s 200 color illustrations were taken by the highly acclaimed photographer Higgins Jr. “Ancient Nubia” was named best book in the Archaeology and Anthropology category during the 37th Annual American Publishers Awards for Professional and Scholarly Excellence ceremony in Washington.
This book is a testament to the commitment of many in our field to share the history and culture of ancient Africa.
About the Michael C. Carlos Museum
The Michael C. Carlos Museum of Emory University collects, preserves, exhibits, and interprets art and artifacts from antiquity to the present in order to provide unique opportunities for education and enrichment in the community, and to promote interdisciplinary teaching and research at Emory University. The Carlos Museum is one of the Southeast’s premier museums with collections of art from Greece, Rome, Egypt, Near East, Nubia, the Americas, Africa, and Asia, as well as a collection of works on paper from the Renaissance to the present.
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Video Blog: Running Series Part 3/3
Part III of the Runners Series! We hope you have been enjoying this series, and it’s help you safely warm-up for those runs!
Dynamic running warm targeting the butt and hips for hip mobility and stability. Moving in all 3 planes of motion based on understanding the biomechanics of the body. This progressive movement improves mobility with the lunges to stability in the balancing part. The more mobile you are turns on more switches and muscles, while the better your balance/stability is taps into more resources for injury prevention, performance, and pleasure with running.
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The only solution to the HIV epidemic in the developing world is a vaccine that either prevents infection or reduces transmission. Recent data from our laboratory suggest that CD4+ T cell responses along with CD8+ T cell responses against subdominant epitopes can lead to control of replication of SIVmac239. The goal of this proposal, therefore, is twofold. First, we would like to investigate the importance of CD4 help in an HIV vaccine. Second, we want to use innovative new technologies to vaccinate for specific peptides rather than whole proteins. This would eliminate the use of large, commonly seen vectors, thereby circumventing immunodominant responses against vector-derived epitopes. Our new vaccination regimen should induce both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells that efficiently control viral replication. Using newly developed, novel vaccine regimens, we hypothesize that vaccinating macaques with CD4 and subdominant CD8 epitopes will generate immune responses that should control SIV replication. In Specific Aim I of the R21, we will induce CTL specific for subdominant Mamu A*01-restricted SIV epitopes. In Specific Aim II we will engender multiple CD4+ T cell responses against epitopes that are commonly seen in SIV-infected elite controller rhesus macaques. In the R33, we will use the most effective vaccine regimen(s) from the R21 phase to engender CD4+ T cell responses and subdominant CD8+ T cell responses. Animals will be vaccinated with subdominant CD8+ T cell epitopes, CD4+ T cell epitopes, or a mixture of the subdominant CD8+ T cell and CD4+ T cell epitopes. These experiments will allow us to elucidate the role of CD8+ T cell responses against subdominant CD8+ T cell epitopes and CD4 help in an effective HIV vaccine. Project Narrative: Recent vaccine trials have failed to protect individuals from HIV infection or reduce transmission of the virus. Using newly developed vaccine modalities, we now have the tools to circumvent problems characteristically seen in common vaccine vectors as well as address the contribution of individual immune responses against HIV.
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to improved molding compositions. More particularly, the present invention relates to improved molding compositions comprising an intimate blend of a high nitrile polymer and a formaldehyde compound. These molding compositions are especially adapted for fabrication into molded packaging material which have a very low level of extractable HCN.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In recent years it has been discovered that certain polymeric nitrile resins are especially suitable for packaging applications because of their excellent water and oxygen barrier properties. Such polymers are described at length in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,451,528, 3,615,710, 3,426,102 and British Pat. No. 1,186,361, among others. Even more recently it has been discovered that although such nitrile polymers have excellent barrier properties they may be unsuitable for certain packaging applications because they contain trace, though detectable, amounts of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) which may be extracted by and impart a taste to the contents of the package. The amount of HCN in such nitrile polymers will vary with the nitrile monomer, the total nitrile content of the polymer, the polymerization method used to prepare the polymer, the processing and thermal history of the polymer and other factors. Moreover, it has been found that the amount of extractable HCN in nitrile polymers may be increased after the polymer has been subjected to forming operations wherein the polymer has been heated in order to soften and/or melt the polymer prior to forming it into shaped articles.
The trace amount of extractable HCN present in such nitrile packaging materials is very low and presents no known health or safety problems. In fact, the amount of extractable HCN in such nitrile polymers is lower than that found in many foods. In this regard it should be noted that HCN is a natural component in many foods and many other foods such as cereals, cocoa, ham, bacon and sausage, which are fumigated with HCN (prussic acid), are permitted to contain from 50 to 200 parts per million of HCN. (See the Food Additive Regulations of the FDA (Page 31, Subpart D, Paragraph 121,1072) as published in the Feveral Register: Dec. 23, 1965; 30 F.R. .15912 and the 1962 Public Health Service Publication 956 "Drinking Water Standards" ).
However, as stated above, the HCN in certain nitrile packaging materials may, in certain instances, be extracted and impart a taste to the contents of the package. The problem of HCN extraction as it affects taste, is of concern in the packaging of beverages which are in prolonged intimate contact with the container. In these packaging applications the probability of HCN extraction is very high.
Thus, there exists in the art a need for improved nitrile polymer molding compositions which can be fabricated into packaging materials which are substantially free of extractable HCN. This need is fulfilled by the present invention which provides a molding composition adapted for the fabrication of packaging materials with a very low extractable HCN content. More particularly, molding compositions of the present invention are especially suitable for the preparation of packaging materials such as bottles, cans, jars, etc., which are used in the packaging of beverages, including carbonated beverages, where the probability of HCN extraction is very high.
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FCW: Die Rückkehr und «Inno» Das «Eins» des FCW ist zurück aus dem Trainingslager, daheim trainiert der zurzeit vertragslose Alt-Nationalspieler Innocent Emeghara. hjs
Innocent Emeghara wäre eine willkommene Verstärkung für den FCW. Heinz Diener
Am späteren Nachmittag des Mittwoch ist der FCW wieder in Kloten gelandet, zurück aus dem einwöchigen Camp auf Malta. Zwei Spieler, der Verteidiger Tobias Schättin und Neuzugang Arxhend Cani, müssen sich einer genaueren Untersuchung eines blessierten Knies unterziehen. Bei Schättin ist ein MRI vorgesehen. Ohnehin vorderhand noch nicht für einen Einsatz infrage kommen Marco Mangold nach seinem Fussbruch und Manuel Sutter mit seinen muskulären Problemen im Oberschenkel; der am Knie verletzte Daniele Russo hat das Trainingslager ja ausgelassen.Am Samstag, im letzten Test gegen Austria Lustenau, ist dagegen Rafinha dabei, der 25-jährige brasilianische Stürmer vom SC Brühl. Er, Torschütze im zweiten Match auf Malta, verdient es offensichtlich, genauer unter die Lupe genommen zu werden.
Auf der Schützenwiese hat derweil in Abwesenheit der ersten Mannschaft ein alter Bekannter das Training mit der U21 aufgenommen: Innocent Emeghara (28), der von Winterthur aus startete, Nationalspieler und Olympiateilnehmer zu werden. Schon im Januar 2015 überbrückte er eine Phase der Vertragslosigkeit beim FCW. Dann ging er für zwei Jahre zu den San Jose Earthquakes in die nordamerikanische Major League Soccer, als «designated player», also als herausgehobener Spieler, der nicht unter die Salärbegrenzungen des Klubs fiel. Der Anfang war vielversprechend, gegen die Seattle Sounders schoss «Inno» gleich ein Tor der Runde. Aber nach sechs Einsätzen in der Startelf fiel er mit einer Knieverletzung monatelang aus. Im zweiten Jahr, 2016, fand er den Rückweg nicht mehr, gabs nur noch sechs Kurzeinsätze. Jetzt ist der Vertrag ausgelaufen und Emeghara wieder auf der Schützi, wo er einst Junior war und später in der Saison 2009/10 in 31 Pflichtspielen 21 Tore schoss.
Völlig offen ist allerdings noch, ob Emeghara ein Schnäppchen werden kann, wie es der FCW für den Abstiegskampf des Frühjahrs zu finden hofft.
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Introduction {#s1}
============
The cellular machinery of many biological functions is based on dynamic, reversible molecular interactions, and therefore characterization of the stoichiometry, specificity and cooperativity of protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions is of key importance in cell biology. Such interactions include self-associations, two-component heterogeneous associations, as well as multi-protein assemblies. Sedimentation velocity (SV) analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) has been applied to such studies in numerous biological systems, and provides exquisitely rich information on the properties of individual molecules, their complexes and their interactions [@pone.0083439-Zhao1]--[@pone.0083439-Arisaka1]. A classic biophysical method which has seen substantial instrumental, theoretical, and computational improvements in recent years [@pone.0083439-Schuck1], SV has unique virtues for deciphering the binding properties of proteins in free solution, due to the strongly size-dependent movement of macromolecules in the centrifugal field, leading to hydrodynamic separation and characteristic patterns of co-migration that can be observed with high resolution. Two widely used conventional optical detection systems, an absorbance spectrophotometer and a Rayleigh interferometer, generally provide sufficient sensitivity for the label-free detection of macromolecules in the high nM to mM range. In favorable cases, concentrations as low as ∼10 nM (for a 50 kDa protein) can be reached with far UV absorbance [@pone.0083439-Zhao2], but the concomitant low signal/noise ratio limits data interpretation to analysis of signal weighted-average sedimentation coefficients. Therefore, for high affinity binding systems with *K~d~* in the low nM or even sub-nM regime, with conventional optical systems it is difficult to obtain an accurate sedimentation coefficient for the monomeric species, and for systems with a pM *K~d~* it may not be possible to see any dissociation of the oligomeric assemblies.
Fluorescent optical detection systems (FDS) for AUC that can overcome this limitation in sensitivity have been described [@pone.0083439-Schmidt1], [@pone.0083439-MacGregor1], and recently a commercial (Aviv Biomedical) FDS system with a fixed excitation wavelength of 488 nm was introduced [@pone.0083439-Kingsbury1], allowing measurements over the concentration range from ∼0.1 nM to ∼1 µM for suitably labeled molecules. Although FDS-SV was initially thought to be useful primarily for qualitative studies [@pone.0083439-MacGregor1]--[@pone.0083439-Kroe1], there is increasing interest in using this approach for the quantitative analysis of macromolecular assemblies but few observations have been published. In a study of prototype applications for FDS-SV the detection of 1:1 but not 2:1 complexes for GFP binding to a high affinity anti-GFP monoclonal IgG antibody was reported [@pone.0083439-Kroe1], at conflict with the expected stoichiometry. In other reports FDS-SV seems to have worked well [@pone.0083439-Kingsbury2], [@pone.0083439-Husain1]. However, a close examination of FDS-SV results from the self-association of the soluble amino terminal domain of the glutamate receptor GluA2 (GluA2 ATD) has highlighted methodological difficulties and yielded results inconsistent with those from other methods [@pone.0083439-Zhao2]. To establish methodology for the consistently reliable use of FDS-SV for the quantitative characterization of high-affinity self-and hetero-associating systems, we have recently described data analysis models for fluorescent-detected sedimentation velocity data that fold the specific properties of FDS data into the modeling of the evolution of signal profiles [@pone.0083439-Zhao3]. This can account, for example, for radial signal magnification gradients and temporal gradients of signal intensity arising from laser power drifts or photo-bleaching, as well as finite radial signal convolution and shadows at the base of the solution column [@pone.0083439-Zhao3], which otherwise can cause unsatisfactory fits and bias. For the first time, this allowed the modeling of FDS-SV data rationally, with signal/noise ratios comparable to or even exceeding those for conventional detection systems.
In the present work we have reexamined the abnormal sedimentation profile of the GluA2 ATD detected by FDS-SV and identified an effect of the fluorescent label, which is typically a pre-requisite for studying protein interactions by FDS-SV. The potential pitfalls of extrinsic labeling are well-known in the application of fluorescence techniques, including, as an extreme recent example, the artificial binding of 6-carboxyfluorescein (FAM) and FAM-labeled DNA to the DNA repair enzyme O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase [@pone.0083439-Melikishvili1]. In a pioneering study of glutamate receptor amino terminal domains by FDS-SV [@pone.0083439-Rossmann1], the same label was used, for which a subsequent study revealed abnormalities in the measured sedimentation coefficients, the origin of which was unknown [@pone.0083439-Zhao2]. With the large variety of commercially available fluorescent labels, it can be a non-trivial task to select those with physical and chemical properties that do not impact the interactions of interest. But, on the other hand, the ability to study high-affinity protein self-associations with FDS-SV opens the possibility for important applications that are not accessible in other popular biophysical techniques for analysis of protein interactions, such as surface plasmon resonance [@pone.0083439-Schuck2] or isothermal titration calorimetry [@pone.0083439-Ghai1], both of which are designed for the study of heterogeneous associations between dissimilar proteins but which are difficult to use to study homo-oligomerization. To examine specific problems and opportunities arising from the extrinsic labeling of proteins in FDS-SV, we used the nM-affinity homo-dimerization of GluA2 ATD as a model system, and conducted a comprehensive series of binding studies employing FAM at different labeling ratios; the structurally related label Dylight488; and the GluA2 ATD N-terminally fused to EGFP. When we compared the dimerization affinity, kinetics, and the best-fit sedimentation coefficients of monomer and dimer species between the different modified molecules, we observed a profound impact of FAM but not the other two labels. Drawing from this example, we present strategies for labeling and for the experimental design in the study of protein interactions by FDS-SV.
Methods {#s2}
=======
Protein Preparation {#s2a}
-------------------
In brief, the GluA2 ATD including the native signal peptide (SP) was cloned into the pRK5-IRES-EGFP mammalian expression vector, with a C-terminal thrombin cleavage site and affinity tag (LVPRGS-His~8~) following the last native residue (Ser380). The protein was expressed in HEK293T cells by transient transfection of suspension cultures, and the secreted construct with native complex glycosylation was purified by affinity chromatography followed by ion exchange chromatography as described previously [@pone.0083439-Zhao2], [@pone.0083439-Kumar1]. The EGFP-GluA2 fusion construct (SP-linker-EGFP-linker-ATD-LVPRGS-His~8~) was created by overlap PCR using the EGFP A206K mutant to prevent dimer formation by GFP, and included an SGS tripeptide linker between the GluA2 native signal peptide and EGFP, and an SGSGS pentapeptide linker between EGFP and the Glu2 ATD.
Protein Labeling {#s2b}
----------------
For labeling reactions, a 40 µM concentration of purified GluA2 ATD was mixed with amine reactive dyes, either *N*-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester--activated Dylight488 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) or NHS Alexa Fluor 568 (Invitrogen) dissolved in DMSO and then resuspended in labeling buffer (20 mM Na~2~HPO~4~/NaH~2~PO~4~ pH 7.0, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA); final label and DMSO concentrations were 100 µM and 250 µM, 2% and 4.9% DMSO (volume fraction), respectively. FAM (5,6-carboxyfluorescein, Biotium Inc) labeling was performed by mixing 10 µM protein with 130 µM NHS ester--activated dye (final DMSO concentration 0.3%). The reactions were incubated in the dark at room temperature; the incubation time was typically 1 h, but was varied between 0.5 -- 2 h for study of the labeling ratio dependence of FAM. The reaction solution was then loaded onto a high resolution size exclusion chromatography column (Superdex 75 10/300 GL) equilibrated with labeling buffer at pH 7.5 to separate free dye from labeled protein. The protein concentration and labeling ratio were then determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry using values for ε~280~ of 55,720 M^−1^cm^−1^ for the unmodified protein, ε~280~ of 10,290 M^−1^cm^−1^ and ε~493~ of 70,000 M^−1^cm^−1^ for Dylight488, ε~280~ of 15,910 M^−1^cm^−1^ and ε~495~ of 74,000 M^−1^cm^−1^ for FAM, ε~280~ of 41998 M^−1^cm^−1^ and ε~578~ of 91,300 M^−1^cm^−1^ for Alexa Fluor 568, ε~280~ of 73,605 M^−1^cm^−1^ and ε~488~ of 56,000 M^−1^cm^−1^ for EGFP. For the EGFP-GluA2 ATD, the labeling ratio is 1.0 since the fusion protein contains one molecule of EGFP A206K per construct.
Fluorescence-Detected Analytical Ultracentrifugation (FDS-AUC) {#s2c}
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Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) experiments were conducted in an Optima XL-A analytical ultracentrifuge (Beckman Coulter, Indianapolis, IN) equipped with a fluorescence detection system (AVIV Biomedical, Lakewood, NJ). Samples were prepared by dilution of concentrated protein stocks with labeling buffer at pH 7.5, with target concentrations for dilution series typically ranging from 0.1 nM to 2 µM labeled protein in the presence of 0.1 mg/mL of bovine serum albumin (BSA). For each titration series, the samples were prepared as a mixture of a constant low concentration (e.g. 0.5 nM) of the labeled protein with unlabeled protein at a wide range of concentrations. The protein samples were loaded into standard double-sector charcoal-filled epon centerpieces with 12-mm pathlength and either quartz or sapphire windows [@pone.0083439-Zhao1], [@pone.0083439-Balbo1]. Since no reference solution is required for FDS, both sectors were used for protein samples, with up to 14 samples per run using an 8-hole rotor.
Radial calibration was performed prior to each run at 3,000 rpm using the calibration cell filled with 10 µM fluorescein in Tris buffer (Tris 10 mM, KCl 100 mM, pH 7.80). At the same speed, PMT voltage and gain were adjusted for each cell, and focus scans were conducted for the samples with the lowest and highest concentration of labeled protein. An appropriate focusing depth was selected to maximize the signal and minimize inner filter effect for the high concentration sample, usually around 4,000 µm. The PMT setting was 34% or 38% in the current study. After these initial procedures, the centrifuge was stopped, samples were remixed by gently reversing the cells, and the cells were reloaded back into the rotor. The rotor was then temperature equilibrated to 20°C while resting in the centrifuge chamber for at least 3 hours after the console temperature reading showed 20.0°C. After acceleration to 50,000 rpm, the angles of data acquisition were verified to be centered and well within each sector. Data were acquired in 0.002 cm radial intervals with gain settings of 1 or 8 dependent on the signal.
In order to quantify signal contributions from the buffer components and BSA, a cell filled with the working buffer and 0.1 mg/mL BSA, respectively, in its two sectors was run along with other protein samples. We also performed control SV experiments for high concentration samples in theµM range for both labeled and unlabeled protein molecules using an AUC equipped with conventional Rayleigh interference and absorbance optics following a standard protocol [@pone.0083439-Zhao1].
Ultracentrifugal Data Analysis {#s2d}
------------------------------
For the FDS-SV data, the sedimentation profiles were loaded to SEDFIT and automatically sorted at different gains while creating list-files for each sector and gain at given time span and intervals [@pone.0083439-Zhao3]. The sorted data were initially analyzed with the standard *c*(*s*) model [@pone.0083439-Schuck3] in SEDFIT version 14.3 (<https://sedfitsedphat.nibib.nih.gov/software/default.aspx>). For some of the data sets, the FDS specific computation tools in SEDFIT were engaged as described recently [@pone.0083439-Zhao3] to account for imperfections in alignment of the fluorescence optics, for temporal drifts of the signal, and for the shadow effect of the excitation beam close to the cell bottom. For these data sets, the quality of the fits was significantly improved after using the FDS tools. For data sets with low signal/noise ratio, the general *c*(*s*) analysis resulted in a sufficiently good fit quality, and thus no FDS tools were utilized. Meniscus positions and frictional ratios were treated as adjustable parameters in the non-linear regression of *c*(*s*).
The resulting *c*(*s*) distributions were subject to an analysis of the isotherm of signal weighted-average sedimentation coefficient (*s~w~*). The software GUSSI (<http://biophysics.swmed.edu/MBR/software.html>, kindly provided by Dr. Chad Brautigam) was used to plot and integrate the *c*(*s*) distributions between 2 S and 7 S to determine *s~w~* as a function of protein concentration. For the lowest concentrations where signals of the BSA carrier protein were detected in the control, corrections were applied to the *s~w~*-value to eliminate the carrier contributions with *s~w,adj~* = (*s~w~×f~tot~* -- *s~w,BSA~×f~tot,BSA~*)/(*f~tot~* -- *f~tot,BSA~*) (where *f~tot~* and *f* ~tot,BSA~ denote the total signal by integration of *c*(*s*) of the sample or BSA only, and *s~w~* and *s~w,BSA~* the corresponding weighted average sedimentation coefficients. The *s~w~* isotherm was loaded into SEDPHAT [@pone.0083439-Schuck4] for fitting with the homo-dimerization model:
where *c~1~* and *c~tot~* indicate the molar concentration for monomer and total protomer, respectively, *K~12~* is the equilibrium association constant (*K~12~* = 1/*K~D~*), and *s~1~* and *s~2~* represent the *s*-values for monomer and dimer, respectively, under experimental conditions. *K~D~*, *s~1~* and *s~2~* were refined in the least-squares fit (and *c~1~* was implicitly determined through mass action law, given the known total concentration). For the analysis of multiple, chemically different populations of molecules, each representing an unknown fraction *f~i~* of the total material and each undergoing a monomer-dimer self-association with different affinity *K~12~^(i)^*, Eq. 1 was generalized to with the constraints and, implemented in MATLAB (Mathworks, Natick, MA). All the experimental FDS-SV and SV data are plotted in units of experimental conditions. The error intervals of the best-fit *s*-values and *K~D~*-values were determined by error surface projection analysis [@pone.0083439-Johnson1] at a 95% confidence level.
Kinetic Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Experiments {#s2e}
------------------------------------------------------------
FRET experiments were carried out at 20°C with excitation at 495 nm and emission recorded at 603 nm using a FluroMax 3 spectrofluorometer (Jobin/Yvon Horiba, Edison NJ). Proteins were labeled using hydroxysuccinimide ester--activated fluorophores, as described above. We studied three FRET donors: FAM-GluA2 ATD, Dylight488-GluA2 ATD and EGFP-GluA2 ATD, with Alexa Fluor 568 labeled GluA2 ATD used as the FRET acceptor. To establish the photo-stability of fluorophore labeled protein, the 603 nm emission was recorded for 4,000 sec from mixtures of 1 µM unlabeled protein to which labeled proteins at a total concentration of 100 nM were added prior to data acquisition. Following equilibration, this revealed a slow signal decrease with a best-fit rate of ∼1.5×10^−5^sec^−1^ when using FAM, and a much smaller signal decrease for Dylight488. For kinetic dissociation experiments, mixtures of acceptor and donor-labeled GluA2 ATD at 50 nM each were pre-equilibrated for 30 min (DL488) or 60 min (FAM), and then quenched by addition of 1 µM unlabeled protein while recording the resulting decrease of the 603 nm emission. The resulting kinetic data were corrected by subtraction of the baseline signal decrease recorded at the end of the experiment, and fit with exponential functions.
