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Introduction {#mpp12286-sec-0001}
============
Rice blast caused by the fungal pathogen *Magnaporthe oryzae* is one of the most destructive diseases of rice, reducing global yields annually by 10%--15% (Dai *et al*., [2007](#mpp12286-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}; Skamnioti and Gurr, [2009](#mpp12286-bib-0060){ref-type="ref"}; Talbot, [2003](#mpp12286-bib-0062){ref-type="ref"}). Advancing knowledge of the molecular events governing the rice--*M. oryzae* interaction will contribute to methods for improving resistance to this serious disease (Chen and Ronald, [2011](#mpp12286-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"}).
*Magnaporthe oryzae* is able to infect all rice tissues, including roots, leaves, stems and panicles (Ribot *et al*., [2008](#mpp12286-bib-0052){ref-type="ref"}; Sesma and Osbourn, [2004](#mpp12286-bib-0056){ref-type="ref"}). Infection is initiated by conidia that attach firmly to rice leaves and germinate within a few hours. After the germ tube ceases polar growth, the tip begins to swell, 2--4 h post‐inoculation (hpi), and then forms a mature appressorium, which penetrates the underlying tissue within 24 hpi (Ebbole, [2007](#mpp12286-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"}; Howard and Valent, [1996](#mpp12286-bib-0024){ref-type="ref"}; Talbot, [2003](#mpp12286-bib-0062){ref-type="ref"}). The primary hyphae differentiate into bulbous invasive hyphae in the cells at 32--36 hpi. The fungus then spreads into neighbouring cells to form necrotic lesions throughout the next several days (Kankanala *et al*., [2007](#mpp12286-bib-0033){ref-type="ref"}).
To withstand *M. oryzae* attack, rice has evolved two main immune systems, namely pathogen‐associated molecular pattern (PAMP)‐triggered immunity (PTI) and effector‐triggered immunity (ETI) (Chisholm *et al*., [2006](#mpp12286-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"}; Dodds and Rathjen, [2010](#mpp12286-bib-0014){ref-type="ref"}; Jones and Dangl, [2006](#mpp12286-bib-0029){ref-type="ref"}). PTI is mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) through the recognition of PAMPs. Because PAMPs are widely conserved in pathogens and are often essential for pathogen virulence or survival, PTI is predicted to confer durable and broad‐spectrum resistance. ETI is typically mediated by nucleotide‐binding site‐leucine‐rich repeat (NBS‐LRR) proteins that recognize effectors secreted into the plant cell by the pathogen. Unlike PAMPs, effectors are highly variable and thus the disease resistance mediated by ETI is generally race specific (Dodds and Rathjen, [2010](#mpp12286-bib-0014){ref-type="ref"}; Jones and Dangl, [2006](#mpp12286-bib-0029){ref-type="ref"}; Tao *et al*., [2003](#mpp12286-bib-0063){ref-type="ref"}; Vergne *et al*., [2010](#mpp12286-bib-0068){ref-type="ref"}).
In rice, a well‐studied PTI system is mediated by the LysM domain‐containing receptor CEBiP (chitin elicitor‐binding protein) and its co‐receptor OsCERK1 (Miya *et al*., [2007](#mpp12286-bib-0046){ref-type="ref"}; Shimizu *et al*., [2010](#mpp12286-bib-0059){ref-type="ref"}). On recognition of the synthetic or pathogen‐derived chitin, CEBiP and CERK1 form a receptor complex on the rice cell membrane and induce a series of defence responses, including the activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (Kishi‐Kaboshi *et al*., [2010](#mpp12286-bib-0037){ref-type="ref"}), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, defence gene expression, phytoalexin production and the accumulation of phosphatidic acid (PA), a signal molecule important for the plant response to both biotic and abiotic stresses (Kaku *et al*., [2006](#mpp12286-bib-0031){ref-type="ref"}; Testerink and Munnik, [2005](#mpp12286-bib-0064){ref-type="ref"}; Yamaguchi *et al*., [2004](#mpp12286-bib-0077){ref-type="ref"}, [2005](#mpp12286-bib-0078){ref-type="ref"}). A chimeric receptor, CRXA, consisting of the extracellular portion of CEBiP and the intracellular portion of the rice XA21 PRR, is also able to perceive the chitin signal and gains the ability to confer resistance to *M. oryzae* (Kishimoto *et al*., [2011](#mpp12286-bib-9024){ref-type="ref"}).
In ETI, rice NBS‐LRR proteins interact directly or indirectly with *M. oryzae* effectors (Liu *et al*., [2013](#mpp12286-bib-0040){ref-type="ref"}). The interactions trigger downstream defence reactions, such as increased production of antifungal secondary metabolites (Peters, [2006](#mpp12286-bib-0051){ref-type="ref"}), cell wall thickening (Huckelhoven, [2007](#mpp12286-bib-0025){ref-type="ref"}), pathogenesis‐related (PR) protein expression (Jwa *et al*., [2006](#mpp12286-bib-0030){ref-type="ref"}) and programmed cell death at sites of invasion (Greenberg and Yao, [2004](#mpp12286-bib-0020){ref-type="ref"}). Although PTI and ETI use different receptors at the early stages of infection, they share common molecular processes, such as the activation of MAPK cascades, utilization of a shared set of transcription factors (TFs) and induced expression of *PR* genes (Eulgem and Somssich, [2007](#mpp12286-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}; Mishra *et al*., [2006](#mpp12286-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}).
Previous transcriptional profiling studies have been performed on the rice--*M. oryzae* interaction using many approaches, including expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing (Jantasuriyarat *et al*., [2005](#mpp12286-bib-0028){ref-type="ref"}), robust‐long serial analysis of gene expression (Gowda *et al*., [2007](#mpp12286-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"}), proteomics (Kang *et al*., [2009](#mpp12286-bib-0032){ref-type="ref"}; Kim *et al*., [2004](#mpp12286-bib-0036){ref-type="ref"}), RNA‐seq (Bagnaresi *et al*., [2012](#mpp12286-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}) and microarray (Vergne *et al*., [2007](#mpp12286-bib-0067){ref-type="ref"}; Wei *et al*., [2013](#mpp12286-bib-0074){ref-type="ref"}). These studies identified diverse biological processes and defence‐related genes responsive to *M. oryzae* (Bagnaresi *et al*., [2012](#mpp12286-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}; Wei *et al*., [2013](#mpp12286-bib-0074){ref-type="ref"}). However, almost all of these studies focused on the molecular events occurring in the host at 24 hpi or later, at which time the appressorium is already well developed. The transcriptome results obtained from previous studies are shown in Table [1](#mpp12286-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}. Very recently, a transcriptomic study on rice with the earlier time point (12 hpi) included after infection with *M. oryzae* has been performed using microarray. Although this study found some TFs and receptor‐like kinases up‐regulated at 48 hpi, and probably associated with the defence response in incompatible rice, it did not identify significant gene expression changes at an earlier time point (12 hpi) (Wang *et al*., [2014a](#mpp12286-bib-0071){ref-type="ref"}). To date, the molecular events triggered at the early stages (before 24 hpi) of the rice--*M. oryzae* interaction, before the full formation of the appressorium, are still unknown.
######
Summary of previous transcriptomic data from the analysis of the rice--*M* *agnaporthe oryzae* interaction
Reference Rice cultivars (resistant/susceptible) *Magnaporthe oryzae* race Time point after *Magnaporthe oryzae* inoculation
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
Li *et al*. ([2006](#mpp12286-bib-9027){ref-type="ref"}) Near‐isogenic lines H7R(*Pi‐k*)/H7S ZB1 24 h
Vergne *et al*. ([2007](#mpp12286-bib-0067){ref-type="ref"}) Near‐isogenic lines R‐IR64(*Pi33*)/S‐IR64 PH14 24 h and 48 h
Bagnaresi *et al*. ([2012](#mpp12286-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}) Gigante Vercelli/Vialone Nano It2, It3 and It10 (mixed) 24 h
Vijayan *et al*. ([2013](#mpp12286-bib-9030){ref-type="ref"}) None/HR‐12 Mo‐si‐63 6 h
Wei *et al*. ([2013](#mpp12286-bib-0074){ref-type="ref"}) LTH/IRBL18 (*Pi1*) and IRBL22 (*Pi9*) CH63 24 h
Wang *et al*. ([2014a](#mpp12286-bib-0071){ref-type="ref"},[2014b](#mpp12286-bib-0072){ref-type="ref"}) Jinheung/Jinheung KJ401 (incompatible) and KJ301 (compatible) 12 h and 48 h
2015 BSPP and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Digu, a Chinese *indica* rice variety, confers robust and durable resistance to all of the tested blast isolates, including approximately 1000 *M. oryzae* strains collected from China, Japan, the Philippines, the UK and USA. It has been long and widely used as an important genetic resource for blast resistance breeding in China and south Asia (Chen *et al*., [2004](#mpp12286-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}). Previous studies have identified three blast resistance genes, *Pid1*, *Pid2* and *Pid3*, from Digu using three different *M. oryzae* strains as inocula: ZB13, ZB15 and Zhong‐10‐8‐14, respectively (Chen *et al*., [2006](#mpp12286-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}; Shang *et al*., [2009](#mpp12286-bib-0057){ref-type="ref"}). Of these, *Pid2* and *Pid3* have been isolated. *Pid2* encodes a B‐lectin receptor kinase (RK) and *Pid3* encodes a typical NBS‐LRR protein (Chen *et al*., [2006](#mpp12286-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}; Shang *et al*., [2009](#mpp12286-bib-0057){ref-type="ref"}). Because each of these three identified resistance genes confers race‐specific disease resistance (Chen *et al*., [2004](#mpp12286-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}, [2006](#mpp12286-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}; Shang *et al*., [2009](#mpp12286-bib-0057){ref-type="ref"}), whereas Digu confers strong, broad‐spectrum and durable resistance to *M. oryzae*, we hypothesized the presence of additional resistance mechanism(s), distinct from those mediated by these three genes, in Digu.
In this study, we examined the infection‐associated development of *M. oryzae* in rice and found that the development of both the penetration peg and the primary invasive hyphae were inhibited at 24 hpi in Digu compared with the susceptible rice Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH). We then performed comparative transcriptional profiling analyses between Digu and LTH at early stages of infection (5, 10 and 20 hpi). Our study reveals significant transcriptomic changes as early as 5 hpi that differ between these two rice varieties. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway analyses of the microarray data revealed that several biological processes, including extracellular recognition and biosynthesis of antioxidants, terpenes and hormones, were specifically activated in Digu in response to *M. oryzae*, suggesting that these processes might be involved in blocking fungal penetration peg formation and inhibiting invasive hyphal development. We also identified 48 genes encoding predicted RKs whose expression was specifically up‐ or down‐regulated by *M. oryzae* infection in Digu. One of these RK genes, *LOC_Os08g10300*, conferred enhanced resistance to *M. oryzae* when overexpressed in the susceptible rice variety, TP309. Our study reveals that the molecular interaction between pathogen and rice plant occurs hours before full development of the appressorium, and that RKs play important roles in the durably resistant rice cultivar Digu in the early defence response against infection by *M. oryzae*.
Results {#mpp12286-sec-0002}
=======
Differences in *M* *. oryzae* development between compatible and incompatible interactions with rice are apparent within 24 hpi {#mpp12286-sec-0003}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The invasion processes of *M. oryzae* in compatible rice have been well studied (Ebbole, [2007](#mpp12286-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"}; Howard and Valent, [1996](#mpp12286-bib-0024){ref-type="ref"}; Talbot, [2003](#mpp12286-bib-0062){ref-type="ref"}). To explore whether the development of *M. oryzae* is different when grown on compatible and incompatible rice, we examined the development of *M. oryzae* during the first 52 h after infection on the durably resistant rice Digu and the susceptible rice LTH. To facilitate the observation, we used an *M. oryzae* strain carrying green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker. We used rice sheath tissue for microscopic observations of *M. oryzae* penetration of the rice cuticle because this tissue has reduced autofluorescence when compared with green leaves. By 5 hpi, the formation of the appressorium was evident as a dome‐shaped structure at the tip of the germ tube of *M. oryzae* on both Digu and LTH ([Fig. S1](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo), see Supporting Information). By 10 hpi, the appressorium had initiated a cell wall melanization process, which is essential for the accumulation of the enormous turgor pressure needed to rupture the rice leaf cuticle. The autophagic fungal conidial cell death necessary for appressorium maturation was also detected on both Digu and LTH, as indicated by the disappearance of GFP fluorescence within the conidial cells at 10 hpi. At 16 hpi, the appressorium was fully melanized on both rice varieties (Figs [1](#mpp12286-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"} and [S1](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo)). These results demonstrate that, before penetration of the host cuticle, the early invasion processes of *M. oryzae* are similar between the incompatible and compatible interactions, including conidial germination, germ tube extension, appressorium formation and maturation, and autophagic conidial cell death.
{#mpp12286-fig-0001}
We found significant differences in the development of *M. oryzae* 16 h after inoculation on Digu and LTH. At 20 and 24 hpi, the penetration peg and primary invasive hyphae emerged frequently from the appressorium on LTH, but rarely on Digu (Fig. [1](#mpp12286-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}). At 36 hpi, the secondary invasive hyphae of *M. oryzae* on the LTH sheath expanded into rice cells neighbouring the cell ruptured by the appressorium. In striking contrast, *M. oryzae* on Digu only showed the initial emergence of a short penetration peg ([Fig. S1](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo)). These results indicate that differences in *M. oryzae* infection on LTH and Digu could be observed at the penetration and post‐penetration stages. Based on these results, we hypothesize that the molecular events that differentiate the compatible and incompatible interactions of rice with *M. oryzae* would occur before 20 hpi when the fungal penetration peg forms and invasive hyphae begin to develop.
Several *PR* genes in rice have been reported to be up‐regulated in response to biotic stress as a result of an enhanced immune response (van Loon *et al*., [2006](#mpp12286-bib-0043){ref-type="ref"}). To investigate whether the rice immune response is activated before 20 hpi, we compared the transcriptional expression levels of *PR* genes between Digu and LTH challenged with *M. oryzae*. Real‐time quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was performed on rice leaf samples collected at 5, 10 and 20 hpi for expression of the following *PR* genes: *PR10* (*LOC_Os12g36830*) and *BETV1* (*LOC_Os12g36850*). The expression levels of *PR10* and *BETV1* increased over time and reached a peak at 20 hpi in both Digu and LTH. Importantly, the expression of both *PR* genes reached higher levels in Digu compared with LTH during fungal infection ([Fig. S2](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo), see Supporting Information). These results reveal that the durably resistant rice Digu and the susceptible rice LTH respond to *M. oryzae* differently in the activation of *PR* genes.
Based on these findings, we hypothesize that the rice immune response to *M. oryzae* infection is activated within 20 h and is differentially regulated in the durably resistant rice Digu compared with the susceptible rice LTH. These differences result in reduced penetration peg formation and invasive hyphal growth on Digu relative to LTH, as observed at approximately 1 day post‐inoculation (dpi).
Identification of rice genes differentially or specifically expressed in early compatible or incompatible interaction with *M* *. oryzae* {#mpp12286-sec-0004}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To understand the molecular events underlying the early response of Digu to *M. oryzae*, we performed a transcriptomic study to compare the responses between the durably resistant rice Digu and the susceptible rice LTH on *M. oryzae* infection. RNA samples were prepared from rice leaf tissues harvested from Digu and LTH at 5, 10 and 20 hpi following *M. oryzae* or mock treatment ([Fig. S3A](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo), see Supporting Information). After quality validation, the RNA samples were reverse transcribed and subjected to microarray hybridization for transcriptional profiling analysis. Three independent biological replications were performed. Pearson\'s correlation coefficients among these replicates ranged from 0.80 to 0.99 with an average of 0.93, showing high consistency among these biological replicates ([Table S1](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo), see Supporting Information). Genes whose expression levels increased or decreased by 0.5‐fold or more after *M. oryzae* inoculation compared with mock inoculation at each time point were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs) ([Fig. S3B](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo)). Only those DEGs present in all three independent biological replicates were selected for further analyses.
A total of 2226 DEGs were identified from rice Digu and LTH in response to *M. oryzae* infection (Fig. [2](#mpp12286-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}A and [Table S2](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo), see Supporting Information). Thirteen of 14 randomly selected DEGs were verified by qRT‐PCR analysis ([Fig. S4](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo) and [Table S3](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo), see Supporting Information), suggesting that most of the DEGs (more than 92%) could be validated and the microarray data were highly reliable. Among all DEGs, 403 were commonly shared between Digu and LTH, whereas 820 were Digu specific and 1003 were LTH specific (Fig. [2](#mpp12286-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}A). In detail, among the up‐regulated DEGs, 370 (230 at 5 hpi, 106 at 10 hpi and 58 at 20 hpi) were commonly shared between Digu and LTH, whereas 518 (356 at 5 hpi, 255 at 10 hpi and 130 at 20 hpi) were Digu specific and 621 (256 at 5 hpi, 206 at 10 hpi and 447 at 20 hpi) were LTH specific (Fig. [2](#mpp12286-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}B). Similarly, among the down‐regulated DEGs, 147 (74 at 5 hpi, 35 at 10 hpi and 9 at 20 hpi) were shared, whereas 320 (243 at 5 hpi, 194 at 10 hpi and 46 at 20 hpi) were Digu specific and 338 (148 at 5 hpi, 37 at 10 hpi and 331 at 20 hpi) were LTH specific (Fig. [2](#mpp12286-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}B). These results suggest that most DEGs are either Digu or LTH specific. Furthermore, we found that more DEGs in Digu were up‐regulated at the earliest time point (586 genes at 5 hpi) than at later time points (361 and 187 genes at 10 and 20 hpi, respectively). Similarly, among the down‐regulated DEGs, more were present at the earliest than the later time points (317, 229 and 55 genes at 5, 10 and 20 hpi, respectively) in Digu (Fig. [2](#mpp12286-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}C). These results indicate that changes in gene expression can be observed in response to *M. oryzae* infection as early as 5 hpi in Digu and fewer changes are present at later time points (e.g. 20 hpi). In contrast, in LTH, more genes were up‐regulated (506 vs. 486) or down‐regulated (320 vs. 222) at the latest time point (20 hpi) than at the earlier time points (5 and 10 hpi) (Fig. [2](#mpp12286-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}C). These results indicate that the majority of gene expression changes in LTH in response to *M. oryzae* infection are delayed relative to the rapid response of Digu.
{#mpp12286-fig-0002}
Specific molecular pathways in durably resistant rice are involved in the early response against *M* *. oryzae* {#mpp12286-sec-0005}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To identify the specific molecular pathways involved in the early response against *M. oryzae*, we performed GO analysis on all DEGs. We identified 169 (at 5 hpi), 122 (10 hpi) and 84 (20 hpi) enriched GO terms for the up‐regulated DEGs, and one (5 hpi), 18 (10 hpi) and 30 (20 hpi) enriched GO terms (Fig. [3](#mpp12286-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}A) for the down‐regulated DEGs in Digu. In LTH, we identified 110 (5 hpi), 113 (10 hpi) and 122 (20 hpi) enriched GO terms for the up‐regulated DEGs, and five (5 hpi), 13 (10 hpi) and zero (20 hpi) GO terms for the down‐regulated DEGs (Fig. [3](#mpp12286-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}A). Interestingly, of these Digu‐specific GO terms enriched from the up‐regulated DEGs, 71 GO terms were present at 5 hpi, 32 at 10 hpi and 15 at 20 hpi, showing that more GO terms were used in the resistant rice in response to *M. oryzae* at the earlier time points than at the later points. In contrast, among the LTH‐specific GO terms, only 12 GO terms were present at 5 hpi, whereas 23 were present at 10 hpi and 53 were present at 20 hpi (Fig. [3](#mpp12286-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}B), showing that less GO terms were used at the earlier time points than at the later points in LTH. These results suggest that the GO terms associated with compatible interaction are different from those associated with incompatible interaction, and that the earliest time point (5 hpi) is important for the Digu‐specific response against *M. oryzae* invasion. However, fewer GO terms were associated with the down‐regulated DEGs in both Digu and LTH. At 5 hpi, Digu and LTH shared one from the common down‐regulated DEG. Four LTH‐specific GO terms and no Digu‐specific GO terms were observed for down‐regulated DEGs. At 10 hpi, there were 16 in common, 12 specific for Digu and seven specific for LTH. At 20 hpi, there were none in common, 30 specific for Digu and none specific for LTH (Fig. [3](#mpp12286-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}B). These results indicate that the down‐regulated DEGs are less important than the up‐regulated DEGs, in both resistant and susceptible rice, in response to *M. oryzae*. Collectively, these results suggest that many molecular pathways are activated instead of inhibited in Digu in defence against *M. oryzae*. These results also reveal that the molecular events activated at the early time point (at 5 hpi) are more important than those at later time points for resistance in Digu.
{ref-type="ref"}). (A) GO term enrichment analysis of up‐ and down‐regulated DEGs in Digu and LTH at 5, 10 and 20 h post‐inoculation (hpi). The number of GO terms enriched from the up‐regulated DEGs was greater than those enriched from the down‐regulated DEGs in both the durably resistant rice Digu and the susceptible rice LTH at each time point post‐inoculation. (B) Venn diagram of GO terms in both DG and LTH at 5, 10 and 20 hpi.](MPP-17-354-g003){#mpp12286-fig-0003}
Among the GO terms associated specifically with the up‐regulated DEGs in Digu at 5 hpi, we identified the GO term 'response to stimulus' in biological process, the GO terms 'molecular transducer activity' and 'transporter activity' in molecular function, and the GO term 'extracellular region' in cellular component. Because these processes have been reported to be involved in the perception and transduction of extracellular signals (Chasis *et al*., [1988](#mpp12286-bib-9010){ref-type="ref"}; Nürnberger *et al*., [1994](#mpp12286-bib-9035){ref-type="ref"}; Karnchanaphanurch *et al*., [2009](#mpp12286-bib-9001){ref-type="ref"}), our finding indicates that the early response in the durably resistant rice Digu is probably activated through rice receptor(s) perceiving extracellular signal molecules derived from *M. oryzae*.
To better understand the molecular pathways associated with the GO terms, we analysed the GO categories with enrichment analysis. We found 19 up‐regulated and 12 down‐regulated GO categories in Digu, as well as 15 up‐regulated and two down‐regulated GO categories in LTH ([Table S4](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo), see Supporting Information). Among these, 16 GO categories were Digu specific. Interestingly, of these 16 GO categories, five were up‐regulated and 11 were down‐regulated (Table [2](#mpp12286-tbl-0002){ref-type="table"}). These results suggest that Digu employs unique molecular pathways in response to *M. oryzae* infection as compared with LTH. Interestingly, we also identified several new enriched Digu‐specific pathways that were activated after *M. oryzae* inoculation, including 'antioxidant activity' as up‐regulated pathways and 'cellular process', 'metabolic process' and 'catalytic activity' as down‐regulated pathways. Among these pathways, only 'transporter activity' was found to be associated with the race‐specific response of resistant rice IRBL18 and IRBL22 to *M. oryzae* infection ([Table S4](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo)). These results suggest that the new pathways identified might contribute to the durable resistance observed in Digu. These results also indicate that the defence response of Digu identified by transcriptomics differs from the race‐specific response of IRBL18 and IRBL22.
######
Enrichment analysis of functional gene ontology (GO) categories of the Digu‐specific and Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH)‐specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during rice early responses to *M* *agnaporthe oryzae*
GO‐ID Enriched GO terms Digu‐5 h Digu‐10 h Digu‐20 h LTH‐5 h LTH‐10 h LTH‐20 h
---------- ------------------------------------------------ ---------- ----------- ----------- --------- ---------- ----------
23052 Signalling --- UP --- --- --- ---
60089 Molecular transducer activity UP --- --- --- --- ---
30234 Enzyme regulator activity UP UP --- --- --- ---
43190 ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex UP --- --- --- --- ---
5576 Extracellular region UP UP --- --- --- ---
9987 Cellular process --- --- DOWN --- --- ---
8152 Metabolic process --- --- DOWN --- --- ---
3824 Catalytic activity --- DOWN DOWN --- --- ---
43231 Intracellular membrane‐bound organelle --- DOWN --- --- --- ---
43227 Membrane‐bound organelle --- DOWN --- --- --- ---
43229 Intracellular organelle --- DOWN --- --- --- ---
43226 Organelle --- DOWN --- --- --- ---
44424 Intracellular part --- DOWN --- --- --- ---
5622 Intracellular --- DOWN --- --- --- ---
44444 Cytoplasmic part --- DOWN --- --- --- ---
5737 Cytoplasm --- DOWN --- --- --- ---
**5364** **Nucleus** --- --- --- --- --- **UP**
Note: GO full assignments to these Digu‐ (normal) and LTH‐specific (bold) DEGs were retrieved from the BiNGO database. 'UP' indicates that the enriched GO terms are up‐regulated at the time points post‐inoculation, whereas 'DOWN' indicates that the enriched GO terms are down‐regulated. '---' shows that the enriched GO terms are not significantly regulated.
2015 BSPP and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Specific metabolic processes in Digu are involved in the early response against *M* *. oryzae* {#mpp12286-sec-0006}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The above GO‐based analyses suggest that many 'metabolic processes' are part of the response of Digu to *M. oryzae* infection. To identify specific metabolic processes in Digu, we used the RiceCyc (<http://pathway.gramene.org/>) database to analyse the metabolic profiles of the up‐ and down‐regulated genes in Digu and LTH after *M. oryzae* inoculation. We identified a total of 38 Digu‐specific and up‐regulated metabolic pathways (29 at 5 hpi, nine at 10 hpi and 11 at 20 hpi) within 20 hpi ([Table S5](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo), see Supporting Information). Interestingly, most of these pathways are associated with metabolic processes, including carbon source (10 pathways), antioxidant (five pathways), nitrogen source (three pathways), terpene biosynthesis (three pathways) and hormone biosynthesis (two pathways) (Tables [3](#mpp12286-tbl-0003){ref-type="table"} and [S5](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo)), suggesting that these metabolic processes are involved in the Digu response to *M. oryzae* invasion. Because most metabolic processes (29 of 38) were activated within 5 hpi, we hypothesize that these metabolic process are critical for the early defence response of Digu against *M. oryzae*.
######
The Digu‐specific pathways associated with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during the Digu early responses to *M* *agnaporthe oryzae*
Related metabolic process Pathway
------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
Digu‐specific pathways with up‐regulated DEGs Carbon source Galactosylcyclitol biosynthesis
2‐Keto‐glutarate dehydrogenase complex
Branched‐chain α‐keto acid dehydrogenase complex
Sucrose degradation I, III
Glycerol degradation IV
Reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle I
Pentose phosphate pathway
Carbon source, nitrogen source Arginine degradation X
Aldoxime degradation
Nitrogen source Urea transport (into cytosol)
Terpene Leucopelargonidin and leucocyanidin biosynthesis
Leucodelphinidin biosynthesis
Linamarin degradation
Hormone Indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis VI
Phaseic acid biosynthesis
Antioxidant Coumarin biosynthesis
Flavin biosynthesis
Sulfate reduction II
Sulfate activation for sulfonation
Sulfite oxidation III
Pathways with up‐regulated DEGs in Digu but down‐regulated DEGs in LTH Energy carriers Salvage pathways of purine nucleosides II (plant)
Salvage pathways of purine nucleosides
Nitrogen source in the xylem sap Ureide biosynthesis
Detoxification and nitrogen utilization Cyanate degradation
Pathways with down‐regulated DEGs in Digu but up‐regulated DEGs in LTH Potential extracellular signalling molecule UDP‐galactose biosynthesis
Oxidase activity Haem biosynthesis II
Note: The rice metabolic pathway analysis was performed on the Digu‐specific DEGs using RiceCyc ver 3.2.
2015 BSPP and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
We also identified eight pathways that were specifically activated in Digu, but inhibited in LTH, during the rice--*M. oryzae* interaction. These pathways are mainly associated with energy metabolic processes, including energy carriers (two pathways), nitrogen source (one pathway), and detoxification and nitrogen utilization (one pathway) (Tables [3](#mpp12286-tbl-0003){ref-type="table"} and [S5](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo)). This result indicates that these energy metabolic processes are more active in Digu in response to *M. oryzae* invasion, as compared with LTH, and might contribute to durable resistance to *M. oryzae*.
In addition, we found that five pathways \[lysine biosynthesis VI, lysine biosynthesis II, lysine biosynthesis I, UDP‐galactose biosynthesis (salvage pathway from galactose using UDP‐glucose) and haem biosynthesis\] were activated in LTH, but repressed in Digu, during the rice--*M. oryzae* interaction ([Table S5](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo)). This result suggests that the biosyntheses of lysine, UDP‐galactose and haem in rice might facilitate *M. oryzae* infection in the susceptible rice LTH and are highly repressed in Digu, leading to the inhibition of *M. oryzae* invasion.
TFs are up‐regulated at early stages in response to *M* *. oryzae* infection {#mpp12286-sec-0007}
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TFs can directly regulate the expression of defence‐related genes. In our study, we identified 37 TFs whose expression was responsive to *M. oryzae* specifically in the durably resistant rice Digu. These TFs belong to WRKY, AP2, MYB, bHLH, GRAS, NAC, ARF, C2H2, E2F, GATA, MADS, ARR‐B, CAMTA and CO‐like subfamilies. Among these TF genes, most were up‐regulated at early time points (Fig. [4](#mpp12286-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"}A). Four of these TF families were specific to the defence response of Digu: ARF (*LOC_Os01g13520* up‐regulated and *LOC_Os12g41950* down‐regulated), ZF‐HD (*LOC_Os09g24810* down‐regulated), GATA (*LOC_Os02g56250* up‐regulated) and E2F (*LOC_Os12g06200* up‐regulated) (Fig. [4](#mpp12286-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"}B). GATA is associated with the hypersensitive response (Dangli *et al*., [1996](#mpp12286-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}), programmed cell death and callus differentiation (Wang *et al*., [2005](#mpp12286-bib-0070){ref-type="ref"}). ARF regulates the expression of auxin‐responsive genes (Tiwari *et al*., [2003](#mpp12286-bib-0065){ref-type="ref"}; Ulmasov *et al*., [1997](#mpp12286-bib-0066){ref-type="ref"}). ZF‐HD is expressed in the mesophyll specifically (Windhovel *et al*., [2001](#mpp12286-bib-0076){ref-type="ref"}). E2F is important for cell proliferation (van den Heuvel and Dyson, [2008](#mpp12286-bib-0023){ref-type="ref"}). Taken together, our results suggest that the hypersensitive response, programmed cell death, callus differentiation, inhibition of rice growth and development might be associated or required for the Digu defence response against *M. oryzae*, prior to fungal penetration peg formation and invasive hyphal development.
{#mpp12286-fig-0004}
RKs play key roles in defence against *M* *. oryzae* infection leading to durable resistance {#mpp12286-sec-0008}
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RKs play important roles as PRRs and regulators of PTI (Chen and Ronald, [2011](#mpp12286-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"}; Ronald and Beutler, [2010](#mpp12286-bib-0053){ref-type="ref"}; Zipfel *et al*., [2006](#mpp12286-bib-0079){ref-type="ref"}). For instance, the LRR XII RKs, such as FLAGELLIN‐SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2) (Gomez‐Gomez and Boller, [2000](#mpp12286-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"}), elongation factor‐Tu receptor (EFR) (Zipfel *et al*., [2006](#mpp12286-bib-0079){ref-type="ref"}) and XA21 (Song *et al*., [1995](#mpp12286-bib-0061){ref-type="ref"}), function with the LRR II subfamily regulatory RKs, BAK1 (SERK3), BKK1 (SERK4) and OsSERK2, to perceive the signal molecules derived from bacteria and activate the defence response (Chen *et al*., [2014](#mpp12286-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}; Chinchilla *et al*., [2007](#mpp12286-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}; Roux *et al*., [2011](#mpp12286-bib-0054){ref-type="ref"}; Wang *et al*., [2014b](#mpp12286-bib-0072){ref-type="ref"}).
To determine whether RKs are involved in the early response against *M. oryzae* in Digu and, if so, which RKs, we searched for RKs in the DEGs. We found 48 RK genes belonging to the subfamilies of LRR, WAK, SD, DUF26, L‐LEC, LRK10L and RKF3, which were specifically up‐ or down‐regulated in Digu post‐inoculation (Fig. [5](#mpp12286-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"}). We verified the *M. oryzae* responsiveness of these DEGs by qRT‐PCR analysis on eight genes randomly selected from these RK genes. The expression patterns of the eight DEGs were consistent when compared between the qRT‐PCR and microarray results ([Fig. S5](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo) and [Table S3](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo), see Supporting Information). Forty of these RK genes were up‐regulated, including 13 from the LRR subfamily, eight from the WAK subfamily, eight from the SD subfamily, seven from the DUF26 subfamily, one from the L‐LEC subfamily, three from the LRK10L subfamily and one from the RKF3 subfamily (Fig. [5](#mpp12286-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"}). These results suggest that most of these RK genes play positive regulatory roles in Digu in response to *M. oryzae*. Most of these RK genes (35 of 40) were rapidly up‐regulated as early as 5 hpi, suggesting that these RKs are important for the early signal perception or signal transduction. Only eight RKs were specifically down‐regulated in Digu, indicating that a small number of RK genes might negatively regulate the early defence response of Digu.
{ref-type="ref"}). The information on the subfamily and class of the genes was also obtained from the rice kinase database. The RKs encoded by these genes belong to LRR (leucine‐rich receptor), WAK (cell wall‐associated kinase), SD (S‐domain receptor‐like protein kinase), DUF26 (domain unknown function 26), L‐LEC (lectin‐like receptor kinase), LRK10L and RKF3 subfamilies. Up‐ or down‐regulated expression of these genes at each time point post‐inoculation is indicated. Among these genes, most are up‐regulated, specifically in Digu overall, especially at the point of 5 hpi.](MPP-17-354-g005){#mpp12286-fig-0005}
We identified two RK genes that were specifically up‐regulated in Digu at all three time points: *LOC_Os07g35410*, encoding an RK belonging to the DUF26 subfamily, and *LOC_Os08g10300*, encoding an RK with eight extracellular LRRs belonging to the VIII‐2 subfamily. One well‐characterized representative of the VIII‐2 subfamily is the sugarcane *SHR5* gene. *SHR5* expression is down‐regulated in the interaction between sugarcane and endophytic, N~2~‐fixing bacteria and is up‐regulated in response to infection with pathogenic bacteria and fungi (Vinagre *et al*., [2006](#mpp12286-bib-0069){ref-type="ref"}).
To assess the biological function of *LOC_Os08g10300*, we overexpressed this gene in the susceptible rice variety TP309 ([Fig. S6](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo), see Supporting Information) and assayed the resulting transgenic plants for resistance to *M. oryzae*. We inoculated seven independently transformed rice lines and the TP309 control. We found that all seven independently transformed rice lines (*Os08g10300ox*) conferred enhanced disease resistance to five different *M. oryzae* strains (WJ9, WJ10, YC7, YC26 and Zhong‐10‐8‐14). We further analysed their T1 and T2 progeny plants. The expression levels of *PR* genes were up‐regulated in the transgenic plants in comparison with that in TP309 ([Fig. S7](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo), see Supporting Information). We found that the progeny carrying the transgene exhibited much smaller disease lesion spots on leaves, whereas null segregants showed clear disease lesion spots, similar to those of the susceptible parental control TP309 to these strains (Figs [6](#mpp12286-fig-0006){ref-type="fig"} and [S8](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo), see Supporting Information). These results indicate that the observed resistance co‐segregated with the transgene *Os08g10300ox* and that this gene confers enhanced resistance to *M. oryzae*.
{#mpp12286-fig-0006}
Discussion {#mpp12286-sec-0009}
==========
Molecular interaction between rice and *M* *. oryzae* occurs within 5 h after pathogen inoculation {#mpp12286-sec-0010}
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Previous studies have suggested that 24 hpi is a critical point for *M. oryzae* invasion (Talbot, [2003](#mpp12286-bib-0062){ref-type="ref"}), and thus many transcriptional profiling studies have focused on this time point for studies of the rice response to *M. oryzae* (Kim *et al*., [2013](#mpp12286-bib-0035){ref-type="ref"}; Wei *et al*., [2013](#mpp12286-bib-0074){ref-type="ref"}). However, recent studies have also demonstrated that *M. oryzae* forms a mature appressorium in order to develop a penetration peg and invasive hypha prior to 24 hpi (Kankanala *et al*., [2007](#mpp12286-bib-0033){ref-type="ref"}; Wilson and Talbot, [2009](#mpp12286-bib-0075){ref-type="ref"}). No studies have analysed the molecular events that occur prior to this early time point. In our study, we used microarray‐based expression profiling to assess the molecular events underlying the rice--*M. oryzae* interaction before 24 hpi. We identified more than 2000 DEGs before 24 hpi in Digu and LTH. The DEGs in Digu are largely different from those in LTH. Of the 586 DEGs at 5 hpi, 356 are Digu specific and 256 are LTH specific. DEGs specific to the durably resistant rice Digu encode RKs, signal transducers, TFs and PR proteins, involved in cell wall organization, signal transduction and the downstream defence response. Some of the DEGs also encode enzymes involved in sulfation pathways, such as sulfate reduction II (assimilatory) and sulfite oxidation III, which have also been shown previously to be associated with defence responses. Some of the Digu‐specific DEGs identified at 5 hpi encode TFs of GATA and E2F types with known function in the defence response against biotic stress. In summary, our results indicate that the key molecular events that govern the Digu defence response occur very early (as early as 5 hpi) on *M. oryzae* infection. We hypothesize that these early responses inhibit key aspects of fungal development, including full maturation of the appressorium, formation of the penetration peg and the spread of invasive hyphae (Fig. [1](#mpp12286-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}), leading to durable resistance in Digu to *M. oryzae*.
Durably resistant rice Digu employs a set of defence responses that are distinct from those mediated by LysM and NBS‐LRR proteins {#mpp12286-sec-0011}
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In rice, the characterized immune systems against *M. oryzae* are mediated either by LysM motif‐containing proteins (CEBiP, OsLYP4 and OsLYP6), a lectin motif‐containing RK (Pid2) or NBS‐LRR proteins. The receptors CEBiP, OsLYP4 and OsLYP6 perceive chitin molecules derived from *M. oryzae* (Liu *et al*., [2012](#mpp12286-bib-0039){ref-type="ref"}; Liu and Zhao, [2012](#mpp12286-bib-0041){ref-type="ref"}) to initiate immune signalling. The signal is then transmitted downstream through a MAPK cascade, leading to the activation of the immune response. In this immune system, the *OsLYP4* and *OsLYP6* receptor genes and MAPK cascade genes (*OsMAPK5* and *OsMAPK12*) are rapidly induced on challenge by chitin or *M. oryzae* (Liu *et al*., [2012](#mpp12286-bib-0039){ref-type="ref"}; Liu and Zhao, [2012](#mpp12286-bib-0041){ref-type="ref"}). Despite their importance in the CEBiP‐mediated defence response, none of these genes are present among our identified DEGs from Digu at 5, 10 or 20 hpi ([Table S6](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo), see Supporting Information). Further, qRT‐PCR analysis also revealed that the expression of the genes CEBiP, OsLYP4 and OsLYP6 in rice Digu was not induced or repressed at the early time points post‐inoculation with *M. oryzae* ([Fig. S9](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo), see Supporting Information). These results suggest that the molecular events in Digu underlying the early interaction between rice and *M. oryzae* before 20 hpi are unlikely to be dependent on LysM motif proteins, and that Digu may employ defence mechanisms distinct from those mediated by LysM motif proteins.
Previous analyses of transcriptional profiles mediated by NBS‐LRR proteins (Vergne *et al*., [2007](#mpp12286-bib-0067){ref-type="ref"}; Wei *et al*., [2013](#mpp12286-bib-0074){ref-type="ref"}) have demonstrated that the responses of resistant and susceptible plants are quite similar overall, but with more genes prominently regulated in incompatible interactions. In contrast, our study reveals that the transcriptional profiles are largely different between the durably resistant rice Digu and the susceptible rice LTH at the early stages (5, 10 or 20 hpi) (Fig. [2](#mpp12286-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"} and [Table S2](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo)). We also noted several activated molecular processes in Digu that were not detected in resistance mediated by NBS‐LRR proteins. For example, we found that the GO terms 'extracellular region' and 'peroxidase activity' were associated with Digu in response to *M. oryzae*, but not with the transcriptional responses observed in NBS‐LRR‐mediated, race‐specific resistance.
Previous studies have also demonstrated that some NBS‐LRR genes are induced after pathogen infection. These include *Pib* (Wang *et al*., [1999](#mpp12286-bib-0073){ref-type="ref"}), *Pi5‐1* (Lee *et al*., [2009](#mpp12286-bib-0038){ref-type="ref"}) and *Pi‐k^h^* (Sharma *et al*., [2005](#mpp12286-bib-0058){ref-type="ref"}). We thus analysed whether NBS‐LRR genes were up‐regulated in DEGs. However, we did not identify any NBS‐LRR genes that were up‐regulated specifically in Digu on *M. oryzae* inoculation. Although we found five NBS‐LRR genes whose transcriptional expression was induced in the susceptible rice LTH ([Fig. S10](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo), see Supporting Information), these NBS‐LRR genes are unlikely to contribute to resistance to *M. oryzae*, because LTH is fully susceptible to the tested *M. oryzae* strains. Collectively, these findings indicate that rice Digu employs resistance mechanisms that are distinct from those employed by characterized NBS‐LRR proteins (Shang *et al*., [2009](#mpp12286-bib-0057){ref-type="ref"}).
Plasma membrane kinases are expressed early in Digu after *M* *. oryzae* infection {#mpp12286-sec-0012}
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In our study, we identified 48 RK genes that were significantly differentially regulated in Digu at the early stages of infection; most were activated as early as 5 hpi. These RK genes encode proteins belonging to LRR, WAK, SD, DUF26, L‐LEC, LRK10L and RKF3 subfamilies (Fig. [4](#mpp12286-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"}). The up‐regulation of these RKs was not observed in NBS‐LRR‐mediated resistance (Wei *et al*., [2013](#mpp12286-bib-0074){ref-type="ref"}) ([Fig. S11](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo), see Supporting Information) or other race‐specific resistance (Wang *et al*., [2014a](#mpp12286-bib-0071){ref-type="ref"}) to *M. oryzae*. Thus, these RK genes appear to be induced specifically in the durably resistant rice Digu. Alternatively, these RKs may be expressed in other resistant rice varieties, but are only activated early in the rice response to infection (e.g. 5 hpi). In this case, such changes would not have been identified in studies that examined only later time points. We found that 23 of these RKs fall into the non‐RD kinase subclass, a molecular signature tightly associated with the immune response in both plants and animals (Dardick and Ronald, [2006](#mpp12286-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"}). Transgenic rice plants overexpressing *LOC_Os08g10300*, encoding an RK, conferred enhanced resistance to five strains of *M. oryzae* (Fig. [6](#mpp12286-fig-0006){ref-type="fig"}), including strain Zhong‐10‐8‐14. Because previous studies have shown that rice plants carrying Pid2 confer resistance to *M. oryzae* strain ZB15, but not to strain Zhong‐10‐8‐14 (Chen *et al*., [2006](#mpp12286-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}), our results demonstrate that *LOC_Os08g10300* employs a distinct mechanism of resistance or perception of *M. oryzae* when compared with Pid2. However, we could not rule out the possibility that this RK may function as an important partner instead of resistant protein in defence against the invasion of *M. oryzae*. Further loss‐of‐function studies would help to uncover the mechanism mediated by this RK gene. The protein structure of LOC_Os08g10300 is similar to that of sugarcane SHR5, which belongs to the VIII‐2 subclass of LRR RKs. Sugarcane *SHR5* is induced by infection with pathogenic bacteria and fungi, and is thus predicted to be involved in the defence response (Vinagre *et al*., [2006](#mpp12286-bib-0069){ref-type="ref"}). Thus, we hypothesize that VIII‐2 subclass LRR RKs may serve as important regulators of the immune response.
In addition to LRR RKs, RKs from subfamilies WAK, SD and DUF26 were differentially regulated in Digu in response to *M. oryzae* infection. Of the eight WAK RK genes specifically regulated in Digu, six (*LOC_Os09g38840*, *LOC_Os08g29040*, *LOC_Os09g38850*, *LOC_Os04g30160*, *LOC_Os09g29510* and *LOC_Os07g31190*) responded to the invasion of pathogens within 5 hpi (Fig. [5](#mpp12286-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"}). Among the 12 SD RK genes, eight were up‐regulated and four were down‐regulated after *M. oryzae* infection (Fig. [5](#mpp12286-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"}), indicating that the SD subfamily plays dual roles early in defence against the invasion of *M. oryzae* through both positive and negative regulation. Of the eight DUF RKs, seven were up‐regulated on *M. oryzae* infection, suggesting that these DUF RKs positively regulate the immune response. Our results are consistent with previous studies showing that members of the Arabidopsis WAK subfamily (WAK1, WAK2, WAK3 and WAK5) (He *et al*., [1998](#mpp12286-bib-0021){ref-type="ref"}, [1999](#mpp12286-bib-0022){ref-type="ref"}), the SD subfamily \[ARK1, ARK3, Brassica S family receptor 2 (SFR2) and SFR3\] (Pastuglia *et al*., [1997](#mpp12286-bib-0049){ref-type="ref"}, [2002](#mpp12286-bib-0050){ref-type="ref"}) and the DUF26 subfamily (Czernic *et al*., [1999](#mpp12286-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}; Du and Chen, [2000](#mpp12286-bib-0015){ref-type="ref"}; Ohtake *et al*., [2000](#mpp12286-bib-0048){ref-type="ref"}) are implicated in pathogen defence responses.
In summary, our study reveals the activation of molecular events in Digu before the full formation of the appressorium of *M. oryzae* in response to pathogen infection, and demonstrates that many of these events are distinct from those observed in the susceptible control or those mediated by CEBiP, Pid2 or NBS‐LRR proteins. Our study also identifies a large set of RKs that are up‐regulated in *M. oryzae* before the appressorium is well developed, suggesting that these RKs play important roles in the durably resistant rice Digu in defence against the invasion of *M. oryzae* before the formation of the appressorium.
Experimental Procedures {#mpp12286-sec-0013}
=======================
Fungal growth on rice sheath {#mpp12286-sec-0014}
----------------------------
The durably resistant *indica* rice (*Oryza sativa*) Digu and the susceptible rice LTH were grown in a growth chamber at 28 °C in a 12‐h light/12‐h dark photoperiod with 75% humidity. For microscopic monitoring of fungal development, a *GFP*‐expressing *M. oryzae* strain, Zhong‐10‐8‐14‐GFP (kindly provided by Professor Zhu, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China) was used to inoculate the detached rice sheaths from 4‐week‐old rice plants. The fungus stably expressing *GFP* was grown on complete agar medium for 2 weeks before producing spores. Spores were collected via flooding of the fungal agar cultures with sterile water, and the spore concentration in the suspension was adjusted to approximately 5 × 10^5^ conidia/mL. The detached rice sheath assay was performed as described previously (Mosquera *et al*., [2009](#mpp12286-bib-0047){ref-type="ref"}). All images of conidial germination, appressorium development, penetration peg formation and invasive hyphae growth were recorded using a fluorescent microscope of ZEISS industry, and microscopic examinations of the infected sheath were carried out in three independent experiments.
Blast infection procedures {#mpp12286-sec-0015}
--------------------------
The Digu and LTH varieties were grown in two tubs in a growth chamber at 28 °C in a 12‐h light/12‐h dark photoperiod with 75% humidity. Two‐week‐old rice plants in tub I were used for inoculation with mixed isolates of *M. oryzae* strains (WJ9, WJ10, YC7 and YC26). These isolates carry high virulence and are prevalent in Sichuan, China. The spore concentration was adjusted to 5 × 10^5^/mL with 0.2% Tween‐20. Two‐week‐old rice plants in tub II were used for mock inoculation with Tween‐20 (0.2%) lacking *M. oryzae* spores. The fungal‐ and mock‐inoculated rice seedlings were kept in a dark chamber at 95% humidity and 28 °C. After 24 hpi, the plants were maintained in the growth chamber at 28 °C in a 12‐h light/12‐h dark photoperiod with 95% humidity. Leaves were harvested at 5, 10 and 20 hpi for experimentation. To ensure that the inoculation was successfully performed, the remaining seedlings were kept for another 8 dpi for disease evaluation ([Fig. S3A](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo)). The harvested leaves were ground in liquid nitrogen and immediately stored at −80 °C until RNA extraction. The experiment was repeated three times with 1‐month intervals, representing three independent biological replicates.
Microarray analysis {#mpp12286-sec-0016}
-------------------
We used Affymetrix Genechip Rice Genome Arrays (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA) in this transcriptomic study. RNA quality assessment, RNA labelling and microarray hybridization were performed at Capitalbio Ltd. (Beijing, China) following the manufacturer\'s instructions. After normalization, a non‐specific filtering step was carried out (Wei *et al*., [2013](#mpp12286-bib-0074){ref-type="ref"}). We identified those genes with an expression level increased or decreased by 0.5‐fold in either Digu or LTH compared with mock inoculation as DEGs, according to the method described previously (Liu and Zhao, [2012](#mpp12286-bib-0041){ref-type="ref"}). Only those DEGs present in all three independent biological replicates were considered as real DEGs in our study ([Fig. S3B](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo)). The probe sets without gene annotations of MSU Rice Genome Annotation Project database release 7.0 (<http://rice.plantbiology.msu.edu/>) (Kawahara *et al*., [2013](#mpp12286-bib-0034){ref-type="ref"}) were removed. Hierarchical clustering was performed using cluster version 3.0 (<http://www.falw.vu/huik/cluster.htm>) with the average linkage clustering method, and was illustrated by TreeView software (Saldanha, [2004](#mpp12286-bib-0055){ref-type="ref"}).
Computational gene function analysis {#mpp12286-sec-0017}
------------------------------------
GO analysis was performed on DEGs based on gene annotations. GO full assignments to these genes were retrieved from the BiNGO database (Maere *et al*., [2005](#mpp12286-bib-0044){ref-type="ref"}). Rice metabolic pathway analysis was performed using RiceCyc ver 3.2 (Jaiswal *et al*., [2006](#mpp12286-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}). The plant TFDB (Jin *et al*., 2014) database was used for analyses of rice TFs; the rice kinase database (Dardick *et al*., [2007](#mpp12286-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"}) was used for the analysis of rice kinase; the MSU database was used for the determination of rice gene families.
qRT‐PCR analysis {#mpp12286-sec-0018}
----------------
Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer\'s protocols. cDNA was synthesized using an RNA reverse transcription kit (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Shanghai, China). The PCR program was run as follows: 5 min at 94 °C, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, 30 s of annealing at 60 °C, polymerization at 72 °C for 50 s and a final extension step at 72 °C for 3 min. The expression of the reference *UBQ5* gene was used for the normalization of all qRT‐PCR data (Jain *et al*., [2006](#mpp12286-bib-0026){ref-type="ref"}). The 2^--ΔΔCT^ method was used to calculate the relative expression levels with three experimental repeats (Livak and Schmittgen, [2001](#mpp12286-bib-0042){ref-type="ref"}). Primer sequences for qRT‐PCR are listed in [Table S7](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo) (see Supporting Information).
Generation of transgenic plants {#mpp12286-sec-0019}
-------------------------------
The full‐length cDNA of RK *LOC_Os08g10300* (abbreviated as *Os08g10300*) was cloned into pENTR/D to yield pENTR‐*Os08g10300*, which was then recombined with the Ubi‐C1300GTW vector to generate the over‐expression construct, Ubi‐C1300‐*Os08g10300* (abbreviated as *Os08g10300ox*). The construct, *Os08g10300ox*, was introduced into the blast susceptible rice TP309 variety through *Agrobacterium*‐mediated transformation according to the method described previously (Chern *et al*. 2005). The regenerated transgenic plants carrying *Os08g10300ox* were selected with hygromycin. PCR‐based genotyping was performed to determine whether the transgenic plants contained the transgene, as described previously (Chen *et al*., [2010](#mpp12286-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}). Overexpression of *Os08g10300* in the transgenic lines carrying *Os08g10300ox* was confirmed by qRT‐PCR ([Fig. S6](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mpp.12286/suppinfo)).
Supporting information
======================
######
**Fig. S1** Development of *Magnaporthe oryzae* on rice leaf sheath post‐inoculation. The leaf sheaths of durably resistant rice Digu and susceptible rice Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) were inoculated with a spore suspension of *M. oryzae* strain Zhong‐10‐8‐14‐GFP that expresses the *green fluorescent protein* (*GFP*) gene. The inoculated leaf sheaths were examined under a fluorescence microscope at the time points 0, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 24, 30, 36 and 52 h post‐inoculation (hpi), as indicated. Arrows and arrowheads indicate infection structure appressorium and invasive hyphae, respectively. Scale bar, 10 μm.
**Fig. S2** Determination of the relative expression levels of *pathogenesis‐related* (*PR*) genes in rice Digu and Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) post‐infection with *Magnaporthe oryzae*. Inoculation, sampling and expression analyses were carried out as described in Fig. S1A. The relative expression of genes after *M. oryzae* inoculation was normalized to the expression with mock inoculation. All quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) data were normalized to the expression of the reference *UBQ5* gene before the determination of relative expression. The expression of *PR* genes *PR10* and *BETV1* was included for this assay. The 2^--ΔΔCT^ method was used to calculate the relative expression levels with three repeats (Livak and Schmittgen, 2001). SD represents the standard deviation of three technical replicates. This experiment was biologically repeated three times with similar results.
**Fig. S3** The experimental design for screening differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from rice Digu and Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH). (A) Preparation of seedling samples of rice Digu and LTH. The samples in tub I were inoculated by spraying with *Magnaporthe oryzae* spores. The concentration of spores was 5 × 10^5^/mL with 0.2% Tween‐20. The samples in tub II were sprayed with 0.2% Tween‐20 without spores for mock inoculation. Sampling was performed at the time points 5, 10 and 20 h post‐inoculation (hpi), as indicated. The seedling samples marked with 'left' were kept for disease evaluation to ensure that the inoculation was successfully performed. The disease evaluation was performed at day 8 post‐inoculation. (B) The formula used for the determination of DEGs. Genes whose expression on *M. oryzae* inoculation was increased or decreased by 0.5‐fold or more at each time point were selected as DEGs. Only those DEGs present in all three independent biological replicates were selected as DEGs in our study.
**Fig. S4** Validation of randomly selected differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). qRT‐PCR was performed on 14 randomly selected genes using the leaf samples collected from rice Digu and Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) at the time points 5, 10 and 20 h post‐inoculation (hpi). The experimental designs of inoculation and sampling were the same as described in Fig. S3A. The expression comparison was performed between *Magnaporthe oryzae* inoculation and mock inoculation at each time point of 5, 10 and 20 hpi for rice Digu or LTH after the qRT‐PCR data had been normalized to the expression of the reference *UBQ5* gene. The 2^--ΔΔCT^ method was used to calculate the relative expression levels with three repeats (Livak and Schmittgen, 2001). SD represents the standard deviation of three technical duplicates. This experiment was biologically repeated three times with similar results.
**Fig. S5** Validation of differentially expressed, Digu‐specific receptor kinase (RK) genes using quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). The leaf tissues of Digu and Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) were harvested at the time points 5, 10 and 20 h post‐inoculation (hpi) from *Magnaporthe oryzae*‐inoculated and mock‐inoculated plants. qRT‐PCR experiments and data analyses were performed in the same way as described in Fig. S3. SD represents the standard deviation of three technical duplicates. This experiment was biologically repeated three times with similar results.
**Fig. S6** Determination of expression of *Os08g10300* in the transgenic plants carrying *Os08g10300ox*. The leaf samples were collected at the seedling stage for RNA extraction, and real‐time quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reactions (qRT‐PCRs) were performed using the extracted RNA samples. The 2^--ΔΔCT^ method was used to calculate the relative expression levels with three repeats (Livak and Schmittgen, 2001). SD represents the standard deviation of three technical duplicates. Two representative transgenic lines overexpressed *Os08g10300* (abbreviated as 10300ox‐1 and 10300ox‐2, respectively) in the TP309 genetic background.
**Fig. S7** Determination of the relative expression levels of *pathogenesis‐related* (*PR*) genes in transgenic plants carrying *Os08g10300ox*. Inoculation and expression analyses were carried out as described in Fig. S1A. The leaf samples were collected at the seedling stage for RNA extraction, and real‐time quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reactions (qRT‐PCRs) were performed using the extracted RNA samples. The 2^--ΔΔCT^ method was used to calculate the relative expression levels with three repeats (Livak and Schmittgen, 2001). SD represents the standard deviation of three technical duplicates. Two representative transgenic lines overexpressed *Os08g10300* (abbreviated as 10300ox‐1 and 10300ox‐2, respectively) in the TP309 genetic background.
**Fig. S8** Determination of the blast disease resistance of the transgenic plants carrying *Os08g10300ox*. The seedlings from 2‐week‐old plants were inoculated by spraying with *Magnaporthe oryzae* strains (WJ9, WJ10, YC7 and YC26). Disease resistance was determined on two representative transgenic lines overexpressing *Os08g10300* (abbreviated as 10300ox‐1 and 10300ox‐2, respectively) in the TP309 genetic background at day 8 post‐inoculation. The progeny carrying the transgene and the null segregants are indicated by '+' and '--', respectively. TP309 was used as the susceptible control for blast disease resistance determination.
**Fig. S9** Determination of the relative expression levels of *CEBiP*, *OsLYP4* and *OsLYP6* in Digu. Inoculation, sampling and expression analyses were carried out as described in Fig. S1A. The relative expression of genes after *Magnaporthe oryzae* inoculation was normalized to the expression with mock inoculation. All quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) data were normalized to the expression of the reference *UBQ5* gene before the determination of relative expression. The 2^--ΔΔCT^ method was used to calculate the relative expression levels with three repeats (Livak and Schmittgen, 2001). SD represents the standard deviation of three technical replicates.
**Fig. S10** Nucleotide‐binding site and leucine‐rich repeat (NBS‐LRR)‐containing genes encoded by differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Four NBS‐LRR genes in Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH), but none in Digu, are responsive to infection with *Magnaporthe oryzae*.
**Fig. S11** Comparative analyses of the receptor kinases (RKs) encoded by the Digu‐specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) \[compared with Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH)\] and those expressed differentially in other resistant rice lines in response to *Magnaporthe oryzae*. The RK genes of the resistant rice Gigante Vercellior were retrieved from the study reported previously (Bagnaresi *et al*., 2012), whereas the RKs of the resistant rice *Pi1* and *Pi9* were from the study reported previously (Wei *et al*., 2013). GV, Gigante Vercelli; VN, Vialone Nano; IRBL18, LTH carrying *Pi1*; IRBL22, LTH carrying *Pi9*.
**Table S1** Spearman correlations among Digu and Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) samples.
**Table S2** The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified from Digu and Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) during rice early responses to *Magnaporthe oryzae*.
**Table S3** Comparison of the expression patterns of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using microarray and quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) analyses.
