text
stringlengths 1
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In the United States Court of Federal Claims
OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
No. 18-0511V
(not to be published)
VICTORIA DITSCHE,
Chief Special Master Corcoran
Petitioner,
v. Filed: March 10, 2020
SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND Special Processing Unit (SPU);
HUMAN SERVICES, Attorney’s Fees and Costs
Respondent.
Amy A. Senerth, Muller Brazil, LLP, Dresher, PA, for Petitioner.
Linda Sara Renzi, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for Respondent.
DECISION ON ATTORNEY’S FEES AND COSTS1
On April 6, 2018, Victoria Ditsche filed a petition for compensation under the
National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, 42 U.S.C. §300aa-10, et seq.,2 (the
“Vaccine Act”). Petitioner alleges that she suffered a Shoulder Injury Related to Vaccine
Administration as a result of an influenza vaccine administered on November 23, 2016.
(Petition at 1). On October 18, 2019, a decision was issued awarding compensation to
Petitioner based on the Respondent’s proffer. (ECF No. 41).
1 Because this unpublished Decision contains a reasoned explanation for the action in this case, I am
required to post it on the United States Court of Federal Claims' website in accordance with the E-
Government Act of 2002. 44 U.S.C. § 3501 note (2012) (Federal Management and Promotion of Electronic
Government Services). This means the Decision will be available to anyone with access to the
internet. In accordance with Vaccine Rule 18(b), Petitioner has 14 days to identify and move to redact
medical or other information, the disclosure of which would constitute an unwarranted invasion of privacy.
If, upon review, I agree that the identified material fits within this definition, I will redact such material from
public access.
2
National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-660, 100 Stat. 3755. Hereinafter, for
ease of citation, all “§” references to the Vaccine Act will be to the pertinent subparagraph of 42 U.S.C.
§ 300aa (2012).
Petitioner has now filed a motion for attorney’s fees and costs, dated January 29,
2020 (ECF No. 46), requesting a total award of $12,679.59 (representing $12,078.90 in
fees and $600.69 in costs). In accordance with General Order #9 counsel for Petitioner
represents that Petitioner incurred no out-of-pocket expenses. (Id. at 2). Respondent
reacted to the motion on January 30, 2020 indicating that he is satisfied that the statutory
requirements for an award of attorney’s fees and costs are met in this case and defers to
the Court’s discretion to determine the amount to be awarded. (ECF No. 47). Petitioner
did not file a reply.
I have reviewed the billing records submitted with Petitioner’s request. In my
experience, the request appears reasonable, and I find no cause to reduce the requested
hours or rates.
ANALYSIS
The Vaccine Act permits an award of reasonable attorney’s fees and costs. §
15(e). Counsel must submit fee requests that include contemporaneous and specific
billing records indicating the service performed, the number of hours expended on the
service, and the name of the person performing the service. See Savin v. Sec’y of Health
& Human Servs., 85 Fed. Cl. 313, 316-18 (2008). Counsel should not include in their fee
requests hours that are “excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary.” Saxton v.
Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 3 F.3d 1517, 1521 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (quoting Hensley v.
Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 434 (1983)). It is “well within the special master’s discretion to
reduce the hours to a number that, in [her] experience and judgment, [is] reasonable for
the work done.” Id. at 1522. Furthermore, the special master may reduce a fee request
sua sponte, apart from objections raised by respondent and without providing a petitioner
notice and opportunity to respond. See Sabella v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 86
Fed. Cl. 201, 209 (2009). A special master need not engage in a line-by-line analysis of
petitioner’s fee application when reducing fees. Broekelschen v. Sec’y of Health &
Human Servs., 102 Fed. Cl. 719, 729 (2011).
The petitioner “bears the burden of establishing the hours expended, the rates
charged, and the expenses incurred.” Wasson v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 24 Cl.
Ct. at 482, 484 (1991). The Petitioner “should present adequate proof [of the attorney’s
fees and costs sought] at the time of the submission.” Id. at 484 n.1. Petitioner’s counsel
“should make a good faith effort to exclude from a fee request hours that are excessive,
redundant, or otherwise unnecessary, just as a lawyer in private practice ethically is
obligated to exclude such hours from his fee submission.” Hensley, 461 U.S., at 434.
2
ATTORNEY FEES
A. Hourly Rates
Petitioner requests the following rates of compensation for the work of his
attorneys Max Muller; $300.00 per hour for 2017, $317 per hour for 2018 and Amy
Senerth; $225.00 per hour for work performed in 2017, $233.00 per hour for work
performed in 2018, and $250.00 for work performed in 2019. (ECF No. 46 at 1). Petitioner
also requests rates ranging from $125.00 per hour to $165.00 per hour for paralegal work,
depending on the individual paralegal and the year of the work. (Id). The rates requested
are consistent with what Muller Brazil attorneys and paralegals have been awarded for
their work in the Vaccine Program. Accordingly, no adjustment to the requested rates is
necessary.
For time billed in 2020, Ms. Senerth is requesting the increased rate of $275.00
per hour. Based on my experience I find the requested increase for time billed in 2020 to
be reasonable and award it herein.
ATTORNEY COSTS
Petitioner requests $600.69 in overall costs. (ECF No. 46 at 1). This amount is
comprised of obtaining medical records and the Court’s filing fee. I have reviewed all of
the requested costs and find the overall amount to be reasonable and shall award it in
full.
CONCLUSION
The Vaccine Act permits an award of reasonable attorney’s fees and costs. §
15(e). Accordingly, I hereby GRANT Petitioner’s Motion for attorney’s fees and costs. I
award a total of $12,679.59 (representing $12,078.90 in fees and $600.69 in costs) as a
lump sum in the form of a check jointly payable to Petitioner and Petitioner’s counsel. In
the absence of a timely-filed motion for review (see Appendix B to the Rules of the Court),
the Clerk shall enter judgment in accordance with this decision.3
3 Pursuant to Vaccine Rule 11(a), the parties may expedite entry of judgment by filing a joint notice
renouncing their right to seek review.
3
IT IS SO ORDERED.
s/Brian H. Corcoran
Brian H. Corcoran
Chief Special Master
4
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
Q:
How to get objects correctly placed when zoomed in on fabricjs canvas?
I'm using fabricjs to load an image, use the mouse wheel to zoom on pointer position, and click to add a circle.
When no zoom, objects are created where clicked. When zoomed in, the only circle that is placed correctly is where you zoom in on (don't move the mouse after zoom, and click). If you click anywhere else while zoomed in, the circle is placed elsewhere. Which you can see after zooming out.
I've gone through many stack answers with related. Tried many things. No solution has worked. I'm very new to fabricjs, and the whole positioning system seems unnecessarily complicated.
How can I get the circle to the place where clicking on the image even when zoomed in?
https://jsfiddle.net/wonx3qvd/
Thanks in advance.
canvas.on('mouse:wheel', function (opt) {
var delta = opt.e.deltaY;
var pointer = canvas.getPointer(opt.e);
var zoom = canvas.getZoom();
zoom = zoom - delta * 0.01;
if (zoom >= 20) {
zoom = 20;
}
if (zoom <= 1) {
zoom = 1;
canvas.viewportTransform = [1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0]
}
canvas.zoomToPoint({
x: opt.e.offsetX,
y: opt.e.offsetY
}, zoom);
canvas.forEachObject(function (o) {
o.setCoords();
});
opt.e.preventDefault();
opt.e.stopPropagation();
});
canvas.on('mouse:up', function (opt) {
if (opt.button === 1) {
circle = new fabric.Circle({
left: opt.e.offsetX,
top: opt.e.offsetY,
radius: 10,
strokeWidth: 3,
stroke: 'red',
fill: null,
opacity: .5,
selectable: false,
originX: 'center',
originY: 'center'
});
circle.setCoords();
group.addWithUpdate(circle);
canvas.renderAll();
canvas.calcOffset();
}
});
A:
Just set your cursor as the input coorinates for your cirlce object...
var pointer = canvas.getPointer();
circle = new fabric.Circle({
left: pointer.x,
top: pointer.y,
radius: 10,
strokeWidth: 3,
stroke: 'red',
fill: null,
opacity: .5,
selectable: false,
originX: 'center',
originY: 'center'
});
var vw = $('#container').width();
var vh = $('#container').height();
var canvas, group, image = {}; // to be avail throughout
$('#container').append('<canvas id="canvasview" width="' + vw + '" height="' + vh + '"></canvas>');
var canvas = new fabric.Canvas("canvasview", {
fireRightClick: true,
stopContextMenu: false
});
canvas.setWidth(vw);
canvas.setHeight(vh);
canvas.imageSmoothingEnabled = false
var ogi = $('img');
$(ogi).on('load', function() {
// had to do this slop in particular case
oiw = ogi.width();
var ogs = ogi.attr('src');
ogi.remove();
var img = document.createElement("img");
img.src = ogs;
img.setAttribute("id", "photo");
//image ratio
var nw = img.width * vh / img.height;
image = new fabric.Image(img, {});
image.scaleToHeight(vh);
image.center();
var name = new fabric.Text("WALLPAPERIMAGE", {
left: 0,
top: 0,
fontSize: 10,
cornerSize: 6
});
group = new fabric.Group([image, name], {
lockMovementX: true,
lockMovementY: true,
hasControls: false,
hasBorders: false,
hasRotatingPoint: false,
subTargetCheck: true,
selectable: false
});
canvas.add(group);
group.scaleToHeight(vh);
group.clipPath = image;
group.center();
group.setCoords();
canvas.renderAll();
});
canvas.on('mouse:wheel', function(opt) {
var delta = opt.e.deltaY;
var pointer = canvas.getPointer(opt.e);
var zoom = canvas.getZoom();
zoom = zoom - delta * 0.01;
if (zoom >= 20) {
zoom = 20;
}
if (zoom <= 1) {
zoom = 1;
canvas.viewportTransform = [1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0]
}
canvas.zoomToPoint({
x: opt.e.offsetX,
y: opt.e.offsetY
}, zoom);
canvas.forEachObject(function(o) {
o.setCoords();
});
opt.e.preventDefault();
opt.e.stopPropagation();
});
canvas.on('mouse:up', function(opt) {
if (opt.button === 1) {
//set your cursor as the input coordinates
var pointer = canvas.getPointer();
circle = new fabric.Circle({
left: pointer.x,
top: pointer.y,
radius: 10,
strokeWidth: 3,
stroke: 'red',
fill: null,
opacity: .5,
selectable: false,
originX: 'center',
originY: 'center'
});
circle.setCoords();
group.addWithUpdate(circle);
canvas.renderAll();
canvas.calcOffset();
}
});
#container {
width: 600px;
height: 400px;
}
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/fabric.js/3.4.0/fabric.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<div id="container">
</div>
<img src="https://wallpaper-gallery.net/top/wallpapers-1.jpg" />
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Streaming
No Credit Card Required For Signup! Over 17000 movies available for you to watch online; on your TV with the Fyre BoXXX or Roku, Boxee, GoogleTV, Apple TV; and on your mobile devices: iPhone, iPad or Android devices.
Movie Reviews
RATING SUMMARY: in regard to the performers and their appearances, no one's looks or actions should detract from a scene. i don't expect a/v quality to be flawless, however everything should be clearly visible and audible. the dvd should have some extra content worth watching more than once. (needs more than trailers and photo gallery.) there is no plot or acting whatsoever in this movie. (i usually don't view those.) the "what its worth" amount is an approximate retail price. THE FEATURE: director johnni darkko with digital sin has produced one of the best anal themed series available in anal trainer. with the front and back billing this movie as "100 anal," and considering this movie's title, i am expecting to find anal sex in every scene. SCENE 1: mandy bright with manuel ferrara. mandy is lying on her side, sucking and deep throating a toy. mandy has longer brown hair and is wearing a red top with matching thong and high heels. mandy puts the toy in her ass and then in her mouth.
Digital Sin: ANAL TRAINER 3 Theme: This is an all anal sex themed DVD. The box cover reads: The power of the pussy takes a back seat to the beckoning of the back door. Jonni Darkko brings his perverted vision to life in these sensuous scenes of throat fucking and ass plunging. Beautiful girls getting off in a hardcore way. Expectations: This is the first time I've seen one of the Anal Trainer DVD's from Digital Sin and from what I've heard, Jonni Darkko who is Director of the series, has been doing a good job. I have very high expectations with this release and what I'll be looking for is attractive women, good camera work, aggressive sex, plenty of anal, and with this series a feel of "anal training" (pushing the limits) on some hot bottoms. General Impression: So were my high expectations met? Well, not exactly. But that doesn't mean this isn't a good DVD. The DVD has some solid, well shot anal themed action. What I liked: On average, five minutes or more of tease or toy play occurred in all scenes.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Get breaking news alerts and special reports. The news and stories that matter, delivered weekday mornings.
HOUSTON — Cheryl Conley curled herself against a wall of the George R. Brown Convention Center on Friday, watching a family hauling their things to the exit, wishing she could do the same.
Forced to leave her boarding house by Hurricane Harvey's floodwaters, Conley was on her fourth day at the emergency evacuation shelter, and starting to panic.
She has epilepsy and a heart condition, and had left all but a couple of her 12 medications behind in her frantic flight to safety. She had nowhere to go, no one to call for help.
Cheryl Conley, 34, was forced to leave her home in Houston during Hurricane Harvey. Now she stays at the George R. Brown Convention Center. Spike Johnson / for NBC News
"People have forgotten about people like me," Conley, 34, said, beginning to cry. "I just want a home to go back to."
The yearning for home is a near-universal lament here. Harvey is estimated to have destroyed or caused major damage to more than 12,300 single, mobile and multi-family homes in Harris County, the Texas Department of Public Safety said. Many more were affected or suffered minor damage. The full extent of the damage is not yet known.
Some of the people who lived in those homes can afford to find a new place to live while they rebuild or decide whether to move away. But there are also others like Conley who have no idea where they will go.
Often, their only hope is the Federal Emergency Management Agency, which is offering loans to help homeowners rebuild and short-term housing assistance — hotel rooms and rental subsidies for others whose homes are uninhabitable or inaccessible. The agency said it is also speeding up claims under the National Flood Insurance Program, but the program only benefits people who had coverage before the storm.
At the convention center, where more than 9,000 people sought refuge this week, the lines for FEMA applications snake across the entrance hall, the survivors weary and uncertain.
"We're overwhelmed. We’re drained. We’re ready to go," said Conley, whose application, like others, remains pending.
Let our news meet your inbox. The news and stories that matters, delivered weekday mornings. This site is protected by recaptcha
Among those on line Friday was Ray Salinas, who worked security — and lived — at the headquarters of a food truck company on the city’s west side. The site was destroyed, he said.
"When I leave here, I don’t know where I’m going. Maybe the streets," Salinas, 52, said.
Ray Salinas, 52, worked as a security guard for a food truck company on Houston's west side. He lived onsite, but when the truck yard was flooded during Hurricane Harvey, he was made homeless. Spike Johnson / for NBC News
Vickie Carson is one of 12 family members spanning three generations who fled their flooded home on the city’s northeast side Saturday morning. A friend took them all in, but it was only a three-bedroom house, and no long-term solution.
She and a niece came to the convention center on Friday to get their FEMA application expedited, but had no luck.
They sat on bench, too tired to move.
"I didn't think it was going to be this bad, but it is," Carson said. "If I talk any more, I'll cry."
Before Harvey hit, there were more than 3,200 homeless people in Harris County, about two–thirds of whom were in some sort of shelter, according to a 2017 survey by the local Coalition for the Homeless.
Evacuees escaping the floodwaters from Tropical Storm Harvey rest at the George R. Brown Convention Center that has been set up as a shelter on August 29, 2017 in Houston. LM Otero / AP file
Many of those who remained on the streets rode out the storm in emergency shelters. They’ve started returning to the streets, with Red Cross volunteers urging them to seek help from social service agencies.
The volunteers worry that Harvey will cause the number of chronically homeless people to climb.
The issue has been raised at morning meetings at the convention center, staff members said.
The Red Cross has also been dealing with a "second wave" of people who left the shelter and returned, said Jeannie Kropp, a disaster relief responder from Michigan.
Vickie Carson, 55, was forced to leave the house that she shared with twelve family members in northeast Houston. Now she stays with friends until FEMA can help with hotel costs. Spike Johnson / for NBC News
"The water is receding, and people are leaving and expecting to go home and get out of this place," Kropp said. "But when they get there, they realize there’s nothing. So we have to be prepared for them to come back."
Tony Briggs, a Red Cross spokesman, said the agency would keep shelters open "as long as necessary" and recommended that evacuees remain until they are sure they have another place to stay.
Outside the convention center on Friday, Quincy Moore sat with a friend, unable to imagine where he would end up.
He was a patient at a drug rehabilitation facility outside Houston when the storm hit, flooding the building. He and other residents were taken by bus to the center.
That was four days ago.
He asked his friend to check his FEMA application status on her phone. Still pending.
Moore stared ahead.
"I'm not feeling very confident," he said.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Kirkkonummi
Kirkkonummi (; , ) is a municipality of inhabitants () in southern Finland. The literal meaning of the words "Kirkkonummi" and "Kyrkslätt" in English is "church heath".
The municipality is located just outside the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, bordering the city of Espoo in the east. Other neighbouring municipalities are Vihti and Siuntio. The distance from the municipal centre to central Helsinki is some . Kirkkonummi also has excellent train and bus connections to other parts of the Greater Helsinki area, and many of its inhabitants commute daily to Helsinki.
The municipality covers an area of of which is water. The population density is . Over the recent years, Kirkkonummi has faced the highest population growth rate in the country, over 3% per annum.
Major population centres in Kirkkonummi include the municipal centre, Masala, Veikkola, Kantvik and the Upinniemi naval garrison area. In addition to these, there are dozens of smaller villages. Geographically, Kirkkonummi has two famous peninsulas, namely Porkkala and Upinniemi, the latter one of which houses a major Finnish naval base. Porkkala is also on one of the main bird migration routes in the Baltic Sea region. Additionally, Kirkkonummi has a large central plains area, through which a railway goes from Helsinki to Turku as well as extensive lake areas, much of which is relatively untouched wilderness.
Kirkkonummi has been populated from the Stone Age to the present day as evidenced by the very first Stone Age rock paintings found in Finland that are located by lake Vitträsk in the central lake region of Kirkkonummi. Incidentally, these paintings were found by the famous Finnish composer Jean Sibelius himself. The southern half of the municipality was leased to the Soviet Union between 1945 and 1956 for use as a naval base as part of the peace settlement that ended the hostilities between the Soviet Union and Finland during World War II. Signs of this time include concrete bunkers, other fortifications and the remains of an airbase.
Other places of interest located in Kirkkonummi include the medieval stone church in the municipal centre, the wooden church in the village of Haapajärvi as well as the Hvitträsk manor designed by Finnish architects Eliel Saarinen, Herman Gesellius and Armas Lindgren.
Politics
Results of the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election in Kirkkonummi:
National Coalition Party 30.7%
Social Democratic Party 16.8%
True Finns 16.3%
Swedish People's Party 14.3%
Green League 10.1%
Centre Party 4.4%
Left Alliance 3.6%
Christian Democrats 2.3%
International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
Kirkkonummi is twinned with:
Sundbyberg, Sweden
Paldiski, Estonia
References
External links
Municipality of Kirkkonummi – official website
Category:Greater Helsinki
Category:Populated coastal places in Finland
Category:Populated places established in the 1330s
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Things to do this Labor Day weekend in St. Louis
St. Louis (KSDK) -- The holiday weekend offers a list longer than usual of things to do.
For starters, the Japanese Festival is one of the largest and oldest festivals of it's one of a kind in the United States. This weekend you can sample Japanese food, listen to music and even see some sumo wrestling at the Missouri Botanical Garden.
You can also check out Kim Massie and a slew of other great performers at The Big Muddy Blues Festival on the Landing. More than 30 bands will play on three stages starting at 1 p.m. on Saturday and Sunday.
The Gateway Cup will also race through four neighborhoods starting with Lafayette Square on Friday night, this is chance to see cyclist take corners at 30 miles per hour.
Plus new this year, is the loop's first Chalk Festival. You'll be able to watch artist in action as they add a little more color to the sidewalks along Delmar boulevard starting around 9 a.m. on Saturday.
There's also the art fair at Queeny Park, St. Nicholas Greek Festival, Veterans Festival in Forest Park and the Barnyard Olympics at Eckert's Farm in Belleville.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Using combineLatest with UITextFields in RAC 3+
I would like to simply "combine" the signals emitted by a number of textfields and fire a block of code. It seems there are a few ways this "should" work using methods like combineLatest() or the values: SignalProducer initializer. But I am not able to get anything to compile or function as expected.
RAC documentations uses the following example
combineLatest(numbersSignal, lettersSignal)
|> observe(next: println, completed: { println("Completed") })
But I am not able to compile this kind of usage
I am able to do the following with redundant blocks...
locationTextfield.rac_textSignal().toSignalProducer()
|> start(next: { txt in
println(txt)
})
aircraftTextfield.rac_textSignal().toSignalProducer()
|> start(next: { txt in
println(txt)
})
I also am not understanding why I need to use toSignalProducer() and start rather than just observing the rac_textsignal itself. This "compiles" but nothing seems to be sent on the signal unless a producer is created and started.
This question/answer ReactiveCocoa combine SignalProducers into one also works, but still seems like a work around, and doesn't explain why signal producers need to be created rather than observing the original rac_textSignal()s
A:
Observing rac_textSignal without transformations is possible, we just need to clarify that rac_textSignal is RACSignal. RACSignal is the ReactiveCocoa 2.0 signal and is related to the Objective-C version. So you need to apply RAC2 operators to such signals, combineLatestWith: could help you to solve such task.
Transformations are necessary to apply Swift operators due to diff in the basic concept in RAC3. In RAC2 such core entity was RACSignal, against Signal and SignalProducer in the RAC3.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Lost Kingdoms II Cheats For GameCube
Duplicate any card
To accomplish this trick, you must have two separate saved games. You can't just save to a different file or memory card. Start a new game, abort the first mission, and save your progress in a separate file.
Now go to the VS mode and load your primary game (the one you want to copy your cards to) for player 1, and your new game for player 2. Wager whatever cards you want to duplicate, then lose to player 2. Load your new game, then save that game in however many slots you want (don't overwrite your primary game!) Go back to VS mode and load your primary game as player 1, and whichever copy of your new game as player 2. Win as player 1, and take back your cards, then go through all the duplicate new games, making wagers of whatever cards you want duplicated. This even works with the very expensive capture card!
Contributed by:
Relle
Very cheap card trick
This trick lets you level up cards too easy, plus you can plow through levels and have basicly all your cards when you get to the bosses.
activate the Green Guardian combo (elf, elf lord, dark elf) and have the octobush on the field at the same time. The elves constantly heal you and the octobush, while the octobush constantly heal the elves. With this combination, you can beat most of the levels with out even using other cards. They just follow you killing everything that gets near while you can sit there and worry about nothing cause everyone is always getting healed.
To level up cards very easy, goto the Fossil Boneyard towards the end where you are surrounded by baby dragon caves. Just do the trick there and leave the game on for however you like and the elves will just slaughter everything that pops out the caves.
Contributed by:
happyscrub1
Unlockable Characters
Unlockable
Unlockable
Defeat the neutral element boss monster in the 2nd area. Rather than returning to the beginning, continue west to another battle arena. Fight Helina and defeat her. You must have a skill of 6 or higher in neutral abilities.
Helina in VS Mode.
Defeat Thalnos in Arena 2, head north to another arena. Fight Katia and beat her.
Katia in VS Mode
Defeat the Kendarie Card Master Boss in the first region. Save your game.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Physicians' attitudes towards patients' rights legislation.
Patients' rights laws, bills and charters aim at delineating the patient-physician relationship in regard to consent to medical treatment, confidentiality and related issues. The need to shape such an intimate relationship by way of legislation seems anomalous to some, but imperative to others. We present for the first time an insight into Israeli physicians' attitudes towards Israel's patients' rights laws, in a changing medical and socio-legal environment. The research results suggest that physicians are reluctant to participate in the implementation of such laws, demonstrated by the level of their misunderstanding of the law's norms and regulations, and subjective attitudes and perceptions. In order to ensure the medical community's participation in augmenting patients' rights, efforts should focus on improved legal and ethical education, enhanced cooperation of professional associations and joint action with legislators to assure a productive composition of these important acts.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Cost of Immediate Surgery Versus Non-operative Treatment for Trigger Finger in Diabetic Patients.
As health care costs continue to rise, providers must increasingly identify and implement cost-effective practice measures without sacrificing quality of care. Corticosteroid injections are an established treatment for trigger finger; however, numerous clinical trials have documented the limited efficacy of these injections in the diabetic population. Furthermore, the most cost-effective treatment strategy for diabetic trigger finger has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to perform a decision analysis to identify the least costly strategy for effective treatment of diabetic trigger finger using existing evidence in the literature. Four treatment strategies for diabetic trigger finger were identified: (1) 1 steroid injection followed by surgical release, (2) 2 steroid injections followed by surgical release, (3) immediate surgical release in the operating room, and (4) immediate surgical release in the clinic. A literature review was conducted to determine success rates of the different treatment strategies. Costing analysis was performed using our institutional reimbursement from Medicare. One-way sensitivity and threshold analysis was utilized to determine the least costly treatment strategy. The least costly treatment strategy was immediate surgical release in the clinic. In patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, this strategy results in a 32% and a 39% cost reduction when compared with treatment with 1 or 2 corticosteroid injections, respectively. For 1 or 2 corticosteroid injections to be the most cost-effective strategy, injection failure rates would need to be less than 36% and 34%, respectively. The overall cost of care for immediate surgical release in the clinic was $642. Diabetic trigger finger is a common problem faced by hand surgeons, with a variety of acceptable treatment algorithms. Management of diabetic trigger finger with immediate surgical release in the clinic is the most cost-effective treatment strategy, assuming a corticosteroid injection failure rate of at least 34%. Economic/decision III.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an impeller for a hydraulic power transmitting apparatus and a method of fixing blades of a hydraulic power transmitting apparatus. In particular, it relates to an impeller as well as method of fixing the blades of the impeller, and of fixing a lock-up damper spring plate without making a hole or slit in any of constituting members.
2. Description of Related Art
In a conventional hydraulic power transmitting apparatus, as a means of fixing blades to a shell, there are known the following, i.e., means of fixing both the members by welding or brazing, or means of fitting claws provided in the blades into slits and then fixing them together by caulking or brazing (see Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 79359/1982). In the above-described conventional art, welding or brazing will give rise to thermal strains to the shell and the blades. Particularly, in case of brazing, a large amount of electric power is consumed in a brazing furnace. When a flux for preventing oxidation is used, there is a possibility of generating harmful gases from the flux. In case the claws provided in the blades are fitted into the slits, three-dimensional slits and the claws of the blades must be manufactured at a high accuracy in order to facilitate the assembling work. This results in a higher manufacturing cost and in a reduced strength in the shell due to the presence of the slits. In addition, since the force of fixing the blades is weak, a working fluid may leak through the slits out of the shell, resulting in a remarkable reduction in the performance of the hydraulic power transmitting apparatus.
In view of the above disadvantages accompanied by the conventional art, the present invention has an object of providing an impeller for a hydraulic power transmitting apparatus and a method of fixing blades of a hydraulic power transmitting apparatus in which the shell and the blades as well as the shell and a lock-up damper spring plate can be fixed without resort to welding or brazing as well as to fitting of claws into slits.
In order to attain the above and other objects, according to a first aspect of the present invention, the present invention is an impeller for a hydraulic power transmitting apparatus. The impeller comprises: a shell; a plurality of blades fixed to the shell, each of the blades having a blade main body and a fixing flange which is bent at an angle relative to the blade main body; wherein the shell and the fixing flange are placed one on top of the other and are pressed together at a fixing point such that a hollow cylindrical projection having a bottom is formed; and wherein the projection comprises a diametrically expanded portion along a bottom outer periphery of that member out of the shell and the fixing flange which lies on an inner side in the projection, the expanded portion being thrusted into that member out of the shell and the fixing flange which lies on an outer side in the projection.
In a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an impeller for a hydraulic power transmitting apparatus. The impeller comprises: a shell; a plurality of blades fixed to the shell, each of the blades having a blade main body and a fixing flange which is bent at an angle relative to the blade main body; wherein each of the shell and the fixing flange are placed one on top of the other and are pressed together at a fixing point such that a hollow cylindrical projection having a bottom is formed, an outer periphery of the bottom having an axially extending ring-shaped convex; and wherein the projection comprises a diametrically expanded portion along a bottom outer periphery of that member out of the shell and the fixing flange which lies on an inner side in the projection, the expanded portion being thrusted into that member out of the shell and the fixing flange which lies on an outer side in the projection.
Preferably, the projection is formed in a plurality of numbers, and at least one of the projections is projected inward of the impeller. According to this arrangement, in case another constituting member of the impeller is disposed in close proximity to the outside of the shell, a particular projection which is likely to interfere with the above-mentioned member can be projected inward, instead of outward as is the case with the remaining ones, to prevent the mutual interference.
Further, preferably, at least one of the projections is positioned radially inward relative to a center of radial length of the blade. Ordinarily, in the turbine blades, a large force in a direction of peeling off the blades is operated on an outlet side in an inner circumference. By arranging at least one of the projections as described above, a large fixing force against the peeling can be secured.
Preferably, the fixing flange has a larger width on a radially inner side and a diameter of a projection to be provided on the radially inner side is larger in diameter than the diameter of remaining projections. According to this arrangement, the projection of a larger diameter can generate a larger force against the peeling off the blades.
Preferably, the impeller further comprises a lock-up damper spring plate having a shape free from interference with a projection that is on a circumferentially outermost position, the damping spring plate being fixed to an outside of the shell by a projection which is the same as the projection for fixing the shell and the fixing flange. According to this arrangement, the lock-up damper spring plate can be fixed to the shell without giving rise to the interference with the projection for fixing the fixing flange and without giving rise to the thermal strains.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of fixing blades of a hydraulic power transmitting apparatus. The method comprises: preparing a shell from a first metallic plate and a plurality of blades from a second metallic plate, each of the blades having an integrally formed fixing flange; placing the shell and the fixing flange one on top of the other; pressing the shell and the fixing flange together to form a hollow cylindrical projection such that a material in a corner portion of an inner member of the shell and the fixing flange inside the projection is expanded outward so as to be thrusted into a material of an outer member of the shell and the fixing flange inside the projection.
Alternatively, there is provided a method of fixing blades of a hydraulic power transmitting apparatus. The method comprises: preparing a shell made of a first metallic plate and a plurality of blades made of a second metallic plate, each of the blades having an integrally formed fixing flange; feeding the shell and each of the fixing flanges into a die assembly in a state in which one is placed on top of the other, the die assembly comprising: a die having a die hole with a bottom; and a punch which is adapted to be inserted into, and out of, the die hole; wherein a clearance between the punch and an inner surface of the die hole is smaller than a sum of thicknesses of the shell and the fixing flange, and wherein the die has a ring-shaped groove which is formed along a corner of the bottom of the die hole so as to extend in an axial direction of the die assembly; pressing the shell and the fixing flange together to form a hollow cylindrical projection such that a material in a bottom corner portion of an outer member out of the shell and the fixing flange is forced into the ring-shaped groove and that a material in a bottom corner portion of an inner member of the shell and the fixing flange is expanded diametrically outward so as to be thrusted into the material of the outer member.
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Powerwolf
Powerwolf, often stylized as POWERWOLF, is a German power metal band founded in 2003 in Saarbrücken by members of Red Aim. The band consists of vocalist Karsten Brill as "Attila Dorn", lead guitarist Benjamin Buss as "Matthew Greywolf", bassist/rhythm guitarist David Vogt as "Charles Greywolf", keyboardist Christian Jost as "Falk Maria Schlegel" and drummer Roel van Helden. The group uses dark themes and images, musically and lyrically, contrary to traditional power metal music, as well as corpse paint, gothic-tinged compositions and songs about Transylvanian werewolf and vampire legends.
They released their debut album Return in Bloodred in 2005. Their second album, Lupus Dei, was released in 2007. The band entered the official German charts for the first time in 2009 with their third album Bible of the Beast. Shortly after its release, their first drummer Stefan Gemballa (stage name Stéfane Funèbre) left the band. He was replaced by Tom Diener, who was replaced in 2011 by Roel van Helden. In the same year, the band released their fourth album Blood of the Saints. In 2012, Powerwolf signed with Napalm Records and released Preachers of the Night in 2013. It has debuted at No. 1 in Germany. Their sixth album Blessed & Possessed, released in 2015, was certified gold in the Czech Republic. Their seventh album The Sacrament of Sin was released on 20 July 2018, charting well internationally.
Powerwolf has embarked on several tours, with a majority of their tour dates taking place inside of Europe. They also change their costumes for every album.
Most of Powerwolf's albums were well received by fans and critics alike. The music is composed by the entire band, and the lyrics, written mostly by Matthew Greywolf, are inspired by Christianity and ancient Romanian legends. Over the years a theme has developed which personifies the band members as werewolves, leading fans to refer to the band affectionately as "The Wolves".
History
2003–2009: Formation and first albums
Powerwolf was formed in 2003 by the members of the stoner rock band Red Aim. When the band was founded, the members decided to take on pseudonyms and build up backstories around those.
Officially, the brothers Charles and Matthew Greywolf had been playing together for years when they decided to create a band, and so Powerwolf was started. Soon the brothers added French drummer Stéfane Funèbre and German keyboardist Falk Maria Schlegel to the band, but could not find a suitable singer to complete the line-up. In the meantime, the band started writing, and on holidays in Romania, Charles and Matthew met Attila Dorn in a pub in Sighișoara and invited him to join their band. Dorn, a student of classical opera at the National University of Music in Bucharest, moved to the band's hometown Saarbrücken, and became the frontman of Powerwolf. With Dorn's love of Romanian werewolf legends, the band created their debut album, Return in Bloodred, which used these same legends as the basis for many of the lyrics. After the album's release, Powerwolf went on their fist tour titled Europe in Bloodred Tour.
In 2007, they followed up with their second album, Lupus Dei, a concept album starring a wolf as the main character and his rise from bloodlust to enlightenment. Powerwolf supported Grave Digger during their tour.
In 2008, Powerwolf released their first video album The Wacken Worship. It contained live footage of their show at Wacken Open Air 2008. In the same year, they went on a Metal is our Mission Tour together with Brainstorm and Pagan's Mind.
The single "Raise Your Fist, Evangelist" was released on 19 March 2009. Powerwolf's third album Bible of the Beast was released on 25 April 2009. The record was able to place as the band's first album in the German charts and reached number 76. They embarked on a tour supporting the album in 2010. "Raise Your Fist, Evangelist" was nominated for the Metal Hammer "Metal Anthem 2010" award.
2010–2011: Drummer change and Blood of the Saints
On 2 March 2010 Stéfane Funèbre left the band and was replaced by Tom Diener. Powerwolf announced it on their Myspace blog.
In November 2010, Powerwolf organist Falk Maria Schlegel stated about the group's new material:
On 28 May 2011 the band announced on their website that Tom Diener was replaced by a new drummer Roel van Helden from Netherlands.
The band released the single "Sanctified With Dynamite" on 24 May 2011 and the second one on 5 July 2011 titled "We Drink Your Blood", to which Powerwolf recorded their first ever music video. It was shot in an ancient monastery church. Falk Maria Schlegel commented that "Shooting the video in such a special and atmospheric place was incredible. The combination of the sacral interior of the church, including altar, confessional box and a church organ with a lot of fire, fog and metal insanity was the perfect set for a Powerwolf video."
Their fourth album, titled Blood of the Saints, was released on 29 July 2011 in Europe and August 2 in the United States.
In September 2011, Powerwolf went on a quadruple headline tour with Sabaton, Grave Digger and Skull Fist.
2012–2013: Debut with Napalm Records
In 2012, Powerwolf released two albums. The first was the Wolfsnächte 2012 Tour EP, a split EP with Mystic Prophecy, Stormwarrior, and Lonewolf. This EP featured a previously unreleased Powerwolf track, "Living on a Nightmare". Copies of this EP were originally distributed along with the purchase of tickets to Powerwolf's Wolfsnächte Tour 2012 but since the tour's conclusion, copies have been available in the Powerwolf webstore.
The second of Powerwolf's 2012 releases was Alive in the Night, the band's first live album. It contained 10 tracks and was just over 45 minutes in length. It was released with the April 2012 issue of the German edition of Metal Hammer.
On 13 August 2012 Powerwolf signed a deal with Napalm Records.
Powerwolf released their EP The Rockhard Sacrament on 22 June 2013. The band also released their single "Amen & Attack" on 28 June 2013.
Preachers of the Night was released on 18 July 2013. The album has entered the official German album charts at position 1.
2014–2016: Blessed & Possessed
In 2014, Powerwolf released The History of Heresy I and The History of Heresy II, the second of which included several orchestral versions of Powerwolf songs.
Powerwolf began working on their sixth album in June 2014. They announced their new album on their Facebook page on 5 December 2014. On 8 May 2015, the band released their single "Army of the Night" and "Armata Strigoi" on 5 June 2015. Their new album Blessed & Possessed, which was released on 17 July 2015. They embarked on a tour supporting the album into 2016.
Boxset and Earbook Edition of the album featured a bonus CD Metallum Nostrum, which contains 10 songs of different artists that Powerwolf's band members selected to cover, such as Judas Priest, Running Wild, Savatage, Chroming Rose, Gary Moore, Ozzy Osbourne, Amon Amarth, Iron Maiden and Black Sabbath.
Powerwolf released their second video album The Metal Mass – Live on 27 July 2016 in Japan and 29 July 2016 in Europe. It contained live footage of three shows: Masters of Rock 2015, Summer Breeze 2015, Wolfsnächte Tour 2015, music videos to "Amen & Attack", "Army of the Night", "We Drink Your Blood" and "Sanctified with Dynamite", a festival documentation "A Day At Summer Breeze" and a tour documentation movie "Kreuzweg – Of Wolves And Men".
2017–present: The Sacrament of Sin and Best of the Blessed
On 10 October 2017, Powerwolf announced on Facebook that they had completed writing for their seventh full-length album, promising its release to occur sometime in 2018. In January 2018, the band entered the studio to begin recording the album, due later in the year. The title of the album was later announced as The Sacrament of Sin, which was released on 20 July 2018. It was Jens Bogren's first production work for Powerwolf. The album was rated positively by the critics, highlighting mainly the new elements that Powerwolf put in the music. The album also flourished commercially, ranked first in the German charts, and also ranked in several other countries. On 14 September 2018, the album won a German Metal Hammer "Best album of the year" award.
A limited edition mediabook version of The Sacrament of Sin featured a second disc named Communio Lupatum, which featured Powerwolf songs covered by other artists selected by the band members, such as Epica, Saltatio Mortis, Caliban, Battle Beast, Heaven Shall Burn, Kadavar, Kissin' Dynamite, Mille Petrozza, Marc Görtz, Amaranthe and Eluveitie.
In support of the album, the band performed in Europe during 2018 and 2019.
On 11 January 2019, Powerwolf re-released their cover album Metallum Nostrum.
On 1 November 2019, the band released their single of their re-written and re-recorded version of "Kiss of the Cobra King".
In 2020, Powerwolf went on their first Latin America tour along with Amon Amarth.
On 16 January 2020, Powerwolf announced their greatest hits album titled Best of the Blessed.
Artistry
Musical style and lyrics
Powerwolf's sound has primarily been described as power metal, traditional heavy metal, symphonic metal, speed metal and gothic metal, while also being described as progressive metal, neoclassical metal, doom metal, hard rock, "werewolf metal", and "vampire metal".
Powerwolf's musical style is different from other power metal bands. In addition to the classic metal instruments, organ sounds are used. For the studio albums a church choir was recorded. The band states that their main influences are Black Sabbath, Mercyful Fate, Forbidden and Iron Maiden.
The dominant language of the lyrics is English, but they also use Latin ("Werewolves of Armenia", "Lupus Dei", "Kreuzfeuer", "Stossgebet"), and rarely German ("Moscow After Dark", "We Take the Church by Storm", "Werewolves of Armenia", "Kreuzfeuer", "Amen & Attack", "Stossgebet"). The lyrics of the band are characterized by the treatment of Christianity and ancient Romanian legends. Powerwolf, however, do not consider themselves a religious band, but rather call themselves spiritual. When asked if he was a Christian or a Satanist, Matthew Greywolf answered: "I am a metalist, a metal fan. Metal is my religion. Look at all these people, what unites them? I can tell you, it's the fucking metal."
Live performances
Audience engagement, and pyrotechnics are important parts of Powerwolf's stage show. The vocalist Attila Dorn often speaks directly to the audience and engages them in various activities, such as singing or shouting, before announcing the next song. The band calls their concerts a "heavy metal mass". Their stage setup was designed by Matthew Greywolf.