Results {#s3}
=======
Similar to analysis by SV using interference or absorbance optics, the experimental FDS signal profiles of all samples were subjected to direct boundary analysis with distributions of Lamm equation solutions for non-interacting species, *c*(*s*). This is appropriate for the analysis of interacting components, because rapidly interacting systems represent effective particles [@pone.0083439-Schuck5] that to a sufficient approximation diffuse like non-interacting species [@pone.0083439-Schuck6], leading to a good fit of the sedimentation boundaries. As shown previously [@pone.0083439-Schuck4], due to the intimate relationship between integration of *c*(*s*)*ds* and the mass balance in the boundaries *c*(*r*)*rdr*, for the determination of rigorous *s~w~*-values, only a good representation of the experimental data by the boundary model is required, independent of chemical equilibria or reaction kinetics of the sedimenting species. Fits of excellent quality were consistently achieved over the entire concentration range for both dilution and titration series. For example, [**Figure 1**](#pone-0083439-g001){ref-type="fig"} shows the evolution of radial signal profiles and best-fit models for EGFP-GluA2 ATD at a relatively high concentration of 300 nM (Panel A), and for Dylight488-GluA2 ATD at a low concentration of 1 nM in the presence of 9 nM unlabeled protein (Panel B).
{#pone-0083439-g001}
The dependence of the total measured boundary signal, at constant photomultiplier voltage and corrected for amplifier gain, on the concentration of loaded protein is shown in [**Figure 2**](#pone-0083439-g002){ref-type="fig"} for each of the three labels used for FDS-SV. When normalized relative to the loading concentration, this representation provides a sensitive control for the linearity of detection, for the loss of material due to the presence of rapidly sedimenting aggregates, and for changes in the quantum yield of the fluorophor with association state. None of these factors appears to be significant, considering imperfections from dilution errors over 4 orders of magnitude. A small decrease in the molar signal increment at the lowest concentration for FAM-labeled GluA2 might indicate imperfect blocking of surface adsorption sites by BSA, but this would produce only a slight underestimate of the *K~D~*, by less than a factor of two. No such change of the specific signal increment paralleling the binding isotherm was observed for Dylight488 or EGFP-labeled GluA2 ATD.
{#pone-0083439-g002}
The family of *c*(*s*) distributions and the isotherm of *s~w~* as a function of concentration for the dilution series of Dylight488-GluA2 ATD is shown in [**Figure 3A and B**](#pone-0083439-g003){ref-type="fig"}, respectively. From the characteristic concentration-dependence of the peak position of *c*(*s*), especially at higher concentrations where the signal/noise ratio would be sufficient to resolve co-existing non-interacting monomer and dimer species, we can conclude that the dissociation relaxation time constant is small compared to the time-scale of the sedimentation experiment [@pone.0083439-Dam1], consistent with a lifetime of 170 sec determined subsequently by FRET experiments (see below). It should be noted that the low-*s* peak at ∼3.5 -- 4 S of the normalized *c*(*s*) distributions at concentrations substantially above the *K~D~* does not reflect impurities or non-reactive monomer, but a fraction of dimeric protein that invariably dissociates during the sedimentation process due to the lower concentration in the trailing edge of the diffusion-broadened sedimentation boundary, as predicted by theory and seen in simulations of rapid monomer-dimer systems [@pone.0083439-Schuck4]. These features are revealed by the excellent signal/noise ratio for data in the dilution series, but are not visible in the *c*(*s*) distributions from the corresponding titration series of a constant low concentration of Dylight488-GluA2 ATD with unlabeled GluA2 ATD (**[Figure S1A](#pone.0083439.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}**), due to the broadening effect of regularization at the constant low signal/noise ratio that obscures any characteristic kinetic effect in the sedimentation pattern.
{#pone-0083439-g003}
Analysis of the *s~w~* binding isotherm from the dilution series data of Dylight488-GluA2 ATD (solid symbols and line in [**Figure 3B**](#pone-0083439-g003){ref-type="fig"}) leads to a best-fit estimate for the dimerization equilibrium constant *K~D~* of 20.5 nM (95% CI 15.9 -- 26.4). This is approximately a factor two higher, but within error consistent with the previously determined *K~D~* estimate of 9.4 nM for unlabeled GluA2 ATD determined using conventional far-UV absorbance optics [@pone.0083439-Zhao2]. However, in contrast to the absorbance data for which the monomer *s*-value was constrained using values derived from hydrodynamic modeling, from the close to four orders of magnitude span of concentrations studied for the FDS data, both *s* ~1~ = 3.52 S (95% CI 3.47 -- 3.56) and *s* ~2~ = 5.21 S (95% CI 5.15 -- 5.28) are very well-determined, leading to a dimer-to-monomer ratio of *s*-values of 1.48. Likewise, the weighted-average monomer and dimer *s*-values of 3.48 S (95% CI 3.36 -- 3.58) and 5.14 S (95% CI 5.08 -- 5.21) obtained from the titration experiment (**[Figure S1B](#pone.0083439.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}**), which gave a *K~D~*-value of 16.5 nM (95% CI 10.9 -- 24.4), are also well determined and highly consistent with the dilution data.
Analogous results were obtained in the dilution experiment with EGFP-GluA2 ATD ([**Figure 3C and 3D**](#pone-0083439-g003){ref-type="fig"}). The best-fit isotherm of the dilution data led to a *K~D~* estimate of 25.4 nM (95% CI 20.1 -- 31.9), which is consistent with the Dylight488-GluA2 ATD result, but due to the significantly increased molecular mass of the EGFP fusion protein, not surprisingly, the *s*-values were substantially higher. Again, the fitted monomer and dimer *s*-values were very well defined with *s* ~1~ = 4.26 S (95% CI 4.22 -- 4.30), and *s* ~2~ = 6.44 S (95% CI 6.35 -- 6.53). Also consistent with the results from Dylight488-GluA2 ATD data, the corresponding titration series (**[Figures S1C and S1D](#pone.0083439.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}**) yielded similar results with a best-fit *K~D~* of 22.0 nM (95% CI 16.3 -- 29.6). Finally, similar to the Dylight488-labeled protein, the dimer-to-monomer ratio of *s*-values for the EGFP fusion protein is 1.51 compared to the value of 1.48 for the dye-labeled protein.
FAM, the third label used in the present work, was used in the original analysis of glutamate receptor ATD oligomerization [@pone.0083439-Zhao2], [@pone.0083439-Rossmann1]. A dilution isotherm experiment with FAM-GluA2 ATD is shown in [**Figure 3E/F**](#pone-0083439-g003){ref-type="fig"}. Overall, from the relative independence of *c*(*s*) peak positions on protein concentration shown [**Figure 3E**](#pone-0083439-g003){ref-type="fig"}, we can conclude that the life-time of the dimer is significantly longer that of Dylight488-GluA2 ATD or EGFP-GluA2 ATD. This feature is consistent with the *c*(*s*) distributions reported previously for FAM-GluA2 ATD by Rossmann et al. [@pone.0083439-Rossmann1] and reproduced by us in subsequent experiments [@pone.0083439-Zhao2]. Also, it is notable that even at concentrations as low as 0.2 nM and 0.4 nM the *c*(*s*) distributions are broad, with asymmetric peaks, suggesting the presence of multiple species, in contrast to the expectation that the protein should be predominantly monomeric based on the *K~D~* determined above. Furthermore, for the highest concentration of 1,200 nM a small population of faster sedimenting species at 6.2 S can be observed, far above the highest *s*-value of the similar-sized Dylight488-GluA2 ATD. However, in different FAM-GluA2 ATD batches with different labeling ratios (see below) this trace species was not consistently observed.
The isotherm analysis of *s~w~*-values for FAM-GluA2 ATD shown in [**Figure 3F**](#pone-0083439-g003){ref-type="fig"} exhibits a mid-point at noticeably lower concentrations than in [**Figure 3B**](#pone-0083439-g003){ref-type="fig"} or [**Figure 3D**](#pone-0083439-g003){ref-type="fig"}, with a best-fit *K~D~* of 2.3 nM (95% CI 0.99 -- 5.0), approximately 10-fold smaller than that determined for Dylight488-GluA2 ATD and EGFP-GluA2 ATD, but in good agreement with the value of 1.8 nM reported previously for FAM-labeled GluA2 ATD [@pone.0083439-Rossmann1]. However, over the concentration range used in this experiment the end-points of the isotherm are not as well defined as for the DL-488 and EGFP labeled GluA2 ATD isotherms shown in [**Figure 3B**](#pone-0083439-g003){ref-type="fig"} and [**Figure 3D**](#pone-0083439-g003){ref-type="fig"}. The estimate from the isotherm analysis for the FAM-GluA2 ATD monomer *s*-value is 3.52 (95% CI 3.22 -- 3.72) S, consistent with that of Dylight488-GluA2 ATD, and for the dimer *s*-value it is 5.04 (95% CI 4.95 -- 5.14) S, lower than the value for Dylight488-GluA2 ATD. Together, the ratio of dimer *s*-value to monomer *s*-value is only 1.43, lower than that obtained for Dylight488-GluA2 ATD, and also lower than the value predicted by hydrodynamic modeling. The corresponding titration series for 1 nM FAM-GluA2 ATD with increasing concentrations of unlabeled protein is shown in **[Figures S1E and S1F](#pone.0083439.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}**. The best-fit *K~D~* value of the titration *s~w~* isotherm (**[Figure S1F](#pone.0083439.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}**) was 9.0 nM (95% CI 3.9 -- 18.0), noticeably higher but statistically consistent within a 95% confidence interval with the dilution series.
The apparent inconsistency of the affinity and kinetics of dimerization of FAM-GluA2 ATD compared to the behavior of Dylight488-GluA2 ATD and EGFP-GluA2 ATD suggest an alteration of the binding properties of the protein due to the attached dye. To examine this further we carried out a study of FAM-GluA2 ATD with different label ratios. Through variation of the incubation time of the cross-linking reaction, labeling ratios of 0.68, 1.05, and 2.26 were achieved. For each preparation a binding experiment by FDS-SV was carried out using a dilution series, similar to that shown in [**Figure 3E/F**](#pone-0083439-g003){ref-type="fig"}, but in order to define better the monomer *s*-value we included extremely low concentrations, in some cases as low as 10 pM to 50 pM. The *c*(*s*) distributions and *s~w~* isotherms are shown in [**Figure 4**](#pone-0083439-g004){ref-type="fig"}. Again, no shift in *c*(*s*) peak position with concentration can be discerned at any of the labeling ratios, suggesting the presence of slowly exchanging monomeric and dimeric states with concentration-dependent populations. No significant difference in the *K~D~* estimate was found in any of these experiments relative to the FAM-GluA2 ATD data shown in [**Figure 3**](#pone-0083439-g003){ref-type="fig"}, with values of 3.1, 2.6 and 4.7 nM for labeling ratios of 0.68, 1.05 and 2.26 respectively.
{ref-type="fig"}, in the *c*(*s*) plots the distributions were normalized with respect to the loading concentrations indicated, and in the isotherm plots, solid circles are the *s~w~* data from the dilution series, and the solid line is the best-fit isotherm with a monomer-dimer model. This resulted in best-fit values at the labeling ratio of 0.68 (Panel B) of *K~D~* = 3.1 nM (95% CI 0.16 -- 30.5), *s* ~1~ = 3.43 S (95% CI 2.53 -- 3.82), and *s* ~2~ = 5.01 S (95% CI 4.60 -- 5.51); for the labeling ratio of 1.05 (Panel D) the best-fit values were *K~D~* = 2.6 nM (95% CI 1.1 -- 5.9), *s* ~1~ = 3.42 S (95% CI 3.27 -- 3.56), and *s* ~2~ = 5.00 S (95% CI 4.88 -- 5.14); and for the labeling ratio of 2.26 (Panel F) the best-fit values were *K~D~* = 4.7 nM (95% CI 3.0 -- 7.3), *s* ~1~ = 3.57 S (95% CI 3.49 -- 3.63), and *s* ~2~ = 5.03 S (95% CI 4.96 -- 5.11).](pone.0083439.g004){#pone-0083439-g004}
Next, we focused on the potential role of BSA, which was used as a carrier protein to prevent surface adsorption of GluA2 ATD, and considering the well-known capacity of serum albumin to bind different small molecule ligands [@pone.0083439-Fasano1], asked whether it could be interacting with a 'sticky' label such as FAM. To this end, we conducted additional control experiments with different concentrations of BSA (0.1 -- 1.0 mg/ml) in the presence of 1 nM and 100 nM FAM-GluA2 ATD at the highest labeling ratio. Neither the *c*(*s*) distribution (**[Figure S2](#pone.0083439.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}**), nor the *s~w~*-value revealed any significant dependence on the concentration of BSA (**[Table S1](#pone.0083439.s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}**). However, a further control experiment with 100 nM FAM-GluA2 ATD in the absence of BSA did reveal a signal loss of ∼ 25% (data not shown). This confirms that the presence of BSA, or another carrier protein, that is inert to the sedimentation coefficient distribution of the labeled protein, is essential for conducting FDS-SV experiments without signal loss due to non-specific adsorption presumably to surfaces of the cell assembly [@pone.0083439-Kroe1]. However, when working with FDS detection conditions suitable for very low protein concentrations we observed small fluorescence signal contributions from BSA, for which the above *s* ~w~ data were corrected as described in the [Methods](#s2){ref-type="sec"}. In the present study, this amounted to very small corrections of --1 to --4% at 0.2 nM Dylight488-GluA2 ATD, but a larger correction of --8% at 0.02 nM FAM-GluA2 ATD.
We next directly compared the isotherm of FAM-GluA2 ATD with that of Dylight488-GluA2 ATD ([**Figure 5A**](#pone-0083439-g005){ref-type="fig"}). It can be discerned that in addition to a leftward shift, the transition from monomer to dimer is broader and shallower for FAM-GluA2 ATD, with a single component fit leading to systematic deviations and a root-mean-square deviation (rmsd) of 0.077 S (red and magenta solid symbols, and red line) while for Dylight488-GluA2 ATD the single-component model fit is excellent with an rmsd of only 0.021 S (black and blue open symbols, and black line); this difference likely indicates the presence of multiple classes of molecules with different dimerization energies for the FAM labeled protein. (It should be noted that the different *K~D~* for FAM-GluA2 ATD in [**Figure 5A**](#pone-0083439-g005){ref-type="fig"} compared to [**Figure 3**](#pone-0083439-g003){ref-type="fig"} arisesfrom constraints in the model of [**Figure 5**](#pone-0083439-g005){ref-type="fig"} to the *s*-value estimates derived from Dylight488-GluA2 ATD.) As a plausible, simple model we hypothesized the presence of molecules that are identical in binding properties to the unlabeled protein (taken to be the same as that measured for Dylight488-GluA2 ATD), one class that is of higher binding energy (motivated by the requirement for the isotherm midpoint to be at lower concentrations than for Dylight488-GluA2 ATD), and one class that shows weaker dimerization (motivated by the lack of saturation and shallow increase at the highest concentrations). It was assumed that all of these populations are hydrodynamically identical to the respective monomer and dimer species of the native protein and have the same *s*-values for monomer and dimer as determined for Dylight488-GluA2 ATD. This resulted in an excellent fit (magenta line in [**Figure 5B**](#pone-0083439-g005){ref-type="fig"}, rmsd = 0.018 S), with the high-affinity population representing 75% with *K~D~* = 1.8 nM, and the low-affinity population representing 4.4% with a best-fit but ill-defined *K~D~* of 24 µM, with the remaining species accounted for by a \'native\' population of *K~D~* = 20.5 nM, the value determined for Dylight488 labeled GluA2 ATD. A slightly lower quality of fit, rmsd = 0.022 S, was achieved considering only the high-affinity and 'native' interactions (data not shown).
{#pone-0083439-g005}
To obtain independent evidence for FAM-GluA2 ATD species heterogeneity, and to directly estimate dimer lifetimes for the Dylight488-GluA2, EGFP-GluA2, and FAM-GluA2 ATDs, we carried out FRET experiments in a benchtop spectrofluorometer, using AF568-GluA2 ATD as an acceptor and either FAM, Dylight488 or EGFP labeled GluA2 ATD as donor. In experiments where 50 nM donor-labeled GluA2 ATD and 50 nM acceptor-labeled GluA2 ATD were pre-equilibrated to allow formation of hetero-dimers, the addition of 1 µM unlabeled GluA2 ATD produced a time-dependent decrease in the FRET signal. This is because the addition of excess unlabeled GluA2 leads to formation of unlabeled/labeled dimers as the majority species for labeled GluA2 ATDs. In this configuration, due to the high concentration of excess unlabeled GluA2 ATD, the corresponding decrease of the FRET signal reports mainly on the lifetime of donor/acceptor heterodimers. For the Dylight488-GluA2 and EGFP-GluA2 ATDs, the resulting data were well-described by a single-exponential process with a half life of 163 ± 9 and 196 ± 6 sec (mean ± SD, n = 3) respectively (**[Figure 6AC](#pone-0083439-g006){ref-type="fig"}**), consistent with the sedimentation boundary patterns reported above for Dylight488- and EGFP-GluA2 ([**Figure 3A and 3C**](#pone-0083439-g003){ref-type="fig"}).
{#pone-0083439-g006}
By contrast, with FAM-GluA2 ATD as a donor, a multi-exponential decay was observed ([**Figure 6B**](#pone-0083439-g006){ref-type="fig"}). After subtraction of an extremely slow component likely representing photo-bleaching of FAM (slope ∼--1.5×10^−5^ sec^−1^), that was recorded also for pre-equilibrated mixtures of the same composition, the resulting data were well described by exponential fits with life-times of 95 ± 3 sec and 723 ± 72 sec (n = 3), approximately equally populated. If the effect of FAM labeling was only to affect the off-rate constant, then this would correspond to a combination of ∼1.7-fold weaker and ∼4.5-fold higher affinity than Dylight488-labeled GluA2 ATD. This is remarkably consistent with the conclusions drawn from the sedimentation experiments of FAM- and Dylight488-labeled GluA2 ATD. A fit of the FAM-GluA2 *s* ~w~-isotherm with a model of two populations constrained to be 1.7-fold weaker and 4.5-fold higher affinity ([**Figure 5B**](#pone-0083439-g005){ref-type="fig"}, thin blue line), produces a significantly better model, rmsd 0.048 S, than a single population model ([**Figure 5B**](#pone-0083439-g005){ref-type="fig"}, thin red line), rmsd 0.077 S, but is significantly less good than the model with three populations of different affinity ([**Figure 5B**](#pone-0083439-g005){ref-type="fig"}, bold magenta line), which produces a fit with rmsd of only 0.018 S. This points to the possibility that dimers of two FAM-GluA2 ATD molecules may behave even more differently from unlabeled protein than dimers containing only a single FAM-GluA2 ATD molecule, as suggested also by the slight difference between dilution and titration isotherms of FAM-GluA2 ATD in SV.
Discussion {#s4}
==========
The present work re-emphasizes the need for caution and control experiments when working with modified proteins in studies aimed at determining their interaction properties, and highlights experimental designs of FDS-SV studies that minimize artifacts and offer diagnostics for their detection. When studying simple two-component heterogeneous associations, it is frequently possible to consider the labeled protein as a third component, and to extract from experiments with mixtures of labeled and unlabeled proteins and their unlabeled binding partner information on the binding affinities between pairs of unlabeled proteins. Unfortunately, this is not possible for self-associations, mixed self- and hetero-associations, or multi-component interactions of three or more proteins. For self-associations one can still adopt the strategy of comparing isotherms for a dilution series of labeled protein with the results from a titration series of a constant concentration of labeled protein with a range of unlabeled protein concentrations. However, since in this case at least one binding partner of the monitored reaction is modified, only certain types of artifacts may be flagged. Furthermore, due to the intrinsically lower signal/noise ratio of data from a titration series, kinetic information and detailed information on trace components available in *c*(*s*) at higher signal strengths are obscured, and only weighted-average sedimentation coefficients can be extracted. In the present study of GluA2 ATD homo-dimerization, only small differences that were statistically insignificant at the 95% confidence level were measured when comparing dilution and titration isotherms for FAM-labeled protein, and thus this comparison was insufficient to reveal the effect of the FAM label.
At all labeling ratios tested, FAM-labeled preparations behaved as an ensemble of molecules with different binding affinity, leading to a significantly broader binding isotherm than would be expected for a single-component homo-dimerization process. This conclusion from SV was corroborated independently by measuring the dissociation kinetics of FAM-labeled GluA2 ATD by FRET. When the experimental SV data were constrained to the transition region, for example, following the binding process from 0.1-fold *K~D~* to 10-fold *K~D~* as is typically considered adequate for studying unlabeled proteins using conventional detection [@pone.0083439-Zhao1], a reasonable fit was achieved with a standard single component, single class of sites model (thin blue line, [**Figure 5A**](#pone-0083439-g005){ref-type="fig"}), but the resulting apparent affinity and *s*-values were dependent on the concentration range studied, and the extrapolated sedimentation coefficient of the monomer was too high, while that of the dimer was too low (thin blue line, [**Figure 5A**](#pone-0083439-g005){ref-type="fig"}). In the absence of hydrodynamic models of the protein under study, we suggest that an unlikely small ratio of dimer *s*-value to monomer *s*-value may be a diagnostic tell-tale of a broad transition resulting from heterogeneous preparations of labeled protein. Thus, the ability to study protein concentrations varying more than four orders of magnitude, side-by-side in a single experiment, is a very important advantage of FDS-SV as it can allow us to fully characterize the isotherm. Samples at low concentrations are particularly useful to permit full dissociation of high-affinity subpopulations (or to establish their absence). To this end, in work to be reported in a separate communication, we have explored the lower limits for useful FDS-SV data, and developed techniques to work at low pM concentrations. In the course of that work we have discovered that signal contributions from BSA used as carrier protein, on a level that will not produce visually discernible boundaries, and with amplitudes below the statistical noise of data acquisition, can artificially increase the *s* ~w~--values of the dilution isotherm of the protein of interest at very low concentrations, potentially exacerbating a low apparent dimer-to-monomer ratio of the isotherm analysis (Zhao and Schuck unpublished). The data in the present work were corrected for this effect. By contrast, although at high concentrations inner filter effects potentially limit the usefulness of FDS-SV, after appropriate instrument calibration [@pone.0083439-Ghirlando1] the isotherm can be extended with data acquired using conventional optics to estimate the dimer *s*-value, or titration experiments can be performed using unlabeled protein.
It is remarkable that although both dyes use the same labeling chemistry, and for both conjugation reactions we used similar protein concentrations high above the *K~D~* to protect as much as possible the dimer interface from modification, the use of FAM creates GluA2 ATD subpopulations of higher affinity, unlike Dylight488 labeling or the fusion with EGFP. We believe that data measured using the latter two labels reflects the native dimerization properties of GluA2 ATD because the *K~D~* values of 20.5 and 25.4 nM for Dylight488 and EGFP fusion, respectively, are more consistent with the value of 10 nM reported previously from SV with conventional far-UV detection of unlabeled protein [@pone.0083439-Zhao2], as well as the results from fluorescence anisotropy experiments with Dylight405 [@pone.0083439-Zhao2], and the monomeric state of 1 nM oxazine-labeled GluA2 reported by Jensen et al. [@pone.0083439-Jensen1], all of which indicate that the *K~D~* value of 2 nM obtained for FAM labeled protein is artificially low [@pone.0083439-Rossmann1]. The major structural difference between FAM and Dylight488 is the addition of multiple negatively charged sulfonate groups to the fluorescein nucleus in Dylight488; these charged groups reduce hydrophobicity and likely prevent non-specific binding compared to FAM. Perhaps related to this we observed that FAM bound tightly to the resin used for size-exclusion chromatography, requiring extensive washing, while DL-488 eluted within the total column volume. Although it is unclear which residue(s) in the GluA2 ATD when derivatized with FAM adds artificial stability to the dimer, the creation of a hydrophobic interaction surface with the opposing GluA2 ATD protomer would be consistent with the noticeably slower dissociation kinetics of FAM-GluA2 ATD observed directly in the FRET kinetic experiments and inferred from the *c*(*s*) peak pattern. The similarity of the FAM-GluA2 ATD isotherms for different labeling ratios from 0.7 -- 2.3 suggests that the increased likelihood of modification of the amino terminal amine might create a higher affinity interaction between GluA2 ATD protomers, that at higher labeling ratios is counterbalanced by additional modifications at other residues responsible for lower affinity dimers. However, we have not studied the structural and energetic details of the FAM-GluA2 ATD further.