**Table S4** The enrichment analysis of functional gene ontology (GO) categories associated with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to *Magnaporthe oryzae*.
**Table S5** Pathways specifically present in the durably resistant rice Digu in response to *Magnaporthe oryzae*.
**Table S6** Expression evaluation of the genes associated with CEBiP (chitin elicitor‐binding protein)‐mediated pathogen‐associated molecular pattern (PAMP)‐triggered immunity (PTI) for their responsiveness to *Magnaporthe oryzae* in Digu and Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) at 5, 10 and 20 h post‐inoculation (hpi).
**Table S7** Primers of *pathogenesis‐related* (*PR*) genes, randomly selected differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and other genes for quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) analyses.
######
Click here for additional data file.
We thank Professor Lihuang Zhu (Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China) for helpful discussions. This study was conceived by X. W. Chen. The experiments were designed by Y. Liu, W. T. Li, S. G. Li, M. S. Chern, P. C. Ronald and X. W. Chen. The experiments were performed by Y. Liu, W. T. Li, J. Wang, M. He, X. G. Zhou, C. Yao, C. Yuan, J. C. Wang, J. J. Yin, W. L. Chen, B. T. Ma, Y. P. Wang and P. Qin. Data were analysed by W. T. Li, S. G. Li and X. W. Chen. The paper was written by W. T. Li, M. S. Chern, P. C. Ronald and X. W. Chen.
This work was supported by grants from the Transgenic Projects from the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture 2014ZX0800903B, National Nature Science Foundation of China 31171622 and 31371705, 'Hundred Talents Plan Foundation, Youth Foundation 13QNJJ0076 and Youth Innovation Team Foundation 14CXTD0039 from Sichuan, China to X. W. Chen. This work was also supported by the Specialized Research Fund for Doctoral Program of Higher Education 20135103120004 to J. Wang and 20125103120011 to W. T. Li, Key Project of Sichuan Education Department 15ZA0020 to W. T. Li, NSFC 31301626, International Cooperation and Exchange Program 2014HH0066 to M. He, and NIH GM59962 to P. C. Ronald.
[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work.
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In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
No. 00-3941
United States of America,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Twaine Jones,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Illinois.
No. 99-CR-30249-WDS--William D. Stiehl, Judge.
Argued April 6, 2001--Decided April 24, 2001
Before Flaum, Chief Judge, and Posner and
Williams, Circuit Judges.
Flaum, Chief Judge. Twaine Jones
appeals his convictions for possession
with intent to distribute various
controlled substances as well as his
sentence. He contends that impermissible
character evidence was introduced at his
trial and that the judge increased his
sentence based on quantities of drugs
that were not presented to the jury nor
proven beyond a reasonable doubt. For the
reasons stated herein, we affirm.
I. Background
On August 10, 1998, police executed a
search warrant at 1120 North 45th Street
in Washington Park, Illinois. They
discovered and seized crack cocaine,
cocaine hydrochloride, marijuana, and
guns. The police also recovered
photographs of Twaine Jones and his
family along with bills, letters, and
other items addressed to the defendant at
the house, indicating that Jones lived
there. The government indicted Jones for
possessing the narcotics found in the
North 45th Street home. The counts of the
indictment relevant on appeal are all
violations of 21 U.S.C. sec. 841(a)(1):
possession with intent to distribute
135.8 grams of cocaine base; possession
with intent to distribute 75.9 grams of
cocaine hydrochloride; and possession
with intent to distribute 2,658.29 grams
of marijuana.
Prior to trial, the government filed a
notice of intent to present testimony
concerning prior drug dealing by the
defendant and evidence that was recovered
from the same home through a previous
search warrant. The defendant filed a
motion in limine seeking to exclude any
testimony regarding his prior acts, which
was opposed by the government. Applying
the four-pronged test for admission of
prior acts evidence under Federal Rule of
Evidence 404(b), see, e.g., United States
v. Williams, 238 F.3d 871, 874 (7th Cir.
2001), the district court decided that
the evidence proffered by the government
could be introduced.
Jones’s trial began on July 18, 2000.
The government’s evidence included the
testimony of three individuals who had
purchased drugs from Jones in the past.
Pervis Harris, Rodney Weatherby, and
Cortez Wooten all testified that they
repeatedly purchased drugs from Jones at
the North 45th Street house during the
late nineteen-nineties. Harris and
Weatherby also testified that Jones told
them about the 1998 search warrant and
what the police recovered from the
residence. The government also presented
Terrence Delaney, who testified that he
had been the captain of a drug and gang
tactical unit that executed a search
warrant at 1120 North 45th Street in
1993. His group seized crack cocaine,
marijuana, and various personal papers
belonging to Jones from that home. The
defendant did not object to any of this
evidence when it was introduced at trial.
Jones’s primary defense was that he did
not reside at the North 45th Street house
during the time the 1998 search warrant
was executed and thus any drugs found
there did not belong to him. At the close
of evidence, the court instructed the
jury that they could consider the above
described prosecution evidence "only on
the question of identity, knowledge, and
intent. You should consider this evidence
only for this limited purpose."
On July 20, 2000, the jury returned a
guilty verdict on the three counts of
possession with intent to distribute. The
court held a sentencing hearing on
November 6, 2000. The government argued
that the drugs sold by Jones to Harris,
Weatherby, Wooten, and other witnesses
should be considered relevant conduct and
added to the amounts seized from 1120
North 45th Street for sentencing
purposes. The defendant objected on the
basis of Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S.
466, 120 S. Ct. 2348 (2000), claiming
that quantities of narcotics not proven
to the jury could not be used to increase
his sentence. The court agreed with the
government and found Jones responsible
for 1.2 kilograms of cocaine base, more
than 14 kilograms of cocaine
hydrochloride, and the amount of
marijuana alleged in the indictment.
These extra amounts of drugs translated
into a two-point increase in Jones’s
offense level. Jones received concurrent
sentences on each of the three counts,
with the longest being thirty years for
possession with intent to distribute
cocaine base.
II. Discussion
A. Rule 404(b) Evidence
Under Rule 404(b), evidence of a
defendant’s other acts may be introduced
if a four-part test is satisfied. See
Williams, 238 F.3d at 874; United States
v. Wash, 231 F.3d 366, 370 (7th Cir.
2000). Jones claims that the 404(b)
testimony admitted at his trial fails the
first and fourth prongs of this test: the
evidence did not establish any matter in
issue besides propensity, and the danger
of unfair prejudice substantially
outweighed the probative value. This
argument is apparently premised on the
fact that Jones’s defense at trial was
that he did not live at the North 45th
Street residence during the time the 1998
search warrant was executed and so any
narcotics found in the house were not
his. Jones contends that the statements
of Harris, Weatherby, and Wooten do not
counter his defense and are thus
irrelevant because none of the three drug
purchasers could directly testify that
Jones stored any controlled substances in
the house. Similarly, Jones argues that
Delaney’s testimony also does not cast
doubt on his defense because Delaney’s
evidence shows only that drugs were
stored in the house five years earlier,
rather than that Jones lived in the house
and knew of the narcotics in 1998.
According to Jones, because the Rule
404(b) evidence was not relevant to
whether he lived in the house and thus
possessed the drugs, its only effect was
to unfairly prejudice him by showing his
propensity to traffic in controlled
substances. The government contends that
the evidence was admissible to show
Jones’s intent and knowledge and did not
unduly prejudice him. The parties also
dispute whether we should review for
abuse of discretion or plain error,/1
but we need not address this question
because under either standard Jones’s
challenge fails.
1. Matter other than propensity.
The elements of possession with intent
to distribute under 21 U.S.C. sec.
841(a)(1) are: (1) possession of a
controlled substance; (2) knowledge that
the material is a controlled substance;
and (3) intent to distribute it. Lanier
v. United States, 220 F.3d 833, 840 (7th
Cir. 2000). Jones argues that because he
was only disputing the first element,
possession, the government should not
have been permitted to present evidence
on the second and third elements.
However, this contention misapprehends
the government’s burden in a criminal
trial. In all criminal cases, the
government must prove each element, even
those that the defendant does not
specifically contest, beyond a reasonable
doubt to convict a defendant. Estelle v.
McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 69 (1991) ("[T]he
prosecution’s burden to prove every
element of the crime is not relieved by a
defendant’s tactical decision not to
contest an essential element of the
offense."); see also Mathews v. United
States, 485 U.S. 58, 64-65 (1988) ("A
simple plea of not guilty puts the
prosecution to its proof as to all
elements of the crime charged.")
(citation omitted). Even though Jones
focused only on the first element of the
alleged crime, denying that he possessed
the drugs contained in the house on North
45th Street, the government was still
required to prove both his knowledge that
the substances were narcotics and his
intent to distribute by submitting
evidence on those issues. United States
v. Kellum, 42 F.3d 1087, 1093 (7th Cir.
1994).
The Rule 404(b) evidence submitted in
this case aided the prosecution in
carrying its burden of proving intent and
knowledge, and so satisfies the first
prong of the Rule 404(b) test. Jones’s
transactions with Harris, Weatherby, and
Wooten showed that Jones in the past had
sold drugs that he had possessed.
Evidence that he previously distributed
narcotics supports a finding that he
intended to distribute the drugs found
when the 1998 search warrant was executed
and that he knew these substances were
drugs. Indeed, intent to distribute drugs
and knowledge that a particular substance
is a narcotic often are proven through
testimony about prior sales of controlled
substances. See, e.g., United States v.
Denberg, 212 F.3d 987, 993-94 (7th Cir.
2000); United States v. Tringali, 71 F.3d
1375, 1379 (7th Cir. 1995). Jones’s
discussions with Harris and Weatherby
concerning the search warrant and
confiscation of Jones’s drugs aided the
prosecution in establishing that Jones
knew he was selling a controlled
substance. Delaney’s testimony furthered
the government’s case by demonstrating
that Jones had repeatedly possessed large
amounts of narcotics, which supports a
finding that the possessor intended to
distribute the drugs to others since such
quantities are unlikely to be consumed by
a single person. Also, Delaney’s
testimony supported the proposition that
Jones had previously been present in the
house when substantial amounts of drugs
were present, increasing the probability
that he knew that the substances in the
house in 1998 were narcotics.
2. Unfair prejudice.
Evidence is unfairly prejudicial only to
the extent that it will cause the jury to
decide the case on improper grounds. See
Denberg, 212 F.3d at 994; United States
v. Long, 86 F.3d 81, 86 (7th Cir. 1996).
As discussed above, the Rule 404(b)
testimony presented in this case was
primarily directed toward elements of the
crime that the prosecution was required
to establish, namely, Jones’s intent to
distribute and his knowledge that he
possessed narcotics. The jury’s use of
the Rule 404(b) evidence on these legally
relevant issues of intent and knowledge
does not constitute unfair prejudice.
The jury might also have been tempted to
use the Rule 404(b) evidence to infer a
propensity of Jones to engage in drug
trafficking activities, which would have
been unfairly prejudicial. However, any
such potential prejudice was ameliorated
by the limiting instruction given by the
trial court. Williams, 238 F.3d at 876;
Denberg, 212 F.3d at 994. We assume that
juries follow a court’s instructions,
United States v. Wilson, 237 F.3d 827,
835 (7th Cir. 2001), which means in this
instance that we assume the jury used the
evidence only for intent and knowledge
and not to infer a propensity for
committing illegal acts. Therefore, Jones
was not unfairly prejudiced by the Rule
404(b) evidence.
B. Apprendi
Jones argues that the trial court
improperly increased his sentence on the
basis of drug quantities that were
notalleged in the indictment or proven to
the jury. The court did this by
attributing the drugs Jones sold to
Harris, Weatherby, Wooten, and others as
relevant conduct under the Sentencing
Guidelines, increasing Jones’s offense
level under the Guidelines by two and
thus lengthening his sentence. In
support, Jones relies on a number of
cases holding that drug quantities must
be proven to increase a defendant’s
sentence under sec. 841(b).
Apprendi holds that "[o]ther than the
fact of a prior conviction, any fact that
increases the penalty for a crime beyond
the prescribed statutory maximum must be
submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a
reasonable doubt." 120 S. Ct. at 2362-63.
The jury found that the government had
proven the charges listed in the
indictment, one of which was that Jones
possessed with the intent to distribute
135.8 grams of cocaine base, beyond a
reasonable doubt. The statutory maximum
for possession with intent to distribute
50 or more grams of cocaine base is life
imprisonment. 21 U.S.C. sec.
841(b)(1)(A)(iii). Since the thirty-year
sentence that Jones received is less than
the statutory maximum of life
imprisonment, Apprendi is not implicated.
The principal thrust of Jones’s argument
is that relevant conduct under the
Sentencing Guidelines must be proven to
the jury beyond a reasonable doubt before
it can be used to increase a defendant’s
sentence. We have squarely rejected this
argument. "[P]ursuant to the sentencing
guidelines, district courts may still
determine a drug offender’s base level
offense by calculating quantities of
drugs that were not specified in the
count of conviction but that the court
concludes, by a preponderance of the
evidence, were a part of the defendant’s
relevant conduct, as long as that
determination does not result in the
imposition of a sentence that exceeds the
statutory maximum penalty for that
crime." United States v. Jones, No. 00-
2531, 2001 WL 294306, at *5 (7th Cir.
Mar. 28, 2001); see also Talbott v.
Indiana, 226 F.3d 866, 869 (7th Cir.
2000) ("Apprendi does not affect
application of the relevant-conduct rules
under the Sentencing Guidelines to
sentences that fall within a statutory
cap."). Because the district court’s
reliance on Jones’s relevant conduct in
applying the Guidelines did not result in
a sentence exceeding the statutory
maximum of life imprisonment, the court
did not violate the rule of Apprendi.
III. Conclusion
The evidence regarding Jones’s prior
drug sales and having a large quantity of
drugs in his alleged residence was
probative of his intent to distribute
narcotics and knowledge that the
substances he possessed were controlled.
The evidence was not unfairly prejudicial
given its probative value and the trial
court’s limiting instruction. Because the
jury found beyond a reasonable doubt
facts that made Jones eligible for a
statutory maximum sentence of life
imprisonment, the district court did not
violate Apprendi in enhancing Jones’s
offense level under the Sentencing
Guidelines by including uncharged drug
sales as relevant conduct. Therefore,
Jones’s convictions and sentence are
Affirmed.
1/ The standard of review issue centers around
whether the district court’s denial of Jones’s
pre-trial motion to exclude the Rule 404(b)
evidence was conditional or definitive. If the
pre-trial denial was definitive, then Jones did
not need to object during the trial to preserve
the issue and so we would review for abuse
ofdiscretion; if the pre-trial denial was condi-
tional, objections during the trial would be
necessary and Jones’s failure to make those would
cause us to review only for plain error. See
Wilson v. Williams, 182 F.3d 562, 567 (7th Cir.
1999) (en banc). Because the standard of review
does not affect the outcome, we need not decide
whether the trial court’s denial of the motion in
limine was definitive or conditional.
|
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The Hillary Clinton brand is toxic and for good reason. Bill and Hillary Clinton went out on a speaking tour this year and flopped in many locations.
They were basically giving tickets away to the dynamic duo’s performances. Now, Hillary gets more bad news as a play called ‘Hillary Clinton’ just closed on Broadway due to lack of ticket sales.
From The Hill: A Broadway play with lead characters based on Bill and Hillary Clinton will close a month early on Sunday due to low ticket sales, according to The Hollywood Reporter.
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“Hillary and Clinton,” which stars Laurie Metcalf and John Lithgow as alternate-universe versions of Hillary and Bill Clinton, was set to close July 21 but will end its run early after 37 previews and 77 regular performances, according to the publication.
The play depicts a fictional conversation between the two during the 2008 primary season in a New Hampshire hotel room, according to The Hollywood Reporter.
It will become the third play produced by Scott Rudin during the 2018-19 theater season to end its run prematurely, following his productions of Shakespeare’s “King Lear” and “Gary: A Sequel to Titus Andronicus,” according to the publication.
While Metcalfe was nominated for a Tony Award for the performance, she lost to Elaine May for her performance in “The Waverly Gallery” earlier this month.
|
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<p>The following pages and posts are tagged with <button type="button" style="cursor: default" class="btn btn-default navbar-btn">{{page.tagName}}</button></p>
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Cairo - A group of women have been jailed for 11 years for a peaceful protest in Alexandria, as Egypt's interim prime minister gave a strong defence of a law further restricting public demonstrations.
The women, supporters of the deposed president Mohamed Morsi, received 11-year jail sentences on Wednesday for forming a human chain and passing out flyers earlier this month. Seven minors among the group were remanded to juvenile detention until they reach legal age. The youngest in the group is 15 years old.
Six men, described by prosecutors as Muslim Brotherhood leaders, were sentenced to 15-year terms, accused of being members of a "terrorist organisation".
In a news conference also on Wednesday, Hazem el-Beblawi, the interim prime minister, defended a new law requires which citizens to apply for permission before marching as a "necessary step".
“The cabinet confirms that it will apply the law fully to show its support for the police in the face of terrorism. The law is subject to change, but through the proper channels.”
Protests approved
Protesters opposed to both Morsi and the interim army-backed government meanwhile gathered in downtown Cairo for a rally against the law.
Unexpectedly, the interior ministry announced that it had approved the march, even though organisers denied applying for a permit.
The ministry said the application was submitted by the father of Salah Ahmed Mohamed, known as “Jika”, the first protester killed during deposed Morsi’s tenure.
Wednesday’s rally was only announced in the morning, giving far less than the required period of notice.
The backlash against the law is the latest criticism of Beblawi’s increasingly unpopular government. Even some supporters think it went too far in restricting personal freedoms: Leaders of Tamarod, the petition campaign that organised the protests that preceded Morsi’s ouster, have criticised the law as too harsh, and several were arrested while protesting against it on Tuesday in the southern city of Aswan.
“They had one party against them already, the Muslim Brotherhood,” said Magdi Hussein, a campaigner from Tamarod who attended Tuesday’s protest. “I don’t know why they passed this law. It will turn another group against them.”
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Zum Roten Bären
Zum roten Bären (translation: to the red bear) is the oldest hotel in Germany and Europe. The foundations of the hotel predate the founding of the town of Freiburg by the dukes of the House of Zähringen in 1120.
The first written documentation was in the land register document of the nearby monastery from the year 1311 listing the landlord as Hanmann Bienger the elder. Many of the landlords were also court and councilmen of the city of Freiburg and often also guild masters. For some time, the guild hall of the shoemakers was located at Zum Roten Bären, as can be seen in one of the windows of Freiburg Cathedral. The current manager, Wolf Eschger, is the 51st landlord.
See also
List of oldest companies
References
This article is largely based upon the German Wikipedia article. Accessed August 29, 2009.
External links
Category:Buildings and structures in Freiburg im Breisgau
Category:Hotels in Germany
Category:Companies established in the 14th century
Category:14th-century establishments in Germany
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music
Updated: Feb 09, 2018 10:24 IST
Former One Direction member Zayn Malik has made an announcement that he has recorded his first Hindi song for a Bollywood movie.
In an interview with Elle India, Malik revealed he recorded a song in Hindi for an upcoming Bollywood movie.
Read PadMan review here
“It’s one of the first songs I’ve sung in full Hindi, so it’s going to be cool to see what the response to that is,” the 25-year-old singer revealed to the magazine.
Furthermore, the Pillowtalk singer gave some inside details about his second album after Mind of Mine. “There’s definitely a lot of Urdu; some nice qawwali sounds. There might even be some bhangra vibes. I have worked with AR Rahman on one song,” Zayn confirmed.
Meanwhile, the dark-haired hunk recently shared a preview of a new song about his girlfriend Gigi Hadid being the only woman he needs. He shared the snippet of the track on his Instagram profile.
He sings, “She’s all the woman I need.”
Follow @htshowbiz for more
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So's Your Old Man
So's Your Old Man is a 1926 American silent comedy film directed by Gregory La Cava and starring W. C. Fields and Alice Joyce. It was written by J. Clarkson Miller based on the story "Mr. Bisbee's Princess" by Julian Leonard Street as adapted by Howard Emmett Rogers. It was filmed at Astoria Studios in Queens, New York City.
The film was remade as a talkie in 1934, with W. C. Fields again starring, under the title You're Telling Me! In 2008, So's Your Old Man was added to the United States National Film Registry.
Plot
Sam Bisbee (W. C. Fields) is a small-town glazier who's always trying to get rich quick, and his schemes are driving his wife (Marcia Harris) crazy. When he invents an unbreakable glass windshield, his attempt to demonstrate it at a convention of automobile manufacturers is ruined when his car gets switched with another, and instead of bouncing off, the brick he throws at it smashes the windshield to pieces. On the train ride home, Bisbee considers suicide, but instead rescues a pretty young woman (Alice Joyce) who he believe is trying to kill herself. It turns out the woman is really Princess Lescaboura, and their friendship brings social success to the Bisbees.
Cast
W. C. Fields as Samuel Bisbee
Alice Joyce as Princess Lescaboura
Charles "Buddy" Rogers as Kenneth Murchison
Kittens Reichert as Alice Bisbee (credited as Catherine Reichert)
Marcia Harris as Mrs. Bisbee
Julia Ralph as Mrs. A. Brandewyne Murchison
Frank Montgomery as Jeff, a fellow scientist
Jerry Sinclair as Al
William "Shorty" Blanche as Caddy (uncredited)
Frederick Burton as Senator (uncredited)
Charles Byer as Prince Lescaboura (uncredited)
Walter Walker as Mayor of Waukegus (uncredited)
Notes
External links
Category:1926 films
Category:1920s comedy films
Category:American comedy films
Category:American black-and-white films
Category:American silent feature films
Category:United States National Film Registry films
Category:Films directed by Gregory La Cava
Category:American films
Category:Films shot at Astoria Studios
Category:Surviving American silent films
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Energy Audit Partner/Investor Wanted In Davao (Manila)
I'm an American living in Davao Philippines. I want to do Energy audits here and put together presentations showing clients how much I can save them thus showing the outcome of such an audit. I can then show them their options of improvements to their buildings and what products (I buy wholesale) we can install to save them big on their energy bill. In most cases, they can save over 50% and I then show them how fast they can pay for these improvements and quickly recoup the savings big time.
I have found out over my last few years of studies here that this is adamantly needed in almost every building and home here. I have a 40 year construction background and currently a designer but I wish to get this jump started yet have limited funds to do so. Sales training cost and support, equipment and supplies and much more cost in working capital. Expansion cost to other locations as well. I have two leads here in Davao once I prepare my approach as an energy consultant. Attempt will be to propose a fee to do the audit which is really needed due to that amount of time to gather data, measuring the structure, making diagrams and inputting this into an excel program to produce a PowerPoint report with graphs. It's estimated to take a couple weeks to do this audit depending on the size of the building.
I just see so much waste here; malls with their doors wide open, no use of double pane glass, cheap ceiling insulation, poor attic insulation and ventilation and missing seals on doors and windows and most of all, old aircon units as we now have solar aircon units available. The list goes on and on but you get the point. You'll read into this but find it's really a gold mine for this here. I need a strong partner player in this and it would include any marketing skills. Interested?
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Delta fight hits big screen
They've watched media gloss over their plight - or ignore it completely.
But on Monday night, the people of the Delta found their voice.
Restore the Delta screened its new documentary, "Over Troubled Waters," to a crowd of more than 300 people inside Stockton's Empire Theatre.
The 45-minute film may be the biggest accomplishment for the advocacy group in its six-year fight against a peripheral canal.
And plenty of people came to enjoy the moment - boaters in Hawaiian shirts and flip-flops, businessmen in suits, farmers in button-up plaid shirts. A typically diverse Delta crowd.
"This is pretty exciting," said 63-year-old Pete Corsun, a longtime sailor and surfer who attended with his wife, Kay. "I hope this gives people a greater resolve to take action - not sit back and wait for someone else to do it."
"Over Troubled Waters" came together mostly behind the scenes over a period of three years while Restore the Delta carried on a more public fight with lawmakers and government officials.
The $250,000 documentary illustrates a new strategy to take its case directly to the people.
"Personally, I think this is a tool to winning the hearts and minds of Californians," said Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla, director of Restore the Delta. "What happens with policymakers after that, I can't predict."
Director Russell Fisher, 38, grew up in Stockton, attending St. Mary's High School. He fished and wake-boarded on the Delta, though he wasn't active in the political fight over its water.
Fisher runs family-owned Business Office Systems in Stockton. And when he has time, he makes films for what he calls Media Creations.
He was introduced to Barrigan-Parrilla and quickly embraced the "Over Troubled Waters" project as his first major documentary.
A friend helped get Fisher in touch with experts to capture the beauty of the Delta from the air and to write an original musical score. They also found a narrator in Ed Begley Jr., an actor and environmentalist.
The project wasn't easy. California water is a complex story, one often told in terms of cubic feet of water using bar graphs and charts. The challenge was to get normal people to care.
The film does that, Fisher said, through its imagery and its focus on the people of the Delta.
The idea, he said, is to balance out the negative publicity the Delta often gets from major media.
"When you're up against the massive corporate agribusiness and people who want to basically sell water, which is what it boils down to, there's a lot of people that want to have a certain message pushed out there," he said. "I think this is going to balance the playing field a bit."
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Q:
MDM iOS Enterprise app distribution
We have different enterprise applications distributed via Airwatch MDM. When some distribution profile was expiring after 1 year earlier we could see a popup on the iOS devices. Now its not showing due to some reason. I'm not sure why. Also I can't find the profiles section in the iOS 8 settings section. There it used to show the expiration dates for all the profiles.
If the developer is not noticing the expiration date, apps getting crashed after the expiration date.
I want to know the best optimum solution for this.
How do we get the notifications for this?
Is there any solution without redistributing a new binary?
Or do we have any reminder notification system for this?
A:
You can update the provisioning profile without redistributing a new binary. If you go to the app and click on the "files" tab and select "edit" this will allow you to upload the new profile.
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The colorful and large bill, which in some large species measures more than half the length of the body, is the hallmark of toucans. Despite its size, the toucan’s bill is very light, being composed of bone struts filled with spongy tissue of keratin between them. The bill has forward-facing serrations resembling teeth, which historically led naturalists to believe that toucans captured fish and were primarily carnivorous; today it is known that they eat mostly fruit.
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Maestro Zone
Maestro Zone is the third studio album by Canadian rapper Maestro Fresh Wes, released April 21, 1992 on Polydor/PolyGram Records. It is a re-packaged version of his previous album, The Black Tie Affair, featuring four new songs. The only single was "Another Funky Break (From My Pap's Crate)". In 1992, just before the album was released, Maestro moved to Brooklyn, New York in an attempt to expand his fanbase in the US. It was nominated for Best Rap Recording at the 1993 Juno Awards.
Track listing
References
Category:1992 albums
Category:Maestro Fresh-Wes albums
Category:Polydor Records albums
Category:PolyGram albums
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Q:
Computer not POSTing "randomly"?
I have a custom built PC that is exhibiting some...odd... behavior, something I've never seen before. It was working fine one day, and the next day, it wouldn't start. Seeing as I wanted an upgrade anyway, I purchased a new motherboard that was compatible with all my parts. While replacing the motherboard, I accidentally damaged the CPU. Well, I wanted a new one anyway... so I got a new one. Seeing as I was replacing a ton of parts already, I bought a new PSU because the old one was super loud. When I slapped it all together, it starts up, lights, fans, drives, they all start. But I get no display from the monitor. No beeps, which I believe means it doesn't POST. I figured it was the RAM, because after removing the sound card and graphics card, there was nothing else that I hadn't replaced. When I remove both sticks of RAM, I get a continuous beeping, and according to the mobo handbook, means no RAM. So I think the mobo is functional, or atleast partly. I bought new RAM, but it still didn't work. I tried 3 monitors, with both VGA and DIV. So it's probably not the monitor, either.
Now, let me get to the random part. Every 20 or so boots (I should also mention, for about 3 out of 5 boots I have to unplug the PC because it won't powerdown via the button), it will POST and I'll get display. Then, after about 2 or 3 resets, it won't work again. This confuses me so much, because even when I change nothing, it will/will not work. My thought is that maybe it has something to do with the RAM not clearing or something. I also reset the CMOS battery, incase that had anything to do with it, but no eval. I found some weird suggestion online about holding the power button for 30 seconds while it was unplugged. That did nothing, but I didn't expect it would...
I've replaced just about the entire computer, and all the parts are compatible. Done about everything I can think of, but nothing has worked. Hopefully someone can help me here.
And as I side note: When I do get my computer to boot, it says my hardware has changed and I have to re-activate windows. But it says I have to call Microsoft to do it. So I get this fancy automated voice that asks me to enter in a code into windows, then it asks me "How many computers have you activated with this copy of Windows?". Well, I had it on my computer before I replaced everything, so I said 1. Then he yelled at me for violating my 1-use license. I dunno what's going on there, do I have to re-purchase Windows 7? And they wonder why people pirate software... That's just a bonus question, though.
Specs:
8GB of DDR2 RAM (Corsair)
AMD CPU (I don't know what GHz or model because I can't find the box... (I think its 4 cores of 2.8Ghz)
ASRock A785GM-LE Motherboard
A:
Clear the CMOS settings. What's happening is that you have some setting that's preventing the system from POSTing. When the motherboard detects a few failed POSTs, it tries POSTing with default settings, which then works.
Most likely, you customized some settings for your old RAM and forgot to remove them before you switched to the new RAM.
A:
While replacing the motherboard, I accidentally damaged the CPU.
How, exactly? I ask, because is it possible you damaged the motherboard? As in... damaged a capacitor? Because the behavior you are describing sounds like a power issue, and not necessarily a PSU issue... which could and would indicate a potential capacitor issue. I've known more than one motherboard to operate with blown capacitors... just not reliably. I'm not saying that you blew one... but if it was damaged... that could explain things.
Clearing the CMOS wouldn't make Windows require activation. Changing a sound card wouldn't do it either. Even changing a sound card and video card at the same time. Changing a motherboard can trigger that "different hardware" dealio (although not necessarily... I've managed it more than once with the right mobo swap). So, if this message is the one you get after you replaced the motherboard, that's most likely why you got it.
So... power. Either PSU, or more likely a damaged capacitor or two... or three, etc.
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"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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Russian authorities want to use prison labor to drive down the costs of holding the 2018 World Cup.
The Russian prison service is backing a bid by Alexander Khinshtein, a lawmaker from the ruling United Russia party, to allow prisoners to be taken from their camps to work at factories, with a focus on driving down the costs of building materials for World Cup projects.
"It'll help in the sense that there will be the opportunity to acquire building materials for a lower price, lower than there is currently on the market," Khinshtein told The Associated Press. "And apart from that it'll make it possible to get prisoners into work, which is very positive."
Russian prison labor schemes have faced allegations that prisoners are routinely underpaid or forced to work long hours. In 2013, the then-imprisoned Pussy Riot band member Nadezhda Tolokonnikova went on hunger strike in protest at working conditions in her prison camp.
Russia's Federal Penitentiary Service has been working with Khinshtein to draw up the proposals, said the lawmaker, adding that they will be submitted to parliament soon.
The service declined to comment on the plan when contacted by the AP on Monday, but deputy director Alexander Rudy told the Kommersant business newspaper that his agency was keen to use prisoners for "tasks that, let's say, wouldn't appeal to the ordinary citizen."
Workers' rights are a hot-button issue for World Cup organizer FIFA, which is under pressure over the high rate of deaths among migrant workers in 2022 host nation Qatar.
Russia's Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko (L), President Vladimir Putin (C) and FIFA President Sepp Blatter (2nd R) listens to Moscow's Mayor Sergei Sobyanin at the Luzhniki Stadium, which is under construction, in Moscow, October 28, 2014. Reuters When asked about the Russian plans to use prison labor, FIFA spokesperson Delia Fischer told the AP: "We have not received any information on the below mentioned plans yet and as such cannot comment for the time being."
Russia's move toward prison labor comes at a time when the World Cup budget of 637.6 billion rubles ($12.7 billion) is under pressure after the ruble dropped in value compared to last year, making imported materials more expensive. The ruble has recovered much of its lost value this year, but is still worth around a third less against the dollar than at the start of 2014, before international sanctions and a drop in the price of oil dented the Russian economy.
Khinshtein said his plan to employ prisoners was "of course" an extension of the government's policy of so-called import replacement, under which Russian-made production is expanded to fill the gap left by costly imports.
The workers would continue to live in their prison camps and would be transported to their place of work each day. A typical wage for a prisoner on such projects might be 15,000 rubles ($300) a month, Khinshtein said.
There are no plans as yet to employ prisoners on World Cup stadium construction sites, he added.
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Lithium-induced lung toxicity in rats: the effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE).
We aimed to evaluate the effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on lithium (Li)-induced lung toxicity. Twenty-two adult male Wistar albino rats weighing between 280 and 300 g were used. The rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, Li and Li+CAPE groups. Li and CAPE were co-administered intraperitoneally twice daily for 4 weeks. Control rats were given 0.9% NaCl during the same period. All the rats were allowed to feed ad libitum until midnight after they had received the proposed treatment. In the Li group, peribronchial and intraparenchymal lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration were observed. Atypical type II pneumocytes, alveolar destruction and emphysematous changes were also detected. Lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration was significantly decreased in the Li+CAPE group compared with the Li group. Alveolar destruction, emphysematous changes and intraparenchymal mononuclear cell infiltration were also recovered to a level close to the control group. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were increased in the Li group compared with the control group. CAPE administration decreased the MDA levels in the Li+CAPE group. CAPE was found to associate with histopathological changes recovery in the lungs and oxidative stress due to Li treatment.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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Manx End to End Mountain Bike Challenge
Organiser's Description
Your chance to ride from one end of a country to the other and conquer some sizeable peaks along the way. This 75k route incorporates 1500m of climb with a thrilling mix of fast fire roads, sweeping moorland paths, country lanes and forest singletrack. You'll also experience stunning views and gain a real sense of satisfaction as you make your way from the northern-most to the southern-most points of the Island.
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Sensitive and selective electrochemical determination of quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid based on bilayer of novel poly(pyrrole) functional composite using one-step electro-polymerization and molecularly imprinted poly(o-phenylenediamine).
A facile and efficient molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) recognition element of electrochemical sensor was fabricated by directly electro-polymerizing monomer o-phenylenediamine (oPD) in the presence of template quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (QCA), based on one-step controllable electrochemical modification of poly(pyrrole)-graphene oxide-binuclear phthalocyanine cobalt (II) sulphonate (PPY-GO-BiCoPc) functional composite on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The MIP film coated on PPY-GO-BiCoPc functional composite decorated GCE (MIP/PPY-GO-BiCoPc/GCE) was presented for the first time. The synergistic effect and electro-catalytic activity toward QCA redox of PPY-GO-BiCoPc functional composite were discussed using various contrast tests. Also, the effect of experimental variables on the current response such as, electro-polymerization cycles, template/monomer ratio, elution condition for template removal, pH of the supporting electrolyte and accumulation time, were investigated in detail. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed MIP sensor possessed a fast rebinding dynamics and an excellent recognition capacity to QCA, while the anodic current response of square wave voltammetry (SWV) was well-proportional to the concentration of QCA in the range of 1.0×10(-8)-1.0×10(-4) and 1.0×10(-4)-5.0×10(-4) mol L(-1) with a low detection limit of 2.1 nmol L(-1). The established sensor was applied successfully to determine QCA in commercial pork and chicken muscle samples with acceptable recoveries (91.6-98.2%) and satisfactory precision (1.9-3.5% of SD), demonstrating a promising feature for applying the MIP sensor to the measurement of QCA in real samples.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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Q:
Is there any need to use patch:after with Unicorn configuration files
I'm working in a Helix solution and have noticed things like:
<configuration name="Feature.MyModuleName"
dependencies="Foundation.SomethingElse"
patch:after="configuration[@name='Foundation.Core']">
To me, the dependencies attribute seems like all you should need.
Is it really necessary patch:after as well as the dependencies attribute?
A:
Yes. At least potentially.
patch:after happens when Sitecore.Configuration.Factory reads and parses and constructs the object graph that the configuration represents. So at Initialize time of the application. There could be Foundation level configuration entries (like default serializer and so on) that need to be set up, before your Feature level configuration is read and parsed.
The dependencies attribute affects Unicorn sync order at runtime. So much much later in process/lifecycle of your application.
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Gastric dissociation for the treatment of congenital microgastria with paraesophageal hiatal hernia.
MedLine Citation:
PMID:
21683183
Owner:
NLM
Status:
In-Data-Review
Abstract/OtherAbstract:
Microgastria is a rare but well-described congenital anomaly of the alimentary tract that presents in the neonatal period with vomiting, aspiration, and failure to thrive. Based on a relatively small number of case reports, gastric augmentation with a double-barrel loop of jejunum, known as a Hunt-Lawrence pouch, has been advocated as the reconstructive procedure of choice in affected children who fail nonoperative management. In this report, we present a novel method of foregut reconstruction in an infant with congenital microgastria and a paraesophageal hiatal hernia. In this procedure, the stomach was transected 1 cm below the gastroesophageal junction with construction of a straight Roux-en-Y jejunal anastomosis to the gastric fundic cuff. A feeding gastrostomy tube was placed into the distal remnant stomach for enteral access. The patient did well and eventually transitioned to full oral feeds by 3 years of age.
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The original Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Carbon was the first real Ultrabook we’d seen come out of Intel’s initiative to slim down and beef up laptops. Now that the touch-oriented Windows 8 has been out for a few months, Lenovo followed up with a touch version of the computer we so loved, named a mouthful of words that go like this: Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Carbon Touch. Other than the touch screen, this is just a heavy version of a computer that we really enjoyed using. But since the only major difference is the existence of the touch screen, and that feature comes at a premium of $150, customers will have to look inside themselves to decide. When choosing between the two models, are you a Windows 8 believer?
The X1 Carbon Touch is virtually identical to its Windows 7-running predecessor, the X1 Carbon, which we reviewed last summer. We advise checking that in-depth edition out for more details on everything that hasn't changed since then. The touch version maintains the exact same physical dimensions, including a thickness of 18.9 millimeters, but it's .41 pounds heavier at 3.4 pounds to the regular X1 Carbon's 2.99 pounds. This is still a more than decent weight for a 14-inch ultrabook. It's questionable whether that fractional difference even makes a difference.
The touchscreen itself works without fault, and all of the requisite Windows gestures go off without a hitch. Swipes, scrolls, pinches, and taps all work fine. Despite our best, most disgusting efforts, it was hard to get the matte screen to pick up our fingerprints. We did manage to leave some smudges by applying a healthy amount of pressure. While they were visible from an angle— and in the right light—on the surface of the screen, they didn't impede our regular viewing experience.
On the downside, the screen is, visually, a little strange: its blacks are not deep and colors are washed out. Granted, if you're getting an ultrabook, you're probably not dealing much with tasks that require color accuracy, but it's noticeable even without a better screen around to compare.
Practically speaking, it's hard to get used to integrating the touch screen into a work flow, especially when the touchpad, buttons, and even Lenovo's characteristic touchpoint are within closer reach than the screen. These aspects are just easier to use for the relatively small desktop elements (moving, resizing, closing windows, opening applications). The only time I felt myself compelled to swipe was when waking up the computer and needing to get through the lock screen, which needs to be swiped or pulled away. The gesture is easier with a swipe, but so long as I'm not dealing with the metro interface, the existence of the touch screen has no bearing on my use.
Ironically, I might be compelled to reach out and touch my monitor instead of the touchpad if its multitouch didn't work as well as it did. We've seen disastrous implementations of things like two-finger scrolling on Windows machines in the past, but two finger scrolling works perfectly on the X1 Carbon still. More importantly, the existence of the gestures doesn't interfere with simpler input elements that have always existed, like click-and-drag.
Likewise, if I were compelled to be in the Metro interface more often, the touch screen would be the superior input method. But being that I use laptops for work and all of my needed applications were on the desktop side, Metro became only a minor annoyance that accidentally cropped up on occasion.
Funny enough, Lenovo's interface gives back the start button that Windows 8 takes away, though it's a handicapped version. In the bottom left corner of the screen is the Lenovo QuickLaunch button, which allows you to do things like search for applications to open and access frequently-used ones on the desktop side.
The laptop also comes with some other, less welcome pre-installed software, including a particularly persistent copy of Norton AntiVirus that does you the “favor” of checking and putting a badge next to every hyperlink on your Google search page. This program is easily dispatched with an uninstall, but we’re ready for the pre-installed sponsored software trend to end already.
In terms of battery life, we suspected that the touch screen might end up being a power drain. While we still find the battery life respectable overall, it fell short of Lenovo’s estimates in our tests.
Lenovo pegs the X1 Carbon Touch’s battery life at “up to 8.2 hours.” We gave it the relatively easy “typical workflow” test of Internet surfing, e-mailing, IMing, and text entry with Wi-Fi on. Brightness was set to about 40 percent. In this test, we got about six hours and 40 minutes out of the battery. When playing a movie with Wi-Fi on, brightness at around 75 percent and full volume, we got about five hours 15 minutes out of the computer.
Spec Base ThinkPad X1 Carbon model ThinkPad X1 Carbon Touch reviewed Highest-end ThinkPad X1 Carbon Processor Intel Core i7-3667U Intel Core i5-3427U Intel Core i5-3427U RAM 4GB 4GB 8GB Storage 128GB 128GB 256GB Graphics Intel HD 4000 Graphics Intel HD 4000 Graphics Intel HD 4000 Graphics Screen resolution 1600x900 1600x900 1600x900 Price $1249 $1499 $1964
We stand by our assessment of the X1 Carbon as the Ultrabook to beat, but we’re a little more hesitant about its see-me-feel-me cousin. The touch screen version is priced at $1,499, $150 more than the base model non-touch X1 Carbon. This isn't wildly expensive, but it's enough of a difference to consider whether you really, really want to be able to poke your computer in the face.
If you think there’s a chance that you’ll like touching Windows 8 instead of clicking on it, and may cozy up with it on the couch to prod as your second screen while you watch TV as do so many tablet users, it may be worth coughing up the extra cash to keep your options open. But it’s still not only possible, but easy to move around Windows with more conventional control schemes like the touchpad and touchpoint. If the Windows 8 app store becomes a fertile breeding ground for innovation, you could miss out. But if you’re not interested, the regular X1 Carbon is always there for you.
The Good
Thin, light body
Comfortable keyboard, keys have good travel
Great battery life
Trackpad that can carry off multitouch gestures
High-resolution screen with touch option works well, doesn't smudge easily
The Bad
Stiff hinge makes the PC annoying to open
Webcam is a bit tragic
The Ugly
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Boreczek, Podkarpackie Voivodeship
Boreczek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sędziszów Małopolski, within Ropczyce-Sędziszów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north of Sędziszów Małopolski, north-east of Ropczyce, and north-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.
References
Boreczek
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Yenesew Gebre: TPLF’s fabrication versus the truth By Abebe Gellaw
After the news about the first known politically motivated self-immolation in Ethiopian history spread across the globe like wild fire, the shockwave the rare tragedy caused has been unprecedented. As much as 29-year old Yenesew Gebre’s self-sacrifice created a sense of outrage among ordinary Ethiopians, the Meles regime turned no stone unturned to discredit a defenseless dead man, who publicly chose horrific death than being abused and dehumanized in his own country.
The late teacher and activist, Yenesew, paid the ultimate price. And yet the TPLF launched a coordinated fabrication scheme. But the irresponsible reaction of the regime has caused a backlash against the regime.
The activist teacher
Born in Jimma, Yenesew spent much of his teens in Dawro Zone, where his elder half-sister Tadelech Bekele lives. After completing high school, he joined the Awassa Teacher Training College. During the 2005 national elections, his passion for change and activism shined in Awasa. He proved to be an orator and organizer. But his activism attracted unwanted attention from local officials and TPLF’s secret agents, who blacklisted Yenesew and other activists.
Yenesew was said to be exceptionally well-rounded. Close friends and relatives unanimously say that he was a highly intelligent, conscientious, articulate and well-read young man. Though he used to teach English language at Tercha Technical and Vocational College, he was fired around two years ago, reportedly due to his strong political convictions and critical views. Losing his job in one of the poorest communities in Southern Ethiopia, had obviously been a depressing challenge that seriously affected and outraged him.
A former teacher of the late Yenesew, who spoke on condition of anonymity, says that he was not only conscientious but also one of the most outstanding students he has ever taught. Yenesew was an activist in the Waka movement, which was mainly triggered by the injustice and oppression that ethnic Dawros felt at the hands of local and regional officials.
The Dawros have a longstanding issue with the Southern regional administration. According to Dawro activists, a number of futile efforts were made to undermine development and self-rule of Dawro Zone, one of the most impoverished and marginalized communities in Southern Ethiopia. The activists particularly blame Hailemariam Desalegn and his close associates like Alemayehu Assefa, a man who is widely known to be taking highly divisive measures in the so-called “Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region”. Hailemariam, who was the regional president from 2001 to 2006, has been blamed for fanning ethnic animosity between Wolaytas and Dawros that want to assert self-rule and get attention in terms of development,.
Four months ago, the current organized resistance in Waka town began in earnest as a result of administrative grievances. Despite the fact that Yenesew was of mixed Oromo and Amhara parentage, he was one of the grassroots organizers in charge of coordinating the youth. As a result of this, he was thrown in jail by local officials along with other activists and community elders. Some of the detainees including Yenesew were released after a couple of weeks in jails following intense pressure by the community that sent two groups of community elders to the Prime Minister’s office in Addis Ababa to lodge complaints. But many still remain in jails despite the appeals of the community to the regional and federal governments.
A fateful day
In the morning of November 11, 2011 (11/11/11), Yenesew, family members of the detainees and community activists travelled to Mareka Wereda Court, in Tercha town, which is around 17 km from Waka town. There were high hopes that the court would release the detainees. But to the dismay of so many people, the judge accepted the request of prosecutors to keep the detainees for two more weeks for “further investigation.” Yenesew stood up in the packed courtroom and condemned the injustice of keeping innocent people in jails. He loudly demanded the court to end the injustice by releasing the detainees without further delay. He was reprimanded for contempt of court but that never scared the passionate activists who used to lament the oppression and injustice the people of Ethiopia were subjected to under the TPLF.
In the afternoon, there was a meeting of six Wereda administrators and local community representatives chaired by the Alemayehu Assefa, a controversial character accused of pitting one ethnic group against others. Yenesew vented out his anger at the lack of freedom, rampant injustice and maladministration. He told them that it was better for him to die than live in a country where people suffer oppression, indignities, and injustice.
According to British investigative journalist Angus Stickler, Yenesew was quoted as saying: “I want to show to all that death is preferable than a life without justice and liberty and I call upon my fellow compatriots to fear nothing and rise up to wrench their freedom and rights from the hands of the local and national tyrants.”
The hospital that never was
He vented out his anger with a rousing speech. Around 2 pm, it took Yenesew seconds to douse himself with petrol and set himself ablaze . Shocked people on the scene tried to put out the fire. He was rushed to Tercha Hospital. Records show that Yenesew was admitted to Tercha Hospital at around 3 pm. But there are still many issues that overshadow the death of the young activist. Tercha Hospital is not a hospital in the real sense of the word. Despite the fact that it serves well over 550,000 people, it has only two young doctors, Dr. Wondimagegn Sisay and Dr. Bahru Legesse, who is a fresh graduate with little experience. When Yenesew was admitted, Dr. Wondimagegn was on duty. Dr. Bahru was away due to the death of a family member.
Dr. Wondimagegn was reportedly horrified by the severity of the burns that Yenesew had suffered. He recommended that Yenesew be transferred immediately to a hospital with the facilities and expertise of treating horrific burns. But he was reportedly over-ruled by security agents who never worried about the survival of Yenesew. From the moment he was admitted into hospital, i.e. 11th November around 3 pm to his last gasp, at around 2 pm local time on 14th November, he was surrounded by security agents. One can conclude that the security arrangement was a contributing factor to his death.
Tercha Hospital has no burn unit, no maternity unit and not even clean water provision let alone a psychiatric unit. Glimmer of Hope is an anti-poverty US-based nonprofit organization trying to raise funds for Tercha Hospital. On its website, Glimmer of Hope says:
“Tercha is home to the only hospital in the entire region which serves over 550,000 people in the Dawro Zone located in southern Ethiopia… They currently do not have a separate facility for women giving birth or the resources should any complications occur. What is most horrifying is the hospital does not have access to a constant source of clean water or electricity…
“It is hard to imagine a hospital not having clean water, but that is the reality in Tercha. Water must be brought to the hospital. Additionally, the hospital itself needs work. As the hospital in Tercha serves all of the surrounding areas, which accounts for more than half a million people, it is imperative that this hospital has a maternity ward. Currently there is no place for women to get maternal care and this is a pressing and urgent need. In addition to the maternity ward, new equipment is also needed at the hospital so that it can better attend to the hundreds of thousands of people that it serves.”
Fabrication of the highest order
According to reliable sources within Walta, who want to remain strictly anonymous, Bereket Simon and his right-hand man, Shimelis Kemal, gave an order to senior managers to do everything in their power to discredit not only the martyred hero, but also the movement rocking Dawro. So the local authorities as well as members of TPLF security apparatus were involved in the scam.
It was after the news about Yenesew’s death went global that the TPLF regime concocted fabrications. Dr. Wondimagegn was asked to issue a death certificate stating that the self-immolation of Yenesew was linked to the mental illness he patient had suffered. This was intended to say that Yenesew did not know what he was doing due to mental incapacity at the time he set himself alight. A leader of the Waka movement admiringly says that Dr. Wondimagegn was true to the Hippocratic Oath he took as a physician. He threatened that he would rather resign than give a forged document that contains false medical testimony.
But it was Dr. Bahru Legesse who was made to issue the death certificate that contains screaming lies. The fresh doctor did not clearly live up to his oath unlike Dr. Wondemahegn he refused to be part of the scheme. This writer called him on his cell phone and tried to speak to him on the matter but declined a comment. But informed sources say that he is consumed with regret for being used in an ethnical manner.
In what appears to be a wicked act of desecrating the sacrifice of Yeneneh and diminishing the cause for which he gave the ultimate, Walta Information Center, one of the ruling party’s mouthpieces, has stocked anger among the people of Dawro and Ethiopians across the world by going to great lengths to attack a dead man.
One of Walta’s fabricators, EPRDF loyalist Etsegenet Tesfaye, who infamously did a hack interview with Solomon Tekalign and Shimelis Kemal few months ago, was assigned to do a pre-arranged interview and write stories that are contrary to the truth. Etsegenet had already raised eye-brows by eagerly facilitating Solomon Takalegn’s, vulgar Diaspora bashing.
According to an unattributed report, supplemented by an audio file, posted on Waltainfo.com, Yenesew’s half-sister, Ms. Tadelech Bekele, Tercha Hospital’s Administrator, Mebratu Masebo, and Dawro Zone Deputy Commander, Bako Tina, were presented as witnesses. But the story has an interesting twist. ESAT has been able to confirm from various sources that all the witnesses have been compromised and were forced to be part of Walta’s fabrication.
Detained witnesses
After Yenesew passed away, security agents arrested Ms. Tadelech Bekele, who lives with her children in Tercha town. She works at the Tercha administration finance bureau. Her husband, Demissie Dando, heard the tragic news in the regional capital, Awassa, where he works for the health bureau. As soon as he heard the sad news and the troubles his wife was facing, he rushed back to Wako, which is over 315 km from Awasa. The reason why he works far from home leaving behind his wife and children was political. Demissie has been an outspoken critic of Wako town’s officials. As a result, he was transferred to Awasa despite the fact that his wife and children remain in Wako.
Tadelech,who was put in detention and seclusion after the self-immolation of Yenesew, and Mebrahtu Masebo were taken to the Zonal Administrators office escorted by security agents. Tadelech was particularly warned that if she refused to give a statement purporting that Yenesew burned himself out of insanity than any political cause, she and her husband would lose their jobs. The woman who was blaming local officials for the death of her brother was made to change her story. But family members have said that she has been traumatized and haunted by what she was forced to do to trash her brother.
The other testimony came from Mr. Mebratu Masobo, administrator of Tercha Hospital. Local sources say that Mr. Masobo cannot provide a credible testimony regarding hospital matters. Before he joined the Southern region branch of the ruling party a few years ago accelerated in promotion, Mr. Masebo was apparently a health officer who was convicted of stealing and selling medicines that belonged to the same hospital he now manages. He served jailed terms but became trusted enough to be a hospital administrator when he joined the ruling party.
Another thing that has been a talking point among Waka residents was not only being denied to bury their hero, but also the refusal of security agents to have been buried in accordance with the norms of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Despite the fact that he was a follower of the Tewahdo Orthodox Church, the security agents insisted that he be buried at a protestant church cemetery. Informed sources say that Tadelech, a congregant of Kalewihot Protestant Church, was allowed to hold a quick funeral in the presence of a few people. He was buried in an unmarked grave, an action which further provides testimony to the fact that Yenesew’s self-immolation was not an ordinary event.
One can easily surmise from the facts that Yenesew has been a victim of an atrocious regime while alive as well as in death. A government is supposed to treat its citizens, regardless of their opinions, social status, religion or ethnic origin, with respect and dignity. But TPLF never cares for ordinary people but the sustaining the unacceptable tyranny it has imposed on the people of Ethiopia. Whatever the regime says and does, Yenesew Genbre’s self-immolation will loom large in the struggle for freedom, justice and dignity. With his self-immolation Yenesew has raised the bar of self-sacrifice to an extreme level.
|
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1 definition
by
from the hills
To call someone a Quimb is an insult of the highest stature. Quimbs are little faggots that Narc on kids and date fugly ass girls. To act like a quimb, you must be caught masturbating in public, and in the presence of other men. anyone you see who has sperm stains on their shirt is a quimb. anyone who has an excess of confidence and beleives he's the stud of the school but in reality, has no such rank, or looks.
"your acting like such a Quimb lately!! You just Narced on those two kids!! Whats ur problemm??"
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"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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Q:
How to filter array of objects in MongoDB based on query params?
I've got these documents in my collection:
{
"header": "Immaterielle eiendeler",
"headerNum": "10",
"meta": [{
"content": "FoU skattemessig formue",
"contentNum": "1000",
"details": "Denne kontoen brukes til ervervet forskning og utvikling som er balanseført. Hvis dette ikke skal balanseføres, men kostnadføres, opprett en egen kostnadskonto på dette.",
"tags": ["forskning", "utvikling", "ervervet", "immaterielle eiendeler"]
}, {
"content": "FoU ervervet",
"contentNum": "1001",
"details": "For ervervet FoU er det lettere å identifisere eiendelen for balanseføring, ettersom kjøpet forutsetter at eiendelen kan overføres fra selger til kjøper.",
"tags": [""]
}, {
"content": "FoU egenutviklet",
"contentNum": "1005",
"details": "For at immateriell eiendel \"Forskning og Utvikling\" skal kunne balanseføres, må eiendelen være identifiserbar og kunne skilles fra Goodwill.",
"tags": [""]
}]
},
{
"header": "Tomter, bygninger og annen fast eiendom",
"headerNum": "11",
"meta": [{
"content": "Forretningsbygg (saldogruppe i)",
"contentNum": "1100",
"details": "Her bokføres kjøp av bygninger (dvs balanseføres som selskapets eiendel) Byggeningen føres til anskaffelses-/byggekost, og avskrives deretter. Her føres også andre kostnader.",
"tags": ["tomter", "bygninger", "eiendom", "forretningsbygg"]
}, {
"content": "Bygningsmessige anlegg",
"contentNum": "1120",
"details": "Her fører du bygg/anlegg som ikke er fast eiendom. Det kan for eksempel være anleggsbrakker, småbåthavn, anlegg for distribusjon av strøm, anlegg for utvinning av sand o.l.",
"tags": ["brakker", "midlertidig bygg", "bygningsmessige anlegg"]
}]
}
At the moment I'm filtering records by header, headerNum, meta.content, meta.contentNum and meta.tags. Below you can see my aggregation pipeline:
const query = req.query.search;
const accounts = await Account.aggregate([
{
$unwind: {
path: '$meta.tags',
preserveNullAndEmptyArrays: true
}
},
{
$match: {
$or: [
{ header: { $regex: query, $options: 'i' } },
{ headerNum: { $regex: query, $options: 'i' } },
{ 'meta.content': { $regex: query, $options: 'i' } },
{ 'meta.contentNum': { $regex: query, $options: 'i' } },
{ 'meta.tags': { $regex: query, $options: 'i' } }
]
}
},
{
$sort: { headerNum: 1 }
}
]);
What I would like to achieve is to narrow down the number of items in meta array. If req.query.search = 'forskn' I would like to look for this value in meta.content, meta.contentNum, meta.tags and finally receive something like this:
{
"header": "Immaterielle eiendeler",
"headerNum": "10",
"meta": [{
"content": "FoU skattemessig formue",
"contentNum": "1000",
"details": "Denne kontoen brukes til ervervet forskning og utvikling som er balanseført. Hvis dette ikke skal balanseføres, men kostnadføres, opprett en egen kostnadskonto på dette.",
"tags": ["forskning", "utvikling", "ervervet", "immaterielle eiendeler"]
}]
}
Do you have any suggestion on how I can achieve it?
A:
Try this code
Account.aggregate([
{
$unwind: {
path: '$meta',
preserveNullAndEmptyArrays: true
}
},
{
$unwind: {
path: '$meta.tags',
preserveNullAndEmptyArrays: true
}
},
{
$match: {
$or: [
{ header: { $regex: query, $options: 'i' } },
{ headerNum: { $regex: query, $options: 'i' } },
{ 'meta.content': { $regex: query, $options: 'i' } },
{ 'meta.contentNum': { $regex: query, $options: 'i' } },
{ 'meta.tags': { $regex: query, $options: 'i' } }
]
}
},
{$group:{_id:'$_id', headerNum:{$first:'$headerNum'},header:
{$first:'$header'},meta:{$addToSet:'$meta'}}},
{
$sort: { headerNum: 1 }
}
])
|
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"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Extreme storms and sea level rise are leading real estate investors to look at communities with higher elevation, like Little Haiti, causing a wave of new development that threatens current residents in those areas.
"People do want a better life, but people do want to stay in their communities. When we see the road works being done, we see the new buildings popping up, we see the old buildings being knocked down, we know that these new buildings are not for us," said Valencia Gunder, a community organizer, during Monday's panel on the intersections of climate change and gentrification at Vizcaya Museum and Gardens.
The panel marked the second stop for the 5,000 miles cross country "Freedom to Breathe" bus tour that began in Atlanta and is capturing stories of resilience and climate-related injustices. Stories collected will be presented at their last stop, the Global Climate Action Summit in San Francisco, on September 12.
"I have to remind myself constantly of what that journey was for me to understand what it [climate gentrification] meant," said City of Miami Commissioner Ken Russel. "Most people are still wrapping their heads around the physical water rising, much less grasping the intangibles of how the potential of that water rising has a now effect of a community of need."
Miami is third in the country for the largest proportion of renters versus homeowners, according to a study released this year by RentCafe.com, a national apartment website. Their data shows that 68 percent of residents in the city are renters. This and other factors such as language barriers, immigration status and lack of access to resources make the people of these communities vulnerable to the effects of climate change.