Members
Current
Benjamin "Matthew Greywolf" Buss – lead guitar (2003–present)
David "Charles Greywolf" Vogt – rhythm guitar, studio bass (2003–present)
Christian "Falk Maria Schlegel" Jost – keyboards (2003–present)
Karsten "Attila Dorn" Brill – vocals (2003–present)
Roel van Helden – drums (2011–present)
Former
Stefan "Stéfane Funèbre" Gemballa – drums (2003–2010)
Tom Diener – drums (2010–2011)
Live
Markus Pohl – rhythm guitar (2016–present)
Fabian Schwarz – rhythm guitar (2012)
Timeline
Discography
Return in Bloodred (2005)
Lupus Dei (2007)
Bible of the Beast (2009)
Blood of the Saints (2011)
Preachers of the Night (2013)
Blessed & Possessed (2015)
The Sacrament of Sin (2018)
Tours
Europe in Bloodred Tour 2005 (2005)
Grave Digger Tour 2007 (with Grave Digger) (2007)
Metal is our Mission Tour 2008 (with Brainstorm and Pagan's Mind) (2008)
Bible of the Beast Tour 2010 (2010)
Power of Metal Tour 2011 (with Sabaton, Grave Digger and Skull Fist) (2011)
Wolfsnächte Tour 2012 (with Mystic Prophecy, Stormwarrior and Lonewolf) (2011–2012)
Wolfsnächte Tour 2013 (with Majesty, Battle Beast, Ashes of Ares and Wisdom) (2013)
Wolfsnächte Tour 2015 (with Orden Ogan, Xandria and Civil War) (2015)
Blessed & Possessed Tour 2016 (with Battle Beast and Serenity) (2016)
Wolfsnächte Tour 2018 (with Amaranthe and Kissin' Dynamite) (2018)
The Sacrament of Sin Tour 2019 (with Gloryhammer) (2019)
Berserker Latin America '20 (with Amon Amarth) (2020)
Awards and nominations
|-
| 2010
| "Raise Your Fist, Evangelist"
| Metal Hammer — Metal Anthem 2010
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2011
| Powerwolf
| Metal Hammer — Newcomer of the year
|
|-
| Blood of the Saints
| Metal Hammer — Power metal album of the year
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2013
| rowspan=7|Powerwolf
| Metal Hammer — Best German band
|
|-
| Metal Hammer — Best Live Band
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2014
| Metal Hammer — Best German band
|
|-
| Metal Hammer — Best Live Band
|
|-
| 2015
| Metal Hammer — Best German band
|
|-
| 2016
| Metal Hammer — Best Live Band
|
|-
| 2017
| Metal Hammer — Best Live Band
|
|-
| 2018
| The Sacrament of Sin
| Metal Hammer — Best album of the year
|
|}
References
External links
Category:2003 establishments in Germany
Category:Musical groups established in 2003
Category:Musical quintets
Category:Bands with fictional stage personas
Category:German power metal musical groups
Category:German heavy metal musical groups
Category:German symphonic metal musical groups
Category:German speed metal musical groups
Category:German doom metal musical groups
Category:Napalm Records artists
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Prior to the present invention, draftsmen and/or architects and/or engineers utilizing the latest technology of utilizing a computer drawing-mouse or digital tablet-cusor while concurrently comparing blueprints or the like on a monitor screen to and in comparison with exhibit-drawings and in thee concurrent use of the mouse or digital tablet-cusor to superimpose data viewed from the drawing-exhibit onto the computer screen blueprint, have been faced with the heretofore difficulties and/or hardship and unsolved problem of inadequate ways of simultaneously handling and/or temporarily mounting/supporting all of the papers while using the computer mouse or digital tablet-cusro. Normally and often the exhibit-papers and/or documents are of large and varying width and length sizes and shapes not readily adaptable to conventional document holders. As well, frequently and normally such exhibit-papers and/or documents are in the nature of non-rigid paper not readily supportable. Paper weights and/or tacks have been less than satisfactory alternatives and conventional document holders conclusively are not functionally capable of adequately doing the job. Because of the necessity of manually handling the mouse or digital tablet-cusor when making drawing and/or notation changes to the blueprint image on the computer screen, together with visually making reference to particular points on the drawing-exhibit in comparison to the image viewed on the computer screen, the person's mere two hands while maintaining his concentrated attention to the task of making needed entries onto the computer monitor's memory as viewed on the screen, has proven to be extremely difficult and awkward and not readily possible devoid of excessive strain, consumption of excessive time and experiencing of distractions from optimal concentration and attention to the crucial matters being attended to. Moreover, in arriving at the present invention, it was noted that no easy solution existed for mounting, suspending or hanging a document support on computer monitors, it being additionally discovered that notoreously when moving from one computer monitor to another either within the same or different desks and/or offices, the width and height dimensions of word processor and/or computer monitors vary considerably from one monitor to another. That fact accounts for prior art devices heretofore having been rigidly mounted onto monitors by screws or adhesive or the like, as above-noted.
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Dehydration and clearing of whole mouse brains and dissected hippocampi for ultramicroscopy.
This protocol describes the preparation of whole mouse brains and dissected hippocampi for ultramicroscopy (UM), a powerful imaging technique that achieves precise and accurate three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of intact macroscopic specimens with micrometer resolution. In UM, a specimen in the size range of ∼1-15 mm is illuminated perpendicular to the observation pathway by two thin counterpropagating sheets of laser light. Thus, specimens for UM need to be sufficiently transparent, which requires chemical clearing in most cases. In this protocol, mouse brains and hippocampi are carefully dissected and dehydrated, and then cleared in a solution of benzyl benzoate and benzyl alcohol.
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As can be seen in many of the articles contained within this gallery 'Wastage' was a term in use during the first world war to refer to the men who were, for whatever reason, no longer fit for active service. In a number of the pieces contained herein, wastage numbers are compared to enlistment numbers in a manner similar to a discussion of finances with reference to 'net gains.'
One of the arguments used in favour of conscription was that without it, the men currently at the front would be left with too great a burden. This gallery contains a mix of different material relating to the calls from the battlefield for more men. As well as materials relating to the actions of the government to increase the number of men Canada agreed to provide to the war effort.
This gallery contains coverage of the Quebec City Riots in a number of different papers from across the country--including the Quebec Chronicle, one of the "pro" conscription papers in Quebec City that was the target of rioters.
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Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma is a subtype of clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma is an uncommon low grade renal cell carcinoma with unique morphologic features. Its cytogenetic characteristics have not been fully investigated. Its relationship to typical clear cell renal cell carcinoma is uncertain. We evaluated 19 cases of multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma diagnosed by strict morphologic criteria using the 2004 WHO classification system. The control group consisted of 19 low grade (Fuhrman grades 1 or 2) clear cell renal cell carcinomas. Chromosome 3p deletion status was determined by dual color interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. Chromosome 3p deletion was identified in 17 out of 19 (89%) of the clear cell renal cell carcinoma cases and 14 out of 19 (74%) of the multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma cases, respectively. There was no difference in the status of chromosome 3p deletion between clear cell renal cell carcinoma and multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma (P=0.40). These results support the concept that multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma as a subtype of clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
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With the debut of OS X Mountain Lion, Apple brought over Notification Center from iOS. Unfortunately, they’ve still chosen to go with the now familiar dark grey linen background. Looking to change it? Well, you’re in luck, because in this video, I’ll show you how to do just that.
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(To access the full article, please see PDF)
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VIDEO Marian Oprișan susține că din cauza #Colectiv nu are Moldova autostradă
Declarație halucinantă a baronului PSD de Vrancea, Marian Oprișan, care este de părere că dacă nu exista dezastrul de la #Colectiv, Moldova avea acum autostradă, potrivit Realitatea de Vrancea.
Declarația a fost făcută la Conferința Județeană a PSD Vrancea, unde acesta a fost reales președinte.
„De 30 de ani mă rog de toate guvernele României, de stânga sau de dreapta, să facem autostradă și aeroport. (…) Când în Focșani, sau pe lângă Focșani, va trece autostrada și vom avea aeroport, pentru că prima dată am încercat pe amplasamentul lui 1921 (unitate militară de la marginea orașului) fosta unitate de aviație și, ce să vezi? A venit #Colectiv și a căzut Guvernul”, a declarat Oprișan audienței de la Conferința din Focșani.
Sursa Foto: Inquam Photos/ Autor: Octav Ganea
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LEGO Hero Factory: BRUIZER (44005)
£9.99
Free UK Standard Delivery Over £10
Quantity
Sold Out
Availability:Sold out
Description
Assemble the LEGO Hero Factory heroes. The evil brains are running riot across the galaxy! They've morphed a dune rock giant into a savage brute BRUIZER. Armed with a swinging rock-smasher fist, razor spikes and rock shoulder armour, the heroes are in for a rocky battle against BRUIZER. - A.D.
Includes code worth 600 game points for LEGO Hero Factory Brain Attack mobile app and online game at www.LEGO.com/herofactory
Stands over 19cm tall
More Information:
Model Number: 44005
Pieces: 62
Age: 7+
Product Details
Brand:
LEGO
Character Series:
LEGO Hero Factory
Franchise:
LEGO
Number of Pieces:
62
LEGO Theme:
Hero Factory
Delivery & Returns
How long will it take to arrive?
Please check the stock availability notice on your item when placing your order. This item is:
Sold out
Please remember to add postal time (2-3 working days) to obtain a complete estimate of delivery to your door.
How will I know it has been sent?
You will receive an email to confirm when your item has been sent.
You can also check the status of your order and individual items by accessing My Account details and following the prompts.
Please allow 10 working days from dispatch of your order before notifying us of any late deliveries.
It may be advisable to check with your neighbours to see if a parcel has been left with them, check any outhouses you might have where it may be left if it cannot fit through your letterbox and contact your local sorting office to see if the item has been returned to the depot as undelivered and awaiting collection.
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The [[EXAMCBT]] provides you with networking skills to operate small to medium size computer networks so [[TK_EXAMSIMULATION]] is design professional instructor as to pass your [[EXAMCERT]] easily. Be confident by utilizing [[TK_EXAMSTUDY]] and do [[EXAMPRACTICE]] and get [[EXAMCBT]] that increase the passing probability of [[EXAMCERT]]. Be the part of world which need you to be [[EXAMCERT]] qualified then use [[TK_EXAMCBT]] and [[TK_EXAMSTUDY]].
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A teachers' organization in Philadelphia is encouraging teachers to wear Black Lives Matter T-shirts and buttons and provide lessons on the movement every day for one week.
The Caucus of Working Educators, a faction of the teachers union, is developing lessons plans and curriculum ideas for teachers of grades from kindergarten through high school for the week of Jan. 23. The plans, distilled from the movement's 13 guiding principles, such as embracing diversity and globalism, will be available online , organizers said Friday.
"The vast majority of students that we serve are black, and it's important to affirm the lives of our students," said co-organizer Charlie McGeehan, who is white and teaches high school humanities at The U School, where students work on solving real-world problems.
The organizers said more and more educators are signing on every day, but they don't have an exact number of participating teachers.
"We had 500 buttons and shirts and distributed those and ordered more," McGeehan said.
Amy Roat, who teaches English as a Second Language at Feltonville School of Arts and Sciences, said the idea is to engage students in current events and help them learn about other people. Most of her students are Latino, Asian and Arab-American.
"We are a school that is very inclusive and we talk about a lot of good, juicy stuff," she said. "Black Lives Matter functions with 13 principles that I think are good and healthy for kids to learn about."
She said she hasn't heard any complaints or gotten any blowback from teachers, principals or parents.
Roat, who is white, said they planned the curriculum for a week after Martin Luther King Day, to build off the momentum of marches, protest and actions.
Talk of developing the curriculum got started in October, after a school district in Seattle had a "Black Lives Matter at School" day, McGeehan said.
"We were inspired," he said.
A school district spokesman didn't comment directly on the caucus's plans but said the district provides regular avenues for students to learn and express themselves.
A spokesman for the Philadelphia Federation of Teachers, the main teachers union, said it couldn't comment on the plans because it wasn't a union-sponsored activity.
The Black Lives Matter movement largely emerged in 2014 after several high-profile killings of unarmed black men and boys by police officers. It has since evolved from its social media presence and protests in multiple cities to a national platform with a policy agenda that also addresses issues including mass incarceration, and systemic inequality against African-Americans.
For McGeehan, he plans to incorporate the materials during his 40-minute advisory period, and can see ways it could come up in English and social studies classes.
"We want to show the complexity and diversity of the Black Lives Matter movement," he said.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Q:
VARCHAR2 should perhaps be DT_WSTR when working with SSIS against a Oracle Database?
When using SSIS with Oracle database, it seems to always assume that a VARCHAR2 maps to a DT_STR. However, if my Oracle encoding is set to AL32UTF8, I should be able to store any unicode character in a VARCHAR2, right? Is there any way to force SSIS to map an Oracle VARCHAR2 to a DT_WSTR? Should there be?
I looked up a few other questions on this, but nothing seems to address it.
I have a data source that has many columns as DT_WSTR, and I want each to go into a VARCHAR2 column without having to convert every column.
A:
Looks like I need to be careful to specify my column length in CHAR. For example, Instead of VARCHAR2(255), I need to ensure it is VARCHAR2(255 CHAR). If I do this, SSIS sees it as DT_WSTR.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Christian Benner
Christian Benner is a New York-based fashion designer known for his custom distressed leather jackets and band tees that he produces by hand at his store in the South Street Seaport. The records he listens to often inspire his work, and for Benner the creation of a leather jacket is an artistic process almost like the creation of a painting. He was initially inspired by the whole individual do-it-yourself fashion of the punk rock scene of the late 70s and early 80s. After seeing photographs of the era, Benner bought his first leather jacket thinking he could do it himself. He finally reached his comfort zone though trial and error.
Benner's designs have particularly sought by musicians and stylists for public appearances, performances and editorial shoots and can be seen on today’s top celebrities such as Kate Moss, Lady Gaga, Bruno Mars, Lenny Kravitz, Demi Lovato, Carrie Underwood, Miranda Lambert, Jared Leto, Ellie Goulding, Brandon Boyd, Taylor Momsen, and the members of 5 Seconds of Summer. His designs have been featured in Rolling Stone Magazine, Italian Vogue, W Magazine, Interview Magazine, Billboard Magazine, Teen Vogue, and Bullett Magazine, among many other publications.
References
Category:American fashion designers
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Paul Kirchner‘s comic strip ‘The Bus’ was published in 1978 and appeared regularly on Heavy Metal Magazine for seven years.
In every strip the mundane premise of man waiting for a bus quickly escalates in a surreal and humourous world of labyrinthine cities, weird characters or giant insects. In less than six or eight worldless panels, Kirchner turns a completely conventional situation into a world where it is impossible to refer to the usual categories of logic, scale and dimension.
In the bus, fire hydrant come alive, buses chose to stray away from the law, the distant horizon might be just an arm’s lenght away and the whole world might just turno out to be a two-dimensional panel messing with our sense of depth. (From the Éditions Tanibis’ introduction)
A recent publication collects the entire collection of strips drawn by Paul Kichner and some previously unreleased. You can download a high-res selection on an Imgur posting.
Don’t miss the last strip.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.tez.mapreduce.processor;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.List;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.apache.hadoop.classification.InterfaceAudience.Public;
import org.apache.hadoop.classification.InterfaceStability.Evolving;
import org.apache.tez.mapreduce.output.MROutput;
import org.apache.tez.runtime.api.LogicalOutput;
import org.apache.tez.runtime.api.Processor;
import org.apache.tez.runtime.api.ProcessorContext;
import org.apache.tez.runtime.library.processor.SimpleProcessor;
import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
/**
* A {@link SimpleProcessor} that provides Map Reduce specific post
* processing by calling commit (if needed) on all {@link MROutput}s
* connected to this {@link Processor}.
*/
@Public
@Evolving
public abstract class SimpleMRProcessor extends SimpleProcessor {
private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SimpleMRProcessor.class);
public SimpleMRProcessor(ProcessorContext context) {
super(context);
}
@Override
protected void postOp() throws Exception {
if (getOutputs() == null) {
return; // No post op
}
List<MROutput> mrOuts = Lists.newLinkedList();
for (LogicalOutput output : getOutputs().values()) {
if (output instanceof MROutput) {
MROutput mrOutput = (MROutput) output;
mrOutput.flush();
if (mrOutput.isCommitRequired()) {
mrOuts.add((MROutput) output);
}
}
}
if (mrOuts.size() > 0) {
// This will loop till the AM asks for the task to be killed. As
// against, the AM sending a signal to the task to kill itself
// gracefully. The AM waits for the current committer to successfully
// complete and then kills us. Until then we wait in case the
// current committer fails and we get chosen to commit.
while (!getContext().canCommit()) {
Thread.sleep(100);
}
boolean willAbort = false;
Exception savedEx = null;
for (MROutput output : mrOuts) {
try {
output.commit();
} catch (IOException ioe) {
LOG.warn("Error in committing output", ioe);
willAbort = true;
savedEx = ioe;
break;
}
}
if (willAbort == true) {
for (MROutput output : mrOuts) {
try {
output.abort();
} catch (IOException ioe) {
LOG.warn("Error in aborting output", ioe);
}
}
throw savedEx;
}
}
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
# Created by: Joerg Wunsch <joerg@FreeBSD.org>
# $FreeBSD$
PORTNAME= libbfd
PORTVERSION= 2.19.1
PORTREVISION= 3
CATEGORIES= devel
MASTER_SITES= SOURCEWARE/binutils/releases
DISTNAME= binutils-${PORTVERSION}
MAINTAINER= joerg@FreeBSD.org
COMMENT= Universal BFD library from GNU binutils
CONFLICTS= mingw-binutils-[0-9]* binutils-[0-9]*
WRKSRC= ${WRKDIR}/binutils-${PORTVERSION}/bfd
USES= libtool tar:bzip2
GNU_CONFIGURE= yes
CONFIGURE_ARGS= --enable-install-libbfd \
--disable-nls \
--enable-shared \
--enable-targets=all \
--disable-werror
CONFIGURE_TARGET=${ARCH:S/amd64/x86_64/}-portbld-${OPSYS:tl}${OSREL}
INFO= bfd
BROKEN_aarch64= Fails to configure: machine aarch64-portbld not recognized
BROKEN_armv6= Fails to configure: BFD does not support target armv6-portbld-freebsd12.0
BROKEN_armv7= Fails to configure: BFD does not support target armv7-portbld-freebsd12.0
BROKEN_mips64= Fails to configure: BFD does not support target mips64-portbld-freebsd12.0
pre-configure:
# Configure and build pic version of libiberty
(cd ${WRKSRC}/../libiberty && \
${SETENV} CC="${CC}" CFLAGS="${CFLAGS}" CPP="${CPP}" \
CPPFLAGS="${CPPFLAGS}" LDFLAGS="${LDFLAGS}" \
LIBS="${LIBS}" ${CONFIGURE_ENV} ./configure \
${CONFIGURE_ARGS} --build=${CONFIGURE_TARGET} && \
${SETENV} ${MAKE_ENV} ${MAKE_CMD} ${MAKE_FLAGS} ${MAKEFILE} \
${MAKE_ARGS})
.include <bsd.port.mk>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
I can't ping from my server to google.com, how can I diagnose issue?
I'm on my server and I can't ping anything outside. I tried for example google.com. How can I diagnose this issue? I can ping my localhost (ping works)
This is my traceroute to google.com:
[root@ip-10-112-63-16 tony]# traceroute google.com
traceroute to google.com (74.125.113.147), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets
1 * * *
2 * * *
3 * * *
4 * * *
5 * * *
6 * * *
7 * * *
8 * * *
9 * * *
10 * * *
11 * * *
12 * * *
13 * * *
14 * * *
15 * * *
16 * * *
17 * * *
18 * * *
19 * * *
20 * * *
21 * * *
22 * * *
23 * * *
24 * * *
25 * * *
26 * * *
27 * * *
28 * * *
29 * * *
30 * * *
And this is the result of route -n:
[root@ip-10-112-63-16 tony]# /sbin/route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
10.112.62.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.254.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
0.0.0.0 10.112.62.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
And these are my iptables:
[root@ip-10-112-63-16 tony]# /sbin/iptables -L
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
A:
According to this (http://aws.amazon.com/articles/1145) EC2 blocks ICMP by default. You need to issue this command to allow it
ec2-authorize default -P icmp -t -1:-1 -s 0.0.0.0/0
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
It’s Steele’s world, but ISU still has options at QB
Steele Jantz, a dynamic senior who dazzled the Cyclone Nation with a four touchdown – 300-plus total yard performance in a triple-overtime win over Iowa last season, won the battle. According to Rhoads, Jantz has improved in nearly every aspect of the game since this time a year ago. But so has the man who slayed No. 2 Oklahoma State a season ago, the steady one, Jared Barnett. It’s hard to leave redshirt freshman Sam Richardson out of this conversation.
“If you have two quarterbacks, you really don’t even have one.”
I’m sure that you’ve heard that one before right? In fact, you might have even said it a time or two. That’s a cliché’ folks.
I’m not a football coach but I can only imagine that having two guys who have proven they can win at a high level is better than one a the most important position on the field. But we all know that only one man can start a football game at the quarterback position. So why go with Jantz? One Paul Rhoads quote from Tuesday really stood out to me.
“As an ex-defensive coordinator, it’s scary when a quarterback takes off and ad-libs,” said Rhoads. “Whether it is via scramble and throws or via scramble and runs or what he can do with a designed run of our offense. Steele is a threat. There’s no question about it. He is a threat because he is fast and has good size. I didn’t think that he was a great runner a year ago. I think that Coach Messingham has addressed that issue and I think he is a better runner now.”
It’s that whole, “as an ex-defensive coordinator thing.”
Think about this situation that way. Put yourself in Tulsa defensive coordinator Brent Guy’s shoes right now. You’re less than two weeks away from a road trip to Iowa State. It’s time to start putting together a game plan. Which Iowa State quarterback scares you more? Which Cyclone is a harder guy to game plan for?
In my mind, the answer to that question is Steele Jantz, a man who’s football career has been anything but easy. He broke his leg in high school. Jantz walked on at Hawaii but ended up at a junior college in California. Then he came to Iowa State, won the job, injured his foot, lost the job and then magically appeared by literally coming out of Iowa State’s bullpen in Yankee Stadium on a balmy December evening.
Since then, the Barnett vs. Jantz question has littered our forums here at Cyclone Fanatic and on local sports talk radio. Even today, many don’t agree with Rhoads’ decision to give Jantz the nod. Things have never been easy for Steele Jantz. He’s motivated by that and so much more.
“So here he is in his final go-around at this level and he is certainly a guy who aspires to keep playing this game beyond his college career,” said Rhoads. “There is a lot of motivation for him.”
UP NEXT: And now to the obvious question…This was obviously a tough decision for Paul Rhoads to make. Here’s your que Cyclone Nation….
“Now that Jantz has won the job, will he keep the job?”
“I informed them that I don’t have a hook that I’m ready to use in the Tulsa game. But it’s a position that will be evaluated every week just like every other position,” explained Rhoads. “Tom Farniok is a redshirt sophomore and appears to be a guy who will be a four-year starter for us but he’s going to have to keep proving it on the field, otherwise he’ll lose his position. The same will be true with Steele.”
Jantz might have been named the starter for week one but that appears to be it.
“If one is not performing well, we’ve got another guy who has led us to multiple victories and have an opportunity put him in,” said Rhoads.
In fact, the head coach even mentioned the possibility of Barnett seeing action in week one, much like the Jerome Tiller/Austen Arnaud experiment back in 2009.
“We don’t plan on having a rotation. In an ideal world Steele would take this job and run with it and be our starting quarterback for 13 games this season. Don’t have a crystal ball to see if that will be the case but that would be the ideal situation,” said Rhoads. “I haven’t decided yet if I will play JB in that opener, similar to what I did with Jerome Tiller back in 2009, just to get him out there on the field and get his feet wet verses other competition and not just the people he has seen in practice. I may do that. It doesn’t mean that I’ve got two quarterbacks that I want to continue to roll with, it’s just that I’d want to get somebody game experience in the opener against a different opponent than his own defense.”
THE PERFECT BACKUP: Shortly after Iowa State sent out its press release naming Jantz the starter, I recorded THIS VIDEO just outside of the Jacobson Building. In it, I referred to Barnett as the “perfect backup.” Please don’t take that comment out of context. What I mean by that is that Barnett is as mature of a football player as I’ve seen roll through Ames since Austen Arnaud. In fact, he reminds me of a young Austen every time I talk to him. He’s well liked by his teammates. Most importantly, Jared Barnett has proven that he can be a spark off the bench before.
Am I worried about Jared Barnett pouting in regards to not winning the job? Not a bit. Neither is Paul Rhoads.
“You really don’t have to tell a guy like Jared Barnett anything because of his maturity level,” said Rhoads. “The whole football team has seen it play out on the field. Jared had an idea that this was probably going to be the decision based off of what has happened. It serves as motivation to him. He knows he has to got to be ready. He saw what happened last year and the opportunity that was provided to him and he’ll approach his job that way as we move forward with practice.”
RICHARDSON: On Media Day, Rhoads told reporters that this would be a three-man quarterback competition with redshirt freshman Sam Richardson being in the mix as well. Richardson obviously didn’t win the job but he did open the eyes of many (including the man writing this piece) over the last two weeks of camp.
“He performed well. He threw the ball very well,” said Rhoads. “I think that his inexperience showed and his aggressiveness with the other 10 guys on the field given that opportunity – that’s part of the growth and maturing process. I’m very pleased with Sam and I told him about four days ago, ‘if you have to go on the field for whatever reason Saturday against Tulsa, I wouldn’t bat an eye or be scared at all.’”
Chris Williams
Chris was hired as Cyclone Fanatic’s publisher in the fall of 2009. He is Iowa State football's postgame show host on the Cyclone Radio Network and can be heard daily from 4-7 on Des Moines' top-rated sports station, 1460 KXnO.
Williams, a 2007 graduate of Iowa State’s Greenlee School of Journalism, is the former publisher of the old CycloneNation.com (Scout.com). He has also written for the Des Moines Register, the Ames Tribune, CycloneReport.com and is the former sports director at KMA Radio.
When Williams isn’t working, you can usually find him doing something outdoors with his wife Ashley, daughter Camryn, and Golden Retriever Dierks. He enjoys golfing, boating, country music, the Minnesota Vikings, Atlanta Braves and is passionate about any and all motor sports so finding Williams at a local dirt track is very common.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Extract of sample Dynamics of Hospitality Industry Management report
The industry has had major the negative impact on environment. The impacts have revolved around the usage of water, electricity, non-renewable energy and food wastage. Some hotels have been accused of spilling industrial refuse into rivers affecting the aquatic ecosystems. The hotel industry is embarking on training and equipment to ensure that employees make conscious decisions that encourage sustainability. This includes formulation institutional policies that enhance sustainability. The hotel industry hopes to reduce the waste output, energy consumption, water consumption and carbon dioxide emissions through adopting renewable energy. 1.1 Purpose of the report The purpose of the report is to analysis the sustainable development issues that the hospitality industry should focus on to ensure the quality of the future generations is not compromised. The report shall recommend solutions that could positively impact the sustainability management programs and unique additional solutions. PART II (SPECIFIC) 2.0 Westin Hotel Macau The Westin Hotel Macau is part of the Starwood Hotels Group. The Hotel focuses on creating a better world experience by placing special attention to communities and environment. 2.1 Brief Background Westin Hotel Macau is a leading luxury resort located in the Greater China. The 208 room hotel is placed in scenic sites to give the guests lasting experiences. The facility is situated on the south Eastern tip of Coloane Island near the Macau international airport. The facility is part of the 185 Westin hotels and resorts worldwide. The hotel has world class facility that aims at giving guests experiences and not just services. Therefore, the management of the hotel has invested in the qualified manpower and new environmental and financial energy management programs. This is likely to make the hotel globally competitive, high in demand and established. 2.2 Mission statement The Hotel has a mission of helping individuals and communities to attain their maximum potential through strategic perspectives. 2.3 Environmental impact analysis The hotel industry has had a negative impact in the environment. Hotel in the past did not have a comprehensive energy conservation policy leading to the usage of high levels of energy. The equipments used were doubled the energy needs of the hotel. The hotel had little control of the energy consumption and regulation among the employees. This included failure of basic strategies for electricity and water conservation. Most of the energy conservation opportunities were not captured. The negative impacts were seen in the food wastage, unnecessary use of electricity and weak sewerage systems within the entire facility. Most of these negative impacts were propagated by the employees. However, the hotel has developed a comprehensive environmental and energy resource management. This is based on the needs to sustainability. The Westin Hotel managed to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions by over 3 kilograms in 1998. This happened through performing industry specific energy audits and training hotel staff on the need to conserve energy. The facility uses water from treated sewerage in its main golf course. The employees have been trained to minimize electricity usage i.e. using natural light, eliminating unnecessary usage of the cooling systems and enhancing the efficiency. The hotel is investing in employees to ensure that a minimization of physical wastage. Many hotels are
...Show more
Summary
Dynamics of Hospitality Industry Management PART I (GENERAL) 1.0 Introduction Sustainable development in the hotel industry can be defined as a holistic concept based on the need for development that is cognizant of the current needs without compromising the capacity or capability of the future generation to have their needs met…
Check these samples - they also fit your topic
Since Australia is mainly a tourist and business destination, the five stars hotel management targets the two groups through its various service provisions (Patiar, 2008). A close check to the Marriott facility ascertains that the accommodation is exquisite with inclinations to technology gadgets, for example, broadband connectivity and satellite cables among other equipment that enhance comfort and satisfaction (Ingram & Roberts, 2000).
Hilton Hotels and Westin Hotel Macau which are often regarded as two real giants of the global hospitality industry. Correspondingly, the study reveals the various initiatives taken by these organisation with due significance towards environmental cleanliness and social development.
The industry consists of 12 distinct sectors, not just hotels and restaurants. The term hospitality is directly linked to tourism, leisure, recreation and travel, making it a widely varied industry maintaining an emphasis on service provision and quality controls.
Private or commercial hospitality industry encompasses wide range of organisations engaged in the deliverance of multiple services including fooding and catering services, lodging facilities as well as travel and tourism sectors among others.
Law may be categorized into civil, criminal and international however the most applicable in the hospitality industry is civil law. Majority suits filed against hotels are basically negligence claims. Laws affecting lodging
and economic significance in the developing knowledge-based nations, the hospitality industry has been designated as one of the world’s largest industries in terms of earning revenues and also as a prevalent employer in the global context. Subsequently, the industry has today
rm hospitality as a generic term has gained popularity recently and now it covers a range of services and businesses which are categorized under the hospitality industry despite fundamental differences in their orientation as well as business priorities. (Mullins and
As such the government has continued to provide funding to a number of bodies related to hospitality and tourism with an aim of promoting local and international tourism and attracting foreign investment (Reid et al,
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
How to focus same input after onSubmitEditing?
I want to focus again to the same input after onSubmitEditing function. But couldn't achieve yet. Any help would be appreciated.
Here is my code:
<Input
ref='barcode'
style={styles.barcodeInput}
autoFocus={true}
onChangeText={(text) => {
this.setState({barcodeNumber: text});
}}
onSubmitEditing={(event)=> {
this.getResult();
}}
placeholder='Barcode Number'/>
getResult(){
if ( this.state.barcodeNumber === '021200507878' ){
this.setState({backgroundColor: '#2ecc71', status:'success'});//green
} else {
this.setState({backgroundColor: '#c0392b', status:'error'}); //red
}
this.clearText('barcode');
}
clearText(fieldName) {
this.refs[fieldName].setNativeProps({text: ''});
}
I know how to do it by button or by other input field's submit. But i can not do it with the same input.
A:
Oh, how fool i am. Just add the below line into the TextInput will work.
blurOnSubmit={false}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
The Lititz Pike bridge is expected to open to traffic Wednesday, inaugurating new traffic patterns around one of Lancaster City’s main north-south gateways.
Southbound traffic is slated to begin moving onto the new bridge sometime this morning.
Northbound traffic is slated to be changed over by early afternoon, after workers change the traffic lines, move concrete barriers and adjust the traffic signal at Keller and Marshall avenues.
Traffic will continue to be limited to one lane in each direction. The limitations will allow the closure of the intersection with Marshall Avenue and the removal of the old bridge.
The traffic pattern on McGovern Avenue is also being changed. The street will become two-way between North Duke and North Queen streets. The change will allow better access to the Lancaster Amtrak station.
Access to Marshall Avenue will also be blocked from Lititz Pike.
PennDOT will be posting detours for both southbound and northbound traffic to reach Marshall Avenue businesses. Because detour roads have to accommodate all permitted vehicles — even tractor trailers — the route must stick to major roads.
As a result, the detours each pass the blocked Marshall Avenue intersection and then go far out of the way to bring drivers back from the east side.
The northbound detour is 4.5 miles long. It takes drivers onto Oregon Pike, Route 30, New Holland, Fountain and Martha avenues before reaching Marshall.
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The southbound detour is 3.5 miles. It takes drivers onto Duke, Chestnut and Plum streets, New Holland, Fountain and Martha avenues to get to Marshall.
With the bridge opening, traffic will use the new alignment that connects Lititz Pike directly with North Duke Street.
Previously, southbound traffic took a one-block dogleg onto McGovern Avenue before turning onto Duke. For the past year, while the new bridge has been under construction, the dogleg has been on Liberty Street.
The $26.26 million project is expected to be completed in late October after demolition of the old bridge, which has carried motorists over the railroad tracks since 1939.
When complete, the bridge will be two lanes in both directions.
Wednesday’s opening of the new bridge could be delayed by heavy rain, said Fritzi Schreffler, a spokeswoman for PennDOT District 8.
AccuWeather anticipates cloudy skies giving way to some sunshine this morning.
In the event of a morning delay, the new bridge would be opened later Wednesday afternoon or Thursday, Schreffler said.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Reports: UN Peacekeepers in Congo Traded Gold, Weapons with Militias
British media reports say U.N. peacekeeping troops in the Democratic Republic of Congo traded gold and weapons with militias they were supposed to help disarm.
The BBC and London's Guardian newspaper Wednesday reported the findings of a U.N. investigation they say was conducted last year, but kept from the public.
The BBC quotes witnesses who say Pakistani troops assigned to the U.N. mission received gold from two militia leaders known as Kung Fu and Dragon. It says other witnesses reported hearing conversations in which U.N. officers spoke of Pakistani troops giving weapons to the militias.
The transactions are said to have taken place in 2005 around the northeastern mining town of Mongbwalu.
There has been no comment from the U.N. mission in Congo on the reports.
The Associated Press quotes a Pakistani Foreign Ministry spokesman as saying Pakistani authorities will look into the matter.
The Guardian says the officers incriminated in the U.N. report have completed their tours of duty and have returned to Pakistan.
The United Nations has about 17,000 peacekeepers in Congo, the world body's largest peacekeeping force anywhere in the world.
Congo is attempting to recover from a five-year civil war that killed about 4 million people, mostly from hunger and disease. Militia groups have been a continuing problem, especially in the country's restive east.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Description
Rachel and Kirsty must find Amelia’s magic star. Without it, nobody can sing in tune and the auditions for the Tippington Variety Show will be a disaster! Could the badly behaved, green-footed band Thrillz and Chillz have something to do with the missing star…?
Editorial Reviews
Review
Awesome… I give this book five out of five stars. (Aisha Berry, aged 7) * Lytham St Annes Express * –This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
How to display invalid call exceptions from fluent controller in MVCContrib?
How can I pass the exception thorwn by the action in MVCContrib.FluentController CheckValidCall(action)?
[ExportModelStateToTempData]
public ActionResult Index(int itemId, int page)
{
return CheckValidCall(() => MyService.GetResults(itemId, page))
.Valid(x => View(x))
.Invalid(() => RedirectToAction(RestfulAction.Index));
}
When GetResults() throws exception I want to display it in the view. I've tired ModelState
<%if (ViewData.ModelState.ContainsKey("_FORM")) {%>
<div class="notificationError">
<%= ViewData.ModelState["_FORM"].Errors.FirstOrDefault().ErrorMessage %>
</div>
<%}%>
but the ModelState is valid and contains no errors. Is there any way to access the exception message without wrapping service method in try-catch block? If it helps here is my unit test to check ModelState which fails as TestController.ModelState.IsValid is true:
[Fact]
public void ServiceExceptionIsConvertedToModelStateErrorInFluentController()
{
// Set up
MockService.Setup(x => x.GetResults(It.IsAny<int>(), It.IsAny<int>()))
.Throws(new InvalidOperationException("Mocked Service Exception"));
// Excercise
Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => TestController.GetResults(1, 1));
// Verify
Assert.False(TestController.ModelState.IsValid);
Assert.True(TestController.ModelState["_FORM"].Errors.Count > 0);
}
A:
I've manage to pass exception into ModelState by overriding MvcContrib.FluentController.AbsteactFluentController.ExecuteCheckValidCall(Func action):
protected override object ExecuteCheckValidCall(Func<object> action)
{
try
{
return base.ExecuteCheckValidCall(action);
}
catch (Exception exception)
{
ModelState.AddModelError("_Exception", exception);
return null;
}
}
Which is called by CheckValidCall. However the method is described as "public for testing purposes only and shouldn't be used" the alternative way of doing it is to override MvcContrib.FluentController.AbstractFluentController.CheckValidCall().
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
+ n for m.
2
Let b(h) = -h**2 + 642*h - 49188. Let u be b(89). Let q be (-2)/(-9) + (-196)/(-9). Solve 0 = u*w - 18*w - q for w.
2
Let t(x) = -17*x**3 + 2*x**2 - 1. Let i be t(-1). Suppose 5 = 15*m - 40. Suppose -m*w + 16 = h, -5*h - w = -48 - i. Solve -h = 3*z - 4 for z.
-3
Suppose 11*x - 2*a = 5*x + 710, 4*a = -28. Solve 0 = -31*k + x + 8 for k.
4
Let u = 14 - 9. Let q(x) = -80*x - 639. Let n be q(-8). Solve n = u*o + 11 for o.
-2
Let g(m) = 6*m**2 - m - 5. Let i be g(-3). Let r be i/20 - 3 - 228/(-20). Solve r*t + 16 = 7*t for t.
-4
Suppose -8 = -h + 4*o, -4*h - 9 = -4*o - 17. Let j be ((h - -2)*-3)/(2 - 4). Solve 3 = 4*i + j for i.
0
Suppose 0 = -5*m + 9*c - 10*c + 316, 2*m + 4*c = 112. Suppose -5*a = -4*i - 314, -i + 2*i + 1 = 0. Let y = m - a. Solve s + 6 - y = 0 for s.
-4
Suppose -3*v + 3 = -6. Let l = 241 - 236. Suppose -2*k = -8, l*n - 12 = 21*k - 19*k. Solve 0 = n*h + 17 + v for h.
-5
Suppose 2*q - 8 = -2*q. Let x(f) be the second derivative of 43*f**3/6 + 129*f**2 - 363*f. Let s be x(-6). Solve s = -q*n - n - 6 for n.
-2
Suppose -300*j = -211*j. Solve j = 2*a + 21*a - 69 for a.
3
Let x be 0/((2 - 2) + 1). Suppose 67*l = 48*l + 190. Suppose 3*j + 14*c + 4 = l*c, 0 = 2*j + 3*c + 4. Solve x = -i + 2*i + j for i.
-4
Suppose -5*z + 15 = -5. Suppose z*p = -5*k - 128, 0 = -3*k + 5*k - 2*p + 62. Let n = k + 31. Solve -n*c = c for c.
0
Let t(z) = z**3 - 17*z**2 - 18*z. Let p be t(18). Suppose p = 12*b - 0*b - 60. Solve b*y - 12 = y for y.
3
Let u(m) = -m**2 + 5*m + 8. Let t be u(6). Suppose -14 = -t*c - 5*l, 0*l = -2*c + l + 26. Suppose -r = 3*r + 2*v - 14, c = 4*r + 4*v. Solve p + 6 = r*p for p.
2
Suppose 5*v - 24 = l, -3*v = -v + 4*l + 8. Suppose -20 = 18*n + 2*n. Let w be n/((4 - 8)/12). Solve h = -v + w for h.
-1
Let f be 5 - (-1)/(-2)*56. Let u = -6 - f. Suppose -l - 12 + u = 0. Solve 5 = -5*p - l for p.
-2
Suppose 915 = 126*g - 106*g - 1105. Solve -61*j - g + 406 = 0 for j.
5
Let c be (18938/510 - 37) + (-2156)/(-30). Solve 6*l - 96 = -c for l.
4
Suppose 87 = -j + 4*j. Let h be (-11 + 81)*(-3)/(-15). Solve -3*k - j = -h for k.