In previous work we set out to clarify the origin of the 2,400 range of *K~D~*-values for GluA2 ATD reported in the literature [@pone.0083439-Zhao2]. We thought this to be important not only from the perspective of determining the true affinity of GluA2 ATD dimerization, but also to understand methodological pitfalls of different approaches. The data collected previously on FAM-GluA2 ATD by FDS-SV in the presence of BSA carrier protein, which were consistent with the data reported previously by Rossmann et al. [@pone.0083439-Rossmann1], showed features very similar to those presented in the current work, but covered only a 340-fold range of concentration, while in the present study we analyzed a much larger concentration range, 5900 for [**Figure 3E/F**](#pone-0083439-g003){ref-type="fig"} and 60,000 for [**Figure 4 E/F**](#pone-0083439-g004){ref-type="fig"} and [**Figure 5**](#pone-0083439-g005){ref-type="fig"}. We previously noted that the affinity estimates from our prior FDS-SV experiments were questionable because (1) best-fit estimates of monomer sedimentation coefficients were higher than expected, and (2) dimer-to-monomer ratios of sedimentation coefficients were inconsistent with hydrodynamic predictions [@pone.0083439-Zhao2]. These observations remained invariant even after accounting for scan time errors, which we subsequently discovered in the manufacturer's data acquisition software of the conventional, but not FDS detection systems [@pone.0083439-Zhao4], [@pone.0083439-Zhao5], and therefore confounded the initial comparison of the sedimentation coefficients from the different detection systems. By clarifying the capabilities of the FDS with EGFP as a non-interacting model system, and developing methods to account for its characteristic optical properties [@pone.0083439-Zhao3], we have subsequently also ruled out errors from potential imperfections of the detection system contributing to the observations on FAM-GluA2 ATD, and established that FDS-SV is capable of high accuracy, comparable to or exceeding that of conventional detection systems used in AUC.
The current observation of FAM-induced higher-affinity subpopulations with enhanced dimer life-times can fully explain and resolve these discrepancies: The polydispersity of FAM-GluA2 ATD causes an overly broad overall dimerization isotherm, which is truncated even at the previously rather large concentration range of ∼2.5 decades used in our prior experiments [@pone.0083439-Zhao2]. Therefore, over this concentration range a standard single-component isotherm led to an acceptable fit but with an elevated monomer *s*-value (thin blue line in [**Figure 5A**](#pone-0083439-g005){ref-type="fig"}). By adding data points at approximately an order of magnitude lower and higher concentrations ([**Figure 5**](#pone-0083439-g005){ref-type="fig"}), and by applying small corrections for the previously unknown fluorescence contributions of the BSA carrier protein, we now find best-fit monomer sedimentation coefficients only slightly higher than those seen for Dylight488-GluA2 ATD. At the same time, the Dylight488-GluA2 ATD isotherm, in contrast to the extended FAM-GluA2 ATD isotherm, fits very well to a model of a homogeneous component with a single affinity constant, and shows that the monomer *s*-value is higher than previously expected based on hydrodynamic modeling, suggesting a more compact conformation than the extended structure for the glycan chains and disordered residues at the amino and carboxy termini previously assumed in the hydrodynamic modeling [@pone.0083439-Zhao2]. Irrespective of the absolute value of the monomer sedimentation coefficient, the estimate of the dimer-to-monomer ratio of *s*-values from the analysis of the Dylight488-GluA2 ATD is significantly higher (s~2~/s~1~ = 1.48) than the value previously obtained [@pone.0083439-Zhao2] from analysis of the FAM-GluA2 ATD isotherm data with a homogeneous dimerization model over a more limited concentration range than used in the present study (s~2~/s~1~ = 1.33). This reinforces that the hydrodynamic parameter estimates from the isotherms can be used to flag problematic experiments and analyses, provided that they are accurately determined.
In an initial attempt to reconcile the previous hydrodynamic parameters from FDS-SV we previously noted a nonlinearity in the signal with loading concentration of FAM-GluA2 ATD, but excluded the possibility that it could quantitatively account for the apparent discrepancies in *s*-values [@pone.0083439-Zhao2], based on theoretical considerations of sedimentation analysis of non-linear signals [@pone.0083439-Zhao3]. We believe it is very useful to critically examine the ratio of (gain-corrected) signal and loading concentration over a wide range of loading concentrations as shown in [**Figure 2**](#pone-0083439-g002){ref-type="fig"}, in order to test for signal non-linearity, and to exclude other possible sources of errors in *K~D~* such as oligomeric state-dependent quantum yields. In the present work we did not observe any signal non-linearity, but during the course of our experiments occasionally observed that the high sensitivity of FDS-SV revealed contamination with fluorescent proteins run in previous experiments that artificially alter the signal to concentration ratio, especially at low protein concentrations; such data was discarded. As a result we now pay meticulous attention to cell cleaning when performing FDS-SV experiments. It is also possible that due to the low level of aggregates observed in the current preparations of FAM-GluA2 ATD, and the typical poor reproducibility of aggregation processes in AUC cells, the non-linear response observed previously may have been caused by the formation of rapidly sedimenting aggregates. In any event, from the data in the present work, as well as recent comprehensive follow-up studies on the properties of the FDS system [@pone.0083439-Zhao3], [@pone.0083439-Lyons1], the detection system can be largely ruled out as the source of nonlinearity.
In summary, the present work can explain previous discrepancies of FDS-SV derived affinity constants with those obtained by other methods, as well as the unlikely estimated sedimentation coefficients of monomer and dimer, as artifacts arising from the use of FAM as a fluorescent label. We have shown that a less hydrophobic label, and, similarly, an EGFP fusion protein, provides dimerization constants of GluA2 ATD consistent with data from unlabeled protein. Dylight488, and likely other sulfonated fluorescein derivatives, are not only less hydrophobic, but have the additional advantage of greater photostability, and thus are preferable labels for future studies using FDS-SV. Further experimental design considerations arising from the present work are the need to span a concentration range substantially greater than the usual two orders of magnitude, in order to detect polydispersity in the populations of labeled proteins. FDS-SV is especially useful here because it provides the opportunity for more reliable best-fit end-points of the isotherm as a quality control. In conjunction with improvements in the modeling of raw FDS-SV data accounting for its specific signal characteristics [@pone.0083439-Zhao3], we believe this will aid the maturation of FDS-SV as a reliable quantitative tool for protein interactions. Towards this goal, in a forthcoming communication we will report on a study of the detection limits and a model application to an antibody-antigen interaction with sub-nM *K* ~D~ as an example for a high-affinity heterogeneous interaction (Zhao et al, manuscript in preparation).
Supporting Information {#s5}
======================
######
c(s) distributions and *s~w~* isotherms of the titration series of FDS-SV data for the three labels. Panels and symbols are analogous to the dilution isotherm data in [Figure 3](#pone-0083439-g003){ref-type="fig"}, with *c*(*s*) analyses and titration isotherm data from Dylight488-GluA2 ATD in Panels A and B, EGFP-GluA2 ATD in Panels C and D, and those from FAM-GluA2 ATD in Panels E and F, respectively.
(TIF)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
c(s) distributions of FAM-GluA2 ATD in the presence of different concentrations of BSA. For the BSA concentration dependent assay of FAM-GluA2 ATD, the labeled protein with a labeling ratio of 2.26 was used. Two concentrations of FAM-GluA2 ATD (1 nM in Panel A; 100 nM in Panel B) with a range of BSA concentration (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 mg/mL) were examined.
(TIF)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
Signal weighted-average sedimentation coefficient of FAM-GluA2 ATD in the presence of different concentrations of BSA.
(DOCX)
######
Click here for additional data file.
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
[^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: HZ MLM PS. Performed the experiments: HZ SL CG. Analyzed the data: HZ MLM PS. Wrote the paper: HZ MLM PS.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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Description
Research suggests that using data driven solutions in policing strategies improves the quality of service provided by the police department. Unfortunately, many police departments, including the Denton Police Department, do not use their spatial data to inform beat zone placement. Analysis of the current beat zone configuration found that there are disparities in the workload, as measured by number of calls for service, between beat zones. Further, there was also a statistically significant difference between the median response times across all the five beat zones in Denton. This means that the median response time varies depending on where the call ...
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Description
Research suggests that using data driven solutions in policing strategies improves the quality of service provided by the police department. Unfortunately, many police departments, including the Denton Police Department, do not use their spatial data to inform beat zone placement. Analysis of the current beat zone configuration found that there are disparities in the workload, as measured by number of calls for service, between beat zones. Further, there was also a statistically significant difference between the median response times across all the five beat zones in Denton. This means that the median response time varies depending on where the call for service originates. Using readily available data, these police departments can apply methods such as UPAS to improve the quality of service provided by the department. UPAS is a deterministic algorithm that produces a given number of contiguous spatial partitions of approximately equal population size; in this case, calls for service are substituted for population. Although this algorithm was originally developed to create solutions for bio-terrorism response planning, it has been applied to the problem of creating beat zones of roughly equal workload in this research. I have shown that this algorithm results in a beat zone configuration that significantly reduces the difference in workload between the busiest and least busy beat zone (~94% reduction). Assuming an equal distribution of resources across beat zones, having approximately similar workloads should lead to fewer disparities in quality of service.
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Theses and dissertations represent a wealth of scholarly and artistic content created by masters and doctoral students in the degree-seeking process. Some ETDs in this collection are restricted to use by the UNT community.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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/*
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}
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r?
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What is 3211144242 to the power of 1/3, to the nearest integer?
1475
What is the eighth root of 68411465 to the nearest integer?
10
What is 25567257 to the power of 1/4, to the nearest integer?
71
What is the eighth root of 138658322 to the nearest integer?
10
What is the cube root of 4851794214 to the nearest integer?
1693
What is 476718457 to the power of 1/3, to the nearest integer?
781
What is 11898489 to the power of 1/10, to the nearest integer?
5
What is the fifth root of 3327483 to the nearest integer?
20
What is 95006853 to the power of 1/3, to the nearest integer?
456
What is the square root of 365569527 to the nearest integer?
19120
What is the sixth root of 3654960581 to the nearest integer?
39
What is 237411984 to the power of 1/8, to the nearest integer?
11
What is the sixth root of 4385823592 to the nearest integer?
40
What is the square root of 567397233 to the nearest integer?
23820
What is 97701736 to the power of 1/7, to
|
{
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
}
|
The present embodiments relate to the operation of a hardware accelerator. More specifically, the embodiments relate to hardware accelerator memory address translation fault resolution.
Hardware accelerators are often included in processor-based systems such as computer systems to perform specific operations efficiently in hardware rather than in software. Traditionally, a hardware accelerator performs complex parallel transformations on input data, which can enhance performance of a computer based system. Additionally, in some cases, the hardware acceleration can be more power-efficient than performing the same tasks in software. Power efficiency can be even greater if the hardware accelerators are incorporated on the same semiconductor substrate (“on-chip”) as the processors. Particularly, integrating hardware accelerators onto multi-core chips such as chip multiprocessors and/or chip multithreaded processors can be efficient, because the accelerator can be shared among the cores/threads.
Typically, a privileged layer of software in the computer system manages access to the hardware accelerator. The access management enables the hardware to be shared in a distributed manner so that various threads/cores have the opportunity to take advantage of the hardware accelerator. Additionally, the access management enables the hardware accelerator to be shared in a secure manner (e.g. preventing one thread/core from disrupting, and/or corrupting, the operation issued by another thread/core to the hardware accelerator).
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Monthly Archives: July 2012
Today finds me grieving for a friend. Friend on the blogs Roguetek sent news of his wife’s passing. Peonysong was a jewel. She was a sweet, thoughtful and giving person that NEVER took crap from anyone. She had a will of iron and the strength of whipcord, and never let anyone forget it. Her wish was to live her last days in Texas, and Roguetek made it come true.
I pray for strength and comfort for Roguetek and Peonysong’s family. I know she is now in God’s loving arms, free from pain, and now watching over him, for the job of a wife to take care of her other half never ends. And tonight before my prayers, I will have a “talk” with her, remembering the day we spent together while doing laundry 🙂
I was reading my List of Things To Do Before I Die™, remembering why I had placed certain activities, places, and things on it, when I came across this one:
#53– El Hierro, Islas Canarias
I still have relatives that live in the Canary Islands (which are not named for the bird, by the way). El Hierro, also known as Ferro, is the westernmost island of the group, and for a time was considered the westernmost point of the known world, as well as being the prime meridian.
El Hierro has no beaches, only rocky shores. That’s the main gulf of the island above. As I read my list, I tried to think of why on Earth I wanted to go there. It’s stark and sparse in population, and remote from the other islands.
And that’s the reason I wanted to go. To stand there, facing the ocean alone and unafraid, looking at what ancestors considered the end of the world would be humbling to my soul, and inspiring to my spirit. Sure, I would love to see beautiful places in the world. Who doesn’t?? But to be there, on the edge of the world, facing a setting Sun…that would be a thrill of a lifetime 🙂
Hm…where was I…?? Oh, right! The two hour tribute to the National Health Service.
I had to break it off there, because truly it took a very large portion of the program. I must give kudos to Danny Boyle for starting this tribute to the government by tying it in with J.M. Barrie’s bighearted contribution of his work, Peter Pan, to the Great Ormond Street Hospital. It was a very smooth transition. And after all of the hospital beds lighting up, and kids jumping on the trampoline “beds”, and nurses and staff dancing around (and they were great at it, which begs the question: do they have a second job to supplement their income from the NHS??), J.K. Rowling showed up to recite something I assume she wrote, since I can’t find any information on it, and suddenly, figures from every kid’s worst nightmare show up!!
The Red Queen, Cruella De Vil, Captain Hook, and VOLDEMORT!!! And he was HUGE. But not to worry, because an army of Marys Poppins arrived floating down in umbrellas to vanquish the nightmares.
Like Mary Poppins could take on Voldemort… Sheesh…
Moving away from the NHS lovefest, we find esteemed comedian and British icon Rowan Atkinson in his role of Mr. Bean, playing the theme from Chariots of Fire with the London Symphony Orchestra, texting on his phone, playing his chord with an umbrella as he reaches for a tissue in his backpack, so he can blow his nose, and toss the offending tissue to the pianist. Classic Bean, right?? But his chord is rather boring, so he begins to daydream that he is running with the runners on the beach, falling behind, hailing a taxi to take him to the front of the line, and crossing first at the finish line after he trips the guy in the lead. I have to admit, I was in tears from laughing so hard.
And after such a great skit, it goes to Hades again. A convoluted tribute to music spanning decades from the 60’s to today. Apparently, there was no music in the UK until the Beatles. It was full of black lighting, peace signs, and then a clubbing scene where a girl loses her phone, but a guy finds it and texts her he has it, and she texts back, but I have no idea how she can do that unless she also was carrying an iPod, but why would you carry an iPod to a dance club?? And this texting and cell phone and emailing debacle is a tie-in to Sir Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the internet. Finally the texting and cell phones make sense. But the choice of a rapper to finish leaves more than a few people speechless.
And then the athletes begin to file out. Greece is first, as is custom, and then alphabetically with the host country going last.
Some of the countries chose well in the uniform department. Among them were American Samoa, Fiji, Australia, and China. Some chose poorly. Among them Germany (pink and baby blue track suits??), Czech Republic (rain boots and shorts??), USA (we looked French), and sadly, Great Britain (gold accents on white track suits??). After they file out, there are more musical acts, complete with cyclists sporting glowing wings. They looked a bit like the Flying Monkeys, which was creepy, in my opinion.
The head honchos give their speeches, and they cut away to David Beckham “driving” the speedboat carrying the torch. Nice touch with Beck. He passes the torch to five-time Olympic gold medalist Steve Redgrave, who brings it in to the stadium. Traditionally, a former Olympian of the host country lights the torch. But not this time. A group of seven young athletes hand-picked by former British Olympians for their prowess and promise run with the torch, and then come back to the Olympians to have six additional torches lit, which they in turn use to light the petals of the cauldron, arranged in a circle, which then rise to make the torch:
The mechanics of it and vision were spectacular, but the cauldron is supposed to be seen from ALL points of the Olympic Village, not just in the stadium, so to me it’s a bit underdone and disappointing. But it is very lovely, nonetheless.
After the lighting, Sir Paul McCartney comes out to close the ceremony with “Hey, Jude”, bringing down the house. I guess because he’s a Beatle. Personally, I think Sir Elton John would have done a better show. A duet with the two of them would have been spectacular! All in all, it was everything Britain liked, which I suppose that’s the point of the whole ceremony: to introduce to the world the host country.
At least, my droning over it is over. At least for the next four years 😉
The Olympic Opening Ceremony was yesterday, and I was very, very careful to not peek during the day, since it was going to be preempted here. Before the opening, there was an introduction, nicely narrated, beginning at the source of the Thames and encompassing the beautiful English countryside as it followed the river to London. As the narration began, they showed sketches of famous British icons: William Shakespeare, Jane Austen, Charles Darwin, and then John Lennon and Paul McCartney. It was as if there had been NOTHING of import composed or written or discovered in England between Darwin and Lennon. But I let it slide, since most young people here wouldn’t know if there had been, anyway. One thing that struck me as odd was how the narration talked about different nationalities competing, like the Chinese, and even the Massai, but lumped all Latinos. Huh…
The ceremonies opened as my British blogger friend Katipede informed: with a reproduction of a British pastoral scene, complete with livestock and working well and everything!! I had scoffed at it, but it truly was amazingly done. And ZOMG!!! Kenneth Branagh, who is awesomeness, recites from The Tempest!!!
Then as if by magic it began to transform into an industrial scene, and that was beautifully done. Smokestacks rising from the earth and men (and women, too) working in a factory setting, Branagh and Co. watching the transformation, with hundreds of drummers instead of 84 pianos to mark the transition, culminating in the forging of the Olympic Rings suspended above the field. It was masterful from a technological perspective. As the industrial revolution took root, there was then a pause for the War to End All Wars. Now, I’m all for a moment of silence, and was advocating for one specifically in memory of the Israeli athletes murdered at the Munich Olympics in 1972, forty years ago. But the IOC said that would be too political. However, the IOC did allow for a moment of silence for those who had died in the World Wars, as well as for the victims of the 7/7 attacks.
I assume those aren’t political in any way. Yes, I am a bit bitter, why do you ask?? But I had to remind myself that A) the director of this shindig happens to be a left-leaning socialist, and 2) the IOC is not exactly …. unbiased towards certain nation-states. And that’s where I will leave it!
Then it went to Hades.
People began filling the area dressed as members of Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band, and other sundry Beatles films and song references, along with Chelsea Trumpeters and carnival goers, suffragettes, and dark figures representing the wounded. In a sweet tongue-in-cheek moment, Daniel Craig as James Bond escorts Queen Elizabeth II to the games, only to parachute into the stadium. Like that would happen! But she was a good sport, and did a great job for her first acting gig. That was the only redeeming part of this section. Because Danny Boyle decided to make the National Health Service the centerpiece of his tribute.
I am not putting down the NHS. They do have their problems, true. But my problem with this is that Great Britain, the United Kingdom as a whole, has contributed far more to the world than just universal healthcare. In fact, they didn’t contribute universal healthcare at all, since it is their system, not everyone else’s. And this is the OLYMPICS, where ALL countries come together to put aside their political differences and rejoice in the human spirit. Music, literature, medicine, law…there is no end to what they have contributed to the world. But the tribute to the NHS seemed like a discreet push to the government. It was tacky and overdone, and if the NHS is so strapped, why did they use actual nurses and staff to dance around?? GAH!!!
Anyway, stay tuned tomorrow for Part 2. There was so much to cover, I have to break it down in two posts. Trust me 😉
There was a time when we would make plans to party hard and stay up until dawn, but that was in our youth…in our youth… Sigh…
Ok, truthfully, the only time I stayed up until dawn was when I gave birth to Eldest. I was never one for partying or clubbing much. In fact, most Fridays I recall sitting in front of the TV to watch Remington Steele in my high school years, and whatever Sci Fi (I refuse to use the new spelling) had on in my later years. But the one thing I look forward to on Fridays is Hubby being home and relaxing.
It’s nice to just sit and enjoy each other’s company. Until one kid yells at him that the new level has been reached and he runs to give guidance in navigating through some dungeon. Then it’s just nice to hear the “Wait, wait!! Go that way!!”, smiling at the intense look on their faces. At least until they go down the wrong passage and are accosted by evil lurking things and consequently get killed before saving the game.
Yep, it’s one of those days. A day when I can’t think of anything to write.
I’ve been having a lot of those lately.
It’s a lot harder to write when you avoid politics, religion, and *ahem* ….
Sex.
I can’t even type that without blushing. Sigh… Anyway, finding fluff to write is hard, especially when I live such a boring life, placed myself on a financial diet, and been having sadness issues. No, I don’t think I am suffering from depression. If I were, the WORLD would know it. I would make sure of THAT!! A blog is a personal journal of observations, but one that should never be used to vent a spleen. There are plenty of things that have upset me, but none belong here or on a social site. Stuff like that should be kept private, in my modest opinion. Except when they decide to air dirty laundry, dragging your name in the fray because Aunt Bunny said you were her favorite and Guido gets mad at her and calls her names, telling the world Aunt Bunny shaves with a straight edge and that I’m only her favorite because I have her mustache*. Then it’s ok to throw down because bullies will NOT be tolerated!!
Where was I? Oh, right… lack of content. Tomorrow I will have a nice post up. I figured by then my imaginary friends will be talking to me again 😉
As is my habit, I was on the social-site-with-faces when I noticed one of my friends discussing a certain leader of the free world whining about something. I won’t go into the politics of the post, since y’all know me well enough to know how I feel about it. But he said something that struck me as rather odd.
He fights like a girl.
I know this is supposed to be an insult to men. But the reality is that it’s a cruel lie.
We are vicious. We are cruel. And we fight dirty.
Never, ever think that fighting like a girl is an insult. It isn’t. If someone says that, consider it a warning that either A) the person fighting is vicious, or 2) the person saying it doesn’t know women very well.
This weekend we had Nomstress and her hubby Nightflyer as our guests. As usual, we had a lot of fun enjoying the company and laughing about people we know. Mostly my relatives. Anyway, Hubby was scrolling through the movies available On Demand™, when he spied one of our favorite BS meter movies: The Core.
And then he decided to make it a drinking game.
Since I had seen the movie before, I knew I would have been sloshed by the first fifteen minutes, so I passed on it and remained sober. Needless to say, the results were epic. I must admit I relished being the sober one, because it left me free to poke fun at the others. I felt the power, and it was GOOD!!!
Well, it’s Sunday. We have a houseful of guests, so I suggested to hubby to go get DOUGHNUTS!!