The mental health of the people being displaced in these communities was another issue discussed during the panel.
"PTSD is something I am seeing in our community," said Gunder. "People are being afraid because they are starting to see the effects from health issues that we're seeing from climate change. I know that when you're dealing with things that you don't know that have a proper solution in place you start to worry and stress about things."
|
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"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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In many families, the mother-in-law is jokingly referred to as the “monster-in-law.” Yet, the strain that parents-in-law can place on a couple is no matter. It can, in fact, ultimately destroy a relationship. According to website Netmums, one in four daughters-in-law (DIL) despise their mother-in-law (MIL), finding her “controlling.”
The site’s poll of about 2,000 women found that the DILs’ resentment stemmed largely from MILs thinking that they are the ultimate authority on parenting. A classic example is an MIL undermining a DIL in front of her husband and children. Other complaints included being made to feel not good enough for their partner, and over a third of respondents described their MIL as “judgmental” or “interfering.” Not surprisingly, nearly a quarter of respondents described their relationship with their MIL as “bad” or “terrible.” In some cases, the stress of the in-law situation led to families moving away or even to marital collapse.
Needless to say, the MIL/DIL relationship is most for the DIL. If your own situation is causing you anguish, learning how to manage your feelings and the situation is critical in taking care of your well-being and ultimately, your family’s.
1. First, sit with the self.
Before you can take on your MIL, you need to give yourself a time-out (probably more than one) to evaluate the situation and develop a game plan that’s right for you. Find a quiet space free of distractions where you can note everything that has taken place to date.
Allow yourself to process the list, mulling and fuming over it — getting all your feelings out — until you can revisit it with a calmer frame of mind. This will enable you to constructively take on the situation, coming from a more rational space when moving forward.
2. Consider where your MIL is coming from.
With or without or sympathy, try to see your MIL’s side, and how her behavior may be a symptom of larger issues she has with herself and her relationship with your spouse — and not you. In some cases, a mother-in-law's hostility may be an act of frustration over being disconnected from him. If this is the case, this is something that your husband needs to work on with his mother.
While it's challenging, try to be objective as you evaluate the situation. Honestly ask yourself if she has a valid opinion. Consider if her actions and words are coming from a place of love, and if this needs to be acknowledged. Consider, too, if she’s struggling with feelings of having been dethroned in her family, and if there are ways you can make her feel important and needed in her own way.
3. Ask yourself what role you’re playing in the situation.
There are situations in which a person has done nothing to cause the relationship with in-laws to become strained. Yet there are also situations in which the DIL is doing, or not doing, something that is causing the in-laws to treat her the way they are, warranted or not. Think back to how you’ve engaged your in-laws, and ask yourself honestly if a third party could find fault with that. Are you a total victim in this scenario, or do you do or say things to instigate a negative response? If so, consider how you can change the way you’re handling the situation or reacting to it, so as not to invite any antagonism.
4. Don’t have any expectations.
We can all learn from the Buddhist belief that expectations lead to suffering. Don’t allow yourself to suffer any more: Let go of expectations around how things "should" be when it comes to family relationships. Don’t want what you can’t have. Instead, be realistic about the situation, including any nonnegotiable circumstances. If you’re not going to be close, given what has transpired, maybe that’s for the better. Instead of trying to live out some Hallmark illusion, contemplate how you can work with the way things are. For example, is a coolish relationship possible?
5. Be okay with not having their approval.
You don’t need anyone’s approval to live your life the way you want. Don’t drive yourself crazy trying to get your in-laws' thumbs-up. Not caring what they think about you could be freeing and empowering.
6. Trust your instincts.
If your sounds the alarm, listen to it. It’s there to take care of you, as Camilla, a 35-year-old consultant, learned: “The first time I met my mother-in-law, I found her warm and beautiful. But when she hugged me good-bye at the end of that evening, something went off in me indicating that this wasn’t a good person. Sadly, my instincts weren’t wrong.”
How to Engage
Unless your spouse wants nothing to do with his parents, you can’t ignore your in-laws. So when you find yourself in their company, do the following:
7. Don’t try to fake a relationship that isn’t there.
Yes, they’re legally your parents-in-law, but are they really treating you like family? You don’t need to refer to your in-laws as “Dad” or “Mother,” if there is no or warmth that warrants the use of the terms. Using these words also adds to a power dynamic with them that may not work for you. In calling your parents-in-law by their first names, you create a more level playing field.
8. Be .
This needs to remain central, no matter what you’re communicating. While initial attempts to engage your in-laws should be courteous, the problem with being too polite for of coming across as rude or pushy is that you don’t establish necessary boundaries. Thus, you aren’t able to communicate how deep the problems are, and how troubled you are.
Remember, you’re not necessarily dealing with a person or people who are nice. You don’t need to always play nice in getting your points across.
9. Avoid stooping to her level.
It is tempting to fight fire with fire, taking digs at your MIL, calling her names, or being equally rude. Don’t go there. In your discussions, no matter how heated, stick with the facts. Interact using , and take the higher road without compromising how you will allow yourself to be treated.
Source: YAKOBCHUK VIACHESLAV/Shutterstock
How to Stay in Control of Your Emotions
Central to managing your in-laws is managing your emotions:
10. Don’t take criticisms personally.
As Hilary Rodham Clinton put it: “Take criticism seriously, but not personally. If there is truth or merit in the criticism, try to learn from it. Otherwise, let it roll right off you.” In many cases, you’ll realize that your MIL is just being her usual self, and that she, at the end of the day, has to deal with herself and the consequences of her actions.
When she throws dirt your way, have a exercise that allows the statement to literally roll off your back. Envision what she just said captured in a water balloon, which then rolls off your shoulders and down your back before smashing on the ground below your feet.
11. Have a way to deal with your .
This might be going for a walk following a difficult interaction, or hitting the pool to blow off some steam, or taking to the golf course for some relaxation. You cannot allow the anger to consume you, or else it will destroy you and your . Find your outlets for working through the negative energy on a regular basis.
12. Find trusted persons to vent to.
Your spouse may not always be in the mood to hear about how awful his mother and parents are. It’s important to turn to good friends and/or support groups in getting some things off of your chest. Your marriage will become even more strained otherwise.
When All Else Fails
13. Practice a "healthy selfishness.”
You need to take care of yourself before you can take care of a situation. This involves excusing yourself from family gatherings for some quality “me time,” not answering the phone when you know it’s your MIL, and keeping your distance as a couple around times like the holiday to take care of yourselves and your family, in spite of expectations. It is only when people practice this kind of “me” and “us” prioritizing that they reach their full potential.
14. Opt out.
Some in-law situations never get to a better place. As Christina Steinorth stated on yourtango.com: “Just because you’re married, you’re under no obligation to be emotionally abused by toxic people.” If your MIL was a boyfriend, your friends would tell you to dump him. If your MIL bullied someone, people would advise that person to keep his distance and set limits. Just because she’s your MIL doesn’t mean that you have to tolerate abuse.
15. Limit your in-laws’ involvement.
Whenever anyone becomes toxic to your marriage or family, you have the right to roll up the “Welcome” mat and say, “Game over.” You, your spouse, and your primary family have the right to a peaceful existence, with the people in your circle being those who are a positive and supportive presence. If you are being disrespected and mistreated by your in-laws, then they aren’t entitled to the privileges that come with being in that circle. You have every right to draw and maintain strong boundaries in protecting yourself and your marriage. Nobody has the right to make your life miserable, and only you can make sure of that.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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|
Q:
How to copy notebooks between different Sagemaker instances?
My search didn't yield anything useful so I was wondering if there is any easy way to copy notebooks from one instance to another instance on Sagemaker? Of course other than manually downloading the notebooks on one instance and uploading to the other one!
A:
The recommended way to do this (as of 12/16/2018) would be to use the newly- launched Git integration for SageMaker Notebook Instances.
Create a Git repository for your notebooks
Commit and push changes from Notebook Instance #1 to your Git repo
Start Notebook Instance #2 using the same Git repo
This way your notebooks are persisted in the Git repo rather than on the instance, and the Git repo can be shared by multiple instances.
https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/machine-learning/amazon-sagemaker-notebooks-now-support-git-integration-for-increased-persistence-collaboration-and-reproducibility/
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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|
But this new picture is the easiest way to get the job done. Get one of these T-shirts, and you’ll be covered! It’s available via Amazon (click here) in various colors and designs. Now this is a great gift idea for your pregnant wife, or to surprise your husband with! That is, if he likes such surprises!
|
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"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
If you want to understand Medicaid's problems in New Jersey, just ask the Holstein men.
Justin Holstein, 39, of Ocean Township, spent a year on the government health insurance program when he was starting his own business. Long under treatment for chronic migraines, he lost all his doctors the moment he enrolled.
His new doctor said only a neurologist could renew his medication, but the insurance network's neurologist couldn't see him for four months, he said. That meant four months of sleepless nights battered by pain, and four months of getting through the days courtesy of the caffeine in Excedrin.
"You have a card saying you have health insurance, but if no doctors take it, it's almost like having one of those fake IDs," he said. "Your medication is all paid for, but if you can't get the pills, it's worthless."
Richard Holstein, his father, is a Long Branch psychologist who has watched his son struggle to get care. Yet he no longer accepts Medicaid in his own practice because the managed care payment of about $40 is half of what regular insurance pays, and a quarter of his full fee, he said.
"I'm still listed as participating, but I no longer take patients," he said. "I won't."
He's not alone: A survey he helped conduct for his professional association showed fewer than one in 10 psychiatrists or psychologists in New Jersey accept Medicaid.
New Jersey's health care safety net for poor families -- called NJ FamilyCare -- was strained even before the Affordable Care Act offered states money to expand Medicaid. The rate it pays doctors is among the lowest, relative to Medicare, of any state in the nation, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation.
As a result, only 40 percent of the state's doctors participate in the program, according to a 2012 survey by Health Affairs.
Yet the network will now have to handle a surge of nearly 400,000 new patients who have enrolled since the beginning of Obamacare in 2013 -- a jump of more than 30 percent, to nearly 1.7 million state residents.
Medicaid, signed into law in 1965 by President Lyndon B. Johnson, initially covered poor mothers and children. Under Obamacare, 28 states have expanded it to cover struggling single adults and couples without children.
Adding to patients' difficulty in finding care are the insurance companies' list of providers, which are misleading at best, maddeningly inaccurate at worst. NJ Advance Media called four types of specialists in Somerset and Essex counties, using the five Medicaid managed care plan lists. We found:
* Disconnected phone numbers.
* Doctors who had retired.
* Doctors who have moved to different locations -- or even to parts unknown. Receptionists told us: "They were never here," "He's no longer with this office," "He used to be here -- a long time ago," and "We don't have any doctor by that name."
* Doctors who take Medicaid at a different office in another county, but not at the office listed.
* A cardiologist practicing in Newark and Union City who is listed -- erroneously -- as working at a psychiatric clinic in West Orange.
* Doctors who don't take the plan under which they're listed. "I don't know why they don't change it," said the frustrated office worker for one psychiatrist in that situation.
* A physician listed in Bloomfield actually practices in Bayonne. An allergist out on maternity leave is still listed as accepting new patients -- complete with her cellphone number. "I don't know how that happened," she said.
* One company's seemingly robust network of 76 cardiologists in Essex County includes a separate listing for every location a physician uses. For some doctors, that's up to five different offices. So those 76 participating cardiologists boil down to just 30 doctors. Forty-five orthopedists? More like 15.
* Although 13 cardiologists participate in one of the plans in Somerset County, just two of them are accepting new patients.
* And the listing for 11 psychiatrists and four orthopedists in Cedar Grove includes a phone number with the 201 area code -- even though Cedar Grove switched area codes 18 years ago. The number is now assigned to a social services agency in North Bergen. "No wonder we get so many phone calls for doctors!" exclaimed that agency's receptionist.
Doctors and other providers are required to update their contact information with the insurance companies, said Ward Sanders of the New Jersey Association of Health Plans, although "this doesn't always happen or happen as quickly as it should." He spoke on behalf of the five companies that administer NJ FamilyCare through managed care plans.
Errors aside, do the networks offer enough providers to treat their customers?
The insurance companies say yes. The state pays them a fixed monthly fee per patient, and they in turn contract with doctors, clinics and hospitals to treat those customers.
NJ Health and UnitedHealthCare Community Plan are the two largest plans, joined by Amerigroup New Jersey, WellCare Health Plans of New Jersey, and Aetna Better Health of New Jersey.
"All of the health plans are in compliance" with state standards, said Nicole Brossoie, spokeswoman for the state Department of Human Services.
In 2013, the year before Obamacare's Medicaid expansion, 14,718 doctors in New Jersey took Medicaid, she said. The state said it will not have a new tally of doctors until later this month, so there is no way to measure the current level of physician participation.
That number may not be accurate because it includes duplications for doctors who participate in multiple plans, she said. The state doesn't keep a running tally because the number changes, she said.
Doctors, however, say the Medicaid system is swamped.
"We believe there isn't an adequate network to treat the demand -- and we don't believe anyone's checking," said Larry Downs, head of the Medical Society of New Jersey.
The state's figure of 14,718? He suspects the real number is much lower. He recalled a summer intern who checked the insurer rolls for the group a number of years ago found the names of several doctors who were dead. "They're phantom lists," he said.
Sanders, of the insurance company trade association, said he suspects something besides money alone may make some doctors shy away from taking Medicaid patients.
Insurance companies tell him their employees will call a doctor to see if she's interested in joining their plan, yet as soon as they say the word "Medicaid," the conversation is over -- before fees are even mentioned.
"Some providers just are not interested in serving the Medicaid population, regardless of the rates paid," he said.
RELATED:
Before Medicaid, how did doctors treat the poor
?
Acting as referee in this tug of war between doctors and insurers is state government, which is supposed to monitor the networks to make sure they're offering enough doctors, reasonable travel distances and timely appointments.
The plans submit reports every three months, and the Department of Human Services Medicaid unit checks the provider lists every quarter, said Brossoie, the spokeswoman. It even conducts "secret shopper" calls, in which a staffer pretends to be a patient seeking an appointment.
Each state sets its own rules about how many doctors per 1,000 patients an insurance company network must have; how far a patient must travel to get care; as well as how long someone must wait for an appointment.
New Jersey's standards are robust compared to those of other states - yet an audit by the federal Office of Inspector General for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services showed the state found no violations at all from 2008 through 2013.
And New Jersey has plenty of company in having plans with out-of-date provider lists, the audit showed. Calls to 1,800 random Medicaid providers nationwide -- including in New Jersey -- showed fewer than half could offer an appointment to a new patient.
And the audit was done before the Obamacare flood of millions of new patients into the program.
Nor is the federal government paying much attention to whether care is readily available. The office overseeing Obamacare, the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services, told auditors that until recently it did not monitor violations or the states' handling of them.
When it comes to disputes in New Jersey, one practice administrator for a Middlesex County specialist said she's come to view the state as a paper tiger in intervening when insurers balk at covering services. (The specialist said he didn't want his practice's name used for fear of antagonizing regulators.)
"A lot of times they're just plain non-responsive to our complaints," she said of the Medicaid Quality Assurance office in Trenton. "They've told me straight up they don't have ammunition. They don't have any clout. Insurers know there's not going to be any follow-up."
Dental care can be covered by Medicaid as well. Dr. Evan Abrahams, left, talks with patient Alycyne Fumosa after her check-up at the Center for Health Education, Medicine, & Dentistry in Lakewood.
One hint about how patients are affected by the difficulty in finding care is an unpublished statewide poll conducted by Monmouth University Polling Institute last fall. It found that respondents with Medicaid were the most likely to say they had to wait to see a doctor.
Of those who had a government health plan like Medicaid (but not Medicare), 31 percent said their health had suffered either a little or a lot because of the wait for care. That's worse than the 20 percent reported by people with no insurance at all.
Some doctors balk at the notion it falls to them to accommodate the 30 percent jump in Medicaid patients under the current pay structure.
"We're not going to pick up that 30 percent," said Hillsborough orthopedic surgeon Harvey Baron, who has been practicing for more than 30 years. "There's no law I have to. I will pick and choose."
While he may sound like he's resistant to caring for low-income people, that's not necessarily the case. He recently did a knee replacement on an uninsured patient for free, he said. In gratitude, she gave him a potted orchid. He accepts Medicaid for longtime patients, and says, "We never let anyone who is sick go away."
What he resents, he said, is the government's assumption the program will stay afloat -- and even expand -- by extracting money from his practice.
"I can't work for free -- and neither can other doctors," he said. "It's reached the point where my staff hasn't had a raise in years."
Allergist James Fox, who is the only specialist in his field in Somerset County for several Medicaid plans, said the Medicaid fee covers only the quickest, most uncomplicated appointments. In cases requiring supplies like insect venom extracts, for example, the payment wouldn't cover the cost of the medicine, he said.
"Some plans will tell you you'll make up the difference in volume -- but not if you're always losing money," he said. In New Jersey, the average Medicaid reimbursement for an office visit to a family physician is $23.50, with specialists receiving more, according to Kaiser.
Frustrated patients have tried to overcome this financial obstacle by offering to pay the doctor the difference between Medicaid and his normal fee, Fox said.
Joanna DeProspero was desperate to find a pain management doctor for her adult daughter, who works part-time at Home Depot despite back pain. When she proposed paying cash, she learned it's illegal for a doctor to accept such a payment. Doctors who participate in Medicaid cannot bill a patient anything extra, said Downs, of the medical society -- even if that payment is freely offered by the patient.
"I've literally cried at the end of the day after six or eight phone calls," said DeProspero , a retired teacher from Cedar Grove. "Everything's now a specialty -- and you can't get a specialist. I've called them all and they no longer accept Medicaid. I said, 'Well, you're on the list.' "
"I understand," said Jess DeProspero, her daughter, who said she never anticipated it being this difficult to get treatment. "But at the same time, I don't think it's right."
Often difficult cases
It's not just money that makes doctors shy away from accepting Medicaid patients. Doctors
also say that in general, these patients can present complicated cases.
If they've been uninsured -- or underinsured -- for years, they've put off getting care for any condition that isn't dire. That means their appointments will take longer -- with nothing in the fee structure to reflect that. It's as if someone who hadn't had her car serviced for years showed up at the auto mechanic's expecting to get everything fixed for a flat fee.
And that's the ones who show up. Given their finances, Medicaid patients live close to the edge, vulnerable to last-minute problems with unreliable transportation and child care. A busted fan belt or a sick babysitter can easily upend any plan to visit the doctor.
"They don't show up, and I'm left staring at myself," said Mitch Alpert, a pediatric cardiologist from Brick who takes Medicaid despite his annoyance with the system.
"Why do we take it? Because somebody has to," he said. "It's a serious business, pediatric cardiology. I'm not having someone die because they couldn't get in to see me."
Morristown pediatric neurosurgeon Catherine Mazzola applied to be a Medicaid provider with two of the plans that her longtime patients use. As someone who treats complicated cases involving cerebral palsy and the like, she knows it's crucial to those families that she accept Medicaid.
Yet it took her nine months to go through the hoops to get approved by two plans. And now that she's working with them, she finds her office staff has to battle constantly to get approval for tests.
"When the emergency room has called me, I have never, ever asked what kind of insurance they had. I'll put my hand on a Bible. That's not how I was trained. That's not who I am," she said.
But she's also seen one of her nurses spend hours on the phone trying to overturn the denial of authorization for an MRI for a child after a car accident. And time is money when you're running a small business.
"No offense, but I can't afford to do that," she said.
Sanders, however, defended insurers, saying studies have shown that nearly a third of tests ordered by doctors are unnecessary.
A temporary fix
The Obamacare law anticipated this shortage of doctors by offering states money to bump up Medicaid reimbursement rates for two years. The thinking was the beefed-up payments would increase access to doctors.
It worked -- while it was in effect. The pay raise lapsed, however, as of Jan. 1, with New Jersey -- like most states -- making no move to make up the difference out of their own coffers.
"The doctors weren't stupid. They knew it was temporary, so they didn't join," said Alpert, the pediatric cardiologist.
A study by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation found it became easier for patients to get appointments during the two years of the pay raise. That was because existing Medicaid doctors accepted more patients, however, not because more doctors joined the program. Whether those doctors continue to see additional patients now that the pay raise has disappeared remains to be seen.
Savvy doctors know insurance companies need them so their provider lists pass state muster -- and that gives them some room to negotiate.
Alpert said he used his clout as the only specialist in a two-county area to get the insurers to ease up on their demands to document the need for every echocardiogram he orders.
James Fox, the Branchburg allergist who has seen Medicaid patients for 30 years, now participates only in plans with which he has negotiated higher reimbursement.
Other doctors will go to bat for a patient to get an insurer to approve a "single case agreement" if they're not in the patient's plan.
The greatest shortages show up in the specialty fields, health providers say: orthopedists, allergists, neurologists, as well as any subspecialties involving pediatric care. There appear to be enough primary care doctors in the program, and hospitals are required to treat people regardless of citizenship or ability to pay.
RELATED:
How to find a doctor who takes Medicaid
Whatever the extent of any provider crunch, it is unlikely to be solved by a boost in funding out of Trenton, as neither poor people nor doctors have much political clout, said Patrick Murray, the pollster and political analyst with Monmouth University.
"Medicaid requires the state to kick in some money -- and there isn't any money coming in for anything in New Jersey these days," he said. "The governor has to make sure he doesn't raise taxes so he can run for president. So spending more money on Medicaid is a nonstarter right now."
While voters in general admire and trust doctors, they also see doctors as making more money than them. "They're not unsympathetic to the problems, but they're not going to take to the ramparts in the cause of doctors getting more money," he said.
Sanders, of the insurance plan association, agrees, noting "there does not appear to be an appetite for increased taxes" to give doctors a pay raise.
A pathway through the courts may force a change, however.
The U.S. Supreme Court last month heard arguments about whether doctors in Idaho can sue that state for higher Medicaid payments. In his questions, Chief Justice John Roberts voiced a worry that such lawsuits could be "a prescription for budget-busting."
A decision is expected in June.
Downs, of the New Jersey Medical Society, said his organization hasn't decided how it would respond if the court says doctors can sue, but "we're monitoring the case very closely."
In the meantime, patients like Justin Holstein and Jess DeProspero find care wherever they can get it. Holstein's home video installation business has picked up, meaning he makes enough money to be ineligible for Medicaid. He bought a subsidized policy through the Obamacare federal website instead.
But in his year on Medicaid, he said he often ended up getting care by going to an emergency room and telling doctors there what his old doctor had prescribed.
And DeProspero's mother said that when her daughter couldn't get in to see a pain management doctor, the insurance company suggested she go to an emergency room as well.
That's precisely the kind of expensive care that Medicaid expansion was supposed to reduce, said health advocates.
"If I have insurance and no one takes it, am I insured?" asks Alpert, the pediatric cardiologist. "The answer is no."
This article was undertaken as a project for the National Health Journalism Fellowship program of the University of Southern California's Annenberg School of Journalism.
Kathleen O'Brien may be reached at kobrien@njadvancemedia.com, or at (732) 902-4557. Follow her on Twitter @OBrienLedger. Find NJ.com on Facebook.
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Building construction involves precise measurements and calculations in order for a structure to be properly built. One mistake or miscalculation can be magnified many times over and can result in the redoing and recalculation of substandard work. No construction feature requires more precision and accuracy than setting door frames. Typically a door frame is inserted into a rough of a structure being developed. A rough may be defined as a frame opening in a structure including metal or wood studs. Problems associated with the placement of a door frame is the ability of an operator to accurately level, plumb, and square the frame within the rough as it is being attached to the metal or wooden studs. The operator often finds it difficult to hold a frame in place, while making sure the frame is level, plumb and square with one hand, and attaching the frame to the rough with the other hand. Often the frame moves before attachment so that after attachment it is no longer level, plumb or square.
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THIRUVANANTHAPURAM: The victims of tobacco use and their doctors, brought together under the umbrella of Voice of Tobacco Victims Kerala, have appealed to Prime Minister Narendra Modi to ban sale of loose cigarettes in the country.Easy accessibility and affordability of loose cigarettes enhance their appeal not just among initial smokers, but also in hardcore smokers, endangering their health and lives, Voice of Tobacco Victims (VoTV) said in a release here today.According to Dr P Balagopal, Head and Neck Oncologist, Regional Cancer here, the ban will prove to be a "major deterrent" in a country where more than 70 per cent of cigarettes are sold loose."While easy affordability of loose cigarettes increases consumption among habituated smokers, the bigger cause of worry is the contribution to forming habits among youth and first-time users. Once addicted, it becomes very difficult to wean off smoking," he said.Thirty-year-old Saju, a tobacco-induced oral cancer victim, says easy availability of loose cigarettes in all shops in his area increased his desire and inclination to smoke. "I would often buy loose cigarettes as I could not afford a packet. Loose cigarettes also do not carry pictorial warnings that a packet has. I would appeal to the Union Government and Prime Minister to ban sale of loose cigarettes in India."Retired Circle Inspector, Kerala Police and a tobacco-use cancer victim K S Varghese is also in favour of banning loose cigarettes."Loose cigarettes are a quick-buy option. A single cigarette can be bought for Rs eight or Rs 10 as against a packet that might cost between Rs 100 to Rs 140. All possible measures to protect youngsters from initiating to smoking should be taken," Varghese said.Senior oncologists and VoTV Patrons across the state have also welcomed the COTPA (Amendment) Bill 2015 that proposes a slew of affirmative tobacco control measures to promote public health.Among others, it recommends increasing the legal age of smoking from 18 to 21 years and expanding scope of Section 4 of COTPA, 2003 from 'prohibition of smoking in public places' to 'prohibition of tobacco use in public places'.VoTV is a unique campaign that gives a collective space and voice to tobacco victims with the aim of propagating the message, "This is what tobacco did to us, we want to save others", it added.
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Joined
Start
End
Group
Hey Everyone. Here is a sneak peak of some things to come in my NES Hack pack in the future! I completed a Roll-Chan set with a template I made, and also some Metroid Boxes i'm proud of. Everything is from the ground up. Upon release, I will include Wheel art for all of my customs so no need to worry! I don't care if you "save as" but, you will receive much better quality when the pack is released. Samples Below, thanks for your time
This pack includes Boxes for all games Exclusive to Europe, as well as some that were released in both Europe and Japan, or Europe and USA. I keep games and boxes in my sets that are the same but, that have regional differences. For Example, Castlevania Bloodlines (USA) has a blood fountain, where as in Castlevania - The New Generation, has a water fountain. Enjoy!
3D Boxes for all known Japan Exclusive games, some bootlegs, customs I created for prototype games, and a custom box variant for the games that were provided with the Sega Toshokan internet service! Enjoy!!!
Sega Mega Drive - Japan 3D Box Art
View File
3D Boxes for all known Japan Exclusive games, some bootlegs, customs I created for prototype games, and a custom box variant for the games that were provided with the Sega Toshokan internet service! Enjoy!!!
Submitter
RetroKenesis
Submitted
05/15/2018
Category
Game Box Art
Sega Mega Drive - Europe 3D Box Art
View File
This pack includes Boxes for all games Exclusive to Europe, as well as some that were released in both Europe and Japan, or Europe and USA. I keep games and boxes in my sets that are the same but, that have regional differences. For Example, Castlevania Bloodlines (USA) has a blood fountain, where as in Castlevania - The New Generation, has a water fountain. Enjoy!
Submitter
RetroKenesis
Submitted
05/15/2018
Category
Game Box Art
Ok. So I tried to be as creative with this set as possible. There were alot of different packaging variants for the Sega Genesis. I think I got all of them right. Slide covers, unfold covers, pull offs, and Cases. I included tons of Hack Cases I made from scratch. I Included 3 different variants for Revenge of shinobi, as there are different versions for that game with significant differences! I hope you guys enjoy this pack, It's one of my favorite ones I've worked on I will upload the other Sega Mega Drive Regions soon.
TurboGrafx-CD Complete! This is possibly the most accurate set you'll find on the scene! Including 3D case art for all retail, proto, and a bunch of unlicensed games! Thanks to @Kondorito for some sources to help complete this project! ENJOY!
Complete Set of 3D Boxes for Sega My Card - Mark III. I spent a great amount of time on the template to make these when I did. It was alot of fun. I hope you guys enjoy these and find these good enough to add to your sets! Enjoy
Sega My Card - Mark III 3D Box Art
View File
Complete Set of 3D Boxes for Sega My Card - Mark III. I spent a great amount of time on the template to make these when I did. It was alot of fun. I hope you guys enjoy these and find these good enough to add to your sets! Enjoy
Submitter
RetroKenesis
Submitted
05/15/2018
Category
Game Box Art
Hey Everyone. What's up? I go by RetroKenesis. Some of you may know me from either Box packs or bezels I have floating on the internet...I think I've even saw an unfinished TurboGrafx-16 Box set of mine in the database lol. Anyways, I just wanted to say hello, and let you guys know that I want to start sharing the media that I create here. I think launchbox is a great front end, and feel it deserves great media too! Here is a look at my current project. Unlicensed and Protos will also be included in the final release. And when this project is done, I will finish the TurboGrafx-16 project that I started a few years back Thanks for your time!
TurboGrafx-CD 3D Case Art
View File
TurboGrafx-CD Complete! This is possibly the most accurate set you'll find on the scene! Including 3D case art for all retail, proto, and a bunch of unlicensed games! Thanks to @Kondorito for some sources to help complete this project! ENJOY!
Submitter
RetroKenesis
Submitted
05/12/2018
Category
Game Box Art
Sega Genesis 3D Box Art
View File
Ok. So I tried to be as creative with this set as possible. There were alot of different packaging variants for the Sega Genesis. I think I got all of them right. Slide covers, unfold covers, pull offs, and Cases. I included tons of Hack Cases I made from scratch. I Included 3 different variants for Revenge of shinobi, as there are different versions for that game with significant differences! I hope you guys enjoy this pack, It's one of my favorite ones I've worked on I will upload the other Sega Mega Drive Regions soon.
Submitter
RetroKenesis
Submitted
05/12/2018
Category
Game Box Art
Sega Master System - TecToy 3D Box Art
View File
30 Cases for TecToy Master System. As per usual, all art was cleaned to the best of my ability before converting to case format. Used to be in very poor quality. Enjoy
Submitter
RetroKenesis
Submitted
05/12/2018
Category
Game Box Art
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Mississippi State beats Louisiana Tech 26-20, OT
STARKVILLE — Nickoe Whitley intercepted Nick Isham’s pass in overtime and Chris Relf hit LaDarius Perkins for a quick touchdown to lead Mississippi State to a 26-20 win over Louisiana Tech.
Mississippi State (2-2) scored first and led at half, but could never put the visiting Bulldogs away.
Late in the fourth quarter with the game tied 20-20, Louisiana Tech (1-3) went on a nine-play, 60-yard drive and had the ball in field goal range with less than four minutes to play. But an interception by Jonathan Banks ended the drive.
Neither team was able to generate any offense in the final minutes.
In overtime, Mississippi State won the toss and elected to play defense. Whitley, a free safety from Jackson, Miss., intercepted Isham on the second play from scrimmage. Two plays later, Relf hit Perkins for his first completion since the third quarter, ending a streak of seven straight incomplete passes to end regulation.
Perkins finished the game with 47 yards rushing and had two catches for 22 yards, including the game winner.
Relf was 14 of 29 for 165 yards guiding the struggling MSU offense.
Isham, a 17 year-old freshman, finished 29-of-40 for 228 yards, but he was sacked three times and picked off twice.
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New Taipei City Museum of Art
The New Taipei Museum of Art (NTMOA; ) is an upcoming museum in Yingge District, New Taipei, Taiwan.
History
The groundbreaking ceremony for the construction of the museum was held on 4 December 2018 attended by New Taipei Mayor Eric Chu. The museum is expected to be opened in 2022.
Architecture
The museum is designed by architect Kris Yao with an expected total floor area of 3.2 hectares. It will have 8 floors above ground and 3 floors below. It will consist of exhibition rooms, auditorium, children's art space, warehouse etc.
See also
List of museums in Taiwan
References
Category:Buildings and structures under construction in Taiwan
Category:Museums in New Taipei
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Entre o meio-dia e as oito da noite, com a tarde preenchida por propostas de cinema, o share da SIC praticamente duplicou face à programação habitual dos domingos, ocupada pelo programa "Portugal em Festa".
De acordo com dados da Gfk, o filme de animação "Rio 2" conquistou 29,5% de share e 752 mil espectadores, enquanto que "O Hobbit: A Desolação de Smaug", transmitido de seguida, arrecadou 24,5% de share e 715 mil espectadores. O formato nacional conduzido por João Baião e Rita Ferro Rodrigues, que vai terminar a 1 de maio, costuma registar valores entre os 10 e os 13% de share.
No mesmo período do passado domingo, a TVI somou 563 mil espectadores e um share de 20,4% com "Somos Portugal". A tarde da RTP1, marcada pela estreia do filme "O Mordomo", variou entre os 5 e os 10% de share.
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Nashville's housing authority is using a new federal program to rehab public housing. The first project is Envision Cayce
Listen /
Nashville has big plans to overhaul its aging public housing. And it won’t be cheap — likely to cost billions of dollars and take decades to complete.
It’s made possible with a newer federal policy that puts public housing back into the hands of local agencies, allowing them to take out loans on the property.
The program’s wonky title is RAD, or Rental Assistance Demonstration. And Jim Harbison, the director of Nashville’s housing agency, MDHA, says it’s a lifeline for America’s decrepit public housing stock.
“RAD is good because public housing in America is in crisis, and you could have a whole show on that,” he quips.
Basically, the nation’s public housing is in such bad shape, the federal government estimates it needs more than $26 billion in repairs. And that’s just not going to happen. So, the Department of Housing and Urban Development is doing something new: transferring ownership to the local housing agencies and letting them rehab the aging units with private financing.
Enthusiasts say the voluntary program, launched by HUD in 2012, will breathe new life into public housing thanks to an infusion of capital. Critics say it relies too much on the private sector.
“While it doesn’t privatize public housing. It does alter the ownership of it,” says Jim Fraser, a professor of housing policy at Vanderbilt University. “So no longer does the federal government own the land, but now local housing agencies will.”
Fraser says that while public housing may still be in the public’s hands for the near term, there is a chance that cities could sell off the property down the line, or turn it over to developers.
And he’s not the only one with concerns. In 2015, California Congresswoman Maxine Waters wrote a letter to the U.S. Comptroller General. She worried about RAD and the inherent risks of default and foreclosure if, say, another housing crisis emerged.
However, Fraser and Harbison do agree on one thing: RAD is the only option right now.
“There aren’t any other federal government programs out there to help cities maintain their public housing,” Fraser says. “Not at the scale that we need it.”
In Nashville, the housing authority has plans to use RAD to rehab more than 5,000 units of public housing. And because it’s been years since HUD budgeted enough to maintain them, Harbison is all about this new program. He’s also mitigating risk by getting Nashville’s loans insured by HUD, which offers a level of protection in the event of default or foreclosure.
“Is [RAD] perfect? No. Is there risk? Yes,” Harbison says. “There is greater risk in public housing.”
And so, RAD is the future of rehabbing public housing in Nashville, and likely across the country.
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Israel: findings of a survey on the Geneva Conventions
13-08-2009
Five hundred respondents participated in a survey commissioned by the ICRC to mark the 60th anniversary of the Geneva Conventions, conducted by the Geocartography Knowledge Group. Some of the main findings reveal that most Israelis are aware of the Geneva Conventions and that fifty percent of them think that it is unacceptable to attack enemy fighters in populated areas although they think that sometimes there is no choice but to go ahead and do so.
A telephone survey commissioned by the ICRC to mark the 60th anniversary of the Geneva Conventions reveals Israeli attitudes towards rules of war. According to the survey, many Israelis seem to think that civilian casualties are unavoidable, although a majority believe that there are limits to what is permitted in war.
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DPC in acute-phase inpatient hospital care. Visualization of amount of nursing care provided and accessibility to nursing care.
The purpose of this study was to improve accessibility to nursing care by clarifying the relationship between patient characteristics and the amount of nursing care for the Diagnosis Procedure Combination system (DPC). The subjects included 528 lung cancer patients; 170 gastric cancer patients; and 91 colon cancer patients, who were hospitalized from July 1, 2008, to March 31, 2010, at a university hospital. The patients were categorized into groups according to factors that could affect the amount of nursing care. Next, the relationship between the patient characteristics and the amount of nursing care was analyzed. Then the results from this study were used to classify patient characteristics according to the patient type and the amount nursing care required. The patient characteristics, which affected the amount of nursing care, varied according to each DPC code. The major factors affecting the amount of nursing care were whether the patient had received a surgical (under general anesthetics) treatment or a non-surgical treatment and the level of activities of daily living (ADL) of the hospitalized patients. For those who had received a surgical operation for colon cancer, the patient's age also affected the amount of nursing care. The findings show that the method for the visualization of the amount of nursing care based on the classification of patient characteristics can be implemented into the electronic health record system. This method can then be used as a management tool to assure appropriate distribution of nursing resources.
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Join Corey Olsen, The Tolkien Professor, for a ten-week study of Tolkien’s Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth this winter! We will work our way through all four parts of the book in ten weekly sessions. Like all Mythgard Academy classes, this study is free and open to the public. You can download audio or video recordings of the class sessions here from our website, through our Mythgard podcast feed on iTunes, or through our Unfinished Tales course on iTunes U. You are also invited to participate in the class live! The first 100 attendees will be able to take part in the interactive class discussions, which will take place on Tuesday evenings at 9:30 pm (EST), starting on January 7, 2014.
This class is part of the series of open classes made possible by the generosity of all the good people who contributed to our recent and successfully completed Indiegogo campaign. The subjects of our Mythgard Academy courses are nominated and elected entirely by our generour supporters. In this round, Unfinished Tales narrowly edged out Ender’s Game by Orson Scott Card, Neverwhere by Neil Gaiman, and Watership Down by Richard Adams.
If you missed our fundraising campaign but would still like to take part in this exhilarating democratic process to decide our future topics for the rest of the year, it isn’t too late! Check out the terms as laid out in the Indiegogo campaign (linked above), and then make your own contribution to us directly.
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est to 1/13? (a) -10 (b) 3 (c) 3/5 (d) -1/9
d
What is the closest to 1/4 in -4, -6, 1/3, -11/3?
1/3
Which is the closest to 0.24? (a) -4 (b) 7 (c) 2 (d) 0.1
d
Which is the nearest to 0.3? (a) -0.5 (b) -2 (c) 136
a
Which is the closest to 17? (a) 2 (b) -0.1 (c) 0.3
a
Which is the nearest to -5? (a) 110 (b) 5 (c) -5
c
Which is the closest to -0.2? (a) 2 (b) 1.6 (c) 1/2 (d) 0.01
d
Which is the nearest to -1/3? (a) 37 (b) -0.4 (c) 0.07
b
What is the nearest to 0.1 in 8, 1/5, 2/5, -0.04?
1/5
What is the closest to -0.1 in 121, -4, 22?
-4
What is the nearest to 0.13 in 0, -1/11, -2?
0
What is the nearest to 0.1 in 1, 20/3, -0.1, -1/4?
-0.1
What is the closest to 1 in 1, 4, 4/17?
1
What is the nearest to -1 in -5, 4/3, -384, -2?
-2
Which is the closest to -1? (a) 0.2 (b) 4 (c) 2/15 (d) 0.1
d
Which is the nearest to 0? (a) -5 (b) -0.2 (c) -1 (d) 0.02
d
Which is the closest to 2? (a) -5 (b) 3 (c) -1
b
Which is the nearest to 0? (a) 3/7 (b) -15 (c) -0.5 (d) 0.2
d
Which is the nearest to 0? (a) 26 (b) -2 (c) 5
b
Which is the closest to 6? (a) 0.1 (b) 0.5 (c) -2/7
b
What is the nearest to 1 in -5, 3, -35?
3
Which is the nearest to -1? (a) -94 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) -1
d
Which is the nearest to -2? (a) -1/2 (b) -3 (c) 4/3
b
Which is the nearest to 2/49? (a) -1/4 (b) -1 (c) 3/4 (d) -0.2
d
Which is the nearest to 7/3? (a) 4 (b) 34 (c) -0.1 (d) 2/15
a
Which is the nearest to 0.1? (a) 0.5 (b) -20 (c) -1/4 (d) 2
c
Which is the closest to 2.12? (a) 2/11 (b) -0.5 (c) -2/9
a
What is the closest to -0.2 in 1, -0.4, 5, -208?
-0.4
Which is the closest to -1? (a) 5 (b) -0.4 (c) -7/10
c
What is the closest to -0.06 in 5, 0, 0.7, 2/7?
0
Which is the closest to 0.1? (a) 10 (b) 20 (c) -0.3
c
What is the nearest to 7 in -3, -0.16, -0.5?
-0.16
What is the closest to 0 in 0.3, 6, -2?
0.3
What is the nearest to 40 in -2, -5, -0.1, 1?
1
What is the closest to 2/11 in 2, 2/9, 3, -2/3?
2/9
What is the nearest to 2/5 in -4, 82, 0.2, -3/5?
0.2
What is the nearest to 0 in 5/4, -2/7, -2?
-2/7
What is the closest to 0 in -10, -1, -1/3?
-1/3
What is the nearest to 5 in -4, 1/10, 2/33, 3/4?
3/4
Which is the closest to -3/5? (a) -0.06 (b) 1 (c) -2
a
What is the nearest to 133 in -3, -5, 3/2, 0.3?
3/2
Which is the nearest to 0.54? (a) -4 (b) 0.1 (c) -3
b
Which is the closest to -1/4? (a) -10 (b) -4/7 (c) 11 (d) -1
b
What is the closest to 10 in 2/11, -3, -8?
2/11
Which is the closest to 0.3? (a) 3 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.6 (d) -4
b
Which is the closest to -0.05? (a) 7/25 (b) -0.5 (c) -5 (d) -4
a
What is the closest to -0.1 in 2, -4/37, -3?
-4/37
What is the closest to 0.1 in 2, 26, -2, -0.1?
-0.1
Which is the nearest to 0.2? (a) 0.2 (b) -0.6 (c) -23
a
Which is the closest to -2? (a) -2.1 (b) -0.5 (c) -0.4
a
Which is the nearest to -1? (a) 6 (b) -1 (c) -1/24
b
What is the nearest to -2 in 1, -0.8, -2?
-2
Which is the closest to -0.39? (a) 11 (b) 1/4 (c) 26
b
Which is the nearest to 1? (a) 2/5 (b) -4 (c) 0.04 (d) 1/140
a
Which is the nearest to -2/5? (a) -14 (b) 3 (c) 4/3 (d) 1
d
What is the closest to -1/3 in 2/5, -2, -2/11, 0.1?
-2/11
Which is the closest to 0.2? (a) -23/10 (b) 3 (c) -0.03
c
Which is the closest to 1? (a) -25 (b) -3 (c) 1/9
c
What is the nearest to -1 in -17, -5, 4/5, 25?
4/5
Which is the closest to 1? (a) 3 (b) 1 (c) -4/3
b
Which is the nearest to 0.2? (a) -1/5 (b) 0.06 (c) 0.2 (d) 0.5
c
What is the closest to 1 in -4/3, 0, 27, 0.07?
0.07
What is the closest to 0.2 in 41, 2, 0.5?
0.5
Which is the closest to 1/4? (a) 0.1 (b) -0.2 (c) -820
a
What is the nearest to 1 in 0.4, 0.3, -2/57, 3?
0.4
What is the nearest to -2 in -2, 2/3, 2/53?
-2
Which is the closest to -1? (a) -1/7 (b) 1 (c) 0.11 (d) 0.4
a
Which is the closest to -3? (a) 2/9 (b) -3/8 (c) -0.1 (d) 3
b
What is the closest to -1139 in -1/5, 2/9, -3?
-3
What is the nearest to -1/2 in -4, 0, -2?
0
Which is the nearest to 1/6? (a) -4/5 (b) -6/7 (c) -0.2
c
Which is the nearest to 0.2? (a) 0 (b) 1/3 (c) -1
b
What is the nearest to 6/11 in -2/15, 9, 7/2?
-2/15
What is the nearest to -1 in 3/7, -4/7, 17?
-4/7
What is the closest to -0.1 in 0.2, 0.3, 0.15?
0.15
What is the nearest to -11.2 in 1/11, 0, -2/13?
-2/13
Which is the nearest to -1/4? (a) 8/3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) -3
c
What is the closest to -5 in 0.7, 9/4, -1?
-1
Which is the nearest to -0.1? (a) -2/11 (b) -0.02 (c) 4 (d) -0.3
b
Which is the closest to -2? (a) 1 (b) -1 (c) -0.2 (d) 0.5
b
What is the nearest to 2/373 in 15, 0, 1?
0
Which is the nearest to -1/2? (a) 0 (b) -37 (c) -0.1 (d) -3
c
Which is the nearest to -12? (a) 2 (b) -4 (c) -0.1 (d) -0.4
b
Which is the closest to -0.1? (a) -56 (b) 3 (c) 2/19
c
What is the closest to -76 in 4, 0, 0.2, 4/5?
0
Which is the closest to 7? (a) -2/5 (b) -3/2 (c) 0
c
Which is the closest to 0.08? (a) -0.2 (b) 0.3 (c) 0.4
b
What is the nearest to 1 in 3, -4/5, 24?
-4/5
Which is the closest to 2? (a) 2/11 (b) 0 (c) -0.5
a
What is the closest to 1/3 in -2/2803, -0.2, -5?
-2/2803
What is the closest to -1/17 in -6, -5, -0.2?
-0.2
Which is the closest to -3? (a) -0.06 (b) 1/5 (c) 5 (d) -0.2
d
What is the nearest to 0.1 in -0.04, 5, -0.01?
-0.01
Which is the closest to -1/8? (a) -5 (b) -7 (c) -0.1
c
What is the nearest to -2/3 in 4, 0, -2, 1/4?
0
Which is the closest to -1? (a) 3 (b) 0 (c) -1268
b
What is the closest to 2 in 2.1, -4, -2/7, 0.3?
2.1
What is the closest to -8/5 in -2/7, -0.1, 0.3, 0.5?
-2/7
Which is the closest to -0.1? (a) -1/7 (b) 1 (c) 0.3
a
What is the nearest to 2 in 0.4, 1, 17, -4?
1
What is the closest to -0.2 in 9, 2, -1/67, -0.4?
-1/67
Which is the closest to 1? (a) 1 (b) -3 (c) 8
a
What is the nearest to 2/9 in -1, 3, -12/13?
-12/13
Which is the nearest to 0.4? (a) -14 (b) -2/117 (c) -4
b
Which is the nearest to 0? (a) 0.4 (b) 17 (c) -2/9 (d) 2
c
Which is the closest to 3? (a) -2 (b) -15 (c) -0.2
c
What is the closest to 0 in 1, 13, -0.7, 3?
-0.7
Which is the closest to -0.1? (a) -45 (b) 26 (c) -0.12
c
What is the closest to -2/5 in 0.5, 4, 4/119?
4/119
What is the nearest to -2 in 2/29, 2/5, 4?
2/29
Which is the closest to -0.09? (a) -2/9 (b) 5 (c) 55.5
a
What is the closest to 0 in -6/7, 0, -0.2, -0.05?
0
Which is the closest to 7? (a) -1 (b) -7 (c) 5
c
What is the nearest to 0.3 in -14, -3/7, 2?
-3/7
Which is the closest to -3? (a) 0.4 (b) 5 (c) -2/7
c
What is the closest to -0.1 in -1/16, -7, -3, -2/3?
-1/16
Which is the nearest to 0? (a) 5 (b) -0.2 (c) -1 (d) -0.3
b
What is the nearest to 12 in -2, -1/7, 1/6, 4?
4
Which is the nearest to -1/14? (a) -2/5 (b) -0.2 (c) 2 (d) -4
b
Which is the closest to -0.754? (a) -0.5 (b) 3/4 (c) 0.3
a
What is the closest to -0.3 in 1/2, 6/5, -8, 2/5?
2/5
What is the closest to 2/5 in 1, 0, -3/2?
0
Which is the nearest to 0.1? (a) 2 (b) -2/13 (c) -0.05
c
Which is the closest to 0.1? (a) -4 (b) 12 (c) 1/3 (d) -2/7
c
What is the nearest to 1/5 in 4/3, 6, -2?
4/3
Which is the nearest to -0.047? (a) -3 (b) -4 (c) 5 (d) 0.2
d
Which is the closest to 0? (a) 0.4 (b) 7 (c) -2
a
What is the closest to -5 in 2, -5/4, -5?
-5
What is the closest to 0.12 in -2, -1/3, -5, -3?
-1/3
What is the closest to -0.033 in -1, -0.07, -5?
-0.07
What is the nearest to 3 in 2, -2, 0.1?
2
Which is the nearest to -1/3? (a) 39 (b) -5 (c) 1/8
c
What is the closest to -2 in -4/5, -4/9, -0.5?
-4/5
Which is the closest to -2? (a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 0.31 (d) 4
c
What is the closest to -3 in -4, 2/11, -5?
-4
Which is the nearest to -13? (a) 3/7 (b) 1/6 (c) 1
b
What is the closest to 3 in 0.06, -5, -1, 0.6?
0.6
Which is the nearest to 1/3? (a) -1/8 (b) -0.4 (c) -0.063
c
What is the nearest to -1 in 0, -51, -2/7, 3/5?
-2/7
What is the nearest to 0.1 in 4, -0.219, 3?
-0.219
Which is the nearest to 0.3? (a) -10 (b) 2/11 (c) -0.09
b
What is the nearest to -2 in 12, 0.4, 0, -0.4?
-0.4
Which is the closest to 0.1? (a) 5 (b) 6/5 (c) -2
b
What is the closest to -0.1 in -5/3, 23, -0.4, 6/11?
-0.4
What is the closest to -0.1 in -72/5, 9, 1?
1
What is the closest to -0.1 in 0.1, 4, -3/5, -21?
0.1
What is the closest to 38 in 0, 1/5, -3, 0.3?
0.3
What is the nearest to 0.1 in -4, 0.1, 0.3, -
|
{
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
}
|
Pmarca Guide to Personal Productivity (2007) - tosh
https://pmarchive.com/guide_to_personal_productivity.html
======
lqet
While I think that completely avoiding a calendar or any fixed appointments is
a bit unrealistic (think of doctor's appointments), I agree and deeply
sympathize with the gist of it. One of the main reasons I quit my previous job
was that I was unable to get _any_ meaningful work done, because the day was
very tightly organized around a central ticketing system. Oh, you had a nice
idea to solve one of the problems in the long-term project the company is
currently working on? Too bad, because there are already 4, oh wait, 5, high-
priority tickets waiting for you, and by the time you have finished those, you
will have forgotten the idea. This happened so frequently and was so
frustrating that after a few months I just shut off my brain and was basically
a robot finishing off tickets assigned to me. Needless to say, I felt
miserable for 1.5 years.
After I quit, I lived off my savings for 6 months and literally had no
schedule of any kind. I woke up and did whatever I was interested in. I got
more work done in these 6 months than in the 2 years before.
~~~
yawaworht598
wow i feel a lot like you describe. I've been thinking about taking a few
months off just to reset and somehow figure out what I want to really be doing
but... it's scary. I have the money saved up for it to not be a problem. But
after the 6 months... then what?
What did you end up doing? Any advice?
~~~
lqet
If you aren't interested in freelance work, try to look for companies with a
dedicated research team. You usually won't find that in smaller companies, as
they cannot afford a few people trying to solve a problem for 2 years with
only a 60% chance of success.
PS: if you are really unhappy with your job (to the point where it affects you
physically), don't think it will magically get better if you stay. It won't.
This hope wasted 1 year of my life.
------
tuxxy
> When someone emails or calls to say, "Let's meet on Tuesday at 3", the
> appropriate response is: "I'm not keeping a schedule for 2007, so I can't
> commit to that, but give me a call on Tuesday at 2:45 and if I'm available,
> I'll meet with you."
Is it just me, or does this come off as exceptionally arrogant? It's literally
just telling people to plan their lives around yours. It just seems like time
spent with this individual is a token of charitable _grace_. This is the
opposite of what I'd expect professional behavior to look like.
~~~
adrianmsmith
_" It's literally just telling people to plan their lives around yours",_ I
agree, but on the other hand why should people have the right to tell you to
plan your life around theirs, isn't that arrogant of them?
Regarding this, and also not answering the phone, and turning off email, it
depends on what sort of job you have.
For me this is all about: my best work comes from when I'm in the flow. So
I'll do anything to avoid being taken out of it.
I am a software developer, freelance, mostly work from home. I have deadlines,
and I mostly work in fixed-price projects so the longer it takes the less I
earn per unit time. I can get high-quality work done the fastest when I'm in
the flow.
Is it the right of the customer to call me and interrupt me from my flow? I've
agreed to deliver the software by a certain time for a certain price, that's
it. They might be my client, but I did not agree to be reachable at any time
for any impromptu meeting on any topic of their choosing. I agreed to deliver
software, not reachability.
It's literally a zero-sum game. They want help planning something, or they
have a question, they're in the flow about that, they don't want to be taken
out of that flow. On the other hand, I'm in the flow about my thing, and don't
want to be taken out of it. It's perfect for the other people if I always do
what they want, but sometimes you have to stick up for yourself and do what's
best for you.
Calling them back a few hours later when I'm out of the flow, or emailing them
back 6 hours later the same day, has always worked out well for me.
I understand that not all jobs are like that. What I mean to say, it's
nevertheless wrong to assume that no jobs are like that. Mine is like that,
and the approach to using the phone outlined in the article. is great advice.
~~~
tuxxy
The examples you have given aren't really a proper equivalent to what is being
described in this article here.
Scheduling isn't meant to be some Randian, individualistic practice. It's a
collaborative effort between people that should say something of the effect,
"My time is valuable, as is yours. You seem to be interested in something I'm
doing and I'm interested in telling you about it. Let's find a time that's
agreeable to both of us where we are both unencumbered and can freely
associate."
If you're not interested in meeting, then you have options: 1) Ghosting
(controversial, but some requests deserve this response), or 2) Refusing to
meet.
Instead this reads as, "I value my time far more than anyone else I associate
with. If I so happen to be available, then I'll reward you with the charity of
my time."
One of these is professional and makes other people you associate with feel
valued, the other makes you look like an arrogant ass.
------
MRD85
Some of the points in this article I disagree with but others I like. Compared
to my past self I am "super productive". I have a full-time career, a single
parent to two young kids (approx 70% of the time I'm not at work I'm
parenting) and I study nearly full time (3 units per semester) with a perfect
GPA. I somehow still have time for "wasting", like commenting on online
discussion boards, going on dates, etc.
* Keeping lists: This one is huge. I have lists all the time which track what I need to have completed and when. I have watch lists for tasks like "get birthday present for this kids party", etc. I have a job list at work.
_Procrastination: I use this all the time. It 's currently 7:23pm here, I'm
wasting time now and I have been since 6pm but my deadline is I wake at 4am
tomorrow to work.
_Food: This article touches on food but I feel it's really important. I eat
low carb because I find carbs make me far more tired. I also avoid large meals
because they make me tired.
Something that isn't touched on in the article: Find ways to save yourself
time. I get angry when I see an office worker earning 6 figures typing one
finger looking at the keys. Touch typing doesn't take long to learn but it
saves so much time and effort. Everyone has little quirks that take
time/effort to fix but pay off in a big way once fixed. Do it, it's worth it.
~~~
tosh
ymmv but often typing isn’t the bottleneck, thinking is (typing faster != more
nor better output)
~~~
lordfoom
But not having to think about typing reduces your cognitive load. Touch typing
as a coder isn't about speed, it's about freeing your mind from having to
think about your fingers.
~~~
onemoresoop
Touch typing is somewhat overrated. I never learn to touch type and never had
any regret over it, don't get me wrong, I do t peck for keys either but the
speed of properly touch typing is no need for me, I'm not a professional
typist. I on the other hand am great at remembering shortcuts and I think
that's way more important to my work than touch typing, I feel that using the
mouse to open a menu and click debug as a complete waste of resources and
mental focus.
------
paultopia
Um. "I don't keep a calendar" means "I consider my time more important than
yours, so we'll meet at my sole convenience." I would love to do that, but
everyone else in the world would rightly understand it that way and would
treat it as a refusal to do core elements of my job.
A: "Let's schedule a committee meeting."
B: "I don't keep a calendar."
A: "So what you're saying is everyone else on the committee has to find time
just for you? Fuck you, do your job."
Arnold Schwarzenegger could get away with that crap because he's a fabulously
wealthy A-list movie star. The rest of us, not so much.
~~~
blastbeat
Fully agree. Also the rest of the article has questionable advice. I doubt the
helpfulness of later lists and anti todo lists. Not answering the phone or
pretending to be incompetent sounds like an idiotic idea too.
~~~
operakadabra
Nobody is promising that every suggestion will work for you. Try everything
until you find something that does work.
------
Cthulhu_
If there's anything I'd take from this article, it's techniques to avoid
meeting cultures; there's far too many people that want to book an hour long
block for a meeting about a thing that can be decided on in five. I think
meeting culture is a form of decision anxiety - have we considered all the
facts? What if I'm wrong? Is everyone aware that this is happening?
It was really quite bad at my previous assignment. I'm in a much smaller
setting now and I'm really trying to avoid it from becoming a thing. If
someone asks you for a meeting, always consider if you can discuss it right
there and then.
For a lot of people, discussing it right there and then is already an issue
because they're spending what little time they have in between meetings to
coordinate other meetings. That is, they don't have five minutes to talk about
a five minute thing because they have a meeting in five minutes.
~~~
baby
See pg's article on maker vs manager schedule.
------
glormph
I dont think an anti to-do list makes me more productive. But I sure like to
keep a log of things done in a text file so I can find what I did later. There
is of course a limit to what I keep, but even one-liners etc can be stored in
it. Especially when used seldomly, I dont remember all the bash tools
invocations. And no, I wont "tear it up and throw it away".
~~~
codazoda
I also keep a list of things I've done. Typically I just add those things to
my to-do list and check them off.
There are other good ideas in this post and for me they're timely. I'm
crunching on a business where I teach programming through art work. I'm
definitely going to borrow some of these ideas for that. If that sounds
interesting to you, checkout
[https://splashofcode.com](https://splashofcode.com)
------
OJFord
> \- Anyone who needs to reach you so urgently that it can't wait until later
> in the day or tomorrow morning can call you [...] - Don't answer the phone
...great?
------
ticmasta
>> work on whatever is most important or most interesting,
how often are these two the same thing? Which are you supposed to do when
you've got all this open-ended, distraction free time?
And the whole "no schedule" thing comes off as cherry-picking data and
situations. Even when Arnold was making blockbuster movies do you think they
just filmed whenever he showed up, keeping an entire crew on standby?
Did you notice how all of his examples are individual activities? that's
great, but it's tough to accomplish meaningful, revolutionary work without
collaboration. Schedules are super-useful (and I'd argue required) for
short/mid-term planning and prioritization across teams where everyone is
important.
The approach here is for when there is huge asymmetry between parties - like
an emergency room and patients. You show up with everyone else, then they
triage (hopefully by importance, not interest) and process. Guess what? even
the specialist still have schedules so they can work within a broader system.