-5
Suppose 4*z - 196 = -a, 44 = 2*z - a - 60. Solve 33 = 61*p - z*p for p.
3
Suppose -5*i + 2*g + 438 = -4*i, -i = -g - 440. Let x = i - 439. Solve -x*m - 14 = -5 for m.
-3
Let j(m) = -978*m + 8823. Let v be j(9). Solve v*a = -143 - 25 for a.
-8
Suppose 1859 = 12*a - a. Let p = 172 - a. Solve -2*k + 5 = -p*k for k.
-5
Let z be 63/21 - ((-2)/(-1) - -149). Let b be 6 - z/(-24) - 26/(-12). Solve -r = b - 0 for r.
-2
Let c be 507/15 + ((-208)/(-40) - 6). Solve -c*y + 8 = 8 for y.
0
Let x(k) be the third derivative of k**4/3 + 142*k**3/3 - 245*k**2. Let c be x(-35). Solve 0 = -0*o - c*o for o.
0
Suppose 4*b - 794 = -u, -4*b = -100*u + 104*u - 776. Solve 0 = 23*m - 73*m + b for m.
4
Suppose 27*m - 35*m = -160. Let v(f) be the second derivative of -f**5/10 - f**4/6 + f**3/6 - f**2/2 - 3*f. Let d be v(-2). Solve d*p = -0*p - m for p.
-4
Let u = 1 - 1. Suppose u = x + x - 4. Suppose -9*n - 5 = 5*t, -11*t = -4*n - 12*t - 1. Solve n = -x*k + 7*k for k.
0
Let m = -16280 + 20047. Solve 0 = -12*f + 3707 - m for f.
-5
Let s(h) = -58*h + 527. Let p be s(9). Solve 0 = -8*l + 21 - p for l.
2
Let l = 2419 + -2142. Solve 283*c - 24 = l*c for c.
4
Suppose 16 = 3*x + 3*y + 13, 4*x - 40 = 5*y. Solve 2*p - x*p = -15 for p.
5
Let u be (-26)/195 - -13*3/(-45). Let r be (0 + u + 1)/((-25)/5). Solve r = -0*i + i + 3 for i.
-3
Suppose 234 = -2*k - 3*o, 0 = -8*o + 3*o - 10. Let w = 175 + k. Solve w = -4*n + 41 for n.
-5
Suppose 36*t + 177*t = 0. Solve 7*i + 42 - 14 = t for i.
-4
Let o be 6 + (6/(-1) - -3). Let r = -3 + 3. Let u(v) = 2*v**3 + 9*v**2 - 19*v - 4. Let y be u(-6). Solve -y*z - o + 9 = r for z.
3
Let i(f) = 6*f - 28. Let n be i(5). Suppose 3*y - 4*b + 20 = 7*y, 3*y - 13 = -n*b. Solve 0 = 3*g - 12 - y for g.
5
Suppose -2*i - 3*i - 9 = 3*b, -2*b + 5*i = -19. Suppose -b*f + 11*z + 20 = 10*z, -8 = 4*z. Solve 5 = -4*u + f*u for u.
1
Let c(n) = 2*n**2 - 5*n + 7. Let b be c(3). Suppose 18*q - b*q = 24. Solve -2*v + 7 = q for v.
2
Let m(d) be the second derivative of 13*d**4/6 - 155*d**3/6 - d**2 + 30*d. Let k be m(6). Solve 9 = k*i - 11 for i.
5
Suppose -10*o + 847 = o. Let f = o + -73. Suppose 4*x + 1 = -3*j, 0 = f*j - 2*x + 3*x - 16. Solve 8*h + j = 3*h for h.
-1
Suppose 0 = 281*o - 274*o - 126. Solve -20*s + o*s + 8 = 0 for s.
4
Let z(r) = 8*r + 59. Let n be z(-9). Let y = n + 17. Suppose 0 = -y*b + 5 + 23. Solve b + 2 = -3*l for l.
-3
Suppose 9*s = 10*s - 18. Let v be (s + -2 + 4 + -5)/3. Solve -10*j = -v*j for j.
0
Let h = 183 - 180. Suppose -21*m + h*m = -36. Solve 0 = -m*t + 3*t - 1 for t.
1
Let s be -8 + -7 + (-59)/(-1). Solve -4*p = 7*p - s for p.
4
Let k(v) = 17*v**3 - 2*v**2 - 34*v + 74. Let q be k(2). Solve -16*m - 54 + q = 0 for m.
5
Let m be (11/((-66)/39))/((-3)/6). Let l = 48 + -37. Solve -l*i - 4 = -m*i for i.
2
Let b be -12*(-2 - (-10)/4). Let t(j) = j - 4 + 20 + 6 + 2*j. Let k be t(b). Solve -p + k = p for p.
2
Let n = -43 - -45. Suppose -n*z + 73 = 3*m - 69, 5*m + 10 = 0. Let t = 85 - z. Solve 0 = -t*x + 14*x + 6 for x.
-2
Let r be (-3192)/(-684) - (2 - (-14)/(-6)). Let m be (4 - 16/4)/2. Solve m = -4*t + 3 + r for t.
2
Let l(a) = 2*a**3 - 9*a**2 - 4*a - 15. Let s be l(5). Let u be 7 + s/(6 - 4). Solve -u*p = -3*p + 5 for p.
5
Let v(t) = -t**3 + 16*t**2 + 3*t - 44. Let d be v(16). Let g(c) = 32*c + 738. Let j be g(-23). Solve h = j*h - d for h.
4
Let v(d) = -d**3 + 12*d**2 - 16*d + 135. Let h be v(11). Let j be (8/3)/(8/228). Let x = h - j. Solve p + x = -1 for p.
-5
Suppose 4*n + 5 = -5*w, -w - n + 3 = -4*w. Let p(d) = -53*d + 4. Let v be p(w). Suppose -5*j + v = -2*j. Solve 1 = -4*c - j for c.
-5
Suppose -110*m + 50*m = 371*m - 42238. Solve -m = -18*c - 62 for c.
2
Suppose -3303 + 263 = -38*j. Suppose -3*s + 49 = 3*b - 2*b, -5*s + j = 2*b. Solve -s*l + 10*l + 32 = 0 for l.
4
Suppose -590*k = -616*k + 104. Solve k = -50*b - 46 for b.
-1
Suppose 0 = -254*p + 14*p + 2160. Solve -p*h = 2*h + 55 for h.
-5
Suppose 0 = 3*j + 4*s - 15, -2*j - 3 = 4*s - 9. Suppose j = -k - 3*t, 5*k + 6 = -4*t - 6. Solve -2*o + 4*o - 10 = k for o.
5
Suppose 0 = -6*y + 7*y - 174. Let z be (-28)/(-10) + (y/(-30) - -6). Suppose -16*x + 18*x - z*a = 17, a - 13 = -4*x. Solve l = -x*l + 5 for l.
1
Suppose 3*d - k = 6, -6 = -5*d + 4*k + 4. Suppose -i - 5*i + 12 = 0. Suppose l + 6 = -4*c - 4, 5*c = -i*l - 8. Solve -l = d*q + q for q.
-2
Let g(d) be the third derivative of -d**4/12 - 4*d**3 - 37*d**2. Let b be g(-14). Solve z - 9 = -b for z.
5
Let n be 3957*(-1)/(-18) - (-10)/(-12). Suppose 44*u - n - 45 = 0. Solve -u*z + 16 + 2 = 0 for z.
3
Let o be 4 - ((-75)/12)/(1/8). Suppose 126 = 60*g - o*g. Solve g = 6*t + 3 for t.
3
Let g = 8926 - 8905. Suppose -2*j - 3*r + 22 = 0, 4*j + 10 = -r + 34. Solve 4*k = -g + j for k.
-4
Let c be ((-18)/24)/((-15)/6940). Let t = c + -342. Solve 0 = -t*b - 0*b + 20 for b.
4
Suppose -23 = -3*a - 3*t - 8, 0 = -2*a + 4*t + 28. Solve a*s = 5*s for s.
0
Let f = -59 - -71. Suppose f*t = 48 + 24. Solve -2*c + 2 + t = 0 for c.
4
Suppose -s - 11 = 5*o - 7, -5*s = 3*o + 20. Let y be (6 + -16)/(s/10). Solve 0 = r + 4*r - y for r.
5
Let w(l) = l**2 - 3*l - 4. Let n be w(4). Suppose -237*d + 238*d - 2*q - 6 = 0, -5*d - 4*q = -2. Solve -6 = -n*j + d*j for j.
-3
Let l be ((-46)/(-6))/((-37)/(-257 + 35)). Solve l*x + 32 = 38*x for x.
-4
Suppose 149*m - 778 = -240*m + 1167. Suppose 4*y = -11 + 35. Solve m*o - y*o = 0 for o.
0
Let v(i) = -5*i + 162. Let o(p) = 5*p - 163. Let l(j) = 3*o(j) + 4*v(j). Let m be l(19). Solve -2*a - m = 14*a for a.
-4
Let y(m) = 5*m**2 - 8*m + 7. Let z be y(1). Suppose -14 + 6 = 2*x + 4*u, 0 = z*x + 4*u + 4. Solve x*o = -o + 15 for o.
5
Let l(a) = a**3 + 3*a**2 + a. Let o(g) = 34*g**3 + 1. Let v be o(-1). Let b be v/(-22) - 3/2. Let m be l(b). Solve -15 = -m*t + 3*t for t.
-5
Let k = 36 + -42. Let b = 9 + k. Suppose b*f + r - 18 = 0, 4*f = 5*r - 0 + 5. Solve -f = 2*v + 3 for v.
-4
Let n(i) = 10*i**2 + 74*i - 33. Let g be n(-8). Suppose 0 = -3*b + b - 54. Let o be (2/(-3))/(9/b). Solve 5*p - g = o*p for p.
5
Suppose -5832 + 1829 - 5007 = -53*d. Solve -10*j - 230 = -d for j.
-6
Let k be 6/10 - 1185/(-25). Let a be (2 - (k/9 + -1))*-3. Solve a = z + 4 for z.
3
Let c be 17/(1292/3336) - (-2 + (-144)/(-76)). S
|
{
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electronic musical instrument, such as an electronic organ or an electronic piano, having an opening/closing mechanism for a keyboard cover which closes/opens a keyboard portion.
2. Description of Related Art
An electronic musical instrument having a keyboard, e.g., an electronic organ, generally includes a keyboard cover which covers and protects a keyboard portion while the instrument is not used.
Two types of keyboard covers are used: a sliding cover which is arranged to be slidable back and forth on the main body of a musical instrument (instrument main body) and is stored in the instrument main body when it is open; and a pivot cover which is arranged to be vertically pivotal and is erected on an instrument main body when it is open.
Since the sliding cover is formed like a folding shutter by coupling a large number of cover constituent members so as to be flexible, its structure becomes complicated, and a large number of components are required, resulting in a high manufacturing cost.
In contrast to this, since the pivot cover is constituted by one plate-like cover member, it can be manufactured at a low cost. In addition, since the pivot cover is erected on the instrument main body when it is open, no storage space for the cover is required in the instrument main body.
In the latter case, however, if a musical instrument has two or more upper and lower keyboards, the depth and weight of a keyboard cover are increased. For this reason, an opening/closing operation of the cover becomes less easy. In addition, the cover may abruptly fall to clamp the hands of a player due to a shift in the center of gravity of the cover when it is opened/closed.
In order to solve such a problem, for example, Japanese Utility Model Publication No. 62-46219 discloses a keyboard instrument in which when a keyboard cover is closed, a pivoting force based on the weight of the cover is damped by a damper mechanism using a spring at a latter stage of the pivoting movement of the cover.
A keyboard cover having such a mechanism, however, is increased in area with an increase in depth. For this reason, when the cover is opened and erected on an instrument main body, a player inevitably feels a sense of oppression.
In order to solve such a problem in a pivot keyboard cover, the present applicant has developed a keyboard instrument, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 63-11995, in which the pivot point of a keyboard cover is set at a position separated forward and downward from the rear end by a predetermined distance so that when the cover is opened, its rear end portion is inserted from an opening formed in the upper surface of an instrument main body to be stored therein.
An example of such a mechanism will be briefly described below with reference to FIG. 9. A pivot keyboard cover 3 is provided above a keyboard portion 2 arranged on a front portion of an instrument main body 1. First and second links 5a and 5b constituting a four-joint rotating link 5 are pivotally supported between a triangular support member 4 fixed to a rear end portion of the cover 3 and a fixed portion as a pivot point in the instrument main body 1 by using pins 6a, 6b, 7a, and 7b.
When a front end portion of this keyboard cover 3 is raised to cause the cover 3 to pivot from a position indicated by solid lines, at which the cover 3 is closed, in a direction indicated by an arrow P, the rear end of the cover is moved along a path indicated by an alternate long and dashed line L. As a result, a rear portion of the keyboard cover 3 is stored in the instrument main body 1, resulting in an cover open state indicated by imaginary lines.
According to this keyboard opening/closing mechanism, since a torque based on the weight of the keyboard cover 3 acts in opposite directions before and after the pivot point, the cover 3 can be lightly opened and closed by overbalancing it.
In addition, since the rear portion of the keyboard cover 3 is stored in the instrument main body 1 when it is open, a sense of oppression to a player can be reduced.
In such a conventional keyboard cover opening/closing mechanism, however, since the four-joint rotating link is used to pivot the keyboard cover 3, the degree of freedom of a path for pivoting movement is low, and the cover 3 is moved in the manner shown in FIG. 10A. During this pivoting movement, a large gap S is formed between the keyboard cover 3 and the front end (point A) of a top board (upper surface plate) 1a of the instrument main body 1, and an object may fall inside the instrument main body 1.
For this reason, a large dust cover 8 must be arranged, as shown in FIG. 9. Alternatively, a portion of the top board 1a must be hinged to a back board 1b to be pivotal in a direction indicated by an arrow Q so that an upper portion of the instrument main body 1 can be opened, thus allowing easy removable of an object therefrom.
In addition, the use of the four-joint link requires a large space for the pivoting movement of the rear portion of the keyboard cover 3 in the instrument main body 1, as shown in FIG. 9. This inevitably leads to a great reduction in mounting space for other components, e.g., a transformer 9 shown in FIG. 10A.
In any of such conventional keyboard cover opening/closing mechanisms, the safety in closing the keyboard cover is mainly considered, but damping of a shock in opening the cover is not much considered.
For this reason, since a required operating force considerably varies throughout the opening/closing process of the keyboard cover, a smooth opening/closing operation cannot necessarily be performed.
Furthermore, a gap is formed between the keyboard cover and the front end of the top board of the instrument main body upon opening/closing of the cover, and a musical score, a piece of paper, a clip, or the like may fall from the gap. As a result, a necessary thing is lost, or a mechanism or a circuit in the instrument main body may be broken down due to the object which has fallen inside the instrument main body.
In order to eliminate such inconvenience, a large dust cover must be arranged under the keyboard cover opening/closing mechanism, or a portion of the top board must be pivotally hinged to the back board to be pivoted to open the upper portion of the instrument main body, thus allowing removal of an object which has fallen inside the instrument main body. Such an arrangement increases the cost. In addition, an object which has fallen inside the instrument main body cannot be removed unless a user notices it.
Moreover, if a sufficient spring constant as a damper is provided to a spring for a damper mechanism, as a safety means, for damping a pivoting force based on the weight of a keyboard cover, the pivoting force based on the weight of the cover upon closing balances the damping force of the spring. As a result, the cover floats from the keyboard portion, and a feeling that the cover is reliably closed and the stability of the cover are impaired.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Special counsel Robert Mueller, whose team is investigating Russia's interference in the 2016 election, reportedly obtained thousands of emails from officials involved in President Trump's transition team.
The news site Axios reported Saturday that Mueller obtained the emails as part of his investigation from the General Services Administration agency, which hosted the email system.
"The transition emails are said to include sensitive exchanges on matters that include potential appointments, gossip about the views of particular senators involved in the confirmation process, speculation about vulnerabilities of [President] Trump nominees, strategizing about press statements, and policy planning on everything from war to taxes," Axios reported.
Mueller's expansive probe is also looking into whether Trump's campaign colluded with Russia to influence the election.
Mueller has used the trove of transition-period emails to question administration and transition officials and to develop new leads in his investigation, according to the report.
White House Special Counsel Ty Cobb denied that there are plans to fire Mueller.
“As the White House has consistently said for months, there is no consideration of firing the Special Counsel," he said in a statement.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Dining & Shorelunch
Eagle Nest Lodge offers a variety of gourmet meals to satisfy your hunger. Prepared by our chef, guests favorites include, Prime Rib, Cornish Game Hen, Baby Back Ribs, Steak and Lobster. Each morning your server will give you the choice between our feature meal or the daily alternative Baked Salmon. We can also prepare fresh walleye for you if you prefer.
A hearty Canadian breakfast is served each morning or you can opt for something on the lighter side. Fruit and a hot cereal is available by choice or you are welcome to indulge in both!
Enjoy open air dining on an island or shore with your experienced guide.
Your guide will prepare a delicious shore lunch of freshly caught fish n' fix'ns over an open campfire daily.
As you wait for your morning catch to be served, take a moment to reflect on your day and absorb the serene beauty that surrounds you.
For individuals with dietary concerns please do not hesitate to notify our staff. Allergies, food tolerances or a request for a bagged lunch can easily be accommodated.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Check if a Cookie exists or not?
I am trying to find out if a cookie exists or not, if it doesn't I want to create it. I am doing this in Internet Explorer and its stopping at if(readCookie(count) == null) of the code below.
if(readCookie("count") == null)
{
createCookie("count", 0, 10);
}
function readCookie(name)
{
var nameEQ = name + "=";
var ca = document.cookie.split(';');
for(var i=0;i < ca.length;i++)
{
var c = ca[i];
while (c.charAt(0)==' ') c = c.substring(1,c.length);
if (c.indexOf(nameEQ) == 0) return c.substring(nameEQ.length,c.length);
}
return null;
}
What am I doing wrong here?
A:
Try using undefined instead of null
See the following link:
http://jsfiddle.net/sssonline2/D38WM/1/
Tested on both IE and FireFox
Here's a Stack Overflow link for more info:
typeof !== "undefined" vs. != null
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Microsoft president and chief legal officer Brad Smith speaks at a Microsoft tech gathering in Dublin Thomson Reuters SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) - Microsoft President Brad Smith on Tuesday pressed the world's governments to form an international body to protect against nation-state hacking, saying recent high-profile attacks showed a need for global norms that police government activity in cyberspace.
Smith's call for a "Digital Geneva Convention" followed a 2016 U.S. presidential election marred by the hacking and disclosure of Democratic Party emails that U.S. intelligence agencies concluded were carried out by Russia in order to help Republican Donald Trump win.
"Just as the world's governments came together in 1949 to adopt the Fourth Geneva Convention to protect civilians in times of war, we need a Digital Geneva Convention that will commit governments to implement the norms needed to protect civilians on the internet in times of peace," Smith said in a draft of a blog post seen by Reuters.
Smith was expected to discuss his proposal during keynote remarks on Tuesday at the RSA cybersecurity conference in San Francisco.
Cyber attacks have increasingly been used in recent years by governments to achieve foreign policy or national security objectives, sometimes in direct support of traditional battlefield operations. Despite a rise in attacks on governments, infrastructure and political institutions, few international agreements currently exist governing acceptable use of nation-state cyber attacks.
The United States and China signed a bilateral pledge in 2015 to refrain from hacking companies in order to steal intellectual property. A similar deal was forged months later among the Group of 20 nations.
A Digital Geneva Convention would benefit from the creation of an independent organization to investigate and publicly disclose evidence that attributes nation-state attacks to specific countries, Smith said in his blog post.
Smith likened such an organization, which would include technical experts from governments and the private sector, to the International Atomic Energy Agency, an atomic energy watchdog based at the United Nations that works to deter the use of nuclear weapons.
Smith also said the technology sector needed to work collectively and neutrally to protect internet users around the world from cyber attacks, including a pledge not to aid governments in offensive activity and the adoption of a coordinated disclosure process for software and hardware vulnerabilities.
"Even in a world of growing nationalism, when it comes to cybersecurity the global tech sector needs to operate as a neutral Digital Switzerland," Smith said.
(Reporting by Dustin Volz; Editing by Dan Grebler)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Seller ships to United States address only.Please no International buyers.
Ships From
73099, Oklahoma, United States
Postage
$1.00 via USPS First Class
Insurance Fee
-
Shipping & Payment Details
PLEASE WAIT FOR INVOICE BEFORE MAKING PAYMENT.
Types of Payments I Accept: Cash, Check, Money Order, and PayPal. I Will Consider Old U.S. Coins In Trade.
POSTAGE-U.S.
$1.00 for the 1st item and then the price varies for each additional item.
If the Price of an item is 1c to 5c - Postage will be 2c per item.
If the Price of an item is 6c to 10c - Postage will be 3c per item.
If the Price of an item is 11c to 15c - Postage will be 4c per item.
If the Price of an item is 16c to 99c - Postage will be 5c per item.
If the Price of an item is $1.00 or more - Postage will be 5c per dollar.
Examples - $10 item = 50c $13 item = 65c $200 item = $10.00
LARGE PLATE BLOCKS, SHEETS And Covers WILL BE MORE.
$2.50 for the 1st Sheet and 50c for each additional Sheet.
$2.50 for the 1st Large Plate Block and 25c for each additional Large Plate block.
$1.00 for the 1st Cover, Card, Paper (Not All) and 15c for each additional Cover.
INSURANCE-
00.01 to 15.00 = $2.20 * Optional * But at your risk. I won't be held responsible for damaged or lost items.
15.01 to 50.00 = $2.20 *
50.01 to 100.00 = $2.75 *
100.01 to 200.00 = $3.50 *
200.01 to 300.00 = $4.60 *
300.01 to 400.00 = $5.80 *
400.00 to 500.00 = $7.00 *
500.00 to 600.00 = $9.45 *
Add $1.30 for each additional $100.
The seller ,
LStefanick ,
assumes all responsibility for the contents of this listing
About the Webstore Stamps (Postage Stamps) category:
The Webstore Stamps (Postage Stamps) category is the premier place to find great Stamps (Postage Stamps) deals on the web.
The United States category has lots of great finds on 1941-Now: Used, 1901-1940: Used, Plate Blocks/Multiples and 1901-1940: Unused online auctions. In the Europe category there are many Germany & Area, France & Colonies, Spain & Colonies and Switzerland items to choose from. The Asia category has lots of great finds on Japan, Turkey, Russian Federation and China products. In the Commonwealth / British Colonial category there are many New Zealand, India, Grenada and South Africa products to choose from. And don't forget the Topical & Specialty category where you'll find Flora, Fauna, Nature, Famous People, Organizations and Transportation & Space online auctions as well.
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50 Shades Of Grey: What It Can Teach You About Women
Women you’ve just met adore thinly veiled chat about your sexual sins.
Do as Christian Grey, the sexually dominant hero of Fifty Shades of Grey does when he first meets naïve virgin Anastasia Steele, played in director Sam Taylor-Johnson’s big-screen adaptation by Dakota Johnson. She’s just meekly crept into his office to interview the billionaire CEO for her student mag, and he’s using the opportunity to lay it on thick with barely concealed sex chat at every turn. “Oh, I exercise control in all things, Miss Steele,” he replies to a question about his charitable work in Darfur. After that, it’s a pretty seamless journey to S&M town.
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It helps if you are good looking.
If you want to introduce your date to the joys of bondage, it’s good if you’re handsome as hell. In Fifty Shades, Ana agrees to become the sexual submissive of a man who “looks like a male model in a pose for a glossy, high-end magazine”. In the film, Grey is played by a former male model, Jamie Dornan, who posed in glossy, high-end magazines (including this one). Which might explain why she takes so well to being bossed about so much.
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Not a male model? Hope lies in an unspecified expensive body wash.
Even if your date might be hesitant about spanking, win her over with a stimulating shower gel. Every time Ana’s about to call time on caning-as-foreplay, she gets a whiff of Christian Grey’s “expensive body wash” and is on all fours. In the book, she’s not exactly strong on detail so you’ll have to work out what it might be for yourself. (it's likely not Dove for Men Extra Fresh.)
Chicks crave spontaneity. So stalk her.
Surprise your girl with a visit to her workplace, even if she hasn’t disclosed where that is. Better still if her part-time job is at a hardware store into which you can waltz to order up a selection of cable ties, masking tape and five yards of filament rope. “Are you redecorating?” she’ll ask, wholly unaware that two weeks later she’ll be strung up with cable wires having the time of her life in your Red Room of Pain. Atta girl.
Non-disclosure agreements are the new foreplay.
She’ll understand the need for lawyers went she gets a load of the playroom, a citrus smelling, softly lit spot with a large X on the far wall and an 8ft-square iron grid on the ceiling from which hangs a selection of ropes, chains and shackles. Best if she can keep all these paddles, whips, riding crops and canes your special little secret and sign here…
…And contracts are sexy as hell.
Paperwork has been the missing spark from your far-from sizzling sex life. Do as impossibly good-looking Christian Grey does and draft the dos and don’ts of your dominant–submissive sex games and she’ll be all heart-eyed emojis. Or at the very least tied to a wall.
Ladies go wild for email.
Email is the prime form of sex correspondence between Grey and Steele and the forum for flirting, foreplay and spelling out exactly what you want to do in the bedroom. Send her the full dictionary definition of submissive so she can bat back by compromise. It’s like Snapchat never happened.
Date five: take her to the STI clinic.
There’s no two ways of spinning this so just tell her: you’ve had such a wonderful night of passion together you’d like to take the relationship to the next level and get her checked out for the clap. Also [tiny voice], you’d quite like to watch.
Size does matter - especially in ceiling-to-window ratios.
Ana digs “considerable length” in both the trouser and window department. Even if you’re short on the former, distract her with floor-to-ceiling windows in every room you romance her. Other tips: blindfold her; pop on the cuffs; rule out touching.
Girls are turned on by mummy issues
To get her into bed, go all Freudian. Happily for Christian Grey, he’s all over that. His adoptive mother doesn’t do physical contact. His birth mother was a “crack whore”. And some nice lady seduced him at 15 and turned him into her adolescent sex slave. Emotional baggage is the new GSOH. Would madam like to step this way?
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Political crisis engulfs the U.S. and Britain
On Sept. 24, 2019, Democratic Speaker of the U.S. House Nancy Pelosi announced the opening of an impeachment inquiry directed against Donald Trump. This is not yet an actual impeachment of the U.S. president, still less his removal from office. But it is considered a major step toward impeachment, which had appeared to be a dead letter after the Mueller report failed to produce any evidence that the 2016 Trump campaign had collaborated illegally with the Russian government.
A CIA whistle-blower reported that he or she had heard from other government officials that President Trump had withheld military aid to Ukraine to pressure the Ukrainian government to investigate Hunter and Joseph Biden. Joseph Biden is considered a front-runner in the race to be the Democratic presidential nominee for the 2020 election. Since the 2014 Euromaidan coup spearheaded by fascist and openly pro-Nazi elements, Ukraine has been reduced to the status of a virtual U.S. colony. The Democrats consider this colonization of Ukraine a great achievement of the Obama-Biden administration.
In the wake of the Euromaidan coup, the younger Biden was appointed to the Board of Directors of Burisma, Ukraine’s leading producer of natural gas, in an obvious move to please Ukraine’s new masters. If Trump demanded in a meeting he held with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky that Zelensky investigate the Bidens or else the U.S. would withhold military aid, Trump would violate U.S. laws that prohibit seeking the aid of a foreign government in a U.S. election. The Democrats failed to prove that Trump received such aid from the Russian government in the 2016 election. Now they believe they are on the verge of proving it concerning Ukraine’s government.
Trump has all but admitted that he did indeed pressure Ukraine to investigate the Bidens when he publicly suggested that Ukraine, and China as well, open investigations of Joe and Hunter Biden. But Trump’s lawyers can still argue that Trump didn’t say this in so many words and therefore no U.S. law was broken. It is illegal for a U.S. President to use services of value of a foreign government in a U.S. election. (1) If Trump is impeached by a vote of the majority of the House of Representatives, he would still have to be tried in the U.S. Senate. If two-thirds of the Senate then vote to remove Trump, he will be ousted from the presidency.
While the Democrats have a majority in the House of Representatives — all that is needed for impeachment — they are in a minority in the Senate. A purely partisan removal of Trump through impeachment is therefore impossible. Assuming that as now seems likely Trump is impeached, his fate will be in the hands of the Senate Republicans. The Senate Republicans are an extremely reactionary group of mostly elderly and very rich white men. So far, in public at least, they seem to be loyal to Trump, whose “pro-business” policies they strongly support, though many of them in private reportedly would like to see the erratic Trump gone.
In the event of an impeachment trial, a vote on whether to convict Trump will be held in full view of the Republican rank-and-file, where the racist Trump has a strong cult following. With the election approaching, the Democrats may be hoping that Trump and the Republicans will be so discredited as a result of the impeachment process and ensuing revelations that Trump will be defeated in the 2020 election, taking many Republicans down with him. This would put the “Party of Order” back in control.
An even more profound political crisis is unfolding in Britain, where Parliament is virtually paralyzed over Brexit. Crises of this sort often herald the end of parliamentary rule and its replacement by either a presidential system as in France in 1958 or an outright dictatorship as in Italy in 1922 when Mussolini was appointed prime minister with dictatorial powers. Britain is the pioneer of parliamentary democracy. In a centuries-long struggle, executive power was wrenched from the crown by Parliament and the monarchy reduced to a point where the king or queen reigns but does not rule. This makes introducing a presidential system difficult because it is hard to see how it could be done without eliminating the monarchy. What both the U.S. and British political crises have in common is the contradiction between imperialist democracy in decline and powerful tendencies toward Bonapartism.
These crises are developing rapidly as I write these lines, and important developments — Britain is supposed to leave the European Union on Oct. 31 — will almost certainly occur over the next month. This month, I want to start examining what on the surface appears to be a far less important crisis. This involves the U.S. market for overnight repurchase agreements, nicknamed repos.
Crisis in the repo market
On Sept. 16-17, the rate of interest on overnight financial instruments known as repurchase agreements, or repos, suddenly spiked as high as 10 percent. This was all the more startling since it occurred the very same week that the Federal Reserve System’s Open Market Committee was expected to — and indeed did — reduce its target for the federal funds rate, the rate on funds commercial banks loan one another overnight, by another 0.25 percent. The interest rate on federal funds and repos is generally pretty much the same.
The Fed responded with open market operations — purchases of short-term U.S. government securities — that added $75 billion to the U.S. commercial banking system. This is the biggest such operation by the Federal Reserve since the panic days of 2008. It then announced that it would continue these operations through Oct. 10. Then on October 4, the Fed announced that the emergency operation would be extended through Nov 4. If the crisis was a mere technical glitch and had no real importance, as was claimed, why did the Fed’s open market operation have to be extended for weeks? Certainly more is involved! And yes, a lot more is involved.
Does this mean that a new 2008-type financial crisis and associated “Great Recession” — or worse — is imminent for the global and U.S. economy? Or assuming that such a crisis is threatening, does the Federal Reserve have the power to nip it in the bud through its timely response to the repo crisis?
This is a fast-developing story, so here we can make only a preliminary assessment. However, for those who have been following this blog closely the repo market crisis should not have come as a complete surprise in light of the 20 percent decline in the U.S. dollar-denominated monetary base since October 2015. But what is the repo market anyway and why is it important? What happened on Sept. 16 in the repo market that brought things to a head? To answer these questions, we need to take a look at the operations of the modern commercial banking system.
Bank capital, bank solvency, and bank liquidity
The capital, or stockholders’ equity, of a corporation — and virtually all commercial banks (2) are now organized as corporations — is defined as the difference between the total assets of a corporation and its liabilities. As the term stockholders’ equity implies, the capital of a commercial banking corporation is defined as the capital owned by the bank’s stockholders as opposed to the capital owned by the creditors.
In the case of a commercial bank, the creditors are mostly depositors. The assets of a commercial bank consist mostly of its loans, while its liabilities consist mostly of its deposits. So the capital the stockholders of the bank own consists of all the bank’s assets (mostly loans) minus its liabilities (mostly deposits).
During the downward phase of the industrial cycle, the sales of industrial and commercial capitalists slow. Also, a significant percentage of the purchasers of consumer durable goods such as houses, cars and appliances face total or partial unemployment. Therefore, an increasing percentage of the banks’ debtors, which consist of industrial and commercial capitalists plus the purchasers of durable consumer goods on credit, fall behind on their repayment of loans.
Bank managers, however, are reluctant to write down the value of their loan portfolio even if accounting principles say they should. Instead, if they possibly can, bank managers who stand to lose their jobs and the value of the shares they own in the bank if the bank is seized by the bank regulators and declared insolvent will roll over “non-performing loans” by extending new loans or simply increasing the terms of existing loans. Bank inspectors, they hope, will be satisfied the bank is solvent despite any “temporary” difficulties.
The bank managers hope that many of the non-performing loans will become performing loans once again as business picks up and unemployed and underemployed durable consumer goods purchasers once again find jobs or can again work overtime. Therefore, why shouldn’t bank managers help their clients get over their “temporary difficulties”?
In that case, everybody wins. The banks’ stockholders keep their capital, the bank managers keep their jobs and bank shares, and the banks’ debtors stay in business or retain the ownership of the durable goods that they purchased with the money the banks lent them. As for the bank inspectors, why should they spoil the fun and shut down a bank that is experiencing “temporary difficulties”? Isn’t this what the central bankers and the politicians that run the government desire?
However, if loan repayments, whether they be on the inventories of industrial and commercial capitalists or durable consumer goods bought on credit, continue to be non-performing — or a particularly severe downturn makes a large enough portion of the banks’ loan portfolio “non-performing” — the point is reached where the increasingly fictitious character of bank balance sheets (3) can no longer be concealed.
Therefore, when the wiping out of bank assets in the form of bad loans reaches the point where the bank becomes insolvent, the regulators are supposed to move to liquidate the bank. This has been standard regulatory doctrine at least since the 19th century. At this point, government and central bank regulators are supposed to shut down the bank and liquidate it an “orderly way.”
Since the stockholders’ equity has become negative, the stockholders are wiped out. They lose their entire investment, though under the “limited liability” doctrine they get to kept any other assets in the form of capital and landed property they own. However, even if the bank managers and government are honest — and in the case of insolvency, they have a strong incentive not to be — it is quite difficult to be sure at what point a bank — or other business — becomes insolvent. For example, non-performing loans may indeed become performing if a strong economic upswing develops. And who knows at what price the bank’s assets could be sold if they are dumped on the market?
What happens when an insolvent bank is liquidated?
What the bank regulators — either the central bank or bank deposit insurance agencies such as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation — do when bank inspectors declare a bank is insolvent is seize and close down the bank. Deposit owners are then allowed to withdraw their deposits up to at least the insured limit, and often it is announced that all deposits will be redeemed at full value.
The bank is then divided into a bad bank whose assets are made up of non-performing loans, and a good bank whose assets are made up of performing loans. The performing loans are sold to other presumably solvent and generally bigger banks, while the loans of the bad bank are sold off at a huge discount to any presumably solvent banks willing to purchase them. The losses are eaten by the insurance fund or sometimes the taxpayers, depending on the extent of the losses. The stockholders get nothing and are wiped out.
The ‘free market’ way of keeping banks solvent
But what happens when bank inspectors do not do their jobs properly and allow insolvent banks to remain in operation? The “free market” method of keeping the banking system solvent in the long run comes into play. This method involves what is called a bank run. During a bank run, many depositors lose confidence in the banking system and demand payment in legal-tender cash at the same time. A bank run involves what is called a liquidity crisis. During a run, the depositors demand payment not in terms of bank loans but in terms of legal-tender cash. Bank runs provide the classic example of the role of money as means of payment, which comes into great prominence during a crisis, at the expense of money’s role as means of circulation.
In the time of Marx and Engels, Britain was the world’s leading capitalist nation. The Bank of England — sometimes referred to as “the Bank” with a capital B — was the capitalist world’s leading central bank. During the political lifetimes of Marx and Engels, there were three general bank runs in Britain, the first in 1847, the second in 1857, and the third in 1866.
During these runs — and two earlier runs that occurred in 1825 and 1837 — the Bank of England examined the books of the banks and determined whether a commercial bank was solvent or insolvent. If solvent, the commercial bank was experiencing only a liquidity crisis. The bank owners had enough capital but due to the exceptional conditions of the crisis, the capital couldn’t immediately be converted into legal-tender cash such as Bank of England banknotes. Behind the aforementioned British banking crises were crises of the general relative overproduction of commodities, though banking crises can be caused by other factors as well.
During a general bank run, the Bank would extend discounts — purchase commercial bank assets such as bills of exchange at a stiff discount. The idea was to discourage commercial banks from becoming dependent on the central bank for normal operations. The Bank told the bank-run-stricken commercial banks, we are bailing you out because you are not insolvent but are only experiencing a liquidity crisis. But don’t make a habit of depending on our discounts. They don’t come cheap!
The Bank purchased the bills of exchange either with newly issued Bank of England notes that themselves were payable in gold sovereigns to the bearer on demand or in promises to pay in such notes. The promises to pay in Bank of England notes were extended by simply crediting the accounts of the commercial banks held in the Bank of England. Such promises are called by economists “central bank money.”
During the crises of 1847, 1857 and 1866, the Bank’s discount operations were hindered by the Bank Act of 1844, which legally prohibited the Bank issuing additional banknotes not backed by gold. It is quite possible that the bank runs that accompanied these cyclical recessions would not have occurred if the Bank Act of 1844 had not been in effect. Fortunately for British capitalism, the Bank Act of 1844 had an escape hatch and could be suspended temporarily in a crisis. As soon as suspension of the Bank Act was announced, the runs halted.
If, however, a commercial bank was determined to be facing not simply a liquidity crisis but a crisis of insolvency, it was seized and liquidated. In this case, the commercial bank stockholders were wiped out and the managers and other bank employees such as tellers lost their jobs.
Why capitalist governments and central banks do everything they can to avoid bank runs
During a general bank run, the banks scramble for cash. To conserve cash, the commercial banks halt new loans and discounts, and existing loans are called in. A general bank run causes credit, in general, to seize up throughout the economy because non-bank credit is largely dependent on the “health” of bank credit. The owners of commodity capital — industrial and commercial capitalists — also are forced to scramble for cash as their debts are called in by the banks and other creditors. Forced to raise cash quickly, they dump their unsold commodities at great losses causing prices to fall sharply. Production, trade and, most significantly, employment contract sharply.
However, for the capitalist economy, there is an upside to this process. Within a relatively short period, inventories run out and have to be rebuilt. The industrial cycle then turns sharply upward. Bank runs, therefore, keep the banking system healthy in the long run. They keep the capitalist system as a whole healthy by periodically cleaning up overproduction. But — and this is the catch — before the industrial cycle turns upward capitalist society is shaken to its foundations and capitalist governments having the bad luck to be in office tumble. The most famous example was Herbert Hoover, who had the bad luck to be U.S. president during the worst bank run of all time, which occurred between 1931 and 1933.
Because of this, capitalist governments, beginning with Britain in the 19th century, do everything they can to prevent bank runs. Over time, the measures that capitalist governments and their central banks implement to prevent runs have become more and more extreme. The quantity of gold that must be held in reserve to back the currency, which can limit the quantity of extra currency central banks can create in a crisis, was steadily reduced and then abolished as the international gold standard morphed into the paper dollar standard. We have examined this evolution and its consequences throughout this blog. Another method employed by governments against bank runs is government-sponsored deposit insurance.
Deposit insurance and moral hazard
When bank deposits are insured, commercial banks are required to pay into a insurance fund. The fund, which acts as an insurance company, then invests conservatively in government securities to earn interest. In the event of a bank failure, the fund is used to promptly repay the depositors, at least up to the insured limit and sometimes beyond that. In the U.S., privately run bank deposit insurance schemes existed before the New Deal, but they tended to quickly run out of cash during general bank runs. However, in 1934 the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation was established backed by the full credit of the U.S. government. Even if the Federal Deposit Insurance Fund were exhausted, the U.S. government is charged with coming up with the money to pay off the depositors of failed banks, at least up to the insured limit.
The job of inspecting banks’ books to make sure they are solvent falls to the FDIC. If the FDIC decides a bank is insolvent, it is seized and liquidated as described above while depositors are promptly paid up to the full value of the insured deposits — now $250,000 — and sometimes all depositors are paid off. Rather than periodic bank runs, the FDIC and its bank inspectors are supposed to make sure the U.S. banking system — the backbone of the global capitalist banking system — remains solvent.
Bank insurance schemes, especially government-backed ones, involve a danger of their own called “moral hazard,” causing some extreme conservatives to oppose them. These reactionaries point out that as long as banks and their depositors fear runs, the bank managers are under pressure to season their profit hunger with a certain amount of caution. In a world without effective deposit insurance, bank customers before depositing their savings with a bank have an incentive to choose one that at least has the reputation of being “sound and conservative.” More knowledgeable bank depositors may even examine the banks’ balance sheets themselves and do a little research of their own.