We were triumphant in our endeavors. We returned with many delectable varieties for the masses, including this one for moi:
Raspberry-filled glazed deliciousness. You are drooling, I can tell. But Life has a way of making fun of me when I least expect it. You see, this post was originally going to regale you with the sweet nothings of the aforementioned doughnut. But alas, it is not to be. As I got up to get more coffee, my big dog Lenny took the opportunity to help herself to my slice of heavenly sinful sugary goodness!!!
That. Broke. My. Heart.
So, I shall make do with a kolache. And an additional cup of coffee to quell the desire to yell at my dog for taking the one joy I looked forward to today. But not to worry. I’m sure the Moscato will be flowing this afternoon 🙂
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
bigger: b or n?
n
Let i = -843 + 561. Let h = -71941 - -71940.9. Is h < i?
False
Let c be (12/20)/(27/(-90)*-9). Is c bigger than 0.588?
False
Let s(q) = -8*q**2 + 2*q + 4. Let m be s(-4). Let a = -50645 - -50513. Is m at most a?
True
Let o = -18087 - -53420/3. Let t be 46624/(-165) + (-9)/(-15). Let z = t - o. Which is smaller: z or 1/3?
z
Let w(g) = -3*g - 9. Let b be w(-3). Suppose 3*o = 4*t + 6 + 2, b = -5*o - 4*t - 8. Let x(h) = -2*h**2 - 4*h - 2. Let j be x(-2). Is j >= o?
False
Suppose 26*o + 34747 = -33058 + 2753. Which is greater: -2501 or o?
-2501
Let a = -6688 - -8365. Is a at most 1677?
True
Let y(x) = -x**3 - x**2 + 3*x + 2. Let q be y(-1). Let z be 140/48 + -3 - q. Is z > 1?
False
Let b = -805 - -23339/29. Let h = -99.5 + 99.5. Is b greater than h?
False
Let j = 1834 + -1822. Which is greater: j or 272/25?
j
Let n(b) = 2*b**3 + 4*b**2 - 5*b - 6. Let t be n(4). Suppose -4*u = 215 - 879. Is u at most as big as t?
True
Suppose 0 = -10*g + 22*g - 3672. Suppose g*k - 313*k = -665. Which is greater: 284/3 or k?
k
Let u = -8/855 + 9421/1710. Is -26/3 less than or equal to u?
True
Let c = 4.85 + 18.15. Are -194/7 and c non-equal?
True
Suppose -11*l + 14 = -52, 5*l - 30 = -2*a. Is 58/359 at most as big as a?
False
Suppose 0 = -2*f + 10, -4202*j - 155 = -4204*j + f. Let h be (-157)/(-2) + 3/6. Which is bigger: h or j?
j
Suppose -2*h = 16 - 12. Let s be (1 + -36)*(-1)/h. Let x = 249/14 + s. Which is smaller: 0 or x?
0
Let i be (-293800)/60*26/65. Is -1959 > i?
False
Let v(d) = -9*d - 96. Let s(x) = -x**2 + 38*x - 29. Let y be s(37). Let t be v(y). Is t >= -169?
True
Let w(j) = -j - 1. Let f be w(14). Let o = -8 - f. Suppose l + g + o = -l, -1 = 2*l - 5*g. Which is smaller: -22/9 or l?
l
Let s = 0.19 + -1.19. Let g = 2257 + -2261. Which is smaller: g or s?
g
Suppose 2*c = -4, 0*s - 5*c + 42 = 4*s. Let i(p) = 5*p - 7. Let j(q) = -7*q + 7. Let b(t) = 4*i(t) + 3*j(t). Let x be b(s). Is -19 > x?
True
Let x = -55 + 60. Suppose -26 = -x*l - 11. Let j be l - (-4 + 321/33). Which is smaller: j or -2?
j
Suppose -3*m + 49 - 58 = 0. Let t be (m/(-399))/(2/6). Which is bigger: t or 0?
t
Suppose -1 = 5*v - 21. Suppose -v*t + 13 = -3*t. Let y = -482 + 492. Is y less than or equal to t?
True
Let n = 316 - 324. Let d be ((-2 - n) + 1)*(-20)/(-7). Which is smaller: d or 3?
3
Suppose 307*n - 302*n = 150. Suppose 5*z - 92 = -4*f, 5*f + n = -8*z + 9*z. Is z != 26?
True
Let f = 9/77 + -4/7. Let k be (-8)/(-3)*(-45)/(-10). Suppose -3*y - k = -y - 2*g, 5*y = 3*g - 20. Is y smaller than f?
True
Let m be 1/(0 + 35*1). Let c = 290100 + -290100. Is m bigger than c?
True
Let s = -163.72 + 0.72. Let w = s - -206. Which is greater: 1/3 or w?
w
Let j = -25 + 16. Let f = -9.0064 - 0.0936. Let q = f - j. Does q = 11?
False
Suppose -4*a - 485 = -557. Let l be (-15)/a*(-18)/495. Is l < 0?
False
Let m = 14025.73 + -14024. Which is greater: -41 or m?
m
Suppose -3*r + o - 13 = 0, r - 2*r = -4*o - 14. Let k be r*3 - (1 - -1). Let w = -19 - k. Is w at least as big as 2/65?
True
Let m = 37 - 31. Let d = 8 - m. Suppose -k = -2*h - 1, -k - d*k - 18 = h. Is -5 bigger than h?
False
Suppose 3*o = -2*c + 291 - 302, 2*c = -2*o - 10. Are 1/2751 and o equal?
False
Suppose -2 = 2*u - u. Let s be ((-56)/(-70) + 814/(-680))/(882/(-112) - -8). Do s and u have different values?
True
Suppose -6*i - 236 = 1354. Let p = i + 278. Let c be ((-8)/(-6) + -2)*3. Does c = p?
False
Let f be -3*(1 - (-159)/(-162)). Let l be 5 + -3 + 4 + 2. Suppose -y = -4*t + 19, l + 15 = -2*y + 5*t. Which is smaller: y or f?
f
Let t = 2837 + -2838. Which is smaller: t or -2/54015?
t
Suppose t + 3 - 6 = 0. Suppose -t*a = -88 - 161. Which is smaller: a or -3?
-3
Suppose 13489 + 571 = 95*w. Is 154 bigger than w?
True
Suppose 129*p + 30015 - 10359 = 507*p. Which is smaller: 458/9 or p?
458/9
Suppose -2*v - 20 = -6*v. Suppose -v*r = -2*p - r + 28, 4*p = -4*r + 8. Suppose 27 - 3 = p*n. Is 6 at most n?
False
Suppose -17*w = -716 + 2. Let u(q) = q**3 + 2*q**2 - 3*q + 4. Let s be u(3). Is w at most as big as s?
False
Let y = -2048 + 2011.56. Let h = -36 - y. Let i = -0.24 + h. Which is smaller: -5 or i?
-5
Let l = 336 - -2455. Which is smaller: l or 2793?
l
Let x be (-18 - -19)*(1*20)/(-1). Let k(w) = -3*w**2 - 26*w + 48. Let c be k(x). Is c equal to -631?
False
Suppose 20*f = -7053 + 893. Is f greater than -1537/5?
False
Let v = -98 - -39. Let p = -449957 + 449956. Is p at least as big as v?
True
Let q(l) = 4*l**2 - l. Suppose z + 5*p = 5*z - 21, -3*z - 23 = 4*p. Let m be q(z). Suppose 5*r = m*h + 15, -h = -2*r + 4 - 0. Which is smaller: -6 or r?
-6
Let x = -214964/225 - -8600/9. Is 4/49 > x?
False
Let h be 161/138 - (-5178830)/(-1524). Suppose -5*w + 10191 = -8*w. Let s = w - h. Does 1 = s?
False
Let g be (-39 - -37) + (1 - (-1 - -1)). Let k be (0 - g*4) + 33/11. Which is smaller: 15 or k?
k
Let q be ((-90)/4)/(-3)*1040/(-650). Let b be (-9)/6*(-2936)/q. Is b greater than -367?
False
Let j be (6660/(-80))/(9/24). Which is smaller: -221 or j?
j
Suppose 4*x + 498*t - 497*t = 8294, -2*x - t + 4148 = 0. Is 2073 < x?
False
Let g = 2/121363 - -8495192/13228567. Which is bigger: 1 or g?
1
Let d = 6114821825/57 + -107274648. Let s = 2928 - d. Which is smaller: s or -1?
-1
Let b = -1817 - -1787.84. Let m = 29.6 + b. Which is bigger: m or -0.1?
m
Suppose -5*c - 5*u + 1725 = 0, 2*c - 14*u - 692 = -18*u. Let h = -355 + c. Which is bigger: h or -15?
h
Suppose -659*w = -370 - 289. Let a = 159093/211 + -754. Is a at most as big as w?
True
Let c(j) = 2*j**2 + 7*j - 4. Let a be c(1). Suppose 7*g = 2*l + a*g - 4, -5*l - 4*g - 17 = 0. Which is smaller: l or -16/35?
l
Suppose 2*t = -3*x + 156, 7*t - 6*t - 81 = -3*x. Which is greater: 82 or t?
82
Let n be 5 + -1 + -1 + (21 - 23). Let s be 1/(-3) + 152/150. Let p = 1137/1525 - s. Does p = n?
False
Suppose -5*s + 26 = 2*d, 0 = -4*d + d - 2*s + 17. Suppose 2*v = 4*j + 150 + 54, d*v = -5*j + 273. Is v less than or equal to 93?
False
Suppose k + 2208 = -5*r, -2*r - 496 - 378 = 5*k. Let b be (-1287)/r + -4 + 1. Let y be 10/35 - 26/91. Which is smaller: b or y?
b
Let b be -92*(-6)/48*-10. Let i = b - -114. Do -2.4 and i have different values?
True
Let k be (72/21)/(1/(-105)). Let u be 30/(-3) + 117/(9*18/(-486)). Is u < k?
True
Let s = 12310 - 3796. Are s and 8516 nonequal?
True
Let j = 12.0018 - 0.0018. Let r = 1.1 - -0.1. Let s = 0.8 + r. Is s at most as big as j?
True
Let r = -321 + 322. Let b be (2/(-1326))/((-4)/24)*r. Which is bigger: 1 or b?
1
Let t be (-647)/(-133) + (-37 - -42)*(-2 - -1). Is t equal to 1?
False
Let d = -10508 + 10507. Which is bigger: 6/761 or d?
6/761
Let i be (-9)/1 - (-109 - 764). Is 862 <= i?
True
Let y(l) = 15*l + 57. Let t be y(11). Suppose 0 = -412*s + 418*s - t. Which is bigger: 33 or s?
s
Suppose -25 = 5*n, 5*p - 4023 = 4*n - 1373. Which is greater: p or 524?
p
Suppose -2*g = 4*c - 4, -16 = -4*g + 7*g - 5*c. Let l be (g + 14)*(-26)/78. Is -50/17 > l?
True
Suppose 6*y - 191 = -161, -5*o + 4*y - 18275 = 0. Is o less than or equal to -3653?
False
Let h = -60 - -75. Let m be (h/(-6) + 2)*(0 - -18). Let a be 1*m/((-45)/(-40)). Which is smaller: a or -10?
-10
Let q be 7 + ((-50)/(-900) - (-3562)/(-504)). Let f = 4 + 6. Suppose -t = k - 2 + 4, f = 4*t - 2*k. Is t bigger than q?
True
Suppose -5*f - 62*x + 65*x = 6, 0 = -f + 5*x - 10. Which is bigger: f or 1/4988?
1/4988
Let v(g) = 4*g - 12. Let b be v(10). Let t(p) = 15*p**2 - 5 - 3 - 14*p**2 + 2*p. Let c be t(-7). Which is smaller: c or b?
c
Let k(c) = 58*c**2 - 350*c + 12. Let m be k(6). Which is greater: 30/347 or m?
30/347
Let i be ((-1)/(-4) + 4/(-16))*(-8)/(-40). Let d = -93774/155 + 605. Which is greater: d or i?
d
Let g = -40748/247 - -6192/19. Which is smaller: 162 or g?
g
Let i be ((-20)/(-80))/((-2)/16)*9/32. Which is greater: i or -1.9?
i
Suppose 1666 = 242*b - 28. Let p be (-256)/20 - 1/5. Are b and p equal?
False
Let t(n) = 3*n**3 + 34*n**2 + 8*n - 9. Let j be t(-10). Which is smaller: 4 or j?
4
Let z = -92101/16 - -5756. Suppose -t - 3 = -5. Suppose -t*u = 2*u. Which is greater: z or u?
u
Let i = 2482/33 + -828/11. Is 0 at least as big as i?
True
Suppose 0 = 223*t - 151*t - 133*t - 1891. Does -425/14 = t?
False
Let y = 588 - 586. Suppose -3*u = g + 3 - 5, 5*g + 16 = -y*u. Is u smaller than 40?
True
Suppose -3*
|
{
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
}
|
Q:
How to sort an Array of Tuples?
How do you implement (or create) an array sort of a list of tuples?
The following was gleaned from my code. Essentially I created an array of tuples
and populated it via for loop; after which I tried to sort it.
var myStringArray: (String,Int)[]? = nil
...
myStringArray += (kind,number)
...
myStringArray.sort{$0 > $1}
This is what Xcode gave me before I could build:
test.swift:57:9: '(String, Int)[]?' does not have a member named
'sort'
A:
You have two problems. First, myStringArray is an Optional, you must "unwrap" it before you can call methods on it. Second, there is no > operator for tuples, you must do the comparison yourself
if let myStringArray = myStringArray {
myStringArray.sort { $0.0 == $1.0 ? $0.1 > $1.1 : $0.0 > $1.0 }
}
A:
Actually, what I was looking for, is the tuple with the largest integer value:
var myStringArray: (String,Int)[]? = nil
...
println("myStringArray: \(myStringArray)\n")
myStringArray!.sort {$0.1 > $1.1}
println("myStringArray: \(myStringArray)\n")
...
Original:
myStringArray: [(One, 1), (Square, 1), (Square, 4), (Square, 9),
(Square, 16), (Square, 25), (Prime, 2), (Prime, 3), (Prime, 5),
(Prime, 7), (Prime, 11), (Prime, 13), (Fibonacci, 1), (Fibonacci, 1),
(Fibonacci, 2), (Fibonacci, 3), (Fibonacci, 5), (Fibonacci, 8)]
Sorted:
myStringArray: [(Square, 25), (Square, 16), (Prime, 13), (Prime, 11),
(Square, 9), (Fibonacci, 8), (Prime, 7), (Prime, 5), (Fibonacci, 5),
(Square, 4), (Prime, 3), (Fibonacci, 3), (Prime, 2), (Fibonacci, 2),
(One, 1), (Square, 1), (Fibonacci, 1), (Fibonacci, 1)]
...so it's the "square" having the largest integer: 25.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Social
On September 23, Professor Jason Read presented a talk titled "The Social Individual: Collectivity and Individuality in Capitalism (and Marx)" at Utah Valley State University as part of the school's Ethics Awareness Week. Watch a video of the lecture below.
While Read is on sabattical this fall, he returns next semester to teach two courses. You can read more about spring philosophy courses by following this link.
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新型コロナウイルスによる肺炎が広がり、観光業界が三重苦に直面している。日韓関係の悪化で日本を訪れる韓国人が大幅に減少している上、新型肺炎の影響で足元は中国人客も減っている。感染を防ぐため、日本人の間で遠出を控える動きも出ており、国内、海外旅行とも痛手を被っている。
新型肺炎、春闘にも影響 集会中止、業績も圧迫
毎年多くの観光客が押し寄せる札幌市の「さっぽろ雪まつり」。実行委員会によると、１１日まで開かれた今年の来場者は約２０２万人で、前年から約７０万人も減少した。中国から訪れる団体客が大幅に減り、航空便の運休・減便が続く韓国人客も少なかった。
清水寺に近く、沿道に土産物店などが並ぶ京都・東山の産寧坂。これまでは平日も観光客で混み合っていたが、最近はめっきり減った。漬物店の女性従業員は「（訪日客が少なかった）１０年前に戻ったようだ」とため息をつく。大阪市のたこ焼き店の男性店主は「中国人客は半分になった。日本人も減っている」と窮状を訴える。
日本人の観光にも影響が及び始めている。旅行大手によると、中国ツアーの中止に追い込まれただけでなく、東南アジア向けなどでもキャンセルが増加。大学生の海外旅行をめぐっては、新型肺炎を懸念し、行き先をアジアから欧州に変更する動きが目立つという。
日本国内でも、人が集まる観光地などを訪れる旅行はキャンセルが出ている。ＪＴＢは「春の大型連休の予約申し込みも鈍い。新型肺炎の影響がどこまで続くのか様子見している客が多いようだ」と指摘し、影響が長引くことを懸念している。
|
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|
A completely innocent man was shot, tasered, brutally beaten, and had stun grenades thrown at him by vicious and incompetent SWAT officers. Then, those same officers tried to cover up their mistake by charging the victim, Chad Chadwick, with six criminal offenses including felony assault on a police officer. That’s when SWAT officers shot Chadwick at point blank range with a taser in the back of his head. “They claimed I drew down with a shampoo bottle and a body wash bottle,” said Chadwick.
|
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This invention relates to an improved transducer for use in a vibratory viscometer; which transducer is particularly useful for, but not limited to, the inline detection under flow conditions of viscous and elastic properties of fluids being processed.
Vibratory viscometers are well known in the art and generally employ a transducer which has an immersible portion which is vibrated with a small amplitude. Fluid viscosity/density/viscoelasticity can be determined from the frequency and/or amplitude changes in the vibration and/or the power required to sustain the vibration when the immersible portion of the transducer is immersed in a fluid.
Such transducers generally comprise (i) an immersible tip, (ii) an electromagnetic drive and (iii) an electromagnetic or piezoelectric pickup. Transducers of this type are described by J. G. Woodward in "Vibrating Plate Viscometers", Electronics, February 1952; and by J. D. Ferry in "Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers", published by John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1970.
Prior Oscillatory Viscometers
The oscillatory viscometers described below exemplify the prior art, and have transducers which interact with the fluid being measured by "surface loading" of an oscillating portion of the transducer; said term having been used J. D. Ferry in his aforementioned publication.
The oscillating surface generates shear waves in the liquid or other fluid. Viscoelasticity is measured in terms of the characteristic impedance of the liquid.
In the vibrating plate viscometer described in the aforementioned publication of J. G. Woodward, the moving end of a vibrating reed supports a plate which detects viscous resistance of the fluid in which it is immersed. The reed is driven electromagnetically and the oscillations are picked up by a barium titanate piezoelectric block. The reed is clamped at one end, exposing the driver and pickup to fluid vapors. The viscometer measurements are confined to viscous loss determined from the decrease in amplitude of oscillation observed when the plate is immersed. The plate vibrates in a direction essentially perpendicular to its major surfaces.
A. Konno, S. Malsino and M. Kameko, in Japan Journal of Applied Physics 189 (1968), reported their measurements of storage modulus and viscous loss by oscillating an immersed very thin microscope slide at 100 Hz. This apparatus, driven by a moving coil, is reported as strictly a research instrument. The internal workings of the transducer were exposed to fluid vapors.
A viscometer known as Le Viscosimetre "Pivert" is sold by the Societe Francis de Service, 8 rue Nobel Zl, 45700 Villemander, France. The sensor tip of this viscometer (also called "Sofraser") is a U-shaped stainless steel needle. One leg of the U-shaped needle is mechanically driven sinusoidally at 125 Hz., which is near the mechanical resonance frequency of the transducer. Both legs of the needle are clamped at nodal points. Frequencies are measured at both legs. The phase difference between the frequencies is transformed into a voltage or current related to the viscosity of the liquid in contact with the needle. The manufacturer states that installation conditions can decrease accuracy and therefore should be carefully checked to be sure of optimum accuracy. The range of viscosity measurement is 0.5 to 15,000 mPa.s (cPs). The environmental limits of utilization are 200.degree. C. and pressure to 100 bars.
The Dynatrol Viscosity Detector is sold by Automation Products, Inc., 3030 Max Roy, Houston, Tex. 77008. Although this instrument does not employ a blade sensor, it does employ welding at the node point of a resonating system in order to isolate the oscillating probe from the driver and pickup. Viscosity-density product is detected by an immersed 5 inch long stainless steel probe. The probe is made from a stainless steel rod and bent very much like a hairpin. Both ends of the rod are welded at nodal points to a supporting plug. One end of the probe penetrates into the housing where it is electromagnetically driven to resonate in flexure at 120 Hz. The other end of the probe also penetrates through the plug into the housing where there is an electromagnetic pickup coil. The decrease in amplitude of vibration of the immersed probe due to interaction with the fluid is electronically converted to viscosity-density product.
The Labor-Viskosimeter QV35 is marketed by Bopp & Reuther GmbH, Car-Reuther-Strasse 1, Postfach 310140, D-6800 Mannheim 31, West Germany. This instrument uses an oscillating transducer to measure viscosities of laboratory samples of liquids by means of a quartz crystal sensor oscillating in torsion at 55 KHz. The damping effect of the fluid being measured on the amplitude of oscillation is converted into viscosity. The temperature range of this instrument is limited to -50.degree. to 150.degree. C.
The Model 1800 Viscometer sold by Combustion Engineering, Inc., P.O. Box 831, Lewisburg, W.Va. 24901 utilizes an oscillating sensor blade. Short pulses of current are applied to the top of the blade, which is composed of a magnetostrictive alloy. The blade protrudes through a metal diaphragm. Each pulse causes the blade to vibrate at its natural frequency of 28 KHz. When the amplitude of vibration of the immersed blade has fallen to a preset value that relates to the viscosity of the liquid, another pulse is automatically applied. The change in pulse rate is proportional to the square root of viscosity-density product. The range of viscosities measured is from 0 to 5,000 centipoise x grams/cm..sup.2 in ranges of 0-50, 0-500, and 0-5000. This viscometer was produced for many years by Bendix Corporation, and was first described as the Ultra-Viscoson by W. Roth and S. R. Rich in Jr. Applied Phy. 24 940-950, July 1953. The Bendix Ultra-Viscoson is described on page 308 of Viscosity and Flow Measurement by S. R. VanWaser, S. W. Lyons, K. Y. Kim and R. E. Cowell, Interscience Publishers, New York, 1963. Shortcomings included very high frequency of measurement, fragility of very thin strip (blade), lack of sensitivity at very low viscosities, need to flick the strap from time to time to relieve strains in the magnetostrictive alloy; and since strips were easily bent, replacement blades needed to be available.
Hermetic sealing between driver and pickup is a feature of the "Vibrating Sphere" and "Viscoliner" oscillating viscometers of Nametre Company, 101 Forrest St., Metuchen, N.J. 08840, the assignee of the present application. However, the spherical and cylindrical sensors are somewhat obstructive to flowing fluids, particularly slurries. In order to reduce the obstruction to flow, the diameter of the pipe in which the fluid flows needs to be increased so as to satisfactorily accept the oscillating sensor. Since the mode of oscillation has two degrees of freedom, care must be taken to chose between in-phase and out-of-phase torsional motion. Further, the oscillating surface generates diverging shear waves that may be so long in wavelength that they are not conveniently reflected for accurate measurement of highly viscoelastic fluids.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,729,237 describes a tuning fork transducer, each of the two arms of the fork having welded to it a blade that is oscillated in the liquid. It is claimed that one blade on one arm of the tuning fork gave less accurate viscosity measurements than having blades on each arm. This viscometer is a laboratory instrument. The specification describes vertical motion of a sample container to immerse the two blades in the liquid.