The approach here sounds like the "schedule" of a lot of affluent retired
people.
~~~
MaulingMonkey
We tend to be interested in important things we're competent at. That's how we
got competent at them in the first place. Shepherding interest - trying to
figure out what's interesting about something important that you haven't
tackled yet - can be useful to get competent at new things, of course.
In the emergency room, the pathologist will be interested in the sick kid
instead of the guy with the broken leg, even if the latter is "more
important". Unless the staff are getting overwhelmed by a mass-casualties
incident, that's probably actually the right approach. (I'm no doctor though.)
I like email and other asynchronous/recorded communication for collaboration
where possible, in lieu of synchronous meetings interrupting flow. But as you
point out, there's a lot of cases where this doesn't work. And even a bunch of
lone wolves working on solo projects can benefit from synchronizing lunch with
their coworkers for some socialization and facetime. I schedule that. It's
flexible and not super rigid, but it's still a schedule.
------
wj
If you're interested in productivity tips from fellow Hacker News readers:
[https://blog.startopz.com/10-productivity-tips-from-
hacker-n...](https://blog.startopz.com/10-productivity-tips-from-hacker-news/)
Some of my favorites that I compiled over time.
------
fourier_mode
I mean there are so many tips for being productive, book X says maintain a
schedule pre-planned for 2 weeks, book Y says do not maintain a schedule at
all. Book X says do a bit of everything daily, book Y says devote a day for a
single task. Hmph..
The only thing that works is somehow doing getting work done, rest is
irrelevant. And that's why I don't see a point on self-help book in general.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
}
|
Promoter-directed expression of recombinant fire-fly luciferase in the salivary glands of Hermes-transformed Aedes aegypti.
Molecular genetic analyses of biological properties characteristic of insect vectors of disease, such as hematophagy and competence for pathogens, require the ability to isolate and characterize genes involved in these processes. We have been working to develop molecular approaches for studying the promoter function of genes that are expressed specifically in the adult salivary glands of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Genomic DNA fragments containing cis-acting promoter elements from the Maltase-like I (MalI) and Apyrase (Apy) genes were cloned so as to direct the expression of the reporter gene, luciferase (luc). The function of the promoters was assayed transiently in cultured insect cells and by germ-line transformation of Ae. aegypti. MalI and Apy DNA fragments consisting of at least 650 nucleotides (nt) of DNA immediately adjacent to the 5'-end of the initiation codon of the mosquito genes directed constitutive expression of the luc reporter gene in cultured cells. When introduced into Ae. aegypti chromosomes, approximately 1.5 kilobases (kb) of each promoter were able to direct the predicted developmental-, sex- and tissue-specific expression of the reporter gene in patterns identical to those determined for the respective endogenous genes.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
collision and intersection of player and squares
I am making a game where a player must dodge squares that are falling from the sky.
I am trying to make it so that when the player intersects or collides with a falling square, the program will notice.
I realize that i have to get the bounds of the falling squares and the player, but i do not know how to do so. Any help is much appreciated.
Player class
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.Rectangle;
public class Player extends JPanel {
private int XLocation;
private int squareSize;
private int YLocation ;
private int MoveSpeed;
int xMouse, yMouse;
public int XLocation(){
return XLocation = 300;
}
public int YLocation(){
return YLocation = 750;
}
public int SquareSize(){
return squareSize = 20;
}
public void paint(Graphics g){
g.setColor(Color.GRAY);
g.fillRect(XLocation,YLocation,squareSize,squareSize);
}
public Rectangle bounds(){
return(new Rectangle(XLocation,YLocation,20,20));
}
public int MoveSpeed(){
return MoveSpeed = 23;
}
public Player(){
XLocation();
SquareSize();
MoveSpeed();
YLocation();
}
public void PlayerMove(java.awt.event.MouseEvent evt){
XLocation = evt.getX();
YLocation = evt.getY();
}
}
The rectangle class
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.geom.Rectangle2D;
import java.util.Random;
public class Square {
private int XLocation;
private int Size;
private int YLocation = -Size;
private int fallSpeed = 1;
Random rand = new Random();
public int generateRandomXLocation(){
return XLocation = rand.nextInt(Game.WINDOW_WIDTH - Size);
}
public int generateRandomSquareSize(){
return Size = rand.nextInt((30-17)+1)+17;
}
public int generateRandomFallSpeed(){
return fallSpeed = rand.ints(3, 3, 8).findFirst().getAsInt();
}
public void paint(Graphics g){
g.setColor(Color.BLACK);
g.fillRect(XLocation,YLocation,Size,Size);
}
public Square(){
generateRandomXLocation();
generateRandomSquareSize();
generateRandomFallSpeed();
}
public void update(){
if(YLocation >= Game.WINDOW_HEIGHT){
generateRandomXLocation();
generateRandomFallSpeed();
generateRandomSquareSize();
YLocation = -Size;
}
//moves the square down if the square is inside the window
if(YLocation <= Game.WINDOW_HEIGHT){
YLocation += fallSpeed;
}
}
public void GetBounds(){
Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle(XLocation,YLocation,Size,Size);
}
}
Game Class
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
import java.awt.event.MouseEvent;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
public class Game extends JPanel {
public static final int WINDOW_WIDTH = 600;
public static final int WINDOW_HEIGHT = 900;
Square[] squareArray = new Square[20];
Player thePlayer = new Player();
public Game() {
//initializes square objects
for (int i = 0; i < squareArray.length; i++)
squareArray[i] = new Square();
}
public void paint(Graphics graphics) {
graphics.setColor(Color.WHITE);
graphics.fillRect(0, 0, WINDOW_WIDTH, WINDOW_HEIGHT);
//paints square objects to the screen
for (Square aSquareArray : squareArray) {
aSquareArray.paint(graphics);
}
thePlayer.paint(graphics);
}
public void update() {
for (Square aSquareArray : squareArray) aSquareArray.update();
}
private void mouseMove(MouseEvent evt) {
thePlayer.PlayerMove(evt);
}
public void collision(){
Rectangle rectangle1 = thePlayer.bounds();
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
Game game = new Game();
Player thePlayer = new Player();
JFrame frame = new JFrame();
frame.add(game);
frame.setVisible(true);
frame.setSize(WINDOW_WIDTH, WINDOW_HEIGHT);
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
frame.setTitle("Raining Multiple Squares");
frame.setResizable(false);
frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null);
BufferedImage cursorImg = new BufferedImage(16, 16, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_ARGB);
Cursor blankCursor = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().createCustomCursor(
cursorImg, new Point(0, 0), "blank cursor");
frame.getContentPane().setCursor(blankCursor);
frame.addMouseMotionListener(new java.awt.event.MouseMotionAdapter() {
public void mouseMoved(java.awt.event.MouseEvent evt) {
mouseMove(evt);
}
private void mouseMove(MouseEvent evt){
game.mouseMove(evt);
}
});
while (true) {
game.update();
game.repaint();
Thread.sleep(10);
}
}
}
A:
You can test collision the same way you are painting the squares.
public void collision(){
Rectangle rectangle1 = thePlayer.bounds();//player rectangle
for (Square square: squareArray) {
if(square.GetBounds().intersects(rectangle1)){//testing all squares vs player
//if you are here a collision happened
//you can remome square add score ...
}
}
}
intersects method test this rectangle againts the rectagle you are passing to and returns true if the two rectagles are intersecting.
And don't forget to call your collisionmethod once every iteration of your game loop.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
2008 in Iraq
Events in the year 2008 in Iraq.
Incumbents
President: Jalal Talabani
Prime Minister: Nouri al-Maliki
Vice President: Tariq al-Hashimi, Adil Abdul-Mahdi
Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government (autonomous region)
President: Massoud Barzani
Prime Minister: Barham Salih
Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government
President: Massoud Barzani
Prime Minister: Nechervan Barzani
Events
January
1 January – A suicide bomber kills more than 30 people and injures 32 in an attack in Baghdad. The blast is targeted at mourners at the funeral of a Shia army officer, Nabil Hussein Jassim, who had himself been killed by a car bombing in central Baghdad three days earlier.
7 January – A double bombing in Baghdad kills at least 14 people, including Riyadh Samarrai, leader of the US-backed Adhamiya Awakening group, which fights al-Qaeda in Sunni areas of the city.
8 January – Operation Phantom Phoenix begins in an attempt to hunt down the remaining 200 al-Qaeda extremists in the province of Diyala following the end of the previous offensive. The operation also includes targeting insurgent elements in Salah ad-Din province. Nine Americans and up to 30 insurgents are killed in the first two days of fighting.
9 January – One of the largest surveys to date of Iraqi casualties of violence since the US-led invasion in 2003 is released and reports that around 151,000 Iraqis have died. The study by the Iraq Family Health Survey Study Group involved a survey of Iraqi homes and estimated the number of violent deaths at 151,000 (with a 95% uncertainty range of 104,000 to 223,000) for the period March 2003 through June 2006.
10 January – Continuing offensives as part of Operation Phantom Phoenix saw over 18,000 kg (40,000 lb) of explosives dropped by two USAF B-1 Lancers and four F-16 fighter aircraft on al-Qaeda positions in the Arab Jabour area of Baghdad.
11 January – Snow fell in Baghdad for the first time in over 50 years. Thawing on contact with the ground, the snow failed to settle, although residents gathered in the streets to watch the flurries. Anecdotal evidence suggests snow may have fallen in northern parts of the city 40 years ago however the 2008 snowfall is thought to be the first in living memory.
13 January – The Federal government of Iraq announces the passing of a law which will allow former members of the Baath Party to take up military and civil service positions. Following the cessation of formal hostilities in 2003 the US-led administration under Paul Bremer had prohibited former Baath members from holding positions. The new law, aimed at reconciliation, offers an amnesty in respect of Baath party members whose re-appointment is not resisted following a three-month review period. Pensions may also be offered to former officials regardless of whether they take up new positions.
14 January – A senior Iraq Appeals Court judge is assassinated in the Mansour district of Baghdad. Jawdat Naeib was shot (along with his driver) when his car was ambushed. He was also a member of the Supreme Judicial Council, the body which supervises and nominates members of the judiciary in Iraq.
15 January – United States Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice visits Baghdad meeting with Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki and Minister of Foreign Affairs Hoshyar Zebari.
16 January – A female suicide bomber blows herself up near a Shia mosque in Khan Bani Saad, a town south of Baqubah, the capital of Diyala Governorate. 11 people were killed and eighteen others wounded in the attack.
17 January – The International Monetary Fund and the United Nations release reports suggesting Iraq is facing a period of economic growth and a stabilising political process. The IMF's Middle East and Central Asia department, said GDP growth may exceed 7% in 2008 and hold at between 7% and 8% in 2009 (in each case dependent on continuing oil production). Meanwhile, the UN praised political reconciliation efforts exemplified by the new laws regarding former Baathists returning to public employment.
22 January – The parliament of Iraq approves a new flag for the country. The new design no longer has the three green stars of the old flag, which represented the ideals of the Baath Party.
24 January – A suicide bomber kills a high-ranking police chief and two other police officers in Mosul at the site of an explosion that had killed at least 34 people and wounded at least 217 the day before. Brigadier General Salah Mohammed al-Jubouri, the director of police for Ninawa Governorate, was inspecting the scene of Wednesday's blast when gunmen ambushed his convoy.
25 January – After successive suicide attacks in Mosul in recent days, killing over 40 people including the city's police chief, Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki announces that Iraqi security forces and American troops were gathering for what he described as a "decisive" offensive against al-Qaeda in Iraq and its allies.
February
1 February – Two bombs explode in Baghdad animal markets killing 99 people and wounding 200. The Iraqi government claims that the bombs were carried by women and detonated remotely.
9 February – Two children in Baghdad die after eating cake poisoned with thallium and at least nine others are affected. The cake was given to people at an Iraqi sports club near the capital. The Secretary of the Iraqi Air Force and his daughter were among the victims.
13 February – The Iraqi parliament passes provincial powers law setting out relationship between the provinces and the central Iraqi government. It also demands that provincial elections be held before the end of 2008. These elections are scheduled for 1 October
Also, the Iraqi parliament passes 2008 budget and an amnesty law.
19 February – The Iraq war has strained U.S. forces to the point where they could not fight another large-scale war, according to a survey of military officers.
Tours of duty for U.S. soldiers in Iraq may be cut from 15 months to 12 if current improvements in security hold up.
22 February –
Approximately 10,000 Turkish Armed Forces cross the border into northern Iraq in an operation against Kurdish rebels from the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK). The move followed an aerial bombing campaign which began on 21 February.
Moqtada Sadr orders a renewal of the ceasefire which the Mahdi Army has observed for the previous six months.
24 February –
Iraq's government has urged Turkey to rethink its military incursion against Kurdish rebels operating from bases in northern Iraq amid fears the escalating fighting could destabilize the region.
A leader of a Sunni Awakening Council group, Sheikh Ibrahim Mutayri al-Mohammedi, is killed in a suicide bombing in Falluja.
25 February –
The White House said it is in "constant dialogue" with Iraq and Turkey about the Turkish military operation against Kurdish rebels in northern Iraq.
A man in a wheelchair blew himself up in a northern Iraqi police station, killing three National Police officers, including a commander.
About 8,000 of the 30,000 "surge" troops sent to Iraq in 2007 will not go home as planned summer 2008, the Pentagon told.
26 February – One of five Britons believed to have been kidnapped 29 May 2007 in Baghdad pleaded with the British government to release prisoners sought by his captors so "we can go home."
29 February –
The cousin of Saddam Hussein Ali Hassan al-Majid, known by the nickname "Chemical Ali" for his role in a chemical weapons attack on Iraqi Kurds in the 1980s, will be executed, Iraqi officials told.
According to reports given by the Catholic News Service, Archbishop Paulos Faraj Rahho was kidnapped from his car in the Al-Nur district of the city; his bodyguards and driver were killed. The kidnappers demanded that the Assyrian Christians contribute to the jihad, through jizya. The captors are also believed to have demanded the release of Arab (Non-Iraqi) detainees and that they be paid a ransom for Rahho's release.
March
1 March – Twenty-nine U.S. troops died in Iraq during February 2008, the third-lowest total of the nearly five-year-old war.
3 March – A pair of car bombings targeting Iraqi security forces killed at least 18 people and wounded dozens in Baghdad.
6 March – Fifty-three people were killed and 125 were wounded in two bomb attacks in a Baghdad commercial district.
8 March – A mass grave holding an estimated 100 bodies was found in an orchard in Iraq's Diyala Governorate, just north of Baqubah.
10 March –
In 2008, its fifth year, the war will cost approximately $12 billion a month, triple the "burn" rate of its earliest years, Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph E. Stiglitz reported.
Two bombings, in Baghdad and Diyala Governorate, killed eight U.S. troops.
12 March – Eleven militants were killed by Iraqi police raids against the Mahdi Army, after radical Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr declared that members of the Mahdi Army could defend themselves if attacked by U.S. troops.
13 March –
It was reported that Archbishop Paulos Faraj Rahho's body had been found buried in a shallow grave near Mosul. Officials of the Chaldean Church in Iraq said they had received a call telling them where the body was buried. Reports over the cause of death were somewhat contradictory. An official of the morgue in Mosul said the archbishop, who had health problems, including high blood pressure and diabetes, might have died of natural causes. Police at the Mosul morgue said the Archbishop appeared to have been dead a week and his body bore no bullet wounds. He is believed to be the highest-ranking Chaldean Catholic Church official killed since the 2003 conflict began.
After a bomb blast, which occurred in October 2007, a wife is left "to be her husband's legs", it was reported.
17 March –
A report by the International Committee of the Red Cross suggested that Iraq was on the brink of a full-scale humanitarian crisis some 5 years after US-led military operations began. The report indicated that millions of Iraqis continue to have little or no access to clean water, sanitation or healthcare.
A female suicide bomber apparently targeting Shiite worshippers killed at least 33 people and wounded at least 50 in Karbala.
18 March – The smuggling of stolen antiquities from Iraq's rich cultural heritage is helping finance Iraqi extremist groups, said the U.S. investigator who led the initial investigation into the looting of Baghdad's National Museum.
19 March –
The top U.S. commander in Iraq, Gen. David Petraeus, said Iran continues to support Iraqi insurgents and Syria is allowing foreign fighters passage into Iraq.
The war in Iraq is widely unpopular among U.S.-citizens: A CNN/Opinion Research Corp. poll found only 32 percent of Americans support the conflict. And 61 percent said they want the next president to remove most U.S. troops within a few months of taking office.
20 March –
The International Rescue Committee issued a report detailing the plight of Iraqi refugees on the five-year anniversary of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq.
In a videotape, broadcast by Al Jazeera, the voice identified as Osama bin Laden declares "Iraq is the perfect base to set up the jihad to liberate Palestine."
On the fifth anniversary of the launch of Operation Iraqi Freedom, President Bush noted that the war in Iraq had been "longer and harder and more costly than we anticipated" and that there was "still hard work to be done" to maintain gains that were "fragile and reversible". But he said that the surge was "working" and had "opened the door to a major strategic victory in the broader war on terror". He ended by telling American soldiers that "with your courage, the battle in Iraq will end in victory."
21 March –
A U.S. soldier is killed and four others wounded by indirect fire south of Baghdad.
A suicide bomber detonated a small truck rigged with explosives outside a local Awakening Council leader's house just east of Samarra, killing at least five people and wounding 13 others. Awakening Councils are largely Sunni security groups that have been recruited by the U.S. military.
22 March –
Three U.S. soldiers were killed by a roadside bomb that struck their vehicle while they were on patrol in northwestern Baghdad. Two Iraqi civilians were also killed in the attack. The deaths bring to 3,996 the number of U.S. service members who have died since the Iraq war began in 2003.
Another roadside bomb blast struck an Iraqi police patrol in Kirkuk, killing a civilian and wounding nine people.
23 March –
Four U.S. soldiers died in a roadside bombing in southern Baghdad, bringing the American toll since the beginning of the war on 19 March 2003 to the grim milestone of 4,000 deaths. Of the 4,000 U.S. military personnel killed in the war, 3,263 have been killed in attacks and fighting and 737 in non-hostile incidents, such as traffic accidents and suicides. Meanwhile, estimates of the Iraqi death toll range from about 80,000 to the hundreds of thousands, with another 2 million forced to leave the country and 2.5 million people displaced within Iraq. Mowaffak al-Rubaie, Iraqi National Security Advisor, told the war in Iraq is part of "a global terrorism hitting everywhere, and they have chosen Iraq to be a battlefield". Nearly 160,000 U.S. troops remain in Iraq, and the war has cost U.S. taxpayers about $600 billion.
Sen. Bob Menendez of New Jersey said President George W. Bush "took us to war on the wings of a lie."
U.S. troops raided a suspected suicide bomber cell in Diyala province, killing a dozen militants, half of whom had shaved their bodies—which the U.S. military says indicates they were in the final stage of preparation for a suicide attack.*At least four Al-Qaeda in Iraq members were killed in volatile Diyala province.
A suicide car bomb exploded at a fuel station in a predominantly Shiite neighborhood in northwest Baghdad, killing seven people and wounding 12 others.
The military also reported a roadside bombing that killed two children and wounded two civilians. It occurred in Khatoon, north of the Diyala provincial capital of Baqubah.
A suicide bomber detonated a truck full of explosives outside the main gate of an Iraqi military base in Mosul, killing at least 10 Iraqi soldiers and wounding 35 people, including 20 soldiers.
A mortar round landed in a Shiite neighborhood in eastern Baghdad, killing seven people and injuring nine others. Six more mortar rounds landed in other Baghdad neighborhoods, killing three people.
In southeastern Baghdad, gunmen riding in at least two cars opened fire on a crowded outdoor market, killing at least three people and wounding 17 others.
25 March – The political movement of powerful Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr launched a nationwide civil disobedience campaign across Iraq to protest raids and detentions against the Mahdi Army. The Battle of Basra (2008) between Iraqi security forces and al-Sadr's Mahdi Army militia left 50 dead and spread to several Baghdad districts. The discord also threatens to unravel a much-praised suspension of Mahdi Army militia activity since August 2007, and its collapse could spark renewed sectarian violence and prompt the United States to delay any troop withdrawals.
26 March –
Clashes between Iraqi security forces and Mahdi Army fighters spread from the key oil city of Basra and parts of Baghdad to the Shiite heartland of Al Diwaniyah and Kut, with the death toll rising past 100 after the start of fighting on 24 March 2008. At least 35 people have died in Kut and one person was killed and four were wounded in Diwaniya.
At least nine people were killed and 23 wounded during clashes between militants and Iraqi police in neighborhoods around the city of Hilla and in a U.S. air strike that killed four.
President George W. Bush discussed war with the chiefs of the armed services. The military was expected to recommend delaying further withdrawals of U.S. troops once the surge troops are withdrawn.
Indirect fire attacks on the American seat of power in Baghdad continued, with three Americans seriously injured and another dying of wounds he received a few days ago.
Nouri al-Maliki, Prime Minister of Iraq briefed city and provincial officials about the Battle of Basra (2008) and vowed to finish the job, even if it takes a month.
27 March –
The British military admitted that it breached the human rights of an Iraqi man, named Baha Mousa, who died in custody, and that its soldiers also violated the rights of eight other detained Iraqis.
Forty-two people were killed in Kut, the latest casualties since the start of the clashes between the Mahdi Army and Iraqi security forces on 24 March 2008. There was also fighting in Jamhouriya, one of five neighborhoods the Mehdi Army controls, and Muqal.
A U.S. government official was killed when militants fired rockets into the Green Zone.
Dozens of gunmen kidnapped the spokesman of the Baghdad security plan, Tahseen Sheikhly. Three of his guards were killed and his house burned in the attack.
A car bomb explosion killed three people and wounded five others near a police patrol in central Baghdad.
President George W. Bush on 27 March 2008 called the Iraqi government's move to launch the Battle of Basra (2008) against the Mahdi Army a "bold decision." He will carefully weigh recommendations from his commanders Gen. David Petraeus and U.S. Ambassador to Iraq Ryan Crocker about how the United States should proceed in Iraq after the 2007-military buildup ends in the summer of 2008.
Iraq's government imposed a curfew, which took effect at 11 p.m. 27 March 2008 (4 p.m. ET), bans pedestrian, motorcycle and vehicle traffic through 5 p.m. 30 March 2008 in Baghdad and U.S. Embassy workers in Iraq were told to remain in secure buildings and wear protective clothing as rockets continued to rain down on Baghdad's Green Zone.
28 March –
Baghdad was on virtual lockdown as a tough new curfew ordered everyone off the streets of the Iraqi capital and five other cities until 5 p.m. 30 March 2008.
At least 14 people were killed and 61 wounded during clashes between Iraqi security forces and the insurgents of the Mahdi Army in Sadr City of Baghdad. Some of the deaths resulted from U.S. airstrikes, which have been supporting Iraqi ground fighting.
A special session of the 275-seat Council of Representatives of Iraq convened to discuss ways to stem the violence but fell far short of a quorum, blocking lawmakers from taking action.
The Iraqi government offered cash to people who surrender medium and heavy weapons by 8 April 2008.
President George W. Bush praised the Battle of Basra (2008) as "a defining moment in the history of a free Iraq".
One U.S. soldier was killed by a roadside bomb south of the city Baghdad.
.
A U.S. military analysis of the Battle of Basra (2008) indicated the government push was not going as well as American officials had hoped.
29 March –
U.S. warplanes and British artillery struck targets in Basra. Another Basra airstrike killed 10 fighters, and a joint U.S.-Iraqi patrol killed 7 more fighters in southeastern Baghdad's Suwayrah district.
Two U.S. soldiers were killed by a roadside bomb in eastern Baghdad.
A curfew that was imposed on Basra was lifted.
30 March –
A strict curfew was extended indefinitely in Baghdad as the death toll mounted from the Battle of Basra (2008) between Iraqi security forces and the Mahdi Army to more than 280 people. Death tolls are difficult to obtain, but reports from Iraqi and coalition authorities suggest more than 400 people have died since fighting began 25 March 2008.
The U.S. military death toll in Iraq now stands at 4,007.
Turkey's military told it killed at least 15 rebels in operations in northern Iraq in the week of 24 March 2008, but a spokesman for the Iraqi Kurdish Regional Security Forces denied the report, saying Turkey has not conducted any military operation or air assault there in the weeks of 24 March 2008 and 17 March 2008.
Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr called on the Mahdi Army to stop shooting and cooperate with Iraqi security forces, a move Iraq's government praised as a step toward ending six days of fighting, including Battle of Basra (2008), that has left hundreds dead. Witnesses reported continued clashes throughout the day in Basra even after the announcements. But Iraqi authorities said after al-Sadr's announcement they would lift an indefinite curfew that had been imposed on Baghdad since 27 March 2008.
In northern Iraq, five Iraqi police officers were killed and two bystanders were wounded when gunmen attacked a police patrol in the town of Dhuluiyah.
The U.S. military said it found a mass grave with 14 bodies near Muqdadiya. The bodies, which showed signs of torture, appeared to have been in the grave for two to six months. They were found 100 yards from where 37 bodies were found buried 28 March 2008.
Ten people were killed when a suicide car bomb struck a checkpoint manned by members of the Awakening Council. Four members of the council were among the dead. Also in Baiji, a child was killed and seven civilians were wounded when a mortar landed in a residential area 29 March 2008.
In Samarra, gunmen stormed the home of an Awakening Council member, killing him and his son. His wife and daughter were wounded in the 29 March 2008 morning attack, Samarra police said.
31 March – The curfew imposed on Baghdad is scheduled to be lifted 6 a.m.
April
1 April – The British defense minister, Des Browne, said that the number of British troops in Iraq will remain at the current level of around 4,000 for the time being, particularly in light of the Battle of Basra (2008) in the week of 24 March 2008.
2 April – Al-Sadr's Sadrist Movement called for millions of Iraqis to demonstrate against the U.S. presence in Iraq, a protest that would coincide with scheduled testimony in Washington D C from top U.S. officials in Iraq and the anniversary of the toppling of the Saddam Hussein-regime.
3 April –
Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr offered to help purge Iraqi security forces of Mahdi Army-members. But he also criticized the Iraqi government for denying that it sent envoys to him to discuss the Battle of Basra (2008) in the week of 24 March 2008. The Iraqi government said the operation that began 25 March targeted criminals who had been carrying out indiscriminate attacks, burglaries and oil smuggling. Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki called the Battle of Basra (2008) but said it exposed weaknesses in the security forces, including operational snafus and troop desertions that he said will be addressed and reviewed. He brushed off criticism that the widespread action was poorly planned, was politically motivated and failed to dislodge the renegade militias from their strongholds across Basra. Al-Maliki promised a major offensive targeting Al-Qaeda in Iraq in the northern city of Mosul.
A Sadr City resident said mosque loudspeakers blared the call to protest.
4 April – Saleh al-Ageili, a spokesman for the Sadrist Movement, reported that Muqtada al-Sadr had called for peaceful demonstrations in Sadr City after prayers "to protest the campaign of raids carried out by the occupier."
7 April –
The Pentagon said it does not expect Gen. David Petraeus to recommend or predict additional U.S. troop cuts in Iraq, beyond the 20,000 U.S. troops returning home as the troop "surge" ends in July 2008, when he testifies before his "State of Iraq" report to the United States Congress on 8 April 2008 and 9 April 2008. After the surge ends in July 2008, there will be 15 U.S. combat brigade teams in Iraq, and roughly 140,000 American troops.
White House spokesman Tony Fratto admitted the Battle of Basra (2008)-operation was not "an overall success" for Iraqi government forces.
8 April –
Gen. David Petraeus, the commander of multinational forces in Iraq, and Ambassador Ryan Crocker answered questions from key member of the United States Senate. All three leading presidential candidates—Democratic Sens. Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama, and Republican Sen. John McCain – questioned Petraeus and Crocker.
Gen. David Petraeus, the commander of multinational forces in Iraq, and Ambassador Ryan Crocker, told the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services and the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations that Iranian agents and weapons are fueling the ongoing strife there and that further U.S. troop withdrawals will have to wait. Although the last of the additional U.S. combat brigades dispatched in 2007 is scheduled to leave in June 2008, Petraeus said he would recommend against further withdrawals for at least 45 days. Future troop levels be based on conditions on the ground. In the seven months since their last appearance before Congress, U.S. and Iraqi forces made progress toward tamping down the violence but the progress was "fragile" and "reversible."
Petraeus told senators the Iraqi government's operation Battle of Basra (2008) "could have been better planned, and the preparation could have been better." He said that once the forces got into Basra, "they ended up going into action more quickly than anticipated" and Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki didn't follow his advice to move at a more careful pace.
Opening the Senate hearings, the Armed Services Committee chairman, Carl Levin, said the United States must come up with a timeline for ending its involvement in Iraq.
When asked by Republican Senator John Warner whether the Iraq War is making the U.S. safer, Petraeus stated that it would ultimately be up to history.
Republican Senator Chuck Hagel asked about Ambassador Ryan Crocker's "diplomatic surge," and its apparent lack of results in the region.
Senator George Voinovich, a Republican, broke with his party line, saying the country is, "kind of bankrupted ... in a recession."
Republican Senator Bob Corker asked for an articulated exit strategy.
John McCain, the top Republican on the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services and a leading advocate of the 2007-troop increase, said the United States is no longer "staring into the abyss of defeat" as a result.
Hillary Clinton said it would be "irresponsible" to continue a failed policy in Iraq. She said it is "time to begin an orderly process of withdrawing our troops" from Iraq in order to focus on Afghanistan and other U.S. interests.
Barack Obama, a member of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, questioned whether the conditions set by U.S. commanders for withdrawal would lead to a war that could last until 2028 or 2038. He called the invasion of Iraq a "massive strategic blunder" that allowed Al-Qaeda and Iran to spread their influence into Iraq, and said the United States should pressure Iraqi officials to settle the war by threatening to leave. Senator Barack Obama remarked, "if the definition of success is so high: no traces of Al Qaida and no possibility of reconstitution, a highly-effective Iraqi government, a democratic multi-ethnic, multi-sectarian functioning democracy with no Iranian influence, at least not of the kind that we don't like, then that portends the possibility of us staying for 20 or 30 years. If, on the other hand, our criteria is a messy, sloppy status quo but there's not huge outbreaks of violence, there's still corruption, but the country is struggling along, but it's not a threat to its neighbors and it's not an Al Qaida base, that seems to me an achievable goal within a measurable timeframe."
America's ambassador to Iraq, Ryan Crocker, said that the United States has to keep its forces in Iraq unless it wants Iran to have a free hand in Iraq.
9 April – Gen. David Petraeus, the commander of multinational forces in Iraq, and Ambassador Ryan Crocker answered questions from United States House of Representatives members.
10 April –
President George W. Bush is expected to announce the shortening of the Army combat-zone tours from 15 months to 12 months as of the summer of 2008.
Unmanned aerial vehicles targeted and killed six "heavily armed criminals" in northeastern Baghdad.
11 April –
Muqtada al-Sadr accused Iraqi and U.S. forces of attacking Sadr City, just hours after the Shiite cleric called for calm in the wake of the assassination of Sayyed Riyadh al-Nuri, one of his top aides in the southern city of Najaf. Sheikh Fowzi Saad al-Obeidi called the killing an "act of provocation" after the "siege of Sadr City." He was referring to the battles since 6 April 2008 involving members of al-Sadr's Mahdi Army militia and Iraqi security forces dominated by a rival Shiite political movement, the Supreme Islamic Iraqi Council. That fighting started with the Battle of Basra (2008) and spread to other Shiite regions, including Sadr City and the Babil provincial capital of Hilla. The intra-Shiite fighting in Iraq that has killed hundreds of people in the past two weeks involved two main movements: members of the Mahdi Army militia loyal to Muqtada al-Sadr, and Iraqi security forces dominated by the chief political rival of the Sadrists, the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq. The al-Nuri assassination prompted officials to expand the daily curfew in Hilla. 17 people killed over 24 hours in airstrikes, fighting and attacks in areas wracked in recent weeks by fighting among Shiites. Witnesses and media reported heavy fighting between U.S.-backed Iraqi troops and al-Sadr's Mahdi Army militia. U.S. troops working in support of Iraqi soldiers killed two snipers. At the same time at least six roadside bombs damaged vehicles in a U.S. Army convoy that was transporting barriers for a group of Iraqi Army soldiers establishing a checkpoint.
Unmanned aerial vehicles targeted and killed six suspected insurgents in Basra.
Suicide bombings killed at least four people—three of them police. The first bombing was in Ramadi, the provincial capital of the predominantly Sunni Anbar province. At least three national police officers were killed. The second attack took place at a checkpoint about 20 km north of Baiji, the bomber and one other person a local Awakening Council were killed. Also, at least three people were killed in a mortar attack on Baghdad's Palestine Hotel.
14 April – Three people died in the nearby city of Tal Afar when a suicide attacker blew himself up at an Iraqi soldier's funeral.
15 April – A wave of bombings blamed on Al-Qaeda in Iraq-jihadists shook Baghdad, Baquba, Ramadi and Mosul, killing at least 60 people. Nonetheless, the overall violence in Baquba has decreased by 80 percent since June 2007.
17 April – A suicide bomber killed at least 15 people and wounded many others in a suicide attack on a crowd of mourners in Baquba, during the funerall of two members of a local group who had died fighting al-Qaeda in Iraq militants.
22 April – A female suicide bomber killed six people and wounded a dozen others when she blew herself up north of Baghdad according to Iraqi police.
29 April – In April 2008, the United States government accused an alleged Iranian-backed insurgency of launching attacks on Iraqi civilians and US-led multinational forces and claimed that approximately 90 percent of foreign militants entered Iraq through Syria, but again, provided no proof. "Iran and Syria must stop the flow of weapons and foreign fighters into Iraq, and their malign interference in Iraq," U.S. Ambassador Zalmay Khalilzad said Monday in a report to the U.N. Security Council on behalf of the multinational force in Iraq. The Iranian and Syrian governments, however, have repeatedly denied trying to destabilize Iraq and insist there is no proof.
May
2 May – an Iraqi delegation in Iran gave Iranian security officials evidence purporting to show that Tehran was providing support for Shi'ite militias battling Iraqi government forces. According to Haidar al-Ibadi, a member of Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki's Islamic Dawa Party, list of names, training camps and cells linked to Iran were presented to the Iranian officials. The Iranian officials denied the accusations and the Iraqi government has since announced that there is no hard evidence against Iran.
8 May – A man originally thought to be the leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq, Abu Ayyub al-Masri, is arrested in Mosul.
31 May – May 2008 ends in Iraq, the U.S. Department of Defense reports 19 deaths in the month, the lowest total since the invasion.
June
10 June – Iraqi police launch an operation in Dhi Qar, capturing 55 suspected Mahdi Army members.
14 June – Iraqi troops begin an offensive in the southern governorate of Maysan. The operation began when helicopters dropped leaflets over the provincial capital Amarah urging residents to cooperate with security forces. Iraqi security forces closed down the border with Iran and began patrols in Amarah. There were no reports of major clashes, as many militia leaders are believed to have fled into Iran following operations in Sadr City in April and May.
July
23 July – Admiral Mike Mullen, Staff Chairman the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said that while the situation in Afghanistan is "precarious and urgent," the 10,000 additional troops needed there would be unavailable "in any significant manner" unless withdrawals from Iraq were made. Mullen stated that "my priorities ... given to me by the commander in chief are: Focus on Iraq first. It's been that way for some time. Focus on Afghanistan second."
26 July – In a report published by the AP, Robert Burns, the AP's chief military reporter, and Robert Reid, the AP bureau chief in Baghdad, say the tide of war in Iraq had turned dramatically, with formerly violent neighborhoods rid of extremists and Iraqi civilians filling public parks, confident in their newfound, albeit fragile peace.
29 July – 50,000 Iraqi soldiers and police, supported by U.S. troops, launch Operation Augurs of Prosperity in Diyala Governorate, north-east of Baghdad. Iraqi forces faced little resistance, since insurgents were believed to have fled the area before the offensive.
August
14 August – A female suicide bomber strikes Shia pilgrims south of Baghdad, killing at least 18 people and wounding dozens more.
16 August – Task Force 34 enters Iraq.
21 August – US negotiators and Iraq negotiators agree on a withdrawal of all US troops in Iraq by 2011.
September
1 September – The US military transferred control of Anbar province to the Iraqi government. Anbar is the largest of Iraq's 18 provinces, and is the eleventh province to be handed over to Iraq by coalition forces.
17 September – A U.S. Soldier from 610 ESC 14th Engineer Battalion, 555 Engineer Brigade is killed in a tragic Humvee accident just south of Baghdad.
20 September – At least three people were killed by a suicide car bomb near a soccer field where young men were playing in Tal Afar.
21 September – At least 35 people were wounded and one killed in seven violent incidents in Baghdad, including seven bombings and two gun attacks.
28 September – At least 27 people were killed and 84 wounded in five separate bombings in Baghdad coming close to the end of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan.
October
4 October – Polish troops in Iraq hold a ceremony at Camp Echo in Qadasiyah Province to mark the end of their mission in Iraq. U.S. troops from the 2nd Brigade, 4th Infantry Division took over responsibilities for the area of operations vacated by the Poles.
26 October – A Syrian government source claimed four US helicopters coming from Iraq violated the Syrian airspace.
28 October – U.S. officials said the US helicopter raid that took place two days earlier, into Syria killed Abu Ghadiyah, a key figure involved in the smuggling of foreign fighters into Iraq.
29 October –
Iraqi authorities take over responsibility for security of Wasit province from US military forces making it the 13th of Iraq's 18 provinces to be transferred.
The last contingent of Polish troops land in Polish city of Szczecin, marking the end of their country's mission in Iraq.
November
17 November – The US and the Iraqi Government sign the US-Iraq Status of Forces Agreement providing for the withdrawal of US troops from Iraqi cities by 30 June 2009 and a complete withdrawal of US forces from Iraq by the end of 2011.
December
4 December – The Czech Republic mission to Iraq ends.
5 December – The South Korean mission to Iraq ends.
9 December – The Ukrainian mission to Iraq ends.
14 December – On 14 December 2008 then-U.S. President George W. Bush signed the security pact with Iraq. In his fourth and final trip to Iraq, the president appeared with Iraq's prime minister and said more work is to be done. During the press conference discussing the signing of the pact with Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki in his palace in the heavily fortified Green Zone, President Bush dodged two shoes thrown at him from the audience. The man who threw the shoes, Muntadhar al-Zaidi, an Iraqi journalist with Egypt-based al-Baghdadia television network, could be heard yelling in Arabic: "This is a farewell ... you dog!" When throwing the second shoe, he could be heard yelling "This is for the widows, the orphans and those who were killed in Iraq!" While pinned on the ground by security personnel, he screamed: "You killed the Iraqis!" As the man's screaming could be heard outside, Bush said "That's what people do in a free society, draw attention to themselves."
17 December – The Moldovan, Bulgarian, and Albanian missions to Iraq end.
Notable deaths
3 January – Andrew J. Olmsted, 37, American army blogger in Iraq, shot.
27 January – Alan G. Rogers, 40, American Army major, improvised explosive device.
10 February – Alaa Abdulkareem Fartusi, 29, Iraqi journalist and cameraman, bomb blast.
11 February – Fouad al-Tikerly, 81, Iraqi novelist and judge, pancreatic cancer.
15 February – Naziha Salim, 81, Iraqi painter, complications from a stroke.
27 February – Shihab al-Tamimi, 74, Iraqi head of the Journalists Syndicate, heart attack following shooting.
3 October – Mahir al-Zubaydi, Iraqi al-Qaeda leader, shot.
5 October – Mohamed Moumou, 43, Iraqi al-Qaida second-in-command, shot.
18 December – Nahla Hussain al-Shaly, 37, Iraqi women's rights activist, shot and decapitated.
See also
Iraq War
References
External links
Category:Years of the 21st century in Iraq
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Database Administrators Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for database professionals who wish to improve their database skills and learn from others in the community. It's 100% free, no registration required.
The only thing closest to what I'm developing is Facebook's activities log for users. So I figured if I could ask about how FB might possibly implement such a feature at the database layer, then it might give me some insight on how to solve my own similar problem.
How would one design a schema in a MySQL database to hold all the activities of a specific user. In FB's case, you have many activities that a user might be able to do, like something, comment on something, add a friend, use an app, etc. All these activities have their own database schema, I'm sure, so I'm assuming that the activities log schema would need to reference these other data somehow.
So what I'm asking is for ideas. The only ideas I can come up with is to create an activities table and multiple "connecting tables", tables that reference the activities table and the activity data (e.g. comments on something, likes something, etc.). However, this schema would require a new table for every new kind of activity and new business logic to handle these new tables. Maybe one can't get around this, but I'm interested in a schema that would require very little updating to the schema and business logic when new kinds of activities are added to the system.
Just to be clear, this question isn't intended to sound like I'm just simply trying to build another Facebook clone. I only use FB as a reference to something similar to what I'm trying to do. To be more abstract about my question: I'm trying to aggregate various kinds of data in my database into a single schema that could be queried, and anytime there is a new kind of data, there should little if any schema changes, otherwise what's the point? FB has two instances of this kind of aggregation, activity logs and notifications (that I can think of).
2 Answers
2
Relational DBMS is not ideally suited to this type of application. RDBMS is great for tracking and enforcing referential integrity for relations between two entities, THING A and THING B. What you want to do is to track relationships between THING A and every other thing in your database (or lots of other things, at least).
Your options, each of which include some form of compromise, include:
Sparse Foreign Key Columns: Create an activity table that has mutually exclusive foreign key columns that point to the various kinds of activity that you want to track. This is a fully 3NF way of doing things, but it still requires new columns to be added for new kinds of activities and it results in sparse columns, which people try to avoid as a rule.
Forrest of Tables: Create individual activity tables each of which track a particular type of activity. You can then create a query or view that uses UNION ALL to bring the various kinds of activity together into one place for querying. This is also very by the book with respect to normal forms, but you end up with a database cluttered with activity tables and you have to create a new table and alter a view whenever you add a new type of activity.
Data Driven Joins: Use a single activity table that captures the type of the activity and the instance of the activity in one place. You would need to have more sophisticated logic built for retrieval of the activity details, since this approach foregoes formal foreign keys. There is no declarative referential integrity and the approach smells a lot like EAV, which makes many people's skin crawl. On the other hand, you wind up with a single table, no sparse columns, and the addition of a new activity type requires no schema changes, only a tweak to one piece of code - the one that reads type of activity and knows what to do to go and retrieve the details of that activity.
You need to look at where your sensitivities are going to lie. How many types of activity will you ultimately be tracking? How often are new types of activity going to be added to the mix? Are you prepared to endure the scorn of colleagues when they see you've implemented a solution with sparse columns (or worse) EAV? When you answer these questions you'll be able to pick the approach which makes the most palatable compromises for your application.
For the Forest of Tables idea, what if you had a single activities table that relates an activityId to the users table's userId. Then you had other tables that relates other data to the activities table. This way you can use a JOIN instead of a UNION ALL. (I'm not sure if JOINs are faster)
–
SamAug 13 '12 at 19:23
Also, I'm not sure I understand th Data Driven Joins description. Are you saying just store the "type" as a VARCHAR or similar, then have the application layer (business logic) handle the querying of the related data? If I want to ad a new type of data, then I'll need to add it only at the application level, along with the additional business logic for aggregating this data?
–
SamAug 13 '12 at 19:26
@Sam - That's right, in the data driven approach you have a column that indicates which activity table to join (plus another to indicate which record in that table). You could use anything, varchar, char, int - it doesn't matter. The idea is that you have one piece of application logic that knows how to interpret the "activity type" and "activity instance" columns and pull back the right details for presentation according to your needs. That way you have just the one business logic change to make when a new activity type is created.
–
Joel BrownAug 13 '12 at 21:04
Detail Tables + Log Table: Design detail tables for each type of activity that reflect the nature of the activity. Column names, types, and sizes would be appropriate for the data they contain. Constraints and indexes as well as retention, archiving, and backup policy can all be designed appropriately. One sequence could be used to provide keys for all tables. This key along with a table identifier could be used in a log table.
A log table would be faster than a UNION ALL from multiple tables and much simpler to add new activities to. When a new event is added to a detail table, the log table could be populated with the detail sequence, detail table identifier, user key, and summary of the event that could be used for display purposes.
In the interface, if the user wants more information about the activity than the log entry can provide, the entry could be joined with the appropriate table. Some activities could forgo a details table if the log entry is sufficient. When new activities are added, the detail table, log entry, and log display could each be created and added in any order. The definition of the log table would not have to change, nor would the definition of other detail tables.
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Would knowing the numbers behind car thefts in the USA affect your car buying decision? Probably not, but it's still interesting to see which cars are favored among the car stealing community. To that end, we put together this nifty little infographic, detailing the most and least stolen vehicles in America. If that wasn't enough we also looked into which cities and states had the most and least vehicle thefts, and even which colors were the most desirable by the grand theft auto crew.
The results will be an eye-opener for anyone that has never given this any thought. But we hope that if you live in California and have your heart set on a white Cadillac Escalade, the information you discover below doesn't put you off. Just make sure not to go cheap when it comes to insurance.
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NB: Due to how the ONS report drug related deaths “tobacco deaths” include only deaths registered in England (not Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland), while “alcohol deaths” include deaths from the whole of the UK. All other drug related deaths include deaths registered in England and Wales. There are also key differences in the way alcohol and tobacco related deaths are recorded when compared to other types of drug related deaths that suggest the numbers for alcohol and tobacco related deaths should be greater still (see footnote). Lodge your complaint to the ONS for failing to make all types of drug deaths comparable.
Below is a roundup of this year’s drugs news along with the latest available statistical data. All sources are open-access and are listed at the bottom of the page.
The graph below shows the distribution of drug related deaths registered in the UK according to the Office of National Statistics.
The stats fit in accurately with the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs conclusion published in the Lancet last year that most popular illegal drugs are generally far safer than the big two legal drugs.
The numbers fall drastically if you remove deaths involving poly-drug use.
Excluding deaths caused by polydrug use shows that almost all deaths reported as mephedrone deaths, cannabis deaths and ecstasy deaths were misreported in the media. Most were caused by other drugs or mixing with other drugs (such as alcohol). The data in fact shows that there have only ever been two deaths in the UK solely caused by mephedrone (both last year). There were in fact only five deaths solely related to ecstasy and two deaths solely related to cannabis. This compares to 98 deaths solely caused by paracetamol and 157 deaths solely caused by antidepressants. The major insight from this data is that it is very often dangerous to mix your drugs and it is particularly dangerous to mix drugs with alcohol.
This compares to 81,400 tobacco deaths and 8,644 alcohol deaths last year. The ONS records alcohol and tobacco deaths differently from “drug deaths” so suicides and deaths such as road traffic accidents while under the influence aren’t actually included in the alcohol death statistics but they are included in the drug death statistics making the real disparity even wider than is apparent here (more on this in the footnote).
According to the ONS data, in 2010 there were more helium deaths than cannabis, ecstasy, mephedrone and GHB related deaths combined. Helium is an inert gas which kills when people use helium to deprive themselves of oxygen. The recent explosion in helium deaths from under two per year until 2008 to 32 last year appears to be due to it’s recent promotion as a form of suicide.
In 2010 deaths involving cocaine, amphetamines and ecstasy dropped significantly, repeating the previous year’s abrupt downturn following a steep upwards path for ten years.
Evidence from the military suggests this was the direct effect of the exploding UK mephedrone market. The background to this is a year on year rise in military cocaine detection since 2000 followed by a 50% drop in cocaine detection in the military in 2008 which continued through 2009. Mephedrone was banned in the summer of 2010 due to a moral outcry in the tabloids. If we infer that the mephedrone boom was the reason for the fall in illegal drugs deaths last year then we should prepare to see a rise in cocaine, amphetamine and ecstasy deaths this year perhaps returning to pre-mephedrone levels by 2013.
In November one study (PDF) in the North West of England reported on the increasing “indiscriminate use” of “unidentified white powders” described as “bubble” overtaking mainstream drugs in popularity.
It found that self reported use of “bubble” was higher than for mephedrone or amphetamines. 18% of people asked reported having taken “bubble”, amphetamine use in the past month crashed to 3% compared to 9% for bubble. “Survey respondents were not only unclear about, but also apparently unconcerned about the specific chemical identity of the stimulant white powders they consume”… “a considerable number of respondents were adamant that they had never heard of mephedrone but that they had taken Bubble”.
In July, the tragic death of Amy Winehouse shocked the world, largely because the cause of death was an overdose of alcohol rather than of the illegal drugs she was infamous for indulging in.
In August the UK experienced the worst rioting in our history. The reasons for the riots were undoubtedly complex but there is little doubt that drug laws played a part. According to DOH statistics the proportion of young people that have used drugs is 44.1%. There are 11,728 people currently jailed in the UK for drug offences and a prison sentence is still the most common outcome for someone convicted of drug dealing. In the past year 228,425 people were convicted of possession of a drug and 39,966 were convicted of dealing. Drugs are second only to “violence against the person” as the primary reason for imprisonment in the UK. According to the MOJ riot statistics 10% of those convicted of taking part in the riots had a previous drug conviction, this compares to 3.6% who were previously convicted of robbery, 5% previously convicted of burglary and 6% previously convicted for violent offences. The UK’s drug laws have criminalised a significant proportion of our society, resulting in millions of people who are permanently unable to find employment and seem to think they have nothing more to gain from being a part of society. In the UK you are 6 times more likely to be arrested for drug offences if you are black, and you’re also 11 times more likely to be imprisoned despite there being no difference in levels of drug use between races. The enforcement of the drug laws may be the foundation of the adversarial attitude taken by a large proportion of people in the UK towards the police. In October we witnessed the sad death of Steve Jobs, known for his ground-breaking innovations at Apple computers. He famously described LSD as being “one of the two or three most important things he has done in his life.” Have you ever wondered whether the old urban myth that one in five bank notes has traces of cocaine on it is true? This month the police answered that question. The proportion of bank notes with cocaine on them has risen to 11% (up from 4% in 2005).
A massive longitudinal study last month found that intelligent people are far more likely to take drugs including cocaine, cannabis, ecstasy, amphetamines and magic mushrooms. IQ scores were recorded at the age of five years old, drug use was recorded at the ages of fifteen and thirty.
“The odds of cannabis use were threefold higher for boys and 4.6-fold higher for girls in the top third compared to the bottom third”
..The findings stumped the authors of the research and may well have become the first study in history to leave the Daily Mail quite literally speechless. I’d like to propose an explanation. Intelligent people realise that most of the “facts” they are told about drugs are untrue or exaggerated and decide to experiment themselves because intelligent people are adventurous. Why are we only realising this now? Intelligent people rarely get caught and when they do they know how (or know the right people) to get out of trouble.
Also this year there have been a number of huge international reports calling for an end to the war on drugs. The Global Commission on Drugs formed by former presidents and experts delivered a resolute conclusion:
“End the criminalization, marginalization and stigmatization of people who use drugs but who do no harm to others. Challenge rather than reinforce common misconceptions about drug markets, drug use and drug dependence.” ( PDF ) The same resolution was handed out in a letter signed by over sixty world leaders, professors, doctors, MP’s and public figures.
Last year 7283 tonnes of cannabis was seized worldwide.
Last year 42 new drugs were detected in circulation.
Finally, in December the Australian government released data demonstrating that 80% of searches conducted after a dog sat next to a person found nothing.
All in all, in this year’s round up on the war on drugs, the drugs once again didn’t do too badly. If you think you may have a problem with drugs you should of course seek medical help, if there is even a small chance this might be the case it’s worth taking a look at the applications now becoming available to enable you to assess your drug use yourself and track your addiction treatment progress on your mobile phone. Recording your drug use (including alcohol and prescription medications) is a very good way to enable you to see things objectively and help prevent yourself from falling in to a downward spiral.
Footnote:
I am aware it’s a tautology to say “alcohol and drugs” because by all definitions alcohol is a drug. This is why I included alcohol and tobacco deaths in this analysis despite the Office of National Statistics (ONS) decision to report alcohol and tobacco deaths separately from drug death statistics. Due to the fact that the data is not strictly comparative, the gap between alcohol and tobacco and most other drugs is actually likely to be far larger than estimated by the ONS (for this reason, drug deaths data is from 2010 whilst alcohol data is from 2009, both are the most recent ONS datasets available).
In 2006 the ONS adjusted their methods for recording alcohol related deaths (but not drug deaths) to “only includes deaths where the cause is specifically related to alcohol consumption and is also the underlying or main cause of death”…. “apart from deaths due to accidental poisoning with alcohol, the definition excludes any other external causes, such as road traffic deaths and other accidents, and suicides and homicides where alcohol may have played a role in the circumstances leading to death. The definition also does not include any proportions of causes where alcohol has been shown to have some causal link.”
The drugs deaths on the other hand were only required to be linked to drugs without the stringent controls used to record alcohol related deaths.
Deaths related to drug poisoning as reported by the ONS also include amongst other factors “deaths related to mental and behavioural disorders due to drug use” and “intentional self-poisoning by drugs”
In my opinion the ONS’s decision to fail to collect alcohol and tobacco death data that is truly comparative to drug death data is a fraud. The absence of alcohol and tobacco on the hundreds of pages of data the ONS produce on drugs shrouds the fact that alcohol and tobacco deaths alone dwarf the numbers of deaths linked to most drugs by a factor of thousands. Playing devil’s advocate, one innocent explanation for the splitting of the data could be purely practical reasons. Such is the disparity between alcohol / tobacco deaths and drug deaths that If you want the data to be comparative on a graph smaller than a football pitch you either have to do what I have done and use an interactive graph, or you have to use a logarithmic scale or find some other way of mashing up the graph. When I tried to make a graph using the data above the graph looked like a representation of the ecosystem. The tobacco deaths ride high like the sky, the alcohol deaths looked liked the sea and the drug deaths in comparison looked like pond life scraping at the very bottom. To even be able to discern the differences between the different drugs in the graph you would have to blow up the graph to the size of a swimming pool.
Here’s the longitudinal (graph), after excluding tobacco both because the ONS tobacco data is inconsistently recorded and because it would require the size of the graph to be scaled up by a factor of about ten…
..Yes, this visualisation of the graph is completely and utterly useless, but that is my point. Here is the raw dataset I collated , my graphs were created using manyeyes . If you think there are any flaws in my case please do let me know using the comments form below. Check out the sources below and have a go exploring the data yourself.
Sources:
Nutt, D., King, L., & Phillips, L. (2010). Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis The Lancet, 376 (9752), 1558-1565 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6
Measham,F. Moore, K. Østergaard, J. (2011). Mephedrone, ‘‘Bubble’’ and unidentified white powders: the contested identities of synthetic ‘‘legal highs” DRUGS AND ALCOHOL TODAY, 11, 137-146 (PDF)
Editorial team (2010). The EMCDDA annual report 2010: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, also published in Euro surveillance :European communicable disease bulletin, 15 (46) PMID: 21144426 (PDF)
Follow Simon on Twitter RSS , or join the mailing list
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[A case report: retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy for a giant hydronephrosis of a horseshoe kidney].
A 30-year-old female was referred to our hospital complaining of left flank pain. She was diagnosed with a giant hydronephrosis in a horseshoe kidney. We performed a retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy on the non-functioning moiety of the horseshoe kidney. After the placement of a ureteral catheter, she underwent a retroperitoneal nephrectomy. The feeding vessels consisted of four arteries and four veins. The thin isthmus of the horseshoe kidney was divided using scissors, without the need for electrocautery, and hemostasis was achieved using monopolar shears. Laparoscopic nephrectomy on a horseshoe kidney is a difficult surgery given the aberrant vessels and isthmus, so it tends to be avoided for reasons of safety. However, if appropriate preoperative imaging is carried out and the procedure is conducted in a careful manner, it can be made a safe and minimally invasive operation.
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Technical Field
The disclosure concerns a chamber or reactor for processing a workpiece such as a semiconductor wafer using microwave power.
Description of Related Art
Processing of a workpiece such as a semiconductor wafer can be carried out using a form of electromagnetic energy, such as RF power or microwave power, for example. The power may be employed, for example, to generate a plasma, for carrying out a plasma-based process such as plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) or plasma enhanced reactive ion etching (PERIE). Some processes need extremely high plasma ion densities with extremely low plasma ion energies. This is true for processes such as deposition of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films, where the time required to deposit some type of DLC films can be on the order of hours, depending upon the desired thickness and upon the plasma ion density. A higher plasma density requires higher source power and generally translates to a shorter deposition time.
A microwave source typically produces a very high plasma ion density while producing a plasma ion energy that is less than that of other sources (e.g., an inductively coupled RF plasma source or a capacitively coupled RF plasma source). For this reason, a microwave source would be ideal. However, a microwave source cannot meet the stringent uniformity required for distribution across the workpiece of deposition rate or etch rate. The minimum uniformity may correspond to a process rate variation across a 300 mm diameter workpiece of less than 1%. The microwave power is delivered into the chamber through a microwave antenna such as a waveguide having slots facing a dielectric window of the chamber. Microwaves propagate into the chamber through the slots. The antenna has a periodic power deposition pattern reflecting the wave pattern of the microwave emission and the slot layout, rendering the process rate distribution non-uniform. This prevents attainment of the desired process rate uniformity across the workpiece.
A limitation on processing rate is the amount of microwave power that can be delivered to a process chamber without damaging or overheating the microwave window of the chamber. Currently, a microwave window, such as a quartz plate, can withstand only low microwave power levels at which DLC deposition processes can require hours to reach a desired DLC film thickness. The microwave window provides a vacuum boundary of the chamber and is consequently subject to significant mechanical stress, rendering it vulnerable to damage from overheating.
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Robert Dixon Herman
Robert Dixon Herman (September 24, 1911 – April 5, 1990) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania.
Education and career
Born in Northumberland, Pennsylvania, Herman received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Bucknell University in 1935 and a Bachelor of Laws from Cornell Law School in 1938. He was in private practice in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania between 1938 and 1958, and was an assistant district attorney of Dauphin County from 1942 to 1944. He was a United States Naval Reserve Lieutenant for the JAG Corps at the end of World War II, from 1944 to 1946. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1948 to 1950, and was a solicitor for Dauphin County from 1950 to 1957. Herman was a Republican. He was a judge of the Dauphin County Court of Common Pleas from 1957 to 1970, and of the Dauphin County Juvenile Court from 1965 to 1970.