But once the state through the central bank or government deposit insurance “guarantees” deposits, both the management of banks and depositors become less cautious. Now that we have central government deposit insurance, bank managers figure there is little danger they will ever face a run. Therefore, they will pay less attention to maintaining reserves and take more risks to maximize profits for their shareholders, which of course include the bank managers.
Bank managers are paid “bonuses” just like other corporate managers when they earn more profit than expected. Like other corporate managers, they are under constant pressure to “beat their numbers” (advance profit estimates of Wall Street security analysts). Profits above “expectations” are made not by caution but by taking chances. And if things go wrong, the government and central bank are there to bail them out.
Similarly, with deposits insured by the government, depositors are less likely to care about a bank’s reputation for “soundness” when choosing a bank or feel the need to examine the bank’s balance sheet. Instead, they are more likely to simply put their money in whatever bank office is nearest to their home or work. If the bank regulators do their job and promptly shut down banks as soon as they show signs of insolvency, things will work out. Instead of the discipline of panic-stricken depositors forming lines in front of bank offices, there is the discipline of bank inspectors looking over the books.
However, there is constant pressure as explained above for bank inspectors to look the other way. Why seize and liquidate a bank whose troubles are “only temporary.” And there is constant pressure to accelerate the rate of economic growth by “going easy on the banks,” especially if it has been a while since the last big crisis. The banks say they would grant more loans if the bank inspectors would only become less intrusive. To unleash “the full potential of the economy,” the banks and their bought-and-paid-for economists insist, the banks must be free to do business as they see fit. The government should get out of the way.
The result is that while government and central bank insurance schemes make bank runs much less likely in the short run, they cause the solvency of the banking system to erode over time. This is what is meant by moral hazard. The reactionaries are right when they point out that moral hazard gradually undermines the stability and solvency of capitalist banking systems with government-backed deposit insurance.
The crisis of 2008 and banks too big to fail
In retrospect, it is clear that in 2008 many of the largest banks in the U.S. and elsewhere in the capitalist world were in reality insolvent, thanks in no so small part to the working of moral hazard. The normal mechanism that a healthier, younger capitalism had used to prevent the growth of insolvency in the banking system was periodic bank runs. The suppression of bank runs had done its work in destroying the solvency of the banking system.
But in 2008, there was another problem. That was the concentration and centralization of bank capital that is an inevitable result of the normal operations of the capitalist system. Now, it is one thing to close down and liquidate a small bank that has become insolvent. However, liquidating an insolvent mega-bank by the methods I described above is virtually impossible.
Today, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation holds $107 billion, which covers only 1.4 percent of insured — not all — deposits. The deposits of the five largest U.S. banks, with 40 percent of all U.S. bank deposits, alone exceeds $5.6 trillion. So five banks have about $5.6 trillion more or less in deposit liabilities. At the end of fiscal 2017 — September 30 — the U.S. Treasury, in contrast, had $507.5 billion — not trillion on hand. In other words, the cash that would be necessary to repay the enormous deposit liabilities of the mega-banks simply does not exist.
Bank regulators cannot liquidate an insolvent mega-bank the way they can liquidate a traditional bank that has become insolvent. To allow the problem of insolvent mega-banks to be solved the “old-fashioned” way through bank runs in today’s credit-run world where even petty transactions like purchasing morning coffee are settled through debit cards, credit cards, and smartphones, would mean an almost unimaginable global economic, social and political cataclysm.
Old-fashioned bank runs compared to modern crises
In old-fashioned banking crises such as the British banking crises of 1847, 1857 and 1866, periodic bank runs weeded out insolvent banks while the Bank of England rescued through its discounts the solvent banks merely experiencing liquidity crises. In the healthy days of British-centered industrial capitalism, banks proved their solvency by surviving general runs, perhaps with a little help from the Bank of England.
All that was necessary to break the general runs of 1847, 1857 and 1866 was for the Bank Act of 1844, which severely limited the amount of Bank of England notes that could be issued in excess of the gold reserves of the Bank, to be suspended, and the banking crisis went away. But these storms, which Marx observed in mid-19th century England and wrote about in Volume III of “Capital,” were mere tempests in a teapot compared to the storm that descended on the capitalist world in 2008.
Indeed, when it came to the basic insolvency of the banking system — as opposed to the liquidity crises-caused bank runs of 1931-33 — the crisis of 2008 even dwarfed the super-crisis of 1929-33. If the crises of Marx’s day were tempests in a teapot compared to 2008, then the super-crisis itself was a storm in a bathtub. No really large U.S. bank — the U.S. had by then replaced Britain as the center of the capitalist world — failed. The U.S. banking crisis of 1933 was a crisis of small mostly country banks. The big Wall Street banks remained solvent even if they too experienced liquidity problems during the run of 1933 just before Roosevelt assumed office.
If in 2008 a general bank run, defined as a massive sudden run on the mega-banks — and of course smaller banks — had developed, the financial system would have suddenly shifted the capitalist world from a credit system back into a cash system. If the age of debit and credit cards and the “cashless society” had suddenly reverted to payments in old-fashioned green dollar bills and pocket change, an unprecedented economic, social and political disaster would have descended across the world. (Payments using smartphones were still in the future in 2008 but will be a factor in all future crises.) If the crisis of 2008 had ended in a massive bank run, there would not have been a mere 1930s-style Great Depression, it would have been something far, far worse.
In a modern crisis, such as 2008 and the one that will follow in the future, a few mega-banks hold the state and entire society hostage. Either do everything and anything to bail us out, the bankers explain, or we will take you down with us. In a modern crisis, as long as society remains capitalist, bankers are not lying when they say this — it is simply the way things are.
Many progressives such as Bernie Sanders say the answer is to break up the mega-banks that have accumulated such monstrous power. Let’s go back to the good old days of small “friendly” banking when no banks were too big to fail. However, the emergence of mega-banks is no accident. Nor is it the result of political corruption. Rather it is the inevitable result of the laws that govern the capitalist system we have been exploring throughout this blog.
There is no road back to the past of small local banks in the days of free competition and classical industrial capitalism. (4) We either go forward to socialism or modern society collapses. This is true whether we look at things from the angle of money and banking or global warming.
In a future 2008-like crisis — and such crises will occur in the future — there is only one answer to the bankers when they say either bail us out or we will take the rest of you down with us. The answer has to be the expropriation of the capitalist class that the bankers head and represent as part of a transition to a socialist society. The banks being too big to fail means that capitalism itself has become “too big” to continue.
How did the U.S. banking system get out of the crisis of 2008?
What happens when the government and society knuckle under to the banks’ blackmail? We had an example of that in 2008. With no way to liquidate insolvent mega-banks in any way that did not involve total economic, financial, social and political disaster, the U.S. government — both the outgoing George W. Bush administration and incoming Obama administration — followed the only road open to capitalist politicians. That was— in addition to the Federal Reserve providing trillions in “liquidity” through quantitative easing— to “re-capitalize” the insolvent banks at taxpayer expense. The government spent hundreds of billions of dollars of its money in exchange for non-voting preferred stock.
Why preferred stock rather than common stock? Preferred stocks and long-term bonds are in practice similar in that the owners of both are paid dividends in preference to the owners of common stock. Hence the term “preferred stocks.” However — and this is crucial — only the owners of common stocks elect boards of directors that hire the corporate managers who run the corporations — in this case, the banks — on a day-to-day basis.
The U.S. government — both Bush and Obama — said to the banks: We are giving you $200 plus billion in additional capital to do with as you please. Now you are solvent again — or at least our bank inspectors say you are — because once we reckon in your newly required assets, your total assets now once again exceed your total liabilities. However, we as the representatives of “the people” will play no role whatsoever in managing the banks — we are not socialists after all.
As the immediate crisis passed, to show its good faith when it came to staying out of the business of managing the banks — which is after all under the capitalist system, not the business of “the people” but of the bankers — the Obama administration sold off the preferred stock it had acquired in the banks to wealthy capitalist investors. Everything was exactly the way it was before except the banks were more centralized and bigger than ever, and more than ever “too big to fail.”
Bank liquidity and the Federal Reserve System
The current “repo crisis” does not involve a crisis of bank insolvency, at least in the immediate sense, but rather a shortage of bank reserves. Let’s examine exactly what is meant by “bank reserves.” Bank reserves are a subset of total bank assets that consist of cash and can be divided into two portions: One part is actual legal-tender cash, green U.S. dollars — or its local satellite currencies — and fractional coins made of base metals that are kept on the premises to pay depositors who wish to withdraw all or a portion of their deposits from the bank. In the banking business, cash that is kept on the premises is called “vault cash.” Vault cash consists of what the lay public thinks of as money. It is what you get when you withdraw money from your account at the bank.
The second part of bank reserves consists of what the economists call “central bank money.” Under today’s monetary system, central bank money consists of the deposits of commercial banks at the central bank — in the U.S., one of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks that make up the Federal Reserve System. If all or most of the depositors of even an extremely solvent commercial bank were to demand their deposits in the form of cash all at once, the bank will simply not have either cash on hand in the form of vault cash or that it can draw from its accounts at the central bank to meet the demands for payment.
Commercial banks are above all profit-making businesses engaged in M — M’ operations. A commercial bank borrows M — money — from its depositors and pays them interest on their deposits. It then lends out the money at a higher rate of interest with the expectation of ending up with more money — M’. The difference between the rate of interest a commercial bank earns on its loans and the rate it pays its depositors represents the gross profit of the bank.
For the commercial bank holding assets in the form of vault cash, which earns no interest at all, or in the form of central bank deposits, which earn at most a very low rate of interest, the bank incurs what the economists call an “opportunity cost.” All other things remaining equal, the greater the portion of a bank’s assets held in the form of vault cash and deposits at the central bank the lower will be the rate of profit on the capital of the bank’s stockholders.
Leaving aside bank regulations that require the banks to maintain a certain reserve in cash, there are always those testy depositors who on any given day will withdraw money from the bank in the form of cash to meet everyday expenses of living — and sometimes in the case of wealthy depositors to engage in illegal activities. Today, depositors withdraw far less cash from the banks than they used to because even trivial retail transactions like buying a morning cup of coffee are often made electronically through debit or credit cards, and most recently smartphones.
This development has been very bad for bank robbers because banks hold much less vault cash — the target of bank robbers — than they used to. Potentially, however, if in some future super-crisis merchants were to refuse to exchange their commodities for debit or credit card or smartphone payments and instead demand payment in cash, the effects on the economy in terms of production and employment would make the banking crisis of 1931-33 seem like little more than an inconvenience by comparison.
Besides, commercial bankers have to worry about non-cash withdrawals from the bank — by the traditional check or electronic means — that are not offset by additional deposits. As checks and electronic withdrawals are made against bank A and deposited in bank B, bank A has to pay bank B. At the same time, check and electronic withdrawals are occurring against B and being deposited in bank A. Most of these payments offset one another. Only those that do not are settled in the bank clearinghouse. In the modern banking system, these payments are settled in central bank money and no paper money has to be transferred.
However, if a bank has to make clearinghouse payments that push its total cash — central bank money and vault cash — below the legal requirement, and it cannot borrow enough money to make up the difference, the commercial bank fails. Therefore, to prevent a sudden “liquidity crisis” leading to failure, commercial banks have to maintain sufficient cash reserves — either vault cash or central bank money. There is therefore always a tension between the need of banks to maintain a certain cash reserve against customer withdrawals and unfavorable balances in the clearinghouse and the need to maximize profits for the stockholders.
As we saw above, the banks in order to maximize their profits have to keep their reserves as low as economic caution and legal reserve requirements allow, but they do have to maintain some cash reserves. On any given day, individual banks often find themselves short of cash reserves while other banks have surplus reserves above the minimum levels set by bank regulation and the need to meet withdrawal requests and settle unfavorable clearing-house balances. Like all capitalists, bankers hate keeping capital idle when it could be “put to work” appropriating surplus value.
Therefore, banks with surplus cash eager to appropriate some interest — surplus value — on their “excess” reserves loan it to banks that are short of cash. Sometimes these are actual loans, called federal funds in the U.S., and sometimes repurchase agreements or repos. In a repurchase agreement, a bank that is short of cash reserves sells a short-term government security to another bank for cash. It agrees that it will buy back the treasury note the next day at a slightly higher price than it sold it. The difference between the price the bank with a cash shortage sells the treasury security and the slightly higher price it buys it back for is the repo rate of interest.
As a general rule, the repo rate is more or less in line with the federal funds rate but on Sept. 16-17, 2019, some bank or banks were so in need of ready cash they were willing to pay a rate of 10 percent, far above the federal funds rate of around 2.25 percent and due within days to be lowered to around 2.00 percent.
The Fed responded by purchasing large quantities of short-term U.S. securities pumping $75 billion in cash (“liquidity”) into the U.S. banking system. It didn’t add $75 billion in capital — the banks already had the capital in the form of U.S. Treasuries — but rather it exchanged the $75 billion in the form of the electronic equivalent of freshly printed green dollar bills for short-term Treasury bills.
What the banking system needed and the Federal Reserve System provided was not capital as such but liquidity in the form of ready cash. As we have seen throughout this blog, a sudden demand for cash is a classic symptom of a capitalist economic crisis. The Fed promised to continue to provide cash in exchange for Treasury bills in this way through at least Oct. 10, 2019. On Oct. 4, it announced that it would continue to use repo operations to pump cash into the banking system through at least Nov. 4. It then announced its intention to extend the repo operation to Nov. 26 (the Nov. 12 two-week term repo matures on the 26th). What if anything it will do beyond this date remains to be seen.
Behind the cash shortage
What in this case caused the cash squeeze? The immediate cause is the Federal Reserve System’s policy of “monetary normalization.” As we explained before the September repo crisis, the Federal Reserve has reduced the U.S. dollar-denominated monetary base by 20 percent since October 2015. That means fewer U.S. Federal Reserve-created dollars are floating around the world than there were four years ago when the Fed ended its unprecedented “dollar-printing” spree embarked on following the failure of the Lehman Brother investment bank in September 2008.
When business increases, which it generally has since October 2015, and more workers are employed, the newly employed workers cash in their paychecks for cash. (Many are low paid and still make their payments in old-fashioned cash.) When the banks cash these paychecks — or when workers make withdrawals on their deposited paychecks — the bank must pay these withdrawals out of vault cash, thus reducing its cash reserve. If the monetary base is increasing fast enough, there is no problem, but as we have seen, since October 2015 the monetary base has been falling not increasing.
The combination of a 20 percent drop in the U.S. monetary base — again, defined as total bank reserves plus U.S. dollar bills and fractional coin held outside the banking system — and the increasing demand for cash for retail trade as the number of employed workers has risen means a fall in total bank reserves. Sooner or later, this has to result in a shortage of bank reserves. This shortage manifested itself on Sept. 16, 2019.
The shortage of cash reserves in the U.S. banking system is the strongest indication yet that we have reached a turning point in the industrial cycle. If a global and a U.S. recession has not already begun — and many economic indicators have weakened or turned down both in the U.S. and in other countries over the last few months — the repo crisis is telling us that a recession is not far off. Whether the recession will be an “ordinary recession” or a 2008-type crisis is, of course, another matter.
Can the Federal Reserve System stave off the crisis by creating more bank reserves?
But can’t the U.S. Federal Reserve stave off the recession by moving to increase bank reserves by simply increasing the quantity of Federal Reserve-created dollars? Trump has been demanding that the Fed do exactly that, hoping that the next recession will be postponed to some time after November 2020.
Technically and legally under the current “fiat money” system, as the supporters of Modern Monetary Theory correctly point out, the Fed can create any amount of dollars it wants to. We have come a long way since the Banking Act of 1844, which required that the Bank of England have enough gold in its vault to mint into five gold sovereigns coins before it issued an additional five-pound banknote. U.S. policymakers — the Federal Reserve is facing an unusual split over what to do next — and above all Donald Trump are urging the Federal Reserve and its Open Market Committee to create enough new dollars to flood the U.S. commercial bank system with fresh reserves and end the current cash squeeze in the system. So maybe a recession is not imminent after all?
However, any regular reader of this blog knows that behind the Federal Reserve System shrinking the dollar-denominated monetary base beginning in October 2015 was the need to keep the dollar gold value more or less stable or risk the end of the dollar system and U.S. world empire. Under the dollar system, the “price” of the money commodity gold is quoted in terms of U.S. dollars. The dollar price of gold establishes the amount of gold bullion — real money — that the U.S. dollar represents at any given moment in time.
Under the various forms of the international gold standard that preceded the dollar system, the currency price of gold was held constant. Today, the dollar and through the dollar other currency prices of gold rather than a mathematical constant is a mathematical variable. However, the continued existence of the dollar standard — and the U.S. world empire — requires this variable to not vary too much. This is true because all internationally traded commodities — oil, nickel, copper, sugar, cotton, and so on — are quoted in terms of U.S. dollars. As a result, international debts — and national debts denominated in local currencies often are dependent on international debts — are quoted in dollars. This establishes the dollar as the chief means of payment on the world market.
Bloomberg News on the Sept. 16 crisis
“After the chaos this week in short-term funding markets,” Emily Barrett wrote in the Sept. 18 online edition of Bloomberg News, “the Federal Reserve faces yet another tough task: how to shore up the multi-trillion-dollar network that keeps funds flowing through the U.S. financial system without stoking fears of a systemic problem or fueling talk of a recession.” In other words, they have to pump massive amounts of what in effect are newly printed green paper dollars into the banking system to combat a crisis they have to pretend doesn’t exist! Naturally, this deception is in the interests of the big capitalists and the Federal Reserve System and, if in a somewhat different way, Donald Trump.
But the developing crisis does exist. After 10 years of the rising phase of the industrial cycle, the production of commodities — measured in terms of the amount of gold their price tags represent — has increased faster than the actual amount of new gold bullion that has been produced by the miners and refiners over the same period. (5)
Eventually, such a situation — and experience indicates that this occurs about every 10 years — leads to what Marx and Engels called a general crisis of the relative overproduction of commodities. One of the Fed’s “duties” as a crisis approaches is to pull the wool over the eyes of the public and pretend that symptoms of the approaching crisis — today the slowdown in growth and the repo crisis — are merely technical problems being “contained” by the Federal Reserve System.
Back in 2007 when the initial freeze-up occurred in global credit markets, the Fed claimed that it was a local crisis in the sub-prime mortgage market and it had been contained. Later on, of course, Ben Bernanke claimed that he and his fellow members of the Fed leadership were taken completely by surprise when the crisis erupted in full force the following year. Today, too, it is being “explained” that the repo crisis is contained and is not spreading thanks to the Fed’s timely action.
The exact timing of the approaching recession is also uncertain, though the repo crisis indicates that it is not far off. Still, the timing will depend partially on the policies that the Federal Reserve System follows over the coming weeks and months. If the Fed floods the banking system with freshly printed dollar reserves, the chances increase that the crisis will develop more slowly than if they “hang tough” — as Bernanke did in 2007-08, when he failed to accelerate the growth of the monetary base and create additional bank reserves until September 2008. The Fed retains some maneuver room as long as there is not a full-scale “run on gold” in the open markets — like there was in 1979-80 during the “Volcker shock” — or a massive liquidity panic threatening to turn into a general run on the banks like in 2008.
As long as these conditions hold — no run on gold and no general liquidity panic threatening to turn into a mega-bank run like in 2008 — the Fed retains some room to maneuver, though it cannot prevent a recession once conditions for a recession have fully matured. However — again absent a gold run or threatened bank run — it can still influence the timing of the recession. (6) Perhaps it will become clear within a couple of months that we are in a recession — recent economic statistics are trending in that direction, though not yet decisively — or perhaps the recession won’t hit with full force until after the November 2020 election. Trump, of course, is hoping against hope that that will be the case.
As the recession or more serious crisis develops, the Fed will be able to once again raise the size of the total U.S. dollar-denominated monetary base without an immediate new massive devaluation of the U.S. dollar. As in all crises, the dollar’s role as a means of payment will once again grow at the expense of its role as a means of circulation. The extent to which this occurs will depend ultimately on the intensity of the crisis. Will it be a normal recession or something worse? But — and this is a far bigger problem for the Fed than its need to pull the wool over the eyes of the general public — it must not increase the quantity of Federal Reserve-created dollars too fast and too soon.
If it does, a new run on gold, already threatening to develop, will erupt, which could bring the entire U.S. dollar system down and with it the U.S. world empire. On the other hand, if the Federal Reserve waits too long for the signs of recession to become unmistakable in the form of sharply falling industrial production, declining overall GDP (not merely a reduction in the rate of GDP growth), falling global trade, and above all falling employment, then the Fed will be able to create extra dollars, interest rates will fall while the dollar price of gold falls from the present level of around $1,500 toward $1,000 an ounce or maybe a little lower. (In the current unstable atmosphere, the dollar price of gold has been varying sharply day-to-day, so it may already be quite different by the time you read this.) Indeed, it is likely — and indeed a virtual certainty — especially in the event of a severe recession that the dollar price of gold will fall below $1,000 an ounce for the first time since 2008.
In that case, the dollar system will be saved for a while but at the price of massive squandering of the productive forces, above all the most important productive force the living labor power of tens of millions of workers around the world. The worst result from the viewpoint of the class the Federal Reserve System serves would be a massive dollar crisis ending with the collapse of the dollar system and the U.S. world empire.
The best result that the Powell-led Federal Reserve can hope to achieve at this point is to avoid a disastrous dollar crisis at the price of a downturn the media will call “mild” that is a more or less normal recession over the next few years. This, to paraphrase Volume III of “Capital,” is one of the “beauties” of the capitalist system in general and the U.S. world empire in particular.
Recession and trade war
The Party of Order [link to posts that explain this] blames the slowdown on Trump’s tariffs, while Donald Trump blames the Federal Reserve System for following a “too tight” monetary policy. Neither the Party of Order or Trump is pointing to the real cause of the looming recession, the general relative overproduction of commodities. By failing to point out the real cause of the approaching economic crisis, the entire capitalist media — both pro- and anti-Trump — are as they always do on such occasions pulling the wool over our eyes to defend the capitalist system that both Trump and the Party of Order defend in their different ways.
Trump, however, cannot fail to notice that each time he moves to escalate the trade war, the stock market sells off. But when there is any hint that the trade war might ease, the market rallies. And like the rich and their media, both pro- and anti-Trump Trump, see the stock market as the “real story” while the actual economy is a sideshow, important only as it affects the stock market. In September 2019, as the election drew ever nearer, the Trump administration moved to de-escalate the trade war. Trump announced that he was postponing some tariffs that were due to kick in on Oct. 1, which happens to be the 70th anniversary of the proclamation of the People’s Republic of China, to Oct. 15.
China for its part has apparently cleared some purchases of U.S. farm commodities, and the two nations are scheduled to resume negotiations in October (2019). Similar moves since the trade talks broke down, however, were followed by further escalation of the trade war. And the economic contradiction between a rapidly industrializing China and the decaying capitalist economies of the United States and its Western European and Japanese satellites is very real. At present, the world market isn’t large enough to support a fully industrialized China, United States, Europe and Japan. Whatever temporary agreements are reached — or not reached — the laws that govern the capitalist system will keep China and the U.S. — and even the U.S. and its European and Japanese satellites and any other country that seeks to industrialize on a capitalist basis — on a collision course.
A new global equilibrium among the leading trading countries, though theoretically possible, is nowhere in sight. In the past when major disequilibrium developed, only world wars could establish a new equilibrium. The last time that happened was World War II.
Past trade wars, gold production, and cyclical economic crises
Trade wars only complicate and intensify economic crises. The classical example is the super-crisis of 1929-33. The roots of the super-crisis can be traced back to the mid-1890s. Two big events at that time sharply lowered the value of money — gold bullion — not only absolutely but also relative to the value of commodities that gold in terms of its use value measures. One factor that lowered the value of gold was the [newly invented] cyanide process, which uses the poisonous and extremely environmentally harmful chemical compound cyanide to extract gold from gold-bearing ores that contain only tiny amounts of the metal.
The second factor was the geographical discoveries of rich gold-bearing land in Alaska and Canada leading to the gold rush of the 1890s. Marx describes the earlier discovery of gold in California in 1848 and Australia in 1851 as a “second 16th century.” In the 16th century, the “discovery” of the “New World” by Europeans with its rich gold and silver deposits led to the birth of the world market and the rise of the capitalist mode of production. In the mid-19th century, capital discovered rich gold deposits in California and Australia, which greatly extended capitalist production while ending the youthful hopes of Marx and Engels that an early socialist revolution [was possible]. The process was repeated in the late 19th century with yet another “16th century” sending the value of gold downward.
What happens when the value of gold both relatively and absolutely falls sharply over a short period like it did in the mid-1890s? First, the golden prices of production (prices measured in ounces of gold) will rise sharply because these prices, like all “real” prices, must be expressed in terms of the use value of the money commodity. Starting in the 1890s, a given weight of gold measured in some unit of weight represented less abstract human labor measured in some unit of time than it did in the early 1890s and earlier. However, a rise in the golden prices of production does not mean that the market prices of commodities rise instantly. A process occurs that causes market prices to rise toward the new higher prices of production. What is this process and how does it work?
First, those who “struck it rich” suddenly had a lot of money to spend on commodities. Under the monetary system that prevailed at that time, newly mined bullion could be presented to the U.S. mint and minted into new legal-tender dollars in the form of gold coins. These coins inevitably found their way into the banking system, swelling the reserves of the commercial banks. The U.S. had no central bank at the time, so each commercial bank maintained its own reserves of gold bullion and coins. In countries that had central banks, such as Great Britain, Germany, France, and Russia, for example, the central bank bought the newly mined and refined gold bullion at fixed currency prices.
The central bank paid for the gold by issuing banknotes in exchange for the gold or writing checks that would be deposited in a commercial bank, expanding the reserves of the commercial bank system. This led to a global rise in bank reserves and the creation of additional bank-created credit money through increased bank loans. All this caused a sudden expansion in the size of the world market. The Long Depression of the late 19th century was over and a new era of capitalist prosperity had begun.
As demand increased, the supply of commodities at existing prices was less than the demand. As a result, competition among the industrial capitalists declined and market prices rose sharply towards the new higher prices of production. As the cost of living rose, workers found that their existing wages had been devalued. This became apparent as the cost of living began to rise at about 3 percent a year, a high rate of inflation in a situation where the currency prices of gold are fixed but the value of real money — gold bullion — is not. This led to a devaluation of money wages.
However, the devaluation of money wages coincided with a situation where the growth in the demand for labor power was strong. This is the ideal situation for trade union organization. With the demand for labor power rising, competition among the capitalists for labor power increased while the competition among the workers for jobs declined. Both the need for and the possibilities of trade union organization were increasing.
The unusually favorable conditions for union organization were also the ideal conditions for the growth of the socialist parties of the Second International. But there was a downside to this process. A temporary very favorable situation for the workers’ movement was increasingly taken as the “new normal.” The “revisionist” tendencies within the Second International gained influence within the Socialist Parties. The revisionists claimed the growth in the credit system and the increased “organization” of capitalism meant that capitalism was not only becoming more prosperous but more stable. They claimed the crises of overproduction that had swept capitalism in the 19th century were unlikely to recur. The outlook, the revisionists claimed, was not for a political and social revolution but rather for a social evolution where the power of the workers’ movement — the Social Democratic Parties, the trade unions, and the workers’ cooperatives — would [gradually] grow stronger and the living standards and working conditions of the working class would improve year by year as far the eye could see. (7)
But by the beginning of the second decade of the 20th century, conditions were already reversing. The new goldfields were being rapidly depleted and there was no follow-up technical breakthrough on the scale of the cyanide process in the refining of mined gold. The relative value of commodities stopped rising against gold, and the profits of the gold industry leveled off and then fell. And so did the rate of growth in global gold production.
The relationship between market prices and prices of production were now reversed. Market prices exceeded the prices of production of commodities. A period of major depression loomed during which the supply of commodities exceeded the demand for commodities at existing prices. Now market prices would have to be adjusted downward toward the new lower prices of production. This could only occur through increased competition between not only the individual industrial capitalists and between the workers as sellers as labor power but also between the capitalist nation-states. The extraordinarily favorable conditions under which the workers’ movement centered on the Second International grew were over as soon was the International itself.
But the 17 years of exceptional economic growth between 1896 and 1913 had transformed the relationship between the major capitalist powers of Great Britain, the United States, Germany, France, as well as newly industrializing Japan and the Russian Empire. The most important change was the emergence of the United States as the leading industrial power, replacing Britain. Germany was also hard on Britain’s tail. What turned out to a rather brief era of sharply accelerated capitalist growth as capitalist production responded to a temporary relative devaluation of money had greatly increased the uneven development of capitalism.
With Britain sinking from first place as an industrial power to second or even third place, the leading role that it had enjoyed holding the post-1815 “world order” together was no longer possible. However, as long as the world market was in the throes of a sudden expansion, the various capitalist “powers” could reach agreements to divide up a growing pie, much like the increasingly powerful trade unions could come to agreements with capitalists who were experiencing an unusual surge in profits. But as soon as the growth of the world market began to slow, relationships among the “Great Powers” — Britain, the United States, Germany, France, Japan and Russia — rapidly deteriorated. Japan and Russia already had fought a war in 1904-05, where Japan defeated the Czar’s once-mighty empire, leading to the Russian Revolution of 1905.
Then, in 1914, the competition among the rival European nation-states exploded into World War I. The United States did not directly enter the war until 1917 but emerged strengthened as against a declining Great Britain and was France’s financier in the war against dynamic Germany and its central power allies. However the U.S. lent to Europe not to develop its productive forces like Britain had previously done with the United States, or later the United States did with post-World War II Europe and then with China. Rather, it financed the transformation of Europe’s productive forces into means of destruction. As a result, the U.S. was the only real victor in the war.
Therefore, instead of depression that would adjust market prices downward towards the now lower prices of production, the 1910s saw a highly destructive war economy that dramatically increased the golden prices of production. During the period of the war economy, expanded capitalist reproduction gave way to contracted reproduction, especially in Europe. Wartime shortages caused prices in terms of gold — not just in terms of depreciated currencies, though that happened too — to rise. Not even gold can buy what is not produced.
In the early 1920s with the war now over, normal production was more or less quickly restored. The surprising speed at which Europe’s productive forces recovered is a testament to the power that these productive forces had already reached a earlier. As this happened, inflated market prices plunged back towards the prices of production. Among the victors, above all the United States, this deflation of prices occurred in the form of the deflation of 1920-21. In the defeated countries, above all Germany, the lowering of inflated golden market prices down toward the golden prices of production was accomplished through massive currency devaluations that triggered currency devaluation inflations.
The 1920-21 recession — which did not occur in the countries experiencing mass currency devaluations such as Germany — was unusual because it was not caused by the overproduction of commodities but rather the extreme inflation of golden commodity prices relative to golden prices of production brought about by wartime shortages. The recession was quickly overcome. But there was a problem that virtually no one at the time and few people even today was/are aware of.
The problem was that before golden market prices could fall back to the prices of production, inventories had run out. The price declines halted with market prices still above the prices production. This set a time bomb under the world capitalist economy. We know that world market prices were still above the golden prices of production because though gold production recovered from the lows of 1920-21 it remained below the levels that prevailed before the war until the super-crisis of the early 1930s. Only the super-crisis, by lowering market prices below the prices of production, created the conditions for a new rise in gold production and in time a new “sudden expansion” of the world market. But the new period of capitalist prosperity could not unfold until the relationship between the U.S. and Germany and the lesser imperialist powers was settled on the battlefields.
Depressed prosperity of the 1920s fuels trade wars
In the United States during the 1920s, the agricultural sector was in depression as soon as the European soldiers returned from the trenches and normal agricultural production was restored in Europe. In the U.S., as agricultural prices fell many country banks failed. Key branches of industry in the U.S. were also bogged down in stagnation, especially the textile and coal industries. The introduction of mass-produced automobiles and appliances made possible by technological revolutions such as the widespread adoption of the internal combustion engine, electricity, and radio masked the fact that the boom of the 1920s, even in the U.S., was far more modest compared the booms of 1896 to 1913 and indeed earlier booms.
Just as was the case with the sluggish boom that followed the 2007-08 Great Recession, these conditions led to a global growth of protectionism, economic and political nationalism, and racism in all its various forms. Then in 1929-30, the global recession that was the first stage of the super-crisis dramatically further increased protectionist pressures. Hoover signed the Smoot-Hawley tariff law hoping that by further increasing the already large share of the world market held by U.S. capitalists the U.S. recession would quickly end and ensure his reelection in 1932. But as everybody today knows, it did not quite turn out that way
Instead, Smoot-Hawley made clear that Germany would not be able to pay off the huge debts that it owed U.S. banks through the growth of exports to the United States. This contributed to the banking crisis that began in earnest in the second quarter of 1931 just as the recovery from the 1929-30 recession that Hoover had been hoping for seemed to be getting underway. The banking crisis spread to Germany, Austria and Poland and forced Britain to devalue the pound. What had first seemed to be a “normal” recession turned into the super-crisis not only in the U.S. but with far graver consequences in Germany as well.
Could something similar, though the details would be quite different, happen today? The leaders of the Party of Order fear that it might.
As Trump imposes more and more tariffs on Chinese, German and other foreign-produced commodities — and other commodities — entering the United States, U.S. merchants have to either eat these tariffs or raise prices. To the extent that they raise prices, their sales fall. As their sales fall, it becomes harder for them to repay their bank loans that are “backed” by their unsold inventories. The more their sales slow down the greater the number of bank loans that become “non-performing,” eating into bank capital. The greater, therefore, is a new near-term bank crisis and the greater the chance of the approaching recession being transformed into a new “Great Recession” or worse.
Therefore, if Trump wants to postpone the onset of full-scale recession until after the 2020 election, he would be well advised to come to at least a temporary compromise with the Chinese in the trade talks scheduled for October (2019). A lowering or removal of the current tariffs and a postponement of additional tariffs would increase consumer purchasing power — or at least would not reduce it — ahead of approaching 2019 Christmas holiday season and thereby increase the chances that the U.S. and world economy will avoid a full-scale recession until sometime after the 2020 elections.
Therefore, the Trump tariffs — designed just as the Smoot-Hawley tariffs were in its day to ease the effect of a developing global recession on U.S. capitalists by increasing the share of capitalist production carried out in the U.S. at the expense of capitalist production carried out elsewhere — could backfire. Protectionism not only undermines the efficiency of global capitalist production by reducing the international division of labor and encouraging duplication of production in the long run. In the short run, it increases the chances of a global credit, banking, economic, and employment collapse.
To be continued.
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1 Though the U.S. Constitution doesn’t require it, both the Democrats and Republicans agree that impeachment of the president and other federal officeholders such as federal judges should not occur unless there is actual evidence of lawbreaking. The law that Trump appears to have broken is a law that makes it illegal to accept aid — whether in money or kind — of (monetary) value from a foreign government. In today’s world, the law is actually a reactionary one that limits democratic rights within the U.S. For example, if a revolutionary workers’ international existed and held state power, such as was the case a century ago following the Russian Revolution, federal prosecutors would likely charge the candidates of a workers’ party running a presidential candidate in a U.S. election with accepting aid from a foreign government.
As is well known, the U.S. government, both Democrats and Republicans, regularly give aid to pro-U. S. imperialist parties and politicians. So while it is illegal for a foreign government to help U.S. politicians, the U.S. government gives itself the right to intervene in the elections of virtually every country in the world!
Trump has given the Democratic Party many reasons to impeach him. For example, he could be impeached for his sexual assaults on women, to name just one example. But instead of doing that, the Democrats are moving to impeach Trump by invoking a law that significantly restricts the democratic rights of the American people. Therefore, if Trump is impeached, and even more so if he were to be removed from office by the U.S. Senate, or like Nixon be forced to resign in the face of certain impeachment and conviction in the Senate, the reactionary law that prohibits accepting the aid of a foreign government will be strengthened. (back)
2 Most large banks today are universal banks engaged in investment banking, stock brokerage, insurance as well as commercial banking. However, it is the commercial side of their operations that we are concerned with here. (back)
3 The balance sheet is a financial statement where a corporation’s assets are listed and added up and balanced against a corporation liabilities, also listed and added up. The difference between the assets and liabilities is the stockholders’ capital. If this number is negative — the liabilities exceed the assets — the corporation is in a state of insolvency. Standard bank regulatory doctrine holds that an insolvent bank should be promptly shut down and liquidated. (back)
4 This why “neo-liberalism” applied to the post-Volcker shock economy is, in my opinion, a poor term. The capitalist class is indeed trying to return to the 18th century as far as concessions that it has been forced to make to the working class over the last several centuries of class struggle and capitalist development. And in a parallel development, the dominant imperialist part of the global capitalist ruling class is seeking to withdraw concessions it made to the oppressed countries during the Cold War.
In that sense, but only in that sense, is the capitalist class trying to return to the days of Adam Smith and David Ricardo. But there is no road back to the small-scale capitalist enterprise of classical liberalism. Above all, no road leads from today’s mega-banks, which have grown up based on the concentration and centralization of capital in the industrial and trading companies, back to small-scale banking. (back)
5 The crisis of 2008 and its associated Great Recession of 2007-09, though it left dollar prices largely unchanged, caused a significant drop in golden prices. This was achieved through a rise in the dollar price of gold from well below $1,000 beforehand to above $1,000 after the crisis. As we have explained elsewhere in this blog, this reversed the fall in gold production caused by the depletion of the South African goldfields that began around the turn of the 21st century. Mining of gold from land that had been considered too poor to commercially mine before the 2008 crisis more than offset the declining gold bullion production in South Africa, causing world gold production to once again rise to record levels.
If gold production had not risen, the Fed would have had to end its quantitative easing program much earlier than it did under pain of the collapse of the dollar system. In that case, we would have had a new recession well before now. If a repeat of 2008 or worse in the current cycle is avoided, it will largely be because of the rise in gold production made possible by the crisis in 2008. (back)
6 The Polish economist Michael Kalecki, who has greatly influenced the “Monthly Review school,” predicted that the economic “business cycle” would give way to a political “business cycle.” Kalecki assumed that fiscal and monetary policies developed during the 1930s under the influence of John Maynard Keynes and to a lesser extent his own writings, gave capitalist governments the tools to control the state of business much like you can control the level of water in a bathtub. Capitalist governments, therefore, would see to it that business was booming before scheduled elections. Between elections, capitalist governments would arrange recessions in order to weaken the position of workers in their struggles with the capitalists.
For the most part, Kalecki’s predictions of a “political business” cycle have not come true. If Kalecki’s analysis had been correct, the largely Republican Bernanke Fed and the Republican Bush administration would not have arranged a “Great Recession” to hit with full force just weeks before the presidential and congressional election of November 2008.
Further back, the Volcker shock, which began in 1979 and extended through the election year of 1980, destroyed the chances of reelection of Democratic Jimmy Carter. Again, if Kalecki had been correct, the Democratic Volcker would have waited until after November 1980 before launching his “shock.”
In 1959-60, much to the anger of Vice President Richard Nixon, Fed “tightening” to combat an outflow of gold led to an election year recession that probably played a decisive role in Nixon losing to Democratic Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts.
However, Nixon did pressure Federal Reserve Board Chair Arthur Burns to follow a very easy monetary policy in 1971-72 and moved to suppress the symptoms of inflation through the 1971-73 wage and price controls. These polices led to an election-year boom in 1972, which contributed to Nixon’s landslide victory over Democrat George McGovern that year. Burns, bowing to Nixon’s demands that he follow an “easy monetary policy,” has in retrospect been widely condemned by capitalist historians.
So in this case, a “political business cycle” played a role. It seems that Trump is attempting to bring about a repeat performance in 2020 through his constant attacks on his handpicked Federal Reserve chairman, Jay Powell, for raising interest rates and now not lowering them fast enough, as well as until very recently following “quantitative tightening” polices. While the U.S. and world economy did boom in 1972, helping Nixon win a landslide victory, inflation dramatically accelerated and the dollar price of gold soared in 1973, forcing the Fed to tighten, leading to the “Great Recession” of 1973-75. Attempts to manipulate the timing of the “business cycle” for electoral advantage only adds to the underlying instability of the capitalist economy. (back)
7 The boom of 1896 to 1913 is only one of the factors that led to the decline of the Second International and its decisive collapse on Aug. 4, 1914. Another factor was the growth of imperialist super-profits, making it possible to bribe the upper layers of the working class. An additional factor was that in Asia, where most of the potential industrial workers — producers of surplus value — were still capitalistically underdeveloped, a considerable further growth of imperialist super-profits became possible, which could be and were used to bribe the upper strata of the workers through various mechanisms in the imperialist countries. (back)
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diTii.com - All About Techology : features Latest News and Informtion About Technology
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The "Canada Get Your Businesses Online" (GYBO.ca) program is launched for SMBs in Canada.Google says, "GYBO.ca is a joint effort by Google, RBC, The Globe and Mail, Rogers, CIRA, Canadian Chamber of Commerce, Silver Lining Limited, and Yola.com, to help SMBs create websites and understand the vast opportunities of online marketing. Over the next year, […]
The "Canada Get Your Businesses Online" (GYBO.ca) program is launched for SMBs in Canada.