Objects of the Present Invention
For a long time there has been great need for small inline blade sensors that do not impede flow and that are intrinsically separated from the fluid being measured. Examples of these needs include transport of mineral slurries such as powdered coal and powdered lime where particle concentration must be controlled. The consistency of food fluids such as ice cream, coffee and bread dough needs to be monitored and controlled by means of reliable rugged viscosity sensors. Better control of viscoelastic properties of polymer fluids can be achieved by employing suitable sensors. Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide an inline blade sensor for a vibratory viscometer that impedes fluid flow to a substantially lesser extent than prior art sensors. Another object of the invention is to provide such a sensor in a configuration that facilitates isolation of the drive and pickup portions of the transducer from the fluid.
Other objects of the invention are to provide transducer-sensor devices that are relatively small, are rugged, easily inserted into industrial process pipes and equipment; that operate over a broad range of viscosities under hot and cold conditions and at high pressures; that can be speedily installed and quickly operated in remote and dangerous locations; that are dependable over long stretches of time; that can be easily removed, cleaned and reinstalled; that are capable of providing viscous loss and/or transducer sensor frequency signals for conversion into loss modulus and storage modulus values; that are capable of being vibrated over ranges of frequencies as well as at mechanical resonance; and that are adaptable for use in very viscous and very elastic liquids.
|
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Tryptophan metabolism in pregnant sheep: increased fetal kynurenine production in response to maternal tryptophan loading.
The effects of a tryptophan load on the plasma concentration of kynurenine, the precursor for the production in the brain of the neuroactive products kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid, were determined in pregnant sheep at midgestation and late gestation and in nonpregnant sheep. Pregnant ewes were given an intravenous infusion of 100 mg/kg L-tryptophan during 2 hours at 95 to 98 days' gestation (n = 4) or 135 to 138 days' gestation (n = 10). Nonpregnant ewes (n = 6) were studied in late estrus. Arterial blood samples taken from 2 hours before to 48 hours after the start of the infusion were used for analysis of plasma tryptophan, kynurenine, and cortisol concentrations. Tryptophan loading at both gestational ages resulted in significantly greater increases in kynurenine concentrations in fetal plasma (at 95-98 days' gestation, from 5.7 +/- 1.2 micromol/L [baseline] to 247.9 +/- 86.7 micromol/L (peak); at 135-138 days' gestation, from 9.0 +/- 2.3 micromol/L [baseline] to 289.0 +/- 194.0 micromol/L [peak]) than in maternal plasma [at 95-98 days' gestation, from 4.6 +/- 0.8 micromol/L [baseline] to 118.0 +/- 79.7 micromol/L [peak]; at 135-138 days' gestation, from 4.8 +/- 2.9 micromol/L [baseline] to 98.3 +/- 67.8 micromol/L [peak]). It took longer for kynurenine concentrations to return to basal values in the fetus (24-30 hours) than in the ewe (8-12 hours). The kynurenine responses in pregnant and nonpregnant ewes were not different from each other. The production of kynurenine from tryptophan is significantly greater in the fetal lamb than in the pregnant or nonpregnant adult ewe.
|
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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|
Q:
Angular 2 how to make auth guard work with observable
I'm trying to implement an auth guard to one of my routes but I can't get it to work since I'm not sure how to do it with an observable.
I use ngrx/store to store my token and then in the guard I fetch it using this.store.select('auth'), which fetches an object that looks like this (if you're logged in):
{
token: 'atokenstring',
isAuthenticated: true,
isPending: false
}
And the guard looks like this:
export class AuthGuardService implements CanActivate {
constructor(private router: Router, private store: Store<IStore>) {}
canActivate(): Observable<any> {
return this.store.select('auth').let((state: Observable<IAuthStorage>) => state.filter((auth: IAuthStorage) => !auth.isPending && auth.isAuthenticated)).map(
(auth: IAuthStorage) => {
if (!auth.isAuthenticated) {
return this.router.navigateByUrl('admin/login');
}
else {
return true;
}
}
);
}
}
Now, the problem appears to be that the guard returns an observable rather than a boolean value. Which causes the route not to render even if you get inside the else which returns true.
How can I make it so that the guard returns a boolean value rather than an observable?
A:
Not sure if this still is the case but a while ago something like this was required
canActivate(): Observable<any> {
return this.store.select('auth').let((state: Observable<IAuthStorage>) => state.filter((auth: IAuthStorage) => !auth.isPending && auth.isAuthenticated)).map(
(auth: IAuthStorage) => {
if (!auth.isAuthenticated) {
return this.router.navigateByUrl('admin/login');
}
else {
return true;
}
}
).first(); // <<<=== added
}
for the router only to wait for one event, not for the observable itself to complete.
first needs to be imported to be available.
|
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|
forward_iterator<T, Distance>
Category: iterators
Component type: type
Description
Forward_iterator is an iterator base class: it is intended that an
iterator that is a model of Forward Iterator, and whose value type
and distance type are T and Distance, may be defined by inheriting from
forward_iterator<T, Distance>[1]. Forward_iterator is entirely empty: it has no
member functions, member variables, or nested types. It exists solely
to simplify the definition of the functions iterator_category,
distance_type, and value_type.
Definition
Defined in the standard header iterator, and in the
nonstandard backward-compatibility header iterator.h.
This class is no longer part of the C++ standard, although
it was present in early drafts of the standard. It is retained
in this implementation for backward compatibility.
Template parameters
Parameter
Description
Default
T
The iterator's value type
Distance
The iterator's distance type
ptrdiff_t
Model of
Public base classes
None
Type requirements
The distance type must be a signed integral type.
Public base classes
None.
Members
None.
New Members
None.
Notes
[1]
It is not required that a Forward Iterator inherit from the
base forward_iterator. It is, however, required that the functions
iterator_category, distance_type, and value_type
be defined for every Forward Iterator.
(Or, if you are using the iterator_traits mechanism, that
iterator_traits is properly specialized for every Forward Iterator.)
Since those functions are defined for the base forward_iterator, the
easiest way to ensure that are defined for a new type is to derive
that class from forward_iterator and rely on the derived-to-base
standard conversion of function arguments.
|
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|
Q:
Django: Two fields, one valid
I have two fields in one model, I want only one valid field in the Admin Form. If one field is valid then the other is not possible to insert data or vice versa. But is necessary put data in one of the two fields for save.
That is possible?
Thanks!
A:
If you want this validation to happen on the backend, you would validate in clean method of the form. something like this:
class MyAdminForm(forms.ModelForm):
def clean(self):
cd = self.cleaned_data
fields = [cd['field1'], cd['field2']]
if all(fields):
raise ValidationError('Please enter one or the other, not both')
if not any(fields): #Means both are left empty
raise ValidationError('Please enter either field1 or field2, but not both')
return cd
Here is the documentation on using forms with django admin
If you want the validation to happen on the frontend, rather than on form submit, you might want to consider using a javascript solution for that.
Here is an answer for a javascript solution
|
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|
William S. Duffey Jr.
William Simon Duffey Jr. (born 1952) is a former United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.
Education and career
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Duffey received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Drake University in 1973 and a Juris Doctor from the University of South Carolina Law School in 1977. He was a private practice from 1977 to 1978, and was an assistant staff judge advocate, United States Air Force from 1978 to 1981. He was in private practice in Atlanta, Georgia from 1981 to 2001. He was a deputy and associate independent counsel, Office of Independent Counsel for the Whitewater investigation from 1994 to 1995. He was an adjunct professor at the University of South Carolina in 2000. He was the United States Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia from 2001 to 2004.
Federal judicial service
On November 5, 2003, Duffey was nominated by President George W. Bush to a seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia vacated by J. Owen Forrester. Duffey was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 16, 2004, and received his commission on July 1, 2004. He retired from active service on July 1, 2018.
References
External links
Category:Living people
Category:1952 births
Category:21st-century American judges
Category:Judges of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia
Category:Lawyers from Philadelphia
Category:United States Air Force officers
Category:United States Attorneys for the Northern District of Georgia
Category:United States district court judges appointed by George W. Bush
Category:University of South Carolina faculty
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|
How does blogging about science benefit students?
Why should students blog about science? Don't they have enough to do already?
Last Thursday night I participated in a panel discussion about science blogging (see the video) at ScienceOnline Seattle (#scioSEA)(video) and mentioned that we have two students blogging for us at Bio-Link. A question I saw afterward via Twitter, from @NurhafizPiers was this:
what is the purpose of the blog for the student?
I didn't get to answer the question Thursday night, so I'll answer now.
We're doing an experiment. My student bloggers and I are going to try and figure out if their blogs help them get jobs when they graduate. This probably won't work for everyone, but this is a pilot project. You could say we're doing the "Proof of concept" experiment.
My hypothesis: My hypothesis is that a science blog for a science student can serve the same purpose that a portfolio serves for an artist or a set of articles serves for a writer. Your blog can be your record of accomplishments.
Not only can your blog document your work, your blog can show that you can write, that you can spell (not a skill to take for granted), and can give you a chance to describe what you've done.
Background & RationaleWhen I taught biotechnology students full-time, I had them keep an industry-standard laboratory notebook throughout our year-long course. Not only did this practice teach them about working in a GMP environment, the notebooks were a great asset in a job interview. They could pull out their notebook and show graphs they had made in Excel. They should show photos of agarose gels, dried protein gels, or calculations for making buffers or counting cells.
The feedback we had from students and success we had with employers validated the idea of keeping good notebooks and bringing them along to interviews.
When I was an undergraduate at the University of Minnesota, I had a really hard time getting my first job in a lab. I would go to the job office every month and scan the openings but all the jobs seemed to be restricted to work-study students. Since I didn't have work -study (or know what it was for that matter), I didn't think I was eligible to apply for anything.
One day, I did hear about a potential job. It was a summer internship doing microbiology at Land of Lakes. I applied and got called for an interview. I was so excited! An actual job doing microbiology in real life!
But I wasn't prepared for the interview at all. The interviewer asked me what equipment I had used in my coursework. I was speechless.
"Uh, um, a microscope?" I stammered.
Needless to say, I didn't get hired.
Nor did I forget.
I don't want students to be in that position. Having some kind of prop like a notebook, or a blog, is really useful. Instead of talking about yourself, you can blind 'em with science.
Show them your notebook.
Take them to your blog.
Do anything that lets you focus on something else, relax, and show what you can do instead of how nervous you can get.
Our Methods: Photos, tagging, and of course the blog
Blog: Our students describe what they've been doing in lab and add photos as documentation. One student even adds protocols! Check out her list of skills learned!
Photos: Photos are your proof that you did what you say did. If I were still teaching biotechnology, I would have students photograph everything! I'm grateful that my our two student bloggers, Jennifer Newsted (Portland Community College) and Mandy Hunter (Madison College, WI) seem to know that intuitively.
Tagging: Tagging is a tool that can help you organize your work and find the posts that describe what you've done. One concern biotech employers always have is: to what extent did you really do all those techniques that you claim to have mastered on your resume. Sure, you say you know HPLC, but how does your interviewer verify this?
Guess what?
This is something you can do with your blog. Many blogging platforms allow writers to tag their posts.
Our student bloggers add tags for their lab techniques. The tags are listed after the posting time. If I click a tag, I can see a list of posts that reference that technique. Then, I can look at the posts and see what they did. Here's an example below.
We still have a few bugs to work out. Tagging has to be consistent if it's going to work. If you spell E. coli as "E. coli" one day and as "Escherichia coli" on another, you're not going to find both posts when you click the tag.
But, I think there's potential.
Our results:
I tell our student bloggers to put their blog URLs on their resumes. And, I'm looking forward to finding out how it works when they reach the end of their biotech programs and start interviewing.
But right now, this is an experiment in progress and we don't know if this will work.
All I know so far, is that I've enjoyed reading what the students have to say.
|
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|
A bridge apparatus or a switch apparatus (hereinafter referred to as L2 switch), which is a relay apparatus for an Ethernet (registered trademark) frame (hereinafter simply described as “frame”), includes a database called FDB (Filtering Database) for accumulating an entry including a transmission source MAC address of a received frame, a port in which the frame is received, and other information. In the FDB, an entry is added every time a frame is received anew. This operation is called MAC address learning (or address learning).
The FDB is used when a received frame is relayed. Specifically, the L2 switch that receives a frame searches through the FDB using a destination MAC address of the received frame as a search key. If the destination MAC address is a learned MAC address, a port (an output port) corresponding to the MAC address used as the search key is obtained. If the received frame is transferred to the port, because another L2 switch of a transfer destination performs the same operation, the received frame finally reaches a target Ethernet (registered trademark) node (hereinafter simply described as “node”). On the other hand, concerning a received frame having a destination MAC address without an entry in the FDB, information concerning an output port is not obtained even if the L2 switch that receives the frame searches through the FDB (it is unknown to which port the frame should be transferred). Therefore, the L2 switch broadcasts the received frame to all ports other than a port in which the frame is received. This operation is called flooding. Such a frame relay operation is described in Non Patent Literature 1.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
At Tex Onsite, we strive to bring you the best products with the best service possible. Our staff are highly skilled and keen to provide the right products for the job and provide advice whenever required.
With a network of more than 30 mobile testing and calibration vans on the road, five aircraft servicing remote locations and a dedicated repair and calibration laboratory, TEX Onsite is Australia’s leading testing and calibration specialist.
Proudly Australian owned and operated, with offices in Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, Northern Territory, Western Australia, South Australia, ACT, New Zealand and the USA.
|
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|
Subjective cognitive complaints, psychosocial factors and nursing work function in nurses providing direct patient care.
The aim of this study was to examine relationships among subjective cognitive complaints, psychosocial factors and nursing work function in nurses providing direct patient care. Cognitive functioning is a critical component for nurses in the assurance of error prevention, identification and correction when caring for patients. Negative changes in nurses' cognitive and psychosocial functioning can adversely affect nursing care and patient outcomes. A descriptive correlational design with stratified random sampling. The sample included 96 nurses from the major geographic regions of the United States. Over 9 months in 2016-2017, data were collected using a web-based survey. Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine relationships among subjective cognitive complaints, psychosocial factors and nursing work function. Overall, participants reported minimal work function impairment and low levels of subjective cognitive complaints, depression and stress. In multivariate analyses, depression was not associated with nurses' work function. However, perceived stress and subjective concerns about cognitive function were associated with greater impairment of work function. Nurses experiencing subjective cognitive complaints should be encouraged to address personal and environmental factors that are associated with their cognitive status. Additionally, stress reduction in nurses should be a high priority as a potential intervention to promote optimal functioning of nurses providing direct patient care. Healthcare institutions should integrate individual and institutional strategies to reduce factors contributing to workplace stress.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
In a recent tweet from the Premier of Ontario, Doug Ford has called on an Ottawa condominium board to reconsider the decision to ask
Maj. Michael Mitchell to remove the Canada flag from the front of his house.
Members of our @CanadianForces and all Ontarians should be allowed to proudly fly our Canadian flag.??
I hope the condo board reconsiders their decision and makes this right. https://t.co/kSdZ6H3rfS — Doug Ford (@fordnation) March 18, 2019
Maj. Michael Mitchell was told by his condominium board to remove the flag from the front of his house because it broke condo rules.
Mitchell placed the flag there last Canada day and has had it up ever since without any issue.
According to Mitchell, other members of the community also have things attached to the front of their homes.
“My wife took a little walk around the condo community … and there are about 30 other houses with stuff attached to the front of their houses,” said Mitchell.
Maj. Michael Mitchell hopes to take the issue up with the condo board at the next meeting.
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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<div *ngIf="section === 1" fxLayoutAlign="start stretch">
<div fxFlex="0 1 332px" class="col-quickthrough-table1">
<pbl-ngrid showFooter [columns]="columns" vScrollNone
[dataSource]="[ { id: 1, name: 'John', age: 25 }, { id: 2, name: 'Tom', age: 44 } ]"></pbl-ngrid>
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<div fxLayoutAlign="center center">
<div class="text-subtitle" style="width: 75%">
The background of the columns is based on the <b>role</b> of the column. (excluding whites)
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div *ngIf="section === 2" fxLayout fxLayoutGap="24px" style="width: 100%; overflow: none">
<pbl-ngrid fxFlex="208px" style="height: 260px" showFooter [dataSource]="ds2" [columns]="columnsSimpleModel2" class="pbl-ngrid-cell-ellipsis pbl-ngrid-header-cell-ellipsis">
<div *pblNgridHeaderCellTypeDef="'dataRow'; let ctx" ngridCellClass="column-model-demo-highlight-data highlight-data-header">DATA ROW (HEADER)</div>
<div *pblNgridCellTypeDef="'dataRow'; let ctx" ngridCellClass="column-model-demo-highlight-data">DATA ROW</div>
<div *pblNgridFooterCellTypeDef="'dataRow'; let ctx" ngridCellClass="column-model-demo-highlight-data highlight-data-footer">DATA ROW (FOOTER)</div>
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<pbl-ngrid style="height: 260px" class="pbl-flex-row-fill pbl-ngrid-cell-ellipsis pbl-ngrid-header-cell-ellipsis" showFooter [dataSource]="ds2" [columns]="columnsSimpleModel">
<div *pblNgridHeaderCellDef="'*'; col as col" style="text-decoration: underline">{{ col.label | uppercase }}</div>
<div *pblNgridCellDef="'*'; value as value">-> {{value}} <-</div>
<div *pblNgridFooterCellDef="'*'; col as col">({{ col.label }})</div>
</pbl-ngrid>
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<div *ngIf="section === 3" fxLayout>
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<div *pblNgridHeaderCellTypeDef="'metaRow'; let ctx; col as col" ngridCellClass="column-model-demo-highlight-header">META ROW ({{ col.label }})</div>
<div *pblNgridHeaderCellTypeDef="'dataRow'; let ctx" ngridCellClass="column-model-demo-highlight-data">DATA ROW (HEADER)</div>
<div *pblNgridCellTypeDef="'dataRow'; let ctx" ngridCellClass="column-model-demo-highlight-data">DATA ROW</div>
<div *pblNgridFooterCellTypeDef="'dataRow'; let ctx" ngridCellClass="column-model-demo-highlight-data">DATA ROW (FOOTER)</div>
<div *pblNgridFooterCellTypeDef="'metaRow'; let ctx; col as col" ngridCellClass="column-model-demo-highlight-footer">META ROW ({{ col.label }})</div>
</pbl-ngrid>
<div fxFlex="24px"></div>
<pbl-ngrid style="height: 400px" class="pbl-flex-row-fill pbl-ngrid-cell-ellipsis pbl-ngrid-header-cell-ellipsis" showFooter [dataSource]="dsSimpleModel" [columns]="columnsWithMeta"></pbl-ngrid>
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{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
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South African comedian Trevor Noah uses his experiences as the child of a racially mixed couple during Apartheid--a time when interracial relationships were forbidden--as the lens for his sidesplitting comedy. In this intimate portrait, we meet an anxious Trevor as he is about to step onto the stage for his first ever one-man show.
Trevor faces a multitude of challenges: an underdeveloped comedy scene, criticism from other comics, lingering racial tension, and a shocking family tragedy. They pose a serious threat to the success of the show and to Trevor's dream of performing on the global stage.
Prodigious, audacious, acerbic, hilarious--there are many words to describe Trevor Noah, and this funny yet insightful documentary from first-time director David Paul Meyer does it best.
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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QUETTA, Pakistan — Two suicide bombers attacked a church in the Pakistani city of Quetta on Sunday, killing eight people and wounding 42 others, officials said.
Sarfaraz Bugti, home minister for the southwestern Baluchistan province, said hundreds of worshippers were attending services at the church ahead of Christmas. He said the attackers clashed with security forces, with one assailant killed at the entrance while the other made it inside.
Baluchistan police chief Moazzam Ansari praised the response of security forces guarding the church, saying the attacker who made it inside was wounded and unable to reach the main building. “Otherwise the loss of lives could have been much higher,” he told reporters.
Quetta police chief Abdur Razzaq Cheema said a search is underway for two suspected accomplices who escaped.
Wasim Baig, spokesman for Quetta main hospital, confirmed the attack’s toll, updating earlier accounts from officials.
No one immediately claimed the attack. Muslim extremists have targeted Pakistan’s small Christian minority in the past.
Local television showed ambulances and security patrols racing to the scene while women and children were being led out of the church’s main gate.
Hospital officials said two women were among the dead while another five women and two children were among the wounded.
A young girl in a white dress sobbed as she recounted the attack to Geo television, saying many people around her were wounded.
Aqil Anjum, who was shot in his right arm, told The Associated Press he heard a blast in the middle of the service, followed by heavy gunfire. “It was chaos. Bullets were hitting people inside the closed hall.”
Dozens of Christians gathered outside a nearby hospital to protest the lack of security.
Pakistan’s president and other senior officials condemned the attack.
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DESCRIPTION (Adapted from applicants abstract): An important part of the defense against parasites is the specific immune response of the host. The stimulus initiating the response is the binding of parasite-derived antigenic fragments to major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules and their presentation by these molecules to T lymphocytes. The MHC molecules vary from one individual to another and this variability is encoded in polymorphic Mhc genes. Some of the variant molecules are apparently incapable of presenting certain peptides to T lymphocytes and in such situations the capability of the host to respond to a parasitic infestation could be impaired. It is therefore important to understand the nature of the polymorphic variation in the Mhc genes. The main objective of the proposed research is to explain the origins, persistence, and significance of the Mhc polymorphism. The specific aims of this research are to determine what proportion of the allelic variation pre-and postdates the formation of a species; to define the mechanisms of Mhc diversification; to estimate the age of human allelic and haplotype polymorphisms; to identify the mechanisms possibly maintaining the Mhc polymorphism in natural populations; to provide evidence that parasites are indeed the main driving force behind the Mhc diversification; to establish the part played by population structure in the long-term persistence of Mhc polymorphism; and to formulate an all-encompassing theory of Mhc polymorphism. The research will be carried out on 3 model systems: the primates, the mouse, and the zebra fish. It will include both molecular analyses of the Mhc genes and the study of the Mhc in natural and model populations.
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{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
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Q:
What has caused the recent 25% unemployment rate in Spain?
The unemployment rate in Spain has recently been fluctuating around 25%.
What has caused this?
A:
Here's an explanation from Paul Krugman. You can read more about this in Krugman's book End This Depression Now!.
Since joining the Euro, Spain has experience large capital inflows—money flowing into Spain, mostly from Northern Europe. These inflows caused a boom in investment, coupled with an increase in prices of virtually everything (including labor) relative to other Eurozone countries.
One consequence of this is that the recession in Spain has been exacerbated by the fact that high costs of production (especially high labor costs) made the Spanish economy less competitive so that the country wasn't able to rely on exports to substitute for the reduced domestic demand.
In order to remedy this situation, Spain needs to become more competitive (i.e. for labor costs to fall relative to those in other countries). Normally, this would happen automatically: as a country exports less, demand for its currency from importers (and hence the currency's value) falls so that its products become cheaper for foreigners. However, the fact that Spain is in the Eurozone means that it can't devalue its currency—it doesn't have one of its own!
Instead, Spain must rely on 'internal devaluation', i.e. reducing the wages of its workers relative to those elsewhere in the Eurozone. This is problematic because workers are typically reluctant to accept a pay cut (so-called downward nominal rigidities). Thus, the way that the economy adjusts is to have a sufficiently large share of the workforce unemployed that people are prepared to accept jobs on significantly lower wage than they might have expected in the pre-recession years.