Federal judicial service
On October 2, 1969, Herman was nominated by President Richard Nixon to a seat on the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania vacated by Judge Frederick Voris Follmer. Herman was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 10, 1969, and received his commission the following day. He assumed senior status on September 25, 1981, serving in that capacity until his death on April 5, 1990, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
References
Sources
Category:1911 births
Category:1990 deaths
Category:People from Northumberland, Pennsylvania
Category:Bucknell University alumni
Category:Cornell Law School alumni
Category:Military personnel from Pennsylvania
Category:Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Navy
Category:United States Navy officers
Category:Pennsylvania Republicans
Category:Judges of the Pennsylvania Courts of Common Pleas
Category:Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Category:Judges of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
Category:United States district court judges appointed by Richard Nixon
Category:20th-century American judges
Category:20th-century American politicians
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Q:
How do I set Angular 2 ngModel from a firebase observable on a select dropdown
I am trying to set the default value in a select dropdown from a firebase object using angularfire 2. But I don't know how to make it work with setting the default value of the select box. ngModel doesn't allow something like (ngModel)="(default_tax | async)"
code:
public default_tax$:Observable<any>;
public tax$:Observable<Tax>;
ngOnInit(): void {
this.tax$ = this.db.list(`tax_rates`);
this.default_tax$ = this.db.object(`settings/default_tax_rate`);
}
template:
<select name="tax_rate" (ngModel)="default_tax.$key" (ngModelChange)="onSelect($event)">
<option *ngFor="let tax of (taxes$ | async)" [ngValue]="tax.$key">
{{tax.name}} - {{tax.rate}}
</option>
</select>
Firebase object:
account:
setttings:
default_tax_rate: "-somekey"
tax_rates:
"-somekey":
"name":"5.5"
"-someotherkey"
"anothername":"4.5"
A:
Ok, I found out how to do this. I was writing the ngModel wrong.
WRONG:
(ngModel)="default_tax.$key"
(ngModel)="(default_tax | async)"
CORRECT:
[ngModel]="(default_tax | async)?.$value"
Note that ngModel is wrapped with [] instead of [()] or (). Brackets[] indicate input, where parenthesis() indicate output. Having both [()] is for two-way binding (both input and output).
A great guide to help understand this in more details is http://blog.ng-book.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-forms-in-angular-2/
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ATTENTION: Windows 10 users
Beta 2 build is now available!
If you just upgraded to Windows 10 or running build 10240 or greater of Win 10 pre-release you will need to download and install the new version of ZoneAlarm 14.0.157.000
Scanning Status window hung
Hello please help!
I am using Windows XP SP3 and Internet Security Suite 7.00.483.
Recently a popup appears and hangs.
The popup title says Scanning Status - but it is not responding - it is hung.
This happens often.
Internet Security is also hung and cannot be opened.
Please help.
The only recourse we have is to reboot the machine.
Another thing we see is that windows do not come into focus correctly.
So if I open windows explorer it does not become the window of focus.
Please help.
I have run a deep scan and normal scan - you name it (when Internet security suite is not hung), and it finds no issues.
Please help!
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abstract: 'By using stochastic calculus for two-parameter processes and chaos expansion into multiple Wiener-Itô integrals, we define a 2D-stochastic current over the Brownian sheet. This concept comes from geometric measure theory. We also study the regularity of the stochastic current with respect to the randomness variable in the Watanabe spaces and with respect to the spatial variable in the deterministic Sobolev spaces.'
author:
- |
Franco Flandoli$^{1}, $Peter Imkeller $^{2}\qquad $Ciprian A. Tudor $^{3, 4}$ [^1]\
$^{1}$Dipartimento di Matematica Applicata, Universita di Pisa,\
Via Bonnano 25B, I-56126, Pisa, Italy\
flandoli@dma.unipi.it\
$^{2}$Institut für Mathematik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin\
, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany,\
imkeller@mathematik.hu-berlin.de\
$^{3}$ Laboratoire Paul Painlevé, Université de Lille 1\
F-59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France,\
$^{4}$ Department of Mathematics,\
Academy of Economical Studies, Bucharest, Romania\
tudor@math.univ-lille1.fr
date:
title: '2D- stochastic currents over the Wiener sheet [^2]'
---
0.5cm
[**2000 AMS Classification Numbers:**]{} 60G15, 60G18, 60H05, 76M35, 60H05
0.3cm
[**Key words:**]{} currents, multiple stochastic integrals, Brownian sheet, two-parameter processes
Introduction
============
The purpose of this paper is to study two-dimensional stochastic currents. The concept of current comes from geometric measure theory. Let us briefly recall a few definitions on deterministic currents used in the sequel. More informations can be found in [@Fed], [@Morgan], [@Simon], [@GMS].
We shall denote the Euclidean norm and scalar product in $\mathbb{R}^{d}$ ($d$ is fixed throughout the paper) by $\left| \cdot\right| $ and $\left\langle
\cdot,\cdot\right\rangle $ respectively. We shall also need the space $\Lambda_{2}\mathbb{R}^{d}$ of $2$-vectors, its dual space $\Lambda
^{2}\mathbb{R}^{d}$ of $2$-covectors, and the duality between them, still denoted by $\left\langle \cdot,\cdot\right\rangle $. If we represent vectors and covectors in the standard basis (the summations are extented from $1$ to $d$) $$v=\sum_{i<j}v^{ij}\,e_{i}\wedge e_{j},\qquad w=\sum_{i<j}w_{ij}\,e^{i}\wedge
e^{j}$$ then $$\left\langle w,v\right\rangle =\sum_{i<j}w_{ij}v^{ij}.$$ Notationally, we prefer to write the covectors in the first argument of $\left\langle .,.\right\rangle $ since later on the notation for stochastic integrals is more natural. The norm of $2$-vectors and $2$-covectors is also defined as $$\left| v\right| ^{2}=\sum_{i<j}\left( v^{ij}\right) ^{2},\qquad\left|
w\right| ^{2}=\sum_{i<j}\left( w_{ij}\right) ^{2}.$$ Notice that for all $v_{1},v_{2}\in\mathbb{R}^{d}$ and $w^{1},w^{2}\in\mathbb{R}^{d}$, the duality between the $2$-vector $$v_{1}\wedge v_{2}=\sum_{i<j}\left[ \left( v_{1}\right) _{i}\left(
v_{2}\right) _{j}-\left( v_{1}\right) _{j}\left( v_{2}\right)
_{i}\right] \,e_{i}\wedge e_{j}$$ and the $2$-covector $w^{1}\wedge w^{2}$ similarly defined, is given by $$\left\langle w^{1}\wedge w^{2},v_{1}\wedge v_{2}\right\rangle =\det\left(
\left\langle v_{i},w^{j}\right\rangle \right) .$$ Similarly we have $$\left| v_{1}\wedge v_{2}\right| ^{2}=\det\left( \left\langle v_{i},v_{j}\right\rangle \right) =\left| v_{1}\right| ^{2}\left| v_{2}\right|
^{2}-\left\langle v_{1},v_{2}\right\rangle ^{2}.$$ Let $\mathcal{D}^{k}$ be the space of all infinitely differentiable and compactly supported $k$-forms on $\mathbb{R}^{d}$. A $k$*-dimensional current* is a linear continuous functional on $\mathcal{D}^{k}$. We denote by $\mathcal{D}_{k}$ the space of $k$-currents. In this paper we are only interested in the cases $k=1,2$, so we recall a few corresponding notations. Let $\varphi$ (resp. $\psi$) be an element of $\mathcal{D}^{1}$ (resp. $\mathcal{D}^{2}$). We shall write them as $$\varphi=\sum_{i=1}^{d}\varphi_{i}\,dx^{i},\qquad\psi=\sum_{i<j}\psi
_{ij}\,dx^{i}\wedge dx^{j}$$ where $\varphi_{i}$ and $\psi_{ij}$ are infinitely differentiable and compactly supported functions on $\mathbb{R}^{d}$. Typical examples of $1$-currents are those induced by regular curves $\left( X_{t}\right)
_{t\in\left[ 0,T\right] }$ in $\mathbb{R}^{d}$: $$\label{map1}
\varphi\mapsto S(\varphi):=\int_{0}^{T}\left\langle \varphi\left(
X_{t}\right) ,\dot{X}_{t}\right\rangle \,dt$$ while typical examples of $2$-currents are given by regular surfaces $\left(
f\left( t,s\right) \right) _{(t,s)\in A}$ in $\mathbb{R}^{d}$, where $A$ is a Borel set in $\mathbb{R}^{2}$: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{map2}
\psi && \mapsto T(\psi):=\int_{A}\left\langle \psi\circ f,\frac{\partial
f}{\partial t}\wedge\frac{\partial f}{\partial s}\right\rangle \,dtds\nonumber \\
&& =\int_{A}\sum_{i<j}\left( \psi_{ij}\circ f\right) \,\left\langle
dx^{i}\wedge dx^{j},\frac{\partial f}{\partial t}\wedge\frac{\partial
f}{\partial s}\right\rangle \,dtds \nonumber \\
&& =\int_{A}\sum_{i<j}\left( \psi_{ij}\circ f\right) \,\left(
\frac{\partial f_{i}}{\partial t}\frac{\partial f_{j}}{\partial s}-\frac{\partial f_{j}}{\partial t}\frac{\partial f_{i}}{\partial s}\right)
\,dtds.\end{aligned}$$
The generalization of the previous example of $1$-current to the stochastic case has been the object of previous research in the recent literature. We refer to [@Gia], [@FG], [@FGR], [@FT] for the study of 1D-stochastic currents over the Brownian motion or over the fractional Brownian motion using various interpretation (Itô, Skorohod, Stratonovich etc) for the stochastic integral appearing in the definition of the stochastic current. We will investigate in our paper the 2D-current in the stochastic context using the theory of stochastic integration for two -parameter stochastic processes which has been developed in the eighties (see e.g. [@Dozzi], [@Imk], [@N81]). Somehow, our analysis related geometric aspects of stochastic processes with Malliavin calculus in the spirit of [@Mall].
Let $(W_{s,t} )_{\left( t,s\right)
\in\left[ 0,1\right] ^{2}}$ be a $\left( 2,d\right) $-Brownian sheet, with $d>2$. By this we mean a centered Gaussian $d$-dimensional process with $2$-dimensional time parameter $\left( t,s\right) \in\left[ 0,1\right] ^{2}$ such that $$Cov\left( W^{i}_{s,t}, W^{j}_{s^{\prime}, t^{\prime}} \right) =\delta_{ij}\left( s\wedge t\right) \left( s^{\prime
}\wedge t^{\prime}\right)$$ where $\delta_{ij}$ denotes the Kronecker symbol. Note that the functional (\[map1\]) defines a vector valued distribution $$\int_{0} ^{1} \Delta (x -X_{t})dX_{t}$$ with $\Delta$ the Dirac distribution and the meaning of $ \Delta (x -X_{t})$ will be clarified later. Given (\[map2\]) the correct multiparameter stochastic integrals to be studied for the theory of currents are formally written as $$T_{ij}\left( x\right) :=\int_{\left[ 0,1\right] ^{2}}\Delta\left(
x-W_{s,t} \right) \partial_{t}W^{i}_{s,t}
\partial_{s}W^{j}_{s,t}$$ with $1\leq i\neq j\leq d$. An important question is how to define the above stochastic integral.
At this level, there is no restriction to take $i=1$, $j=2$. Thus we need to define and to study study the mapping $$\label{int}
T\left( x\right) :=\int_{\left[ 0,1\right] ^{2}}\Delta\left( x-W_{s,t} \right) \partial_{t}W^{1}_{s,t} \partial_{s}W^{2}_{s,t}.$$ This is actually the aim of this work: to give a meaning to the integral (\[int\]) and to study its regularity in the deterministic Sobolev spaces $H^{-r} (\mathbb{R} ^{d}; \mathbb{R} ^{d})$ as a function of $x$ and in the Sobolev-Watanabe spaces $\mathbb{D}^{\alpha , 2}$ as a function of $\omega$. As we mentioned above, the idea to define the stochastic integral (\[int\]) comes from the stochastic integration theory for two-parameter processes. We will explain it in details in Section \[defint\]. This integral also involves the divergence (Skorohod) integral with respect to the Brownian sheet and multiple Wiener-Itô integrals. Therefore, before defining (\[int\]) we will recall in the next section some elements of the Malliavin calculus for Gaussian processes. We will find the following answer: although the definition of the 2D -stochastic current is substantially different from the 1D-case, the 2D-current inherits the regularity of the one-dimensional case, with respect to $\omega$ as well as with respect to $x$. That means the following: the integral (\[int\]) belongs to the Sobolev -Watanabe space $\mathbb{D} ^{-\alpha , 2} $ for every $\alpha >\frac{1}{2}$ and to the Sobolev space $H^{-r}(\mathbb{R}; \mathbb{R})$ for $r> \frac{1}{2}$. We notice the same interesting phenomenon already remark in the one-dimensional case (see [@FT]): the order of regularity of (\[int\]) is the same with respect to $\omega$ and with respect to $x$.
Our paper is structured as follows: Section 2 contains some preliminaries on multiple Wiener-Itô integrals and the divergence integral. In Section 3 we explain how we arrive to the our definition of the 2D -stochastic currents, making links with the stochastic calculus for two-parameter processes. In Sections 4 and 5 we analyze the 2D-stochastic current over the Brownian sheet in Watanabe spaces and Sobolev spaces respectively. Finally in Section 6 we treat the 2D -stochastic current over the $d$ -dimensional Brownian sheet.
Malliavin calculus, chaos expansion and Sobolev-Watanabe spaces {#prel}
===============================================================
Here we describe the elements from stochastic analysis that we will need in the paper. Consider ${\mathcal{H}}$ a real separable Hilbert space and $(B (\varphi), \varphi\in{\mathcal{H}})$ an isonormal Gaussian process on a probability space $(\Omega, {\cal{A}}, P)$, that is a centered Gaussian family of random variables such that $\mathbf{E}\left( B(\varphi) B(\psi) \right) =
\langle\varphi, \psi\rangle_{{\mathcal{H}}}$. Denote by $I_{n}$ the multiple stochastic integral with respect to $B$ (see [@N]). This $I_{n}$ is actually an isometry between the Hilbert space ${\mathcal{H}}^{\odot n}$(symmetric tensor product) equipped with the scaled norm $\frac{1}{\sqrt{n!}}\Vert\cdot\Vert_{{\mathcal{H}}^{\otimes n}}$ and the Wiener chaos of order $n$ which is defined as the closed linear span of the random variables $H_{n}(B(\varphi))$ where $\varphi\in{\mathcal{H}}, \Vert\varphi\Vert_{{\mathcal{H}}}=1$ and $H_{n}$ is the Hermite polynomial of degree $n\geq 1$ $$H_{n}(x)=\frac{(-1)^{n}}{n!} \exp \left( \frac{x^{2}}{2} \right)
\frac{d^{n}}{dx^{n}}\left( \exp \left( -\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right)
\right), \hskip0.5cm x\in \mathbb{R}.$$ The isometry of multiple integrals can be written as: for $m,n$ positive integers, $$\begin{aligned}
\mathbf{E}\left(I_{n}(f) I_{m}(g) \right) &=& n! \langle f,g\rangle _{{\mathcal{H}}^{\otimes n}}\quad \mbox{if } m=n,\nonumber \\
\mathbf{E}\left(I_{n}(f) I_{m}(g) \right) &= & 0\quad \mbox{if } m\not=n.\label{iso}\end{aligned}$$ It also holds that $$I_{n}(f) = I_{n}\big( \tilde{f}\big)$$ where $\tilde{f} $ denotes the symmetrization of $f$ defined by $\tilde{f}(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{x}) =\frac{1}{n!} \sum_{\sigma \in {\cal S}_{n}}
f(x_{\sigma (1) }, \ldots , x_{\sigma (n) } ) $.
We recall that any square integrable random variable which is measurable with respect to the $\sigma$-algebra generated by $B$ can be expanded into an orthogonal sum of multiple stochastic integrals $$\label{sum1} F=\sum_{n\geq0}I_{n}(f_{n})$$ where $f_{n}\in{\mathcal{H}}^{\odot n}$ are (uniquely determined) symmetric functions and $I_{0}(f_{0})=\mathbf{E}\left[ F\right] $.
Let $L$ be the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck operator $$LF=-\sum_{n\geq 0} nI_{n}(f_{n})$$ if $F$ is given by (\[sum1\]).
For $p>1$ and $\alpha \in \mathbb{R}$ we introduce the Sobolev-Watanabe space $\mathbb{D}^{\alpha ,p }$ as the closure of the set of polynomial random variables with respect to the norm $$\Vert F\Vert _{\alpha , p} =\Vert (I -L) ^{\frac{\alpha }{2}} \Vert
_{L^{p} (\Omega )}$$ where $I$ represents the identity. In this way, a random variable $F$ as in (\[sum1\]) belongs $\mathbb{D}^{\alpha , 2}$ if and only if $$\label{d12}
\sum_{n\geq 0} (1+n) ^{\alpha } \Vert I_{n}(f_{n}) \Vert
_{L^{2}(\Omega)} ^{2} =\sum_{n\geq 0} (1+n) ^{\alpha }n! \Vert f_{n}
\Vert ^{2} _{{\cal{H}}^{\otimes n}}<\infty .$$ We denote by $D$ the Malliavin derivative operator that acts on smooth functions of the form $F=g(B(\varphi _{1}), \ldots , B(\varphi_{n}))$ ($g$ is a smooth function with compact support and $\varphi_{i} \in {{\cal{H}}}$) $$DF=\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{\partial g}{\partial x_{i}}(B(\varphi _{1}), \ldots , B(\varphi_{n}))\varphi_{i}.$$ The operator $D$ is continuous from $\mathbb{D} ^{\alpha , p} $ into $\mathbb{D} ^{\alpha , p} \left( {\cal{H}}\right).$ The adjoint of $D$ is denoted by $\delta $ and is called the divergence (or Skorohod) integral. It is a continuous operator from $\mathbb{D}
^{\alpha, p } \left( {\cal{H}}\right)$ into $\mathbb{D} ^{\alpha ,
p}$. For adapted integrands, the divergence integral coincides to the classical Itô integral. We will use the notation $$\delta (u) =\int_{0}^{T} u_{s} dB_{s}.$$ Let $u$ be a stochastic process having the chaotic decomposition $u_{s}=\sum _{n\geq 0} I_{n}(f_{n}(\cdot ,s))$ where $f_{n}(\cdot, s)\in {\cal{H}}^{\otimes n}$ for every $s$. One can prove that $u \in {\rm Dom} \ \delta$ if and only if $\tilde f_n
\in {\cal{H}}^{\otimes (n+1)}$ for every $n \geq 0$, and $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}I_{n+1}(\tilde f_n)$ converges in $L^2(\Omega)$. In this case, $$\label{sko}\delta(u)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}I_{n+1}(\tilde f_n) \quad \mbox{and}
\quad \mathbf{E}|\delta(u)|^2=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(n+1)! \ \|\tilde
f_n\|_{{\cal{H}}^{\otimes (n+1)}}^{2}.$$ We will also recall the integration by parts formula $$\label{ip}
F\delta (u)= \delta (Fu)+ \langle DF, u\rangle _{{\cal{H}}}$$ which holds for $F\in \mathbb{D} ^{\alpha, 2}, u\in \mathbb{D} ^{\alpha , 2} ({\cal{H}}) $ and $Fu \in \mathbb{D}^{\alpha ,2} ({\cal{H}})$. In the present work we will consider divergence integral with respect to a Brownian motion in $\mathbb{R}^{d}$. Throughout this paper we will denote by $p_{s}(x) $ the Gaussian kernel of variance $s>0$ given by $p_{s}(x)= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi s}} e^{-\frac{x^{2}}{2s}},
x\in \mathbb{R}$ and for $x=(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{d})\in \mathbb{R}^{d}$ by $p_{s} ^{d}(x)= \prod_{i=1}^{d}p_{s}(x_{i}).$
Definition of the 2D- stochastic current {#defint}
========================================
The idea to define a stochastic integral (\[int\]) comes from the stochastic calculus for two-parameter martingales developed in the eighties. Let us briefly recall the context. Consider a two- parameter Wiener process $(W_{s,t})_{s,t\in [0,1]}$ and let us express the random variable $W_{s,t}^{2}$ (here $W_{s,t}$ is one dimensional random variable and $W_{s,t}^{2}$ is its square; we mention this in order to avoid the confusion with the components of the two-dimensional Brownian sheet that appears in Section \[prel\]) as a stochastic integral plus a deterministic integral in the spirit of the classical Itô formula. Let $t,s \in [0,1] $ be fixed and let $$0=t_{0}<t_{1}<\ldots t_{n}=t
\mbox{ and }
0=s_{0}<s_{1}<\ldots s_{m} = s$$ be two partitions of the intervals $[0,t]$ and $[0,s]$ respectively. For fixed $t$, we can write $$\begin{aligned}
W_{s,t}^{2}= 2\sum_{i=0}^{m-1} W_{s_{i}, t }\left(W_{s_{i+1}, t }-W_{s_{i}, t }\right)+ \sum_{i=0}^{m-1} \left( W_{s_{i+1}, t }-W_{s_{i}, t }\right) ^{2} .\end{aligned}$$ It is standard to prove that the last summand $\sum_{i=0}^{m-1} \left( W_{s_{i+1}, t }-W_{s_{i}, t }\right) ^{2} $ converges in $L^{2}(\Omega)$ as $m\to \infty$ to $st$ which, in some sense, constitutes the quadratic variation of the two-parameter martingale $W_{s,t}$. Let us analyze the first summand. Writing $g(t)= g(0)+ \sum_{j=0}^{n-1} (g(t_{j+1}) -g(t_{j}))$ we get $$\begin{aligned}
\sum_{i=0}^{m-1} W_{s_{i}, t }\left(W_{s_{i+1}, t }-W_{s_{i}, t }\right)
&=& \sum_{i=0}^{m-1} \sum_{j=0} ^{m-1} W_{s_{i}, t_{j+1} } \left( W_{s_{i+1}, t_{j+1} }-W_{s_{i+1}, t_{j}}-W_{s_{i}, t_{j+1} } +W_{s_{i}, t_{j}}\right)\\
&&+ \sum_{i=0}^{m-1} \sum_{j=0} ^{m-1}\left( W_{s_{i}, t_{j+1} }-W_{s_{i}, t_{j}}\right) \left( W_{s_{i+1}, t_{j} }W_{s_{i}, t_{j}}\right).\end{aligned}$$
The first summand above usually converges to the stochastic integral with respect to the Wiener sheet $\int_{0}^{s}\int_{0}^{t} W_{u,v} dW_{u, v}$ (see [@Imk] or [@N81] for the definition of the integral and the proof of the convergence; but the stochastic integral can be also understood as the Skorohod integral $\delta \left(W _{\cdot, \cdot }1_{[0,s]\times [0,t] }(\cdot , \cdot)\right)$ with respect to the Gaussian process $W$). The summand $\sum_{i=0}^{m-1} \sum_{j=0} ^{m-1}\left( W_{s_{i}, t_{j+1} }-W_{s_{i}, t_{j}}\right) \left( W_{s_{i+1}, t_{j} }W_{s_{i}, t_{j}}\right)$ is a specific two-parameter case term and it converges, for fixed $s,t \in [0,1]$ as $m,n\to \infty$ to a random variable denoted $\tilde{M}_{s,t}$ such that the stochastic process $(\tilde{M}_{s,t})_{s,t\in [0,1]} $ is a two-parameter martingale (we refer again to [@Imk] or [@N81] for details). A similar term $\tilde{M}$ appears also in the stochastic calculus for the fractional Brownian sheet (see [@TV]). The stochastic process $\tilde{M}$ can be interpreted as $$\tilde{M}_{s,t}= \int_{0}^{s} \int_{0} ^{t} d_{u} W_{u,v} d_{v} W_{u,v}.$$ We refer to [@TV] for a discussion in this sense. In terms of the divergence integral it can be written as $$\tilde {M} _{s,t} = \delta _{(u_{1}, v_{1}), (u_{2}, v_{2})}^{(2)} \left(1_{[0,s] \times [0,t] } ^{\otimes 2} ((u_{1}, v_{1}), (u_{2}, v_{2}) ) 1_{[0,u_{1} ]}(u_{2} ) 1_{[0, v_{2} ]} (v_{1}))\right).$$ Let us explain the above notation. The symbol $\delta ^{(2)} $ means the double (iterated) Skorohod integral with respect to the Wiener sheet $W$. The indices $(u_{1}, v_{1}), (u_{2}, v_{2})$ in the formula $\delta _{(u_{1}, v_{1}), (u_{2}, v_{2})}^{(2)}$ means that the double Skorohod integral acts with respect to the two variables $(u_{1}, v_{1})$ and $(u_{2}, v_{2})$.
More generally, if $(X_{s,t})_{s,t\in [0,1]} $ is an adapted two-parameter process (let us be vague on this concept because several definitions of the adaptability exist in the two-parameter context; we refer again to [@Imk], [@N81] or [@Dozzi]), then the sequence $$\sum_{i=0}^{m-1} \sum_{j=0}^{n-1} X_{s_{i}, t_{j}}\left( W_{s_{i}, t_{j+1} }- W_{s_{i}, t_{j} }\right) \left( W_{s_{i+1}, t_{j} }- W_{s_{i}, t_{j} }\right)$$ converges to the integral $$\int_{0}^{t} \int_{0}^{s} X_{u,v} dM_{u,v} = \int_{0}^{t}\int_{0} ^{s} X_{u,v} d_{u}W_{u,v} d_{v} W_{u,v}$$ which can be also written as a double Skokorod integral in the following way (assuming that $X$ is regular enough in the Malliavin calculus sense) $$\begin{aligned}
\int_{0}^{t}\int_{0} ^{s} X_{u,v} d_{u}W_{u,v} d_{v} W_{u,v}&=& \delta ^{(2)} \left( X_{u_{1},v_{2}} 1_{[0,u_{1}]}(u_{2}) 1_{[0,v_{2}] }(v_{1})\right)\end{aligned}$$ where $\delta ^{(2)} $ denotes the double Skorohod integrals which as above acts with respect to the variables $(u_{1}, v_{1}), (u_{2}, v_{2}) \in [0,1] ^{2}$.
0.2cm
The above discussion motivate the following definition of the 2D stochastic current.
\[defxi\] Let $(W_{s,t}) _{s,t\in [0,1]} $ be a Wiener sheet and for every $x\in \mathbb{R}$, $s,t\in [0,1]$ consider the functional $\Delta (x-W_{s,t}) $ which is a distribution in the Watanabe sense. We define the stochastic current over the Wiener sheet $W$ as the mapping $$\label{xi}
x\to \xi (x):= \delta ^{(2)} _{(u_{1}, v_{1}), (u_{2}, v_{2}) } \left( \Delta (x-W_{u_{1}, v_{2}}) 1_{[0, u_{1}] }(u_{2}) 1_{[0, v_{2}]} (v_{1})\right).$$
The meaning of this definition will be clarified in the sequel. The term $\Delta (x-W_{u_{1}, v_{2}})$ is a distribution in the Sobolev-Watanabe spaces. In the rest of our paper we will analyze the mapping $\xi$ introduced above from different perspectives: first as a functional of the randomness $\omega$ and then as a function of $x\in \mathbb{R} ^{d}$.
The 2D-stochastic current in Watanabe spaces
============================================
Let us first analyze the function $\xi (x)$, for fixed $x\in \mathbb{R}$, as a distribution in the Watanabe (or Sobolev-Watanabe) sense (see Section \[prel\]). Concretely, we will prove in this section that for every $x$ the function $\xi (x)$ belongs to the Watanabe space $\mathbb{D} ^{\alpha, 2} $ for every $\alpha < -\frac{1}{2}$. We also prove that $\xi (x)$ can be approximated, under the norm of the space $\mathbb{D} ^{\alpha, 2}$ by some Riemann sums. In this way, we make the link with the discussion in the previous section.
Regularity of the 2D stochastic current in the Watanabe spaces
--------------------------------------------------------------
Our method to prove the regularity of the functional (\[xi\]) is based on the Wiener-Itô chaos decomposition. Let $(X_{s})_{s\in S}$ be an isonormal Gaussian process with covariance $$EX_{s}X_{t} :=R(s,t)\hskip0.5cm s,t \in S.$$ The set $S$ is a subset of $\mathbb{R} ^{N}$. We will use the following decomposition of the delta Dirac function (see Nualart and Vives [@NV], Imkeller et al. [@Imk1], Eddahbi et al. [@Ed]) into orthogonal sum of multiple Wiener-Itô integrals $$\begin{aligned}
\label{deltagen} \Delta (x-X_{s}) &=& \sum _{n\geq 0} R(s)
^{-\frac{n}{2}}p_{R(s)}(x) H_{n} \left(
\frac{x}{R(s)^{\frac{1}{2}}}\right) I_{n}\left( 1_{[0,s]}^{\otimes
n}\right)\\
&: =& \sum _{n\geq 0} a_{n}^{x}(s) I_{n}\left( 1_{[0,s]}^{\otimes
n}\right), \hskip0.5cm x\in \mathbb{R}, s\in S \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ where $R(s):=R(s,s)$, $p_{R(s)}$ is the Gaussian kernel of variance $R(s)$, $H_{n}$ is the Hermite polynomial of degree $n$ and $I_{n}$ represents the multiple Wiener-Itô integral of degree $n$ with respect to the Gaussian process $X$ as defined in the previous section. We also denoted by $$\label{a1}
a_{n}^{x}(s)= R(s)
^{-\frac{n}{2}}p_{R(s)}(x) H_{n} \left(
\frac{x}{R(s)^{\frac{1}{2}}}\right)$$ for every $s\in S, x\in \mathbb{R}, n\geq 0$.
For $X=W= (W_{s,t}) _{s,t\in [0,1]}$, the Wiener sheet, we have $$\label{deltasheet}
\Delta (x-W_{u_{1}, v_{2}}) = \sum_{m\geq 0} a_{m}^{x} (u_{1}, v_{2}) I_{m} \left( 1_{[0,u_{1}]\times [0, v_{2}]}^{\otimes m} \right)$$ where for every $u_{1}, v_{2} \in [0,1]$, $$\label{amx}
a_{m}^{x} (u_{1}, v_{2}):=(u_{1}v_{2}) ^{-\frac{m}{2}} p_{u_{1}v_{2}} (x) H_{m} \left( \frac{x}{\sqrt{u_{1}v_{2} } } \right) .$$
We will show in the next result that the 2D-stochastic current defined in Definition \[defxi\] is well-defined as a distribution in the Watanabe sense.
\[th1\] For every $x\in \mathbb{R}$ the functional $\xi (x)$ defined in Definition \[defxi\] belongs to the Watanabe space $\mathbb{D} ^{-\alpha ,2} $ for any $\alpha > \frac{1}{2}$.
[**Proof:** ]{} Let $x\in \mathbb{R}$ be fixed throughout the proof. We will compute first the divergence integral $$\delta ^{(2)} _{(u_{1}, v_{1}), (u_{2}, v_{2}) } \left( \Delta (x-W_{u_{1}, v_{2}}) 1_{[0, u_{1}] }(u_{2}) 1_{[0, v_{2}]} (v_{1})\right)$$ with respect to the variables $(u_{1}, v_{1})$ and $(u_{2}, v_{2})$ belonging to $[0,1] ^{2}$. Using (\[deltasheet\]) and the chaotic form of the divergence integral (\[sko\]), we will need to symmetrize the function $$\begin{aligned}
&&\left( (x_{1}, y_{1}), (x_{2}, y_{2}),\ldots , (x_{m+1}, y_{m+1}), (x_{m+2}, y_{m+2}) \right)\\
&\to& a_{m} ^{x} (x_{m+1},y_{m+2}) 1_{[x_{m+2}, 1] } (x_{m+1} )1_{[0,y_{m+2}] } (y_{m+1} ) 1_{[0, x_{m+1} ] \times [0, y_{m+2}]} ^{\otimes m}\left( (x_{1}, y_{1}), (x_{2}, y_{2}),\ldots , (x_{m}, y_{m}) \right)\end{aligned}$$ with respect to the $m+2$ variables $$(x_{1}, y_{1}), (x_{2}, y_{2}),\ldots , (x_{m+}, y_{m+2}).$$ The above function is already symmetric in its first $m$ variables. Noting that for any function $f(a_{1}, a_{2},\ldots , a_{m}, x,y)$ which is symmetric with respect to $a_{1}, .., a_{m}$, its symmetrization with respect to its all $m+2$ variables is given by $$\begin{aligned}
\label{sim2}
\tilde{f}(a_{1},.., a_{m+2})= \frac{1}{(m+1)(m+2)} \sum_{k,l=1; k\not=l}^{m+2}f(a_{1},..,\hat{a_{k}}, ..,\hat{a_{l}}, ..a_{m+2}, a_{k}, a_{l})\end{aligned}$$ (the notation $\hat{a}$ means that the variable $a$ is missing above) we get, for every $x\in \mathbb{R}$, $$\begin{aligned}
\xi(x)
&=&
\sum_{m\geq 0}\frac{1}{(m+1)(m+2)}I_{m+2}\sum_{k,l=1; k\not= l} ^{m+2} a_{m} ^{x} (x_{k}, y_{l}) 1_{[0, x_{k}]\times [0, y_{l} ] } (x_{l}, y_{k})\nonumber \\
&&\times 1_{[0, x_{k} ] \times [0, y_{l}]} ^{\otimes m}\left( (x_{1}, y_{1}), (x_{2}, y_{2}),\ldots , \overline{ (x_{k}, y_{k}) }, \overline{ (x_{l}, y_{l}) }, \ldots ,(x_{m+2}, y_{m+2}) \right) \nonumber \\
&=& \sum_{m\geq 0} I_{m+2}\frac{1}{(m+1)(m+2)}\sum_{k,l=1; k\not= l} ^{m+2} a_{m} ^{x} (x_{k}, y_{l}) \nonumber\\
&&1_{[0,x_{k}]}^{\otimes m+1} (x_{1}, .., \overline{x_{k}},.., x_{m+2} )1_{[0,y_{l}] }^{\otimes m+1} (y_{1},.., \overline{y_{l}},.., y_{m+2} )\label{xi-sim}\end{aligned}$$ where $\overline{ (x_{k}, y_{k}) }$ means, as above, that the variable $(x_{k}, y_{k})$ is missing.
Using (\[d12\]), the $\mathbb{D} ^{\alpha ,2}$ norm of the random distribution $\xi (x)$ can be written as $$\begin{aligned}
&&\Vert \xi (x) \Vert _{\alpha , 2} ^{2} \\
&=& \sum_{m\geq 0} (1+m) ^{\alpha } (m+2)! \Vert \left( \frac{1}{m+1}\frac{1}{m+2} \sum_{k,l=1; k\not= l} ^{m+2} a_{m} ^{x} (x_{k}, y_{l}) 1_{[0, x_{k}]\times [0, y_{l} ] } (x_{l}, y_{k}) \right.\\
&&\left. \times 1_{[0, x_{k} ] \times [0, y_{l}]} ^{\otimes m}\left( (x_{1}, y_{1}), (x_{2}, y_{2}),\ldots , \overline{ (x_{k}, y_{k}) }, \overline{ (x_{l}, y_{l}) }, \ldots ,(x_{m+2}, y_{m+2}) \right)\right) \Vert _{L^{2} (([0,1] ^{2}) ^{m+2} )}\\
&=& \sum_{m\geq 0} (1+m) ^{\alpha } (m+2)! \left( \frac{1}{m+1}\frac{1}{m+2}\right) ^{2} \sum_{k, l=1; k\not= l}^{m+2} \sum_{k', l'=1; k'\not= l'}^{m+2} \int_{([0, 1] ^{2} ) ^{m+2} } dx_{1}dy_{1}..dx_{m+2} dy_{m+2} \\
&&\sum_{k,l=1; k\not= l} ^{m+2} a_{m} ^{x} (x_{k}, y_{l})1_{[0,x_{k}]}^{\otimes m+1} (x_{1}, .., \overline{x_{k}},.., x_{m+2} )1_{[0,y_{l}] }^{\otimes m+1} (y_{1},.., \overline{y_{l}},.., y_{m+2} ) \\
&&\sum_{k',l'=0; k'\not= l'} ^{m+2} a_{m} ^{x} (x_{k'}, y_{l'}) 1_{[0,x_{k'}]}^{\otimes m+1} (x_{1}, .., \overline{x_{k'}},.., x_{m+2} )1_{[0,y_{l'}] }^{\otimes m+1} (y_{1},.., \overline{y_{l'}},.., y_{m+2} ).\end{aligned}$$ Notice that if $k\not= k'$, the terms $1_{[0, x_{k} ] } (x_{k'}) $ and $1_{[0, x_{k'} ] } (x_{k}) $ appear in the above expression. Therefore, all the summand with $k\not= k'$ will vanish. Similarly, the summands with $l\not= l'$ will vanish. Consequently, $$\begin{aligned}
\Vert \xi (x) \Vert _{\alpha , 2} ^{2} &=&\sum_{m\geq 0} (1+m) ^{\alpha } m!\frac{1}{m+1}\frac{1}{m+2} \sum_{k,l=1; k\not= l}^{m+2} \int_{([0, 1] ^{2} ) ^{m+2} } dx_{1}dy_{1}..dx_{m+2} dy_{m+2} \\
&&\times (a_{m}^{x} (x_{k}, y_{l}))^{2} 1_{[0,x_{k}]}^{\otimes m+1} (x_{1}, .., \overline{x_{k}},.., x_{m+2} )1_{[0,y_{l}] }^{\otimes m+1} (y_{1},.., \overline{y_{l}},.., y_{m+2} )\\
&=&\sum_{m\geq 0} (1+m) ^{\alpha } m!\frac{1}{m+1}\frac{1}{m+2} \sum_{k,l=1; k\not= l} ^{m+2}\int_{0}^{1} dx_{k} \int_{0}^{1}dy_{l}(a_{m}^{x} (x_{k}, y_{l}))^{2} \\
&&\times \int_{[0,x_{k}]^{m+1}} dx_{1}...\overline{dx_{k}} ..dx_{m+2} \int_{[0,y_{l}]^{m+1}} dy_{1}...\overline{dy_{l}} ..dy_{m+2}\\
&=&\sum_{m\geq 0} (1+m) ^{\alpha } m!\frac{1}{m+1}\frac{1}{m+2} \sum_{k,l=1; k\not= l}^{m+2} \int_{0}^{1} dx_{k} \int_{0}^{1}dy_{l}(a_{m}^{x} (x_{k}, y_{l}))^{2}x_{k}^{m+1}y_{l} ^{m+1}.\end{aligned}$$ Using the expression (\[amx\]) of the coefficient $a_{m}^{x}$ we have $$(a_{m}^{x} (x_{k}, y_{l}))^{2}x_{k}^{m+1}y_{l} ^{m+1} = \left( p_{x_{k}y_{l}}(x) H_{m} \left( \frac{x}{\sqrt{x_{k}y_{l}}} \right)\right) ^{2} x_{k}y_{l}.$$ Therefore $$\begin{aligned}
\Vert \xi (x) \Vert _{\alpha , 2} ^{2}=\sum_{m\geq 0} (1+m) ^{\alpha } m!\int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{1} dudv \left( p_{uv}(x) H_{m} \left( \frac{x}{\sqrt{uv} } \right) \right)^{2}uv.\end{aligned}$$ We use the identity, for every $y\in \mathbb{R}$, $$\label{id} H_{n}(y)e^{-\frac{y^{2}}{2}} = (-1)^{[n/2]}
2^{\frac{n}{2}} \frac{2}{n!\pi } \int _{0}^{\infty } u^{n}
e^{-u^{2}} g(uy\sqrt{2}) du$$ where $g(r)=\cos (r)$ if $n$ is even and $g(r)=\sin (r)$ if $n$ is odd. Since $\vert g(r)\vert \leq 1$, we have the bound $$\label{cn}
\left|H_{n}(y)e^{-\frac{y^{2}}{2}} \right| \leq
2^{\frac{n}{2}}\frac{2}{n!\pi } \Gamma (\frac{n+1}{2}):=c_{n}.$$ This implies that $$\begin{aligned}
\Vert \xi (x) \Vert _{\alpha , 2} ^{2}&\leq &\frac{1}{2\pi}\sum_{m\geq 0} (1+m) ^{\alpha } m!c_{m}^{2} \int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{1} dudv (uv) ^{\frac{1}{2}}\\
&=& \frac{1}{2\pi}\frac{4}{9}\sum_{m\geq 0} (1+m) ^{\alpha } m!c_{m}^{2}\end{aligned}$$ and this is finite for every $\alpha <\frac{-1}{2}$ because, by Stirling’s formula, $m!c_{m}^{2}$ (this has been already used in [@NV], [@Ed], [@CNT]) behaves as $n^{-\frac{1}{2}}$.
We remark that the regularity of the functional $\xi (x)$ in the Watanabe sense is the same as in the one-parameter case (see [@FT]). This implies in particular that it is not a random variable, but a distribution.
Note that the integration interval for the stochastic integral $dW$ in the definition of $\xi(x)$ is the entire interval $[0,1]$. In the one-parameter case (see [@FT]), we need to consider the quantity $\xi(x)= \int_{a} ^{1} \Delta (x-B_{s})dB_{s}$ with $a>0$ in order to obtain that $\xi (x) \in \mathbb{D}^{\alpha , 2}$ with $\alpha <\frac{-1}{2}$.
Approximation of 2D-stochastic current in Watanabe spaces
---------------------------------------------------------
0.3cm Let us introduce the Riemann sum $$\label{TNM}
T_{N,M} (x)= \sum_{i=0} ^{N-1} \sum_{j=0} ^{M-1} \Delta (x-W_{s_{i}, t_{j}} ) \left( W_{s_{i+1}, t_{j}}-W_{s_{i}, t_{j}}\right) \left( W_{s_{i}, t_{j+1}}-W_{s_{i}, t_{j}}\right).$$
Following the lines of Theorem \[th1\], we can prove that $T_{N,M}(x)$ belongs to the Sobolev-Watanabe space $\mathbb{D} ^{\alpha, 2 }$ for every $\alpha <\frac{-1}{2}$. This is also a consequence of the proof of Theorem \[tt2\] below.
Following the discussion at the beginning of Section \[defint\] it is natural to expect that $T_{N,M}(x)$ converges as $M,N\to \infty$ to $\xi (x)$ for every $x\in \mathbb{R}$. We will actually show that the sequence (\[TNM\]) approximates $\xi (x)$ in the norm of the Watanabe space $\mathbb{D} ^{-\alpha ,2} $ with $\alpha >\frac{1}{2}$.
\[tt2\] For every $x\in \mathbb{R}$, the sequence $T_{N,M} (x)$ given by (\[TNM\]) converges to $\xi (x)$ as $M, N\to \infty$ in the norm $\Vert \cdot \Vert _{-\alpha ,2}$ for any $\alpha >\frac{1}{2}$.
[**Proof:** ]{} Fix again $x\in \mathbb{R}$. The first step is to express $T_{N,M}$ using multiple Wiener-Itô integrals. We have, by the integration by parts formula (\[ip\]) and the symmetrization formula (\[sim2\]) $$\begin{aligned}
T_{N,M} (x)
&=& \delta ^{(2)} \left(\sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1} \Delta (x-W_{s_{i},t_{j}})1_{[0,s_{i}]\times [t_{j}, t_{j+1}]} (u_{1},v_{1}) 1_{[s_{i}, s_{i+1}]\times [0, t_{j}]} (u_{2}, v_{2})\right)\nonumber \\
&=& \sum_{i=0}^{N-1}\sum_{j=0}^{M-1} a_{m}^{x}(s_{i},t_{j}) \nonumber\\
&&\times \sum_{m\geq 0} I_{m+2} \left( 1_{[0,s_{i} ]\times [0,t_{j}]}^{\otimes m} ((x_{1},y_{1}),..., (x_{m},y_{m})) 1_{[0,s_{i}]\times [t_{j}, t_{j+1}]} (u_{1},v_{1}) 1_{[s_{i}, s_{i+1}]\times [0, t_{j}]} (u_{2}, v_{2}) \right)\nonumber\\
&=&\sum_{i=0}^{N-1}\sum_{j=0}^{M-1} a_{m}^{x}(s_{i},t_{j})\sum_{m\geq 0} I_{m+2}\left( \frac{1}{(m+1)(m+2)} \right. \nonumber\\
&& \left. \sum_{k,l=1; k\not= l}^{m+2} 1_{[0, s_{i}]\times [0, t_{j}]} ^{\otimes m}((x_{1},y_{1}),.., \overline{(x_{k},y_{k})}, \overline{(x_{l},y_{l})},.., (x_{m+2},y_{m+2}))\right. \nonumber\\
&&\left. 1_{[0,s_{i}]\times [t_{j}, t_{j+1}]} (x_{k}, y_{k}))1_{[s_{i}, s_{i+1}]\times [0, t_{j}]} (x_{l}, y_{l})\right).\label{tnmsim}\end{aligned}$$ Taking into account relation (\[tnmsim\]) and its analogous for $\xi (x)$ (see the proof of Theorem \[th1\], formula \[xi-sim\]) we obtain
$$\begin{aligned}
\Vert T_{N,M}(x)-\xi (x) \Vert ^{2} _{\alpha , 2}
&=&\sum_{m\geq 0} (3+m) ^{\alpha } \frac{m!} {(m+1) (m+2)} \sum_{k,l=1; k\not= l}^{m+2}
\int_{[0,1] ^{2m}} dx_{1}..dx_{m+2} dy_{1}..dy_{m+2} \\
&& \left( \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1}a_{m}^{x}(s_{i}, t_{j}) 1_{[0,s_{i}]} ^{\otimes m+1} (x_{1},..,\overline{x_{k}},.., x_{m+2})1_{[s_{i},s_{i+1}]}(x_{k}) 1_{[0,t_{j}]} ^{\otimes m+1} (y_{1},..,\overline{y_{l}} ,..y_{m+2}) \right. \\
&& \left. - a_{m}^{x} (x_{k}, y_{l}) 1_{[0,x_{k} ]}^{\otimes m+1} (x_{1},..,\overline{x_{k}},.., x_{m+2})1_{[0,y_{l}]}^{\otimes m+1} (y_{1},..,\overline{y_{l}} ,..y_{m+2}) \right)^{2}\end{aligned}$$
and as in the proof of Theorem \[th1\] $$\begin{aligned}
\Vert T_{N,M}(x)-\xi (x) \Vert ^{2} _{\alpha , 2}
&=&\sum_{m\geq 0} (3+m) ^{\alpha }\frac{m!} {(m+1) (m+2)} \sum_{k,l=1; k\not= l}^{m+2} \\
&&\left( \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1}(a_{m}^{x}(s_{i}, t_{j}))^{2} s_{i}^{m+1} (s_{i+1}-s_{i}) t_{j}^{m+1} (t_{j+1}-t_{j}) \right. \\
&&\left. - 2 \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1}a_{m}^{x}(s_{i}, t_{j})s_{i}^{m+1} t_{j}^{m+1}\int_{s_{i}}^{s_{i+1}} \int_{t_{j}}^{t_{j+1}}dx_{k}dy_{l}a_{m}^{x} (x_{k}, y_{l}) \right. \\
&&\left. + \int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{1} dx_{k}dy_{l} (a_{m}^{x}(x_{k}, y_{l})) ^{2} x_{k}^{m+1} y_{l} ^{m+1} \right)\\
&=&\sum_{m\geq 0} (3+m) ^{\alpha }m! \left( \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1}(a_{m}^{x}(s_{i}, t_{j}))^{2} s_{i}^{m+1} (s_{i+1}-s_{i}) t_{j}^{m+1} (t_{j+1}-t_{j}) \right. \\
&&\left. - 2 \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1}a_{m}^{x}(s_{i}, t_{j})s_{i}^{m+1} t_{j}^{m+1}\int_{s_{i}}^{s_{i+1}} \int_{t_{j}}^{t_{j+1}}dudv a_{m}^{x} (u,v)\right. \\
&&\left. + \int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{1}dudv (a_{m}^{x}(u,v))^{2} (uv) ^{m+1}\right).\end{aligned}$$ Now we claim that, for every fixed $m\geq 0$, the sequence $$\begin{aligned}
&&\left( \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1}(a_{m}^{x}(s_{i}, t_{j}))^{2} s_{i}^{m+1} (s_{i+1}-s_{i}) t_{j}^{m+1} (t_{j+1}-t_{j}) \right. \\
&&\left. - 2 \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1}a_{m}^{x}(s_{i}, t_{j})s_{i}^{m+1} t_{j}^{m+1}\int_{s_{i}}^{s_{i+1}} \int_{t_{j}}^{t_{j+1}}dudv a_{m}^{x} (u,v) + 2 \int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{1}dudv (a_{m}^{x}(u,v))^{2} (uv) ^{m+1}\right)\end{aligned}$$ converges to zero as $N,M\to \infty$. This is true because $$\sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1}(a_{m}^{x}(s_{i}, t_{j}))^{2} s_{i}^{m+1} (s_{i+1}-s_{i}) t_{j}^{m+1} (t_{j+1}-t_{j}) \to _{N,M\to \infty} \int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{1}dudv (a_{m}^{x}(u,v))^{2} (uv) ^{m+1}$$ and $$\sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1}a_{m}^{x}(s_{i}, t_{j})s_{i}^{m+1} t_{j}^{m+1}\int_{s_{i}}^{s_{i+1}} \int_{t_{j}}^{t_{j+1}}dudv a_{m}^{x}(u,v)\to _{N,M\to \infty} \int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{1}dudv (a_{m}^{x}(u,v))^{2} (uv) ^{m+1}$$ using Riemann sums convergence. To conclude the convergence of $\Vert T_{N,M}(x)-\xi (x) \Vert ^{2} _{\alpha , 2}$ to zero for every $\alpha <\frac{-1}{2}$ it suffices to check that $$\sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1}(a_{m}^{x}(s_{i}, t_{j}))^{2} s_{i}^{m+1} (s_{i+1}-s_{i}) t_{j}^{m+1} (t_{j+1}-t_{j})\leq cm^{-\frac{1}{2}},$$
$$\sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1}a_{m}^{x}(s_{i}, t_{j})s_{i}^{m+1} t_{j}^{m+1}\int_{s_{i}}^{s_{i+1}} \int_{t_{j}}^{t_{j+1}}dudv a_{m}^{x} (u,v) \leq cm^{-\frac{1}{2}},$$
and $$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{1}dudv (a_{m}^{x}(u,v))^{2} (uv) ^{m+1}\leq cm^{-\frac{1}{2}}.$$ with $c>0$ a constant not depending on $m$. The last bound has been proved before (see the proof of Theorem \[th1\]) and the first two bounds can be obtained analogously using relations (\[id\]) and (\[cn\]).
2D-stochastic currents in deterministic Sobolev spaces
======================================================
The purpose is this paragraph in to study the mapping (\[xi\]) as a function of the spatial variable $x\in \mathbb{R}$.
Regularity in the deterministic Sobolev spaces
----------------------------------------------
We study in this part the regularity with respect to the variable $x \in \mathbb{R}^{d} $ of the mapping given by (\[xi\]) in the (deterministic) Sobolev spaces $H^{-r}
(\mathbb{R}^{d}; \mathbb{R}^{d})$. This is the dual space to $H^{r}\left( \mathbb{R}^{d},\mathbb{R}^{d}\right)
$, or equivalently the space of all vector valued distributions $\varphi$ such that $\int_{\mathbb{R}^{d}}\left( 1+\left| x\right| ^{2}\right) ^{-r}\left|
\widehat{\varphi}\left( x\right) \right| ^{2}dx<\infty$, $\widehat{\varphi
}$ being the Fourier transform of $\varphi$. Assume first that $d=1$. The case $d\geq 2$ will be treated later.
We will recall the following lemma (see [@FT], Lemma 1).
\[ahat\] Let $s=(s_{1},.., s_{N})\in [0,1]^{N}$ be fixed. The Fourier transform of the function $$x\to a_{m} ^{x} (s) : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$$ is denoted by $a_{m}^{\hat{x}}(s)$ and it is given by $$a_{m}^{\hat{x}}(s)= e^{-\frac{x^{2}}{2} \vert s\vert } \frac{ (-i) ^{m} x^{m} }{m!}$$ where $\vert s\vert =s_{1}...s_{N}$.
As a consequence, the Fourier transform with respect to $x$, denoted in the sequel $\Delta (\widehat{x}-W_{u_{1}, v_{2}}) $, of the random distribution $x\in \mathbb{R} \to \Delta (x-W_{u_{1}, v_{2}}) $ is given by $$\Delta (\widehat{x}-W_{u_{1}, v_{2}})=\sum_{m} a_{m}^{\hat{x}}(u_{1}, v_{2}) I_{m} \left( 1_{[0,u_{1}]\times [0, v_{2}]} ^{\otimes m} \right)= e^{-ixW_{u_{1}, v_{2}} }.$$
\[pp1\] The Fourier transform of the function $$x\to \xi (x)$$ is given by $$\hat{\xi} (x) = \delta _{(u_{1},v_{1}), (u_{2},v_{2})}^{(2)} \left( e^{-ixW_{u_{1}, v_{2}}}1_{[0, u_{1}] \times [0, v_{2}] } \right).$$
[**Proof:** ]{}Using formula (\[xi-sim\]) and the expression of the Fourier transform of $x\to a_{m}^{x}$ from Lemma \[ahat\], we get (to justify the interchange of the order of integration below we refer to Exercise 3.2.7 in [@N]) $$\begin{aligned}
\hat{\xi} (x) &= &\sum_{m\geq 0} I_{m+2}\frac{1}{(m+1)(m+2)}\sum_{k,l=1; k\not= l} ^{m+2} a_{m} ^{\widehat{x}} (x_{k}, y_{l}) \nonumber\\
&&1_{[0,x_{k}]}^{\otimes m+1} (x_{1}, .., \overline{x_{k}},.., x_{m+2} )1_{[0,y_{l}] }^{\otimes m+1} (y_{1},.., \overline{y_{k}},.., y_{m+2} )\\
&=& \delta ^{(2)} _{(u_{1}, v_{1}), (u_{2}, v_{2})} e^{-\frac{x^{2}}{2}u_{1}v_{2}}\sum_{m\geq 0} \frac{(-i)^{m} x^{m}}{m!} I_{m}\left(1^{\otimes m}_{[0, u_{1}] \times [0,v_{2}] } (\cdot ) \right) \\
&=& \delta ^{(2)} _{(u_{1}, v_{1}), (u_{2}, v_{2})} \left( e^{-ixW_{u_{1}, v_{2}}}1_{[0, u_{1}] \times [0, v_{2}] } \right).\end{aligned}$$ Here we used the fact that $$e^{-ixW_{u_{1}, v_{2}} }= \sum_{m\geq 0} \frac{(-i)^{m} x^{m}}{m!} I_{m}\left(1^{\otimes m}_{[0, u_{1}] \times [0,v_{2}] } (\cdot )\right)$$ which can be obtained using Stroock’s formula (see [@FT] relation (9)). 0.3cm
Consequently, we obtain the following result:
\[th3\] For almost all $\omega$, it holds that $\xi \in H^{-r} (\mathbb{R}, \mathbb{R}) $ if $r>\frac{1}{2}$
[**Proof:** ]{}It is easy to see that $$\begin{aligned}
\mathbf{E}\left| \widehat{\xi }(x) \right| ^{2}&=&\int_{0} ^{1} du_{1} \int_{0} ^{u_{1} } du_{2} \int_{0}^{1}dv_{2} \int_{0} ^{v_{2}} dv_{1} \left| e^{-ixW_{u_{1}, v_{2}} }\right| ^{2}\\
&=& \int_{0}^{1} u_{1} du_{1} \int_{0} ^{1} v_{2}dv_{2}=\frac{1}{4}\end{aligned}$$ and consequently $$\begin{aligned}
\mathbf{E} \Vert \xi(x) \Vert _{H^{-r} }=\int_{\mathbb{R}} \frac{1}{(1+ x^{2})^{r}} \mathbf{E} \left| \widehat{\xi }(x) \right| ^{2}dx\end{aligned}$$ is finite if and only if $r>\frac{1}{2}$.
We note that, as in the case of 1D -currents, the regularity of (\[xi\]) is the same with respect to the space variable $x$ and with respect to the randomness variable $\omega$.
Convergence of the Fourier transforms
-------------------------------------
Here we study the convergence of the sequence $T_{N,M}$ (\[TNM\]) to the 2D-stochastic current (\[xi\]) in the Sobolev space. Precisely, we have the following:
Let $T_{N,M}$ be given by (\[TNM\]). Then as $M,N\to \infty$, the sequence $T_{N,M}$ converges to $\xi$ in $L^{2}(\Omega; H^{-r}(\mathbb{R}; \mathbb{R}))$ for every $r>\frac{1}{2}$.