Google says, "GYBO.ca is a joint effort by Google, RBC, The Globe and Mail, Rogers, CIRA, Canadian Chamber of Commerce, Silver Lining Limited, and Yola.com, to help SMBs create websites and understand the vast opportunities of online marketing. Over the next year, we hope to help 100,000 Canadian businesses build websites and reach customers online."
"Small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) are the heart and soul of the Canadian economy. There're over 2 million SMBs in Canada; And even though more than 80% of the Canadian population is online, we estimate that only 1.2 million of these businesses have websites. What's more, our research shows that of the small businesses that're not yet online, 70% would consider establishing and developing a website if it was easy to do and free of charge."
"If you're a Canadian small-business owner, you've got some good news coming your way. Starting today, you are eligible -- and encouraged! -- to take your first step toward enhancing your online presence."
To help Canadian businesses get online, the GYBO.ca team will provide the following resources:
Free and easy website hosting
Free web address
Free online marketing advice and tools
To read more about the GYBO.ca program and about how you can take advantage of these tools, please visit our website.
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Deepak Gupta is a IT & Web Consultant. He is the founder and CEO of diTii.com & DIT Technologies, where he's engaged in providing Technology Consultancy, Design and Development of Desktop, Web and Mobile applications using various tools and softwares. Sign-up for the Email for daily updates. Google+ Profile.
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Category Archives: Articles
Improving customer experience is often a top business priority, but what about employee experience? By Denise Lee Yohn, HRB, December 08, 2016 Temkin Group reports a correlation between employee enga...
Now that we’re nearly halfway through the year, it’s a great time to take a step back and evaluate some of the top 2017 HR innovations and trends. Our industry is changing rapidly, and it can be a ch...
Talent acquisition has been defined as “a strategic approach to identifying, attracting and onboarding top talent to efficiently and effectively meet dynamic business needs.” Very fancy, for me, sim...
One of the most effective ways to source for talent online is using what is called Boolean search. Boolean allows you to combine words and phrases using the words AND, OR, NOT (known as Boolean opera...
Prior to the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) Talent Management conference, I was able to attend the TAtech Spring Congress. The TAtech event was super interesting and I can’t wait to sha...
The ability to manage your emotions and remain calm under pressure has a direct link to your performance. TalentSmart has conducted research with more than a million people, and we’ve found that 90% ...
There are plenty of buzz words surrounding projects and development teams. Leaders will toss around phrases like “on task,” “ever adapting” and “customer first” often, no matter how the team is being...
This week we return to the popular topic of improving the Candidate Experience. There is a lot of talk at the moment about the importance of treating candidate’s as customers but what happens when yo...
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The invention proceeds from an optical plug-in connector, having a first plug part and a second plug part which can be latched to said first plug part, wherein the optical plug-in connector has, along a plug axis, a plug-in region in a front region and a connection region in a rear region.
Optical plug-in connectors of this kind are required in order to establish a releasable connection between two optical conductors or cables and to release said connection again. Coupling of two optical conductors is very complicated since the connection has to be free of contaminants and is therefore highly susceptible to faults.
The light exit and light entry areas of the optical conductors have to be extremely clean and free of contaminants in order for contact to be made. In the plug-connected state, it is also necessary to ensure that, as far as possible, no contaminants, moisture or dust come into contact with the contact points. Any kind of foreign body on the coupling point between the conductors has an adverse effect on the transmission accuracy of the plug-in connector.
In order to reduce the influence of foreign bodies on the transmission point, so-called beam widening is often used in optical plug-in connectors. In this case, the optical beam which exits from the optical conductor is widened by means of a lens. The diameter of the light beam is increased in size and oriented in parallel by the lens. Contaminants made up of small particles are smaller in relation to the light beam with its relatively large cross section obtained in this way. The widened light beam is therefore less sensitive to contaminants, soiling and moisture than the light beam in its original size. Therefore, optically widened light beams are advantageously used in the field of optical plug-in connectors.
One problem with plug-in connectors of this kind is created by the production method. A high degree of accuracy is required for producing optical plug-in connectors which are intended to widen an optical beam, transmit said optical beam and focus said optical beam again. Many traditional production methods, such as injection-molding methods for example, are highly inaccurate for this purpose.
The primary reason for this is that, in the injection-molding method, different areas of the article produced are provided in different moldings. When these different moldings are assembled, relatively large tolerances occur, these tolerances being transferred to the manufactured article.
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Q:
C++ while loop with 2 conditions, VS. for loop with 2 conditions?
If I wanted to iterate through a string, and stop once I found either the letter "o" or the end of the string, would it make any difference to use a while loop to check the 2 conditions, or a for loop with 2 conditions?
const int STRING_SIZE = 16;
char str[STRING_SIZE] = "a bunch of words";
for loop
for (int i = 0; i < STRING_SIZE && str[i] != 'o'; i++){
//do something
}
while loop
int i = 0;
while (i < STRING_SIZE && str[i] != 'o'){
//do something
i++
}
Is there a performance difference between the two? Is one better practice than the other?
A:
There is no difference in performance between the two loops except that:
for() Checks condition then if true its body is executed. So for is simile to while loop.
do-while loop works a slightly different: It executes then checks so at least an execution is ensured.
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Two new species of Ergasilus Nordmann, 1832 (Copepoda: Ergasilidae) and a redescription of Ergasilus salmini Thatcher & Brazil-Sato, 2008 from Salminus brasiliensis Cuvier and S. franciscanus Lima & Britsky (Teleostei: Characidae) in Brazil.
Three species of Ergasilus Nordmann, 1832 are reported from the gills of Salminus spp. in Brazil. Ergasilus salmini Thatcher & Brazil-Sato, 2008 from Salminus brasiliensis Cuvier is redescribed, based on examination of paratypes. The study revealed morphological differences from the original description, especially in the morphology of the cephalothorax and the ornamentation of antenna, antennule and legs. Ergasilus lacusauratus n. sp. described from S. brasiliensis in lake Lagoa Dourada (Paraná) differs from the only known species from this host group, E. salmini, in the shape and size of the cephalothorax and the general morphology of the egg-sacs. Ergasilus sinefalcatus n. sp. from S. franciscanus Lima & Britsky in River São Francisco (Minas Gerais) closely resembles E. pitalicus, E. coatiarus and E. leporinidis in the lack of a pectinate seta on the first exopodal segment, a feature common in species of Ergasilus in the Neotropics. Ergasilus sinefalcatus n. sp. differs from these species in the presence of a spiniform process on the coxae of legs 2, 3 and 4, an ornament never reported from freshwater species of Ergasilus in South America.
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SEE: 7 disgusting things found inside ears
92-year-old Catherine McCann from Chicago had 57 maggots removed from her ear. She suffered from Alzheimer’s disease and the maggots got into her while in the care of a nursing home. Doctors thought a fly crawled into the ear and laid eggs, which hatched the maggots. Apparently the maggots have been in her ear for two to three days before she was brought to hospital.
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In order to add/purchase more licenses, Please follow these steps. 1. Login to cloud console here. 2. Go to “My Account” user icon on the top right corner. See below image illustration. 3. Select menu “Purchase” option on left. Please see below. My Account Screen Subscriptions Purchase screen You can see […]
In order to remove a device, Please follow these steps. 1. Login to cloud console here. 2. Go to Mobile Policy Manager from top menu option. 3. In the left side panel, expand device tree. 4. Select the device you want to remove. 5. Using mouse, Right click on a device node and from the […]
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Learning at Alstom
Learning is a cornerstone of Alstom’s people care strategy. People are at the heart of our business, that’s why developing their potential and competencies through learning experiences and career opportunities is a key factor of our global success.
We believe that there is a positive and significant relationship between motivation and performance, and that having opportunities to learn is part of this motivation. Developing all our employees is part of our “People Management cycle” which guides our managers in empowering their teams. For each employee a training plan is designed annually with his/her manager and HR and put into action throughout the year.
What Alstom offers to contribute to these development plans are:
high quality learning and development programs
various ways of learning approaches
support to employees empowerment and autonomy in their development through specific actions like mentoring or coaching
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[ No headline ]
February 28, 1990
`A way of life that is odd or even erratic but interferes with no rights or interests of others is not to be condemned because it is different.' - former US Chief Justice Warren Burger in Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) `Free exercise carries a lot of constitutional weight. There must be real reasons to limit it.' - Brookings Institution scholar James Reichley
`Free exercise of religion is intimately connected with all rights of conscience.' - Lutheran pastor Richard John Neuhaus
`In some courts, free exercise is in the back of the bus.... Religion should not be the afterthought. Freedom of religion is not a form of expression. It is free standing.' - Lawyer and First Amendment expert William Ball
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There are numerous steps in the development of any novel, desirable soybean variety. Plant breeding begins with the analysis and definition of problems and weaknesses of the current germplasm, the establishment of program goals, and the definition of specific breeding objectives. The next step is selection of germplasm that possess the traits to meet the program goals. The breeder's goal is to combine in a single variety an improved combination of desirable traits. These traits may include higher seed yield, resistance to diseases and insects, reducing the time to crop maturity, tolerance to drought and/or heat, altered fatty acid profiles, abiotic stress tolerance, improvements in compositional traits, and better agronomic characteristics.
These product development processes, which lead to the final step of marketing and distribution, can take from six to twelve years from the time the first cross is made until the finished seed is delivered to the farmer for planting. Therefore, development of new varieties is a time-consuming process that requires precise planning, efficient use of resources, and a minimum of changes in direction.
A continuing goal of soybean breeders is to develop stable, high yielding soybean varieties that are agronomically sound with maximal yield over one or more different conditions and environments.
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If you want real addvice goto MrCanadianredneck on you tube this is not real!!!!!! I hunt in 3 feet of grass and i train with real dead birds!!!!!!! I’ll fix your dog and i charge next to nothing!!!!!!!!!
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'Pali' zagrebački dileri: Našli su im 108 kg marihuane i kokain
Drogu su sakrivali i prepakiravali u unajmljenom stanu u Novom Zagrebu. Drogu su također skrivali u unajmljenoj garaži na Trešnjevci. Među uhićenima i jedna žena
<p>Zagrebački policajci dovršili su kriminalističko istraživanje nad dvojicom muškaraca (38 i 33) te jednom ženom (33) zbog neovlaštene proizvodnje i prometa drogama.</p><p>Provedenim kriminalističkim istraživanjem utvrđeno je da su osumnjičeni nabavljali veće količine marihuane i kokaina, a koju su potom sakrivali i prepakiravali u unajmljenom stanu u Novom Zagrebu. Drogu su također skrivali u unajmljenoj garaži na Trešnjevci. Tako pripremljenu drogu preprodavali su na ilegalnom tržištu.</p><p>Policija je u stanu i garaži ukupno pronašla 108,73 kilograma marihuane i 528 grama kokaina, kao i opremu za vaganje i pakiranje.</p><p>Uhićeni trojac predan je pritvorskom nadzorniku, a posebno izvješće dostavljeno je Općinskom državnom odvjetništvu.</p>
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If the amendments do pass, they will be put to a referendum ahead of the regional elections on June 13.
The draft requires amending the Constitution and will be submitted to the National Assembly. Once it is tabled, it must be put to vote before May 20. Although chances of it passing are low, it will put pressure on lawmakers to find ways of cleaning out the Augean stable of Korean politics in later drafts.
But the draft fails to respond to widespread calls to curb presidents' near-regal powers and buffer them with more parliamentary checks and balances. The draft aims to remove some of the moral hazard that has spurred every previous president to amass as much illicit money as possible in the short span allotted them.
President Moon Jae-in approved the preliminary draft of a plan on Tuesday to shorten the terms of Korean presidents and make them re-electable for another term.
Moon said he is tabling the bill now because the National Assembly "was given more than a year to discuss the plan, but there has been no progress, so we can't to delay it any longer."
Enthusiasm for constitutional change was at its peak among lawmakers amid the massive corruption scandal that brought down ex-President Park Geun-hye last year. But since then the National Assembly has descended into its usual squabbling over scraps.
The draft envisions reducing the current five-year, one-term presidential tenure to a four-year one with a possibility of re-election, but is soft on curbing the president's powers in favor of parliament.
Moon said the public does not support giving more power to lawmakers in order to keep the president in check. "The parliamentary or two-chamber government system does not fit the Korean political structure, at least at this stage," he claimed.
Park's old party, now renamed the Liberty Korea Party, was quick to call Moon out on the lack of checks and balances in the proposal. But Moon rejected its criticism. "The opposition party is criticizing the president's preparations for a constitutional amendment, which was a promise made to the public, and I believe this is not a responsible attitude for politicians to take," Moon said.
A key Cheong Wa Dae official said Moon "will table the bill on March 21 to give the National Assembly 60 days to review it." That means the vote will be held before May 20.
A constitutional amendment requires a two-thirds majority, which given the slim margin Moon's Minjoo Party has in the National Assembly is unlikely to materialize.
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Lipodystrophy: a case report of partial lipodystrophy of the face.
Lipodystrophy is a disorder of the subcutaneous adipose tissue. It can occur in two forms--partial and total. Gorlin and Goldman (1970) suggested that facial lipodystrophy can only occur bilaterally, and should it occur unilaterally, then it is hemifacial atrophy. A case is reported to illustrate that partial lipodystrophy can occur unilaterally.
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Sometimes — through no fault of your own — the pudge just won't budge. These surprising culprits may be to blame.
Your thyroid is out of whack
Your thyroid is out of whack
If the scale is creeping up, but your eating and exercise routine hasn't changed, it's a good idea to ask your doc for a TSH (or thyroid-stimulating hormone) test. Your thyroid hormones help regulate your metabolism, and in those with hypothyroidism, the body produces too little of them. Other symptoms include being tired all the time and hair loss. The good news is that you can work with your doctor to help get your thyroid — and metabolism — back on track, or begin taking a pill such as Synthroid.
You're feeling "blah"
You're feeling "blah"
Smile! Happiness may be a surprising weight-loss wonder. Worms given a boost of serotonin, a chemical linked to improved mood, cut their fat levels by up to 50 percent, finds a study in Cell Metabolism. "Serotonin signals the brain to speed up metabolism, which hinders fat storage in both worms and humans," says study author Kaveh Ashrafi, Ph.D., of the University California, San Francisco. Though there aren't any studies proving that serotonin alone can blast a significant amount of fat in humans, recent research indicates that stress triggers changes in metabolism that increases one's odds of obesity. A simple deep breath could do your body good.
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{
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Q:
assigning an R object to run a chain of command
I am learning to use bookdown to render a PDF and Word document simultaneously from the same Rmd file. Since I want to view the PDF output using Sumatra PDF reader, which cannot auto reload modified documents for documents shown in the ebook UI (refer to ReloadModified Documents in https://www.sumatrapdfreader.org/settings.html). I have created a single line to run everytime when I render the PDF file and view it in Sumatra PDF reader like below:
bookdown::render_book('index.Rmd',output_format = 'all',new_session = TRUE,preview=TRUE);
system('cmd.exe',input='taskkill /IM SumatraPDFPortable.exe');
system('cmd.exe',input='"C:/PortableApps/SumatraPDFPortable/SumatraPDFPortable.exe" "E:/output.pdf"')
I would like to know if it is possible to assign a R object (say: rendernow) to this line so that every time when I type "rendernow" and enter in R console, the above line will be executed.
Thanks!
A:
Just make it a function:
rendernow <- function() {
bookdown::render_book('index.Rmd',output_format = 'all',new_session = TRUE,preview=TRUE);
system('cmd.exe',input='taskkill /IM SumatraPDFPortable.exe');
system('cmd.exe',input='"C:/PortableApps/SumatraPDFPortable/SumatraPDFPortable.exe" "E:/output.pdf"')
}
Then you can invoke it via rendernow() (so you need the parenthesis)
Just for the fun of it, here's a solution where you do not need the parenthesis:
rendernow <- structure("", class = "rendernow")
print.rendernow <- function(x, ...) {
bookdown::render_book('index.Rmd',output_format = 'all',new_session = TRUE,preview=TRUE);
system('cmd.exe',input='taskkill /IM SumatraPDFPortable.exe');
system('cmd.exe',input='"C:/PortableApps/SumatraPDFPortable/SumatraPDFPortable.exe" "E:/output.pdf"')
}
Then you just type rendernow and your steps are invoked.
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Diego Maradona’s Argentina qualify for World Cup with late winner against Uruguay
Diego Maradona again enjoyed some jubilant celebrations after another late winner from his Argentina side. Mario Bolatti’s scruffy goal five minutes from time ensured Argentina qualified for next year’s World Cup.
Despite their uneasy qualifying campaign and the uncertain performance in beating Uruguay last night, Maradona decided to take his doubters to task. He said: “For those who didn’t believe in this national team, for those who treated me like garbage (I say) today we are in the World Cup with all the honours, beating a team like Uruguay.”
OTP can see this one ended in tears in South Africa if performances don’t improve.
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Chinese President Xi Jinping and US President Barack Obama shake hands as UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon looks on during a joint ratification of the Paris climate change agreement in Hangzhou, China. (Image: How Hwee Young/Pool Photo via AP)
In what’s being seen as a huge step forward in the effort to curb climate-warming emissions, the United States and China have ratified the Paris global climate agreement. Other countries are now expected to follow suit.
Earlier today, US President Barack Obama and Chinese President Xi Jinping submitted their written commitments to join the Paris agreement at a meeting in Hangzhou, China, that included UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. The joint ratification, which involved the world’s largest two economies, could inspire other countries, such as Canada, India, the UK, and Brazil, to do the same.
After two weeks of marathon negotiations, 195 countries approved an accord that would wean the…
Read more Read more
“The signal of the two large emitters taking this step together and taking it early, far earlier than people had anticipated a year ago, should give confidence to the global communities and to other countries that are working on their climate change plans, that they too can move quickly and will be part of a global effort,” said senior Obama adviser Brian Deese in a meeting with reporters. Both the US and China hope to see the pact put into force by the end of the year.
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The Paris agreement is a global pact to slash greenhouse gases and limit the rise in temperatures to well “below two” degrees Celsius. It was forged by nearly 200 countries last December, but has yet to go into effect. In order for it to become legally binding, 55 nations representing at least 55 percent of global emissions need to formally ratify the treaty.
Prior to today’s announcement, only 23 nations had ratified the agreement, collectively representing a meager 1.08 percent of all global emissions. With the US and China now officially joining in, this figure jumps up quite substantially; China represents about 20 percent of global emissions, while the US accounts for about 18 percent.
The joint pact is considered a big victory for President Obama who hopes to see the pact put into place before the US election in November. US Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton is a supporter of the accord, but her rival, Republican nominee Donald Trump has said he’d dump the Paris agreement if elected, saying climate change is an elaborate hoax.
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David Eastman found not guilty of murdering senior AFP officer nearly three decades ago
Updated
David Eastman, who spent nearly 20 years in jail over the killing of one of the country's top cops, has been found not guilty of the murder after a retrial.
Key points: The jury delivered a not guilty verdict after a six-month retrial
It retired to deliberate at 10:30am last Wednesday and delivered the not-guilty verdict at roughly the same time on Thursday
Taxpayers have forked out upwards of $30 million in the past decade for legal proceedings surrounding the trial
A jury found Mr Eastman, now 73, not guilty of murdering senior Australian Federal Police officer Colin Winchester nearly three decades ago.
The not guilty verdict in the packed ACT Supreme Court on Thursday marked the end of a six-month trial and just over a week of deliberating.
The tension among police, court staff, journalists and spectators who had spent many days listening to the evidence was palpable.
Mr Eastman looked stressed until the verdict was read.
His mouth appeared to quiver and there was an audible gasp from the public gallery.
The former public servant spent 19 years in jail after a first trial found him guilty of shooting Mr Winchester as he got out of his car near his Canberra home in 1989.
But a 2014 inquiry found flaws in the original forensic evidence had led to a miscarriage of justice, causing Mr Eastman to be tried a second time.
The ACT Government invested millions of dollars in proceedings against Mr Eastman, allocating dedicated funding in recent territory budgets.
Taxpayers forked out $6.5 million for this year's re-trial.
In the past decade, legal proceedings surrounding the trial cost upwards of $30 million.
The prosecutor's 2018 case argued there were "too many coincidences" for anyone else to have been the killer, that Mr Eastman had a motive because Mr Winchester refused to help him out of career-damaging assault charges, and that he had made threats against police.
It relied heavily on tapes of Mr Eastman talking to himself in his home — which the prosecution said included admissions.
The Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) also drew on evidence he had looked through the Canberra Times classifieds for a gun, as well as witness sightings of a car similar to Mr Eastman's in a street near the murder scene days before the shooting.
But the theory of a motive was rejected by the defence, which claimed the killing was a mafia hit related to Mr Winchester's investigation of drug crops near Canberra.
It also questioned the "admission" tapes, claiming they were of too poor quality to be used as evidence.
Police at the time said they found no link between the killing and Italian crime groups, while the prosecution stressed the unlikelihood a professional hit man would buy a gun from a Queanbeyan dealer.
During the trial — which consisted of 36,000 pages of evidence, more than 100 witnesses and dozens of statements — Mr Eastman was allowed to sit behind his lawyers.
But on Thursday he sat in the dock for the first time.
The jury went home early on Wednesday, saying they wanted time to contemplate the case overnight.
After returning the next morning, they unanimously found Mr Eastman not guilty of Mr Winchester's murder.
Winchester family has 'been to hell and back'
A statement released on behalf of the Winchester family read:
"We believe the verdict is wrong and we are extremely disappointed given the significant volume of compelling evidence.
"We acknowledge the DPP and the AFP for their professionalism and determination."
Outside the court on Thursday, a spokesman for the Winchester family added to these statements, saying 30 years was "a long time to carry not only grief, but two trials, a full commission of inquiry, and [an] appeal to the Federal Court, an appeal to the High Court".
"They have been to hell and back," former ACT victims of crime commissioner John Hinchey said.
"The justice system is a difficult system to participate in and experience. They would be gutted, I would imagine."
Police 'have full confidence' in investigators then and now
In a joint statement, the AFP and ACT Policing said their thoughts were with the Winchester family.
Chief Police Officer for the ACT, Assistant Commissioner Ray Johnson said he recognised the "dedication and significant efforts of all those officers who have investigated this matter over almost 30 years".
"The AFP continues to have full confidence in the capabilities and professionalism of our investigators both now and in those who initially brought this case before the court," he said.
"This matter has placed strain on the Winchester family over a long period and they will continue to receive our support. Similarly, former and current members involved in the case will be supported both professionally and personally."
Miscarriage of justice now corrected: Eastman's lawyer
Mr Eastman's lawyer Angus Webb also read out a statement, saying a miscarriage of justice had left Mr Eastman spending 19 years in custody.
Referring to today's verdict he said:
"Justice has been done."
Echoing this sentiment, a former public defender who previously acted for Mr Eastman, Terry O'Donnell, said that he had been watching the legal saga "with some horror," but was now relieved for Mr Eastman.
"The first trial was an absolute disgrace, it was a shambles, it was a miscarriage — the forensic evidence was almost certainly fabricated in some respects," he said.
Asked if he thought the investigation into who killed Mr Winchester should be reopened, Mr O'Donnell stressed that most people involved had died.
"It's so long ago, the witnesses I know are alive are subject to suppression and protection orders, and a lot of the people are dead, the investigating police from Armadale are dead, Mrs Winchester is dead," he said.
"There's too much water under the bridge to get to grips to it."
Key moments of the David Eastman case
January 10, 1989
Assistant Australian Federal Police Commissioner Colin Stanley Winchester is shot twice in the head as he gets out of his car. Police and media immediately call it an assassination and the ACT's biggest ever police investigation is launched.
"For a senior police officer to be assassinated in the haven of his own home, in the driveway, off duty, is a new element in Australian criminal annals." — Justice Minister Michael Tate
Sorry, this video has expired Video: Commander Lloyd Worthy speaks to the media the day after Colin Winchester was shot (ABC News)
May, 1989
An inquest into the death opens and runs for more than two years.
December, 1991
The coronial inquest returns an open finding, but does reopen 11 months later to consider new evidence.
December 23, 1992
The Coroner orders David Eastman's arrest. He is met at his flat by investigators and a media throng. He yells: "Completely innocent. Federal police frame-up" as he is led away in handcuffs.
Sorry, this video has expired Video: David Eastman is arrested by detectives in December 1992 (ABC News)
December 24, 1992
David Harold Eastman is charged in court with the murder of Colin Winchester.
May 2, 1995
The trial of David Eastman over the murder of Colin Winchester begins, but the jury is not empanelled until May 16.
June 29, 1995
David Eastman's bail is revoked in the middle of the trial after frequent clashes with the Justice Ken Carruthers, who accused him of disrupting the proceedings. One of Mr Eastman's lawyers, Winston Terracini, is repeatedly sacked and reinstated from June to October. Justice Carruthers orders Mr Eastman placed in a separate room with a two-way television on which he can control the volume if Mr Eastman tries to interrupt.
November 3, 1995
The jury finds David Eastman guilty of the murder of Colin Winchester.
November 10, 1995
David Eastman is sentenced to life in prison, he will spend time in the notorious Goulburn Jail, before moving to Canberra's Alexander Maconochie Centre after it opens in 2009.
June 25, 1997
David Eastman begins his long fight against the conviction, lodging his first appeal to the Federal Court. It is the first of many appeals, one of which makes it all the way to the High Court.
May 31, 2001
ACT Supreme Court Justice Jeffrey Miles orders a judicial inquiry into the case, setting off a raft of appeals from David Eastman and the Director of Public Prosecutions.
October 6, 2005
Chief Justice Jeffrey Miles finds David Eastman is fit to stand trial. Challenges to the finding are launched but all fail.
September 3, 2012
Federal Court Justice Shane Marshall orders an inquiry into the conviction of David Eastman for the murder of Colin Winchester.
May 31, 2014
Justice Brian Martin releases his report finding there was a substantial miscarriage of justice, and urging the conviction against David Eastman be quashed. He finds the forensic evidence on which he was convicted was deeply flawed. Justice Martin is also of the view that a retrial would not be feasible.
August 22, 2014
The ACT Supreme Court quashes David Eastman's conviction and he is released from jail after nearly 19 years behind bars. The ACT Supreme Court deviates from the inquiry's recommendations and orders a fresh trial.
Sorry, this video has expired Video: David Eastman freed from Canberra jail after murder conviction quashed (7pm TV News ACT)
April 14, 2016
Justice David Ashley throws out a stay application on the murder charge, but keeps his reasons secret. In fact most of the hearing is held in secret. David Eastman lodges an appeal which is heard by three Victorian Judges, it also fails. He then takes the issue to the High Court, but it is thrown out at first base.
December 1, 2016
Former Victorian Supreme Court Justice Murray Kellam is appointed to run the trial of David Eastman. After being scheduled to begin in July 2017, it is put off until June 2018. Justice Kellam will preside over frequent directions hearings in the lead-up to the trial.
June 4, 2018
A new jury is empanelled from 500 candidates. The jury pool is so large it is forced to convene at Albert Hall where David Eastman is arraigned.
June 5, 2018
Justice Murray Kellam lays down the law to 16 jurors, telling them it may be stressful, and ordering them to put their affairs in order before the trial start on June 18.
June 18, 2018
David Eastman faces trial for a second time over the murder of Colin Winchester. He is allowed to sit at a desk at the back of the court where he listens carefully. He has his own screen to view videos and images, and makes occasional notes to pass to his lawyer George Georgiou.
November 22, 2018
David Eastman is found not guilty of the murder after a six-month trial and more than a week of jury deliberations.
Topics: law-crime-and-justice, crime, murder-and-manslaughter, courts-and-trials, police, australia, act, canberra-2600
First posted
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Coupling of multiple opioid receptors to GTPase following selective receptor alkylation in brain membranes.
Opioid agonists of the mu, kappa and delta types stimulated low-Km guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) in membranes, from the brain of the rat by up to 34%, with potencies the rank order of which corresponded to the respective binding affinities to opioid receptor. In general, kappa ligands stimulated GTPase to a lesser degree than mu or delta opiates. The coupling of a given type of opioid receptor to GTPase was resolved by direct or protective alkylation of the other receptors. Treatment of the membranes with beta-funaltrexamine abolished the stimulation of GTPase by sufentanil and levorphanol (mu), but not by bremazocine (kappa) or DSLET (delta). On the other hand, prior incubation with Superfit, an alkylating agent with selectivity for the delta opioid receptor, specifically eliminated the effect of DSLET. Partial alkylation by increasing concentrations of Superfit gradually reduced the extent of stimulation of GTPase by DSLET. The successive treatment of membranes with Superfit and beta-funaltrexamine blocked the actions of DSLET, sufentanil and levorphanol, but had no effect on the stimulation of the GTPase by bremazocine. Selective coupling of an opioid receptor to GTPase was also obtained after incubation of membranes with beta-chlornaltrexamine in the presence of protective concentrations of mu, kappa or delta opioid ligands. Alkylation resolved the coupling of the non-selective opiate etorphine: the sum of stimulation of GTPase in the receptor-selective membranes equalled maximal stimulation of enzyme in untreated membranes. Naloxone blocked the stimulation of GTPase by mu, kappa or delta agonists, but ICI-174,864 specifically inhibited the effect of DSLET.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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BNS Bijoy
BNS Bijoy is a guided missile corvette of the Bangladesh Navy. She has served in the Bangladesh Navy since 2011.
Description
The ship carries four C-704 automated anti-ship missiles. Besides it has one AK-176 main gun and two Oerlikon 20 mm auto cannons. It has a flight deck which can accommodate helicopter up to Westland Sea King size.
History
The ship was laid down by Hall, Russell & Company of Aberdeen, Scotland on 25 June 1980 and launched on 3 June 1981. She was commissioned to the Royal Navy as on 12 March 1982. She served Royal Navy from 1982 to 2008. The ship was decommissioned in 2008. In April 2010, she was sold to the Bangladesh Navy.
Career
From 21 May 2014, the ship underwent a major refit, installing upgrades to suite the Bangladesh Navy's requirements which continued until December 2010. The Bangladesh Navy acquired the ship on 14 May 2010. The ship reached Chittagong on 21 January 2011. On 5 March 2011, the ship was commissioned into the Bangladesh Navy as BNS Bijoy.
BNS Bijoy took part in Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT), a bilateral exercise with United States Navy, in 2011 and 2015.
On 1 December 2017, BNS Bijoy departed for Lebanon to join in United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). She replaced two Bangladesh Navy ships, and , which had deployed earlier. On her way, she paid a goodwill visit to the Port of Colombo from 6 December to 8 December 2017.
See also
List of active ships of the Bangladesh Navy
References
Category:Ships of the Bangladesh Navy
Category:Corvettes of the Bangladesh Navy
Category:1981 ships
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Cardiovascular calcification in nondialyzed patients with chronic kidney disease.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a major health-care problem of global proportions. Progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), the need for renal replacement therapy, and the high annual death rate of dialysis patients are the most noticeable outcomes of CKD. Less appreciated, however, is the fact that most patients with CKD actually die mainly from cardiovascular disease, rather than progress to ESRD. Coronary artery calcification (CAC), a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis, is common in dialysis and CKD patients. Coronary artery calcium scores, as measured by ultrafast computed tomography, is an independent predictor of future cardiac events. Using this technique, several studies have documented extensive calcification in dialysis patients, a subject of several exhaustive reviews. Unfortunately, much less attention has been paid to calcification in nondialyzed patients with CKD. In this review, I will emphasize the fact that CVC is common in patients with CKD not yet on dialysis, develops early in the course of CKD, and worsens with the decline in renal function particularly among diabetics who progressed to ESRD. I will also discuss the pathogenesis of CVC in CKD patients and highlight the lack of a major role for abnormalities of mineral metabolism in the pathogenesis of calcification in CKD patients. In addition to the high prevalence of traditional risk factors for CAD, the presence of proteinuria, reduced renal function, diabetic nephropathy, and the rate of progression to ESRD may represent the main uremia-related factors that increase the risk for calcification in CKD. Finally, I will review the protective role of inhibitors of calcification in CKD.
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Introduction {#sec001}
============
Low temperature is a major constraint on the growth, geographical distribution, and yield of some plants. Cold resistance of many plants\[[@pone.0188514.ref001]--[@pone.0188514.ref004]\], e.g. *Eucalyptus nitens*, *Miscanthus*, *Medicago sativa* and *North American Rhododendron* can be improved by prior exposure to a period of low, nonfreezing temperatures, which known as cold acclimation (CA) \[[@pone.0188514.ref005]--[@pone.0188514.ref007]\]. For instance, CA improves the tolerance of North American Rhododendron from -7°C to -53°C \[[@pone.0188514.ref004]\]. Up to date, CA is a key strategy to increase the physiological adaptation of tea plants to low temperatures \[[@pone.0188514.ref008]\]. During CA, many physiological and biochemical processes are altered in plants. Those processes include the cytoskeleton rearrangement as an integrating system perceiving the signals \[[@pone.0188514.ref009]\], accumulated membrane phospholipids and modifications in lipid composition of different organelles. For example, the proportion of MGDG (monogalactosyldiacylglycerols) was decreased and the proportion of DGDG (digalactosyldiacylglycerols) was increased in the chloroplast in Rye \[[@pone.0188514.ref010]--[@pone.0188514.ref014]\]. Moreover, plants introduce the accumulation of antifreeze proteins and cryoprotectants like soluble sugars and proline \[[@pone.0188514.ref015]--[@pone.0188514.ref016]\]. The increased synthesis of soluble sugars, including sucrose, glucose, raffinose, and fructose, contributes directly to membrane stabilization in *Alcantarea imperiali* \[[@pone.0188514.ref017]\], and *Camellia sinensis* \[[@pone.0188514.ref008]\]. The raised content of proline in *Triticum aestivum* \[[@pone.0188514.ref018]\], *Arabidopsis* \[[@pone.0188514.ref019]\] and *Camellia sinensis* \[[@pone.0188514.ref008]\] was also observed during CA. Antioxidant metabolism is known to improve the scavenging activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and maintain redox balance during CA \[[@pone.0188514.ref020]\]. During CA, a high ratio of abscisic acid (ABA) to gibberellin content has been shown to increase freezing tolerance in some woody taxa \[[@pone.0188514.ref021]\].
Upon cold stress, the expression of various cold-regulated (COR) genes are induced to protect plants \[[@pone.0188514.ref022]\]. The expression of COR genes is regulated by both the CBF (C-repeat-binding factor)-mediated ABA-independent pathway and the bZIP (basic region/leucine zipper)-mediated ABA-dependent pathway \[[@pone.0188514.ref023]\]. CBF transcription factors regulate \~12% of the cold-responsive transcriptome \[[@pone.0188514.ref024]\]. ICE1 (inducer of CBF expression 1)-CBF-COR cold-response pathway in plants is critical for configuring cold-induced transcriptomic changes \[[@pone.0188514.ref025]--[@pone.0188514.ref026]\]. Genes of the ICE1-CBF cold-response pathway have been reported in woody and herbaceous plants \[[@pone.0188514.ref027]--[@pone.0188514.ref029]\]. Studies have shown that the cascade regulation of *ICE1*, *CBF*, and *COR* is the main pathway for cold acclimation \[[@pone.0188514.ref030]--[@pone.0188514.ref031]\]. In *Arabidopsis*, *ICE1* express constitutively and is not responsive to cold stress, whereas ICE1 undergoes sumoylation to become functionally active \[[@pone.0188514.ref032]\]. Three CBFs (*CBF1-3*) were found in *Arabidopsis*. *CBF1* and *-CBF3* positively regulates the downstream CBF-target genes, while *CBF2* negatively regulates them \[[@pone.0188514.ref033]\]. Wang at al. \[[@pone.0188514.ref034]\] found that the ICE1-CBF-COR pathway was conserved in tea plants. To date, several COR genes have been discovered in tea plant including one *CsICE1* (FE861156), two *CsCBFs*, designated as *CsCBF1* (EU563238), *CsCBF2* (KC702795), and three dehydrin homologs designated as *CsDHN1* (GQ228834.1), *CsDHN2* (FJ436978) and *CsDHN3* (KY270880) \[[@pone.0188514.ref034]--[@pone.0188514.ref036]\].
Several studies revealed the key enzymes' activities during sugar synthesis, and associated genes expression during CA in plants. Sucrose is synthesized in the cytosol by the sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) and degraded by either sucrose synthase or invertase (INV) into a monosaccharide or derivative \[[@pone.0188514.ref037]\]. Raffinose synthase (RS) for raffinose synthesis was also explored in recent researches upon cold stress \[[@pone.0188514.ref038]\]. Yue et al. \[[@pone.0188514.ref008]\] analyzed the expression patterns of 32 genes during the natural CA in tea plant (var. *sinensis* cv. *Longjing43*) and found that expression of *CsSPS*, *CsINV5 and CsRS2* was significantly induced. To date, it is known that the proline biosynthesis is catalyzed by P5C synthase (P5CS) and P5C reductase (P5CR) in plants \[[@pone.0188514.ref039]--[@pone.0188514.ref040]\]. Another key enzyme in the proline synthesis pathway is Ornithine-D-aminotransferase (OAT) \[[@pone.0188514.ref041]\]. Degradation of proline is catalyzed by Pro-dehydrogenase (ProDH) and P5C-dehydrogenase (P5CD) \[[@pone.0188514.ref042]\]. In tea plants, the sequences of *CsP5CS* (KJ143742.1), *CsOAT* (KJ641844.1) and *CsP5CR* (KY368574), *CsP5CDH*(KY368572) and *CsProDH* (KY368573) are available at NCBI (<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/>).
Tea plants (*Camellia sinensis* (L.) O. Kuntze), one of the important economic wooden plants in the world, are mainly grown in subtropical and tropical regions. Two basic classes of varieties can be classified as var. *assamica*, a quick-growing tree well suited to tropical climates, and var. *sinensis*, a slower-growing bush that can withstand colder climates than *assamica* \[[@pone.0188514.ref043]--[@pone.0188514.ref044]\]. Tea plants are vulnerable to cold injury during winter such as in East Asia (China, Japan), especially in northern China. Recent studies have explored the response of tea plants to cold stress and natural CA \[[@pone.0188514.ref045]--[@pone.0188514.ref048]\]. However, a comparative study on cold resistance between cold-resistant and cold-susceptible cultivars has not been reported yet. The present study was conducted to explore the molecular mechanism of cold resistance by treating the cold-resistant *camellia var*. *sinensis* CV. *Shuchazao* (SCZ) and cold-susceptible *camellia var*. *assamica* CV *Yinghong9* (YH9) under CA and de-acclimation (DA). We found difference in biochemical changes, including EL50 (temperature leading to 50% tissue damages due to leakage of electrolyte), Fv/Fm (maximum quantum yield of PSII photosystems), sugars and proline. Then we examined the expression of 14 genes related to these biochemical changes. Comparison of gene expression and study of biochemical changes in the responses to cold in two tea cultivars led to our finding of the difference in cold tolerance. Our results indicated that the increased expression of *CsCBF1* and *CsDHNs* coupling with the accumulation of sucrose has played a role in conferring higher cold resistance in tea cultivar SCZ. The results provide understanding in biochemical and gene regulatory mechanisms of cold resistance in tea plants.
Materials and methods {#sec002}
=====================
Plant material {#sec003}
--------------
The clone cuttings of *Camellia sinensis* cv. *Shuchazao* and *Camellia sinensis* var. *assamica* cv.*Yinghong9* were obtained from the Dechang Tea Plantation in Anhui (116° 56\' 24\'\' E, 31° 27\' N) and the Tea Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (113° 22\' 48\'\' E, 24° 10\' 12\'\' N), China, respectively. One-year-old cutting-propagated plants were transferred to a growth chamber with temperature cycles of 25°C at day time and 20°C at night time, 12 h photoperiod, and 70% relative humidity for one month. Subsequently, they were subjected to varying degrees of cold acclimation and de-acclimation. Ten well-grown one-year-old tea plants were collected and used as non-acclimation (NA). The following cold acclimation (CA) treatments were applied in this study: CA1 was conducted by exposing SCZ and YH9 to low temperature (10/4°C, day/night temperature) for 7 days. Afterwards, CA2 was conducted by exposing SCZ and YH9 to lower temperatures (4/0°C, day/night temperature) for another 7 days. Lastly, the plants were exposed to normal temperature (25/20°C, day/night temperature) for 7 days for de-acclimation. At each time point, the leaves were collected, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until use. Three biological replicates were conducted.