It should be noted that this line of reasoning is not without controversy. For one, a significant share of macroeconomists do not believe the nominal rigidities story.
A:
Neither the answer posited above nor the comment are off the mark. Inability to use monetary policy to adjust to a shock is certainly a cause of high unemployment in the aftermath. Idiotic fiscal policy doesn't help either. The very last thing to try to do after such a shock is to eliminate government deficits in such situations. It becomes a vicious -- not virtuous circle -- spending is cut and government employees dismissed. This leads to decreased consumer spending and expenditures by firms serving the public sectors. Taxes revenues fall as these people's incomes do. Which leads to further cuts and a further swirl around the toilet bowl.
Spain's problems are exacerbated by many of the same problems experienced in the US sunbelt. Far, FAR, FAAAAR too many homes were built and real-estate speculation ran rampant. Like in Florida and Nevada, so many homes now sit empty that, other than custom-building, the residential real-estate industry remains in the doldrums. In the US, such activity is around 12% of GDP. With it remaining stagnant, and likely to remain so for many years to come, there are a large cadre of construction workers who are basically permanently unemployed.
A third reason is the 'undocumented' economy. Southern Europe has never been a hotbed of law-and-order. Many of those who are 'unemployed' would starve to death in Greece, Italy and Spain if they actually had no income whatsoever. They just don't have any official income at the moment. Being properly employed is far more preferable, of course, but it is not as if 25% of Spaniards actually have no income coming in the door. They just don't have a paycheque that the officials can trace coming in the door.
A final reason is the climate and cost of living. Quite frankly there are much worse places to try to continue to live without a regular paycheque than southern Europe. Like Minnesota. Try living there without a paycheque for 6 years and you'll have been pushing up daisies -- after thawing out and decomposing -- after the first winter. The pressure to fix the problem of 25% unemployment is a lot less drastic when a) it's not really 25% and b) you can live reasonably well while 'unemployed'
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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Inhibition of tyrosine kinase signaling by tyrphostin AG126 downregulates the IL-21/IL-21R and JAK/STAT pathway in the BTBR mouse model of autism.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a broad range of neurodevelopmental disorders that are associated with deficits in social interaction and communication. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin AG126 represents a promising therapeutic agent for several neuroinflammatory disorders. There are currently no treatments available that can improve ASD and we previously showed that AG126 treatment exerts beneficial effects on BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice, a model for autism that shows the core features of ASD; however, the immunological mechanisms and molecular targets associated with this effect were previously unclear. This study was undertaken to delineate the neuroprotective effect of AG126 on BTBR mice. Here, using this mouse model, we investigated the effects of AG126 administration on IL-21R, IL-21, IL-22, TNF-α, NOS2, STAT3, IL-27, and Foxp3 production by CD8+ T cells in the spleen by flow cytometry. We further explored the mRNA and protein expression of IL-21, IL-22, IL-1β, TNF-α, NOS2, JAK1, STAT3, IL-27, and Foxp3 in brain tissue by RT-PCR, and western blotting. We found that BTBR mice treated with AG126 exhibited significant decreases in IL-21R-, IL-21-, IL-22-, TNF-α-, NOS2-, STAT3-producing, and increases in IL-27- and Foxp3-producing, CD8+ T cells. Our results further demonstrated that AG126 treatment effectively decreased IL-21, IL-22, IL-1β, TNF-α, NOS2, JAK1, and STAT3, and increased IL-27 and Foxp3 mRNA and protein expression in brain tissues. Our findings suggest that AG126 elicits a neuroprotective response through downregulation of the IL-21/IL-21R and JAK/STAT pathway in BTBR mice, which could represent a promising novel therapeutic target for ASD treatment.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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Arkansas Gov. Asa Hutchinson’s (R) reported efforts to attract the tech industry to his state are at risk of being undermined by the advancement of a “religious freedom” bill.
Talking Points Memo reported on Friday that Apple CEO Tim Cook criticized state House Bill 1228 online, comparing it unfavorably to Indiana’s Senate Bill 101.
“Apple is open for everyone,” Cook wrote. “We are deeply disappointed in Indiana’s new law and calling on Arkansas Gov. to veto the similar #HB1228.”
ADVERTISEMENT
The Arkansas measure, known as the “Conscience Protection Act,” passed in the state Senate on Friday in a 24-7 vote. It now goes back to the House for passage. The bill’s sponsor, state Rep. Bob Ballinger (R), said it would impose “strict scrutiny” on the state for it to infringe upon someone’s religious beliefs. Hutchison has indicated that he would sign the bill into law.
But the bill has drawn widespread criticism for opening the door to discrimination against the LGBT communities, much like Indiana’s “Religious Freedom Restoration Act” and Arizona’s Senate Bill 1062, which was ultimately vetoed by Gov. Jan Brewer (R) amid national scrutiny.
The Arkansas Times reported that the head of the review site Yelp, which draws $380 million in annual revenue, Jeremy Stoppelman said his company would no longer add jobs in the state in response to HB 1228’s passage.
It would be “unconscionable to imagine that Yelp would create, maintain, or expand a significant business presence in any state that encouraged discrimination by businesses against our employees, or consumers at large,” Stoppelman said in his statement.
According to the Washington Post, the LGBT advocacy group Human Rights Campaign (HRC) is directly encouraging Silicon Valley businesses to avoid Arkansas.
ADVERTISEMENT
The HRC will run a full-page ad in the San Jose Mercury News on Sunday calling the state “closed for business due to discrimination” and asking readers to call on Hutchison to stop the “vicious” bill.
“Arkansas wants your business, but at what price?” the ad reads. As of 2011, the Mercury News’ Sunday edition had a subscription of more than 600,000 readers.
The ad can be seen in its entirety below:
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While nearly 20 other states have enacted similar legislation, the passage of SB 101 in Indiana brought with it renewed focus on the issue. Gov. Mike Pence (R) and Indiana Republicans have seen both criticism and multiple boycott threats this week after pushing the bill through.
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{
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Rollovers
Pensions and Defined Benefit Plans
Self-Employment Retirement Plans
Insurance
Social Security
Housing
Annuities
Videos
How Do I Afford Health Care in Retirement?
Save up a big fat pile of money before you retire. Sadly, we’re not joking.
Sure, once you hit 65 you will be eligible for Medicare. That will take care of a lot of your medical expenses, but probably not all. You will be required to pay a premium for some of your Medicare coverage, and you will probably want to purchase a private Medigap policy to cover all the costs that Medicare doesn’t.
And be careful about relying on your employer’s promise to provide health care benefits once you retire. Even those that pledge such care may find it hard to live up to their promise when you hit retirement. Many big companies in a financial pinch are reducing or rescinding health insurance benefits once promised to their retirees.
With that said, if your employer lays you off or offers you an early retirement package before you turn 65, negotiate hard to keep your health benefits as long as possible. It’s easy to get worked up about getting more pay added to your package, but extended health coverage can be an even more lucrative benefit. So try to get that if you can.
Finally, assuming you had insurance in your former job, you should be able to temporarily continue those benefits under COBRA, or the The Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, for up to 18 months after you lose a job, if you work for a company with 20 or more employees. At that point, if you’re not old enough to qualify for Medicare, you’re on your own. The good news is that under the Affordable Care Act, you can’t be turned down for an individual policy for age or health reasons. But that doesn’t mean a policy will be cheap, and some with lower premiums may come with large deductibles and other out of pocket costs.
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{
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Importance of psychotic features to long-term course in major depressive disorder.
Most efforts to describe the prognostic significance of psychotic features in depression have been limited to single assessments 1 year or less after the initial evaluation. However, the various biological and treatment response differences between patients with psychotic and nonpsychotic depression suggest that prognostic differences may be very long-term. The 787 patients described here entered the study as they sought treatment at one of five academic medical centers; they had either RDC major depressive disorder or schizo-affective depression (other than the mainly schizophrenic subtype) and completed at least 6 months of follow-up. Of these, 144 (18.3%) had psychotic depression as defined here. Patients provided follow-up interviews at 6-month intervals for 5 years and annually thereafter; 98 of those with psychotic depression and 434 of those with non-psychotic depression were followed for 10 years. Those who began follow-up with psychotic depression had fewer weeks with minimal symptoms in each of the 10 years of follow-up and reported more psychosocial impairment at both 5 and 10 years. Both the index episode and the first recurrence of psychotic depression lasted longer than nonpsychotic episodes, but nonpsychotic episodes among previously psychotic individuals were relatively brief. Intervals between episodes were significantly shorter for patients who had ever been psychotic. Together with evidence that psychotic features are highly recurrent, these data show 1) that psychotic features denote a lifetime illness of greater severity and 2) that within individuals, psychotic features may emerge in only the more severe episodes.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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Peer review is at the heart of scientific publishing. It is the process by which grants are allocated, papers published, academics promoted, and Nobel prizes won. Through the process of peer review, a manuscript is evaluated by experts in a specific field, revised and improved by the authors, and then finally accepted for publication.
The problem with peer review is that, despite its rigor, it suffers from bias because reviewers are competing for the same recognition and resources.
The solution, though, is not to eliminate peer review, but to make the whole process more transparent and ensure that the academic publishing industry is genuinely meritocratic in nature.
But first, let’s analyze the discrimination issues the current academic publishing process faces.
The Hegemony of White Men
It’s no news that academia, and particularly STEM , has a diversity issue. Despite many recent efforts, academic circles remain largely populated by men – white men more precisely!
Attempts to address this issue have yet to prove successful – 33% of universities in the United Kingdom are actually regressing in terms of the number of women in tenure. Why? It seems discrimination starts even before graduate school!
In 2012, Katherine Milkman (University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia), along with several colleagues, sent emails to 6,548 professors at 259 U.S. institutions, pretending to be students wanting to discuss research opportunities. They wanted to test how likely faculty members were to respond to a request to meet with a student depending on his or her race. The e-mails used were identical, only the names were different, selected to be easily recognizable by gender and ethnicity.
The results? With an overwhelming majority, the study showed that professors were more likely to respond to white men than women and black, Hispanic, Indian or Chinese students. Academics at private universities and in subjects that pay more on average were found to be the most unresponsive.
If we were to look by discipline, Business showed the most significant disparity, with 87% of white males receiving a response. In STEM, all institutions showed significant biases against minorities and women.
Now, although this study only addresses a small part of a successful academic career, many agree that this approach can have a bigger impact on minorities long-term.
Minorities’ Underrepresentation in Academic Publishing
In 2015, Canadian researchers published a study which demonstrated that female researchers in engineering were less likely to have their work cited . The team of researchers examined 679,338 engineering articles published between 2008 and 2013 and analyzed the collaborative networks among 974,837 authors.
Illustrating the frequency of collaboration among authors and measuring the success of each collaboration by the number of times their study was cited, the study found that mixed-gender teams had a higher average rate of citations.
By using the average annual number of citations a journal received to measure the prestige of academic journals, this study also demonstrated that when women published their research in more influential journals, they received fewer citations from the engineering community than men.
Despite these statistics, engineering isn’t even the most gender-biased discipline! Another 2015 study, which analyzed the publication records of economists at top universities, revealed that although female economists published their work as frequently as their male counterparts did, their tenure prospects were less than half that of men .
Interestingly, women do receive credit when they solo author their work or co-author with other female academics, increasing their tenure prospects by 8 to 9%. However, when women co-authored with men, there was a far lower increase in their tenure prospects. This implies that tenure prospects for female authors remain stagnant with collaborative work with men not as a result of the quality of their work, but because the lack of credit given to women!
Women of color face specific discrimination issues, not only from the scientific community but from their students as well. Women of color repeatedly report having their authority and teaching competency questioned, and their knowledge and experience disrespected by their students. And since students’ feedback is taken into consideration when considering promotions, it’s no wonder females, and minorities in general, are underrepresented at senior academic levels.
The Solution: Decentralised Publishing Platforms
A solution to end discrimination in academic publishing is on its way! The emergence of blockchain technology allows us to do things we weren’t able to do before. Blockchain’s implementation in academic publishing will permit us to build infrastructures which enable open, trustworthy, decentralized, and collaborative environments. These properties represent an unprecedented opportunity to completely disrupt the scientific publication industry, returning to scientists the control of their work’s dissemination rights. This, in turn, will improve the manner in which their work impacts society.
The transparent nature of such platforms will make any inherent bias within editorial boards of journals redundant as members of the academic community may peer review work en masse, ensuring that the most creative, inspiring, or interesting work receives public congratulations during the review process, and not after it. This will result in the current reality where the number of women in tenure is significantly lower than the number of men with the same academic achievements, becoming a thing of the past.
The objective of decentralised publishing platforms is to help the scientific community eliminate existing inefficiencies and biases of the publication market. They improve the quality and effectiveness of the publication lifecycle, and ensure that minorities are significantly represented at all academic levels.
The application of blockchain technology will go a long way towards ensuring that the academic publishing industry is truly meritocratic in nature, laying bare the processes which lead to a paper’s inclusion in notable publications. Long gone will be the days when a collaborative paper’s success will depend on the sex of the author!
As the academic publishing industry becomes more equal and increasingly diverse, this will, in turn, have a long-term transformative effect on academia and academic institutions as a whole.
Blockchain and decentralized technologies will allow for a public, fully traceable, and trustworthy record of the publication process at a minimal cost. Big data analytics and machine learning will enable advanced analyses to enhance lifecycle automatization, facilitate peer review accuracy (for example, the algorithms will be able to identify plagiarism), classify papers based on their content and identify emerging trends and topics, and much more.
Currently, the perceived quality of an article, and therefore the researcher’s work, is primarily determined by the journal in which the manuscript is published. In essence, the journal impact factor is used as a proxy for the quality of the research. Unfortunately, this approach lacks statistical robustness, alters editor and researcher choices and incentivizes the addition of extraneous citations.
As minority groups will have greater access to prestigious periodicals and journals, the number of relevant citations and the size of their published portfolios will increase as well, leading to stronger applications for position and promotions within leading institutions the world over. This is one of the first, and extremely important, steps in establishing diversity in the academia!
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{
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Effect of micro lesions of the basal ganglia on ballistic movements in patients with deep brain stimulation.
Bradykinesia and hypokinesia are the prominent symptoms of substantia nigra degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). In segmental dystonia, movements of not affected limbs are not impaired. Here we studied the impact of the mere implantation of stimulation electrodes on the performance of fast movements in these two groups. We investigated 9 PD patients with subthalamic electrodes and 9 patients with segmental dystonia with electrodes in the globus pallidus internum. Patients were studied on the first postoperative day without electrical stimulation of the electrodes. Subjects had to perform boxing movements with either touching the target or stopping the fist in front of the target. PD subjects performed significantly faster movements in the touch-task only as compared to dystonic patients. No difference was seen in the stopping task. In conclusion, our findings suggest that a small subthalamic lesion in individuals with PD specifically reverses bradykinesia during simple ballistic movements (touch) but not during complex ones requiring more pre-programming (no-touch paradigm).
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Engine oil tubes and fittings may be subjected to relatively high temperatures. Once subjected to excessive heating, oil may undergo coking Oil coking may cause solid oil deposits to form within oil tubes, causing undesirable effects such as blocked passageways and filters.
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{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
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In the aid worker’s lexicon of Three Letter Acronyms (TLAs) we call them CHEs- Complex Humanitarian Emergencies. They’re what we get when we layer a natural or human-made disaster over a situation that was already pretty messed up to begin with (see, for example, Darfur, or the war in Eastern DRC, or northern Pakistan).
CHEs are typified by large-scale emergency events (usually covering a significant portion of one country, or several countries), generally involve some level of acute emergency layered over a chronically unsuccessful context (a cyclone, or food shortages, or a mass displacement of people in a war zone or an unstable region), and usually take place in a situation where the national or regional government is either unwilling or unable to solve the problem, and is therefore characterised by failure of state or governance systems. They also usually take years, and sometimes decades, to resolve.
Basically, they’re screwed.
Interestingly, CHEs don’t necessarily make a big splash in the media. Eastern DRC is the case-in-point of this sort of situation, but others include the Central African Republic, eastern Chad and northern Uganda, all of which spend very little time grabbing headlines but are archetypal ‘forgotten’ complex emergencies.
This week, we have a grand example of an emergency that is anything but forgotten, but certainly highly complex. The earthquake which struck Haiti less than 72 hours ago has effectively flattened the capital, Port-au-Prince, and current estimates from the Red Cross suggest that 45-50,000 people have been killed, with tens of thousands more injured and hundreds of thousands homeless. As much as a third of the tiny island nation’s population has been directly impacted by the disaster.
But Haiti too bears all the hallmarks of a CHE in the making. Although on the surface it appears to be a natural disaster, like the 2003 earthquake in Bam, Iran, or the Padang earthquake in Indonesia earlier this year- both of which were relatively ‘simple’ emergencies, with functioning (if overwhelmed) state structures and relative stability- the hallmarks of Haiti’s instability are already bubbling to the surface.
What is it that makes the Haiti context so complex?
Geography– Port-au-Prince sits snug against a harbour, ringed by extremely steep hillsides. The hillsides themselves are crammed with shanties. When the shaking started, these shanties crumbled into the valleys, taking access roads with them. The congestion of blocked roads and the relatively small amounts of flat land in Port-au-Prince make it difficult to move about amidst the destruction.
Poverty– Haiti was a poor country to begin with- currently ranked 149th out of 182 countries on the UNDP’s Human Development Indicator. 30% of the country had access to clean drinking water. The country struggles to maintain enough food for the population at attainable prices. Infrastructure is underdeveloped, trade (and therefore transportation) links are limited, building codes are often ignored and disaster preparedness measures not implemented. With a baseline like this, there is very little resilience, or bounce, in the national coping mechanisms to manage a disaster of this magnitude.
Governance/Administration– Haiti’s government is fragile at best, suffering repeated coups and attempted coups, and currently largely propped up by the international community (backed by US political and military intervention, and 9,000 UN-mandated Brazilian peacekeepers). Services, such as health-care, policing and emergency response were already weak. With the earthquake, these services and structures have largely collapsed. The government is effectively not functioning. The scale of the devastation far outstrips the capacity of existing emergency services to respond, but even if it didn’t, because the disaster has focused on the seat of power, those very people who should be running those response services- paramedics and policemen- are themselves victims- dead, wounded, or freeing loved ones from rubble.
The UN and NGOs– While the chronic insecurity in Haiti over the years has bred a stable population of international and national aid workers, this populace was themselves not spared. The UN has lost over 150 staff and peacekeepers, with their headquarters flattened. As the driving force supporting government and national security services, their effective removal from the picture now leaves a huge vacuum. NGOs themselves have also been hit, with most charities losing staff members and building facilities, hardware, and connectivity. Staff themselves are victims, many of them still trying to locate loved ones among the rubble. Many will not be in a position to return to their posts for some time.
Cyclone Season– From April onwards- three short months away- tropical storms and cyclones will start spawning in the Atlantic Ocean and sweeping over Hispaniola. Every year Haiti takes at least one direct hit, and usually several, from these violent storms. 90 days (3 months) is a standard block of time during which to run the emergency phase of an operation, but it will take years (at least) to rebuild Port-au-Prince, replace basic services, repair damaged infrastructure and maintain the wellbeing of the population during this process. Haiti’s populace are vulnerable to storms at the best of times, living as they do in ravines and on steep-sided mountains. Without the protection of concrete buildings, the hundreds of thousands of people likely to still be in temporary accomodation such as tents or makeshift shanties will be at great risk when the next storm-season comes aroun.
Logistics– Port-au-Prince has an international airport of a moderate size- it can take commercial jets but does not have a large capacity, creating a log-jam in aircraft handling. The road from the airport is damaged. The seaport is also damaged and ships cannot dock. Roads internal to Port-au-Prince are clogged with debris and temporary settlements- people refusing to return to their damaged homes (if they are still standing) for fear of aftershocks. The international airport in Santo Domingo, in neighbouring Dominican Republic, is the alternative airport of choice, but is also strained to capacity, while roads between the two nations are not in great condition and somewhat insecure.
Security– Port-au-Prince is one of the world’s more colourful cities- by which I don’t just mean the paint on the walls, but the level of danger. A kidnap capital, foreigners tend to remain behind barbed wires, are leery of spending much time walking around on the street, and avoid public transportation. Criminal gangs run large portions of the slums, while drug cartels exploit the country’s fragile security services to make Haiti a base for drug-running operations. Fragile and unpopular governance has provided Haiti with multiple and often bloody coups, rebellions and put-downs, and the capital and other urban areas are home to regular riots and violent protests.
Outmigration– With the capital city in ruins, people are streaming out into the countryside as road networks open up. Many of them are injured or have lost everything. While identifying and supporting hundreds of thousands of earthquake-affected citizens within the compact confines of Port-au-Prince was already a daunting prospect, trying to locate, register and assist a population that is rapidly spreading across the countryside is a staggering logistical challenge.
Over the next weeks, dozens of aid agencies, foreign governments, military forces and UN agencies will coverge on Port-au-Prince, attempt to identify the people most at need of assistance, and bring in hundreds of millions of dollars worth of supplies, materials, food and medication. This will be accompanied by thousands of foreign nationals. Working with national counterparts, these various organizations will attempt to distribute assistance as evenly as possible to the highest standards possible. In order to acheive this aim, they will have to contend with the above complexities.
And that’s just for starters.
Aid is a complex business. Aid agencies of every colour get lots wrong, good intentions or no. There’s plenty of criticism out there about the way these agencies do business, and a lot of it is merited. By the same token, lives will be saved and vastly improved in many cases. Where aid doesn’t work as well as it’s supposed to, it’s worth bearing in mind a few of the complications that can make doing this job a mind-knottingly challenging prospect.
5 comments on “Putting the Complex Back into ‘Complex Humanitarian Emergency’”
Hard as it will be, they have to prioritize. And the first thing is to remove all dead bodies, regain control of the streets and donations, set up aid stations every few meters and get to work. They will need large equipment and operators for a long time to come, that means fuel and mechanics on hand as well as machinery to work heavy work. The temperature has to be considered, hot there. And we have the cyclone season right around the corner, another very real threat. I wish everyone there God Speed, good luck and safetly. What a mess.
Thanks Maureen. Absolutely right- prioritization is essential, and I agree, clearing bodies and roads and setting up security and essential aid services have to happen as soon as possible. Heavy equipment is a challenge- much of it will be damaged, or inaccessible, and operators will be injured or simply not able to work. Bringing in heavy lifting equipment from outside is possible (the carrier USS Carl Vinson is inbound now so perhaps it will being some appropriate military hardware) but both costly and logistically complicated. I guess we’ll see what people can achieve.
I think one of the challenges in the early stages of a response like this is the focus that is put on sending expensive international Search and Rescue teams into an emergency. In my opinion, while recognizing that every life saved is a blessing, these teams generally have very little impact- pulling out a few dozen people alive perhaps- compared to the hundreds of thousands of survivors saved by their neighbours and family members in the minutes and hours after the event. We should spend less money and effort sending in these expensive specialist teams, and more time from the moment of the disaster focusing on identifying what will be needed from day 3 (heavy equipment, field hospitals and teams, etc.), recognizing and accepting that we can’t do anything useful in the first 3 days that isn’t already happening on the ground because it’s already there, and doing a better job of making sure we mobilize that ‘second wave’ of first responders to save lives and facilitate the rest of the relief process.
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The Informant AD8 Can Discriminate Patients with Dementia From Healthy Control Participants in an Asian Older Cohort.