[**Proof:** ]{} From (\[TNM\]) it is immediate that $$T_{N,M}(\hat{x}) =\sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1} e^{_ixW_{s_{i}, t_{j}}} \left( W_{s_{i+1}, t_{j}} - W_{s_{i}, t_{j}}\right) \left( W_{s_{i}, t_{j+1}}- W_{s_{i}, t_{j}}\right)$$ where $T_{N,M}(\hat{x})$ denotes the Fourier transform of $x\to T_{N,M}(x).$ We also know from Proposition \[pp1\] that $$\xi (\hat{x})=\delta ^{(2)}_{(u_{1},v_{1}), (u_{2}, v_{2}) }\left( e ^{-xW_{u_{1}, v_{2}} } 1_{[0,u_{1}]} (u_{2} ) 1_{[0,v_{2} ] } (v_{1} ) \right).$$ Then the $L^{2}(\Omega; H^{-r}(\mathbb{R}; \mathbb{R}))$-norm of the difference $T_{N,M}-\xi$ can be computed as follows $$\begin{aligned}
\mathbf{E} \left| T_{N,M} -\xi \right| ^{2} _{H^{-r} (\mathbb{R}; \mathbb{R})} =\mathbf{E}\int_{\mathbb{R} } \left| T_{N,M}(\hat{x}) -\xi(\hat{x} ) \right| ^{2} (1+x^{2}) ^{-r} dx.\end{aligned}$$ Let us first compute $$\begin{aligned}
&& \mathbf{E} \left| T_{N,M}(\hat{x}) -\xi(\hat{x} ) \right| ^{2}\\
&=&\mathbf{E} \left| \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1} \cos (-xW_{s_{i},t_{j}}) \left( W_{s_{i+1}, t_{j}} - W_{s_{i}, t_{j}}\right) \left( W_{s_{i}, t_{j+1}}- W_{s_{i}, t_{j}}\right) \right. \\
&&\left. -\delta ^{(2)}_{(u_{1},v_{1}), (u_{2}, v_{2}) }\left( \cos (-xW_{u_{1}, v_{2}} ) 1_{[0,u_{1}]} (u_{2} ) 1_{[0,v_{2} ] } (v_{1} ) \right)\right| ^{2} \\
&&+ \mathbf{E} \left| \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1} \sin (-xW_{s_{i},t_{j}} \left( W_{s_{i+1}, t_{j}} - W_{s_{i}, t_{j}}\right) \left( W_{s_{i}, t_{j+1}}- W_{s_{i}, t_{j}}\right) \right. \\
&&\left. - \delta ^{(2)}_{(u_{1},v_{1}), (u_{2}, v_{2}) }\left( \sin (-xW_{u_{1}, v_{2}} ) 1_{[0,u_{1}]} (u_{2} ) 1_{[0,v_{2} ] } (v_{1} ) \right)\right| ^{2}\end{aligned}$$ and from the independence of the increments of the Brownian sheet $$\begin{aligned}
&& \mathbf{E} \left| T_{N,M}(\hat{x}) -\xi(\hat{x} ) \right| ^{2}\\
&=& \mathbf{E} \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1} \cos (-xW_{s_{i},t_{j}}) ^{2} s_{i}t_{j} (s_{i+1}-s_{i}) (t_{j+1}-t_{j}) \\
&&+ \mathbf{E} \int_{0}^{1} du_{1}\int_{0}^{u_{1}}du_{2}\int_{0}^{1} dv_{2} \int_{0}^{v_{2}} dv_{1} \cos (-xW_{u_{1}, v_{2}} ) ^{2} \\
&& -2\mathbf{E} \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1}\int_{s_{i}}^{s_{i+1} } du_{1} \int_{0}^{s_{i}} du_{2} \int_{t_{j} } ^{t_{j+1}} dv_{2} \int_{0}^{t_{j}}dv_{1} \cos (-xW_{s_{i},t_{j}})\cos (-xW_{u_{1},v_{2}})\\
&+& \mathbf{E} \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1} \sin (-xW_{s_{i},t_{j}}) ^{2} s_{i}t_{j} (s_{i+1}-s_{i}) (t_{j+1}-t_{j}) \\
&&+ \mathbf{E} \int_{0}^{1} du_{1}\int_{0}^{u_{1}}du_{2}\int_{0}^{1} dv_{2} \int_{0}^{v_{2}} dv_{1} \sin (-xW_{u_{1}, v_{2}} ) ^{2} \\
&& -2\mathbf{E} \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1}\int_{s_{i}}^{s_{i+1} } du_{1} \int_{0}^{s_{i}} du_{2} \int_{t_{j} } ^{t_{j+1}} dv_{2} \int_{0}^{t_{j}}dv_{1} \sin (-xW_{s_{i},t_{j}})\sin (-xW_{u_{1},v_{2}}).\end{aligned}$$ We will obtain, using the well-known trigonometric formulas $\sin^{2}(x)+ \cos ^{2}(x)=1$ and $\sin(x)\sin(y)+ \cos (x)\cos (y)= \cos (x+y)$ $$\begin{aligned}
\mathbf{E} \left| T_{N,M}(\hat{x}) -\xi(\hat{x} ) \right| ^{2}
&=& \mathbf{E} \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1} s_{i}t_{j} (s_{i+1}-s_{i}) (t_{j+1}-t_{j}) +\left( \int_{0}^{1} udu \right) ^{2}\\
&&-2\mathbf{E} \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1}s_{i}t_{j} \int_{s_{i}}^{s_{i+1} } du_{1}\int_{t_{j} } ^{t_{j+1}} dv_{2}\cos \left( x( W_{s_{i}, t_{j}}-W_{u_{1}, v_{2}}) \right).\end{aligned}$$ Since $W_{s_{i}, t_{j}}-W_{u_{1}, v_{2}}$ with $s_{i}<u_{1}$ and $t_{j}<v_{2}$ is a centered Gaussian random variable with variance $u_{1}v_{2}-s_{i}t_{j}$ we get $$\mathbf{E}\cos \left( x( W_{s_{i}, t_{j}}-W_{u_{1}, v_{2}}) \right)= e^{-\frac{ x^{2}(u_{1}v_{2}-s_{i}t_{j})}{2}}$$ and therefore $$\begin{aligned}
\mathbf{E} \left| T_{N,M}(\hat{x}) -\xi(\hat{x} ) \right| ^{2}
&=& \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1} s_{i}t_{j} (s_{i+1}-s_{i}) (t_{j+1}-t_{j}) +\left( \int_{0}^{1} udu \right) ^{2}\\
&&-2 \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1}s_{i}t_{j} \int_{s_{i}}^{s_{i+1} } du_{1}\int_{t_{j} } ^{t_{j+1}} dv_{2}e^{-\frac{ x^{2}(u_{1}v_{2}-s_{i}t_{j})}{2}}.\end{aligned}$$ We can write $$\begin{aligned}
&&\mathbf{E} \left| T_{N,M} -\xi \right| ^{2} _{H^{-r} (\mathbb{R}; \mathbb{R})} =\mathbf{E}\int_{\mathbb{R} } \left| T_{N,M}(\hat{x}) -\xi(\hat{x} ) \right| ^{2} (1+x^{2}) ^{-r} dx\\
&=&\int_{\mathbb{R} } dx (1+x^{2}) ^{-r} \left( \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1} s_{i}t_{j} (s_{i+1}-s_{i}) (t_{j+1}-t_{j}) +\left( \int_{0}^{1} udu \right) ^{2} \right)\\
&&-2\int_{\mathbb{R} } dx (1+x^{2}) ^{-r} \left( \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1}s_{i}t_{j} \int_{s_{i}}^{s_{i+1} } du_{1}\int_{t_{j} } ^{t_{j+1}} dv_{2}e^{-\frac{ x^{2}(u_{1}v_{2}-s_{i}t_{j})}{2}}\right)\end{aligned}$$ By a Riemmann sum convergence, it is clear that $$\sum_{i=0}^{N-1}s_{i}(s_{i+1}-s_{1}) \to _{N\to \infty} \int_{0}^{1}udu, \hskip0.5cm \sum_{j=0}^{M-1}t_{j}(t_{j+1}-t_{j}) \to_{M\to \infty} \int_{0}^{1}vdv$$ and for every fixed $x\in \mathbb{R}$ $$\sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1}s_{i}t_{j} e^{\frac{ x^{2}s_{i}t_{j}}{2}}\int_{s_{i}}^{s_{i+1} } du_{1}\int_{t_{j} } ^{t_{j+1}} dv_{2}e^{-\frac{ x^{2}u_{1}v_{2}}{2}}\to _{N,M\to \infty} \int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{1} uvdudv e^{\frac{ -x^{2}uv}{2}}e^{\frac{ x^{2}uv}{2}}= \left( \int_{0}^{1}udu\right) ^{2}$$ and this implies that for every $x\in \mathbb{R}$ the sequence $\mathbf{E} \left| T_{N,M}(\hat{x}) -\xi(\hat{x} ) \right| ^{2}$ converges to zero as $N,M\to \infty$. The convergence of $\mathbf{E} \left| T_{N,M} -\xi \right| ^{2} _{H^{-r} (\mathbb{R}; \mathbb{R})} $ to zero follows from the dominated convergence theorem since $$\begin{aligned}
&&(1+x^{2}) ^{-r} \left( \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1} s_{i}t_{j} \int_{s_{i}}^{s_{i+1} } du_{1}\int_{t_{j} } ^{t_{j+1}} dv_{2} \left( 1-e^{-\frac{ x^{2}(u_{1}v_{2}-s_{i}t_{j})}{2}} \right)\right)\\
&\leq & (1+x^{2}) ^{-r}\left( \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1} s_{i}t_{j} \int_{s_{i}}^{s_{i+1} } du_{1}\int_{t_{j} } ^{t_{j+1}} dv_{2} \right)\\
&\leq & (1+x^{2}) ^{-r}\end{aligned}$$ which is integrable for every $r>\frac{1}{2}$.
Multidimensional 2D-currents
============================
Newt we study in this parts $d$ -dimensional stochastic currents over a Wiener sheet. Let $W= \left( W^{(1)}, W^{(2)},..., W^{(d)}\right) $ be a $d$-dimensional Brownian sheet. That means, for every $i=1,..,d$, the component $W^{(i)}= (W^{(i)} _{s,t})_{s,t\in [0,1]}$ is a Wiener sheet and the components of $W$ are mutually independent.
We will defined the $d$ -dimensional current over the Wiener sheet as follows.
\[defxid\]The 2D- stochastic current over $W$ in $\mathbb{R} ^{d}$ is given by the mapping $$x \in \mathbb{R} ^{d}\to \xi(x)=(\xi _{i,j}) _{i,j=1,..,d}:= \left( \delta ^{i} _{(u_{1}, v_{1}) } \delta ^{j} _{(u_{2}, v_{2})} \left( \Delta (x-W_{u_{1}, v_{2}}) 1_{[0,u_{1}]}(u_{2}) 1_{[0,v_{2}]} (v_{1})\right)\right)_{i,j=1,..,d}.$$
Consequently $\xi(x)$ is, for every $x\in \mathbb{R} ^{d}$, a $d\times d$ matrix whose components are distributions in Sobolev-Watanabe spaces. The notation $\delta ^{i} $ refers to the divergence integral with respect to the component $W^{(i)}$ for every $i=1,..,d$.
At this point, we will introduce some notation. Let us denote, for every $i,j=1,..,d$, by $$\Delta _{i,j} (x-W_{u,v}) := \prod _{k=1; k\not= i,j} ^{d}\Delta (x_{k} -W^{(k)}_{u,v}) \hskip0.5cm \forall u,v\in [0,1].$$ Therefore, we can formally write $$\label{d1}
\Delta \left( x-W_{u, v}\right) = \Delta _{i,j} (x-W_{u,v}) \Delta (x_{i}-W^{(i)}_{u,v} ) \Delta (x_{j}-W^{(j)}_{u,v} ).$$ We have the following result.
The stochastic current $x\to \xi (x)$ introduced in Definition (\[defxid\]) belongs to the Sobolev space $H^{-r}(\mathbb{R}^{d}; \mathbb{R} ^{d})$ for every $r>\frac{d}{2}$.
[**Proof:** ]{} Let us consider $i\not= j$. Using (\[d1\]) and the general chaos expansion formula (\[deltagen\]) for the delta Dirac functional, the component $\xi _{i,j}$ can be decomposed as follows $$\begin{aligned}
\xi_{i,j}(x)&=& \delta ^{i} _{(u_{1}, v_{1}) } \delta ^{j} _{(u_{2}, v_{2}) } \left( \Delta _{i,j} (x-W_{u_{1}, v_{2} }) 1_{[0, u_{1} ]} (u_{2}) 1_{[0, v_{2}] }(v_{1})\right) \\
&&\times \sum_{m_{i}\geq 0} a_{m_{i}} ^{x_{i}}(u_{1}, v_{2})I_{m_{i}}^{i} \left( 1_{[0,u_{1}]\times [0, v_{2}] } ^{\otimes m_{i} } \right)
\sum_{m_{j}\geq 0} a_{m_{j}} ^{x_{j}}(u_{1}, v_{2})I_{m_{j}}^{j} \left( 1_{[0,u_{1}]\times [0, v_{2}] } ^{\otimes m_{j} } \right) .\end{aligned}$$ Here $I_{m } ^{i}$ denotes the multiple integral of order $m$ with respect to the Wiener sheet $W^{(i)}$. We will get, after symmetrization, for every $i,j=1,..,d$, $i\not=j$
$$\begin{aligned}
\xi_{i,j}(x)&=& \sum_{m_{i}\geq 0} \sum_{m_{j}\geq 0} \frac{1}{m_{i}+ 1} \frac{1}{m_{j}+1} \\
&& I_{m_{i}+1}^{i} I_{m_{j}+1} ^{j} \left( \sum_{k=1} ^{m_{i}+1} \sum_{l=1} ^{m_{j}+1} a_{m_{i}}^{x_{i}}(a_{k}, d_{l})a_{m_{j}}^{x_{j}}(a_{k}, d_{l})\Delta _{i,j}(x-W_{a_{k} , d_{l}}) \right.\\
&& \left. 1_{[0,a_{k}] \times [0, d_{l} ] } ^{\otimes m_{i} } \left( (a_{1}, b_{1}), ..., \overline{(a_{k}, b_{k})},..., (a_{m_{i}+1} , b_{m_{i}+1}) \right) 1_{[0,a_{k}]} (c_{l}) 1_{[0,d_{l}]} (b_{k})\right. \\
&& \left. 1_{[0,a_{k}] \times [0, d_{l} ] } ^{\otimes m_{j} }\left( (c_{1}, d_{1}), ..., \overline{(c_{l}, d_{l})},...,(c_{m_{j}+1}, d_{m_{j}+1}) \right) \right) .\end{aligned}$$
Let us comment on the above expression. The multiple integral $I_{m_{i}+1} ^{i}$ acts with respect to the variables $(a_{1}, b_{1}), (a_{2}, b_{2}),... (a_{m_{i}+1}, b_{m_{i}+1})$. The multiple integral $I_{m_{j}+1} ^{j}$ acts with respect to the variables $(c_{1},d_{1}), (c_{2}, d_{2}),..., (c_{m_{j}+1}, d_{m_{j}+1})$. Due to the independence of the components $W^{(i)}$, $i=1,..,d$, the term $\Delta _{i,j} (x-W _{a_{k}, d_{l}})$, although stochastic, can be viewed as a deterministic integrand for both multiple Wiener-Itô integrals $I_{m_{i}+1}^{i}$ and $I_{m_{j}+1} ^{j}$. Also the integrals $I_{m_{i}+1}^{i}$ and $I_{m_{j}+1} ^{j}$ plays the role of a deterministic integrand one for the other.
Let us compute the Fourier transform of $\xi_{i,j}$, for $1\leq i,j\leq d$, $i\not=j$. We recall that the Fourier transform is taken with respect to the variable $x\in \mathbb{R} ^{d}$.
$$\begin{aligned}
\widehat{\xi } _{i,j}(x)&=& \sum_{m_{i}, m_{j}\geq 0} \frac{1}{m_{i}+ 1} \frac{1}{m_{j}+1} a_{m_{i}}^{\hat{x}_{i}}(a_{k}, d_{l})a_{m_{j}}^{\hat{x}_{j}}(a_{k}, d_{l})\nonumber \\
&& I_{m_{i}+1}^{i} I_{m_{j}+1} ^{j} \left( \sum_{k=0} ^{m_{i}+1} \sum_{l=0} ^{m_{j}+1} \Delta _{i,j}(\hat{x}-W_{a_{k} , d_{l}}) \right.\nonumber\\
&& \left. 1_{[0,a_{k}] \times [0, d_{l} ] } ^{\otimes m_{i} } \left( (a_{1}, b_{1}), ..., \overline{(a_{k}, b_{k})},..., (a_{m_{i}+1} , b_{m_{i}+1}) \right)1_{[0, a_{k}]}(c_{l}) 1_{[0, d_{l}]} (b_{k})\right. \nonumber\\
&& \left. 1_{[0,a_{k}] \times [0, d_{l} ] } ^{\otimes m_{i} }\left( (c_{1}, d_{1}), ..., \overline{(c_{l}, d_{l})},...,(c_{m_{j}+1}, d_{m_{j}+1}) \right) \right) \label{n1}\end{aligned}$$
where $a_{m_{i}}^{\hat{x}_{i}}$ denotes the Fourier transform of the function $x\to a_{m_{i}}^{x_{i}}$ and $ \Delta _{i,j}(\hat{x}-W_{a_{k} , d_{l}})$ means the Fourier transform of the function $$(x_{1}, .., \overline{x}_{i},.., \overline{x}_{j},.., x_{d} )\in \mathbb{R} ^{d-2} \to \Delta _{i,j}(x-W_{a_{k} , d_{l}}).$$ We have from Lemma \[ahat\] $$\label{n2}
a_{m_{i}}^{\hat{x}_{i}}(a_{k}, d_{l}) =\frac{(-1) ^{m_{i}} x_{i} ^{m_{i}}}{m_{i}!} e^{-\frac{x_{i}^{2} a_{k}d_{l}}{2}}$$ and clearly $$\label{n3}
\Delta _{i,j}(\hat{x}-W_{a_{k} , d_{l}})=\prod _{k=1; k\not= i,j} ^{d} e^{-ix_{k} W^{(k)}_{a_{k}, d_{l}}}.$$ Then, by combining (\[n1\]), (\[n2\]), (\[n3\]) $$\begin{aligned}
\widehat{\xi } _{i,j}(x)&=& \sum_{m_{i}, m_{j}\geq 0} \frac{1}{m_{i}+ 1} \frac{1}{m_{j}+1}\frac{(-i) ^{m_{i}+ m_{j}}}{m_{i}! m_{j}! }x_{i}^{m_{i}}x_{j}^{m_{j}}I_{m_{i}+1}^{i} I_{m_{j}+1} ^{j} \\
&&\sum_{k=1} ^{m_{i}+1} \sum_{l=1} ^{m_{j}+1} e^{-\frac{x_{i}^{2} a_{k}d_{l}}{2}}e^{-\frac{x_{j}^{2} a_{k}d_{l}}{2}}\left( \prod _{k=1; k\not= i,j} ^{d} e^{-ix_{k} W^{(k)}_{a_{k}, d_{l}}}\right) \\
&& 1_{[0,a_{k}] \times [0, d_{l} ] } ^{\otimes m_{i} } \left( (a_{1}, b_{1}), ..., \overline{(a_{k}, b_{k})},..., (a_{m_{i}+1} , b_{m_{i}+1}) \right)1_{[0, a_{k}]}(c_{l})\\
&& 1_{[0,a_{k}] \times [0, d_{l} ] } ^{\otimes m_{j} }\left( (c_{1}, d_{1}), ..., \overline{(c_{l}, d_{l})},...,(c_{m_{j}+1}, d_{m_{j}+1}) \right)1_{[0,d_{l}]} (b_{k})\\
&=&\sum_{m_{i}, m_{j}\geq 0} \frac{1}{m_{i}+ 1} \frac{1}{m_{j}+1}\frac{(-i) ^{m_{i}+ m_{j}}}{m_{i}! m_{j}! }x_{i}^{m_{i}}x_{j}^{m_{j}}I_{m_{i}+1}^{i} I_{m_{j}+1} ^{j} \\
&&\sum_{k=1} ^{m_{i}+1} \sum_{l=1} ^{m_{j}+1} e^{-\frac{x_{i}^{2} a_{k}d_{l}}{2}}e^{-\frac{x_{j}^{2} a_{k}d_{l}}{2}}\left( \prod _{k=1; k\not= i,j} ^{d} e^{-ix_{k} W^{(k)}_{a_{k}, d_{l}}}\right) \\
&&1_{[0, a_{k}] } ^{\otimes m_{i}}(a_{1},.., \overline{a_{k}},.., a_{m_{i}+1}) 1_{[0, a_{k}] } ^{\otimes m_{j}+1}(c_{1},...., c_{m_{j}+1})\\
&& 1_{[0,d_{l}] }^{m_{i} +1} (b_{1},..., b_{m_{i}+1}) 1_{[0,d_{l}] }^{m_{j} }(d_{1},.., \overline{d_{l}},.., d_{m_{j}+1})\end{aligned}$$ and taking the square mean, we will obtain $$\begin{aligned}
\mathbf{E}\left| \widehat{\xi } _{i,j}(x)\right| ^{2} &=& \sum_{m_{i}, m_{j}\geq 0} \frac{1}{(m_{i}+ 1)!} \frac{1}{(m_{j}+1)!}x_{i}^{2m_{i}}x_{j}^{2m_{j}} \sum_{k=1} ^{m_{i}+1} \sum_{l=1} ^{m_{j}+1}e ^{-x_{i} ^{2}a_{k}d_{l} }e ^{-x_{j} ^{2}a_{k}d_{l} }\\
&& \int_{[0,1] ^{m_{i}+1} }da_{1}...da_{m_{i}+1} \int_{[0,1] ^{m_{i}+1} }db_{1}...db_{m_{i}+1} \\
&&\int_{[0,1] ^{m_{j}+1} } dc_{1}...dc_{m_{j+1} } \int_{[0,1] ^{m_{i}+1} }dd_{1}...dd_{m_{j}+1} \\
&&1_{[0, a_{k} ]} ^{\otimes m_{i}}(a_{1},.., \hat{a_{k}}, ..., a_{m_{i}+1} ) 1_{[0, d_{l}]} ^{\otimes m_{i}+1} (b_{1},...., b_{m_{i}+1})\\
&&
1_{[0, a_{k} ]} ^{\otimes m_{j}+1}(c_{1},...., c_{m_{j}+1} )1_{[0, d_{l}]} ^{\otimes m_{j}} (d_{1},.., \hat{d_{l}},.., d_{m_{i}+1})\\
&=&\sum_{m_{i}, m_{j}\geq 0} \frac{1}{(m_{i}+ 1)!} \frac{1}{(m_{j}+1)!}x_{i}^{2m_{i}}x_{j}^{2m_{j}} \\
&&\sum_{k=1} ^{m_{i}+1} \sum_{l=1} ^{m_{j}+1}\int_{0}^{1} da_{k} \int_{0}^{1}dd_{l} (a_{k}d_{l} ) ^{m_{i}+ m_{j}+1}e ^{-x_{i} ^{2}a_{k}d_{l} }e ^{-x_{j} ^{2}a_{k}d_{l} }\\
&=&\sum_{m_{i}, m_{j}\geq 0} \frac{1}{(m_{i})!} \frac{1}{(m_{j})!}x_{i}^{2m_{i}}x_{j}^{2m_{j}} \int_{0}^{1}da \int_{0}^{1}db e^{-(x_{i}^{2}+ x_{j}^{2})ab} (ab)^{m_{i}+ m_{j}+1} .\end{aligned}$$ Since $$\sum_{m_{i}\geq 0} \frac{1}{m_{i}!} (x_{i}^{2} ab) ^{m_{i}} = e^{x_{i} ^{2}ab}$$ we get $$\mathbf{E}\left| \widehat{\xi } _{i,j}(x)\right| ^{2}=\int_{0}^{1}ada \int_{0}^{1}b db e^{-(x_{i}^{2}+ x_{j}^{2})ab}e^{x_{i} ^{2}ab}e^{x_{j} ^{2}ab}=\frac{1}{4}.$$ If $i=j$ it follows from the proof of Theorem 3 that $
\mathbf{E}\left| \widehat{\xi } _{i,i}(x)\right| ^{2}=\frac{1}{4}$ for every $i=1,..,d$. As a consequence $$\int_{\mathbb{R}^{d}} \frac{1}{(1+ \vert x\vert ^{2})^{r}} \mathbf{E}\left| \widehat{\xi } (x)\right| ^{2} dx= \frac{d^{2}}{4} \int_{\mathbb{R} ^{d}} \frac{1}{(1+ \vert x\vert ^{2})^{r}}dx$$ is finite if and only if $r>\frac{d}{2}$.
The 2D-stochastic current keeps the regularity of the one-dimensional counterpart (see [@FT]).
Let $D\left( \mathbb{R}^{d}\right) $ be the space of smooth compact support functions on $\mathbb{R}^{d}$ and let $D^{\prime}\left( \mathbb{R}^{d}\right) $ be its dual, the space of distributions, endowed with the usual topologies. We denote by $\left\langle S,\varphi\right\rangle $ the dual pairing between $S\in D^{\prime}\left( \mathbb{R}^{d}\right) $ and $\varphi\in D\left( \mathbb{R}^{d}\right) $. Then the quantity $\langle T_{d}, \varphi\rangle $ because a well-defined random variable for every $\varphi \in D^{\prime}\left( \mathbb{R}^{d}\right)$. Moreover, the functional $\Delta (x-W_{u_{1}, v_{2}})$ can be interpreted as a random distribution as described in Section 3 of [@FT].
[99]{}
Stochastic processes with a multidimensional parameter. Longman Scientific and Technical.
Geometric Measure Theory, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré-Probabilités et Statistiques, 45 (2), 545-576.
Journal of Functional Analysis, 258, 279-306.
M. Giaquinta, G. Modica, J. Sou$\check{c}$ek, *Cartesian Currents in the Calculus of Variations I*, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1998.
P. Imkeller (1984): [*Stochastic analysis and local time for (N:d) -Wiener process.* ]{}Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré, 20(1): 75-101.
CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Springer 1997.
F. Morgan, *Geometric Measure Theory - A Beginners Guide*, Academic Press, Boston 1988.
D. Nualart (1981): Une formule d’Ito pour les martingales continues µa deux indices et quelques applications. Ann. Inst. Henri Poincar¶e, 20(3):251-275.
L. Simon, *Lectures on Geometric Measure Theory*, Proc. Centre for Math. Anal., Australian Nat. Univ., **3**, 1983.
Electronic Journal of Probability, paper 14,1-31.
[^1]: Supported by the CNCS grant PN-II-ID-PCCE-2011-2-0015. Associate member of the team Samos, Université de Panthéon-Sorbonne Paris 1. The author would like to acknowledge generous support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation which made possible several research visits at the Humboldt Universität zu Berlin. The support by the ANR grant “Masterie” BLAN 012103 is also acknowledged.
[^2]: Dedicated to the memory of Constantin Tudor.
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Relation of age, race, and allotype to immunoglobulin subclass concentrations.
Concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, and total IgG were measured by a solid phase radioimmunoassay in sera from 36 healthy adults and 114 healthy children. As expected, IgG2 and total IgG had a positive correlation with age in children. In addition to age, several other factors were associated with significant differences in serum subclass concentrations. Female children had higher concentrations of IgG1 than males, and black subjects had significantly higher concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, and total IgG than whites. Although Km(1) and Gm(23) immunoglobulin allotypes had no relation to subclass concentrations when tested as single factors, the Km(1) allotype interacted significantly with race so that Km(1)-positive black children had higher IgG2 concentrations than other subjects. Our findings may explain, in part, recent observations of an association of the Km(1) allotype with altered immune responses of blacks to certain vaccines containing bacterial polysaccharides. In addition, our data indicate the need to control factors such as sex, race, and allotype in studies of subclass concentrations or immune responses.
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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Q:
Why is my AC suddenly *heating* my house?
I have a 13 SEER heat pump about one year old. Everything's been working fine, but the AC suddenly started heating my house spontaneously (no changes to thermostat, etc).
The outside ambient temperature is 80°F but the incoming air measures 116° at the vent. The odd part is that the outside condensing unit is blowing 68°F (cold?).
What might be causing this?
A:
Your heat pump switches between heating and cooling mode through a reversing valve. It sounds like that is where your problem is; it could be that your thermostat has gone bad, or it could be something else.
The outside condensing unit is blowing 68 degrees because the system is pulling heat out of the outside air, and pumping it into the house.
A:
Check the thermostat O (orange) terminal with a multimeter to ground. Most brands energize (apply 24V AC on the terminal) in cooling mode. A bunch of things could be going on such as a wire loose, bad thermostat, bad control board in heat pump or bad reversing valve but the first thing to check is the thermostat then you can work your way back to the heatpump.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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Brad Mangin/Getty Images
Former NBA power forward Clifford Rozier died Friday after suffering a heart attack this week. He was 45.
Rozier's brother, Kobie Rozier, told TMZ Sports the University of Louisville standout went into cardiac arrest Wednesday and died Friday morning in Florida.
The Florida native started his college career at the University of North Carolina before leaving the Tar Heels after one season to join the Cardinals. There he developed into one of the nation's best players, earning Metro Conference Player of the Year honors in back-to-back seasons (1992-93 and 1993-94).
His collegiate success led to the Golden State Warriors selecting him with the 16th overall pick in the 1994 draft.
Rozier averaged 4.8 points and 5.2 rebounds in 173 NBA appearances with the Warriors, Toronto Raptors and Minnesota Timberwolves across four seasons.
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This invention relates to a display hanger and, more particularly, to a hanger used to suspend merchandise from a horizontal shelf for viewing by store customers. Still more particularly, the hanger is adapted to hold plastic strip merchandisers of the general type disclosed in Fast U.S. Pat. No. 4,546,943.
Most conventional methods of supporting plastic strip merchandisers orient the strip, merchandise attached thereto, and a corresponding label such that they face into the customer aisle provided between columns of shelves. As a result, the visibility of the merchandise is diminished because the flow of customer traffic is perpendicular to the direction in which the strip merchandisers are facing.
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Lost & Found: The Beastie Boys Rocked ‘The Arsenio Hall Show’
Remember how great the 'Arsenio Hall Show' was, fist-pumps and woofs notwithstanding? All in all, it was an excellent addition to the late night pantheon of talk shows back in the '90s. Hall had a ton of great musical acts pass through his doors, including the Beastie Boys.
The Brooklyn rap trio stopped by Hall's show to promote their 1992 album, 'Check Your Head,' and to perform their big single, 'So What'cha Want.' Toward the end, they were joined by members of Cypress Hill. The Beasties were overactive, whiich was typical for them. You can also watch them bounce around like lunatics during their appearance on an unsuspecting Japanese TV show.
We're not sure what that thing is that Ad-Rock has hanging from the fly of his jeans, but we've got our fingers crossed that it wasn't what it looks like. He seemed intent on putting this mystery object on whatever and whomever he could. The Beastie Boys seemed like they were having a good time pushing a woman around on a bed and screaming.
And to wrap things up, we present you with this Beasties appearance on 'Late Night With David Letterman.' Instead of bouncing around like little kids hopped up on Mountain Dew, the fellows donned instruments and played one of their funk jams. They might have had the fuzz bass turned up a bit too loud, though.
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The White House seems determined to tamp down the latest eruption in tensions. “The nature of our relationship is strong and unchanged,” the press secretary, Josh Earnest, told reporters on Monday, pointing to comments by Mr. Netanyahu over the weekend, in which he said, “I think the United States has been terrific.”
Image Although Mr. Netanyahu has insisted he will not end the operation in Gaza until Israel has shut down the tunnels, a senior American official predicted that the tough State Department statement would “box them in internationally.” Credit... Gali Tibbon/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
The two statements are part of a recurring pattern for this administration: an angry outburst, followed by calmer words and the grudging recognition that little is going to change in the fundamental relationship between the United States and its closest ally in the Middle East.
Disputes between the United States and Israel are hardly new. President Ronald Reagan sold Awacs surveillance planes to Saudi Arabia over Israel’s fierce objections. George H.W. Bush held up loan guarantees because of Israeli settlement construction. Bill Clinton fumed after his first Oval Office encounter with a newly elected Israeli prime minister, Mr. Netanyahu.
But the chronic nature of this tension is unusual — and, according to current and former officials, rooted in ill will at the very top. “You have a backdrop of a very acrimonious relationship between the president and the prime minister of Israel,” said Robert M. Danin, a Middle East expert at the Council on Foreign Relations.
While tensions between Mr. Obama and Mr. Netanyahu only occasionally spill into the open, Mr. Kerry became the subject of very public and vitriolic — albeit anonymous — criticism from Israeli officials for his efforts two weeks ago to negotiate a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas. His proposal, the officials said, was tilted in favor of Hamas and did not do enough to protect Israel’s security.
Mr. Kerry, American officials responded, based his efforts on an Egyptian cease-fire proposal that had already been accepted by the Israelis. He submitted his ideas to the Israelis, anticipating that they would have concerns. Whatever the precise circumstances, Mr. Kerry found himself excoriated across the political spectrum in Israel.
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April 3, 2011
- Request the Longhorn Network by visiting GetLonghornNetwork today!
- Video: Introducing the Longhorn Network
The name and logo for the 24-hour University of Texas network were announced today by ESPN Senior Vice President, College Sports Programming, Burke Magnus, UT Men's Athletics Director DeLoss Dodds and UT Women's Athletics Director Chris Plonsky at the Longhorns' annual spring football game televised by ESPN. The 'Longhorn Network' was unveiled as the official network name in conjunction with the official logo for use in all printed, online and on-air instances.
Incorporating the iconic Longhorns silhouette and official UT orange color, the mark gives a nod to the tradition of UT athletics while providing a look ahead to the groundbreaking new network. In addition, the informational site GetLonghornNetwork.com launched today and will serve as an initial resource to fans looking to learn more about where and how to get Longhorn Network in time for its August launch. At launch, the site LonghornNetwork.com will be the broadband network home for Longhorn Network.
Magnus said, "We look forward to covering UT sports like never before. I have little doubt that the Longhorn Network name and logo will fast become synonymous with excellence, just like the UT athletics program."
"The work continues on this exciting new project," Dodds said. "This is yet another step leading up to our launch which will offer viewers unprecedented access to our sports programs and university in time for the fall season. But to make this a successful venture, we need the support of our alumni and fans. We encourage everyone to visit GetLongornNetwork.com and request Longhorn Network."
Earlier this month, ESPN's Dave Brown and Stephanie Druley were named vice presidents for programming and production, respectively. Both will relocate to Austin, Texas.
About the Longhorn Network
ESPN has a 20-year agreement to own and operate a year-round, 24-hour network dedicated to The University of Texas in partnership with UT and IMG College. Longhorn Network, scheduled to launch in August 2011, will offer a variety of content, highlighted by more than 200 exclusive events annually from 20 sports, original series and studio shows, historical programming and academic and cultural happenings. Additionally, the LonghornNetwork.com broadband companion to the TV network will offer extensive content, particularly live games not carried on the linear TV network due to scheduling conflicts.
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New Hope for Finding a Phoenix Replacement Faster
As the joint communiqué released today between Treasury Board President Scott Brison and myself shows, there is new progress to report on our efforts to replace the dysfunctional Phoenix pay system.
The government and PIPSC have agreed to “work collaboratively to explore all options to ensure that our public service has the best system available.” This at last indicates a strong commitment by the government to replace Phoenix, gives fresh hope that such a system will come sooner rather than later, and provides assurance that there is a role for PIPSC members in realizing it.
While we remain confident that the AFS proposal would result in faster conversion to a system that is cheaper, more accurate and reliable, the government continues to need convincing. We therefore will continue to champion this option (and encourage other members to do so), while also working with the government to examine all available options.
Coming so soon after the Auditor General’s final report on Phoenix’s “incomprehensible failure” (and our own assessment of that failure), I hope this new agreement gives us one more reason to celebrate National Public Service Week.
BetterTogether!
Debi Daviau
President
Published on 15 June 2018
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President Harry Truman’s extraordinary session of 1947
Image, Pocket Congressional Dictionary, 83rd Congress (GPO, 1953)A newspaper owner and former Lt. Governor, Representative Clarence Brown of Ohio served more than 26 years in the House.
On this date, the 80th Congress (1947–1949) finished its second extraordinary session. President Harry S. Truman asked Congress to consider emergency funding for Austria, France, and Italy for the winter due to their fragile political and economic conditions. He also asked Congress to authorize measures for controlling inflation through a 10-point plan. Although Congress approved funding for the European nations, it could not reach a consensus about containing inflation. The House rejected much of Truman’s plan for mandatory inflationary controls, and instead passed a substitute bill (S. J. Res 167) that contained several provisions similar to Truman’s proposals. The legislation provided for voluntary agreements from industries to reduce prices, extended the government’s power to control exports and allocate transportation resources, and authorized the promotion of food conservation and international agricultural production. During debate some Representatives argued that inflationary controls amounted to excessive government intrusion into the economy. Clare Hoffman of Michigan commented, “The President asks for rationing, for price control, for regimentation. Under disguising words he asks to be made a dictator, while . . . insisting that we weaken ourselves . . . by aiding little dictators abroad, who, we are told, are fighting the schemes and the plots of . . . Stalin.” Others thought that the bill didn’t go far enough to help U.S. citizens. Clarence Brown, an Ohio Republican, however, defended portions of Truman’s plan as a “just and fair measure designed . . . to meet the emergency until further action can be taken,” when Congress formally re-convened for another session in January 1948.
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We are adding movies and additional seasons as fast as we possibly can. In order to prepare movies and shows for filtering, our Tagging Team needs to go through and set up all the filters, which can take time. For additional seasons of TV shows, please know that we're working hard to complete all available seasons for you.
Please be aware that at this time, we cannot stream the works owned by Disney, Lucas Films, Warner Bros., or 20th Century Fox—the Plaintiffs in our pending lawsuit. However, we are in the process of requesting permission and hope to hear back soon.
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They say newspapers are dead and it’s certainly true that we can receive our news online nowadays without the need to get our hands grubby with newsprint. The growing trend, however, is to put the daily news agenda in the palm of your hand and The Independent’s iPhone app is just one example of that. The opening screen of the app resembles the interface of the iPhone itself with 12 bright icons highlighting the various sections of the newspaper. You are able to read news from the UK and the world, catch the latest sport and football news, gen up on the latest business dealings and understand more about the tech industry. There are also opinion columns. But the organisation of these icons is quite muddled and there is no way to rearrange them. We can see the logic in why Sport and Football are listed as separate icons but it’s odd that they are so far apart. And some sections, such as People, are rather pointless and sparsely populated. Still, there are some nice touches. The homepage icons are accompanied by a red bubble containing a number, showing how many stories are within each section. It’s a good indicator for how many stories you have left to read. Tapping a tick in the bottom right of each section allows you to tell the app that you’ve finished reading that part and the number is then removed. In many ways, The Independent app is a straight-forward RSS reader, with each section being a list of headlines linking to stories which load very quickly. As you would expect, the news is well-written and authoritative but the headlines could be a tad more descriptive, particularly on the Opinion and Arts & Entertainment sections, given you don’t get to see the first par of a story in the listings. Each section also contains an advert at the top of the page which annoyingly drops down a second after the headlines have displayed. But you are able to bookmark articles of interest, send them by email (it would be nice to be able to Twitter them too) and increase the size of the text. Most articles contain pictures too. Some users have commented that The Independent’s development team have been listening to feedback so the app can only improve over time. As it is, it’s a worthwhile addition – and it’s free.
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Keratan sulfate (KS) is an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycosaminoglycan (GAG) present in a host of tissues in many organisms spanning the animal kingdom. Its exact structure varies depending on the organism and tissue in which it is found (see Funderburgh 2002^1^ for comprehensive review). The highest abundance of KS in the body is found in the cornea, where KS-GAGs covalently associate to core proteins lumican, keratocan, or mimecan via an *N*-linkage to asparagine (Asn) residues, thus forming a proteoglycan (PG). KS-GAGs are also commonly found in cartilage and brain, where their association to core proteins occurs via an *O-*linkage to serine (Ser) or threonine (Thr) residues.
The linkage region of corneal KS-GAGs is comprised of two *N*-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues, the innermost of which is fucosylated at its sixth carbon (C6).^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b01],[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b02]^ Three mannose residues divide the molecule into its bi-antennary structure, from which its short and long arms extend (shown in [Fig. 1](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f01){ref-type="fig"}). Both short and long arms contain GlcNAc and galactose residues linked in --3Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1-- conformation, also known as poly-*N-*acetyllactosamine.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b03]^ The long arm of KS contains three regions of repeating disaccharides, distinguished by their degree of sulfation. The unsulfated region does not contain sulfate modification on GlcNAc or galactose and is one to two disaccharides long. The monosulfated region, however, is 10 to 12 disaccharides in length and carries sulfate groups at the C6 of GlcNAc residues. Sulfate moieties bind GlcNAc and, less frequently, galactose within the disulfated region of corneal KS-GAGs. The disulfated region varies in length and often terminates with a sialic acid capping structure.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b02],[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b04]^ The short arm of KS-GAGs lacks the mono- and disulfated regions described above and instead terminates with sialic acid following one to two unsulfated disaccharide repeats.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b05]^ The frequent substitution of sulfate groups along their carbohydrate backbones confers upon KS-GAGs their dense negative charge, and, in turn, their hydrophilicity.
{#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f01}
Importantly, the sulfation status of KS can impact on tissue function; a prime example is where a disturbed KS sulfation pathway leads to progressive loss of vision as in the inherited disease macular corneal dystrophy.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b06][@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b07][@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b08][@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b09]--[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b10]^ The causative gene is *CHST6*, which encodes corneal GlcNAc 6-*O*-sulfotransferase (CGn6ST).^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b11],[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b12]^ Consequences of the abnormally sulfated PG population include altered collagen architecture within the cornea and stromal opacifications, which can only be treated by a corneal graft. Structural matrix changes mimicking those seen in human corneas with macular corneal dystrophy have also been documented in mouse corneas lacking *Chst5,* which is the murine orthologue of the human CGn6ST-encoding gene.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b13][@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b14]--[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b15]^
The apparent importance for properly formed KS has sparked recent interest in elucidating the biosynthetic mechanism that elongates and sulfates KS-GAGs. It is thought that at least four enzymes, including two glycosyltransferases and two sulfotransferases, are required for KS biosynthesis. A number of studies have posited that highly sulfated KS-GAGs are formed by addition of GlcNAc via β-1,3-*N*-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 7 (β3GnT7, encoded by *B3gnt7*) to the nonreducing terminus of the growing KS chain.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b16]^ It is thought that CGn6ST (described above) subsequently sulfates the 6-*O* position of GlcNAc prior to galactose addition by β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 4 (β4GalT4, encoded by *B4galt4*). It is hypothesized that these three steps repeat, forming a chain of disaccharides singly sulfated on GlcNAc residues.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b17],[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b18]^ It has been suggested that galactose sulfation is achieved in a separate step, since the discovery that KS galactose 6-*O*-sulfotransferase (KSGal6ST, encoded by *Chst1*) preferentially sulfates internal, rather than terminal, galactose residues.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b19],[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b20]^
The work herein furthers our understanding of corneal KS biosynthesis, specifically investigating the role of the glycosyltransferase β-1,3-*N*-acetyltransferase 7 (β3GnT7). Whereas previous work has demonstrated the GlcNAc-transferring capability of β3GnT7 in vitro, we generated a *B3gnt7*-null mouse and explored the consequences of this mutation in the cornea. Our results suggest that without the ability to elongate KS chains via addition of GlcNAc residues at their non-reducing termini, the normal corneal stromal KS-PG phenotype is abolished.
Methods {#s2}
=======
Knockout Mouse Production {#s2a}
-------------------------
Knockout vector for *B3gnt7* was prepared by recombineering technique.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b21]^ Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones (RP24-231G17 and RP24_144F16), which included *B3gnt7*, were obtained from BACPAC resources (Children\'s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA). Because most of the protein coding sequence is encoded on exon 2 of the gene, the loxP sequence was inserted before and after exon 2. A neo cassette, which consists of flippase recombinase target (FRT)-phosphoglycerate kinase promoter (PGK)-neomycin resistant gene (neo)-FRT was also inserted downstream of exon 2. The DNA fragment containing modified *B3gnt7* was retrieved to pBSII-DTA vector and used as a knockout vector. This vector was introduced into RENKA mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, which were derived from C57BL/6 strain^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b22]^ by electroporation. Resultant homologous recombinant clones were isolated after G418 selection. Homologous recombination occurred on the ES clones and was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. The confirmed ES cells were then used to create chimeric mice carrying ES-derived germ cells. The chimeric mice were mated with C57BL/6J mice to obtain *B3gnt7* heterozygous mice, and the heterozygote mice were intercrossed to produce wild-type (WT; *B3gnt7*^+/+^), heterozygous (^+/−^), and null (^−/−^) mice. *B3gnt7* heterozygous mice were also mated to C57BL/6J mice to maintain the strain. All procedures were approved by the Committee for Animal Experiments at Kansai Medical University, conducted according to the Guideline for Animal Experimentation at Kansai Medical University, and treated in accordance with the ARVO Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research.
Corneal Thickness Assay {#s2b}
-----------------------
Excised eyes of 32 mice (12- to 16-week-old mice of both sexes, 5 WT, 10 htz, and 17 null) were embedded in Tissue-Tek OCT compound (Sakura Finetek, Tokyo, Japan) and immediately frozen by dry ice. Axial whole eye sections (4 μm) were taken using Kawamoto\'s film method.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b23]^ It was inferred that the sections were central and suitable for analysis when pupil diameter was at its maximum and the optic nerve was present in the section. Unstained central corneal sections were then directly observed using phase-contrast mode of an All-in-One Microscope BZ-9000 (Keyence, Osaka, Japan). Thickness of the central cornea, stroma, and epithelium was analyzed using a measurement module of the microscope, which quantifies distance between two parallel lines. A mean value of each section was calculated from three measurements per section. Statistical analysis of thicknesses was performed by 1-way ANOVA with Dunnett\'s post hoc test. *P* \< 0.03 compared with WT was considered significant.
Western Blot {#s2c}
------------
### Protein Extraction {#s2c1}
Ten corneas from each group were minced manually using a scalpel and placed in extraction solution containing 4 M guanidine hydrochloride (Gu-HCl); 50 mM Tris/hydrochloride (Tris/HCl), pH 8.0; 10 mM EDTA; 1 mM PMSF; and 1× protease inhibitor cocktail (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan). The protease inhibitor cocktail was diluted from a 100× stock, comprised of 50 mmol/L 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF), 15 μmol/L aprotinin, 100 μmol/L E-64, and 100 μmol/L leupeptin hemisulfate monohydrate. Corneal tissue was physically pulverized using a benchtop homogenizer (Polytron 1600 E with PT-DA 1605 blade; Kinematica AG, Luzern, Switzerland) and then incubated 48 hours with rotation at 4°C in extraction solution (above). Following extraction, samples were centrifuged to separate debris in the pellet from extracted protein in the supernatant solution; the supernatant was then dialyzed in 1 L 6 M urea with 50 mM Tris/HCl (pH 8.0). The dialysis solution was refreshed at 4 hours of incubation, after which dialysis was continued overnight at 4°C with agitation. Resultant protein solutions were again centrifuged to remove debris and then concentrated by centrifugation in centrifugal filter units (Amicon Ultra-4, pore size: 30 kDa; Merck Millipore, Cork, Ireland) at 4°C and 2330*g*. Protein concentration of each extract was determined using the Pierce BCA Protein Assay kit (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, IL, USA) after dilution of the sample solutions with water to minimize interference of urea. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used to set a standard curve. All samples were measured in duplicate.
### PNGase F Digestion {#s2c2}
Peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) was used to determine whether the production of lumican core protein was affected in the heterozygous and homozygous *B3gnt7-*null mice. PNGase F cleaves KS-GAGs at the linkage GlcNAc residue, separating KS-GAGs from their lumican protein cores. Protein extracts from WT, htz, and null corneas were precipitated using a 4:1 ratio of methanol/chloroform^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b24]^ as follows. A volume of corneal extract equal to 30 μg protein was brought to 100 μL using distilled water. Ice cold methanol (400 μL) was added to the protein sample; the mixture was vortexed briefly and centrifuged to collect the solution in the base of the tube. Chloroform (100 μL) was then added to the protein/methanol mixture; the new solution was again vortexed briefly and collected into the base of the tube via centrifugation. Distilled water (300 μL) was subsequently added to the protein/methanol/chloroform mixture, vortexed thoroughly (∼30 seconds), and centrifuged for 2 minutes at 20,000*g*. Following centrifugation, a protein wafer appeared at the interface of the upper aqueous and lower organic layers. After removal of the upper aqueous layer, an additional 300 μL ice-cold methanol was added to the protein sample. Thorough vortexing was conducted for ∼10 seconds, and the new mixture was subjected to 20,000*g* centrifugation. The protein pellet appeared at the base of the tube, so the supernatant was removed, and the pellet was allowed to air dry before resuspending in 20 μL 1% SDS. Protein contents were measured again using the Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit before PNGase-F digestion. PNGase-F treatment was performed by following the protocol of the company (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA). In brief, a volume equaling 5 μg resuspended protein was denatured at 100°C for 10 minutes in manufacturer-provided glycoprotein denaturing buffer. Manufacturer-provided reaction buffer and NP-40 solution, which allows PNGase F activity in the presence of SDS, were added to denatured samples. Digestion was achieved by addition of 1 μL PNGase F (100 U/μg protein) at 37°C overnight. Digested samples were directly analyzed using SDS-PAGE and Western blot.
### Endo-β-Galactosidase Digestion {#s2c3}
To gain insight into the KS structure of htz and null corneas, endo-β-gal-ase was used. Five micrograms corneal extract was precipitated from the extraction solution (see Protein Extraction section) with methanol/chloroform as described in the PNGase F Digestion section and resuspended in 1% SDS. Resuspended solution was diluted and adjusted to 100 μL 50 mM sodium acetate, pH 6.5, 0.1% Triton X-100, and 1× proteinase inhibitor cocktail. Then, 0.5 milliunits of endo-β-gal-ase was added (0.1 mU/μg protein) and allowed to incubate overnight at 37°C with rotation. The protein samples were subsequently precipitated with methanol/chloroform as described above and were resuspended in electrophoresis sample buffer, described in the next section.
### Electrophoresis {#s2c4}
Five micrograms protein was prepared for Western blotting from untreated, PNGase F- and endo-β-gal-ase--digested samples. Samples were adjusted to 60 μL containing 1× NuPAGE LDS sample buffer and 1× reducing agent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA) and were denatured by boiling and then loaded into a 4% to 12% Bis-Tris polyacrylamide gel (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Constant voltage (200 V) was applied for 45 minutes or until samples reached the bottom of the gel. Immediately after electrophoresis, protein samples within the acrylamide gel were transferred to a PVDF membrane by electroblotting at 30 V for 1 hour. Blocking the protein-laden membrane was achieved at room temperature using 5% skimmed milk for 1.5 hours. Goat polyclonal anti-lumican primary antibody (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) was diluted 1:1000 in 5% skimmed milk and applied to the membrane for 1 hour. PBS with 0.1% Tween-20 (PBS-T) was used to rinse excess antibody from the membrane (3×, 5 minutes each). Horseradish peroxidase--conjugated secondary antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), which recognized goat IgG, was diluted 1:2000 in 5% skimmed milk and applied to the membrane surface for 1 hour. To develop the membranes, Chemi-Lumi One chemiluminescence substrate (Nacalai Tesque) was applied to the membrane for 2 minutes. Chemiluminescent images were captured using LAS 3000 Mini camera and software (Fuji Photo Film, Tokyo, Japan) using 1 to 10 minutes of exposure, depending on the amount of signal produced by the membrane.
Electron Microscopy {#s2d}
-------------------
Whole corneas from WT, htz, and null mice were excised and immediately prefixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M Sorensen phosphate buffer (pH: 7.4) for 10 minutes. After initial fixation, excess prefixative was rinsed with 1× Tris-acetate buffer, and whole corneas were further dissected into quarters. "Untreated" (i.e., not subjected to chondroitinase ABC or buffer reaction conditions) corneal quarters were immediately placed into 2.5% (w/v) glutaraldehyde (Agar Scientific Ltd., Stansted, United Kingdom) in 25 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.7) with 0.05% cupromeronic blue (w/v) (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and magnesium chloride (MgCl~2~) at critical electrolyte concentration, 0.1 M---a concentration known to enhance PG staining.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b25],[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b26]^ To allow for KS visualization, remaining corneal quarters from each genotype were digested with chondroitinase ABC for 4 hours at 37°C in the following reaction mixture: 1 μg/mL chondroitinase ABC was added to 1× Tris-acetate buffer + bovine serum albumin (pH 8), including 10 μl/mL general protease inhibitor. Samples were subjected to constant agitation for the duration of the reaction. Following incubation, specimens were rinsed in 25 mM sodium acetate buffer containing 0.1 M MgCl~2~ and further fixed/stained overnight at room temperature on a rotator in the cupromeronic blue solution described above. One corneal quarter from each group was also processed in buffer solution lacking chondroitinase ABC as a control. Fixed and stained specimens (untreated, chondroitinase ABC digested, and buffer treated) were washed three times (10 min/wash) in 0.5% (w/v) sodium tungstate (Sigma) and then dehydrated using an ascending series of ethanol solutions (70% to 100%) for 15 minutes each. Propylene oxide (Agar Scientific Ltd.) was used as a transition solvent between ethanol and resin steps by washing dehydrated samples twice in 100% propylene oxide (15 min/wash), followed by incubation in a 1:1 mixture of propylene oxide and resin for 1 hour. Six changes, approximately 3 hours each, of Araldite resin (CY212 monomer; Taab Laboratories, Aldermaston, United Kingdom) containing dodecenylsuccinic anhydride (DDSA) hardener (Agar Scientific Ltd.) and benzyl di-methyl amine (BDMA) accelerator (Agar Scientific Ltd.) ensured total removal of residual propylene oxide and complete infiltration of resin into each specimen block. Samples were then transferred to molds and polymerized for a minimum of 24 hours at 60°C. Ultrathin sections (∼90 nm) were created using a Leica UC6 ultramicrotome (Leica Microsystems (UK) Ltd., Milton Keynes, United Kingdom) equipped with a diamond knife. Sections were collected on copper grids (3.05 mm) and stained for 30 minutes with a saturated uranyl acetate solution for added collagen contrast, followed by three rinses in 0.2-μm filtered distilled water (5 min/rinse). Sections were allowed to dry and examined using a JEOL 1010 transmission electron microscope (Jeol (UK) Ltd., Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom) operating at 80 kV.
Immunofluorescence {#s2e}
------------------
WT and null whole mouse eyes were harvested fresh, embedded in OCT compound, frozen on dry ice, and stored at −80°C. Whole-eye cryosections 10 μm thick were collected on poly-lysine--coated glass slides (Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, United Kingdom), using a Bright OTF5000 cryostat (Bright Instruments Ltd., Luton, United Kingdom). Sectioning was performed along the eye globe\'s sagittal plane, and sections were only kept for analysis if the iris was disconnected, indicating corneal tissue was centrally located over the pupil. To prevent nonspecific background labeling between anti-mouse secondary antibody and IgG native to mouse corneal tissue, primary and secondary antibodies were incubated overnight at 4°C with constant rotation in the following reaction mixture: primary and secondary antibodies were diluted 1:10 and 1:50, respectively, in 1× PBS with 0.1% Tween-20 and 2% BSA (PBS-T+BSA).^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b27],[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b28]^ This preincubation facilitated the interaction between secondary antibodies and the Fc region of primary antibodies, minimizing erroneous localization of secondary to murine corneal sections. For 30 minutes prior to tissue application, heat-deactivated normal mouse serum was added to antibody and control mixtures at a concentration of 5 μL/μg secondary antibody to bind potentially free secondary antibody (further reducing background labeling). Rehydration of sections was achieved by applying PBS-T for 5 minutes. Sections were immersed for 30 minutes in 1% Triton X-100 in PBS to further reduce background fluorescence. Sections were briefly rinsed in PBS-T prior to blocking or, in some cases, application of the keratanase or chondroitinase ABC enzymes. When applied, both keratanase and chondroitinase ABC were prepared at a 0.4 U/mL concentration in either 10 mM Tris-HCl (keratanase) or 50 mM Tris and 60 mM sodium acetate with 0.02% BSA (chondroitinase ABC); digestion occurred for 2 hours at 37°C in both cases. Sections were rinsed with PBS-T following enzyme incubation (where applicable) and blocked for 30 minutes with 10% (v/v) normal goat serum in PBS-T+BSA. Finally, tissue sections were covered in a generous volume of the antibody mixture for 4 hours at room temperature in a humid atmosphere. Following application of primary-secondary complexed antibody solutions, sections were thoroughly washed with PBS-T and mounted with Vectashield dual mountant and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) stain. Control solutions were prepared as described above, except PBS-T+BSA buffer replaced the volume of the primary antibody. Slides were stored at 4°C for no more than 24 hours before imaging as described below. Images were collected with an Olympus BX40 fluorescence microscope equipped with an SIS F-View black and white digital camera (Olympus Keymed Ltd., Southend-on-Sea, United Kingdom). Olympus Cell\^P imaging software (Olympus Keymed Ltd., Southend-on-Sea, United Kingdom) was used to capture images in TIFF format.
Results {#s3}
=======
*B3gnt7*-Null Mouse Phenotype {#s3a}
-----------------------------
Intercross of *B3gnt7* heterozygotes produced WT, htz, and null mice at normal Mendelian frequency. *B3gnt7*-null mice were born without any detectable abnormalities and were indistinguishable from WT and *B3gnt7*-htz littermates during development from neonate to adult stages, indicating neither abnormalities nor major visible phenotypes arise from *B3gnt7*-null mutation. A 1-year follow-up study showed that *B3gnt7*-null mutations were nonlethal, and mice maintained normal development, lacking any overt abnormalities. Intercross of null mice produced litters of comparable size to those of intercrossed WT mice, indicating that the mutant mice have normal reproductive potential.
Corneal Thickness {#s3b}
-----------------
Thickness measurements of the whole cornea, the collagen-rich corneal stroma, and the corneal epithelium in WT, *B3gnt7*-htz, and *B3gnt7*-null eyes were collected ([Fig. 2](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f02){ref-type="fig"}). Dimensions of the cornea were comparable in WT and htz tissue, with the epithelium measuring 34 ± 1 vs. 33 ± 1 μm, the whole cornea measuring 109 ± 2 vs. 108 ± 3 μm, and the stroma measuring 75 ± 2 vs. 75 ± 3 μm (all comparisons WT versus htz). None of these small differences were statistically significant. Corneal epithelial thickness in the *B3gnt7*-null mouse, at 32 ± 1 μm, also showed no statistical differences (*P* = 0.4702 and *P* = 0.8898, respectively) to the epithelial thickness measurements of the WT or htz corneas. In contrast, a noteworthy decrease in corneal stromal thickness in *B3gnt7*-null mouse eyes, measured at 60 ± 2 μm, was noted. This measurement was less than the corresponding values for the WT and htz corneal stromas (75 ± 2 and 75 ± 3 μm, respectively; *P* = 0.0024 and *P* = 0.0002). Given that the epithelial thicknesses in each of the three genotypes was unaltered, the reduction in stromal thickness was reflected in the whole cornea thickness measurements. The *B3gnt7*-null whole cornea was thinner than WT and htz corneas (93 ± 2 vs. 109 ± 2 and 108 ± 3 μm, respectively: *P* = 0.0011 and *P* = 0.0002).
{#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f02}
KS Chain Length, Lumican Production, and Galactose Sulfation {#s3c}
------------------------------------------------------------
KS-chain length, lumican expression, and galactose sulfation patterns in WT, htz, and null tissues were investigated using extracted corneal protein for Western blot analyses. Three samples were prepared for each genotype: untreated, PNGase F digested, and endo-β-galactosidase digested. The untreated samples, prepared to determine intact KS-GAG chain length as a function of the rate at which lumican migrated through the electrophoretic gel, revealed that WT and htz produced similar high-to-low molecular weight smear patterns, ranging from ∼160 to 45 kDa ([Fig. 3](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f03){ref-type="fig"}, lanes 1 and 2, respectively). In contrast, *B3gnt7*-null corneal extracts showed a more condensed band from ∼65 to 45 kDa ([Fig. 3](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f03){ref-type="fig"}, lane 3), suggesting that lumican from *B3gnt7*-null extracts may be substituted with lower-molecular-weight (i.e., shorter) KS-GAGs compared with WT or htz samples. To confirm that this finding was a consequence of KS-GAG chain length, PNGase F was used to cleave KS side chains from their lumican core proteins. After PNGase F predigestion, all three samples showed identical narrow bands at ∼40 kDa ([Fig. 3](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f03){ref-type="fig"}, lanes 4--6), which corresponds to the known molecular weight of lumican, ∼36 to 40 kDa.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b29]^ Endo-β-galactosidase (endo-β-gal-ase) treatment was used to probe for aberrant galactose sulfation of KS-GAGs, as its cleavage site is the β-1,4 glycosidic linkage between unsulfated galactose and GlcNAc (sulfated or unsulfated).^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b30]^ It should be noted that endo-β-gal-ase will cleave at each unsulfated galactose along KS-GAGs, leaving lumican core proteins bound to the KS linkage region and GAG stub proximal to the innermost unsulfated galactose. Therefore, because WT, htz, and null samples that were digested with this enzyme produced bands of comparable molecular weight and density at ∼47 kDa ([Fig. 3](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f03){ref-type="fig"}, lanes 7--9), it was inferred that the innermost unsulfated galactose was not atypically oversulfated in *B3gnt7*-htz and -null mutants. Whether or not galactose residues in the non-reducing terminal region of KS are affected by the *B3gnt7* mutation remains unknown.