Electrolyte leakage assay {#sec004}
-------------------------
Relative electrolyte leakage was measured to evaluate the cell membrane damage as described with some modifications \[[@pone.0188514.ref049]\]. Briefly, after washing with distilled deionized water, the leaf pieces were obtained using a puncher from leaves after each treatment. After subsequently exposed to -2°C, -4°C, -6°C, -8°C, and -10°C for 12 hours, samples were placed in glass bottles containing 20 mL of distilled deionized water. The electrical conductivity of the solution (L1) was determined using a conductivity meter STARTER 3100C (Ohaus; America) at 25°C. The solutions were then heated to 100°C for 30 min and the final electrical conductivity (L2) was determined after cooling to 25°C. The REC (relative electrical conductivity) was calculated as L1/L2×100%.
Fv/Fm {#sec005}
-----
Mature leaves (from third to fifth leaves) of tea cultivar SCZ and YH9 were carefully clamped in the middle part of the leaves, avoiding the main vein and then dark-adapted in leaf clips for 20 min prior to measurement. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters Fm and Fo were measured by OS-30P modulated fluorometer (Opti-Sciences, USA) and Fv was obtained using Fv = Fm-Fo \[[@pone.0188514.ref050]\]. Ten biological replicates were performed for the experiment.
Measurement of proline content {#sec006}
------------------------------
Proline contents in SCZ and YH9 were measured by the colorimetric assay according to Bates method with some modifications \[[@pone.0188514.ref051]\]. Briefly, approximately 0.5 g leaves of SCZ and YH9 were ground into fine powder in liquid nitrogen. The powder was immediately resuspended in 5 mL of 4% sulfonic acid and sonicated for 30 min. The mixture was subsequently centrifuged for 30 min at 12000 rpm and the supernatant was collected. 2 mL supernatant, 2 mL glacial acetic acid and 3 mL ninhydrin reagent (2.5% \[w/v\] ninhydrin, 60% \[v/v\] glacial acetic acid, and 40% 6 M phosphoric acid) were added, mixed and heated to 100°C for 40 min. After cooling down to room temperature, 5 mL toluene was added and the absorbance was measured at 520 nm using an UV Spectrophotometer (U-5100, Hitachi).
Measurements of soluble carbohydrates {#sec007}
-------------------------------------
Contents of soluble carbohydrates of fructose, sucrose, glucose, raffinose and trehalose in the leaves of tea cultivar SCZ and YH9 were measured by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) (Agilent, America). The samples were prepared following the protocol as previously described with some modifications \[[@pone.0188514.ref052]\]. Briefly, approximately 0.5 g leaves of SCZ and YH9 were weighed and ground in liquid nitrogen, and 10 ml of distilled water was added immediately. After heating at 100°C for 1 h, the mixture was subsequently centrifuged for 10 min at 12000 rpm and the supernatant was collected. The aqueous phase was collected and dried on a rotary evaporator. It was then resuspended in distilled water and filtered through a 0.22 μm filter membrane prior to HPLC analysis. Standard of fructose, sucrose, glucose, raffinose and trehalose were purchased from Sangon Biotech. Co. (Shanghai, China)
RNA extraction and real-time quantitative PCR analysis {#sec008}
------------------------------------------------------
Total RNAs were extracted from leaves of tea cultivar SCZ and YH9 with RNA prep Pure Plant kit (Tiangen, Beijing, China). The total RNAs were reverse transcribed into first-strand cDNA with PrimeScript Reagent Kit (TaKaRa, Dalian, China) and the cDNAs obtained were used as templates for PCR amplification with specific primers. Gene-specific primers ([Table 1](#pone.0188514.t001){ref-type="table"}) were used for real-time quantitative RT-PCR. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene was used as an internal reference gene \[[@pone.0188514.ref053]\] and the relative expression was calculated using the 2^ΔCt^ method \[[@pone.0188514.ref054]\]. Each reaction contained 12.5 μL of SYBR^®^Premix Ex Taq^™^II (Tli RNaseH Plus; TaKaRa, Dalian, China), 2 μL cDNA, and 1 μL 10 μM gene-specific primers in a final volume of 25 μL. All reactions were carried out using the CFX96^™^ Real-Time System (Bio-Rad, USA) using a two-step method: 95°C for 3 min; 40 cycles of 95°C for 10 s, 62°C for 30 s.
10.1371/journal.pone.0188514.t001
###### Genes and corresponding primers used for the RT-qPCR experiments.
{#pone.0188514.t001g}
Gene name GenBank Accession No. Primer Primer sequence (5\'--3\')
----------- ------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
GAPDH GE651107 Forward `TTG GCA TCG TTG AGG GTC T`
Reverse `CAG TGG GAA CAC GGA AAG C`
CsICE1 FE861156 Forward `ATG TTT TGT AGC CGC AGA C`
Reverse `GCT TTG ATT TGG TCA GGA TG`
CsCBF1 EU563238 Forward `AGA AAT CGG ATG GCT TGT GT`
Reverse `TTG TCG TCT CAG TCG CAG TT`
CsCBF2 KC702795 Forward `CAC AGC CTG CTC ATC ACT`
Reverse `ACC ACT GCC ACA ATC TG`
CsDNH1 GQ228834.1 Forward `ACA CCG ATG AGG TGG AGG TA`
Reverse `AAT CCT CGA ACT TGG GCT CT`
CsDNH2 FJ436978 Forward `ACT TAT GGC ACC GGC ACT AC`
Reverse `CTT CCT CCT CCC TCC TTG AC`
CsDNH3 KY270880 Forward `TCC ACA TCG GAG GCC AAA AG`
Reverse `AAC CCT CCT TCC TTG TGC TC`
CsSPS KF696388 Forward `ACC TGG AGG CGA TTC TGG ATG`
Reverse `TTC CAA ATC CGC CAG CAC ATA`
CsRS2 KP053395 Forward `CGG TTT GGC GCT TAC TCT TC`
Reverse `TCT CCT CTT CTG CAA CCG GA`
CsINV5 KP053402 Forward `AGT CTT GCC CCT TGA TGT CG`
Reverse `AAC CAA ACG GTC CAA GAG CA`
CsP5CS KJ143742.1 Forward `AGG CTC ATT GGA CTT GTG ACT`
Reverse `CAT CAG CAT GAC CCA GAA CAG`
CsOAT KJ641844.1 Forward `GCG GTT AAT CAG GGA CAT`
Reverse `ACA CCT TCG GCA CCA GTA`
CsP5CR KY368574 Forward `TAG GGG AGG CGG CAT CAG TT`
Reverse `ACC CCT CCA TCA GCC AAA GC`
CsP5CDH1 KY368572 Forward `TGC TGA TGG GAA GAC GAT`
Reverse `GCC GAG CAC TTT TGA CCA CT`
CsProDH KY368573 Forward `CAA AAC CCA AAT CCA ACC G`
Reverse `TCC TCC TCA CTA CCC CCA AC`
Primer design {#sec009}
-------------
The primers were designed against the sequence of genes which is retrieved from Genbank using the listed accession number ([Table 1](#pone.0188514.t001){ref-type="table"}). The software Primer Premier 5 (Premier Biosoft International, Palo Alto, California, USA) was used to designed specific primers ([Table 1](#pone.0188514.t001){ref-type="table"}) and the primers were then synthesized by Sangon Biotech Co. (Shanghai, China). We checked the specify of the primers and which produced one peak in melting curve, indicating a single amplicom of target gene. Then we used these primers for the level of transcript (Figures A-O in [S1 Text](#pone.0188514.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). qPCR products have been sequenced and the results evaluated using the DNAman computer software version 5.0 (Lynnon Biosoft) (Figures A-O in [S2 Text](#pone.0188514.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
Statistical analysis {#sec010}
--------------------
EL50 was calculated by logistic equations. Statistical analyses were performed using DPS and Prism5, GraphPad Software. The results were expressed as mean value ± standard error (SE). Different letters indicate significant differences to Duncan's multiple range tests with *P* \< 0.05.
Results {#sec011}
=======
Cold acclimation induces difference freezing tolerance in tea cultivars {#sec012}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
To investigate the cold tolerance, we selected two tea cultivars SCZ and YH9 which are known as with high and low cold tolerance, respectively ([Fig 1](#pone.0188514.g001){ref-type="fig"}). SCZ has been planted in cool areas in middle and warm areas in south China while cultivar YH9 in warm areas only in south China. Tea cultivar SCZ has smaller leaf than cultivar YH9 ([Fig 1](#pone.0188514.g001){ref-type="fig"}). We treated the one-year-old plants clonally propagated from cuttings of these two tea cultivars SCZ and YH9 with cold treatments CA1, CA2 and DA in growth camber to measure the physiological responses, membrane damage and chlorophyll content. We first treated the tea cultivar SCZ under 10/4°C (day/night) for 28 days and checked the change Fv/Fm and total sugar contents in a time course manner. We found that 7 days of cold treatment is enough to detect significant changes ([S3 Text](#pone.0188514.s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Therefore, we used 7 days of treatment in this study. Our results showed that SCZ leaves remain green while those of YH9 became reddish brown after all treatments ([Fig 2A](#pone.0188514.g002){ref-type="fig"}). We further examined the electrolyte leakage which reflects cell membrane damage in cold by using EL50 analysis. As shown in [Fig 2B](#pone.0188514.g002){ref-type="fig"}, the EL50 had significant difference between SCZ and YH9, and the EL50 were -5.7°C and -2.3°C in SCZ and YH9 before cold treatment, respectively. Cold treatment CA1 treatment resulted in reduced EL50 values for both SCZ and YH9 ([Fig 2B](#pone.0188514.g002){ref-type="fig"}). Further cold treatment CA2 led to a more reduction of EL50 in SCZ to -9.4°C, while the EL50 value of YH9 remained unchanged compared with CA1. Lower EL50 represents less leakage. Thus, this result suggested higher cold tolerance in cultivar SCZ. The Fv/Fm value of both cultivars was relatively consistent in the range of 0.80\~0.85 before treatment while both SCZ and YH9 displayed similar lower Fv/Fm values (*P* \< 0.05) after CA1 treatment ([Fig 2C](#pone.0188514.g002){ref-type="fig"}). CA2 treatment further reduced the Fv/Fm value but the value of YH9 reduced more than SCZ (*P* \< 0.05) ([Fig 2C](#pone.0188514.g002){ref-type="fig"}). The lower Fv/Fm suggests less chlorophyll, which explains the observed reddish color in YH9 after treatment. After DA treatment, the ratios of Fv/Fm in the two cultivars returned to the normal level ([Fig 2C](#pone.0188514.g002){ref-type="fig"}), which supported the Fv/Fm change in chlorophyll was caused by cold treatment and was reversible.
{#pone.0188514.g001}
{#pone.0188514.g002}
Effect of CA and DA on soluble sugars accumulation in SCZ and YH9 {#sec013}
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Sugar accumulation is known to have both osmotic and non-colligative functions, as it stabilizes cell membrane during cold acclimation and enhances freezing resistance in plants \[[@pone.0188514.ref007], [@pone.0188514.ref055]\]. As shown in [Fig 3](#pone.0188514.g003){ref-type="fig"}, the total sugar content and the sucrose level in both cultivars were significantly increased under CA condition, with a higher increase observed in SCZ. Relative to NA, the total sugar content in SCZ leaves was increased 2.39-fold after CA2, while the total sugar content in YH9 was increased 1.83-fold after CA2 ([Fig 3A](#pone.0188514.g003){ref-type="fig"}). Furthermore, sucrose content in SCZ was increased 2.56-fold after CA1 and reached 3.26-fold after CA2 relative to NA (*P* \< 0.05). In contrast, the sucrose content in YH9 leaves was increased 2.0-fold after CA1 and remained constant after CA2 relative to CA1 ([Fig 3B](#pone.0188514.g003){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, CA1 and CA2 also induced a moderate increase in glucose and fructose contents in SCZ and YH9 (*P* \< 0.05) ([Fig 3C and 3F](#pone.0188514.g003){ref-type="fig"}). Differently, CA1 and CA2 induced a little accumulation of raffinose in SCZ (*P* \< 0.05), while only a small accumulation of trehalose was observed in YH9 under CA2 (*P* \< 0.05) ([Fig 3D and 3E](#pone.0188514.g003){ref-type="fig"}). After DA, individual sugar content was decreased by a varying degree ([Fig 3](#pone.0188514.g003){ref-type="fig"}).
{#pone.0188514.g003}
Effect of CA and DA on proline accumulation between SCZ and YH9 {#sec014}
---------------------------------------------------------------
As the proline is a multi-functioned osmotic protective substance involved in cold tolerance \[[@pone.0188514.ref039]\], we measured the changes in proline content in SCZ and YH9 during CA and DA ([Fig 4](#pone.0188514.g004){ref-type="fig"}). As shown in [Fig 4](#pone.0188514.g004){ref-type="fig"}, the proline levels in both cultivar SCZ and YH9 were increased by 2.27-fold and 4.9-fold during CA1, respectively, and accumulated to similar contents. The study also revealed that the proline content reached the peak in CA1, and afterwards gradually decreased in both SCZ and YH9 ([Fig 4](#pone.0188514.g004){ref-type="fig"}).
{#pone.0188514.g004}
Effect of CA and DA on the gene expression of the ICE1-CBF pathway {#sec015}
------------------------------------------------------------------
The transcription of *CBFs* is regulated by ICE1 protein, which binds to the DRE/CRT cis-elements in the promoter regions of CORs ([Fig 5A](#pone.0188514.g005){ref-type="fig"}). *CBFs* play a central role in integrating the activation of multiple components of the CA respond to chilling and freezing stress in plants \[[@pone.0188514.ref031], [@pone.0188514.ref056]\]. This study did not observe significant changes in *CsICE1* transcription in SCZ and YH9 during CA and DA ([Fig 5B](#pone.0188514.g005){ref-type="fig"}). The expression of Cs*CBF1* was significantly increased during CA, and reached approximately 282-fold and 29-fold in CA2, in SCZ and YH9, respectively. The transcript level of *CsCBF1* during CA was 7.1--9.5 folds higher in SCZ than that of YH9 (*P* \< 0.05) ([Fig 5B](#pone.0188514.g005){ref-type="fig"}). In contrast, the transcript level of *CsCBF2* was increased in YH9 but remained unaffected in SCZ during CA ([Fig 5B](#pone.0188514.g005){ref-type="fig"}). For COR genes, the transcription of *CsDNH1*, *CsDNH2* and *CsDNH3* in both cultivars were increased significantly during CA and rapidly decreased following DA. Furthermore, the transcript levels of *DHNs* were higher in SCZ than in YH9 ([Fig 5B](#pone.0188514.g005){ref-type="fig"}). Specifically, *CsDNH3* transcript level in SCZ was dramatically increased by 68.7-fold in CA2, while it was only increased by 9.2-fold in YH9 ([Fig 5B](#pone.0188514.g005){ref-type="fig"}).
{#pone.0188514.g005}
Effect of CA and DA on the transcription of sucrose- and raffinose-related genes {#sec016}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The *CsSPS* and *CsINV5* are responsible for sucrose accumulation and converting to other saccharides ([Fig 6A](#pone.0188514.g006){ref-type="fig"}). The transcripts levels of these two genes were checked in both cultivars during CA and DA. We found that the transcript level of *CsSPS* increased in tea cultivar SCZ but reduced in YH9 through all CA stages, especially in stage CA1 after seven days of CA ([Fig 6B](#pone.0188514.g006){ref-type="fig"}). However, *CsINV5* expression was decreased at CA1 after seven days of CA but increased by three folds (*P* \< 0.05) at CA2 after 14 days in both cultivars. *CsINV5* expression in cultivar SCZ increased by three folds at CA2 compared with less than one fold in YH9 ([Fig 6B](#pone.0188514.g006){ref-type="fig"}). Raffinose synthase gene *CsRS2*, responsible for synthesizing of raffinose, expression was also increased during CA in variety SCZ and then decreased following DA, while it had no distinct changes during CA in YH9 ([Fig 6B](#pone.0188514.g006){ref-type="fig"}). This suggested that the genes responsible for sucrose and raffinose accumulation acted positively to regulate the corresponding sugar accumulation in cold treatment.
{#pone.0188514.g006}
Effect of CA and DA on proline biosynthesis and degradation {#sec017}
-----------------------------------------------------------
We illustrated the proline synthesis and degradation in plants in schematic diagram ([Fig 7](#pone.0188514.g007){ref-type="fig"}). The expression patterns of these proline-associated enzyme encoding genes were studied in SCZ and YH9 over the treatments of CA and DA. *CsP5CS* and *CsP5CR* were up-regulated at CA2 in SCZ after 14-days cold treatment, and their levels were increased by 1.4-fold and 3.0-fold, respectively. By the contrary, no changes in transcription of *CsP5CS* were observed in YH9 over the treatments of CA and DA. While *CsP5CR* was up-regulated in CA1 in YH9. This suggested that long time induced *CsP5CR* in stage CA2 may be responsible for higher cold tolerance. In both cultivars, the transcription of *CsOAT* was decreased during CA treatments and returned to the normal level after DA treatment. In addition, the transcript level of *CsOAT* in SCZ was similar to that in YH9 ([Fig 7](#pone.0188514.g007){ref-type="fig"}). *CsP5CDH* was down-regulated in SCZ during CA1, whereas was unaffected by the CA treatments in YH9 ([Fig 7](#pone.0188514.g007){ref-type="fig"}). The transcription of *CsProDH* in both cultivars was decreased during CA treatments ([Fig 7](#pone.0188514.g007){ref-type="fig"}).
{#pone.0188514.g007}
Discussion {#sec018}
==========
Low temperature has been a major constraint for tea plantation \[[@pone.0188514.ref047]\]. During natural CA, tea plants can increase their tolerance to cold weather and survive the winter \[[@pone.0188514.ref008], [@pone.0188514.ref045]\]. In the present study, we demonstrated that plants of either cold-resistant or cold-sensitive tea cultivars can enhance their freezing tolerance due to the treatment of CA in experimental conditions, with a stronger freezing tolerance developed in SCZ than in YH9 ([Fig 2B](#pone.0188514.g002){ref-type="fig"}). To understand the mechanisms underlying such differential cold tolerance between SCZ and YH9, we investigated differences between the two cultivars in the physiological and molecular processes that were known to induce cold tolerance in other plants. Our results showed that SCZ exhibited a higher accumulation level of soluble sugars, particularly sucrose than YH9, during cold acclimation ([Fig 3](#pone.0188514.g003){ref-type="fig"}). The increased expression of both *CBF1* and its targets *DHNs* could contribute to cold tolerance ([Fig 5B](#pone.0188514.g005){ref-type="fig"}). These findings may further elucidate how cold-resistant tea plants can induce strong freezing tolerance in winter.
Through the process of CA, cold resistance was steadily induced in SCZ, while it was induced in YH9 at a slower rate ([Fig 2B](#pone.0188514.g002){ref-type="fig"}). Similar to our results, both cold-resistant Medicago (*M*. *falcate*) and cold-susceptible Medicago (*M*. *truncatula*) could enhance their freezing tolerance by CA at 4°C \[[@pone.0188514.ref057]\]. However, Pennycooke et al. \[[@pone.0188514.ref058]\] found that the CA-induced freezing tolerance occurred only in cold-resistant plants, but not in cold-susceptible plants. Under cold stress, the inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast formation can lead to reduced Fv/Fm \[[@pone.0188514.ref059]\]. Bonnecarrère et al. \[[@pone.0188514.ref016]\] also used the Fv/Fm to identify cold-resistant rice between two japonica genotypes under identical cold stress. Our results indicated that Fv/Fm fell lower in YH9 than in SCZ during CA2 ([Fig 2C](#pone.0188514.g002){ref-type="fig"}), suggesting that Fv/Fm, combined with EL50, could be used to evaluate freezing tolerance in cold-resistant and cold-susceptible tea plants.
Soluble sugar accumulation during CA is positively correlated with freezing tolerance in plants \[[@pone.0188514.ref007]\]. Sucrose was found as a dominant component of enhanced soluble sugars in giant reed and Medicago during CA \[[@pone.0188514.ref057], [@pone.0188514.ref060]\]. But in *Arabidopsis*, the accumulation of glucose is largely responsible for the increased level of soluble sugars during cold acclimation and sucrose is the second most abundant sugar in CA \[[@pone.0188514.ref061]\]. In our study, the content of sucrose, glucose, raffinose, and fructose were increased during CA in SCZ and YH9, and the total sugar content was higher in SCZ than in YH9 ([Fig 3](#pone.0188514.g003){ref-type="fig"}). In other studies, greater accumulation of sucrose in cold resistant Medicago, wheat, and maize was found to be responsible for higher freezing tolerance \[[@pone.0188514.ref057], [@pone.0188514.ref062]--[@pone.0188514.ref063]\]. Trehalose accumulation conferred tolerance to cold stress serving as an osmolyte or protein/membrane protectant by acting as scavengers for ROS to alleviate oxidative damage to the membranes \[[@pone.0188514.ref064]\]. Therefore, the accumulation of sucrose, as the major sugar, in cold resistant tea plants could play an essential role in conferring higher freezing tolerance in tea plant. Trehalose accumulation was not observed in SCZ during the CA, although the trehalose content was induced slightly in YH9, yet lower than in SCZ ([Fig 3E](#pone.0188514.g003){ref-type="fig"}). Our data showed that raffinose contents in the two cultivars were very similar during CA ([Fig 3D](#pone.0188514.g003){ref-type="fig"}). However, raffinose was found to be not essential for basic freezing tolerance or for cold acclimation of *A*. *thaliana* \[[@pone.0188514.ref038]\]. Thus, the role of raffinose in cold resistance in tea plant may be not essential too. Yue et al. \[[@pone.0188514.ref008]\] reported the content of total sugars and several specific sugars including sucrose, glucose and fructose were constantly elevated in *Longjing43* tea leaves during nature acclimation. While Shen et al. \[[@pone.0188514.ref047]\] reported the raffinose, maltose, glucose and fructose were all more abundant in HuangShanzhong tea leaves during nature acclimation.
During natural cold acclimation, a series of sugar-related genes, including *CsSPS*, *CsRS2*, and *CsINV5*, are up-regulated in the tea plant (cv. *Longjing43*) \[[@pone.0188514.ref008]\], which suggests that these genes might be responsible for sugar accumulation. Under the controlled cold treatment and DA in our study, the transcription of the *CsSPS*, *CsINV5*, and *CsRS2* during CA was also up-regulated in SCZ but remained unchanged in YH9 ([Fig 6](#pone.0188514.g006){ref-type="fig"}). This demonstrated that the expression regulation of *CsSPS*, *CsINV5*, and *CsRS2* during CA are cultivar specific. Therefore, these genes' expression can be used as cultivar specific cold resistance indicator for tea breeding.
Free proline has been reported to accumulate in many plants in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, acting as a compatible solute against osmotic stress \[[@pone.0188514.ref039]\]. Free proline was one of the indicators used to identify dehydration 'resistant' wheat genotypes from 'sensitive' ones \[[@pone.0188514.ref065]\]. Kumar and Yadav \[[@pone.0188514.ref066]\] reported that enhanced proline could increase the tolerance of tea bud to cold stress. Similarly, tea cultivars *'Zhuyeqi'* (drought-susceptible) and *'Ningzhou 2*' (drought-tolerant) could be distinguished due to their differential proline contents under drought stress \[[@pone.0188514.ref067]\]. Our data showed that proline content was significantly increased in SCZ and YH9 during CA1, but no difference in the total proline content was found between the two cultivars ([Fig 4](#pone.0188514.g004){ref-type="fig"}). Therefore, we propose that proline content has effects on the abiotic resistance of tea plants and that the accumulated proline was not a key factor for conferring cold-resistant in tea plants. However, proline concentration is correlated with cold-resistance in giant reed and spring canola \[[@pone.0188514.ref060], [@pone.0188514.ref068]\]. According to Delauney \[[@pone.0188514.ref069]\], under abiotic stress, proline was accumulated by the glutamate biosynthesis pathway. Our result showed that the *OAT*, responsible for glutamie acid scmialdehyd, transcript level decreased in both cultivars ([Fig 7](#pone.0188514.g007){ref-type="fig"}). In accordance with Delauney \[[@pone.0188514.ref069]\], it was glutamate, not ornithine, which could likely be the main precursor for proline biosynthesis in tea plants during CA. The transcription of *CsP5CS* and *CsP5CR* for proline biosynthesis was higher in SCZ than in YH9, and the transcripts of *CsProDH* and *CsP5CDH* for proline degradation differed between two cultivars ([Fig 7](#pone.0188514.g007){ref-type="fig"}). It showed that the transcription level of the related genes was not consistent with metabolic changes and further enzymatic assays are required to elucidate the proline biosynthesis mechanisms.
To date, ICE and CBF genes are known to play key roles in cold tolerance. The transcription of *CsCBF1*, *not CsICE1*, was induced at 4°C \[[@pone.0188514.ref034]\]. With CA treatment, our results consistently showed that there was not change in expression of *CsICE1* in both cold resistant and susceptible tea cultivars. We found that the transcription of *CsCBF1* was significantly up-regulated by CA, and remained high level until DA ([Fig 5B](#pone.0188514.g005){ref-type="fig"}). A higher expression change of *CsCBF1* was found in cold resistant cultivar SCZ than cold susceptible YH9 ([Fig 5B](#pone.0188514.g005){ref-type="fig"}), which may explain the difference in cold resistance in the two tea cultivars. A similar result was also found in Medicago and Jatropha \[[@pone.0188514.ref057], [@pone.0188514.ref060]\]. However, Pan et al. \[[@pone.0188514.ref070]\] reported a contradictory finding that the cold-susceptible rice had a much strong transcription of *CBFs* than cold-resistant rice. This might be caused by the species difference. Our data found a higher up-regulation of *CsCBF2* transcription in YH9 than SCZ during CA ([Fig 5B](#pone.0188514.g005){ref-type="fig"}). *AtCBF2* is a negative regulator of *AtCBF1* in *Arabidopsis*. We hypothesized that that *CsCBF2* in tea plant might also be a negative regulator of *CsCBF1*. In this case, the lowered transcription of *CsCBF1* can be explained by the suppression of the increased transcription of *CsCBF2* in YH9. The high level of *CsCBF1* transcription in SCZ was a result of low transcription of *CsCBF2*. Further investigation of the suppression would be the priority in future study. In addition, *CsCBF1* in SCZ and YH9 had the same ORF (Open Reading Frame) without Intron. We speculate that SNP and INDEL may be present in the promoter region of *CsCBF1*, and regulate the transcription of *CsCBF1* between resistant and susceptible species. *DHNs* (COR genes), a subgroup of the late embryogenesis abundant protein family, can act as a cryoprotectant and molecular chaperone as well as an anti-oxidant. *DHNs* can be induced by cold stress, and their transcription is correlated with freezing tolerance \[[@pone.0188514.ref036], [@pone.0188514.ref071]\]. In this study, the transcripts of *CsDHN1*, *CsDHN2*, and *CsDHN3* were accumulated at higher levels in SCZ than YH9 during CA ([Fig 5B](#pone.0188514.g005){ref-type="fig"}). Similar results were found in Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), where seven dehydration genes were up-regulated under low-temperature stress, with significantly higher transcription observed in cold resistance than cold-susceptible cultivars \[[@pone.0188514.ref071]\]. The higher levels of *CsDHN1*, *CsDHN2*and *CsDHN3* may result in higher amount of dehydrin proteins, thus protecting SCZ from dehydration under freezing stress.
Of course, other mechanisms may involve in the cold acclimation in tea plant. One of them is that the PLD (Phospholipase D) pathway, which responses to freezing and plays key roles in conferring higher cold resistance \[[@pone.0188514.ref011]\]. PLDs, lipid catabolism enzymes, are activated by a fall in temperature, and the expression levels are found to increase during cold stress \[[@pone.0188514.ref072], [@pone.0188514.ref073]\]. Phosphatidic acid (PA), a catalyzed production of phospholipase D (PLD), involves in many cellular processes, including cell signaling, vesicular trafficking and membrane remodeling \[[@pone.0188514.ref012], [@pone.0188514.ref072]\]. Cold acclimation also affects cell lipid composition, which in favor of the maintenance of plasma membrane functionality and fluidity \[[@pone.0188514.ref010], [@pone.0188514.ref074]\]. In particular, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids making up the phospholipids is increased \[[@pone.0188514.ref074]\]. A substantial increase in linoleic acid (C18:2) has been reported for cold acclimated Solanum commersonii plants, a potato wild species able to increase freezing tolerance. While the freezing susceptible species, Solanum tuberosum, was an increase of C18:3 \[[@pone.0188514.ref075]\]. Fatty acids unsaturation is controlled by a transcriptional regulation of key desaturase genes. The cotyledons of cold acclimated plants produced a high-fold increase in delta 12 desaturase FAD2-3 (FAD2-3) expression compared with non-acclimated plants \[[@pone.0188514.ref013]\]. For tea plant (Cs var. sinensis), both CsFAD7 and CsFAD8 were cloned, and CsFAD8 genes has a high expression in cold resistant cultivar than susceptible cultivar \[[@pone.0188514.ref048]\]. Due to a fact that the cold acclimation may not apply to some plants such as crop wheat, it is worthy to investigate how the lipid metabolism is regulated under cold in tea and whether it is correlated with expression level of fatty acid related genes in cold in our future study using RNA-seq and metabolomics strategy.
In summary, the data presented here have demonstrated the difference of physiological, biochemical, and gene expression levels explained the difference in cold tolerance in cold-resistant tea cultivar SCZ and cold-susceptible tea cultivar YH9. These findings have contributed a better insight into the molecular mechanisms that underly cold tolerance in tea plants.
Supporting information {#sec019}
======================
###### Melt curve and Melt peak of *genes*.
(DOCX)
######
Click here for additional data file.
###### Comparative sequence analysis among GenBank accession and qPCR products of SCZ and YH9 of *genes*.
(DOCX)
######
Click here for additional data file.
###### Effects of CA on freezing tolerance of SCZ.
(DOCX)
######
Click here for additional data file.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China \[grant number: 31270729\], the Special Innovative Province Construction in Anhui Province (15czs08032), the Central Guiding the Science and Technology Development of the Local (2016080503B024).
CA
: cold acclimation
CBF
: *C-repeat/dehydration-responsive element binding factor*
CsINV5
: *Invertase gene*
CsOAT
: *Ornithine-D-aminotransferase*
CsP5CDH
: *P5Cdehydrogenase*
CsP5CR
: *1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase*
CsP5CS
: *Δ -1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase*
CsProDH
: *Proline dehydrogenase*
CsRS2
: *Raffinose synthase gene*
CsSPS
: *Sucrose phosphate synthase*
DA
: de-acclimation
DHN
: *Dehydrin*
EL50
: Temperature leading to 50% tissue damages due to leakage of electrolyte
Fv/Fm
: maximum quantum yield of PSII photosystems
SCZ
: *Camellia sinensis* cv. *Shuchazao*
YH9
: *Camellia sinensis* var. *assamica* cv.*Yinghong9*
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
Pes cavus is an increase of normal plantar concavity, where the anterior and posterior weight-bearing areas of the foot are brought closer together. A wide spectrum of foot deformities includes a plantarflexed first ray, forefoot pronation and adduction, and hindfoot varus or high calcaneal pitch.^[@bibr1-2058-5241.2.160077],[@bibr2-2058-5241.2.160077]^
Cavovarus deformity can be classified according to the severity of malalignment ranging from a subtle and flexible cavovarus foot to a severe and fixed cavovarus deformity.
There are many aetiologies of unequal frequency that account for cavovarus foot deformities. Traumatic causes are rare (improperly treated fracture or subluxation of the tarsal bones or scarring from a burn of the sole of the foot). Cavovarus deformity has been long associated with neurological disease such as cerebral palsy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease or other hereditary sensory and motor neuropathies (myelodysplasia, Friedreich ataxia, etc).
CMT disease results from defects in the genetic code for the protein of the peripheral myelin sheath and is classified into subtypes varying in progression. CMT IA is the most common form including peripheral nerve myelin degeneration and decreased motor nerve conduction. In most cases, the disease process is progressive rather than static; therefore, the deformities worsen and surgical treatment must be considered to prevent the progression to a fixed and symptomatic deformity.^[@bibr3-2058-5241.2.160077]^
However, in recent years, a mild variation of the cavovarus deformity has been increasingly observed to exist without an identifiable underlying deficit.^[@bibr4-2058-5241.2.160077]^ In our experience, this primary pes cavus (idiopathic) is diagnosed by elimination in more than half the cases and most authors believe that it is the consequence of a latent neurological disorder. Thus, neurological disorders must be looked for in the family history and clinical and electrophysiologica evaluation of the patient is necessary to eliminate any very subtle neurological lesion.
Patho-anatomy {#section1-2058-5241.2.160077}
=============
There are several types of pes cavus, depending on the site of the deformity. Some authors have divided the deformity into posterior, anterior or mixed cavus which includes both deformities.^[@bibr5-2058-5241.2.160077]^
The most frequent anterior pes cavus is characterised by lowering of the forefoot in plantarflexion ([Fig. 1](#fig1-2058-5241.2.160077){ref-type="fig"}). In total pes cavus, the increase of the slope of the forefoot involves the whole of the metatarsal range, whereas in medial pes cavus, it decreases from the medial to the outer side which causes pronation of the forefoot.
{#fig1-2058-5241.2.160077}
The posterior cavus or calcaneocavus is characterised by an isolated high calcaneal pitch of greater than 30° related to a weakness of the gastrocnemius muscle leading to a calcaneus deformity of the hindfoot.
The exact cause in the cavus foot is a longstanding issue, and both intrinsic and extrinsic muscle imbalance may play a role in the final deformity.^[@bibr6-2058-5241.2.160077]^ An imbalance between the antagonistic muscles, in particular the peroneus longus and tibialis anterior, is often listed as a cause.^[@bibr7-2058-5241.2.160077]^ Manoli et al^[@bibr8-2058-5241.2.160077]^ consider the primary deforming force to be the plantarflexed first metatarsal, which is thought to be a result of peroneus longus overaction. Relative weakness of the peroneus brevis and tibialis anterior muscles with strong tibialis posterior and peroneus longus muscles cause plantar flexion of the first metatarsal bone and varus of the hindfoot.^[@bibr9-2058-5241.2.160077]^ Recruiting extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus as secondary ankle dorsiflexors will lead to 'cock-up' deformity of the hallux and clawtoe deformity of the lesser toes. To allow the toe pulp to touch the ground, the flexor muscles of the toes contract, producing clawing of the toes, which is also aggravated by a deficiency of the interosseous muscles. Clawing of the toes accentuates the slope of the metatarsals due to the exaggerated pressure on the metatarsal heads, which in turn increases the tension in the plantar aponeurosis. Additional contracture of the plantar fascia will accentuate the windlass mechanism and further depress the metatarsal heads.
Hindfoot varus is described as being forefoot or hindfoot driven. In forefoot-driven varus, excessive plantarflexion of the first metatarsal and supination of the midfoot leads to the hindfoot moving into varus, whereas hindfoot-varus-driven is related to simple varus malalignment of the heel ([Fig. 2](#fig2-2058-5241.2.160077){ref-type="fig"}).
{#fig2-2058-5241.2.160077}
Hindfoot varus also increases the risk of damage to the lateral structures of the foot and ankle. Thus, peroneal tendons can suffer as a consequence of the hindfoot varus^[@bibr10-2058-5241.2.160077]^ but may also be responsible for the hindfoot varus in cases with relative weakness or paralysis of one or both. The relationship between the varus heel and chronic instability has been well documented; moreover, the heel varus overloads the lateral structures of the foot and ankle and may lead to varus ankle arthritis.
Because of hindfoot inversion, the Achilles tendon will shift medially and act as a secondary invertor. Furthermore, patients with cavus feet often have tight calves and a short and tight gastrocnemius leading to increase of the plantar pressures in the forefoot and the plantar fascia and act as a deforming hindfoot inverting force.
Radiographic evaluation {#section2-2058-5241.2.160077}
=======================
Plain film radiographs are essential in surgical planning, not only to identify the site of the deformity but also to quantify the degree of correction that is required and to decide whether to perform an osteotomy or an arthrodesis. The apex of the deformity can vary. Usually the deformity is located in the mid-foot at the transverse tarsal articulation or at the naviculocuneiform joint.^[@bibr1-2058-5241.2.160077]^
Weight-bearing radiographs of the foot include at least three views:
1. A lateral view of the weight-bearing ankle and foot allows the cavus to be demonstrated and measured.
2. A frontal view of the ankle (Meary view or Salzman view) demonstrates the frontal deformity of the hindfoot.^[@bibr11-2058-5241.2.160077]^
3. A dorsoplantar view of the forefoot shows adduction of the forefoot and opening of the metatarsal plate.
Numerous geometric measurements have been proposed on lateral weight-bearing radiographs to quantify cavus deformity ([Fig. 3](#fig3-2058-5241.2.160077){ref-type="fig"}). In France, the angle of the medial arch is widely used (Djian-Annonier angle) and in pes cavus foot it is less than 120°. A Hibb's angle (angle between the long axis of the calcaneum and first metatarsal) of more than 45° indicates cavus.^[@bibr12-2058-5241.2.160077]^
{#fig3-2058-5241.2.160077}
The intersection point between the first metatarsal axis and the sagittal axis of the talus corresponds to the apex of the deformity which is important when considering osteotomies. The cavus foot is defined as a Meary's angle (the angle between the long axes of the talus and first metatarsal) greater than 5°. In posterior cavus foot, the calcaneal pitch angle is greater than 30°. An associated equinus deformity of the ankle is characterised by a tibio-talar angle greater than 105°.
On the lateral view, a stacking effect may be observed because the first and medial metatarsals tend to be at a greater inclination---the lateral metatarsals are more horizontal---while the talus appears to be flattened due to the rotation of the talus in the coronal and saggital planes. The medial cuneiform to fifth metatarsal base distance is increased and the fibula appears in a more posterior position related to external rotation of the lower limb. Thickening or fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsal may result from mechanical overload on the lateral border of the foot.
Frontal weight-bearing views are very important to assess to the hindfoot alignment during mid-stance ([Fig. 4](#fig4-2058-5241.2.160077){ref-type="fig"}). Evaluation of the hindfoot varus tilt is therefore essential. For this, a frontal view with a Coleman 'block test' is necessary to evaluate the correctability of this hindfoot varus and appreciate the amount of correction of hindfoot varus achieved after surgical intervention.
{#fig4-2058-5241.2.160077}
Stress views are a useful adjunct in radiographic evaluation to address tibio-talar instability and approach for the reducibility of this talar tilt.
The ankle radiographs may also show medially localised or generalised arthritic changes with narrowing and osteophyte formation of the tibiotalar joint.
In our experience, MRI or ultrasound are rarely used except to address a severe peroneal tendinopathy when a lateral ligament reconstruction is considered.^[@bibr13-2058-5241.2.160077]^ Also, CT scan or more often single photon-emission computed tomography combined with CT are helpful to assess the hindfoot joints for evidence of arthritis and to specify the site and severity of the degeneration or the presence of an associated lesion.
Clinical examination {#section3-2058-5241.2.160077}
====================
Clinical examination is the key to successful management of pes cavus, especially in subtle cavovarus. The aim is to confirm the presence and rigidity of the cavovarus deformity but also to identify any underlying neurological disease. In any case, an evaluation of the entire lower limb is mandatory and calf-wasting or hypertrophy should be noted. A complete neurological examination of both the upper and the lower limbs is needed. To detect any muscular imbalance, a full examination of all muscle groups should be performed for power and graded between 1 and 5 on the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale. Neurological investigations are best performed by a neurologist and electrodiagnostic studies can be considered to confirm hereditary motor sensory neuropathies.
Patients can present with a wide range of complaints; among them, pain is the main reason for consultation. Metatarsalgia is most often observed in the anterior cavus foot and talalgias in posterior pes cavus. Local tenderness when wearing shoes and callosities related to clawed toes are common complaints. Flat-heeled shoes are poorly tolerated and high heels are more comfortable. Walking is disturbed by cramp and dull aching in the calf by contraction of the muscle of the plantar arch during prolonged walking. Instability of the ankle leads to repeated sprains in varus.
The clinical examination of the foot should begin with the evaluation of the patterns of wear affecting the heels of the shoes, especially on the lateral side in hindfoot varus. Much information can be obtained from mere observation of the weight-bearing posture of the foot (high arch, metatarsus adductus, clawing of the toes, callosity under the first or fifth metatarsal heads, varus heel, prominence or posterior position of the lateral malleolus). In the cavovarus foot, it is not unusual to find marked callosities under the first and fifth metatarsal heads.
Passive and active range of movement of the ankle, hindfoot and forefoot should be noted and stability tested. Variations in muscle balance should be tested with resisted inversion and eversion.