The informant-AD8 (i-AD8) was found to be reliable in detecting cognitive impairment and dementia in tertiary and primary health care settings. We evaluated the discriminability of the i-AD8, as compared to other brief cognitive measures, and its combination with the 5-minute Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Mini-Cog in detecting very mild dementia in an Asian older cohort. The Epidemiology of Dementia in Singapore (EDIS) study recruited participants from a population-based eye disease study who were of Chinese, Malay, and Indian ethnicities. Participants aged ≥60 years were clinically assessed and diagnosed using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale. Of the 761 participants recruited, 526 (69.1%) had no dementia (CDR = 0), 193 (25.4%) had very mild dementia (CDR = 0.5), and 42 (5.5%) had dementia (CDR ≥ 1). Participants were administered the Mini-Mental State Examination, MoCA, Mini-Cog, and a local neuropsychological battery. Their informants were interviewed using the i-AD8. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were conducted to establish the optimal cut-off points, and all discriminatory indices were calculated. The i-AD8 was good and equivalent to other cognitive tools in detecting dementia [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.89, sensitivity = 0.76, and specificity = 0.94] but only fair in detecting very mild dementia (AUC = 0.69, sensitivity = 0.62, and specificity = 0.73). Combination of the i-AD8 with 5-minute MoCA or Mini-Cog in compensatory or in conjunction showed minimal improvement to the clinical utility for dementia or very mild dementia. All scales yielded a high rate of false positives (positive predictive value < 0.70). The i-AD8 has good discriminatory power in detecting dementia (CDR ≥ 1) and is brief enough to be applied as an effective screening tool in the community. However, the i-AD8 and other cognitive tools lacked classification accuracy in detecting very mild dementia (CDR = 0.5).
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CHERUB: The General - Robert Muchamore
CHERUB: The General - Robert Muchamore
1. DEMO
The anarchist organisation known as Street Action Group (SAG) first came to light in summer 2003 when its leader Chris Bradford hijacked the rostrum at an anti-Iraq-war demonstration in London’s Hyde Park. Bradford urged a peaceful crowd to attack police officers, before setting light to straw-filled effigies of Prime Minister Tony Blair and US President George W. Bush.
By 2006 SAG had built a cult following and was strong enough to begin staging its own anti-government protests. These culminated in July with the Summer Mayhem March through central Birmingham. Dozens of cars were vandalised, windows were broken, more than thirty protestors were arrested and a police officer was stabbed.
In the months that followed, prison sentences were handed down to several senior SAG members involved in the rioting. Heavy police presence wherever SAG planned to appear made staging violent protests increasingly difficult.
Chris Bradford became bitter at what he called ‘state oppression’ and an MI5 agent sent to infiltrate SAG made a shocking discovery: Bradford was trying to acquire guns and bomb-making equipment in order to transform SAG into a terrorist organisation.
(Excerpt from a CHERUB mission briefing for James Adams, October 2007)
It was December 21st, the last Friday before Christmas. The sky was purple and strings of lights dangled between Victorian lampposts on the pedestrianised London street. The pubs around Covent Garden tube station were crammed and office workers huddled in doorways smoking cigarettes. Teens gawped into shops well out of their price range and The Body Shop was full of miserable-looking men buying last-minute gifts.
Shoppers and drinkers ignored a rectangular pen made from metal crowd barriers as they shuffled past, though some noted the irony that two dozen police officers in fluorescent jackets lined up to face thirteen protestors inside the barriers.
James Adams was one of the thirteen. Sixteen years old, he was dressed in a bulky army surplus jacket and twenty-four-hole Doc Marten boots. His hair was shaved down to a number one on the sides and a shaggy, green-tinted Mohican ran from his forehead down to the collar of his jacket. He banged his gloved hands together to fight the cold as cops gave him stern looks.
Chris Bradford stood three metres away. Well built, Bradford had scruffy ginger hair, a baggy hoodie worn with the fluffy lining on the outside and two cameras filming him. One was held by a cop, who walked the perimeter with a titchy camcorder. The other was a more impressive beast. It sat on the shoulder of a BBC cameraman and a lamp mounted on top shone its light in Bradford’s face.
‘So, Mr Bradford,’ BBC correspondent Simon Jett said. He had a silk scarf tucked into his overcoat and a microphone in hand. ‘Today’s turnout must be a disappointment. Many people are saying that the Street Action Group is on its last legs.’
Bradford’s green eyes bulged and his shovel-sized hands shifted towards the correspondent’s lapels. ‘Who’s been saying that?’ he growled. ‘Gimme names and addresses. It’s always certain sources, but who are they? I’ll tell you who – it’s people who are running scared of us.’
Jett was delighted. Bradford’s combo of slight menace and fruit-and-veg-seller cockney accent always made good TV.
‘So how many protestors were you expecting to see here today?’
Bradford snatched a glance at his watch and bared his teeth. ‘Trouble is, most of our crew are still in bed three o’clock in the afternoon. I guess I set the kick-off time a little too early.’
Jett nodded with fake sincerity. ‘You sound like you’re taking this lightly, but you must feel that the wind has been taken out of SAG’s sails. Especially when you compare the turnout here with the thousand-plus people on the streets of Birmingham last summer?’
Bradford batted the plastic hood over the camera lens. ‘You wait and see, Mr BBC,’ he snarled, sticking his face right up to the camera. ‘Inequality breeds hatred. There’s more poverty and inequality in Britain today than ever before. If you’re sitting at home in your nice house watching the likes of me on your thirty-two-inch LCD, you might not see the revolution rising up from the streets. But you mark my words: we’re coming to get you.’
Jett could barely contain his smile. ‘Do you have a timescale? When can we expect this revolution?’
‘Next month, next year, who knows?’ Bradford shrugged. ‘Things will change radically before the end of this decade, but if you only watch the biased rubbish the BBC churns out, the first you’ll know it is when my
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In general, an ink composition containing titanium oxide has the problem that it has a high specific gravity and therefore settles down and separates with the passage of time. Accordingly, a means in which the ink composition is sufficiently stirred again before use and then used or a means in which the ink composition is provided with a shear thinning property to inhibit titanium oxide from settling down has so far been taken.
It has so far been known as the above means for providing an ink composition with a shear thinning property to add a thickener and a gelatinizing agent thereto. Materials having various chemical structures have so far been investigated for the above additives. However, it is the existing situation that materials investigated for ink compositions (so-called oil-based ink compositions) comprising organic solvents as principal components are few as compared with materials added to ink compositions (so-called water-based ink compositions) comprising water as a principal component.
Known as a thickener and a gelatinizing agent which are added to oil-based ink compositions are, for example, montmorillonite base clay minerals, fluorinated phlogopite, dextrin fatty acid esters, fatty acid amides and aluminum 2-ethylhexanoate.
Addition of the above materials to the intended ink compositions has made it possible to inhibit to the utmost a hard cake from being formed by settling of titanium oxide up to about 2 months. However, there has been the problem that when stored over a long period of 2 months or longer, a settling layer is gradually formed at the bottom of the ink. Further, a gel structure has strongly been formed in the whole part or a part of the ink compositions with the passage of standing time, and reduction in fluidity and a leveling property of the ink compositions following reduction in a shear thinning property has been brought about. On the other hand, considering that the ink composition is provided to the market in the form of a product, it is a matter of course that the quality is required to be maintained over a longer period than 2 months. Accordingly, a coating fluid in which a quality is maintained over a longer period is desired to be provided.
A material which is an additive investigated in the present invention and which comprises an N-acylamino acid derivative whose fundamental frame is at least one selected from N-acylamino acid amides and N-acylamino acid esters is also known as an oil gelatinizing agent (refer to, for example, patent document 1). Known as an ink composition containing an additive having such characteristic are, for example, one in which 0.5% by weight of N-lauroyl-L-glutamic acid-α,γ-di-n-butylamide is added (refer to, for example, patent documents 2 and 3), one in which 5% by weight of N-lauroyl-L-glutamic acid-α,γ-di-n-butylamide is added (refer to, for example, patent document 4) and one in which 1 to 10% by weight thereof is added (refer to, for example, patent document 5).
As described in patent document 1 described above, however, these additives are scarcely soluble in organic solvents, and therefore a specific means in which inorganic metal salts are allowed to coexist as a solubilizing agent is required. Further, it is known that these additives have a strong oil coagulant function and form a three-dimensional network in a state of enclosing oil in an individual net, so that gel which is short of fluidity is formed.
Further, as described in patent documents 2 and 3 described above, marked reduction in the fluidity is not observed in an ink composition containing 0.5% by weight of the gelatinizing agent because of a small content of the gelatinizing agent, and the writing characteristic is good. However, there has been the problem that titanium oxide can not be inhibited from settling down over a long period of 2 months or more to cause settling and separation as time passes. In an ink composition in which 5% by weight or more of the gelatinizing agent is added, a net work structure of gel is sufficiently formed because of a large amount of the gelatinizing agent, and titanium oxide can be inhibited from settling down over a long period of 2 months or more. However, fluidity of the ink composition is a little short due to the strong net work structure of the gel, and the gel becomes further firm as time passes, so that observed is the problem that reduction in fluidity and a leveling property of the ink composition is brought about to a large extent.
On the other hand, also in the ink composition in which the gelatinizing agent is suitably added, as described in patent document 5 described above, in a range of 1 to 10% by weight, particularly in a range of 1% by weight or more and less than 5% by weight, brought about to not small extent is either of the problems that settling of titanium oxide is caused when time of 2 months or longer passes or that the gel becomes firm to cause reduction in fluidity and a leveling property of the ink composition, and it is the existing situation that both problems (first problem) do not result in being solved at the same time.
Further, it has so far been known that an organic solvent having a relatively high volatility is used for a coating fluid in a fluid applicator such as a writing instrument, a correction device, an adhesive and a toilet tool for the purpose of quickly drying the coating fluid when it is coated. However, organic solvents used for paint markers and correction devices have a high volatilizing rate, and therefore caps have to be put thereon in non-use to prevent the coating fluids from drying. Accordingly, involved therein are the problems (second problem) that a labor for removing the caps in every use is required and that if the caps are neglected to be put on after use, the coating fluids are dried and solidified for a short time, so that the applicators can not be used.
On the other hand, known are a lot of correction devices of a ballpoint pen type equipped with a means in which a ball made of metal is pressed against a point aperture part, for example, by a pressing means such as a spring to seal it (refer to, for example, patent documents 6 and 7 filed by the present applicant).
On the other hand, a lot of ink compositions for marking pens which are prevented from drying up by adding a cap-off performance-improving agent such as lecithin to a coating fluid have so far been known, but if a cap-off performance-improving agent such as lecithin is used for a coating fluid containing titanium oxide which is liable to settle down, coagulating and settling down of titanium oxides themselves caused by breakage of a dispersion system and subsequent separation of the liquid are brought about in a certain case, and therefore it is the existing situation that cap-off performance-improving agents used for ink compositions for writing instruments can not simply be diverted. Further, the present applicants have filed a correction liquid-blended composition characterized by adding at least paraffin waxes as a cap-off performance-improving agent (refer to, for exampled, a patent document 8).
However, in the art described in the patent documents 6 and 7 described above, it is impossible to completely seal a tip part because of contact of metal with metal in which a metal ball is pressed against an aperture part, and the problem (third problem) that a cap is always put on in non-use is not solved.
Further, the art described in the patent document 8 described above is a correction liquid composition having an excellent cap-off performance which has not so far been available. However, if an addition amount of paraffin wax is small, a period in which the cap-off performance can be maintained is about 2 weeks, and on the other hand, a period in which the cap-off performance can be maintained is extended to one month or longer by increasing an addition amount of paraffin wax. In the product, however, a quality has to be maintained for a long period of several months or longer, and therefore it is the existing situation that the product can not help being equipped with a cap even when the art described above is used.
Further, in a gel ink ballpoint pen for correction which is a fluid applicator, a fluid reservoir filled with a correction liquid (fluid) has so far been desired to be so-called refillable because of an environmental problem. In such case, a ball point has to be protected in transporting and storing a refill alone, and a solvent has to be inhibited from being volatilized from the point.
In order to prevent such volatilization, countermeasures such as making parts constituting a fluid reservoir main body of metal or resins and providing a tip point with a seal by a resin coating film have been taken.
Many arts regarding the above fluid reservoir in which a tip point is sealed by a resin coating film have so far been proposed, and known are, for example, a resin coating film formed from a synthetic resin emulsion (refer to, for exampled, patent document 9), a resin coating film formed from a molten thermoplastic resin (refer to, for exampled, patent document 10), a resin coating film formed from a polymer latex (refer to, for exampled, patent document 11), a resin coating film formed from a hot melt resin (refer to, for exampled, patent document 12) and a colored resin coating film (refer to, for exampled, patent document 13).
The seals formed by the resin coating films described in patent documents 9 to 11 and 13 described above prevent solvents having no high volatility and water contained in water-based inks and water-based gel inks having a shear thinning property from vaporizing from tip point parts (writing point parts). In the cases of applicators filled with fluids containing solvents having high volatility such as n-hexane, cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane, the solvents are still insufficiently inhibited from vaporizing even if resin coating films of synthetic resin emulsions and polymer latexes are formed, and therefore involved therein is the problem (fourth problem) that the fluids are liable to be solidified at the sealed parts due to dry-up so that the fluids can not discharge from the tips when long time passes from production through use.
Also, the seal prepared by the resin coating film described in patent document 12 described above is formed by coating a tip point of an applicator filled with a coating liquid having a high viscosity such as a correction liquid, a toilet liquid, an adhesive and a paint with a hot melt resin such as an ethylene-vinyl acetate base resin, a polyester base resin, a polyamide base resin, a polyolefin base resin and a rubber base resin, which are comprehensive resin names, and it shows an art close to that of the present invention. However, careful investigation of the above patent document 12 shows that the examples are not described and that the specific kinds of the solvents and the specific names of the hot melt resins are not described.
In particular, in the cases of applicators filled with fluids containing solvents having high volatility such as n-hexane, cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane, the solvents are still insufficiently inhibited from vaporizing even by resin coating films of ethylene-vinyl acetate base resins and polyamide base resins, and therefore involved therein is, as is the case with the fluid applicator for a water-based ink described above, the problem (fifth problem) that the fluids are liable to be solidified at the sealed parts due to dry-up so that the fluids can not discharge from the tips when long time passes from production through use.
Patent document 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 68102/1977 (examples and others)
Patent document 2: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 343875/2000 (examples and others)
Patent document 3: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 343879/2000 (examples and others)
Patent document 4: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 53034/1997 (examples and others)
Patent document 5: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 256178/2002 (examples and others)
Patent document 6: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 58292/1996 (claims, examples and others)
Patent document 7: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 118896/1996 (claims, examples and others)
Patent document 8: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 213162/2003 (claims, examples and others)
Patent document 9: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 96597/1983 (claims and others)
Patent document 10: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 35294/1986 (claims, examples and others)
Patent document 11: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 98396/1982 (claims, examples and others)
Patent document 12: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 222950/1995 (claims, examples and others)
Patent document 13: Utility Model Registration No. 3076019 (claims, examples and others)
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PGC Chapter 139
Chapter 139: Asking for help, I’ll play you a roundOriginal and most updated translations are from volare. If read elsewhere, this chapter has been stolen. Please stop supporting theft.
Although Madame Li wasn’t a good person, Han Yunxi still admired her technical prowess. Her poisons weren’t something just anyone could treat. Grand Concubine Yi and Murong Wanru must have something missing in their brains. They clearly knew Madame Li’s poisoning skills were exceptional, but neglected her mighty self in favor of looking for run of the mill poison doctors?
“It’s not even daybreak yet, what could Miss Wanru want me for?” Han Yunxi asked while knowing the answer.
Someone asking for help should at least attempt to play the part properly. Just sending over any old servant to find her without explaining a thing didn’t count for anything.
This servant girl named Cui Ping[1] was Murong Wanru’s trusted subordinate. Of course she knew what the matter was, but Miss Wanru had only told her to find the person and bring her back. She didn’t mention anything else, so it was hard for her to speak out without authorization.
“To reply esteemed wangfei, your servant isn’t clear. But Miss Wanru was very anxious, so it must be something important. It’s not advisable to delay. A sedan chair is waiting right outside, so let’s hurry back,” Cui Ping was very smart.
Han Yunxi only laughed. “What kind of important matters could she have? You go back and tell her that I have to handle a pile of urgent business here. It’s not possible for me to leave, so I’ll come by later.”
Hearing this, Cui Ping grew anxious. “Esteemed wangfei, young Miss must have truly pressing matters. We should go back home first.”
Of course Miss Wanru didn’t have any immediate issues. It was Grand Concubine Yi who was in a state of emergency. As soon as she returned home, she couldn’t stop coughing. Approximately ten or so poison doctors were found, but none of them could figure out the poison. Then she found a few imperial physicians, all of whom asserted that her cough came from the poison. It was enough for Grand Concubine Yi to nearly lose her mind and kill someone.
She had always harbored a fear of getting sick. Even a simple cold would drastically alter her mood, much less something as serious as this. All of the poison doctors and imperial physicians were cursed and swore at until they were kneeling on the ground. Even Miss Wanru couldn’t escape her wrath. She had no choice but to find ways to call esteemed wangfei back.
“Finefinefine, you go back first. Once I finish the things I need to do here, I’ll follow behind. Is that…all right?” Han Yunxi was very polite as she replied.
In the end, Cui Ping was still a servant girl. As soon as she heard this tone of voice, she didn’t dare say anymore. All she could do was hurry back. Han Yunxi darted a glance at the skies, seeing that it’d grow light in about an hour. Madame Li said last night that Grand Concubine Yi wouldn’t see the light of the next day. Since the poison was located in her throat, she should probably be spitting up blood by now, right?
If Grand Concubine Yi really died, she could properly assume her position as the mistress of the Duke of Qin’s estate. Even if it was just a title, she’d be in a stronger position than she was now. But in the end, she still couldn’t bring herself to be so ruthless. Besides, even though Grand Concubine Yi was detestable, she wasn’t as sinister and vicious as Murong Wanru. At most, her mother-in-law would throw rocks at her body after she fell in a well, while Murong Wanru would take the initiative to form her own schemes to push her in the well. Moreover, Han Yunxi was still a doctor. If she saw someone dying and didn’t try to save them, she might as well be a murderer.
She gave a lazy stretch before getting to her feet. After leaving a few tasks with little Chen Xiang, she walked slowly out the door…
—
At that very moment, the Duke of Qin’s estate was in complete chaos. Grand Concubine Yi had not only coughed up blood, but a large mass of black blood!
“Imperial physicians, imperial physicians! Hurry and summon the imperial physicians! Quick!” Murong Wanru was so frightened that her face had turned white as she shouted in alarm. If Grand Concubine Yi was gone, wouldn’t she be driven out of the house? All of the imperial physicians and poison doctors entered the room, frightened by her state. The poison doctors took samples of her blood for examination while everyone waited anxiously. Even the bad-tempered Grand Concubine Yi endured her itchy throat, afraid to make a sound as she stared anxiously.
But in the end, all the poison doctors could do was to verify that the poison existed. They had no idea what kind of poison it could be. In a violent rage, Grand Concubine Yi grabbed the first thing she could get her hands on–a hairpin–and threw it at them. “Good for nothings! You’re all useless, all of you scram! Get out!”
Her agitation set off another fit of severe coughing as she spat up a second mouthful of black blood. It was enough to turn her face green with fear. “Is Han Yunxi here yet? Is she?”
Of course she knew that Han Yunxi’s skills were much better than these doctors, but she was deathly keen on keeping up face and appearances. How could she condescend to beg Han Yunxi for treatment? Still, even if she didn’t speak up, Murong Wanru should know to do it in her place!
This was a matter of life and death!
“They went to look! She’s at the Han estate and won’t come. I just sent someone else to find her again! How could sister-in-law act this way?” Murong Wanru replied in a rush. She really wasn’t reconciled with the idea of begging Han Yunxi in person. She didn’t want to give her the chance to do a good deed and expected Grand Concubine Yi to get angry. Then she’d give the order to force Han Yunxi back.
Unexpectedly, Grand Concubine Yi only glared at her and raged, “Isn’t that all because of you?! Everything would’ve been perfectly fine if she was invited home with us last night! Would I be suffering like this then? You better go find her yourself right this instant! And you better have some manners when you ask!”
Grand Concubine Yi knew clearly that Han Yunxi was open to persuasion but not coercion. When that lass turned stubborn, even forcefully bringing her back didn’t guarantee that she would treat her. It was almost daybreak already, but she didn’t want to wager her life as a joke! Now she felt true regret. Last night the Duke of Qin was there too. If they had all came back together and let Han Yunxi treat her poison, wouldn’t everything be all right now?
Murong Wanru was extremely astonished. After all these years, this was the first time that mufei had found fault with her.
“Mufei, I…I didn’t know…”
“Enough, you’re still not going? You want to drive me to my death?” Grand Concubine Yi harshly shoved her away, scaring Murong Wanru so much that she quickly left without a word.
At the same time Murong Wanru went out the front doors of the estate, Han Yunxi entered from the back. She made a direct beeline for the Peony Courtyard and rushed into Grand Concubine Yi’s rooms without bothering to announce herself. “Mufei! Mufei!”
Hearing this voice, Grand Concubine Yi suddenly sat up in her bed, only to see Han Yunxi run over in a hurry.
“Mufei, what time is this already? Your poison still hasn’t been treated yet? Why didn’t anyone say anything! Really, that Wanru, she sent two people over to find me but both were acting so secretive and mysterious! No matter how I asked, they didn’t tell me you were in trouble. Thank goodness Zhao mama told me. Aiya, what was she doing? This is a matter of life and death, so what’s there to hide? She’s treating you life as a joke!”
Han Yunxi complained as she took Grand Concubine Yi’s hand and pretended to take her pulse. Meanwhile, she’d long started up the detox system to do a deep system scan. Madame Li’s spur-of-the-moment poison wouldn’t escape her technology no matter how potent it was.
Very soon, Han Yunxi had grasped the situation.
After listening to Han Yunxi’s “complaints,” Grand Concubine Yi’s fists clenched together. She was already angry that Murong Wanru hadn’t gone to ask for help herself. Who knew that the servants she’d sent hadn’t told the truth as it was, either? Han Yunxi was right, this was treating her life as a joke. Why couldn’t that lass grasp the seriousness of the situation? It looked like she had spoiled her too much.
Seeing Grand Concubine Yi’s heavy sighs, Han Yunxi’s eyes flickered slyly. Suddenly, she released her hand and gave out a cry. “This is bad!”
Grand Concubine Yi was so scared that she nearly fell out of her bed. “What happened? Am I beyond hope?”
Grand Concubine Yi only felt her vision turn black in a sudden wave of dizziness. She abruptly grabbed Han Yunxi’s hands. “Yunxi, you have to save me, you have to! Mufei doesn’t want to die!”
Yunxi?
If Han Yunxi remembered correctly, this was the first time Grand Concubine Yi had called her name in such intimate terms. When a person was facing death, things like pride, face, and resentful grudges were nothing more than clouds floating in the air.
“Mufei, it’s been delayed too long! If it was just a bit earlier, even by a tiny bit more, I’d be 100 percent certain that I could treat you. But now…I really can’t promise anything,” Han Yunxi seemed very much at a loss.
“Then…then what do we do? What?” Grand Concubine Yi was completely losing her wits.