{#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f03}
Electron Microscopy: Tissue Architecture {#s3d}
----------------------------------------
Corneal tissue was examined by electron microscopy at high magnification such that aligned collagen fibrils were oriented in longitudinal section. Visualization of polyanionic PG structures was achieved via the inclusion of cupromeronic blue in the primary fixative.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b25],[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b31]^ Because cupromeronic blue binds the two major families of PGs native to the corneal stroma---CS/DS-PGs and KS-PGs---chondroitinase ABC was required to distinguish CS/DS from KS in electron micrographs. Tissue from all three groups was either left intact ([Fig. 4](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f04){ref-type="fig"}, left column) or subjected to chondroitinase ABC ([Fig. 4](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f04){ref-type="fig"}, right column), an enzyme that hydrolyzes glycosidic linkages within the core structure of CS/DS-GAGs^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b32],[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b33]^ without affecting KS-PGs. It should be noted that heparan sulfate, a third class of PGs, is also present in corneal tissue, albeit at much lower levels in the stroma than either KS- or CS/DS-PGs.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b34]^ Chondroitinase ABC preincubation was therefore sufficient for distinction between the two major classes of stromal PGs.
{#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f04}
Non--enzyme-treated WT corneas showed many electron dense structures extending perpendicularly from collagen fibril axes, which sometimes appeared to associate with collagen at consistent distances ([Fig. 4](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f04){ref-type="fig"}a, white asterisks). Occasionally, longer filaments traversing through or aligning with collagen fibrils were identifiable ([Fig. 4](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f04){ref-type="fig"}a, black arrows). Very fine, short strands of low contrast were also observed projecting outward from collagen fibril axes ([Fig. 4](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f04){ref-type="fig"}a, black arrowhead) throughout the untreated WT stroma. Non--enzyme-treated *B3gnt7*-htz tissue ([Fig. 4](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f04){ref-type="fig"}c) presented phenotypically similar to the WT tissue, with numerous electron dense structures associating with collagen in parallel and perpendicular fashions ([Fig. 4](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f04){ref-type="fig"}c, black arrows). Polyanionic structures observed in untreated *B3gnt7*-null tissue appeared several-fold longer than those in WT or htz samples and contained many filamentous offshoots extending perpendicularly from their axes ([Fig. 4](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f04){ref-type="fig"}e, white arrowheads). Critical measurements for accurate comparison of PG length were not possible without three-dimensional imaging, owing to the tortuous course of these structures, which ramified in and out of the plane of the ultrathin section. Additionally, whereas most of the PGs found in WT specimens in this study associated orthogonally to collagen fibrils, the structures prevalent in the null specimen mainly aligned parallel to fibril axes.
Compared with their untreated counterparts shown in the left column of [Figure 4](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f04){ref-type="fig"}, overall GAG content visibly decreased in all specimens following chondroitinase ABC digestion ([Fig. 4](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f04){ref-type="fig"}, right column). Black arrowheads in [Figures 4](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f04){ref-type="fig"}b and [4](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f04){ref-type="fig"}d identify residual short strands, thought to be KS-PGs owing to their chondroitinase ABC resistance, found throughout the stroma in WT and htz samples ([Figs. 4](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f04){ref-type="fig"}b, [4](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f04){ref-type="fig"}d, black arrowheads).^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b14],[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b35]^ Interestingly, *B3gnt7*-null corneal specimens did not feature polyanionic structures following chondroitinase ABC digestion, suggesting an atypical absence of KS in circumstances where both alleles of *B3gnt7* were mutated. Additionally, the irregular PGs found throughout the untreated null sample were totally eliminated from the null corneal stroma upon chondroitinse ABC preincubation, suggesting the anomalous PGs were elongated electron-dense CS/DS-PG filaments.
The cupromeronic blue-enhanced PG phenotypes discussed here were similar at anterior, middle, and posterior stromal depths, as was collagen fibril diameter. No aberrantly thick or thin collagen fibrils were observed in any of the genotypes or stromal regions studied (data not shown). Finally, corneal tissue that was incubated in buffer-maintained morphology and proteoglycan content comparable to non--enzyme-treated tissue, confirming that diminished PG content was dependent on active chondroitinase enzyme.
Immunofluorescence: Confirming the KS and CS/DS Phenotypes {#s3e}
----------------------------------------------------------
The mouse monoclonal antibody 1B4, which is specific for low sulfated KS,^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b36]^ was applied to cryosections of WT and null corneas to localize KS-GAGs. Traditionally, detection of highly sulfated KS is achieved with 5D4, a mouse monoclonal antibody with specificity for KS hexasaccharides with a minimum of five sulfate moieties.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b37],[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b38]^ However, previous work has demonstrated the 5D4 epitope is not present in mouse corneal tissue at a concentration sufficient for immunofluorescent labeling.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b35]^ As such, we instead probed samples with 1B4 to visualize low sulfated KS. [Figure 5](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f05){ref-type="fig"}a shows the WT corneal stroma was diffusely fluorescent when probed for sulfated KS-GAGs. Additionally, brightly punctate fluorescence was discernible at various stromal depths ([Fig. 5](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f05){ref-type="fig"}a, white arrows). These results contrasted with null tissue, which showed only faint epithelial staining juxtaposed to a dark stroma ([Fig. 5](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f05){ref-type="fig"}e). [Figures 5](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f05){ref-type="fig"}b and [5](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f05){ref-type="fig"}d represent tissue sections that were subjected to keratanase digestion before immuno-labeling for KS. Because stromal fluorescence in the WT was abolished following keratanase predigestion, it was inferred that the signal observed in the undigested WT tissue was indeed due to specific labeling of KS-GAGs.
{#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f05}
Immunofluorescence was also used to detect possible changes in CS/DS content of the null corneal stroma compared with WT tissue. To this end, 2B6 antibody, which requires chondroitinase ABC predigestion to reveal the chondroitin-4-sulfate and DS epitopes,^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b36],[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b39],[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b40]^ was applied to corneal sections. Both WT ([Fig. 5](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f05){ref-type="fig"}c) and null ([Fig. 5](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f05){ref-type="fig"}g) specimens produced fluorescent signal through the depth of the cornea. The null specimen displayed slightly stronger signal compared with the WT, perhaps reflecting the appearance of the distinctively elongated family of electron dense PG filaments observed in electron micrographs. The 2B6 antibody was also applied to sections without revealing the epitope via chondroitinase ABC predigestion as a form of negative control. As expected, neither WT nor null ([Figs. 5](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f05){ref-type="fig"}d, [5](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f05){ref-type="fig"}h, respectively) corneas exhibited positive fluorescence under these conditions.
Discussion {#s4}
==========
The work presented here revealed for the first time a relationship between β3GnT7 and the KS-PG phenotype in murine corneal tissue. Our findings, discussed below, demonstrated that an abnormally attenuated *B3gnt7*-null mouse corneal stroma lacked histochemically detectable KS-PGs. The concurrent appearance of elongated, branched electron dense PG filaments in this knockout mouse, which were susceptible to chondroitinase ABC, perhaps preserved corneal ultrastructure in absence of typical KS-PGs.
Because in vitro work by Kitayama et al.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b17]^ identified β3GnT7 as a key enzyme in KS-GAG elongation, we hypothesized that KS-PGs would be altered in the *B3gnt7*-null tissue, thereby affecting overall corneal architecture. Lumican from *B3gnt7*-null corneas appeared to be modified with shorter carbohydrate chains than those from WT and *B3gnt7*-htz corneas ([Fig. 3](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f03){ref-type="fig"}), indicating that β3GnT7 is a major enzyme contributing to corneal KS-GAG synthesis. This is consistent with previously published in vitro observations. Endo-β-gal-ase digestion shortened carbohydrate chains on lumican protein cores in WT*, B3gnt7*-htz, and null corneas, the resulting structures of which appeared to contain short remnants of either poly-*N*-acetyllactosamine or KS-GAGs. There are eight β1,3-GlcNAc transferases in mice, and both β-1,3-*N*-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-2 (β3GnT2) and β3GnT7 have been shown to act on KS-GAG synthesis in vitro.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b17],[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b18]^ Thus, it is possible that β3GnT2 may work on KS-GAG chain production to compensate for lack of β3GnT7 in *B3gnt7-*null corneas. Although, if β3GnT2 participates in KS biosynthesis, its action is apparently insufficient to fully elongate KS-GAGs in absence of β3GnT7. Future studies should determine whether these results are reflected in all KS-PG core proteins, including keratocan and mimecan, because we analyzed lumican KS-PGs as a representative carrier of KS-GAGs in the mouse cornea.
We believe the widespread disappearance of KS-PGs from EM and fluorescence images of the affected null corneas, but not in the WT, supports the idea that the biosynthetic mechanism underlying KS-PG synthesis was disrupted in cases where both alleles of *B3gnt7* were deactivated ([Fig. 6](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f06){ref-type="fig"}). These results confirmed predictions of in vitro work, despite the biosynthesis environment in vivo differing. Whereas in vitro studies were conducted with solubilized enzymes and synthetic oligosaccharide constructs,^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b18]^ in vivo glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases are membrane-bound enzymes within Golgi compartments. Indeed, it is as yet unconfirmed whether or not these glycosyl- and sulfotransferases share Golgi compartments in keratocytes, allowing them to act in tandem as hypothesized. That said, highly sulfated KS was detected in culture media of human corneal epithelial cells that were modified to express both CGn6ST and KSGal6ST, perhaps complementing their endogenously expressed β3GnT7 and β4GalT4.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b17]^ The consistent importance of β3GnT7 in in vitro, and now in our in vivo, assays provides strong evidence for the participation of β3GnT7 in corneal KS-GAG synthesis.
{#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f06}
Architecture of the *B3gnt7*-null mouse cornea emulates stromal changes characteristic of human macular corneal dystrophy (MCD) and *Chst5*-null mouse tissue, both of which lack properly sulfated KS throughout the corneal matrix. Corneal phenotypes in both human MCD and murine *Chst5*-null present with a ∼20% reduced stromal thickness,^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b14],[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b41]^ an attenuation equivalent to the amount of stromal thinning observed in the *B3gnt7*-null specimen in our corneal thickness assay ([Fig. 2](#i1552-5783-59-3-1641-f02){ref-type="fig"}). Interestingly, human *CHST6* and murine *Chst5* mutations result in deactivation of human CGn6ST and the analogous mouse intestinal GlcNAc-6-*O*-sulfotransferase, respectively, without which the KS-GAG biosynthetic pathway cannot proceed. Because all three of these cases---*B3gnt7*-null, MCD, and *Chst5*-null---result in abnormally short KS-GAG chains and experience similar levels of stromal thinning, we propose that this consistent phenotype results from decreased water retention within the stroma, arising from a deficiency in water sorptive KS-PGs.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b42],[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b43]^ The ultrastructural basis for the thin cornea in MCD is believed to be a closer-than-normal packing of the uniformly thin collagen fibrils, which make up the bulk of the corneal stroma.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b09]^ This is thought to arise from a reduction in water-binding potential in the extrafibrillar space, alluded to above, augmented by a lack of mutual repulsion between charged KS side chains on KS-PGs, whose protein cores are bound to collagen fibrils. Indeed, this concept finds some support in depth-profiled studies of collagen fibril spacing in human MCD corneas, which show that the compaction of collagen fibrils is more prevalent in the posterior corneal stroma,^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b09],[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b44]^ a region of the tissue in mammalian corneas in which KS-GAGs are most abundant.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b45][@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b46]--[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b47]^ Reduction in center-to-center distance between collagen fibrils was observed in x-ray diffraction studies of *Chst5*-null corneal tissue,^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b14]^ further demonstrating a role for KS-PGs in maintenance of interfibrillar spacing. The relatively thin corneal stroma of the *B3gnt7*-null specimen perhaps arises from a comparable change in collagen packing, although this hypothesis should be demonstrated empirically in future publications.
In addition to the anomalous KS-PG phenotype discovered in the *B3gnt7*-null cornea, a concomitant appearance of uniquely elongated, branched electron dense PG filaments was found when corneas were examined using electron microscopy. The susceptibility of these PGs to chondroitinase ABC digestion indicates the atypical PGs were CS/DS in nature. Similar CS/DS structures were previously observed by electron microscopy in *Chst5*-null corneas of mice lacking keratan sulfate sulfotransferase.^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b15]^ Lateral aggregation or end-to-end aggregation of single GAGs were suggested as possible mechanisms generating these supernormal structures, and we speculate that similar processes may underlie their appearance in *B3gnt7* mutants as well. However, future work is required on this knockout to reveal the nature of the highly electron dense structures revealed by electron microscopy. That said, an argument for upregulation of CS/DS-PGs in absence of KS-PGs could be rationalized. Considering that corneal transparency partially relies on repulsion between negatively charged KS- and CS/DS-PGs,^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b48]^ it is unsurprising that upregulation of CS/DS-PGs may prevent the breakdown of collagen organization necessary for corneal clarity in the event of a charge deficit (i.e., in the absence of elongated, sulfated KS). Indeed, this compensation mechanism was posited before by Hayashida et al.,^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b14]^ whose work revealed *Chst5*-null mice formed "caterpillar-like" structures susceptible to chondroitinase ABC digestion, similar---if not, identical---to those described in this study. The possibility of a compensatory mechanism is further supported by the work of Plaas et al.,^[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b49],[@i1552-5783-59-3-1641-b50]^ which characterized the GAG content of normal human corneas versus those affected by MCD. Their work demonstrated that diseased tissue contained fewer sulfated KS-PGs, and CS/DS-PGs were significantly increased and were in an atypically oversulfated form.
The data within demonstrate that the GlcNAc-transferring ability of β3GnT7 is necessary for synthesis of corneal KS-GAGs and aid our understanding of the structure--function relationship between KS and corneal ultrastructural organization.
Supported by National Institutes of Health Grant EY014620 (TOA), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant 25462741 (TOA), the Cardiff University International Scholarship (SLL, AJQ), and the Sir Martin Evans President\'s Research Scholarship (SLL, AJQ).
Disclosure: **S.L. Littlechild**, None; **R.D. Young**, None; **B. Caterson**, None; **H. Yoshida**, None; **M. Yamazaki**, None; **K. Sakimura**, None; **A.J. Quantock**, None; **T.O. Akama**, None
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If you listen to the advocates of online learning, MOOCs and Internet-based courses will cure all of our education problems. Just hand out some Android tablets, stream some courses in Python, and sit back and watch as everyone magically becomes a highly productive knowledge worker propelling the United States to new heights of economic prosperity. But this vision of online learning is so ridiculous I’m waiting for Ricardo Montalban to show up in a white suit and welcome these people to Fantasy Island.
The online education utopians ignore the fact that free learning has existed for decades in the form of the public library and despite that availability, every kid within bicycling distance to his local branch didn’t turn into a self taught entrepreneur. Suggesting that online courses are the cure-all for our educational needs is like saying all you have to do to teach kids in the ghetto is give away textbooks on the corner.
Recent studies have shown there is a significant gap between the completion rates of online students compared to classroom based students. When you consider that online learning is often promoted as a cost effective solution for at-risk learners who don’t have the financial resources for face-to-face instruction, it becomes clear that the online movement is offering a product that makes it easier to drop out to students who are already more prone to quitting in the first place.
Education is primarily driven by motivation, and online learning doesn’t do anything to address people’s motivational needs. In fact, the nature of online education strips away many of the components that keep students engaged and committed. Many of the factors that online education advocates claim are a benefit, such as time flexibility and the lack of classrooms, are actually a hindrance to learning. Studies have shown that a fixed structure and the sense of belonging that comes from a student body improve completion rates. Allowing students to study on their own removes these components of the support system resulting in lower rates of course completion.
In the end, MOOCs and online programs primarily help those who are self motivated to learn, and the vast majority of these people would have figured out how to educate themselves, whether in college or on their own, regardless of whether or not online courses are available.
Of all the online based learning programs that I’m aware of, only the Minerva Project addresses the inherent weaknesses of online education by incorporating physical campuses with dorms and classrooms where students interact. While the instruction is delivered over the internet, in many ways the Minerva Project resembles a brick and mortar university much more than an online program, certainly when it comes to real world student interaction.
I’m not arguing that online courses have no value. They have tremendous value for those who are self-motivated and prone to seeking out knowledge on their own. But in this regard, online courses play the role of a public library. And just as libraries are utilized by a fairly small percentage of the population and have not solved our educational needs, so too will online courses fail to be the solution to educating the masses.
There’s a scene in the movie "Good Will Hunting" where Will shames an arrogant Harvard student by pointing out that he wasted his money because he “dropped 150 grand on a fucking education you could've got for $1.50 in late charges at the public library.” Today that line would be written as “dropped 150 grand on a fucking education you could’ve got for free on the Internet.”
But just as few people in 1997 replaced their formal education with visits to the library despite the massive price differential, so too will most people continue to require structure and a supportive learning environment in the modern age of online education.
[Illustration by Hallie Bateman]
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Q:
What's the difference between mixture and admixture?
In French the translation is the same but I wonder why in English you have two words for this ? I think that's because there is a slight difference between these two words but I don't get what it is !
A:
You now find a lot of people using admixture as a synonym of mixture; it is so widespread that this cannot be regarded as an error.
But the classic use of admixture is narrower: the prefix ad- (Latin = “to, toward”) implies that a new component or ingredient is brought “to” an original substance and mixed “into” it. We might for instance speak of the classic Manhattan cocktail as
rye whiskey with an admixture of vermouth and bitters.
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MOSCOW, Nov 22 (Reuters) - Electricity supplies from Ukraine to Crimea were entirely shut off on Saturday night after power pylons in Ukraine were blown up, Russian media reported on Sunday morning.
Russia's Emergency Situations Ministry has declared a state of emergency in Crimea until power is fully restored, news agency RIA reported.
Power supplies have been partially restored by turning on emergency local generators, media agency RBC reported citing the regional Emergency Situations Ministry. (Reporting By Jason Bush)
Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.
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[Surgical treatment for cancer of the pancreatic head].
To explore and evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of surgical treatment for cancer of the pancreatic head. The clinical data of 96 patients with cancer of the pancreatic head admitted in our hospital from January 2002 to December 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. pancreatoduodenectomy was performed in 48 cases, extended pancreatoduodenectomy in 30 cases, and Roux-Y cholangiojejunostomy in 18 cases. The 1, 2 and 3-year survival rates were 59.2%, 41.8% and 13.2%, respectively, in the patients treated with pancreatoduodenectomy, and 73.2%, 58.2% and 24.1%, respectively, in the patients treated with extended pancreatoduodenectomy. The 1, 2 and 3-year survival rates were 36.8%, 15.8% and 5.3%, respectively, in the patients with unresectable tumor who received radiotherapy and (or) chemotherapy in Roux-Y cholangiojejunostomy. The postoperative morbidity was 29.2%, 30.0% and 27.8% in the patients treated with pancreatoduodenectomy, extended pancreatoduodenectomy and Roux-Y cholangiojejunostomy, respectively. Pancreatoduodenectomy is the most effective treatment. Extended pancreatoduodenectomy can improve the surgical resection rate, reduce the recurrence rate and improve the survival rate. Internal drainage is an important palliative measure.
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I keep forgetting to look on here, so sorry for slow responses. I've now ticked the box that alerts me to replies.A small application of cash can free this item for its current resting place.How about a tenner?
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Q:
Why do Kylo and Snoke follow the Rule of Two?
In The Last Jedi, Snoke says “Finish your training... and fulfil your destiny.”
After this, Kylo kills his master and becomes a master himself.
If they are not Sith, why do they obey the Rule of Two?
A:
As the old Soviet joke goes, "Officer, I didn't steal those jeans. And they were dirty and all full of holes anyway!".
As such:
We don't know that they follow Rule of Two in the first place, in word or even deed:
Supplementary fact books show that Snoke had at least another apprentice besides Emo Ren.
We are given strong (but not yet canon confrimed) hints that Knights of Ren are Luke's former students that left with Ben Solo. If so, clearly Snoke was teaching them too
Finally, it can be argued that Kylo has no apprentices after killing Snoke.
Having said that, the rule of Two is not 1 to 1 associated with the Sith:
First, even the Sith didn't exactly obey it. For one thing, Sith before Darth Bane didn't. For another, we have tons of examples of Sidious/Vader violating it.
Second, Rule of Two isn't a "Sith only" thing. It's just a tactical/philosophical concept. As such, any Force user may act in the ways that follow such a rule, not because "they are following Sith ways" but because the rule makes a lot of sense (it did work out well for the Sith, after all).
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Winter is coming and it is time to make a new quilt.
The adorable mini quilt on the wall was made by Gail, a squirrel-lover in Ontario, who sent it to me to be used in a photo. I made her a 2015 calendar with a similar photo as the April image.
If my squirrel book sells well, I have a second one just waiting that may include the quilt. And remember, these squirrels work for peanuts..so guess where my profits go :-)
Done
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
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Michele Ivaldi
Michele Ivaldi (born 11 March 1970) is an Italian yacht racer who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics.
He sailed with Luna Rossa Challenge in the 2007 America's Cup. He then joined Oracle Racing in 2008, before joining Artemis Racing for the 2010 Louis Vuitton Trophy Dubai.
References
Category:1970 births
Category:Living people
Category:Italian male sailors (sport)
Category:Olympic sailors of Italy
Category:Sailors at the 1996 Summer Olympics – 470
Category:470 class world champions
Category:RC44 class world champions
Category:World champions in sailing for Italy
Category:Luna Rossa Challenge sailors
Category:2007 America's Cup sailors
Category:Artemis Racing sailors
Category:Oracle Racing sailors
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
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Magnetic resonance imaging in prostate cancer detection and management: a systematic review.
The aim of our work was to evaluate the role of multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) in detection and management of prostate cancer (PC); specifically investigating the efficacy of mpMRI-based biopsy techniques in terms of diagnostic yield of significant prostate neoplasm and the improved management of patients who choose conservative treatments or active surveillance. A systematic and critical analysis through Medline, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science databases was carried out in March 2016, following the PRISMA ("Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses") statement. The search was conducted using the following key words: "MRI/TRUS-fusion biopsy," "PIRADS," "prostate cancer," "magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)," "multiparametric MRI (mpMRI)," "systematic prostate biopsy (SB)," "targeted prostate biopsy (TPB)." English language articles were reviewed for inclusion ability. Sixty-six studies were selected in order to evaluate the characteristics and limitations of traditional sample biopsy, the role of mpMRI in detection of PC, specifically the increased degree of diagnostic accuracy of targeted prostate biopsy compared to systematic biopsy (12 cores), and to transperineal saturation biopsies with trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS) only. MpMRI can detect index lesions in approximately 90% of cases when compared to prostatectomy specimen. The diagnostic performance of biparametric MRI (T2w + DWI) is not inferior to mpMRI, offering valid options to diminish cost- and time-consumption. Since approximately 10% of significant lesions are still MRI-invisible, systematic cores biopsy seem to still be necessary. The analysis of the different techniques shows that in-bore MRI-guided biopsy and MRI/TRUS-fusion-guided biopsy are superior in detection of significant PC compared to visual estimation alone. MpMRI proved to be very effective in active surveillance, as it prevents underdetection of significant PC and it assesses low-risk disease accurately. In higher-risk disease, presurgical MRI may change the clinically-based surgical plan in up to a third of cases. Targeted prostate biopsy, guided by mpMRI, is able to improve diagnostic accuracy and to reduce the detection of insignificant PC. Since the negative predictive value (NPV) of mpMRI is still imperfect, systematic cores biopsy should not be omitted for optimal staging of disease. A process of a progressive and periodic evolution in the detection and radiological classification of prostate lesions (such as PIRADS), is still needed in patients in active surveillance and in radical prostatectomy planning.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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#include <vector>
#include "caffe/layers/lrn_layer.hpp"
#include "caffe/util/math_functions.hpp"
namespace caffe {
template <typename Dtype>
void LRNLayer<Dtype>::LayerSetUp(const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& bottom,
const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& top) {
size_ = this->layer_param_.lrn_param().local_size();
CHECK_EQ(size_ % 2, 1) << "LRN only supports odd values for local_size";
pre_pad_ = (size_ - 1) / 2;
alpha_ = this->layer_param_.lrn_param().alpha();
beta_ = this->layer_param_.lrn_param().beta();
k_ = this->layer_param_.lrn_param().k();
if (this->layer_param_.lrn_param().norm_region() ==
LRNParameter_NormRegion_WITHIN_CHANNEL) {
// Set up split_layer_ to use inputs in the numerator and denominator.
split_top_vec_.clear();
split_top_vec_.push_back(&product_input_);
split_top_vec_.push_back(&square_input_);
LayerParameter split_param;
split_layer_.reset(new SplitLayer<Dtype>(split_param));
split_layer_->SetUp(bottom, split_top_vec_);
// Set up square_layer_ to square the inputs.
square_bottom_vec_.clear();
square_top_vec_.clear();
square_bottom_vec_.push_back(&square_input_);
square_top_vec_.push_back(&square_output_);
LayerParameter square_param;
square_param.mutable_power_param()->set_power(Dtype(2));
square_layer_.reset(new PowerLayer<Dtype>(square_param));
square_layer_->SetUp(square_bottom_vec_, square_top_vec_);
// Set up pool_layer_ to sum over square neighborhoods of the input.
pool_top_vec_.clear();
pool_top_vec_.push_back(&pool_output_);
LayerParameter pool_param;
pool_param.mutable_pooling_param()->set_pool(
PoolingParameter_PoolMethod_AVE);
pool_param.mutable_pooling_param()->set_pad(pre_pad_);
pool_param.mutable_pooling_param()->set_kernel_size(size_);
pool_layer_.reset(new PoolingLayer<Dtype>(pool_param));
pool_layer_->SetUp(square_top_vec_, pool_top_vec_);
// Set up power_layer_ to compute (1 + alpha_/N^2 s)^-beta_, where s is
// the sum of a squared neighborhood (the output of pool_layer_).
power_top_vec_.clear();
power_top_vec_.push_back(&power_output_);
LayerParameter power_param;
power_param.mutable_power_param()->set_power(-beta_);
power_param.mutable_power_param()->set_scale(alpha_);
power_param.mutable_power_param()->set_shift(Dtype(1));
power_layer_.reset(new PowerLayer<Dtype>(power_param));
power_layer_->SetUp(pool_top_vec_, power_top_vec_);
// Set up a product_layer_ to compute outputs by multiplying inputs by the
// inverse demoninator computed by the power layer.
product_bottom_vec_.clear();
product_bottom_vec_.push_back(&product_input_);
product_bottom_vec_.push_back(&power_output_);
LayerParameter product_param;
EltwiseParameter* eltwise_param = product_param.mutable_eltwise_param();
eltwise_param->set_operation(EltwiseParameter_EltwiseOp_PROD);
product_layer_.reset(new EltwiseLayer<Dtype>(product_param));
product_layer_->SetUp(product_bottom_vec_, top);
}
}
template <typename Dtype>
void LRNLayer<Dtype>::Reshape(const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& bottom,
const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& top) {
CHECK_EQ(4, bottom[0]->num_axes()) << "Input must have 4 axes, "
<< "corresponding to (num, channels, height, width)";
num_ = bottom[0]->num();
channels_ = bottom[0]->channels();
height_ = bottom[0]->height();
width_ = bottom[0]->width();
switch (this->layer_param_.lrn_param().norm_region()) {
case LRNParameter_NormRegion_ACROSS_CHANNELS:
top[0]->Reshape(num_, channels_, height_, width_);
scale_.Reshape(num_, channels_, height_, width_);
break;
case LRNParameter_NormRegion_WITHIN_CHANNEL:
split_layer_->Reshape(bottom, split_top_vec_);
square_layer_->Reshape(square_bottom_vec_, square_top_vec_);
pool_layer_->Reshape(square_top_vec_, pool_top_vec_);
power_layer_->Reshape(pool_top_vec_, power_top_vec_);
product_layer_->Reshape(product_bottom_vec_, top);
break;
}
}
template <typename Dtype>
void LRNLayer<Dtype>::Forward_cpu(const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& bottom,
const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& top) {
switch (this->layer_param_.lrn_param().norm_region()) {
case LRNParameter_NormRegion_ACROSS_CHANNELS:
CrossChannelForward_cpu(bottom, top);
break;
case LRNParameter_NormRegion_WITHIN_CHANNEL:
WithinChannelForward(bottom, top);
break;
default:
LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown normalization region.";
}
}
template <typename Dtype>
void LRNLayer<Dtype>::CrossChannelForward_cpu(
const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& bottom, const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& top) {
const Dtype* bottom_data = bottom[0]->cpu_data();
Dtype* top_data = top[0]->mutable_cpu_data();
Dtype* scale_data = scale_.mutable_cpu_data();
// start with the constant value
for (int i = 0; i < scale_.count(); ++i) {
scale_data[i] = k_;
}
Blob<Dtype> padded_square(1, channels_ + size_ - 1, height_, width_);
Dtype* padded_square_data = padded_square.mutable_cpu_data();
caffe_set(padded_square.count(), Dtype(0), padded_square_data);
Dtype alpha_over_size = alpha_ / size_;
// go through the images
for (int n = 0; n < num_; ++n) {
// compute the padded square
caffe_sqr(channels_ * height_ * width_,
bottom_data + bottom[0]->offset(n),
padded_square_data + padded_square.offset(0, pre_pad_));
// Create the first channel scale
for (int c = 0; c < size_; ++c) {
caffe_axpy<Dtype>(height_ * width_, alpha_over_size,
padded_square_data + padded_square.offset(0, c),
scale_data + scale_.offset(n, 0));
}
for (int c = 1; c < channels_; ++c) {
// copy previous scale
caffe_copy<Dtype>(height_ * width_,
scale_data + scale_.offset(n, c - 1),
scale_data + scale_.offset(n, c));
// add head
caffe_axpy<Dtype>(height_ * width_, alpha_over_size,
padded_square_data + padded_square.offset(0, c + size_ - 1),
scale_data + scale_.offset(n, c));
// subtract tail
caffe_axpy<Dtype>(height_ * width_, -alpha_over_size,
padded_square_data + padded_square.offset(0, c - 1),
scale_data + scale_.offset(n, c));
}
}
// In the end, compute output
caffe_powx<Dtype>(scale_.count(), scale_data, -beta_, top_data);
caffe_mul<Dtype>(scale_.count(), top_data, bottom_data, top_data);
}
template <typename Dtype>
void LRNLayer<Dtype>::WithinChannelForward(
const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& bottom, const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& top) {
split_layer_->Forward(bottom, split_top_vec_);
square_layer_->Forward(square_bottom_vec_, square_top_vec_);
pool_layer_->Forward(square_top_vec_, pool_top_vec_);
power_layer_->Forward(pool_top_vec_, power_top_vec_);
product_layer_->Forward(product_bottom_vec_, top);
}
template <typename Dtype>
void LRNLayer<Dtype>::Backward_cpu(const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& top,
const vector<bool>& propagate_down, const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& bottom) {
switch (this->layer_param_.lrn_param().norm_region()) {
case LRNParameter_NormRegion_ACROSS_CHANNELS:
CrossChannelBackward_cpu(top, propagate_down, bottom);
break;
case LRNParameter_NormRegion_WITHIN_CHANNEL:
WithinChannelBackward(top, propagate_down, bottom);
break;
default:
LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown normalization region.";
}
}
template <typename Dtype>
void LRNLayer<Dtype>::CrossChannelBackward_cpu(
const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& top, const vector<bool>& propagate_down,
const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& bottom) {
const Dtype* top_diff = top[0]->cpu_diff();
const Dtype* top_data = top[0]->cpu_data();
const Dtype* bottom_data = bottom[0]->cpu_data();
const Dtype* scale_data = scale_.cpu_data();
Dtype* bottom_diff = bottom[0]->mutable_cpu_diff();
Blob<Dtype> padded_ratio(1, channels_ + size_ - 1, height_, width_);
Blob<Dtype> accum_ratio(1, 1, height_, width_);
Dtype* padded_ratio_data = padded_ratio.mutable_cpu_data();
Dtype* accum_ratio_data = accum_ratio.mutable_cpu_data();
// We hack a little bit by using the diff() to store an additional result
Dtype* accum_ratio_times_bottom = accum_ratio.mutable_cpu_diff();
caffe_set(padded_ratio.count(), Dtype(0), padded_ratio_data);
Dtype cache_ratio_value = 2. * alpha_ * beta_ / size_;
caffe_powx<Dtype>(scale_.count(), scale_data, -beta_, bottom_diff);
caffe_mul<Dtype>(scale_.count(), top_diff, bottom_diff, bottom_diff);
// go through individual data
int inverse_pre_pad = size_ - (size_ + 1) / 2;
for (int n = 0; n < num_; ++n) {
int block_offset = scale_.offset(n);
// first, compute diff_i * y_i / s_i
caffe_mul<Dtype>(channels_ * height_ * width_,
top_diff + block_offset, top_data + block_offset,
padded_ratio_data + padded_ratio.offset(0, inverse_pre_pad));
caffe_div<Dtype>(channels_ * height_ * width_,
padded_ratio_data + padded_ratio.offset(0, inverse_pre_pad),
scale_data + block_offset,
padded_ratio_data + padded_ratio.offset(0, inverse_pre_pad));
// Now, compute the accumulated ratios and the bottom diff
caffe_set(accum_ratio.count(), Dtype(0), accum_ratio_data);
for (int c = 0; c < size_ - 1; ++c) {
caffe_axpy<Dtype>(height_ * width_, 1.,
padded_ratio_data + padded_ratio.offset(0, c), accum_ratio_data);
}
for (int c = 0; c < channels_; ++c) {
caffe_axpy<Dtype>(height_ * width_, 1.,
padded_ratio_data + padded_ratio.offset(0, c + size_ - 1),
accum_ratio_data);
// compute bottom diff
caffe_mul<Dtype>(height_ * width_,
bottom_data + top[0]->offset(n, c),
accum_ratio_data, accum_ratio_times_bottom);
caffe_axpy<Dtype>(height_ * width_, -cache_ratio_value,
accum_ratio_times_bottom, bottom_diff + top[0]->offset(n, c));
caffe_axpy<Dtype>(height_ * width_, -1.,
padded_ratio_data + padded_ratio.offset(0, c), accum_ratio_data);
}
}
}
template <typename Dtype>
void LRNLayer<Dtype>::WithinChannelBackward(
const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& top, const vector<bool>& propagate_down,
const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& bottom) {
if (propagate_down[0]) {
vector<bool> product_propagate_down(2, true);
product_layer_->Backward(top, product_propagate_down, product_bottom_vec_);
power_layer_->Backward(power_top_vec_, propagate_down, pool_top_vec_);
pool_layer_->Backward(pool_top_vec_, propagate_down, square_top_vec_);
square_layer_->Backward(square_top_vec_, propagate_down,
square_bottom_vec_);
split_layer_->Backward(split_top_vec_, propagate_down, bottom);
}
}
#ifdef CPU_ONLY
STUB_GPU(LRNLayer);
STUB_GPU_FORWARD(LRNLayer, CrossChannelForward);
STUB_GPU_BACKWARD(LRNLayer, CrossChannelBackward);
#endif
INSTANTIATE_CLASS(LRNLayer);
} // namespace caffe
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Further testing delays James Holmes’ movie theater shooting trial
Prosecutors have said they will pursue the death penalty for James Holmes.
Further testing delays James Holmes’ movie theater shooting trial
Prosecutors have said they will pursue the death penalty for James Holmes.
(CNN) — The trial of James Holmes, accused in the mass shooting at an Aurora, Colorado, movie theater, has been delayed again.
The trial was scheduled to begin in October, but a psychiatrist conducting a second sanity examination on Holmes asked for more time to complete the examination, according to a judge’s order from Arapahoe County District Court made public Wednesday.
Judge Carlos Samour said he had “little choice but to grant the examiner’s request” despite the fact many victims would be opposed to the delay.
The examination was originally set to be completed by August 15, but the deadline was extended until October 15, according to the order. A new trial date is set to be scheduled at a July 22 hearing.
Holmes is accused of opening fire inside a packed movie theater during a midnight showing of Batman film “The Dark Knight Rises” in July 2012, killing 12 people.
He has pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity to the 166 charges he faces in connection with the rampage.
The attacker threw tear gas canisters into the theater then started shooting, according to witnesses. Police said he used several weapons, including an AR-15 rifle, before fleeing the theater.
Holmes was taken into custody outside the theater, where authorities said he identified himself to police as “The Joker,” one of Batman’s archenemies.
This is the third time the trial has been delayed. It was originally set to begin in August 2013 but was pushed back to February. That date was then delayed until October, which has now been postponed.
Holmes’ attorneys argued in a motion filed last year that their client “suffers from severe mental illness and was in the throes of a psychotic episode when he committed acts that resulted in the tragic loss of life.”
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
An investigation of the action of porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase on native and gelatinised starches.
The action of pancreatic alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) on various starches has been studied in order to achieve better understanding of how starch structural properties influence enzyme kinetic parameters. Such studies are important in seeking explanations for the wide differences reported in postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic indices associated with different starchy foodstuffs. Using starches from a number of different sources, in both native and gelatinised forms, as substrates for porcine alpha-amylase, we showed by enzyme kinetic studies that adsorption of amylase to starch is of kinetic importance in the reaction mechanism, so that the relationship between reaction velocity and enzyme concentration [E0] is logarithmic and described by the Freundlich equation. Estimations of catalytic efficiencies were derived from measurements of kcat/Km performed with constant enzyme concentration so that comparisons between different starches were not complicated by the logarithmic relationship between E0 and reaction velocity. Such studies reveal that native starches from normal and waxy rice are slightly better substrates than those from wheat and potato. After gelatinisation at 100 degrees C, kcat/Km values increased by 13-fold (waxy rice) to 239-fold (potato). Phosphate present in potato starch may aid the swelling process during heating of suspensions; this seems to produce a very favourable substrate for the enzyme. Investigation of pre-heat treatment effects on wheat starch shows that the relationship between treatment and kcat/Km is not a simple one. The value of kcat/Km rises to reach a maximum at a pre-treatment temperature of 75 degrees C and then falls sharply if the treatment is conducted at higher temperatures. It is known that amylose is leached from starch granules during heating and dissolves. On cooling, the dissolved starch is likely to retrograde and become resistant to amylolysis. Thus the catalytic efficiency tends to fall. In addition, we find that the catalytic efficiency on the different starches varies inversely with their solubility and we interpret this finding on the assumption that the greater the solubility, the greater is the likelihood of retrogradation. We conclude that although alpha-amylase is present in high activity in digestive fluid, the enzymic hydrolysis of starch may be a limiting factor in carbohydrate digestion because of factors related to the physico-chemical properties of starchy foods.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
The 20th edition of the Hollywood Film Awards saw the usual gathering of A-list bosses of cinema, including fresh award recipients Leonardo DiCaprio and Robert De Niro. The untelevised event, which took place at the Beverly Hilton Sunday night, gave stars one last chance to urge voters to acknowledge defining issues such as climate change when they hit the polls Tuesday.
I2YXBjNzE6AXPcgitFPFLqOUfR7p5sFe
Though DiCaprio didn't mention Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton during his acceptance speech for the Hollywood Documentary Award, he did once again plead with voters to simply pay attention to basic science. "If you don't believe in the science of man-made climate change, you might as well not believe in gravity," DiCaprio, whose Before the Flood documentary with Fisher Stevens won the night's top doc honor, said. "2016 was the hottest year in recorded history. July was the hottest month in recorded history. This is an urgent threat to life on Earth as we know it."
The time for debate, DiCaprio added, has passed. "There's no more time for arguing, for clouding the facts, or for spreading campaigns of misinformation," he said Sunday. "All of us need to act. All of us in this room. And besides all of us here, if by chance this clip is televised, let's all use our power as citizens and do the right thing. Please vote this Tuesday, Nov. 8 and vote for people who believe in the science of climate change."
JjZzkwNzE6ADxqwwXXj44i2ui8NyN260
For Comedy Award recipient De Niro, who previously declared his disgust with the Republican nominee in a hella viral video, the absurdity of this election is inarguable but shouldn't deter voters from showing up in a big way. "We remember obvious absurdist comedies like the Marx brothers' Duck Soup where a lunatic is running the country, or Stanley Kubrick's Dr. Strangelove where our leaders dally with nuclear weapons and bring us to Armageddon," De Niro said. "Wacky comedies right? Well, not so fast."
Those fictional characters, De Niro explained, are sadly more believable than our current reality. "It's two days to a frightening election and the shadow of politics is hanging over us whether we like it or not," De Niro said. "It's hard for me to think about anything else. So let me just lay it out right here. We have the opportunity to prevent a comedy from turning into a tragedy. Vote for Hillary Tuesday."
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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|
Constrained trajectory optimization of a soft lunar landing from a parking orbit
Other Contributors:Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Advisor:Thomas J. Fill, Ronald J. Proulx and Eric M. Feron.
Department:Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Publisher:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Date Issued:2005
Abstract:
A trajectory optimization study for a soft landing on the Moon, which analyzed the effects of adding operationally based constraints on the behavior of the minimum fuel trajectory, has been completed. Metrics of trajectory evaluation included fuel expenditure, terminal attitude, thrust histories, etc.. The vehicle was initialized in a circular parking orbit and the trajectory divided into three distinct phases: de-orbit, descent, and braking. Analysis was initially performed with two-dimensional translational motion, and the minimally constrained optimal trajectory was found to be operationally infeasible. Operational constraints, such as a positive descent orbit perilune height and a vertical terminal velocity, were imposed to obtain a viable trajectory, but the final vehicle attitude and landing approach angle remained largely horizontal. This motivated inclusion of attitude kinematics and constraints to the system. With rotational motion included, the optimal solution was feasible, but the trajectory still had undesirable characteristics. Constraining the throttle to maximum during braking produced a steeper approach, but used the most fuel. The results suggested a terminal vertical descent was a desirable fourth segment of the trajectory. which was imposed by first flying to an offset point and then enforcing a vertical descent, and provided extra safely margin prior to landing. In this research, the relative effects of adding operational constraints were documented and can be used as a baseline study for further detailed trajectory optimization.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
In addition to the awesome humble bundle, I got a SNES controller for my PC (I'm SO going to try to figure out how to use that with City of Heroes!), a darling book on cake pops, and a set of cake pans that let me put STUFFFFF in my cakes.
Santa, you are amazing. Best SS gifts EVAR!
(Also, Diesel wanted me to tell you she is grateful for the new box to play with.)
Edit! A third present arived! A beautiful necklace I had admired on r/craftit. It's a beautiful hammered spoon with distressed text on the face. It's really wonderful.
Thank you, Secret Santa. You've been fantastic.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Air Warfare Destroyer: Government to put control of troubled warship program out to tender as cost hits $9 billion
Updated
The Federal Government will put control of the troubled Air Warfare Destroyer (AWD) project out to tender, following a new report revealing the total cost for the three new ships has now blown out to around $9 billion.
The audit into the status of the project has revealed at least an additional $1.2 billion will be required to complete it.
The first of the three ships, HMAS Hobart, was originally due to be delivered last year.
The ship will be floated in Adelaide tomorrow, but extensive fit-out work means it will still be more than a year before it is ready to be deployed.
The report reveals each of the ships are now expected to be completed more than two-and-a-half years behind schedule, but the Government will not release the document for reasons of commercial confidence.
AWD schedule delays Original delivery Revised estimate Ship 1 December 2014 June 2017 Ship 2 March 2016 September 2018 Ship 3 June 2017 March 2020
Finance Minister Mathias Cormann described the extent of the cost and schedule overruns as "very disappointing", and said the Government would now release a fresh tender for oversight of the project.
"The Government will begin a limited tender, to either insert a managing contractor into ASC [Australian Submarine Corporation] for the remainder of the build, or further enhance ASC capability through a partnering arrangement," he said.
"What we're trying to do is get the project completed at the lowest possible cost and in the fastest possible time in light of the significant cost and schedule overruns that we inherited.
"That will be done through ASC, but it'll be done through an enhanced partnership or it'll be done by inserting a managing contractor."
The ABC understands the two companies likely to bid for the task of overseeing completion are BAE Systems and Spanish shipbuilder Navantia.
The project is currently being run by the AWD Alliance, a consortium made up of the Defence Materiel Organisation, the Government-owned shipbuilder ASC, and defence contractor Raytheon Australia.
Documents leaked recently to the ABC indicated the alliance was concerned its shipbuilding reputation was being harmed by cost blowouts and project delays.
Last December, the Government announced it was bringing in a team of shipbuilding experts from Navantia and BAE to provide "mentorship and advice" to the ASC management team.
The day after we see more jobs lost at Holden and the day before we are meant to be celebrating the success of an industry, we get this kick in the guts from the Federal Government. SA Premier Jay Weatherill
Former defence minister David Johnston lost the portfolio in a ministerial reshuffle last year, after he told the Senate that he would not trust ASC "to build a canoe".
A senior analyst with the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Mark Thomson, said the alliance's structure seemed to be one of the problems.
"With an alliance contract where you don't have somebody clearly in charge you can rapidly find yourself in a situation where things go wrong and people are looking at one another, passing blame, not taking responsibility and decisions aren't made," he told the ABC recently.
Mr Thomson on Friday added the blowout put further doubt on ASC's ability to build the next generation of submarines in Adelaide.
"It's going to be very hard in Cabinet to muster support on doubling down on Australian industry to build the next generation of submarines or warships," he said.
An internal defence update obtained by the ABC said the second of three AWDs had been plagued by defects.
The first warship was meant to be ready in 2014 but its cable and combat systems faced "numerous defects".
Thousands of spectators are expected to be present when HMAS Hobart is floated for the first time at the Osborne shipyard on Saturday.
Cormann's comments a 'kick in the guts' for SA
SA Premier Jay Weatherill has criticised Senator Cormann, saying he had "exaggerated figures and deliberately used large numbers to undermine confidence" in the sector.
He said using the example of the first ship, with related start-up costs, ignored efficiencies gained through the rest of the build program.
"This report has lumped all the start-up costs inclusive of separate facility costs to somehow come up with a large figure multiplied [for] the entire project," Mr Weatherill said.
Mr Weatherill said Senator Cormann "deliberately sabotaged the celebration of the launch".
"The day after we see more jobs lost at Holden and the day before we are meant to be celebrating the success of an industry, we get this kick in the guts from the Federal Government," he said.
Mr Weatherill said it also flew in the face of a COAG agreement to recognise the importance of a continuous naval build strategy.
"Just a few weeks after reaching agreement at COAG we have federal ministers continuing the assault started by David Johnston, selectively using figures to deride the accomplishments of the nation's shipbuilding industry."
South Australia's defence industry association, the Defence Teaming Centre, has called on the Government to make the audit public.
"If you want to be taken seriously when you release reports like that you have to provide the detail so that independent analysis can be conducted," chief executive Chris Burns said.
"We don't even know who did this audit, how it was conducted, what was the methodology and who was involved."
Production efficiencies 'on the rise'
AWD Alliance chief executive officer Rod Equid told 891 ABC Adelaide that there was "no question" there had been problems with the first ship but people had to consider the technical aspects of a start-up operation that would improve with each ship.
"We've doing things for the first time and we learn things how we go along," he said.
"The important thing is how we learn from that and take those lessons to the next ship."
By the time we get to the third ship, the labour costs will be half what they were on the first. AWD Alliance chief executive Rod Equid
He further quashed reports that each ship was costing taxpayers $3 billion.
"This is principally because of the other costs included in the $9 billion are facilities, other defence costs, purchase of missiles, the training systems, the technical publications, etc," Mr Equid said.
"The unit price of ships is not nine divided by three."
Mr Equid said production labour had been a large expense in the first ship, "but we're seeing improvements to the second ship of more than 30 per cent, many areas of 20 per cent to the third ship".
"By the time we get to the third ship, the labour costs will be half what they were on the first," he said.
He said that while there had been a "conversation about the costs", there had been no compromise on the capability and quality of the "exceptional ship", and the safety in performing the work.
Mr Equid added that while there could have been an order placed to build the ships in Spain, there would still have been extra costs involved to adapt and convert the ships' systems to Australian Defence Force requirements.
HMAS Hobart is 146.7-metres in length, capable of a top speed of more than 28 knots (52kph) and has a range of 5,000 nautical miles at 18 or more knots.
It has two diesel and two gas turbine engines, which can produce 36 megawatts of power, the equivalent of the power of 200 family sedans.
The destroyer can carry a crew of about 180 and accommodate up to 236 people in all.
The flight deck and helicopter hangar can accommodate a Seahawk helicopter and the destroyer has two inflatable boats, which can be deployed for tasks including transport, boardings of other vessels or for rescues.
Once the ship is floated on the weekend and named in a traditional ceremony with the smashing of a champagne bottle, it will spend a further 12 months in port while combat systems equipment are loaded and fitted onto the ship ahead of sea trials.
Topics: defence-industry, defence-and-national-security, defence-and-aerospace-industries, industry, business-economics-and-finance, navy, defence-forces, osborne-5017, adelaide-5000, sa, australia
First posted
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to polymer-micelle complexes.
2. Description of Related Art
Cleaning product formulations, including those which contain common antimicrobial agents such as quaternary ammonium compounds and biguanides such as chlorhexidine and alexidine, rely on surfactants and mixtures of surfactants to deliver cleaning (detergency) and antimicrobial efficacy. A key aspect of these processes is the interaction of the surfactants and antimicrobial agents with the solid surfaces of the materials being cleaned, as well as the surfaces of microorganisms, together with the effects of the formulations on the air-water interface (surface tension). Reduction of the surface tension of aqueous formulations, which is directly related to the effectiveness of the wetting of solid surfaces and hence the detergency and antimicrobial processes, can be manipulated through the use of mixtures of surfactants, as is known in the art.
At a molecular level surfactants and surfactant mixtures in aqueous media exhibit the ability to adsorb at the air-water, solid-water, and oil-water interfaces, and this adsorption is hence responsible for a wide range of phenomena, including the solubilization of oils in the detergency process, the changes in the properties of solids and dispersions of solids, and the lowering of the surface tension of water. Adsorption of surfactants at interfaces is generally known to increase with surfactant concentration up to a total surfactant concentration known as the critical micelle concentration (CMC). At the CMC, surfactants begin to form aggregates in the bulk solution known as micelles, in equilibrium with the monomeric species of surfactants which adsorb onto the interfaces.
The details of the structures and sizes of the micelles, as well as the properties of the adsorbed layers of surfactants or surfactant mixtures, depend on the details of the molecular shape and charges, if any, on the hydrophilic “headgroups” of the surfactants. Strongly charged headgroups of surfactants tend to repel each other at interfaces, opposing the efficient packing of the surfactants at the interface, and also favoring micelle structures that are relatively small and spherical. The charged headgroups of many surfactants, such as the quaternary ammonium compounds, will also introduce a counterion of opposite charge, for example a chloride or bromide ion, into formulations.
It is known that the nature of the counterion can affect the repulsion between charged surfactants in micelles and adsorbed layers through a partial screening of the headgroup charges from one another in surfactant aggregates like micelles. It is also well known that addition of simple electrolytes, such as sodium chloride, into aqueous solutions can also be used to increase the screening of like headgroup charges from each other, and thus is a common parameter used to adjust the properties of surfactant micelles, such as size and shape, and to adjust the adsorption of surfactants onto surfaces.
Addition of significant amounts of simple electrolytes into many formulations, such as hard surface spray cleaners or nonwoven wipes loaded with a cleaning lotion, is undesirable due to residues left behind upon drying of the formulations. An alternative method to adjusting the properties of such formulations, including the wetting of solid surfaces and the antimicrobial activity, is to include significant amounts of volatile organic solvents such as lower alcohols or glycol ethers. Volatile organic solvents, however, are coming under increasing regulation due to their potential health effects, and are not preferred by the significant fraction of consumers who desire efficacious cleaning and disinfecting products with a minimum of chemical actives, including volatiles. In the healthcare industry, efficacious formulations comprising quaternary ammonium compounds and lower alcohols are known, but are viewed as having shortcomings in terms of the potential for irritation of confined patients. Such products pose similar risks to cleaning and clinical personnel who may be exposed to such products on a daily basis.
There is an increasing interest from consumers, and a known need in the healthcare and housekeeping industries, to reduce the number of microorganisms on fabrics while using familiar equipment such as washing machines. Concentrated products are required for such an application, due to the high dilution level of the product in the rinse water, typically by a factor of about 600 times dilution. In the case of formulations comprising quaternary ammonium compounds, high concentrations of the quaternary ammonium compounds in the concentrate are needed in order to ensure an adequate amount of adsorption occurs in a kinetically relevant time onto the microbes under dilution use conditions. As detailed above, it is desirable, yet very difficult, to manipulate (i.e., reduce) the CMC of the quaternary ammonium compound in such an application. Thus very high concentrations of quaternary ammonium compounds, which tend to be hazardous to the skin and eyes, are used in the concentrates, in combination with high temperatures and long exposure times.
Thus, there is an ongoing need for methods and compositions offering fine control of the properties of surfactant aggregates comprising cationic species, especially antimicrobial species such as quaternary ammonium compounds and biguanides.
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{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
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1: what the fuck this is not what i was expecting2: how THE FUCK is it a different genre when it's made somewhere elsei fucking hate music peoplethey overcomplicate everythinginvent subgenres that shouldn't existsegregate EVERYTHING based on minute detailsfucking hell
The backing vocals here are kind of annoying. The lead girl tries to hit all kinds of notes, and they don't all sound great.I hate when people try to show off their voice. You don't have to hit a million different notes every fucking song.
Getting really fucking sick of chimes, too.
THIS SONG IS SUNG BY A MANI HATE TO SAY IT BUT I LIKE IT A LOT MORE THAN THE OTHER SONGSMostly because he just sings the song. He doesn't try to hit all the notes that exist, or at the very least, he's less obvious about it.These backing vocals are pretty annoying on the train song.
As far as genres go, it's really just renaissance folk with jazz bass and drums. I think of it as Jazz Folk in my mind, similar to Tim Buckley and what not.
I agree about Train Song's backing vocals. The song would be better without them.
I do like the girl though. For being super british, she doesn't over do that aspect of it like other british folk groups at the time.
Light Flight is one of my favorite songs of all time. There's so many sweet moving parts in the composition....and the acoustic guy is doing electric style riffs which really gives it a cool feel. I love the band.
THIS will finish off the Bon Scott-era AC/DC albums.Most of this album would become the international version of High Voltage, and at least one song would be on the international version of Dirty Deeds.
It's a Long Way to the Top's bagpipes annoy me.The Jack is the epitome of filler. Holy shit, I don't think I'm exaggerating here.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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You
venture back, all hope lost now, seeing the rusty sign. There was not a chance;
you thought, that the three of you ever reach that city without being killed.
Fate it seems wanted these three to suffer the torments of their feelings. As
the group walked back slowly, head drooped, a flash of light appeared. A boulder
about two feet high, and level on the top blocked the path back. Here you
stopped, puzzled, not certain of the outcome, and so now must choose your
destiny.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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Microbial ecology of drinking water distribution systems.
The supply of clean drinking water is a major, and relatively recent, public health milestone. Control of microbial growth in drinking water distribution systems, often achieved through the addition of disinfectants, is essential to limiting waterborne illness, particularly in immunocompromised subpopulations. Recent inquiries into the microbial ecology of distribution systems have found that pathogen resistance to chlorination is affected by microbial community diversity and interspecies relationships. Research indicates that multispecies biofilms are generally more resistant to disinfection than single-species biofilms. Other recent findings are the increased survival of the bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila when present inside its protozoan host Hartmannella vermiformis and the depletion of chloramine disinfectant residuals by nitrifying bacteria, leading to increased overall microbial growth. Interactions such as these are unaccounted for in current disinfection models. An understanding of the microbial ecology of distribution systems is necessary to design innovative and effective control strategies that will ensure safe and high-quality drinking water.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to a system for manufacturing an instrument panel which is primarily used in the interior construction of an automobile.
2. Description of the Relevant Art
In general, an instrument panel is constructed such that a foamed resin of polypropyrene or the like is placed between a hard core material (aggregate) of ABS resin or the like and a soft covering material such as polyvinyl chloride. In a conventional manufacturing process for such an instrument panel, beads of a foaming resin material are filled in a space between the core member and the covering material when formed, and are then heated and foamed. Due to this process, the prior art has various attendant problems in as much as a longer period of operation is required for making a foamed resin, and further, irritating gas is produced when the resin is foamed. In order to resolve such problems, proposals have been made by the present applicants in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 54-144, 478.
In the aforesaid known system a composite sheet having a semi-hard covering material and a foamed sheet adhered to each other in advance is cut to a desired length of a unit sheet and the unit sheet is guided to the heating station where it is heated to its softening point, thereafter the heated unit sheet is fed to the forming station where it is pressed against the core member set on the lower die in advance, through adhesive, and then finally it is pressed between the upper and lower dies. Further, in this prior art system of manufacturing an instrument panel, endless conveying chains are arranged to run through the feeding, heating and forming stations, respectively, and during this passage of the sheet panel, the sheet is spiked by some needles formed on the running chain the conveyed through each of the stations in sequence while being spiked. Due to this operational arrangement, the sheet should be conveyed through each of the stations with its positional relation to each of them being retained therein, and thus an independent processing of the sheet in each of the stations cannot be performed. Because the conveying chains pass through the heating station, they are always required to be cooled thus influencing the durability of the conveying chains. Further, an arrangement of the conveying chains in the forming station causes problems in that a sheet forming process is restricted and the like. With such arrangement as set forth above, two devices, one for drying the adhesive applied to the surface of the core member and the other for additionally heating the dried adhesive to melt it, are installed for processing the core member before the forming of the sheet material due to different temperature conditions therebetween.
Due to this fact, an additional process for taking the core member from the drying device and transferring it to the melting device is required, and the area occupied by these devices is excessive, resulting in a decreased efficiency of the entire system. Further, because the heater, etc. should be arranged for each of the devices, the prior art system has the problem that a desirable thermal efficiency cannot be retained.
Further, in such a prior art system, the feeding station has a suction device for sucking the unit sheet cut to a desired length and a bogie device for transferring said unit sheet to the subsequent heating station at respective different locations. Due to this fact, an operation required for transferring the unit sheet to the bogie additionally requires time for transferring the sheet from the suction device to the bogie device, and further occupies an excessively large area the feeding station.
Further, in such a prior art system, problems arise in that the conveying chains themselves cannot be lifted up and down, and alternatively the upper and lower dies are required to be moved up and down and the lower die should be movable, resulting in a complex and large-sized device.
In the forming station, in order to set the core member on the lower die, an operator sets the core member while he enters a space between the dies and also in case of taking out the formed product of the instrument panel upon completion of the forming process, the product is pushed up by the ejector and the operator enters the space between the dies to take the product. Therefore, this is undesirable in view of workability and safety of the operator.
The present invention effectively overcomes the above problems found in a conventional type of an instrument panel manufacturing system as described above.