Hindfoot varus is confirmed through the 'peek-a-boo' heel sign, first described by Manoli et al in 1993, which is the clinical condition whereby the heel is visible on the medial side when viewing the patient from the front with the feet in neutral rotation ([Fig. 5](#fig5-2058-5241.2.160077){ref-type="fig"}).
{#fig5-2058-5241.2.160077}
The Coleman 'block test' should be performed to ascertain whether hindfoot varus is correctable or not.^[@bibr14-2058-5241.2.160077]^ If the hindfoot varus remains, then the deformity is fixed. However, if the hindfoot corrects to physiologic valgus, then the deformity is flexible and driven by the forefoot deformity. Frequently, the hindfoot varus partially corrects, and it is important to see the magnitude of the heel correction beyond neutral or a varus position. Some authors have suggested manoeuvres for evaluating hindfoot flexibility by placing the patient in a prone position with the knee flexed at 90°. In this position, the foot is allowed to move freely without the influence of the first ray and hindfoot manipulation is easily performed, allowing determination of rigidity.
To assess the presence of an isolated gastrocnemius tightness, the Silfverskiöld test is performed by comparing the range of ankle dorsiflexion with the knee in flexion and in extension ([Fig. 6](#fig6-2058-5241.2.160077){ref-type="fig"}).^[@bibr15-2058-5241.2.160077]^ Knee flexion relaxes the gastrocnemius but leaves soleus tension unaffected and a large range of dorsiflexion with the knee flexed means isolated gastrocnemius tightness. Without improvement of ankle dorsiflexion with the knee flexed at 90°, gastrocnemius contracture is diagnosed. This aspect should be addressed at the time of surgery.
{#fig6-2058-5241.2.160077}
At the end of this clinical investigation, we must separate subtle and severe cavus feet.^[@bibr8-2058-5241.2.160077]^
The subtle cavus foot is easy to misdiagnose because patients often present with symptoms relating to forefoot overload, and most of the time they exhibit a flexible hindfoot with a subtle varus on standing frontal examination. Examination typically reveals a high arch and lesser metatarsalgia is a common complaint. Stress fractures of the lesser metatarsals and fractures of the fifth metatarsal are common. Ankle instability, recurrent sprains and lateral pain are common presenting symptoms. This may be due to lateral overload caused by the hindfoot varus but may also be due to lax lateral ankle ligaments.^[@bibr16-2058-5241.2.160077]-[@bibr18-2058-5241.2.160077]^ Excessive loading on the lateral side of the ankle may lead to peroneal tendon symptoms including tendinopathy, tears, subluxations or dislocations. Anteromedial impingement between talar and tibial spurs has been described and appears to be more common in those with subtle cavus feet. In the hindfoot, the symptoms may include Achilles tendinopathy or plantar fasciitis.
By contrast, a severe cavus foot is often the end-product of a longstanding deformity associated with a plantarflexed first ray, or sometimes even severe plantarflexion through the entire midfoot, an increased calcaneal pitch and especially neuromuscular foot imbalance (such as is seen with CMT). This typically includes a fixed heel varus that no longer corrects with Coleman block testing.
Treatment {#section4-2058-5241.2.160077}
=========
Non-surgical management {#section5-2058-5241.2.160077}
-----------------------
A large number of patients with milder symptoms associated with a cavus deformity can be treated successfully by conservative means. In most cases, a reducible deformity can be corrected using a custom orthosis which produces reduced pain and instability.^[@bibr19-2058-5241.2.160077]^ The aim of conservative treatment is to re-align the hindfoot correctly to offload the lateral border of the foot and to overcome the gastrocnemius tightness.
The type of orthotic chosen depends on the Coleman 'block test'. In a forefoot-driven cavus with a supple hindfoot, correction of the plantarflexed first ray will allow the hindfoot varus to correct and a first ray recess associated with a metatarsal bar and lateral forefoot post are frequent enough. Furthermore, in front of a hindfoot-driven cavus, the appropriate orthosis includes a lateral hindfoot-to-midfoot heel wedge with a first metatarsal recess and minimal or absent medial arch support.
To treat equinus, a gastrocnemius-stretching programme should be initiated and the heel may be slightly elevated. In addition, ankle instability is treated with proprioception training and an ankle support brace worn during exercise.
Surgical treatment {#section6-2058-5241.2.160077}
------------------
Surgery is considered if conservative treatments fail to control the symptoms but operative treatment should only be considered in carefully selected patients. The aim of surgery is to achieve a foot that is plantigrade, mobile and pain-free. In any case, surgical treatment should leave the foot in a normal position or slightly overcorrected, because an iatrogenic flat foot is better tolerated than a residual cavus deformity.
A wide variety of procedures for the treatment of cavovarus foot deformities have been described including soft-tissue release or lengthening and tendon transfers, hindfoot or midfoot osteotomy, or arthrodesis.
Soft-tissue procedures {#section7-2058-5241.2.160077}
----------------------
Initially, the deformities are flexible and reversible but if the muscle imbalance remains the foot becomes stiffer and less adaptable. Joint preservation and decreased deterioration of the deformities can be obtained by balancing of the affected muscles; therefore, various soft-tissue procedures are prefered while the deformity is flexible and corrective arthrodesis or osteotomy must be used when the deformity becomes rigid. Soft-tissue release alone is no longer applicable in fixed deformities in adults.
The surgical options to adress idiopathic cavovarus and neuromuscular deformity are not significantly different, but severe rigid cavus deformities are most frequently observed in neurological diseases leading to midfoot correction or triple arthrodesis.
In subtle cavovarus foot (idiopathic cavus deformity), the equinus deformity and fixed forefoot deformity are addressed first and a valgus osteotomy should be performed if required.^[@bibr20-2058-5241.2.160077]^
The Achilles tendon must be carefully assessed. If a global gastroc-soleus contracture is present, an Achilles tendon lengthening using a triple hemisection is performed. In some cases, an isolated gastrocnemius tightness is addressed by using a gastrocnemius recession (Strayer or Barouk technique).^[@bibr21-2058-5241.2.160077]^ Achilles tendon lengthening is justified when the heel is in varus, but if the heel is in a neutral position, the increased calcaneal pitch is secondary to Achilles weakness and tendon lengthening should be avoided.
To the extent that plantar fascia retraction contributes to the high medial arch, the need for a plantar fascia release is debatable. A subcutaneous plantar fascia release may benefit patients with minimal deformity. In severe fixed pes cavus a complete release as recommanded by Steindler may be advised.^[@bibr22-2058-5241.2.160077]^
Tendon transfers can be used when there is an identifiable muscle imbalance, especially in younger patients with a flexible deformity. It is recommended to transfer only muscle tendon units with a power of MRC 4 or MRC 5.^[@bibr23-2058-5241.2.160077]-[@bibr25-2058-5241.2.160077]^ Tendon transfers are also important after osteotomies for preventing recurrence of the deformity and should be done within the same surgery. Most authors recommend using peroneus longus (PL) to brevis (PB) tendon transfer in subtle cavovarus foot to correct forefoot pronation, reduce the first ray plantarflexion and re-inforce the weak eversion of the hindfoot.^[@bibr26-2058-5241.2.160077]^
Tibialis posterior tendon transfer is more commonly used in hereditary sensory motor neuropathy to weaken the deforming power and strengthen deficient functions of the anterior tibial tendon. Furthermore, this transfer reduces the recruitment of the long toe extensors in assisting in ankle dorsiflexion. Transfer onto the second cuneiform improves neutral dorsiflexion whereas insertion on the cuboid re-inforces a weaker eversion of the foot.
Osteotomies {#section8-2058-5241.2.160077}
-----------
Dorsal wedge osteotomy of the first metatarsal may be an effective way to decrease the medial forefoot plantarflexion deformity if the pre-operative Coleman 'block test' has confirmed a forefoot-driven pes cavus.^[@bibr27-2058-5241.2.160077]^ The first metatarsal is exposed and a dorsal wedge is excised around 2 cm from the tarsometatarsal joint. For severe first ray deformity with poor correctability, a first tarso-metatarsal dorsiflexion arthrodesis is preferred, which produces a higher degree of forefoot cavus correction than metatarsal osteotomy. If the Meary's angle is markedly increased with poor passive correctability, this dorsal metatarsal osteotomy will be insufficient and a midfoot dorsal wedge osteotomy should be considered.
Midfoot dorsal wedge osteotomy is performed at the apex of the deformity and aims to realign the axes of the talus and first metatarsal.^[@bibr28-2058-5241.2.160077]^ Anterior tarsectomy, described by Cole and Meary,^[@bibr29-2058-5241.2.160077],[@bibr30-2058-5241.2.160077]^ is centred on the naviculo-cuneiform space and the cuboid and consists of a dorsomedial closing-wedge osteotomy that predominantly affects the medial rays ([Fig. 7](#fig7-2058-5241.2.160077){ref-type="fig"}).^[@bibr31-2058-5241.2.160077]^ This midfoot dorsal-wedge osteotomy allows correction in the frontal, sagittal and coronal planes without compromising the tarsal inversion/eversion and dorsoplantar motion of the foot. In our experience, one-third of patients were not satisfied with the outcome because of residual mild to moderate pain; moreover, only 20° to 25° of tarsometatarsal correction can be obtained using Cole's osteotomy leaving, in some cases, residual cavus deformity ([Fig. 8](#fig8-2058-5241.2.160077){ref-type="fig"}).^[@bibr32-2058-5241.2.160077]^
{#fig7-2058-5241.2.160077}
{#fig8-2058-5241.2.160077}
Various other types of osteotomy may be considered. Japas^[@bibr33-2058-5241.2.160077]^ proposed an inverted V osteotomy with two limbs crossing the cuboid on the outer side and the cuneiform bones on the medial arch. We have no experience with this procedure. Wilcox and Weiner^[@bibr34-2058-5241.2.160077]^ proposed intra-cuneiform osteotomy and other authors considered tarsometatarsal resection or metatarsal osteotomy but these procedures do not allow greater corrections to be made.^[@bibr35-2058-5241.2.160077]^ These metatarsal osteotomies lie distal to the apex of the cavus deformity leaving a residual dorsal bony prominence proximally in addition to an inadequate correction of the frontal plane deformity.
Hindfoot surgery {#section9-2058-5241.2.160077}
----------------
The Coleman 'block test' and hindfoot alignment view are useful to assess the need for corrective hindfoot surgery. When the hindfoot varus is reducible and forefoot-driven, a valgus calcaneal osteotomy is not required. Conversely, if the hindfoot varus is flexible or if there is residual varus after midfoot surgery, a calcaneal osteotomy must be considered. In case of any doubt, an overcorrection is better than an undercorrection.
Various extra-articular osteotomies have been described to correct the hindfoot alignment.^[@bibr36-2058-5241.2.160077]^ In our experience, Dwyer's osteotomy^[@bibr37-2058-5241.2.160077]^ may not provide sufficient correction for severe deformity and the correction is only in one plane. Also, with lateral sliding calcaneal osteotomy there is a limit to the amount of translation that can be obtained. Moderate hindfoot varus associated with subbtle cavovarus is easily adressed with a Dwyer or a lateralising calcaneal osteotomy but severe deformity may require more complex osteotomies. In those cases, the authors usually perform a Z-osteotomy described by Malerba and DiMarchi which removes a lateral wedge of varying thickness that allows multiplanar correction of the calcaneal deformity ([Fig. 9](#fig9-2058-5241.2.160077){ref-type="fig"}).^[@bibr38-2058-5241.2.160077]^
![Operative view showing a lateral bone wedge osteotomy described by Malerba and DiMarchi.^[@bibr38-2058-5241.2.160077]^](eor-2-221-g009){#fig9-2058-5241.2.160077}
In our experience, calcaneal osteotomy in isolated calcaneal pitch (without varus) greater than 30° associated with forefoot cavus is useless because midfoot dorsal wedge osteotomy provides a spontaneous reduction of calcaneal slope.
If the talus is tilted in the mortise on the anteroposterior (AP) ankle view, the cavovarus foot is at risk of osteoarthritis related to increased point loading.^[@bibr39-2058-5241.2.160077]^ It is essential to look for a lateral ligament complex deficiency and a reciprocal deltoid ligament tightness which requires lateral ligament reconstruction associated with medial deltoid ligament release.
In order for these ligament reconstruction procedures to be effective and long-lasting, the hindfoot varus deformity should be re-aligned by bony correction before the ligament reconstruction and the patient must be aware that there is a significant rate of failure and further surgery may be required in case of progression of their arthritis.^[@bibr40-2058-5241.2.160077]^
Associated toe deformities {#section10-2058-5241.2.160077}
--------------------------
Appropriate osteotomies of the midfoot provide some degree of correction of the claw toe deformities and flexible correctible claw toes may improve spontaneously after midfoot osteotomies. If the correction is not sufficient and the toes remain mobile, flexor to extensor tendon transfers (Girdlestone transfer) may be performed to improve the re-alignment of the toes. Once toe deformities have become fixed, a proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis or excision arthroplasty is required. In some cases, clawing of the hallux requires a modified Jones procedure with a transfer of the extensor hallucis longustendon through the first metatarsal neck and arthrodesis of the interphalangeal joint.^[@bibr41-2058-5241.2.160077]^
Various others procedures can be performed if there is associated pathology, guided by clinical assessment and imaging. Ankle arthroscopy allows debridment and removal of a large antero-medial osteophytes or anterior ankle synovitis. Repair is recommended for peroneal tendons that have damage to more than 50% of their cross-sectional area. An occasional Jones fracture may require fixation.
### Rigid cavovarus deformity {#section11-2058-5241.2.160077}
In adult patients presenting with rigid cavovarus deformity, the management is challenging and fusions and osteotomies represent the mainstay of treatment once the foot has lost its reducibility ([Fig. 10](#fig10-2058-5241.2.160077){ref-type="fig"}). Severe rigid cavus foot requires complex midfoot osteotomies to correct three-dimensional multiplanar deformity. Results of a plantigrade foot obtained by an arthrodesis are better than joint-sparing surgery leading to an inadequate and hence painful correction. However, many authors consider that it is preferable to fuse the minimum number of joints possible in order to maintain as much function as possible.
{#fig10-2058-5241.2.160077}
In many cases, a triple arthrodesis is indicated,^[@bibr42-2058-5241.2.160077]^ but soft-tissue balancing, by means of tendon transfers, must frequently be included in the correction to maintain a successful result over time. In the absence of the peroneus longus-to-brevis transfer the recurrence of first metatarsal plantarflexion deformity may occur. Likewise, saving the posterior tibial tendon leads to progression of heel varus and causes adductus at the talonavicular level.^[@bibr43-2058-5241.2.160077]^
Midtarsal tarsectomy was recommended by Imhäuser and Steinhäusser.^[@bibr44-2058-5241.2.160077]^ The operation centres on the midtarsal joint space and removes a dorso lateral bone wedge, which allows the cavus and adduction of the forefoot to be corrected. If the cavus is marked, the bone wedge can include removal of the whole of the navicular bone and also encroach on the cuneiform bones.
Long-term follow-up studies have shown a high incidence of osteoarthritis of the remaining foot joints after this triple arthrodesis. In order to preserve ankle motion, some authors considered that if less than one-third of the ankle joint is affected, then re-alignment allows a mobile joint relatively free of symptoms. If more than one-third of the ankle joint has degenerative changes the results are less predictable and a tibiotalar fusion could be advised.
In conclusion, recent literature indicates that adult cavovarus foot deformities should be commonly addressed with joint preservation osteotomies and adjunctive soft-tissue procedures and less with triple arthrodesis, especially in subtle cavovarus foot. Many surgical options are available to achieve good results and the order in which surgery is performed is important. The fixed forefoot deformity is addressed first and a valgising osteotomy should be performed if required. Any bony correction must be in conjunction with a soft-tissue balancing procedure and residual toe deformities are corrected as a final step. Treatment strategies should be individualised but the difficulty in obtaining a plantigrade and balanced foot using conservative surgery must not be forgotten.
**ICMJE Conflict of Interest Statement:** None.
Funding
=======
No benefits in any form have been received or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article.
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Q:
CSS styling for paragraph not taking effect in head but takes effect when declared in the body
I'm fairly a newbie at HTML and CSS. I've been following procedures on w3schools and also experimenting with things on my own. One of the first problems I've faces so far is in this code:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>vector5 - Home</title>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100" rel="stylesheet">
<style>
<!-- Link Styling-->a {
text-decoration: none;
color: #6a9496;
}
a:visited {
text-decoration: none;
color: #6a9496;
}
a:hover {
text-decoration: none;
color: #6a9496;
}
a:focus {
text-decoration: none;
color: #6a9496;
}
a:active {
text-decoration: none;
color: #6a9496;
}
<!-- Paragraph Styling-->p {
margin-top: 0px;
margin-bottom: 0px;
margin-right: 250px;
margin-left: 100px;
border: 10px solid powderblue;
color: #757575;
text-align: justify;
font-size: 100%;
font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif;
}
</style>
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
</head>
<body style="background-color: #99bfc1;">
<h1 style="color: #6a9496; font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 200%;">Lorem Di Ipsum</h1>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 250px; margin-left: 100px; border: 10px solid powderblue; color: #757575; text-align: justify; font-size: 100%; font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif;"
title="Lorem Di Ipsum">
Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry, used for <b><abbr title="Hypertext Markup Language">HTML</abbr></b> and design in modern times. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when a unknown
printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries,
but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with
the release of Letraset sheets containing cursive cursive Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing
software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum. To learn more about the <i>'Lorem Di Ipsum test'</i>,
you can visit <a href="https://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/www/justify.html" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">this website</a>.
</p>
</body>
</html>
The styling for the paragraph works when I attribute it as a style with the paragraph element. However, when I deleted the style attributes with the paragraph element in the body and left the paragraph css styling in the head, within the style elements, the text in the browser reverted back to the default text (black Times New Roman font). I don't understand what is going on or why my code works for the body, can anyone shed some light on this?
I also have another question. What should I do if I want to use the same font in the paragraph, but of different thickness?
A:
You are using a HTML comment in CSS either remove the comment or change too.
/*'Paragraph Styling' */
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"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Lemyra heringi
Lemyra heringi is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Franz Daniel in 1943. It is found in Yunnan, China.
References
heringi
Category:Moths described in 1943
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Q:
Confused about finding non-brute force way to solve for matrix to the 2019th power
I am attempting to solve this problem, it has four parts. I solved part a (a trivial matrix problem), but the next three parts appear to be a bit confusing to me. I just would like some help getting started so I can see and observe this matrix and come up with a solution.
The Questions Note:
The idea here is NOT to use brute force computation to get $A^{2019}$ matrix, instead use some observations which can significantly reduce computational work and will also give you an insight into such problems.
Obviously this is some huge numbered matrix, but I do not understand what observation will reduce this? My first thought was just to use a calculator and calculate $A^{2019}$ and then just multiply that by each vector. But that appears to be not the point of the question.
$$
Let A = \left[\begin{array}{rrr}
-4 & -6 & -12 \\
-2 & -1 & -4 \\
2 & 3 & 6
\end{array}\right]
$$
And Let $u$ = [6 5 -3], $v$ = [-2 0 1], and $w$ = [-2 -1 1].
b). Compute $A^{2019}\mathbb v$
A:
I assume that you're asking about $A^{2019}v$.
To that end, observe that $Av = 2v$ (I'll leave it to you to verify that this is true).
It follows that
$$
A^2v = AAv = A(2v) = 2Av = 4v.
$$
Similarly, $A^3 v = 8v$, and in general we have $A^k v = 2^k v$ for any positive integer $k$.
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}
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Ofra Haza
Bat-Sheva Ofra Haza-Ashkenazi, known professionally as Ofra Haza (; 19 November 1957 23 February 2000) was an Israeli singer, actress and Grammy Award-nominee recording artist, commonly known as "The Israeli Madonna", or "Madonna of the East". Her voice has been described as a "tender" mezzo-soprano.
Haza's music is known as a mixture of traditional and commercial singing styles, fusing elements of Eastern and Western instrumentation, orchestration and dance-beat. She became successful in Europe and the Americas; during her singing career, she earned many platinum and gold discs.
Early life
Bat-Sheva Ofra Haza was born in Tel Aviv, Israel, to Yemeni-Jewish parents who immigrated to Israel. She was the youngest of nine children (six sisters and two brothers) to Yefet and Shoshana Haza. They were raised in a Masorti household in the Hatikva Quarter, then an impoverished neighborhood of Tel Aviv.
At age 12, Haza joined a local theater troupe, and manager Bezalel Aloni noticed her singing talent. He staged many of his productions around her, and later became her manager and mentor. At 19, she was Israel's foremost pop star, and music journalists retrospectively described her as "the Madonna of the East".
Haza completed her Israeli military service in 1979.
Career
Her first album, entitled Al Ahavot Shelanu ("About Our Loves"), was released in 1980 and yielded a string of popular radio hits, including Hageshem ("The Rain"), Shir Ahava La'chayal ("Love Song For The Soldier"), Kmo Tzipor ("Like A Bird") and what ultimately became her signature song in Israel, Shir Ha'frecha ("The Bimbo Song"). The latter was written for the film Schlager (1979) in which Haza played a leading role. At first, radio stations across the country refused to play the song due to its lyrics, which at the time were unacceptable, but it quickly climbed the charts and reached No. 1, where it stayed for five consecutive weeks. Later in the year, the album attained gold status.
A second album soon followed, Bo Nedaber ("Let's Talk"), eventually going gold. The album included the singles Tfila ("Prayer") and Simanim Shel Ohavim ("Lovers Signs").
Her third album, Pituyim ("Temptations") came out in 1982, reaching gold status as well, with such singles as Gabriel and Kol Yom Matchila Shana ("A New Year Starts Every Day"). With this album, more well-known writers agreed to write her songs, including Tzvika Pick and Nurit Hirsh.
At the Eurovision Song Contest, Haza came in a close second to the Luxembourg entry with the song "Chai" ("Alive"). Her first platinum album, Chai, released in 1983, became the biggest-selling album of her career, and the title track was voted the No. 1 song of the year. Additional songs from the album included Amen Lamilim ("Amen For Words") and Sof Hakayitz ("End Of Summer"). Haza was voted "Female Vocalist Of The Year" four years in a row, from 1980 through 1983. Later that year, Haza released Shirey Moledet which consisted of her renditions of Israeli folk songs, eventually going platinum. Haza released two additional volumes in 1985 and 1987.
Bait Ham ("Warm House") was released in 1984 and included the singles Yad Beyad ("Hand In Hand"), Itcha Halayla ("With You Tonight") and the title track. The album went gold. In December that year, Haza released a collection of Yemenite songs, simply titled Yemenite Songs. Despite lukewarm radio airplay, the album went on to become a best-seller, reaching platinum status. This LP was reissued in the United States by Shanachie Records under the title Fifty Gates of Wisdom.
The album Adama ("Earth") followed in 1985 and saw writers in the country contributing to the album such as Sasha Argov, Naomi Shemer, Ya'akov Orland and Ehud Manor, among others. The album produced the singles Adama, Goral Echad ("One Destiny") and Mishehu Holech Tamid Iti ("Someone Always Walks With Me"), and reached gold status. Later that year, Ofra released "Shirey Moledet B", a continuation of her renditions of Israeli folk songs. The album went gold.
In 1986, Haza worked with producer Izhar Ashdot to create Yamim Nishbarim ("Broken Days"). The album's lyrics were written by Haza herself. The album went gold and produced the singles Kol Haklafim ("Open Your Cards"), Bo Ve-Nagen Oti ("Come and Play Me") and Hake'ev Haze ("This Pain").
International artist
Her major international breakthrough came in the wake of the album Shirei Teiman ("Yemenite songs"), which she recorded in 1984. The album consisted of songs that Haza had heard in childhood, using arrangements that combined authentic Middle Eastern percussion with classical instruments. Further recognition came with the single "Im Nin'alu", taken from the album Shaday (1988), which won the New Music Award for Best International Album of the Year. The song topped the Eurochart for two weeks in June that year and was on heavy rotation on MTV channels across the continent. In the annals of classical hip-hop this song would be extensively re-released, re-mixed and sampled, for example on Coldcut's remix of Eric B. & Rakim's "Paid in Full". The single made only a brief appearance in the UK top 40 singles chart, but became a dance floor favorite across Europe and the USA, topping the German charts for nine weeks. Subsequent singles were also given the dance-beat / MTV-style video treatment, most notably, Galbi, Daw Da Hiya and Mata Hari, but none quite matched the runaway success of her first hit. Im Nin'alu would go on to be featured on an in-game radio playlist of the video game Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories, released in 2005 and featured on Panjabi MC's album "Indian Timing" in 2009.
Haza also received critical acclaim for the albums Fifty Gates of Wisdom (1988), Desert Wind (1989), Kirya (1992), Ofra Haza (1997) and for her collection of children's songs, L'Yeladim (1982).
In 1992, Kirya (co-produced by Don Was) received a Grammy nomination.
In 1994, Haza released her first Hebrew album in seven years, Kol Haneshama ("The Whole Soul"). Though not an initial chart success, the album produced one of her biggest hits to date, Le'orech Hayam ("Along The Sea"), written by Ayala Asherov. The song did not have any substantial chart success upon its release to radio but became an anthem after Haza performed it on the assembly in memorial to deceased Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, a week after he was assassinated. Radio stations around the country began to play it. Its lyrics became even more symbolic following Haza's own death in 2000.
Collaborations and performances
Her collaborative work with internationally established acts included the single "Temple of Love (Touched by the Hand of Ofra Haza)", recorded with The Sisters of Mercy in 1992. Thomas Dolby co-produced Yemenite Songs and Desert Wind, where he was also a guest musician. Haza guested on Dolby's album Astronauts And Heretics (1992), singing on the track "That's Why People Fall In Love". She recorded "My Love Is for Real" with Paula Abdul in 1995 and on Sarah Brightman's album Harem, Haza's vocals were included on "Mysterious Days", thanks to an idea by Brightman's partner Frank Peterson (ex-Enigma), who produced both Harem (2003) and the album Ofra Haza (1997). Haza also sang backing vocals on the song "Friend of Stars" by the German electro-pop band And One, from the Spot (1993) album.
For the Kirya album, Iggy Pop, a friend of Don Was, performed the narration on "Daw Da Hiya" and Haza joined him and a host of other stars for the video and single release "Give Peace A Chance" in 1991. She also sang on the soundtracks of Colors (1988), Dick Tracy (1990), Wild Orchid (1990), Queen Margot (1994) and The Prince of Egypt (1998).
In The Prince of Egypt, she voiced the small role of Yocheved, singing "Deliver Us". When Hans Zimmer, who was working with Haza on the music for The Prince of Egypt, introduced her to the artists, they thought that she was so beautiful that they drew Yocheved to look like the singer. For the film's soundtracks, Haza sang the song "Deliver Us" in 18 languages, about half of which were sung phonetically, including:
Czech — "Tak vyveď nás"
Dutch — "Verlos ons, Heer"
English — "Deliver Us"
Finnish — "Johdata"
French — "Délivre nous"
German — "Erlöse uns"
Greek — "Eleftheri"
Hebrew — "Hoshia Na"
Hungarian — "Szabadíts"
Italian — "Ascoltaci"
Norwegian — "Befri Oss"
Polish — "Uwolnij nas"
Portuguese (Brazilian and Portuguese) — "Liberte-nos"
Romanian - "Librează-ne"
Spanish (Latin and Castilian) — "Libéranos"
Swedish — "Befria Oss"
On the soundtrack of The Governess (1998), Haza is the featured singer on seven of the twelve tracks and worked closely with film music composer Edward Shearmur. In 1999, she performed (together with late Pakistani artist Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan) the track "Forgiveness", on the contemporary symphony album The Prayer Cycle by Jonathan Elias. As a featured background vocalist, Haza's voice has been recorded, re-mixed or sampled for Black Dog's "Babylon" single, Eric B and Rakim's "Paid In Full (Coldcut Remix)", "Temple of Love (1992)" by The Sisters of Mercy, and for the M/A/R/R/S hit "Pump Up The Volume". The single "Love Song" has been re-mixed by DJs many times, its powerful vocal performance and comparatively sparse musical arrangement making it the perfect vehicle for a dance-rhythm accompaniment.
Covers of songs by other artists included the Carole King/James Taylor song "You've Got a Friend", Madonna's "Open Your Heart", Gary Moore's "Separate Ways", and Led Zeppelin's "Kashmir".
There were many live performances and Haza spoke with fond memories of her visits to Japan and Turkey. She performed at the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize ceremony in Oslo, where she appeared alongside Irish singer Sinéad O'Connor. "Paint Box" was written specially for the event. Her 1990 live recording, Ofra Haza At Montreux Jazz Festival was released in 1998.
Haza shared duets and concert performances with Glykeria, Yehudit Ravitz, Paul Anka, Paula Abdul, Michael Jackson, Iggy Pop, Hoite, Buddha Bar, Ishtar, Gidi Gov, Whitney Houston, Tzvika Pick, Khaled, Prachim Yerushalaim, The Sisters of Mercy, Thomas Dolby, Stefan Waggershausen, Eric B and Rakim, Gila Miniha, Hans Zimmer, Hagashash Hachiver, Yaffa Yarkoni, Dana International, Shoshana Damari and posthumously with Sarah Brightman.
In late 1999, Haza recorded new material for a new album that she worked on with Ron Aviv, a music producer from Petah Tikva. At the time, she also worked with the Finnish violinist Linda Brava, who released a previously unreleased track called Tarab on her MySpace page on 14 May 2010. On the track, Haza sings in English, Arabic and Hebrew, while Brava plays the electric violin. The track is possibly Haza's last recording.
Marriage
On July 15, 1997, Haza married businessman Doron Ashkenazi. The couple had no children, but Ashkenazi had an adopted son, Shai, and a biological daughter from his first marriage.
Death
Ofra Haza died on February 23, 2000, at the age of 42, of AIDS-related pneumonia. While the fact that she was HIV positive is now generally known, the decision by the Israeli newspaper Haaretz to report it shortly after her death was controversial in Israel.
After Haza's death was announced, Israeli radio stations played non-stop retrospectives of her music and then Prime Minister Ehud Barak praised her work as a cultural emissary, commenting that she also represented the Israeli success story — "Ofra emerged from the Hatikvah slums to reach the peak of Israeli culture. She has left a mark on us all."
The fact that Haza died because of an AIDS-related illness added another layer to the public mourning. The revelation of Haza's illness caused much surprise among fans, along with debate about whether the media invaded her privacy by reporting it. There was also speculation about how she had acquired the virus. Immediately after her death, the media placed blame on her husband, Tel Aviv businessman Doron Ashkenazi, for infecting her with the disease. Haza's manager Bezalel Aloni supported this belief, writing in his book that Haza acquired AIDS through sex with her husband. Later, it was revealed that her husband believed Haza became infected because of a blood transfusion she received in a hospital following a miscarriage. Ashkenazi himself died of a drug overdose roughly one year later on April 7, 2001, leaving a daughter from a prior marriage and a 14-year-old adopted son, Shai Ashkenazi.
Haza is buried in the Artists section of Yarkon Cemetery in Petah Tikva near Tel Aviv.
Legacy
Bezalel Aloni, Haza's manager and producer of 28 years, published a book Michtavim L'Ofra (Letters to Ofra) in 2007. The book is partly Aloni's autobiography and partly a biography of Haza, and includes letters written by Aloni.
On 22 March 2007, on the seventh anniversary of her death, the Tel Aviv-Jaffa Municipality and the Tel Aviv Development Fund renamed part of the public park in the Hatikva Quarter Gan Ofra (Ofra's Park) in her honor. The park is placed at the end of Bo'az street where Haza's childhood home was. The park features a children's playground, symbolizing her love for children and the old quarter she grew up in and always came back to.
On November 19, 2014, Google celebrated her 57th birthday with a Google Doodle.
Tributes
Touched By the Hand of Ofra Haza Fanzine (2008–09) was a tribute fanzine.
Sharim Ofra (Singing Ofra) 2002 – A tribute concert to commemorate the life of Ofra Haza where Israeli singers sang Haza's songs.
Fulfilled Wish is a digital EP by Russian ambient- and downtempo duo Koan, released in 2007.
Documentaries
Life & Death of Ofra Haza 2002 – Aired on the Israeli channel 2, 29 January 2002. This documentary in Hebrew focuses on Haza's entire life and career until her death.
Sodot (Secrets) 2005 – Aired on Israeli channel YES, this documentary in Hebrew and partly English is about Haza's life and attempts to answer questions surrounding her death.
Dokoceleb Ofra Haza 2007 – Aired on the Israeli entertainment station HOT, 22 February 2007. This documentary in Hebrew focuses on Haza's career, achievements and marriage.
Lost Treasure of Ofra Haza 2010 – Aired on the Israeli channel 10, 22 February 2010. This documentary in Hebrew and partly English focuses on Haza's legacy.
Discography
Albums
Studio albums
1974: Ahava Rishona • First Love (with Shechunat Hatikvah Workshop Theatre)
1976: Vehutz Mizeh Hakol Beseder • Apart from that All Is OK (with Shechunat Hatikvah Workshop Theatre)
1977: Atik Noshan • Ancient Old (with Shechunat Hatikvah Workshop Theatre)
1977: Shir HaShirim Besha'ashu'im • The Song of Songs (with Fun)
1980: Al Ahavot Shelanu • About Our Loves
1981: Bo Nedaber • Let's Talk
1982: Pituyim • Temptations
1982: Li-yeladim • Songs for Children (children's album)
1983: Hai • Alive
1983: Shirey Moledet • Homeland Songs
1984: Bayt Ham • A Place for Me
1984: Yemenite Songs • Shiri Teyman (aka Fifty Gates of Wisdom)
1985: Adamah • Earth
1985: Shirey Moledet 2 • Homeland Songs 2
1986: Yamim Nishbarim • Broken Days 1987: Shirey Moledet 3 • Homeland Songs 3 1988: Shaday 1989: Desert Wind 1992: Kirya 1994: Kol Haneshama • My Soul 1997: Ofra Haza Live albums
1998: Ofra Haza at Montreux Jazz Festival Compilations
1983: Selected Hits (with Shechunat Hatikvah Workshop Theatre)
1986: Album HaZahav • Golden Album 2000: Manginat Halev Vol. 1 • Melody of the Heart Vol. 1 2004: Manginat Halev Vol. 2 • Melody of the Heart Vol. 2 2008: Forever Ofra Haza (remix album)
Singles
Soundtracks
1988: Colors 1990: Dick Tracy 1990: Wild Orchid 1994: soundtrack for La Reine Margot (Queen Margot)
1998: The Prince of Egypt 1998: The Governess 1999: The King And I (Hebrew version)
2000: American Psycho: Music from the Controversial Motion Picture''
See also
List of Israeli musical artists
List of mezzo-sopranos in non-classical music
List of people on the postage stamps of Israel
Honorific nicknames in popular music
Women in Music
References
External links
Category:1957 births
Category:2000 deaths
Category:AIDS-related deaths in Israel
Category:Israeli dance musicians
Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1983
Category:Israeli columnists
Category:Israeli Eurovision Song Contest entrants
Category:Israeli female singer-songwriters
Category:Israeli film actresses
Category:Israeli Jews
Category:Israeli pop singers
Category:Jewish singers
Category:Musicians from Tel Aviv
Category:Sire Records artists
Category:Israeli people of Yemeni-Jewish descent
Category:20th-century Mizrahi Jews
Category:Israeli pianists
Category:Israeli women pianists
Category:Deaths from pneumonia
Category:Synthpop singers
Category:Israeli mezzo-sopranos
Category:Infectious disease deaths in Israel
Category:Burials in Israel
Category:Israeli Jewish female singers
Category:Women columnists
Category:Israeli voice actresses
Category:20th-century Israeli actresses
Category:20th-century Israeli singers
Category:20th-century pianists
Category:20th-century women singers
Category:Folk-pop singers
Category:Jewish writers
Category:Jewish women writers
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Why is it that the head of the Transportation Security Administration comes out with his ideas for reform three years after leaving office? Is it the book he’s got coming out next week? That’s part of it. But he supplies the real answer: “TSA’s bureaucratic momentum and political pressures.”
It’s possible to imagine an agency that isn’t directed by bureaucratic momentum and political pressures, but it isn’t possible to produce one. The litany of nonsensical procedures, indignities, and privacy invasions at the airport will not go away until the TSA does.
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We have also completed the first characterization of the active site of NiSOD from Streptomyces seoulensis. This study reveals that Ni site is bound to thiolate donors, like other Ni redox enzymes but unlike any previously characterized SOD. Examination of oxidized and reduced samples reveal a coordination number change (5 -> 4) and a shift in the edge energy appropriate for a one-electron process. There is also evidence that the active site consists of two Ni centers, one of which is not redox active in analogy with the CuZnSOD, and therefore must be composed of two subunits in the tetrameric enzyme.
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HMS Atalanta (1814)
HMS Atalanta was the American letter of marque schooner Siro, launched in 1812, that the British captured in 1814. There is no evidence that she actually entered into active service with the Royal Navy. She was a merchant brig when the captured her in September 1814 and sent her into Savannah as a prize, where she was condemned and sold.
Letter of Marque
Siro was built by William Flanagan, reportedly at a cost of US$40,000, and launched in 1812 at Baltimore for her owner George Stiles. She was a relatively expensive vessel, having been made of the finest materials.
On her first trip her captain was Henry Levely. In the autumn of 1812 she was sailing to France when she captured , of ten guns, which was carrying specie worth US$23,500, and a cargo of indigo. Loyal Sam had been on her way from Nassau for Britain when Siro captured her. Siro sent her prize into Portland, and arrived there herself soon after. However, the British recaptured Loyal Sam.
In 1814 Siro was on a voyage under the command of Captain D. Gray and off the coast of Ireland. She was carrying a cargo of cotton to Bordeaux, with the intent to engage in privateering after having landed her cargo.
On 13 January captured Siro after a chase of 12 hours. She was only about two years old so the Royal Navy took Siro into service as Atalanta, and even though Pelican had to share the prize money with , she proved to be a valuable prize. Captain Thomas Mansell described Siro in a letter as being pierced for 16 guns though carrying twelve 9-pounders, and new and a fast sailer. She had apparently already escaped several British cruisers through superior sailing.
British service
The Royal Navy registered Siro as Atalanta, but the prize may have been sold before commissioning her as there appears to be no record of a commissioning.,
Her new owners were the Liverpool merchants Berkely (or Barclay), Salkeld & Co., who converted her to a brig. She entered Lloyd's Register for 1814 with R. Jackson, master, Bartle & Co. owners, and trade Liverpool–Bordeaux.
Her owners had cotton plantations in Pensacola. She sailed from Liverpool on 14 August to Bordeaux. There a French merchant, M. Foussat, chartered her and put aboard a cargo for Pensacola.
On 21 September 1814 the USS Wasp was about 75 miles east of Madeira when she captured Atalanta, which was described as a British brig of eight guns and 19 men, carrying a commercial cargo. Master Commandant Johnston Blakeley, the captain of Wasp, deemed Atalanta too valuable to destroy. Instead he placed her under the command of Midshipman David Geisinger and sent her home to the United States. She entered Savannah, Georgia, safely on 4 November 1814. She had been bringing back a cargo of brandy, wine, and silk from Bordeaux to Pensacola. In his letter to the Secretary of War, Geisinger describes Atalanta as the former American schooner Siro, which Pelican had captured in the Bay of Biscay. Unfortunately, Blakeley took Atalantas captain, mate and supercargo, all of whom were lost shortly thereafter when Wasp disappeared at sea.
The capture gave rise to a case before the Supreme Court of the United States over the status of a cargo owned by a neutral though carried in a vessel belonging to the enemy
Notes, citations, and references
Notes
Citations
References
Coggeshall, George (1856) History of the American privateers, and letters-of-marque, during our war with England in the years 1812, '13 and '14. Interspersed with several naval battles between American and British ships-of-war. (The author)
Cranwell, John Philips, and William Bowers Crane (1940) Men of Marque. ( New York: W.W Norton & Company).
Curtis, Benjamin Robbins (1855) Reports of decisions in the Supreme Court of the United States. Volumes 3 & 4 (Little, Brown)
Footner, Geoffrey M. (1998) Tidewater Triumph: The Development and Worldwide Success of the Chesapeake Bay Pilot Schooner. (Naval Institute Press).
Garitee, Jerome R. (1977) The Republic's private navy: the American privateering business as practiced by Baltimore during the War of 1812. (Published for Mystic Seaport by Wesleyan University Press).
Harris, Graham, and Les MacPhie (2005) Oak Island And Its Lost Treasure. (Formac).
Maclay, Edgar Stanton (1900) A history of American privateers. (Sampson, Low, Marston & co,).
Marshall, John (1823-1835) Royal naval biography, or, Memoirs of the services of all the flag-officers, superannuated rear-admirals, retired-captains, post-captains, and commanders, whose names appeared on the Admiralty list of sea officers at the commencement of the present year 1823, or who have since been promoted ... (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown).