“Mufei, I’ll try to use acupuncture needles to suppress the poison and get a doctor to find some medicine right away. I’ll definitely do my best. As to whether or not I can make it in time…”
As soon as Grand Concubine Yi was lying on the bed, Han Yunxi took out her needles and carefully stuck them in acupunture points on her neck. Meanwhile, she detailed out a prescription while a poison doctor wrote it down. As she worked against the clock and concentrated wholeheartedly on her task, no one suspected that she was pretending the entire time. Actually, she could suppress the poison just by using acupuncture alone. At the very least, it could buy her three days’ worth of time. Still, how couldn’t she use this chance to toy around with Murong Wanru a bit?
If she wanted to eliminate Murong Wanru while they were staying under the same roof, then she needed to win over Grand Concubine Yi’s heart.
After verifying her prescription, the poison doctor ran off to fetch, boil and prepare the ingredients as fast as possible. Han Yunxi spent much longer finishing up the needles before releasing a breath to sit by the bed. By now, the skies in the east had started to turn a greyish-white like a fish’s belly. It would be daybreak very soon. Grand Concubine Yi lay on the bed, her entire body stiff. She was afraid to even move a muscle.
“Mufei, does your throat still itch?” Han Yunxi asked in concern.
“No, not as much. Yunxi, do you think…do you think we’ll make it?” Grand Concubine Yi was very nervous.
Han Yunxi intentionally sucked in a light breath. “If I had known earlier, then…” After getting to this point, she quickly changed the topic to console her. “Mufei, Heaven helps the worthy. You’ll definitely be all right for sure!”
Any type of comforting words seemed pale and powerless before reality. Grand Concubine Yi’s eyes turned red as her mind grew blank. She only hoped that the poison doctor would return quickly with the medicine. She didn’t speak any more, but held on tightly to Han Yunxi’s hand, as if hoping that Han Yunxi could give her some strength.
Han Yunxi hesitated briefly before extending her other hand to cover both of theirs. “Mufei, set your cares at rest. Just tell me immediately as soon as your throat itches again.”
Grand Concubine Yi nodded, bracing her nerves to focus completely on her throat. Time seemed long and weary as they waited. Suddenly, hasty footsteps sounded from outside.
“It’s here!” Grand Concubine Yi rejoiced.
Indeed, a poison doctor entered the rooms, personally carrying a bowl of piping hot medicine. “Esteemed Imperial Concubine, this is the medicine that was made according to esteemed wangfei’s prescription.”
The medicine was here and her throat hadn’t itched a bit. There was still enough time. She had hope! She could be saved!
Grand Concubine Yi was so moved that she sat up by herself. Han Yunxi accepted the bowl and fed her spoonful after spoonful without stopping. When every drop was finished, she exhaled and spoke, extremely moved. “Yunxi, will it be fine now that I’ve drank the medicine?”
Even the emperor would dread the idea of death, much less an old lady like Grand Concubine Yi.
Han Yunxi saw her fear as she nodded. “Congratulations to mufei, your life won’t be in danger anymore. But the medicine will need some time to take effect, so I’ll remove the needles from you later.”
Grand Concubine Yi nodded as her heart finally settled back down in her chest. She leaned against the headboard and silently expelled a breath. Han Yunxi quietly pulled her hand over to check her pulse. When Grand Concubine Yi calmed down enough to observe Han Yunxi’s serious, focused expression, she unconsciously saw her in a new light…
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Peripheral Manifestations in Spondyloarthritis and their Effect: An Ancillary Analysis of the ASAS-COMOSPA Study.
To determine the factors associated with the presence of peripheral manifestations in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) from the Assessment in SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS)-COMOSPA study, and to evaluate the effect of these symptoms on treatment and patient-reported outcomes (PRO). All patients from the ASAS-COMOSPA study were included. All patients had an SpA diagnosis according to the rheumatologist. Patients and disease characteristics associated with the presence of these peripheral manifestations (peripheral arthritis, peripheral enthesitis, or dactylitis) were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Patients who reported peripheral manifestations were divided into 3 categories: current, history, and no history. The effect of peripheral involvement on PRO was evaluated through the use of 1-factor ANOVA. Out of the 3984 patients included in ASAS-COMOSPA, 2562 (64.3%) reported at least 1 peripheral manifestation, with a prevalence of 51.5%, 37.8%, and 15.6% for peripheral arthritis, peripheral enthesitis, and dactylitis, respectively. Being from South America, having a history of uveitis, having a current case or history of psoriasis, and the absence of HLA-B27 were associated with higher prevalence of peripheral manifestations. Patients with peripheral involvement showed greater use of drugs, and those with "current" peripheral manifestations showed higher levels in all PRO, in contrast to those with past or no history. Peripheral manifestations appear in 64% of patients with SpA. Psoriasis and the absence of HLA-B27 are associated with the development of peripheral symptoms. The presence of any peripheral symptom at the time of the visit was associated with higher scores in all PRO.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
1. Introduction {#sec0005}
===============
Hydatid disease (HC) is a parasitic infestation caused by Echinococcus species. Species mainly involved include granulosus, multilocularis, and oligarthrus, with granulosus commonly responsible for cysts in predators such as dogs, wolves, and foxes as well as intermediate hosts such as sheep, goats, and cattle \[[@bib0005]\]. Humans are a coincidental intermediate host. The disease is more frequent in the Middle East, Central Europe, Australia, South America and the Mediterranean basin, where livestock breeding is very rampant. Several strains of granulosus appear to be commonly found in North America, Morocco, Tunisia, Kenya, Iraq, Iran, Kazakhstan, western China, and Argentina. Parasite larvae can develop in any part of the human body with the liver (68.8--80%) and lungs (10--22.4%), representing the most frequent localizations. Other rare localizations reported in the literature include the spleen, peritoneum, skeleton, kidney, brain, cardiac muscle and even subcutaneous \[[@bib0010],[@bib0015]\]. Muscular hydatid cysts are usually secondary in nature, resulting from migration of larvae from a primary site after spontaneous or trauma-induced cyst rupture or could even be iatrogenic after the release of parasite material during invasive treatment procedures. Primary musculoskeletal hydatid cysts are rare not to mention adductor magnus muscle hydatid cysts even in countries endemic to Echinococcus. Voluntary muscles are a very rare site of infection, counting for less than 1% of the total \[[@bib0020]\]. In line with SCARE guideline, we reported a case of adductor magnus HC \[[@bib0025]\].
2. Case presentation {#sec0010}
====================
A 37-year-old man, Iraqi origin, living in the rural area was admitted to our unit complaining of a slight painful swelling of the right thigh. The patient notices the swelling over about 3 weeks and was associated with recent discomfort and when he compares both thighs he notices that the right one tenser and slightly larger in diameter without fever or rigors, and pruritus. The patient did not reveal any history of trauma to his thigh or prior medication. He was afebrile on admission with good general conditions, and physical examination revealed a slight tender right upper medial side of the thigh with slight distension without any features of acute inflammation overlying skin, the overlying skin was normal. No bruit or venous hum was heard as in [Fig. 1](#fig0005){ref-type="fig"}a and b.Fig. 1(a) Comparison between thighs, deep intramuscular, slight difference appear, (b) Marked skin incision over right thigh.Fig. 1
Patient sends for an ultrasound which shows cystic lesion deep intramuscular upper medial aspect of right thigh inside the muscle as shown in [Fig. 2](#fig0010){ref-type="fig"}. Routine blood investigations, we also performed abdominal US, chest X-ray, and cranial MRI in order to rule out any involvement of the body. All imaging studies detected no other cyst in other parts of the body. So the hydatid cyst in the adductor magnus muscle in our patient assumed to be primer muscle hydatidosis. Then Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) depicted a unilocular cyst without septations deep inside adductor magnus muscle about 100 × 65 mm, Serology for Echinococcus by ELISA (Ridascreen Echinococcus IgG; R-Biopharm, Darmstadt, Germany) was positive, measuring 2.5 IU (cut-off \>1.1). Based on these findings, a diagnosis of hydatid cyst was performed. MRI features were suggestive of hydatid cystic mass without infiltrating bone nor surrounding neurovascular structures as in [Figs. 3](#fig0015){ref-type="fig"}a, b and [4](#fig0020){ref-type="fig"} ). Patient was prepared for elective surgery with consent and anthelminthic therapy was initiated preoperatively for 5 days, Incision done over site of location of the cyst until reach the adductor magnus muscle the care was taken to avoid spillage, 10% Betadine soaked mops were placed around the cyst suction tube nearby and needle aspiration of clear fluid then the injection of scolicidal agent cetrimide (1.5%) instilled in it as in [Fig. 5](#fig0025){ref-type="fig"}. Wait 5 min then incision on cyst did, through meticulous pericystectomy along surrounding muscle fibers [Fig. 5](#fig0025){ref-type="fig"}a and b. The cyst was unilocular containing clear fluid, after the aspiration process, cetrimide solution was applied into the cavity and irrigation was performed with isotonic saline. Finally, the drain was fixed and the tissues were repaired. The diagnosis of a hydatid cyst was confirmed with macroscopic and microscopic histopathological examinations after removal of the mass as in [Fig. 6](#fig0030){ref-type="fig"}, [Fig. 7](#fig0035){ref-type="fig"}. Albendazole treatment was continued for three months postoperatively with 15 mg/kg/d.Fig. 2Ultrasound picture show cystic mass deep intramuscular.Fig. 2Fig. 3(a) MRI picture cross-sectional view thigh show adductor magnus cystic mass, (b) MRI cross-sectional view upper thigh show cystic mass.Fig. 3Fig. 4MRI coronal plane show cystic mass in adductor muscle of right thigh.Fig. 4Fig. 5(a) Scolicidal injection, (b) Pericystectomy of cyst.Fig. 5Fig. 6Histological view hydatid cyst (Hematoxylin & Eosin stain ×200.Fig. 6Fig. 7Whole cyst completely excised.Fig. 7
3. Discussion {#sec0015}
=============
Primary skeletal muscle hydatid cyst is very rare because implantations at this site require passage through the filters of the liver and lung. In addition, the intramuscular growth of cysts is hindered by muscle's contractility and lactic acid content \[[@bib0030]\]. The patient with muscular echinococcosis should
be evaluated in order to determine whether there is another focus of dissemination since the disease is generally located in other parts of the body especially hepatic and pulmonary regions \[[@bib0030],[@bib0035]\]. We excluded the other organ involvement by the careful clinical and radiological examination of the patient, and the localization in the adductor magnus muscle was therefore assumed to be primer muscle hydatidosis. Diagnosis of human echinococcosis remains highly dependent on imaging techniques to detect the cystic space occupying lesion \[[@bib0035]\]. US is particularly useful in the diagnosis of hydatid cyst when the daughter cysts and hydatid sand are demonstrated \[[@bib0040]\]. However, in muscular hydatid cyst, the US findings are sometimes indistinguishable from those of soft tissue abscess leading to misdiagnosis \[[@bib0045],[@bib0050]\]. Computed tomography has an advantage over ultrasound for better documentation of site, size, and structure of cyst. MRI may show an intense rim which has been proposed as a characteristic sign of hydatid disease \[[@bib0040]\]. Serologic tests are then typically used to confirm the diagnosis. Indirect immunofluorescence antibody test, ELISA, immunoelectrophoresis, and immunoblot test are the commonly used techniques \[[@bib0055]\]. In our case, the diagnosis was established by radiological, serological and histopathological examinations. The treatment of human muscle hydatidosis is principally surgical; however, the cysts' contents spillage may occur during the surgery resulting in anaphylaxis and/or secondary echinococcosis \[[@bib0060]\]. It is widely believed that the higher lactic acid concentration in skeletal muscle and mechanical factors, such as contractions make implantation of cyst less likely. The most common musculoskeletal sites include pelvic, thigh, and paravertebral musculature \[[@bib0065]\]. Another compatible hypothesis is one of a spontaneous resolution of primitive hepatic localization but with the systemic diffusion of the parasite and positivity of serological exams \[[@bib0070], [@bib0075], [@bib0080]\]. Diagnosis is based on clinical evidence such as anamnestic data pertaining to origin and history of exposure to livestock, presentation as well as radiological backing. Hydatid serology is often negative in 1 out of 2 cases of extrahepatic hydatid disease as was the case in our patient. In general, MRI has a higher specificity and sensibility than ultrasound for hepatic hydatid cyst \[[@bib0085]\]. It also allows a better characterization of anatomical relations and aids surgical management of cyst as was the case in our patient. It is essential to establish the definitive preoperative diagnosis of skeletal muscle hydatid cysts. This contraindicates certain treatment options like marginal excision or incisional biopsy due to the likelihood of dissemination and anaphylactic shock on spillage. Thursky et al. \[[@bib0090]\] Pericystectomy remain the treatment of choice in musculoskeletal hydatid cysts. Percutaneous aspiration, infusion of scolicidal agents like chlorhexidine gluconate, and re-aspiration (PAIR), under imaging (ultrasound or CT) guidance, can be used as an alternative to surgery in inoperable cases. Ormeni et al. \[[@bib0095]\] Supplementary chemotherapy with anthelminthic for skeletal muscle hydatid disease are controversial and currently, no evidence provides sufficient backing on the benefit of its association with conservative treatment. Albendazole remains the gold standard drug administered in adjuvant therapy. Hydatid cystic disease has a nonspecific clinical course and symptoms depend on its localization and size. It is usually presents as painless, non-inflammatory mass \[[@bib0100]\]. Proper history taking, knowledge about endemics and risk factors and using variety of diagnostic methods such as US, MRI, CT, ELISA tests or hematological tests are important for the diagnosis of cases with muscular findings.
4. Conclusion {#sec0020}
=============
Hydatid cyst should be considered in intramuscular cystic mass especially in the endemic region, Preoperative diagnosis is important in the management of hydatid cyst. Pericystectomy the best choice combined with neoadjuvant therapy could help reduce complications and recurrence in large deep intramuscular hydatid cysts.
Conflicts of interest {#sec0025}
=====================
No any conflicts of interest.
Funding source {#sec0030}
==============
Non funding.
Ethical approval {#sec0035}
================
The study is exempt from ethical approval in my institution.
Consent {#sec0040}
=======
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal on request.
Author contribution {#sec0045}
===================
I am only the contributory author for this my case report.
Registration of research studies {#sec0050}
================================
Researchregistry 4351.
Guarantor {#sec0055}
=========
I am only responsible, no other than me.
Provenance and peer review {#sec0060}
==========================
Not commissioned, externally peer-reviewed.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
n three letters picked without replacement from kxxxxkkxkx.
3/10
Two letters picked without replacement from {f: 2, m: 4, i: 3, r: 6, g: 3}. What is prob of picking 1 g and 1 r?
2/17
Three letters picked without replacement from fffqqfq. What is prob of picking 2 f and 1 q?
18/35
Four letters picked without replacement from {m: 3, w: 7, v: 5, a: 1}. Give prob of picking 1 a and 3 m.
1/1820
Calculate prob of picking 2 k and 1 o when three letters picked without replacement from {o: 1, k: 2, c: 4}.
1/35
Three letters picked without replacement from {v: 4, k: 2}. Give prob of picking 1 v and 2 k.
1/5
Three letters picked without replacement from nengnnnnnellgnngne. What is prob of picking 2 n and 1 e?
45/272
Four letters picked without replacement from {f: 15, j: 4}. Give prob of picking 2 j and 2 f.
105/646
Three letters picked without replacement from ddzzddyydddzzzz. What is prob of picking 2 z and 1 d?
3/13
Three letters picked without replacement from fffaffeffefeeeeek. Give prob of picking 2 e and 1 f.
21/85
Three letters picked without replacement from llhhzzhhlzzzz. Give prob of picking 2 h and 1 z.
18/143
Two letters picked without replacement from yeyyqllplpyelldll. Give prob of picking 1 p and 1 d.
1/68
Three letters picked without replacement from {s: 1, d: 1, y: 1, n: 1, q: 1}. What is prob of picking 1 q, 1 n, and 1 s?
1/10
What is prob of picking 1 r and 3 s when four letters picked without replacement from osorrssrrooorsoosrs?
10/323
Three letters picked without replacement from arrrjrjra. What is prob of picking 1 r and 2 j?
5/84
Calculate prob of picking 1 l and 1 o when two letters picked without replacement from ffol.
1/6
What is prob of picking 1 j and 2 b when three letters picked without replacement from bjehjjhhebj?
4/165
Four letters picked without replacement from fffffffffffffdf. Give prob of picking 1 d and 3 f.
4/15
What is prob of picking 2 b and 1 z when three letters picked without replacement from zubczzbzcluqqq?
1/91
Calculate prob of picking 2 l when two letters picked without replacement from {v: 2, l: 17}.
136/171
Two letters picked without replacement from ksyetkkyyytktyyeaa. Give prob of picking 2 a.
1/153
What is prob of picking 3 p when three letters picked without replacement from pppppp?
1
Three letters picked without replacement from {z: 4, b: 4, w: 1, h: 5, l: 2}. Give prob of picking 1 b and 2 h.
1/14
Four letters picked without replacement from gvuvuuuppggvuppup. What is prob of picking 1 v and 3 g?
3/2380
What is prob of picking 4 b when four letters picked without replacement from {b: 7, g: 2}?
5/18
Four letters picked without replacement from dhedhpppjhexjj. What is prob of picking 1 x, 1 d, and 2 j?
6/1001
What is prob of picking 2 i and 2 t when four letters picked without replacement from itttittvitttttttt?
117/1190
Calculate prob of picking 1 f and 1 r when two letters picked without replacement from rftrrttt.
3/28
Four letters picked without replacement from orjjjjfrjjjjjjfjojj. What is prob of picking 1 o, 1 r, and 2 f?
1/969
Two letters picked without replacement from {c: 2, i: 1, d: 1, l: 8, b: 1, p: 2}. What is prob of picking 2 c?
1/105
Three letters picked without replacement from nuguuduuuduujnuu. What is prob of picking 1 g and 2 n?
1/560
What is prob of picking 2 m and 2 h when four letters picked without replacement from hmmhhhhhhmhhhm?
270/1001
Calculate prob of picking 2 u when two letters picked without replacement from {t: 10, u: 2}.
1/66
Two letters picked without replacement from vbvvvbbvvvvvvbvbbvv. Give prob of picking 1 b and 1 v.
26/57
Four letters picked without replacement from ooiirttp. What is prob of picking 1 i, 1 r, 1 t, and 1 o?
4/35
What is prob of picking 1 a and 1 r when two letters picked without replacement from {a: 3, t: 1, r: 1, e: 1, g: 6}?
1/22
Two letters picked without replacement from {b: 3, l: 5}. What is prob of picking 2 b?
3/28
Three letters picked without replacement from {f: 1, d: 5, k: 6, t: 6}. What is prob of picking 2 t and 1 f?
5/272
Calculate prob of picking 1 s and 1 f when two letters picked without replacement from {f: 5, s: 14}.
70/171
Three letters picked without replacement from {v: 8, e: 4, s: 1, d: 2, z: 4}. What is prob of picking 2 v and 1 d?
56/969
Calculate prob of picking 1 f and 1 j when two letters picked without replacement from vppojvfppoohovjfjvjv.
4/95
Calculate prob of picking 1 r and 1 f when two letters picked without replacement from {d: 8, g: 4, w: 4, r: 2, f: 1}.
2/171
What is prob of picking 1 f and 1 z when two letters picked without replacement from {x: 1, z: 1, y: 2, q: 3, j: 3, f: 3}?
1/26
Four letters picked without replacement from {j: 5, o: 6, m: 1, e: 2, q: 1}. Give prob of picking 1 e, 1 j, and 2 o.
10/91
Calculate prob of picking 1 u, 1 d, and 2 s when four letters picked without replacement from cscdudcdsccwsscdgc.
2/255
Two letters picked without replacement from {c: 1, v: 1, t: 4, j: 1, d: 1}. What is prob of picking 1 t and 1 c?
1/7
Four letters picked without replacement from ikkdiodtoddwwwio. Give prob of picking 2 i and 2 w.
9/1820
Two letters picked without replacement from ttp. Give prob of picking 2 t.
1/3
Calculate prob of picking 1 o, 1 c, and 1 r when three letters picked without replacement from oocggrrocror.
8/55
Calculate prob of picking 3 v when three letters picked without replacement from {v: 4, k: 1, d: 4, o: 1, w: 1, u: 4}.
4/455
Four letters picked without replacement from xxdxoodooo. What is prob of picking 3 o and 1 x?
1/7
Two letters picked without replacement from {d: 5, o: 6, y: 4, t: 4}. Give prob of picking 2 o.
5/57
What is prob of picking 1 f and 1 i when two letters picked without replacement from {y: 1, w: 1, l: 2, f: 4, i: 1}?
1/9
Calculate prob of picking 2 g and 2 t when four letters picked without replacement from ttpptppgtgpgptpgp.
3/119
Four letters picked without replacement from {u: 4, p: 5, q: 1, f: 1}. Give prob of picking 4 q.
0
What is prob of picking 1 f and 2 a when three letters picked without replacement from {s: 2, f: 1, a: 6, t: 2, z: 4}?
3/91
Four letters picked without replacement from cbcbcc. Give prob of picking 2 c and 2 b.
2/5
Calculate prob of picking 4 g when four letters picked without replacement from {g: 7, p: 7}.
5/143
Two letters picked without replacement from trrrrrrrrtrrrrtr. What is prob of picking 2 r?
13/20
Three letters picked without replacement from kjwpkjpcbkj. Give prob of picking 1 j, 1 p, and 1 b.
2/55
Three letters picked without replacement from {e: 2, x: 1, f: 2}. Give prob of picking 1 f, 1 e, and 1 x.
2/5
Four letters picked without replacement from rrrrrrrjrrrttrrtr. What is prob of picking 4 r?
143/476
Four letters picked without replacement from kkkskkskksskkskkkkk. What is prob of picking 2 k and 2 s?
455/1938
Three letters picked without replacement from {g: 15, p: 3}. Give prob of picking 3 g.
455/816
Three letters picked without replacement from zzpzzgzpzzzgpzz. Give prob of picking 1 p, 1 z, and 1 g.
12/91
Calculate prob of picking 1 x and 1 g when two letters picked without replacement from fffggffxxfffffx.
2/35
Four letters picked without replacement from npnepnpeezpeneppe. What is prob of picking 1 z and 3 n?
1/595
Calculate prob of picking 1 z, 1 t, and 1 m when three letters picked without replacement from {s: 2, n: 1, z: 1, v: 1, t: 2, m: 1}.
1/28
Two letters picked without replacement from ejcmjppcpejj. Give prob of picking 1 c and 1 j.
4/33
Four letters picked without replacement from lllpvhjvvpp. What is prob of picking 2 p, 1 v, and 1 h?
3/110
What is prob of picking 1 v and 1 e when two letters picked without replacement from {e: 2, v: 1, r: 1, d: 1}?
1/5
Four letters picked without replacement from {i: 7, k: 2, n: 2}. Give prob of picking 3 i and 1 n.
7/33
Two letters picked without replacement from lllllflf. What is prob of picking 2 f?
1/28
What is prob of picking 3 t and 1 p when four letters picked without replacement from {p: 1, t: 4, o: 1, a: 1, k: 1}?
2/35
Two letters picked without replacement from mqqqqmhqkhcq. Give prob of picking 1 k and 1 q.
1/11
Two letters picked without replacement from {n: 1, c: 1, t: 1, r: 1, e: 1}. What is prob of picking 1 r and 1 n?
1/10
Three letters picked withou
|
{
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
}
|
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