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{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
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---
abstract: 'The mixed morphology class of supernova remnants has centrally peaked X-ray emission along with a shell-like morphology in radio emission. White & Long proposed that these remnants are evolving in a cloudy medium wherein the clouds are evaporated via thermal conduction once being overrun by the expanding shock. Their analytical model made detailed predictions regarding temperature, density and emission profiles as well as shock evolution. We present numerical hydrodynamical models in 2D and 3D including thermal conduction, testing the White & Long model and presenting results for the evolution and emission from remnants evolving in a cloudy medium. We find that, while certain general results of the White & Long model hold, such as the way the remnants expand and the flattening of the X-ray surface brightness distribution, in detail there are substantial differences. In particular we find that the X-ray luminosity is dominated by emission from shocked cloud gas early on, leading to a bright peak which then declines and flattens as evaporation becomes more important. In addition, the effects of thermal conduction on the intercloud gas, which is not included in the White & Long model, are important and lead to further flattening of the X-ray brightness profile as well as lower X-ray emission temperatures.'
author:
- 'Jonathan D. Slavin'
- 'Randall K. Smith'
- Adam Foster
- 'Henry D. Winter'
- 'John C. Raymond'
- 'Patrick O. Slane'
- Hiroya Yamaguchi
bibliography:
- 'snr\_evol.bib'
title: Numerical Simulations of Supernova Remnant Evolution in a Cloudy Interstellar Medium
---
Introduction
============
Supernovae are the primary source of hot gas in galaxies. The shocks created in a supernova explosion can expand to distances of more than 100 pc and create large, hot, low density volumes of gas that persist for millions of years. Supernova remnant (SNR) evolution has been explored theoretically for several decades with increasing levels of complexity. However, the appearance of SNRs and the way the shocks couple with the interstellar medium (ISM) depend crucially on the nature of the medium into which the remnant expands, in particular its density and inhomogeneity.
For many years SNRs were divided into two categories, shell-like and plerionic. The first category has emission that peaks at the edge of the remnant while plerions are centrally brightened. It was believed that in the latter case a pulsar wind powers the emission, while for shell-like remnants, emission from the outer blastwave shock dominates. However, cases that did not fit either morphology were found and referred to as either thermal composite, because of their centrally concentrated and yet thermal X-ray emission along with edge brightened radio emission, or mixed morphology supernova remnants (MMSNR).
@Rho+Petre_1998 first argued that the mixed morphology remnants formed a truly distinct class of SNRs. In more recent years more remnants in this class have been found and evidence has been presented that these remnants are, as a rule, undergoing interactions with dense clouds. In particular @Yusef-Zadeh_etal_2003 showed a strong correlation of OH maser emission with mixed morphology, indicating that shocks in molecular clouds are present around MMSNRs. In addition, shock-cloud interaction indicators such as broad velocity wings [@Frail+Mitchell_1998] or an enhanced $^{12}\mathrm{CO}(J=2-1)/^{12}\mathrm{CO}(J=1-0)$ ratio [@Seta_etal_1998] are observed in many MMSNRs [see review by @Slane_etal_2015].
At present, there are $\sim 40$ known MMSNRs, but the nature of the central X-ray emission is poorly understood. X-ray spectra show evidence for the presence of ejecta in some such MMSNRs, but the inferred mass of the X-ray emitting material appears to be much larger than any reasonable ejecta contributions. The observed temperature profiles show little variation with radius, in contrast to the steep profile associated with the Sedov phase. Possibly related is the observation that the plasma in many MMSNRs is observed to be overionized [e.g., @Kawasaki_etal_2002; @Yamaguchi_etal_2009], indicating a rapid cooling phase [@Uchida_etal_2012; @Moriya_2012].
Nearly half of the known MMSNRs are observed to produce gamma-ray emission, presumably indicating the interaction between protons accelerated by the SNR (or re-accelerated cosmic rays) and molecular cloud material or dense post-shock regions of radiative shocks [@Uchiyama_etal_2010; @Lee_etal_2015].
Even well before many of these observations that characterized MMSNRs in detail, @White+Long_1991 [hereafter WL] put forward an analytical model that attempted to explain remnants with centrally peaked X-ray emission. WL included terms in the fluid equations describing evolution in spherical symmetry of a SNR that allowed for a continual injection of mass and momentum as the result of cloud evaporation. In this way they aimed to describe the evolution and emission distribution generated when a SN explodes in a cloudy medium and where thermal conduction evaporates the clouds that have been enveloped by the blastwave. We note that there was no term in the equations accounting for the transfer of energy within the hot gas by thermal conduction. We will discuss the ramifications of this further below.
Methods {#sec:meth}
=======
WL created their models for SNR evolution in a cloudy medium starting from the usual set of equations for hydrodynamics under the assumption of spherical symmetry but with added terms to account for the effects of cloud evaporation on the mass, momentum and energy in the remnant. Though they included a term for mass injection into the intercloud medium as a result of thermal conduction, as mentioned above, they did not explicitly include thermal conduction. For our numerical hydrodynamical calculations presented here we employ the code FLASH [@Fryxell_etal_2000; @Fryxell_etal_2010 <http://flash.uchicago.edu/site/flashcode/>] without any extra terms added to account for mass loss from clouds since they are unnecessary in multiple dimensions as long as the physics is correctly modeled. An essential aspect of the modeling is the inclusion of thermal conduction, which is accurately and efficiently included via the `Diffuse` module included in version 4.3 of FLASH. We discuss the details of our use of this module in the appendix. The initial conditions for our cloudy medium runs include an initial distribution of clouds in space with varying sizes. The cloud size distribution and density were not important for WL as long as the fundamental assumptions of their calculations were not violated, namely that the clouds are much denser than the intercloud medium, the clouds are uniformly distributed in space and the filling factor of the clouds is small. We fulfill these criteria by randomly placing clouds that are a factor of 100 times denser than the intercloud medium with an overall small volume filling factor (dictated by the $C$ parameter, see below). We set off the SN explosion in this medium by putting the appropriate amount of thermal energy in a small number of parcels at the center of the remnant. We do not include any ejecta mass, which would be important at early times during the ejecta dominated phase. The characteristic time for the transition from the ejecta dominated to Sedov phase is [@Truelove+McKee_1999] $t_{ch} = E^{-1/2} M_\mathrm{ej} \rho^{-1/3}$, which for our values of explosion energy and density, and assuming 5 $M_\odot$ of ejecta, is about 2700 yr. It will take several times this value for the evolution to truly settle into a Sedov solution evolution in the remnant as a whole, though the approach will be faster for the region behind the forward shock. For this reason we do not expect the early time evolution (e.g. X-ray luminosity) to be very realistic (though of course this also applies to the WL model). In our runs the thermal energy leads to rapid expansion and partial conversion of the thermal energy to kinetic energy as expected for Sedov-Taylor expansion [e.g., @Chevalier_1974]. Most of the results we discuss in this paper were carried out in 2D cylindrical symmetry, though we have done runs in 3D as well as a check on the effects of the 2D assumption.
For all of our runs, we use an explosion energy of $10^{51}$ ergs. As with the Sedov-Taylor solution, we expect the explosion energy to set the overall scale of the remnant but not to affect such things as the division of energy between thermal and kinetic forms. We use an ambient intercloud density of 0.25 cm$^{-3}$ and a temperature of $10^4$ K. These values are typical for the warm interstellar medium, though the temperature is perhaps slightly high for realistic heating and cooling balance. The exact value for the temperature should not have a significant affect on our results. The clouds are assumed to have a density of 25 cm$^{-3}$, which then leads to a temperature of 100 K to maintain pressure balance in the ambient medium. (Note that we are not tracking the ionization which would change these values if the ionization level were lower in the clouds than in the intercloud medium.) These values are consistent with typical cold neutral () cloud values. We do not expect the cloud temperature to be important to the remnant evolution. The cloud density could have some effect, since a larger density, for the same ratio of cloud mass to intercloud mass, would imply a lower cloud filling factor, though we think that our assumed density is realistic. For the cloud sizes we use a power law in radius. We took the distribution used in @McKee+Ostriker_1977, which was partly based on observations by @Hobbs_1974 and has lower and upper radius cutoffs of 0.48 and 10 pc and a power law exponent of -3 in radius. We create realizations of the cloud distribution by drawing randomly from this power law distribution and also choosing cloud location randomly within the simulation volume. We discard clouds that overlap with previously generated clouds such that each cloud is distinct from all the others. We also discard clouds that extend outside of the simulation volume. For our 2D cylindrically symmetric runs the clouds are, in effect, tori with circular cross sections. In our 3D runs, which are done in cartesian coordinates, the clouds are true spheres.
The actual cloud size distribution in the Galaxy is poorly constrained and so our adopted parameters of the cloud size distribution may not accurately reflect the true cloud size distribution, [though others have found similar results, e.g. @Gosachinskij+Morozova_1999; @Chieze+Lazareff_1980]. There is evidence that interstellar clouds have a morphology that is closer to filamentary or “clumpy sheets” [@Heiles+Troland_2003], though more regular clouds are observed as well. We do not expect the cloud geometry to have a very substantial effect on SNR evolution or observables since, once shocked, the complex flows inside the remnant create large distortions of the clouds in any case. However, if a remnant encounters a cloud that is comparable in size to the remnant, both the appearance and evolution of the remnant would be strongly affected. In such cases the remnant would have a strongly asymmetric appearance. Exploration of such cases is beyond the scope of this paper.
WL found that their solutions could be parametrized by just two parameters: $C$, the ratio of the mass in clouds to that in the intercloud medium, and $\tau$ the ratio of the cloud evaporation timescale to the remnant age. While $C$ is clearly a fixed value that characterizes the conditions in the ambient medium, WL concede that $\tau$ may not be. Since the temperature of the interior of a remnant evolves with time and the evaporation timescale would generally be expected to depend on the temperature and/or the pressure. In fact it can be shown, using the results of @Dalton+Balbus_1993, that in the limit of highly saturated evaporation, the evaporation timescale is $\tau_\mathrm{evap} \propto R_\mathrm{cl}^{7/6} P^{-5/6}$, with no explicit dependence on temperature. Since the pressure in the Sedov-Taylor solution drops as $t^{-6/5}$, if the medium surrounding the enveloped clouds is close to that for Sedov-Taylor expansion in a uniform medium, we expect that the evaporation timescale should be proportional to the remnant age and so $\tau$ should be constant. Deviations from these assumptions, for example because the evaporation is not highly saturated or because the cloud-cloud or cloud-shock interactions cause substantial deviations from a Sedov-Taylor evolution that lead to different evolution of the evaporation rate, would then be expected to cause variation of $\tau$ with remnant age. We discuss this further below.
Results
=======
In Figure \[fig:snrevol\] we show the density for four snapshots of the evolution for one simulation. For this case we use a value for the WL parameter $C = 10$, ratio of mass in clouds to that in the intercloud medium. Given the definition of $C$, the volume filling factor of clouds is $$f = \frac{C}{\chi + C}$$ where $\chi$ is the ratio of the cloud density to the intercloud density. With our assumption that $\chi = 100$, for the $C = 10$ case, $f = 0.091$. For our 2D cylindrically symmetric runs, the clouds are really toroids. However, for these cases the area filling factor, that is the fraction of the $r-z$ plane filled with clouds, is quite close to the volume filling factor of the toroidal clouds. If the clouds are evenly distributed in cylindrical radial distance this will always be the case. We have explored a range of $C$ values ranging from 3 to 30. We take 10 as our standard case for much of the discussion in this paper. Figure \[fig:slice3D\] shows the density for a slice through one of our 3D runs. That run also had $C = 10$. Note the similar area filling factor for the clouds. The fact that it is a slice through a 3D volume results in the cloud radii appearing systematically smaller than the true cloud radii.
{width="49.00000%"} {width="49.00000%"}
In Figure \[fig:prof\] we show temperature and density profiles for the same 3D run as in Figure \[fig:slice3D\]. The rays shown illustrate the variations along a line of sight from the origin outward along the direction given by the angles listed in the legend. We also show the radially averaged profiles for temperature and density, but for those we exclude cloud material, here defined as parcels with temperature below $10^5$ K. The averaging is done by calculating a volume weighted sum of all parcels within each radial bin that have hot gas in them and dividing by the volume of parcels (whether or not they have hot gas) in the same radial bin. The WL profile uses the actual value of $C$ for the simulation at the given time ($2.5\times10^4$ yr) and given the current shape of the shock front ($C = 9.0$), which is calculated as the mass in clouds within the shock front divided by the mass in the intercloud medium inside the same volume, both for the initial, undisturbed medium. The value of $\tau$ used is that which leads to the same mass of hot gas as for the simulation. We see that, while for much of the outer parts of the remnant, the radially averaged profile is similar to the WL profile, in the inner region the density and temperature stay flat for the simulation while the WL profile has a steeply rising temperature and falling density similar to a Sedov-Taylor type profile. In addition, the density variations, as well as averaged values, are important for the X-ray emission, as discussed below, since emissivity goes as density squared.
![3D rendering of the shock and clouds for one of our 3D runs. The cloud and shock surfaces are shown as temperature contours. The age of the remnant is $1.5\times 10^4$ yr. The box is 30 pc on a side. Note the strong distortions of the shock front. \[fig:3Dshock\]](3D_image-4){width="49.00000%"}
Shock Evolution
---------------
The similarity solution of WL results in expansion of the shock front with the same power law in time as for the Sedov-Taylor solution, i.e. $R_s \propto
t^{2/5}$. For our calculations, evaluating the shock radius is not entirely straightforward since in regions where a cloud is being encountered the shock is slowed and the front in general is complex. In Figure \[fig:3Dshock\] we show 3D contours of the shock and clouds which illustrate the complexity of the shock front. We found that the simplest approach and the one that is closest to what one would find from observations is to find the outermost pressure contour that is substantially above the ambient pressure, $P/k_B =
10^4$ cm$^{-3}$ K for our case with an ambient pressure of 5200 cm$^{-3}$ K, and use that to calculate the volume inside the remnant. The shock radius is then just $R_{s,\mathrm{eff}} = (3 V_s/4\pi)^{1/3}$, where $V_s$ is the volume enclosed by the shock. (Note: the `find_contours` and `grid_points_in_poly` methods in the scikit-image measure python module provide effective methods for finding parcels inside the shock.) This leads to a relatively smooth shock expansion except for some cases in which the shock wraps around a large cloud leading to a jump in the shock radius. An alternative and easier approach is to use the volume of hot gas to define the shock radius, though in that case the volume in the clouds contained in the SNR is not included. In practice for our calculations that volume is small compared with the hot gas volume and the derived shock radius is very similar.
![Evolution of the mean shock radius for different $C = 10$ runs. This illustrates the variations that are possible with different cloud realizations. We note that the shock evolutions for the 3D cases are consistent with the 2D cylindrically symmetric cases as is the 2D case using the full volume (positive and negative $z$). The inset shows a detail to illustrate more clearly the differences during a medium age period. \[fig:rs\_evol\]](comp_C=10_shocks3){width="49.00000%"}
![Comparison of the evolution of the mean shock radius for runs with different values for $C$, the ratio of ISM mass in clouds to that in the intercloud medium. The density of the clouds and the intercloud medium is the same for all of the runs, $25$ cm$^{-3}$ and $0.25$ cm$^{-3}$, respectively. Only the filling factor of the clouds is varied. As expected larger $C$ values lead to slower shock expansion. The dashed curve labeled “$t^{2/5}$ fit” is a fit to the shock radius evolution assuming that $R_s \propto t^{2/5}$ for the $C
= 10$ case, where the fitting was done only for the range in $t$ as plotted. This shows that the evolution approaches the $t^{2/5}$ law found by WL. For this case an effective density, i.e. the density that the corresponding Sedov-Taylor expansion would require, is 0.455 cm$^{-3}$.\[fig:rs\_C\]](comp_rshock_vs_C3){width="49.00000%"}
For our calculations we do find that the shock evolution depends to some degree on the particular cloud realization used. This is illustrated in Figure \[fig:rs\_evol\] which shows the shock evolution for several different cloud realizations. For most of our runs we have used only half of the 2D volume, $z \geq 0$. The figure shows that the shock evolution for different runs using the 2D half volume differ though the variations are at about the 10% level. We have tested the effects of using the 2D half volume by doing a full volume run, shown as the red dash-dotted line in Figure \[fig:rs\_evol\]. We find no significant difference in that run as compared with other runs with the same $C$ value. We have also compared with a 3D runs (using one octant of the space) done in cartesian coordinates. Again, as demonstrated in Figure \[fig:rs\_evol\] we find no significant difference from the 2D half volume runs. Because of the computational and visualization demands of the 3D runs, they were done with only 5 levels of grid refinement rather than the 6 levels used for the 2D runs. We have found, by doing 2D runs at 5 and 6 levels of refinement, that while there are minor differences in the density distributions, with more filamentary structure visible in the higher resolution runs, the overall evolution of the remnants are nearly identical. Thermal conduction aids in this respect since small scale details tend to be smoothed out when it is included.
The expansion law for the runs shown in Figure \[fig:rs\_evol\] is generally not far from the WL $t^{2/5}$ value, though again there are significant variations around that. One way to test that is to compute $v_s t/r_s$, which for a $t^{2/5}$ expansion law should give 2/5. Doing this involves taking numerical derivatives of the shock radius expansion curve which inevitably results in a noisy curve. In general we find that the expansion law is close to but slightly below this value on average, though with excursions above and below it.
In Figure \[fig:rs\_C\] we show the shock radius evolution for runs with different $C$ values. Since the mean density in the medium increases with $C$ it is expected that the shock expansion rate should decrease as $C$ increases. In the results of WL, the expansion rate is characterized via the parameter $K$ (their equation 8) where $$r_s = \left[\frac{25(\gamma + 1) K E}{16 \pi \rho_1}\right]^{1/5} t^{2/5},
\label{eq:rs}$$ $r_s$ is the shock radius, $E$ is the explosion energy, $\gamma = 5/3$, and $\rho_1$ is the ambient intercloud density (0.25 cm$^{-3}$ for our runs). WL lists values for $K/K(\mathrm{Sedov})$ as a function of $\tau$, the ratio of cloud evaporation time to remnant age. $K(\mathrm{Sedov}) = 1.528$ is the $K$ value for the case of no clouds. We can invert equation \[eq:rs\] to determine the effective value of K for our runs. Doing this we find that K varies considerably over a typical run though it flattens at late times. For most of our runs, K defined this way starts high, $> 2$, but ends near 0.9. The WL model predicts, given a value of $\tau$ of $\sim 5 - 10$ (see discussion below) and $C = 10$, $K \sim 0.816 - 1.149$. This is in fairly good agreement with our results. K can also be alternatively be defined using WL’s equation (6) as $$K = \frac{4 \pi \rho_1 r_s^3 v_s^2}{(\gamma + 1)E}.$$ With this definition, we find more stable values for K, which still fall roughly in the predicted range.
Cloud Evaporation Rate
----------------------
Within the WL model the value of $\tau$, the ratio of evaporation timescale to remnant age, is treated as a free parameter. In our numerical work, this is not the case, since given the initial conditions the cloud evaporation timescale will follow from the physics, including the temperature of the surrounding hot gas and the complex heat flow patterns that develop as the clouds are both evaporated and disrupted by shear flows. In addition, clouds close to the explosion center can be heated enough by being shocked that they could be considered part of the hot gas, though still overdense. However, as we discuss below, such clouds are overpressured compared to the surrounding medium and so they expand and cool at later times in the remnant evolution.
Clouds that are farther from the center do not get heated to high temperatures by the expanding shock but are subject to shear flows and thermal conduction. However, even for these clouds, characterizing the evaporation rate is not entirely straightforward since gas exists at a range of temperatures and densities within the remnant at any given time. As a result defining which gas has been evaporated is not entirely clear cut.
We have tried a variety of approaches for determining the effective evaporation timescale for our simulated remnants. One approach is to use a density criterion to decide what is cloud material and what is evaporated. In our case we defined the mass in clouds as the mass of gas with density above a 2.5 cm$^{-3}$, which is the geometric mean of the density of intercloud medium, 0.25 [cm$^{-3}$]{}, and the cloud density, 25 [cm$^{-3}$]{}. The mass of gas evaporated from clouds at any given point in the remnant’s evolution is then the mass that was in clouds initially within the shock volume minus the mass in clouds at the current time. The average evaporation rate is then the evaporated mass divided by the remnant age. Connecting this evaporation rate to that predicted in the WL model is not entirely straightforward however, since they did not tally that quantity. Instead we can connect the intercloud mass, that is all the mass inside the shock that is not in a cloud, with the total integrated mass in the WL model since the density, $\rho$, or scaled density, $g = \rho/\rho_s$ stands for all the non-cloud gas in the model. Thus we compare the intercloud gas in a simulation with $$M_x = \int_0^{r_s} 4 \pi r^2 \rho\,dr = 4\pi r_s^3 \rho_s \int_0^1 g(x)
x^2 \,dx,$$ (from WL) where $g \equiv \rho/\rho_s$ is derived by integrating the set of equations in WL for given values of $\tau$ and $C$. To find the value of $\tau$ corresponding to a particular time for a simulated remnant we use the actual value for $C$, calculated as the initial ratio of mass in clouds to that in the intercloud medium within the shock volume. We then do a search, using a root finding method, wherein we calculate the values of $M_x$ given values of $\tau$ until we match the value for the simulated remnant. This is the method used to produce Figure \[fig:tevap\].
![Evaporation timescale factor, $\tau$, of WL vs. remnant age. In the WL model $\tau$ is a constant, but here we see that it varies considerably over the age of our simulated remnants. The 3D runs show smoother behavior because more clouds are sampled at any given age. Here $\tau$ is calculated using the density criterion for deciding whether gas is intercloud or cloud gas with $n < 2.5$ cm$^{-3}$ as the dividing line. All the runs plotted here have $C$ set to 10. \[fig:tevap\]](tevap-2){width="49.00000%"}
![Evaporation timescale factor, $\tau$, of WL vs. remnant age. In this case we use the temperature criterion to differentiate between cloud and intercloud gas with $T > 10^5$ K as the dividing line. This method ensures that the X-ray emitting gas mass (though not the luminosity) for the corresponding WL model matches that for the simulated remnant. The $\tau$ values calculated this way are substantially below those in Figure \[fig:tevap\], primarily because of hot, but still dense, gas generated by shocking clouds close to the explosion center. Such gas is counted as cloud gas (and thus not evaporated) by the method of the previous figure, but should radiate X-rays. \[fig:tau\_eff\]](tau_xray){width="49.00000%"}
Another approach is to calculate the mass of X-ray emitting gas, essentially all gas in the remnant that is hotter than 10$^5$ K, and match that with the X-ray emitting mass, $M_x$, for a given WL model. That approach leads to values of $\tau$ that are considerably lower than for the density based criterion, mostly because of the production of hot, dense gas via shock heating. The results for $\tau$ using the temperature based criterion are shown in Figure \[fig:tau\_eff\].
The status of the shocked cloud gas is somewhat ambiguous in the model, however since it is overpressured when shocked and some of it re-expands and cools adiabatically at later times below X-ray emitting temperatures. For clouds shocked by slower shocks, only a surface layer is raised to X-ray emitting temperatures. Thus, at later times, the removal of material from clouds is primarily by thermal conduction and cloud evaporation as discussed by WL does apply.
We expect that the evaporation timescale for the remnant as a whole should depend in a similar way to that for individual clouds [though see @Balbus_1985 regarding the effect on evaporation rate of a collection of clouds]. For “classical” evaporation, i.e. cloud evaporation when the heat flux is far from saturation, the evaporation timescale goes as $t_\mathrm{evap} \propto R_\mathrm{cl}^2 n_\mathrm{cl} T_h^{-5/2}$ where $R_\mathrm{cl}$ is the cloud radius, $n_\mathrm{cl}$ is the cloud density and $T_h$ is the temperature of the hot gas far from the cloud. In the case of highly saturated heat flux, which is the more typical condition in SNRs during the non-radiative phase, we get $t_\mathrm{evap} \propto R_\mathrm{cl}^{7/6}
n_\mathrm{cl} P^{-5/6}$, where $P$ is the thermal pressure in the hot gas. Since, ignoring the effects of shocks, the density in the clouds is expected to be roughly constant and, as mentioned above, the pressure should decrease as $t^{-6/5}$, the evaporation timescale should increase proportional to $t$. From this we would expect the WL parameter $\tau \equiv t_\mathrm{evap}/t$ to be roughly constant and to only depend on the density and size of the clouds.
For our assumptions regarding mean mass per particle we find $$t_\mathrm{class} = 3.02\times10^{14}\frac{R_\mathrm{cl}^2
n_\mathrm{cl}}{T_h^{5/2}}\;\mathrm{Myr}$$ and $$t_\mathrm{sat} = 1.48\times10^3\frac{R_\mathrm{cl}^{7/6}
n_\mathrm{cl}}{P_h^{5/6}}\;\mathrm{Myr}$$ where $R_\mathrm{cl}$ is the cloud radius in pc, $n_\mathrm{cl}$ is the cloud density in cm$^{-3}$, $T_h$ is the temperature of the surrounding hot gas and $P_h$ is the thermal pressure (presumed to be roughly equal in the cloud and hot gas) in cm$^{-3}$ K. We find that with these values, it is not typical to get values for $\tau$ less than one. These expressions also make it clear that the primary determinant of the $\tau$ value is the cloud size distribution. We have confirmed this by doing runs with smaller clouds, using 0.2 and 5.0 pc as the lower and upper size limits, but with the same volume filling factor (and thus $C$ value). As expected we find that the clouds evaporate faster, leading to smaller values of $\tau$.
While our discussion above indicates that $\tau$ should be roughly constant, we find that it evolves considerably over the course of SNR evolution. This is not too surprising since, especially for the 2D evolution, a small number of clouds is encountered and the location and size of the clouds affects the evaporation rate. This is demonstrated in Figures \[fig:tevap\] and \[fig:tau\_eff\] where we plot $\tau$, calculated two different ways, as a function of remnant age for a variety of our runs. The differences between the 2D runs can be attributed to the differences in the particular cloud realization for the runs with some with larger clouds placed closer to the origin and the spacing of clouds differing. As can be seen, the 3D runs show less variation between themselves and over time. This can be understood as deriving from the larger number of clouds encountered and thus more complete sampling of the cloud size distribution. A full volume 3D run would likely show an even smoother variation though the finite cloud volume would still be expected to create variations over the course of the cloud evolution. There is some indication here that there is faster evaporation (smaller $\tau$) in the 3D simulations than in the 2D simulations, which could be understood as being caused by the larger surface area to volume ratio effectively for the spherical clouds in 3D than for the toroids under cylindrical symmetry. Nevertheless, the shock expansion does not show any marked difference between 2D and 3D cases nor does the calculated X-ray emission as we discuss in the next section.
{width="98.00000%"}
{width="98.00000%"}
X-ray Emission Distribution
---------------------------
One of the principal motivations for the WL model was to explain the appearance of SNRs with centrally peaked thermal X-ray emission. WL showed that they could achieve a range of different X-ray emission distributions depending on the choice of their parameters $C$ and $\tau$. From their Figure 4 it can be seen that centrally peaked X-ray emission requires values of $C
\gtrsim 20$, depending on the value of $\tau$. For $\tau = 2$ (WL Figure 4a) none of the emission profiles is truly centrally peaked. With $\tau = 10$ (WL Fig. 4b) centrally peaked emission is achieved, though only for fairly high $C$. For our evaluation of the emission in our simulated remnants we have chosen to use a more realistic emissivity than the constant $\Lambda_x =
10^{-22}$ ergs cm$^{3}$ s$^{-1}$ used by WL (note that in the units for this coefficient, the exponent for cm in WL was mistakenly shown as -3 rather than 3). Here we use a photon emissivity for optically thin emission in the $0.5 -
7$ keV band (see Figure \[fig:APEC\_emis\]) as calculated using APEC [@Foster_etal_2012; @Smith_etal_2001] with the assumption of collisional ionization equilibrium (CIE). We discuss the assumption of CIE below.
![Emission coefficient for optically thin radiative cooling by gas in collisional ionization equilibrium. This coefficient is for photons emitted in the $0.5 - 7$ keV band and includes both line and continuum emission. \[fig:APEC\_emis\]](APEC_emis_coeff){width="49.00000%"}
This choice of emission coefficient covers a typical X-ray observation energy range, e.g. with Chandra. From Figure \[fig:APEC\_emis\] it is clear that this emissivity weights the emission profile strongly toward gas in the temperature range of $\sim 10^{6.5} - 10^7$. A detector with sensitivity at lower energies could see the emission from lower temperature gas generated at the boundaries of the clouds which is expected to be strong. The lower right panels of Figures \[fig:bprof\] and \[fig:bprof2\] show a comparison of the WL profile that corresponds with the $\tau$ and $C$ values at that time for each run. Note that here we use the effective value for $C$ rather than the mean value. By this we mean that we use $C =
m_\mathrm{cl}/m_\mathrm{ic}$ where $m_\mathrm{cl}$ is the cloud mass, $m_\mathrm{ic}$ is the intercloud mass and both are for the initial medium contained within the current volume of the shock. This will tend to make the effective $C$ smaller than the mean value over the whole medium because the shock is slowed where it encounters clouds, though in practice we have found this effect to be fairly minor. The same APEC emissivity was used to generate the WL profile as for those from the simulations. The relative flatness of the WL profile is caused by the lower density and higher temperature near the center as compared with the simulations (see Figure \[fig:prof\]).
![Evolution of the $0.5 -7$ keV photon luminosity in our simulations. At early times the luminosity is low because the very high gas temperature and because few clouds have been encountered. The peak in emission comes when the shock encounters clouds and is still fast enough that the shock transmitted into the clouds can heat gas to X-ray emitting temperatures. Later cloud evaporation raises the hot gas density while expansion lowers the pressure, leading to roughly constant luminosity. \[fig:lumin\_evol\]](lumin_evol_fig-2){width="49.00000%"}
![Evolution of the X-ray weighted temperature in simulated remnants. At the time of peak luminosity, much of the emission is coming from relatively low temperature shocked cloud gas, which leads to low temperature emission. At later times more of the emission comes from the hot intercloud gas which is hotter. \[fig:Tlum\_evol\]](Tlum_evol_fig){width="49.00000%"}
The evolution of the $0.5 - 7$ keV photon luminosity is shown in Figure \[fig:lumin\_evol\] for several simulations with $C = 10$. The emissivity-weighted temperature is shown in Figure \[fig:Tlum\_evol\]. The luminosity starts low both because the remnant volume is low (i.e. the shock radius is small) and because the temperature is very high, above the temperature range of highest emission efficiency in the band (see Figure \[fig:APEC\_emis\]). (Note that because we do not include ejecta mass or extra circumstellar material, the very early emission is not expected to be accurately modeled.) The luminosity then reaches a peak at an age of $\sim
2000$ yr. This peak is associated with a time when the SNR encounters its first cloud. The shock is fast enough at this point (in our runs) to heat the entire cloud to X-ray emitting temperatures. Later the clouds close to the explosion site re-expand and cool (adiabatically since we have not included radiative cooling). This is because the shocked clouds are overpressured relative to the intercloud medium and also the pressure in the remnant is decreasing as it expands. An example of this can be seen in Figure \[fig:slice3D\] where a hollow looking cloud can be seen which has re-expanded and cooled. These clouds cool enough that they fall below X-ray emitting temperatures, i.e. $T \lesssim 10^5$ K. For clouds farther from the origin, only their inward facing edges get heated sufficiently to produce X-rays (see the arcs in Figure \[fig:bprof\]). Cloud material at those later times is continually being evaporated off the clouds, which increases the density of the hot gas, but at the same time the expansion of the remnant cools the gas. The net result, as can be seen from the figure, is an almost flat or slightly decreasing X-ray photon luminosity. This contrasts with the behavior predicted by WL (their eq. 21) which is for the luminosity to increase in proportion to the remnant volume. The evolution of the emissivity weighted temperature of the emission has a nearly inverted profile compared with the luminosity evolution. That can be explained by the fact that the shocked cloud gas is relatively cool, though dense, so when that gas is hot enough to emit X-rays, the emissivity-weighted temperature is low. As a remnant transitions to the phase where most of the emission is coming from the lower density and hotter gas, the emission temperature increases and then flattens out.
These differences in luminosity evolution are some of the most substantial differences between our calculated results and the WL model. The domination of the emission by the shocked cloud gas shows that the MM remnant’s brightness distribution, especially at early times, does not depend as much on evaporated mass as on the shock interactions of the blast wave with the clouds. In this sense, the value of $\tau$ derived based on density, as shown in Figure \[fig:tevap\] is not such an important parameter, though it is consistent with our expectations for the evaporation timescale, including the fact that it is roughly constant during remnant evolution. Instead the effective $\tau$, shown in Figure \[fig:tau\_eff\], where the temperature of the gas is the criterion for differentiating cloud gas from intercloud gas is a better measure for understanding the X-ray luminosity evolution, though given that some of that gas later cools via expansion, this $\tau$ is not a good measure of gas that has been thermally evaporated.
Discussion
==========
There are a number of additional processes that could affect SNR-cloud interaction in the ISM. Chief among these is radiative cooling. WL did not include cooling and we do not include it in our results presented here, though we intend to explore it in future work. In preliminary calculations we have found that the shape and size of shocked clouds is strongly affected, but the overall evolution of the remnant, for ages early enough that the remnant has not yet gone radiative as a whole, is not substantially changed. @Korolev_etal_2015 have recently studied the longer term evolution of SNR evolution in a cloudy medium including radiative cooling but not thermal conduction with 2D numerical simulations.
If radiative cooling is important, then non-equilibrium ionization should be taken into account. In SNRs in general and for shocks into clouds in particular, we expect the post shock gas to be underionized and far from CIE. This is also true for gas that is evaporated from the entrained clouds [@Ballet_etal_1986; @Slavin_1989]. It is also expected that the hot gas that was created early in the remnant’s lifetime will be overionized after the remnant has expanded and cooled. This effect will be enhanced by the presence of thermal conduction which draws thermal energy away from the hot interior toward the cooler outer parts of the remnant. In addition there could be turbulent mixing in the medium that would combine hot and cold gas producing yet another type of non-equilibrium ionization state [@Slavin_etal_1993]. All of these effects can have potentially large impacts on the emitted X-ray spectrum if the ionization is sufficiently far from CIE. These effects will need to be taken into account in order to make quantitative predictions for the emission spectrum for SNRs evolving in a cloudy ISM. We are currently in the process of improving the treatment of non-equilibrium ionization by FLASH, which will then allow efficient and accurate calculations of NEI effects.
Another possibly important influence on remnant evolution is the magnetic field. The field can affect the overall expansion of the remnant as well as the evaporation of clouds in the remnant. The anisotropic thermal conduction within the remnant when the clouds are threaded by the field is likely to have complex effects which deserve to be studied in detail. Our aim in the current study has been to examine SNR evolution under conditions similar to those intended in WL and so we do not include the magnetic field at this stage. Finally, we do not include heating via photoionization. This could be important in the post-shock regions of radiative shocks but is likely a minor effect for the young to middle-aged remnants evolving in the low density, warm ISM such as we examine in this work.
Conclusions
===========
The WL model was put forward in an attempt to explain the mixed morphology class of SNRs as being caused by the evaporation of dense clouds that are overrun by the blast wave. We have presented numerical hydrodynamical models of SNRs evolving in a cloudy medium including thermal conduction in order to test whether the results of WL hold up when more of the physics is included. We find that some of their results are broadly confirmed including: remnants expand with roughly the same $t^{2/5}$ power law dependence on age as a standard Sedov-Taylor expansion, 2) the cloud evaporation timescale increases roughly in proportion to the remnant age (i.e. $\tau$ is roughly constant), and 3) the presence of clouds causes the remnant X-ray brightness to be centrally peaked. However, the lack of the inclusion of the dynamical effects of cloud-shock interaction and thermal conduction within the hot gas that are present in multidimensional calculations lead to substantial differences from the results of WL. Probably the largest difference is with the predicted X-ray luminosity evolution which, rather than rising in proportion to the shocked volume, has an early peak and then flattens to a nearly constant level. This can be traced to the shock heating of the clouds close to the explosion site, which provides the peak, and later to the expansion cooling of the shocked clouds along with a transition to evaporative mass loss as the dominant mass loss mechanism for the clouds. The differences in temperature and density distribution in the remnants caused by thermal conduction within the hot gas and the shocking of the clouds leads to a flat X-ray brightness distribution in the remnants. For certain combinations of parameters, the brightness profile for WL models can match that from our models, though the parameters do not correspond to the physics, i.e. evaporation timescale and cloud-to-intercloud mass ratio, actually present in the simulation. In general we find that the X-ray emission weighted temperature is lower for our models than for WL models because of the inclusion of lower temperature hot gas associated with the clouds, either shocked or evaporated gas.
Our results point to important differences from the WL model for SNRs evolving in a cloudy ISM which could have implications for the interpretation of SNR observations, particularly in the X-rays. However, to make more robust predictions, particularly for the X-ray spectrum, will require the inclusion of more physical processes in future simulations. In particular radiative cooling and non-equilibrium ionization could substantially affect the observed spectrum of SNRs such as those we have modeled. We have begun to look at the effects of these processes and those calculations will allow us to make detailed predictions for the spectra of mixed morphology SNRs in future work.
Software used in this work (FLASH) was in part developed by the DOE NNSA-ASC OASCR Flash Center at the University of Chicago. This work was supported by NASA Astrophysics Theory Program grant NNX12AC70G.
FLASH parameters for the use of thermal conduction
==================================================
The `Diffuse` module of FLASH uses a number of parameters that govern how thermal conduction is calculated. Both standard Spitzer conductivity, $\kappa \propto T^{5/2}$, and saturated conductivity [@McKee+Cowie_1977] $\kappa \propto \rho c^3$ are supported with a smooth transition from “classical” to saturated governed by the saturation parameter $\sigma$. The parameter values that we have used in the `flash.par` files for runs with thermal conduction included are listed in table \[tab:condpar\]. The particular unit that we used is included via the switch `-unit=physics/Diffuse/DiffuseMain/Unsplit` to the `setup` command. In addition, to use the power law conductivity, we added `REQUIRES physics/materialProperties/Conductivity/ ConductivityMain/PowerLaw` to the `Config` file in our simulations directory. With these settings, electron thermal conduction is used with a power law conductivity, $\kappa = a T^{5/2}$ modified by the saturation limit from @Cowie+McKee_1977 and using the harmonic mean weighting (chosen through the `diff_eleFlMode` parameter) as in @Balbus+McKee_1982, $q = (1/q_\mathrm{class} + 1/q_\mathrm{sat})^{-1}$, where $q_\mathrm{class}$ is the “classical” Spitzer heat conduction and $q_\mathrm{sat}$ is the “saturated” conduction, which corresponds to the heat flux being transported at the maximum rate possible by the electrons, $q_\mathrm{sat} = 5\phi_s \rho c^3$. @Balbus+McKee_1982 argue that $\phi_s \approx 0.3$ (though with substantial uncertainty) and we use that value in this work. Here $a$ is the Spitzer conductivity coefficient [@Spitzer_1962], $1.84\times 10^{-5}/ln\Lambda$, where $\Lambda$ is the Coulomb logarithm. For conditions that we are exploring, $a \approx 6\times
10^{-7}$. In FLASH the implementation of saturation uses $q_\mathrm{sat}
= \alpha_\mathrm{ele} \rho_\mathrm{ele} c_\mathrm{ele}^3$ effectively, so to use $\phi_s = 0.3$ we set $\alpha_\mathrm{ele} = 0.04491$. This is derived under the assumption of a fully ionized plasma with a He abundance of 10% by number. These assumptions also lead to setting `eos_singleSpeciesA` to 0.6123. In reality the cooler parts of the plasma will most likely be partially ionized or nearly neutral, though in those regions conductivity is very low in any case. The parameter `diff_thetaImplct` sets the scheme for the diffusion solver, where 0.5 is for the Crank-Nicholson method, 0.0 for fully explicit and 1.0 for fully implicit. As indicated in the table, we use the Crank-Nicholson scheme. Since that scheme is unconditionally stable we set the `dt_diff_factor` to $10^{10}$ so as to effectively prevent the very restrictive diffusion timestep constraint from limiting the timestep.
We have tested the thermal conductivity by calculating the steady evaporation of a spherical cloud in cylindrical symmetry (in 2D) under moderately saturated conditions. The resulting mass loss rate and temperature profile closely matched that predicted by the results of @Dalton+Balbus_1993 who found analytical solutions for steadily evaporating clouds as a function of the degree of saturation. These results give us confidence that thermal conduction is functioning correctly in the code.
[ll]{} useConductivity & `.true.`\
useDiffuse & `.true.`\
useDiffuseTherm & `.true.`\
dt\_diff\_factor & 1.E10\
cond\_densityExponent & 0.0\
cond\_temperatureExponent & 2.5\
cond\_K0 & 6.E-7\
diff\_useEleCond & `.true.`\
diff\_eleFlMode & fl\_harmonic\
diff\_eleFlCoef & 0.04491\
diff\_thetaImplct & 0.5\
diff\_eleXlBoundaryType & zero-gradient\
diff\_eleXrBoundaryType & zero-gradient\
diff\_eleYlBoundaryType & zero-gradient\
diff\_eleYrBoundaryType & zero-gradient\
diff\_eleZlBoundaryType & zero-gradient\
diff\_eleZrBoundaryType & zero-gradient\
|
{
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
}
|
Chemically enhanced phytoextraction of Pb by wheat in texturally different soils.
A pot study was used to examine the effects of amendments such as EDTA and elemental sulfur on the growth potential, gas exchange features, uptake and mobilization of Pb by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in two texturally different contaminated soils at three levels of EDTA (2, 4, 8 mmol kg(-1) dry soil) and two levels of elemental sulfur (100, 200 mmol kg(-1) dry soil). EDTA resulted in more solubilization of Pb than elemental sulfur in both soils. Application of EDTA and elemental sulfur increased shoot dry matter in the loamy sand soil, whereas in the sandy clay loam soil EDTA treated plants produced lower shoot dry matter compared to that observed with elemental sulfur. Application of EDTA 10d prior to harvest increased the amount of Pb accumulated into wheat shoots with more Pb accumulated by plants from the loamy sand than from the sandy clay loam soil. However, evaluation of the relative extraction efficiency expressed as the percentage of solubilized Pb that is subsequently also effectively accumulated by the plant shoots reveals that the relatively low efficiency does not warrant the massive mobilization induced by the environmentally persistent EDTA chelator. More modest mobilization of Pb induced by elemental sulfur and the higher relative extraction of mobilized Pb therefore deserves further attention in future research. In particular, attention needs to be paid to determining soil types in which elemental sulfur can induce significant impact on soil pH and metal mobility after application of a practically realistic dosage.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
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complete w/window seating. Master suite is secluded downstairs for
privacy. Children can play the day away in upstairs gameroom.
Disclaimer: Trulia, Inc. does not necessarily endorse the real estate agents, loan officers and brokers listed on this site. These real estate profiles, blogs and blog entries are provided here as a courtesy to our visitors to help them make an informed decision when buying or selling a house. Trulia, Inc. takes no responsibility for the content in these profiles, that are written by the members of this community.
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It has been on my mind for awhile that I should get a good little digital pocket scale for tea. The more I drink unflavored teas, especially big leafy greens, oolongs and blacks, the more I felt I needed a scale. Majority of the steeping instructions will have you use a teaspoon or two. Those big leafy teas are really hard to measure, it seems I either have to smash up the leaves to fit the spoon, or be a little more generous as “error”.
Then there are other teas, like rolled oolongs and pu’er, that are dense and heavy, causing you to overleaf if measured by teaspoon.
Of course, pu’er chipped off a cake is really annoying to measure by teaspoon, as it can also be weighty chunks that don’t fit in a spoon, nor should be hacked to bits to fit.
Since my husband and I do lots of cooking, we own kitchen scales. Unfortunately, those standard food scales are quite bad at measuring light things. My kitchen scale couldn’t really tell stuff apart in gram increments under 10 grams.
With that said, I snagged a digital pocket scale. I went with American Weigh Scales AWS-1KG-BLK Signature Series Digital Pocket Scale, 1000 by 0.1G, which I purchased off Amazon for like $8 USD. This scale measures in 0.1 gram increments, up to 1000 grams, which I thought would be sufficient for tea. There are also scales that to 0.01 gram increments, but I thought that was a little overboard for tea.
Close up of the box.
American Weigh Scales AWS-1KG-BLK Signature Series Digital Pocket Scale, 1000 by 0.1G is a very sturdy little scale. It does what it is designed to do: weigh little things. The sensitivity is good and it is quick to display the weight. The buttons work and is super easy to use. More instructions are printed on the cover, so no need to dig around for a manual.. if you need it. The display is also easy to read. Awesomely, this scale came with batteries and so far I haven’t had to change the batteries.
The size is compact and the cover is convenient. More importantly, the scale doesn’t take huge amounts of space on my tea shelf.
One thing I found that made using this scale with tea super easy is to use an obnoxiously small tea cup as a vessel for tea and using the TARE function. Since the scale is quite compact, the tea is sometimes too big to simply put on the scale. Even if the tea can fit, it gets stuck on the edges of the scale! I tried using paper, but that also seemed the scale was too small to handle it. Again, I highly suggest using a little tea cup or bowl on this scale.
Calibration – they want to you buy a calibration weight as the scale could get out of wack during shipment. My scale is off by -0.1, which I figured by weighing a US nickel which is supposed to be 5 grams. I figured I could live with my scale being off that little. Annoyingly, calibration weights cost the same price as the scale! It is probably a good idea to buy one, but you can just take a gamble like I did, saving $8 which you can use to buy more tea with.
I admittedly procrastinated on buying a digital pocket scale as it seems like a “mono-tasker”, though I found other uses like weighing spices, yarn and Tea Owls. Golden Tipped Owl thinks he’s a little bloated today.
However, using a digital pocket scale, like the American Weigh Scales, I found to be highly useful and valuable for the avid tea drinker that enjoys high quality loose leaf teas. Since using this scale for 3 months, it has become an essential tool in making tea and I don’t think I could drink some teas without it. For around $8 to $16, a digital pocket scale is a small investment for helping one make even better tea!
(amazon links are affiliate)
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Fleet special
A fleet special is a term applied to an automobile that is produced by a manufacturer with the express intent of it being sold in large volumes to corporate interests for business purposes rather than to consumers for personal use.
In the 1950s and 1960s, fleet special models were usually stripped down full size cars such as the Plymouth Savoy, Chevrolet Biscayne and Ford Custom 500.
Fleet special vehicles can be customized in equipment (all red cars with grey interiors, etc.) or for a specific purpose (Ford Police Interceptor) model.
An automobile can also be produced for a specific industry if the demand is sufficient to meet cost/volume factors. In the case of the rental car industry in the United States, General Motors produced the Chevrolet Classic (previously built as the Chevrolet Malibu until 2003) which was only available for fleet sales to rental car companies.
External links
GM Fleet sales
2004 "Chevrolet Malibu, don't just call it a rental car", Car & Driver Magazine Online
Category:Automotive industry
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Enviar comentario
More Recent Posts
Jehiel • Apr 30, 2019
Don't get us wrong, we could bike through tulip fields and sample creamy Dutch cheese with no complaints (obviously), but sometimes we crave something a bit different.
Picture this: Exploring the Galapagos by bike & boat and getting to see the infamous Blue-Footed Booby or learning about World World II from the perspective of the Dutch pedalling by battlefields and bunkers. Maybe you don't have to say goodbye to tulips and cheese after all! We aren't trying to reinvent the wheel. Read More
After the bustle of Rome, Umbria was a romantic movie set. Lesley and I were charmed to see children playing in Spello’s piazza fountain, their mothers sitting nearby chatting, and old men soaking up the sun. We went through an impressive stone archway and began our 2 km walk uphill to our lodgings. Jasmine framed the doorways and covered the ancient stone walls, filling the air around us with its scent. Read More
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About the Author
Hennie is Dutch through and through, from her love for cycling to her strong work ethic. Born in Holland, she lived there 34 years before coming to Pennsylvania. Along with daughter Gea, Hennie founded Tripsite in a spare bedroom of her home. More
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Recently, inkjet printers have been developed which use printheads manufactured by micro-electro mechanical systems (MEMS) techniques. Such printheads have arrays of microscopic ink ejector nozzles formed in a silicon chip using MEMS manufacturing techniques. The invention will be described with particular reference to silicon printhead chips for digital inkjet printers wherein the nozzles, chambers and actuators of the chip are formed using MEMS techniques. However, it will be appreciated that this is in no way restrictive and the invention may also be used in many other applications.
Silicon printhead chips are well suited for use in pagewidth printers having stationary printheads. These printhead chips extend the width of a page instead of traversing back and forth across the page, thereby increasing printing speeds. The probability of a production defect in an eight inch long chip is much higher than a one inch chip. The high defect rate translates into relatively high production and operating costs.
To reduce the production and operating costs of pagewidth printers, the printhead may be made up of a series of separate printhead modules mounted adjacent one another, each module having its own printhead chip. To ensure that there are no gaps or overlaps in the printing produced by adjacent printhead modules it is necessary to accurately align the modules after they have been mounted to a support beam. Once aligned, the printing from each module precisely abuts the printing from adjacent modules.
Unfortunately, the alignment of the printhead modules at ambient temperature will change when the support beam expands as it heats up to the temperature it maintains during operation.
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Lawmakers have responded with anger and dismay to reports of an unprecedented number of couples caught on security cameras having sex in Zaryadye Park in Moscow.
Moscow’s chief architect noted the “unprecedented” uptick in public copulation at the park last week, which sits adjacent to the Kremlin and Red Square. Public copulation is an administrative offense punishable by a small fine and up to 15 days in jail.
Russia’s ultra-conservative Duma deputy Vitaly Milonov likened the couples to feral animals.
“People come to the park to rest and get peace of mind … but intercourse between these two rabbits violates the condition of that peace of mind,” Milonov was quoted as saying in the pro-Kremlin Izvestia daily.
Milonov suggested punishing some of the transgressors so that instead “they’d start going to Zaryadye to catch butterflies.”
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<p>Implements a software-pipelined efficient batched reduction. D = alpha * Reduction(A) + beta * C.
<a href="#details">More...</a></p>
<div class="textblock"><code>#include <cuda.h></code><br />
<code>#include "<a class="el" href="coord_8h_source.html">cutlass/coord.h</a>"</code><br />
<code>#include "cutlass/util/platform.h"</code><br />
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<p><a href="batched__reduction_8h_source.html">Go to the source code of this file.</a></p>
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<tr class="memitem:a9665e8f438a7b290d6e2eb640d93045f"><td class="memTemplItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">__global__ </td><td class="memTemplItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="namespacecutlass_1_1reduction.html#a9665e8f438a7b290d6e2eb640d93045f">cutlass::reduction::__launch_bounds__</a> (batched_reduction_::Traits::kThreads, 1) void batched_reduction_kernel(typename batched_reduction_</td></tr>
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How to Install SilverStripe on CentOS 7
Want your very own server? Get our 1GB memory, Xeon V4, 25GB SSD VPS for £10.00 / month. Get a Cloud Server
SilverStripe is a free and open source content management system. It is written in PHP and uses MySQL to store its data. SilverStripe is very flexible, extensible and easy to use application. It is easy to learn and optimized to produce high-quality reusable codes. It is responsive and available in many languages. It is a very secure platform as it is written from ground. It is a popular CMS and used by prominent companies like Lenovo and Forbes etc.
In this tutorial, we will be installing SilverStripe on CentOS 7 server.
Requirements
SilverStripe does not require any special hardware requirements. It can be installed on servers with a small amount of RAM. All the required dependencies will be installed throughout the tutorial. You will need a minimal installation of CentOS 7 with root access on it. If you are logged in as a non-root user, you can run sudo -i to switch to root user.
Installing SilverStripe
Before installing any package it is recommended that you update the packages and repository using the following command.
yum -y update
Now install Apache, Git, and MariaDB, which is a fork or MySQL using the following command.
yum -y install httpd mariadb-server mariadb git
SilverStripe requires PHP 5.3.3 or higher. In this tutorial, we will install PHP 5.6. Install EPEL repository using following commands.
yum -y install epel-release
yum -y update
Now install Webtatic repository using the following commands.
rpm -Uvh https://mirror.webtatic.com/yum/el7/webtatic-release.rpm
yum -y update
To install PHP 5.6 and all the required PHP modules, run the following command.
yum -y install php56w php56w-openssl php56w-dom php56w-mysqli php56w-cli php56w-mbstring php56w-gd php56w-fileinfo php56w-hash php56w-iconv php56w-simplexml php56w-session php56w-tokenizer php56w-xml php56w-tidy
Once you have PHP installed, you can check the version of PHP using the following command.
php -v
You should get output similar to this.
[root@liptan-pc ~]# php -v PHP 5.6.30 (cli) (built: Jan 19 2017 22:31:39) Copyright (c) 1997-2016 The PHP Group Zend Engine v2.6.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2016 Zend Technologies
You will need to edit the php.ini file to configure the timezone. Run the following command to open the file in nano editor.
nano /etc/php.ini
Now find the following line.
;date.timezone =
Uncomment the line and provide the timezone for your application. An example may be.
date.timezone = Asia/Kolkata
Now start Apache web server and enable it to start at boot time using the following command.
systemctl start httpd
systemctl enable httpd
To start MariaDB and enable it to start at boot time using the following commands.
systemctl start mariadb
systemctl enable mariadb
Now run the following commands to secure your MySQL or MariaDB installation.
mysql_secure_installation
It will run a small script which asks you to provide the root password for MariaDB. As we have just installed MariaDB, the root password is not set, just press enter to proceed further. Set a root password for MySQL root user and answer y for all other questions asked.
Now you will need to create a database to store SilverStripe data.
To create a database we will need to login to MySQL command line first. Run the following command for same.
mysql -u root -p
This will prompt you for the password, provide the root password of MySQL which you have set earlier. Now run the following query to create a new database for your SilverStripe installation.
CREATE DATABASE ss_data;
To create a new database user, run the following query.
CREATE USER 'ss_user'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'StrongPassword';
Replace StrongPassword with a strong password. Now provide the appropriate privileges to your database user over the database you have created. Run the following command.
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON ss_data.* TO 'ss_user'@'localhost';
Now run the following command to immediately apply the changes on the database privileges.
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Exit from MySQL prompt using exit command.
SilverStripe can be installed in two ways, either using composer or using the setup archive. In this tutorial both the methods are explained.
Using Composer
If you want to use Composer to install SilverStripe, you will need to install Composer. Composer is a dependency manager for PHP.
curl -sS https://getcomposer.org/installer | php
mv composer.phar /usr/bin/composer
Now switch to the webroot directory of Apache web server and download SilverStripe using following command.
cd /var/www
composer create-project silverstripe/installer silverstripe
Once the download finishes, go to the newly created SilverStripe directory and install the required Composer dependencies using the following commands.
cd silverstripe
composer install
SilverStripe files are now downloaded, you can now continue the tutorial from disabling SELinux.
Using Setup Archive
To install SilverStripe using the setup archive, run the following command to download the archive.
cd /var/www
wget https://silverstripe-ssorg-releases.s3.amazonaws.com/sssites-ssorg-prod/assets/releases/SilverStripe-cms-v3.5.3.zip -O silverstripe.zip
You can always check the SilverStripe download page to look for the link to the latest version of the archive.
Now extract the archive using the following command.
unzip silverstripe.zip -d silverstripe
If you do not have unzip installed, you can run yum -y install unzip .
Now you will need to disable your SELinux. To temporary disable SELinux, run the following command.
setenforce 0
To completely disable the SELinux you will need to edit /etc/selinux/config file.
nano /etc/selinux/config
Find the following line:
SELINUX=enforcing
Change it to:
SELINUX=disabled
Now, you will need to provide the ownership of the application to web server user using the following command.
chown -R apache:apache /var/www/silverstripe
You may also need to allow HTTP traffic on port 80 through the firewall if you are running one. Run the following commands for same.
firewall-cmd --zone=public --permanent --add-service=http
firewall-cmd --reload
Now create a virtual host for the SilverStripe application. Run the following command for same.
nano /etc/httpd/conf.d/cms.yourdomain.com.conf
Paste the following lines into the file.
<VirtualHost *:80> ServerAdmin me@liptanbiswas.com DocumentRoot "/var/www/silverstripe" ServerName cms.yourdomain.com ServerAlias www.cms.yourdomain.com <Directory "/var/www/silverstripe"> Options Indexes FollowSymLinks AllowOverride All Require all granted </Directory> ErrorLog "/var/log/httpd/cms.yourdomain.com-error_log" CustomLog "/var/log/httpd/cms.yourdomain.com-access_log" combined </VirtualHost>
Replace cms.yourdomain.com with any domain or subdomain you want to use to access the application. Save the file and exit from the editor. Run the following command to restart your Apache server.
systemctl restart httpd
Now complete the installation using a web browser, go to the following link using your favorite web browser.
http://cms.yourdomain.com
You will be welcomed by the following page.
HP_NO_IMG/data/uploads/users/12c8e597-946c-4ad9-a603-d40a6c894a40/1258417280.png" alt="" />
If you have followed the tutorial correctly, you would have all the requirements for PHP configuration, file permission, and Web server configuration satisfied. Now scroll down to database configuration and fill out the details of the database we created earlier.
HP_NO_IMG/data/uploads/users/12c8e597-946c-4ad9-a603-d40a6c894a40/1215514856.png" alt="" />
Once done, click on Re-check requirements button, you should get the success message here also. Now scroll down to CMS Admin account section, provide the admin email and password in this section.
HP_NO_IMG/data/uploads/users/12c8e597-946c-4ad9-a603-d40a6c894a40/140425600.png" alt="" />
Now choose the theme you want to install and choose if you wish to send anonymous data about your web server to SilverStripe server.
HP_NO_IMG/data/uploads/users/12c8e597-946c-4ad9-a603-d40a6c894a40/818767904.png" alt="" />
Click Install SilverStripe button and the installer will install the application to your server.
Once the installation finishes, you will be redirected to your site. You will need to delete the installation file now, Click on the Click here to delete all install files link on the homepage. You will need to login using the administrator credentials. Once done, you are ready to configure your website.
HP_NO_IMG/data/uploads/users/12c8e597-946c-4ad9-a603-d40a6c894a40/1711685320.png" alt="" />
You can go to the following link to access administration dashboard.
http://cms.yourdomain.com/admin
HP_NO_IMG/data/uploads/users/12c8e597-946c-4ad9-a603-d40a6c894a40/1650140393.png" alt="" />
Conclusion
In this tutorial, we have learned how to install SilverStripe content management system on CentOS 7. You can now install the CMS on your own server to easily create a website for your organization.
|
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About this item
Important Made in USA Origin Disclaimer: For certain items sold by Walmart on Walmart.com, the displayed country of origin
information may not be accurate or consistent with manufacturer information. For updated, accurate country of origin data, it is
recommended that you rely on product packaging or manufacturer information.
Beverly Clark Collection is a design-focused company, bringing you just the right accessories for all those emotion-packed events in people's lives.
About this item
Important Made in USA Origin Disclaimer: For certain items sold by Walmart on Walmart.com, the displayed country of origin
information may not be accurate or consistent with manufacturer information. For updated, accurate country of origin data, it is
recommended that you rely on product packaging or manufacturer information.
Beverly Clark Collection is a design-focused company, bringing you just the right accessories for all those emotion-packed events in people's lives.
Say I do to your man in a special way with this white cotton tank top and thong set- The I do is spelled with embroidered crystals- Size: Extra Large- SKU: BVCK692
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