Neeser, Robert Wilden (1909) Statistical and chronological history of the United States navy, 1775-1907, Vol.2. (Macmillan).
Category:Schooners of the Royal Navy
Category:Privateer ships of the United States
Category:Captured ships
Category:1812 ships
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Causes of Teen Depression
“Depression can be a transient response to many situations and stresses.” (Causes of Teen Depression) Teen depression can be caused by peer pressure, a break up, conflict at home, and many more things. Teens with depression may sleep excessively, have a change in eating habits, and may even show criminal behaviors. They could have feelings of hopelessness. Depression is often difficult to diagnose because normal teenage depression is marked by both up and down moods. These moods may alternate over the day. Many things can cause this miserable and empty emotion.
Parents can be the cause of teenage depression. This article says,”Sometimes parents are so busy with their own lives that they don’t see the symptoms of this illness manifested by their children, at least not at first.” (Causes of Teen Depression) A teenager may just want attention from their parents. Parents have a huge effect on their children. Teenagers are too proud to tell their parents that they want them to notice them so they act out and do anything to get their attention. When they still don’t give them the attention then they become depressed. There are other ways parents can affect their children. This article sheds some light on the matter. “An unhappy family life full of negative feedback attacks the teen’s outlook on life and the way they feel about themselves.”(Reasons for Teen Depression) A teenager may be treated badly at home. Maybe even abused, physically or emotionally. A teenager may feel worthless if their parents treat them like it. Teenagers take their parents opinion to heart. If they are abused they may feel like they have no reason to live. This is one of many causes of teen depression.
Teenage girls are more likely to get depression. “Adolescence girls are more likely to experience depression due to any problem in their face, skin or beauty than boys do.” (Causes of Teenage Depression) Girls are more sensitive to ridicule. If they have a blemish they freak out and try covering it up. Also, if a boy brings up that blemish she will be so embarrassed and won’t ever forget that. She will feel that that blemish makes her ugly and she will feel like she isn’t good enough. This article states “Adolescent girls are twice as likely as boys to experience depression.” (Causes of Teen Depression) Boys don’t care as much as girls do. If one person calls a girl fat or anything she will try to change herself. She will eventually starve herself and she will still feel like she isn’t good enough. If a boy breaks up with her she is going to feel like she did something wrong and that she is never going to be good enough. All of this can be too much for her to handle and she will become depressed.
Not being academically inclined can cause a teenager to be depressed. “Students who are not academically good think that they cannot be successful in their studies and cannot make their parents happy.” (Causes of Teenage Depression) Teenagers try so hard and school and when they still get bad grades they could feel like they aren’t smart. Teachers may try to help but, it still may not work. If parents pressure their children in getting good grades that could push them over the edge. “Teens can develop feelings of worthlessness and inadequacy over their grades.” (Teen Depression) Doing poorly in school can really affect student. They feel like they aren’t worth anything. That they should just give up on the world and not try to succeed. This is a big cause of teen depression.
Depression can be caused by so many things. This article states that “School performance, social statues with peers, sexual orientation, or family life can each have a major effect on how a teen feels.” (Teen Depression) All these things can cause depression. As a result, it can make a teenager feel worthless or that no matter what they will never be good enough. This article gives more causes of depression. “Genetics, environment, medical conditions, trauma and stress can play a role in the reasons for teen depression.” (Reasons for Teen Depression) Depression is a very serious illness. If teenagers get depressed it can cause them a lot of harm. Parents, teachers, and friends should be aware of how the person with this illness is acting.
Many things can cause this empty and sad emotion. This illness can cause a lot of pain to the patient and their close friends and family. To prevent teen depression, teens should be aware that they need to let some things go. Don’t take everything so seriously. People can seek help if they are depressed. Talk to close friends and family. Vent if you start to feel sad. Depression is not supposed to be taken lightly. Parents and teachers should always be aware of how a teenager is feeling because of the stages they are going through.
Favorite Quote:According to Greek mythology, humans were originally created with four legs, four arms and a head with two faces. Fearing their power, Zeus split them apart, condemning them to spend their lives in search of their other half.
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Here, the blogs you should be reading right now with recipes and tips from their creators.
The Blog: After an expired visa brought her from Brooklyn back to her home in rural Italy, Valentina Solfrini created Hortus Cuisine to help her appreciate traditional (and often vegetarian) Italian food.
Many of your posts show how traditional Italian food is more plant-based than many people think. What are some of your favorite dishes or techniques you’ve learned while producing this blog?Ever since I started the blog, my goal was to dig up the knowledge of my great-grandparents who lived on the farm and did not have the luxury of taking any shortcuts. I love long recipes that take more than a day to complete. I love the care and attention that must be put into the making process. There are many amazing recipes that require this kind of patience—from canning to cheesemaking, but the skill I am most proud to have mastered is making pasta by the rolling pin method. The sheets of pasta must be rolled out with quick, precise motions of stretch and fold around a long pin, and it requires as much strength as it does grace. Making bread with natural yeast, which takes over two days to fully rise, is also one of my favorite activities.
Have any of your vegan or otherwise nontraditional takes on dishes raised eyebrows, or do people embrace the changes?Italians are generally very attached to their traditional food, and are still not very open to change, though many young Italians can’t wait to embrace new foods and ingredients, and vegetarian and vegan restaurants and bakeries are popping up encouragingly quickly. Veganism and vegetarianism in Italy are still strongly tied to the idea of a life made entirely of tofu (which most Italians despise, as it is extremely unfamiliar to us), herbs and plain vegetables. Many Italian dishes are actually vegan or easily veganizable...the only trick here is to never utter any word starting with veg, and people will eat anything. I know of a friend who fed seitan ragù to a crowd of anti-vegan people and nobody noticed there wasn’t any meat in it. Which, in my opinion, says a lot about the quality of the meat people are used to buying.
You also love to learn and share about the healing nature of some foods. What have been some of your favorite facts to learn? The best lessons are the ones you experience on your skin, and it is easy to notice how your body changes after you include or exclude certain foods from your diet. For example, I noticed how my skin stopped flaking after introducing almonds, almond milk and avocado in my diet, and I noticed how much flatter my belly was after removing milk and introducing chia seeds. The best thing to learn, though, was that not everyone reacts to the same foods the same way, which is a great reminder of the fact that we should never judge other people’s dietary choices harshly. A little trial and error is always in order to find out what works best for us.
What food blogs are you loving right now?My favorite blog has to be Princess Tofu. Phi, the author, is romantic, delicate and attentive to detail. Her recipes are creative and her photos stunningly elegant. Her blog is pure eye candy.
Recipe-wise, my favorite since forever is Green Kitchen Stories. I dare everyone to think of vegetarianism as boring after taking a look at the colorful, incredibly creative yet simple dishes. It’s a close call with 101 Cookbooks though!
Kristin Donnelly is a former Food & Wine editor and author of the forthcoming The Modern Potluck (Clarkson Potter, 2016). She is also the cofounder of Stewart & Claire, an all-natural line of lip balms made in Brooklyn.
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var createCompounder = require('./_createCompounder');
/**
* Converts `string` to
* [snake case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_case).
*
* @static
* @memberOf _
* @since 3.0.0
* @category String
* @param {string} [string=''] The string to convert.
* @returns {string} Returns the snake cased string.
* @example
*
* _.snakeCase('Foo Bar');
* // => 'foo_bar'
*
* _.snakeCase('fooBar');
* // => 'foo_bar'
*
* _.snakeCase('--FOO-BAR--');
* // => 'foo_bar'
*/
var snakeCase = createCompounder(function(result, word, index) {
return result + (index ? '_' : '') + word.toLowerCase();
});
module.exports = snakeCase;
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It has been shown that, for time-harmonic electromagnetic fields with exp(-i.omega.t) excitation, a homogeneous, low loss, isotropic chiral (optically active) medium can be described electromagnetically by the following constitutive relations: EQU D=.epsilon.E+i .xi..sub.c B (1) EQU H=i.xi.E+(1/.mu.)B (2)
where E, B, D and H are electromagnetic field vectors and .epsilon., .mu., .xi..sub.c represent the dielectric constant, permeability and chirality admittance of the chiral medium, respectively. A "chiral medium" comprises chiral objects of the same handedness, randomly oriented and uniformly distributed. A chiral object is a three-dimensional body that cannot be brought into congruence with its mirror image by translation and rotation. Therefore, all chiral objects can be classified in terms of their "handedness." The term "handedness," as known by those with skill in the art, refers to whether a chiral object is "right-handed" or "left-handed." That is, if a chiral object is fight-handed (left-handed), its mirror image is left-handed (right-handed). Therefore, the mirror image of a chiral object is its enantiomorph.
Chiral media exhibit electromagnetic chirality which embraces optical activity and circular dichroism. Optical activity refers to the rotation of the plane of polarization of optical waves by a medium while circular dichroism indicates a change in the polarization ellipticity of optical waves by a medium. Them exists a variety of materials that exhibit optical activity. For example, for 0.63-.mu.m wavelength, TeO.sub.2 exhibits optical activity with a chirality admittance magnitude of 3.83.times.10.sup.-7 mho. This results in a rotation of the plane of polarization of 87.degree. per mm. These phenomena, known since the mid nineteenth century, are due to the presence of the two unequal characteristic wavenumbers corresponding to two circularly polarized eigenmodes with opposite handedness.
The fundamentals of electromagnetic chirality are known. See, e.g., J. A. Kong, Theory of Electromagnetic Waves, 1975; E. J. Post, Formal Structure of Electromagnetics, 1962. More recent work includes the macroscopic treatment of electromagnetic waves with chiral structures D. L. Jaggard et at. Applied Physics, 18, 211, 1979; the analysis of dyadic Green's functions and dipole radiation in chiral media, S. Bassiri et al. Alta Frequenza, 2, 83, 1986 and N. Engheta et al. IEEE Trans. on Ant. & Propag., 37, 4, 1989; the reflection and refraction of waves at a dielectric-chiral interface, S. Bassiri et at. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A5, 1450, 1988; and guided-wave structures comprising chiral materials, N. Engheta and P. Pelet, Opt. Lett., 14, 593, 1989. The following table compares the electromagnetic properties of chiral and nonchiral materials:
__________________________________________________________________________ Simple Medium Chiral Medium Characteristics D = .epsilon.E D = .epsilon.E + i.xi..sub.c B Constitutive Relations H = (1/.mu.)B H = i.xi..sub.c E + (1/.mu.) __________________________________________________________________________ B Wave Equation .gradient. .times. .gradient. .times. E - k.sup.2 E = .gradient. .times. .gradient. .times. E - k.sup.2 E - 2.omega..mu..xi..sub.c .gradient. .times. E = 0 Wavenumbers ##STR1## ##STR2## Eigenmodes Linear Polarization Allowed RCP and LCP Only Wave Intrinsic Impedance ##STR3## ##STR4## __________________________________________________________________________
Prior radomes have been known and used to protect antenna elements from the adverse effects of a harsh environment. Radomes have also been used to control the radiation cross-section ("RCS") parameters of antennas and antenna arrays that receive and transmit electromagnetic energy. Typically, prior radomes have been made of low loss dielectric materials which have been designed to have minimal interaction with the antennas found therein. However, prior radomes have been unable to efficiently and effectively provide control of radiation and scattering properties for antennas and antenna arrays both in low RCS applications and high efficiency antenna design. There therefore exists a long-felt need in the art for sophisticated and effective antenna radomes to provide sensitive radiation control and RCS management for low profile antennas.
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Emilia Mernes
María Emilia Mernes (born October 29, 1996), who records monomously as Emilia, is an Argentine singer, songwriter, dancer and model. Born and raised in Nogoyá, Entre Ríos, Emilia rose to fame in the year 2016s as lead singer of the cumbia-pop group Rombai. From 2016 to 2018, the group performed on some of the most important stages of Latin America, until Emilia announced her departure from the group to focus on her solo career.
In 2019, after signing a contract with W. K. Entertainment and Sony Music Latin, Emilia released her debut single "Recalienta," which peaked at number 68 on the Billboard Argentina Hot 100.
Discography
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Footnotes
References
Category:1996 births
Category:Argentine female models
Category:Argentine pop singers
Category:Living people
Category:21st-century Argentine singers
Category:21st-century women singers
Category:Argentine female singers
Category:Hispanic and Latino American female models
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After scoring touchdowns or completing other big plays, Griffin has been known to make the Sign of the Cross, often in combination with a kneel, a brief prayer, and a gesture towards Heaven. This act has been compared to Tebowing.
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This image has been deleted Reason: Rule 1: No full scans of official paid content
If you originally uploaded the file previously located here, please don't re-upload it - contact us if you feel this was in error and we'll talk! We're only human, and mistakes happen.
Here's the tagging guidelines and rules of the site. Other useful links can be found at the bottom of the page.
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Shove off
Shoot approaching enemies as they attempt to drive you off screen using your miserably slow ship but nifty laser beam.
Left/Right = Turn Ship
Up = Move
Space = Shoot
This was produced for a Stencyl tutorial series - Find below the source files, commented code and sprites. Let me know how you get on and feel free to comment below if you have any problems whilst building it.
Feel free to download the source files at the bottom of the page and hope you find the tutorial useful!
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Just one GOP vote can save net neutrality [Editorial]
The underlying beauty of the internet is that it serves as the ultimate free market. Everyone competes on a level playing field. But without net neutrality, telecoms could start charging businesses at their own discretion and promote some content over others.
Photo: Thatree Charoenpornpimongul, HO / TNS
If you’ve ever had to self-censor a curse word or two when looking at your latest internet or cable bill, you’re not alone. Telecoms are among the most loathed institutions in the United States. Two of the America’s top 20 most-hated companies are telecoms — Comcast and CenturyLink — according to a recent report by 24/7 Wall St.
Want to leave one of these bottom-of-the-barrel providers? Good luck. The bulk of Americans don’t have much choice. Around 40 percent of the country has only one option for broadband internet access.
That means telecoms have got customers over a barrel. Just this month, Comcast announced that it would refuse to offer its fastest internet connection speeds to subscribers who won’t also sign up for cable television, essentially forcing Americans to sign up for a service they might not want.
With no competition, there’s nothing to stop telecoms from using their monopoly power to exploit people through higher prices and lower speeds — nothing except for federal regulation.
That’s why it is imperative that Congress use the Congressional Review Act — the CRA — to save net neutrality.
Senate Minority Leader Charles Schumer (D-N.Y.) has said he plans to file a discharge petition today, which could force a vote on the matter. All 49 Senate Democrats along with Republican U.S. Sen. Susan Collins of Maine have said they support restoring net neutrality after the Federal Communications Commission’s regulatory flip-flop last year. It’ll only take one more Republican to gain a majority.
As we’ve written before, the internet relies on net neutrality to function, and Congress has a duty to put it back in place. The underlying beauty of the internet is that it serves as the ultimate free market. Everyone competes on a level playing field. But without net neutrality, telecoms could start charging businesses at their own discretion and promote some content over others.
Comcast could prioritize MSNBC.com, which it owns, over Fox News. Verizon could slow down YouTube and Netflix while keeping fast speeds for its own streaming services. That actually happened.
If telecoms can give preferential treatment to their own products — or the highest bidder — then it becomes difficult for customers to discern quality services from the corporate favorites. Established companies could squash startups before they had an opportunity to compete.
It also gives a few telecom conglomerates a massive amount of power over your daily life.
That sort of preferentialism is illegal for pipeline companies and the electric grid. In the energy industry, content providers must remain separate from distribution networks. There’s a glass wall between drillers and transportation networks.
In fact, all sorts of networks, from telephones to shipping companies, have to abide by these kinds of rules. It is how the world of commerce functions. Lawyers call it “common carrier.”
Net neutrality was supposed to establish similar rules for the internet.
However, the FCC under President Trump voted to roll back those rules and grant telecoms special treatment, permitting them to implement all sorts of bizarre charging schemes.
Why? Because telecoms wanted more money.
Without net neutrality to restrain them, companies like Comcast, AT&T and CenturyLink could essentially turn the digital freeway into a toll road.
And it’s not as if they’re using that money to improve their connection speeds or invest in research and development. If you were wondering what your internet bill pays for, here’s the answer: Comcast is preparing to offer $60 billion in cash to buy Twenty-First Century Fox Inc. If the deal goes through, the telecom will not only a own film catalog that stretches from Star Wars and X-Men to Kung-Fu Panda — it’ll also own near-monopolistic control over its distribution. And you can bet it’ll use that to squeeze you for every last cent.
It is all part of a pattern in which telecoms buy up content providers, consolidate their corporate holdings, then exploit the lack of competition to charge more for services.
Congress has the ability to tie the hands of these unwieldy corporations and force them to treat customers fairly. That means voting yes on a net neutrality CRA and ensuring that telecoms have to follow the same rules as every other network.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
what is the code for table rates shipping method & cash on delivery" payment method
I am using this shipping "Table rates" and "webshopapp matrix rates" shipping methods.
what i need is that , if we use table rates shipping method, i want to hide "cash on delivery" payment method.
i am following this link : https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26604267/magento-onepage-checkout-hide-payment-method-depending-on-shipping-method
please help me to find what is the code for
1)table rates shipping method
2)cash on delivery" payment method....
A:
AS i have seen in your reference link you can also see
code for
1) table rates shipping method == flatrate_flatrate
2) cash on delivery" payment method. == cashondelivery
EDIT
class Mage_Shipping_Model_Carrier_Tablerate
extends Mage_Shipping_Model_Carrier_Abstract
implements Mage_Shipping_Model_Carrier_Interface
{
/**
* code name
*
* @var string
*/
protected $_code = 'tablerate';
}
Simple Magento shipping method code
<pre>Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[value] => Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[value] => flatrate_flatrate
[label] => Fixed
)
)
[label] => Flat Rate
)
[1] => Array
(
[value] => Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[value] => freeshipping_freeshipping
[label] => Free
)
)
[label] => Free Shipping
)
[2] => Array
(
[value] => Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[value] => tablerate_bestway
[label] => Table Rate
)
)
[label] => Best Way
)
[3] => Array
(
[value] => Array
(
)
[label] => Best Way
)
)
i am sure it will help you.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
/*
===========================================================================
Doom 3 GPL Source Code
Copyright (C) 1999-2011 id Software LLC, a ZeniMax Media company.
This file is part of the Doom 3 GPL Source Code (?Doom 3 Source Code?).
Doom 3 Source Code is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
Doom 3 Source Code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with Doom 3 Source Code. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
In addition, the Doom 3 Source Code is also subject to certain additional terms. You should have received a copy of these additional terms immediately following the terms and conditions of the GNU General Public License which accompanied the Doom 3 Source Code. If not, please request a copy in writing from id Software at the address below.
If you have questions concerning this license or the applicable additional terms, you may contact in writing id Software LLC, c/o ZeniMax Media Inc., Suite 120, Rockville, Maryland 20850 USA.
===========================================================================
*/
#include "../../idlib/precompiled.h"
#pragma hdrstop
#include "qe3.h"
#include "Radiant.h"
#include "GLWidget.h"
#include "PropertyList.h"
#include "entitydlg.h"
#include "PreviewDlg.h"
#include "CurveDlg.h"
#include "../../renderer/model_local.h" // for idRenderModelPrt
void Select_Ungroup();
// CEntityDlg dialog
IMPLEMENT_DYNAMIC(CEntityDlg, CDialog)
CEntityDlg::CEntityDlg(CWnd* pParent /*=NULL*/)
: CDialog(CEntityDlg::IDD, pParent)
{
editEntity = NULL;
multipleEntities = false;
currentAnimation = NULL;
}
CEntityDlg::~CEntityDlg()
{
}
void CEntityDlg::DoDataExchange(CDataExchange* pDX)
{
CDialog::DoDataExchange(pDX);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_LIST_KEYVAL, listKeyVal);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_COMBO_CLASS, comboClass);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_EDIT_KEY, editKey);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_EDIT_VAL, editVal);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_STATIC_TITLE, staticTitle);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_STATIC_KEY, staticKey);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_STATIC_VAL, staticVal);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_BUTTON_BROWSE, btnBrowse);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_E_135, btn135);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_E_90, btn90);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_E_45, btn45);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_E_180, btn180);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_E_0, btn360);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_E_225, btn225);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_E_270, btn270);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_E_315, btn315);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_E_UP, btnUp);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_E_DOWN, btnDown);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_BUTTON_MODEL, btnModel);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_BUTTON_SOUND, btnSound);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_BUTTON_GUI, btnGui);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_BUTTON_PARTICLE, btnParticle);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_BUTTON_SKIN, btnSkin);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_BUTTON_CURVE, btnCurve);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_BUTTON_CREATE, btnCreate);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_LIST_VARS, listVars);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_ENTITY_ANIMATIONS , cbAnimations);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_ANIMATION_SLIDER , slFrameSlider);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_ENTITY_CURRENT_ANIM , staticFrame);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_ENTITY_PLAY_ANIM , btnPlayAnim);
DDX_Control(pDX, IDC_ENTITY_STOP_ANIM , btnStopAnim);
}
BOOL CEntityDlg::OnInitDialog()
{
CDialog::OnInitDialog();
listKeyVal.SetUpdateInspectors(true);
listKeyVal.SetDivider(100);
listVars.SetDivider(100);
staticFrame.SetWindowText ( "0" );
return TRUE; // return TRUE unless you set the focus to a control
// EXCEPTION: OCX Property Pages should return FALSE
}
int CEntityDlg::OnToolHitTest(CPoint point, TOOLINFO* pTI) const
{
// TODO: Add your specialized code here and/or call the base class
return CDialog::OnToolHitTest(point, pTI);
}
void CEntityDlg::AddClassNames() {
comboClass.ResetContent();
for (eclass_t *pec = eclass; pec; pec = pec->next) {
comboClass.AddString(pec->name);
}
}
BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CEntityDlg, CDialog)
ON_WM_SIZE()
ON_CBN_SELCHANGE(IDC_COMBO_CLASS, OnCbnSelchangeComboClass)
ON_LBN_SELCHANGE(IDC_LIST_KEYVAL, OnLbnSelchangeListkeyval)
ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_E_135, OnBnClickedE135)
ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_E_90, OnBnClickedE90)
ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_E_45, OnBnClickedE45)
ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_E_180, OnBnClickedE180)
ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_E_0, OnBnClickedE0)
ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_E_225, OnBnClickedE225)
ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_E_270, OnBnClickedE270)
ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_E_315, OnBnClickedE315)
ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_E_UP, OnBnClickedEUp)
ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_E_DOWN, OnBnClickedEDown)
ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_BUTTON_MODEL, OnBnClickedButtonModel)
ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_BUTTON_SOUND, OnBnClickedButtonSound)
ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_BUTTON_GUI, OnBnClickedButtonGui)
ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_BUTTON_BROWSE, OnBnClickedButtonBrowse)
ON_CBN_DBLCLK(IDC_COMBO_CLASS, OnCbnDblclkComboClass)
ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_BUTTON_CREATE, OnBnClickedButtonCreate)
ON_LBN_DBLCLK(IDC_LIST_KEYVAL, OnLbnDblclkListkeyval)
ON_LBN_SELCHANGE(IDC_LIST_VARS, OnLbnSelchangeListVars)
ON_LBN_DBLCLK(IDC_LIST_VARS, OnLbnDblclkListVars)
ON_NOTIFY(NM_RELEASEDCAPTURE, IDC_ANIMATION_SLIDER, OnNMReleasedcaptureSlider1)
ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_BUTTON_PARTICLE, OnBnClickedButtonParticle)
ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_BUTTON_SKIN, OnBnClickedButtonSkin)
ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_BUTTON_CURVE, OnBnClickedButtonCurve)
ON_CBN_SELCHANGE(IDC_ENTITY_ANIMATIONS, OnCbnAnimationChange)
ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_ENTITY_PLAY_ANIM , OnBnClickedStartAnimation)
ON_BN_CLICKED(IDC_ENTITY_STOP_ANIM , OnBnClickedStopAnimation)
ON_WM_TIMER()
ON_BN_CLICKED(IDOK, OnOK)
END_MESSAGE_MAP()
void CEntityDlg::OnSize(UINT nType, int cx, int cy)
{
if (staticTitle.GetSafeHwnd() == NULL) {
return;
}
CDialog::OnSize(nType, cx, cy);
CRect rect, crect, crect2;
GetClientRect(rect);
int bh = (float)rect.Height() * (rect.Height() - 210) / rect.Height() / 2;
staticTitle.GetWindowRect(crect);
staticTitle.SetWindowPos(NULL, 4, 4, rect.Width() -8, crect.Height(), SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
int top = 4 + crect.Height() + 4;
comboClass.GetWindowRect(crect);
btnCreate.GetWindowRect(crect2);
comboClass.SetWindowPos(NULL, 4, top, rect.Width() - 12 - crect2.Width(), crect.Height(), SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
btnCreate.SetWindowPos(NULL, rect.Width() - crect2.Width() - 4, top, crect2.Width(), crect.Height(), SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
top += crect.Height() + 4;
listVars.SetWindowPos(NULL, 4, top, rect.Width() - 8, bh, SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
top += bh + 4;
listKeyVal.SetWindowPos(NULL, 4, top, rect.Width() - 8, bh, SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
top += bh + 4;
staticKey.GetWindowRect(crect);
staticKey.SetWindowPos(NULL, 4, top + 2, crect.Width(), crect.Height(), SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
int left = 4 + crect.Width() + 4;
int pad = crect.Width();
editKey.GetWindowRect(crect);
editKey.SetWindowPos(NULL, left, top, rect.Width() - 12 - pad, crect.Height(), SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
top += crect.Height() + 4;
staticVal.GetWindowRect(crect);
staticVal.SetWindowPos(NULL, 4, top + 2, crect.Width(), crect.Height(), SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
editVal.GetWindowRect(crect);
bh = crect.Height();
editVal.SetWindowPos(NULL, left, top, rect.Width() - 16 - bh - pad, crect.Height(), SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
btnBrowse.SetWindowPos(NULL, rect.right - 4 - bh, top, bh, bh, SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
top += crect.Height() + 8;
btnModel.GetWindowRect(crect);
btnModel.SetWindowPos(NULL, rect.right - 4 - crect.Width(), top + 8, crect.Width(), crect.Height(), SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
btnSound.SetWindowPos(NULL, rect.right - 4 - crect.Width(), top + 12 + crect.Height(), crect.Width(), crect.Height(), SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
btnGui.SetWindowPos(NULL, rect.right - 4 - crect.Width(), top + 16 + crect.Height() * 2, crect.Width(), crect.Height(), SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
btnParticle.SetWindowPos(NULL, rect.right - 8 - (crect.Width() * 2), top + 16 + crect.Height() * 2, crect.Width(), crect.Height(), SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
btnSkin.SetWindowPos( NULL, rect.right - 8 - ( crect.Width() * 2 ), top + 12 + crect.Height(), crect.Width(), crect.Height(), SWP_SHOWWINDOW );
btnCurve.SetWindowPos( NULL, rect.right - 8 - ( crect.Width() * 2 ), top + 8, crect.Width(), crect.Height(), SWP_SHOWWINDOW );
//*************************************
//animation controls
//*************************************
int rightAnimAreaBorder = rect.right - 75 - crect.Width (); /*models, etc button width*/
btnStopAnim.GetWindowRect(crect);
btnStopAnim.SetWindowPos(NULL,rightAnimAreaBorder - crect.Width (),
top + 8 ,crect.Width(),crect.Height(),SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
left = rightAnimAreaBorder - crect.Width() - 4;
btnPlayAnim.GetWindowRect(crect);
btnPlayAnim.SetWindowPos(NULL,left-crect.Width () ,top + 8 , crect.Width(),crect.Height(),SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
left -= crect.Width() + 4;
cbAnimations.GetWindowRect(crect);
cbAnimations.SetWindowPos(NULL,left-crect.Width (),top + 8 ,crect.Width(),crect.Height(),SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
staticFrame.GetWindowRect(crect);
staticFrame.SetWindowPos(NULL,rightAnimAreaBorder - crect.Width (),
top + 34 ,crect.Width(),crect.Height(),SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
left = rightAnimAreaBorder - crect.Width () - 4;
slFrameSlider.GetWindowRect(crect);
slFrameSlider.SetWindowPos(NULL,left - crect.Width (),
top + 32 ,crect.Width(),crect.Height(),SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
//*************************************
//*************************************
btn135.GetWindowRect(crect);
bh = crect.Width();
btn135.SetWindowPos(NULL, 4, top, bh, bh, SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
btn90.SetWindowPos(NULL, 4 + 2 + bh, top, bh, bh, SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
btn45.SetWindowPos(NULL, 4 + 2 + 2 + bh * 2, top, bh, bh, SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
btnUp.SetWindowPos(NULL, 4 + 2 + 2 + 6 + bh * 3, top + bh / 2,bh,bh, SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
btnDown.SetWindowPos(NULL, 4 + 2 + 2 + 6 + bh *3, top + bh / 2 + bh + 2,bh,bh, SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
top += bh + 2;
btn180.SetWindowPos(NULL, 4, top, bh, bh, SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
btn360.SetWindowPos(NULL, 4 + 2 + 2 + bh * 2, top, bh, bh, SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
top += bh + 2;
btn225.SetWindowPos(NULL, 4, top, bh, bh, SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
btn270.SetWindowPos(NULL, 4 + 2 + bh, top, bh, bh, SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
btn315.SetWindowPos(NULL, 4 + 2 + 2 + bh * 2, top, bh, bh, SWP_SHOWWINDOW);
Invalidate();
}
void CEntityDlg::OnCbnSelchangeComboClass()
{
int index = comboClass.GetCurSel();
if (index != LB_ERR) {
CString str;
comboClass.GetLBText(index, str);
eclass_t *ent = Eclass_ForName (str, false);
if (ent) {
if (selected_brushes.next == &selected_brushes) {
editEntity = world_entity;
multipleEntities = false;
} else {
editEntity = selected_brushes.next->owner;
for (brush_t *b = selected_brushes.next->next; b != &selected_brushes; b = b->next) {
if (b->owner != editEntity) {
multipleEntities = true;
break;
}
}
}
listVars.ResetContent();
CPropertyItem *pi = new CPropertyItem("Usage:", ent->desc.c_str(), PIT_VAR, "");
listVars.AddPropItem(pi);
int c = ent->vars.Num();
for (int i = 0; i < c; i++) {
pi = new CPropertyItem(ent->vars[i].name.c_str(), ent->vars[i].desc.c_str(), PIT_VAR, "");
pi->SetData(ent->vars[i].type);
listVars.AddPropItem(pi);
}
listVars.Invalidate();
SetKeyValPairs();
}
}
}
const char *CEntityDlg::TranslateString(const char *buf) {
static char buf2[32768];
int i, l;
char *out;
l = strlen(buf);
out = buf2;
for (i = 0; i < l; i++) {
if (buf[i] == '\n') {
*out++ = '\r';
*out++ = '\n';
}
else {
*out++ = buf[i];
}
}
*out++ = 0;
return buf2;
}
void CEntityDlg::UpdateFromListBox() {
if (editEntity == NULL) {
return;
}
int c = listKeyVal.GetCount();
for (int i = 0 ; i < c; i++) {
CPropertyItem* pItem = (CPropertyItem*)listKeyVal.GetItemDataPtr(i);
if (pItem) {
editEntity->epairs.Set(pItem->m_propName, pItem->m_curValue);
}
}
SetKeyValPairs();
}
void CEntityDlg::SetKeyValPairs( bool updateAnims ) {
if (editEntity) {
listKeyVal.ResetContent();
int c = editEntity->epairs.GetNumKeyVals();
for (int i = 0; i < c; i++) {
const idKeyValue *kv = editEntity->epairs.GetKeyVal(i);
CPropertyItem *pi = new CPropertyItem(kv->GetKey().c_str(), kv->GetValue().c_str(), PIT_EDIT, "");
bool found = false;
int vc = editEntity->eclass->vars.Num();
for (int j = 0; j < vc; j++) {
if (editEntity->eclass->vars[j].name.Icmp(kv->GetKey()) == 0) {
switch (editEntity->eclass->vars[j].type) {
case EVAR_STRING :
case EVAR_INT :
case EVAR_FLOAT :
pi->m_nItemType = PIT_EDIT;
break;
case EVAR_BOOL :
pi->m_nItemType = PIT_EDIT;
//pi->m_cmbItems = "0|1";
break;
case EVAR_COLOR :
pi->m_nItemType = PIT_COLOR;
break;
case EVAR_MATERIAL :
pi->m_nItemType = PIT_MATERIAL;
break;
case EVAR_MODEL :
pi->m_nItemType = PIT_MODEL;
break;
case EVAR_GUI :
pi->m_nItemType = PIT_GUI;
break;
case EVAR_SOUND :
pi->m_nItemType = PIT_SOUND;
break;
}
found = true;
break;
}
}
if (!found) {
if (kv->GetKey().Icmp("model") == 0) {
pi->m_nItemType = PIT_MODEL;
}
if (kv->GetKey().Icmp("_color") == 0) {
pi->m_nItemType = PIT_COLOR;
}
if (kv->GetKey().Icmp("gui") == 0) {
pi->m_nItemType = PIT_GUI;
}
if (kv->GetKey().Icmp("gui2") == 0) {
pi->m_nItemType = PIT_GUI;
}
if (kv->GetKey().Icmp("gui3") == 0) {
pi->m_nItemType = PIT_GUI;
}
if (kv->GetKey().Icmp("s_shader") == 0) {
pi->m_nItemType = PIT_SOUND;
}
}
listKeyVal.AddPropItem(pi);
}
if ( updateAnims ) {
int i, num;
cbAnimations.ResetContent();
num = gameEdit->ANIM_GetNumAnimsFromEntityDef( &editEntity->eclass->defArgs );
for( i = 0; i < num; i++ ) {
cbAnimations.AddString( gameEdit->ANIM_GetAnimNameFromEntityDef( &editEntity->eclass->defArgs, i ) );
}
const idKeyValue* kv = editEntity->epairs.FindKey ( "anim" );
if ( kv ) {
int selIndex = cbAnimations.FindStringExact( 0 , kv->GetValue().c_str() );
if ( selIndex != -1 ) {
cbAnimations.SetCurSel( selIndex );
OnCbnAnimationChange ();
}
}
}
}
}
void CEntityDlg::UpdateEntitySel(eclass_t *ent) {
assert ( ent );
assert ( ent->name );
int index = comboClass.FindString(-1, ent->name);
if (index != LB_ERR) {
comboClass.SetCurSel(index);
OnCbnSelchangeComboClass();
}
}
void CEntityDlg::OnLbnSelchangeListkeyval()
{
int index = listKeyVal.GetCurSel();
if (index != LB_ERR) {
CString str;
listKeyVal.GetText(index, str);
int i;
for (i = 0; str[i] != '\t' && str[i] != '\0'; i++) {
}
idStr key = str.Left(i);
while (str[i] == '\t' && str[i] != '\0') {
i++;
}
idStr val = str.Right(str.GetLength() - i);
editKey.SetWindowText(key);
editVal.SetWindowText(val);
}
}
static int TabOrder[] = {
IDC_COMBO_CLASS,
IDC_BUTTON_CREATE,
//IDC_EDIT_INFO,
IDC_LIST_KEYVAL,
IDC_EDIT_KEY,
IDC_EDIT_VAL,
IDC_BUTTON_BROWSE,
IDC_E_135,
IDC_E_90,
IDC_E_45,
IDC_E_180,
IDC_E_0,
IDC_E_225,
IDC_E_270,
IDC_E_315,
IDC_E_UP,
IDC_E_DOWN,
IDC_BUTTON_MODEL,
IDC_BUTTON_SOUND,
IDC_BUTTON_GUI,
IDC_ENTITY_ANIMATIONS
};
int TabCount = sizeof(TabOrder) / sizeof(int);
void CEntityDlg::DelProp() {
CString key;
if (editEntity == NULL) {
return;
}
editKey.GetWindowText(key);
if (multipleEntities) {
for (brush_t *b = selected_brushes.next; b != &selected_brushes; b = b->next) {
DeleteKey(b->owner, key);
Entity_UpdateCurveData( b->owner );
}
} else {
DeleteKey(editEntity, key);
Entity_UpdateCurveData( editEntity );
}
// refresh the prop listbox
SetKeyValPairs();
Sys_UpdateWindows( W_ENTITY | W_XY | W_CAMERA );
}
BOOL CEntityDlg::PreTranslateMessage(MSG* pMsg)
{
if (pMsg->hwnd == editVal.GetSafeHwnd()) {
if (pMsg->message == WM_LBUTTONDOWN) {
editVal.SetFocus();
return TRUE;
}
}
if (pMsg->hwnd == editKey.GetSafeHwnd()) {
if (pMsg->message == WM_LBUTTONDOWN) {
editKey.SetFocus();
return TRUE;
}
}
if (GetFocus() == &editVal || GetFocus() == &editKey) {
if (pMsg->message == WM_KEYDOWN && pMsg->wParam == VK_RETURN ) {
AddProp();
return TRUE;
}
}
if (GetFocus() == listKeyVal.GetEditBox()) {
if (pMsg->message == WM_KEYDOWN && pMsg->wParam == VK_RETURN ) {
listKeyVal.OnChangeEditBox();
listKeyVal.OnSelchange();
listKeyVal.OnKillfocusEditBox();
AddProp();
SetKeyValPairs();
return TRUE;
}
}
if (GetFocus() == &listKeyVal) {
if (pMsg->message == WM_KEYDOWN && pMsg->wParam == VK_DELETE && editEntity) {
DelProp();
return TRUE;
}
}
if (pMsg->message == WM_KEYDOWN && pMsg->wParam == VK_ESCAPE) {
if (pMsg->wParam == VK_ESCAPE) {
g_pParentWnd->GetCamera()->SetFocus();
Select_Deselect();
}
return TRUE;
}
if ( pMsg->message == WM_KEYDOWN && pMsg->wParam == VK_RETURN ) {
// keeps ENTER from closing the dialog
return TRUE;
}
if (pMsg->message == WM_KEYDOWN && pMsg->wParam == VK_TAB) {
if (GetFocus()) {
int id = GetFocus()->GetDlgCtrlID();
for (int i = 0; i < TabCount; i++) {
if (TabOrder[i] == id) {
i++;
if (i >= TabCount) {
i = 0;
}
CWnd *next = GetDlgItem(TabOrder[i]);
if (next) {
next->SetFocus();
if (TabOrder[i] == IDC_EDIT_VAL) {
editVal.SetSel(0, -1);
}
return TRUE;
}
}
}
}
}
if (pMsg->message == WM_KEYDOWN && pMsg->wParam == VK_RIGHT && pMsg->hwnd == slFrameSlider.GetSafeHwnd()) {
int pos = slFrameSlider.GetPos() + 1;
pos = (pos % slFrameSlider.GetRangeMax());
slFrameSlider.SetPos ( pos );
UpdateFromAnimationFrame ();
return TRUE;
}
if (pMsg->message == WM_KEYDOWN && pMsg->wParam == VK_LEFT && pMsg->hwnd == slFrameSlider.GetSafeHwnd()) {
int pos = slFrameSlider.GetPos() - 1;
if ( pos < 1 ) {
pos = slFrameSlider.GetRangeMax();
}
slFrameSlider.SetPos ( pos );
UpdateFromAnimationFrame ();
return TRUE;
}
return CDialog::PreTranslateMessage(pMsg);
}
/*
=======================================================================================================================
AddProp
=======================================================================================================================
*/
void CEntityDlg::AddProp() {
if (editEntity == NULL) {
return;
}
CString Key, Value;
editKey.GetWindowText(Key);
editVal.GetWindowText(Value);
bool isName = (stricmp(Key, "name") == 0);
bool isModel = static_cast<bool>((stricmp(Key, "model") == 0 && Value.GetLength() > 0));
bool isOrigin = ( idStr::Icmp( Key, "origin" ) == 0 );
if (multipleEntities) {
brush_t *b;
for (b = selected_brushes.next; b != &selected_brushes; b = b->next) {
if (isName) {
Entity_SetName(b->owner, Value);
} else {
if ( ! ( ( isModel || isOrigin ) && ( b->owner->eclass->nShowFlags & ECLASS_WORLDSPAWN ) ) ) {
SetKeyValue(b->owner, Key, Value);
}
}
}
}
else {
if (isName) {
Entity_SetName(editEntity, Value);
} else {
if ( ! ( ( isModel || isOrigin ) && ( editEntity->eclass->nShowFlags & ECLASS_WORLDSPAWN ) ) ) {
SetKeyValue(editEntity, Key, Value);
}
}
if ( isModel && !( editEntity->eclass->nShowFlags & ECLASS_WORLDSPAWN ) ) {
idBounds bo;
idVec3 mins, maxs;
selected_brushes.next->modelHandle = renderModelManager->FindModel( Value );
if ( dynamic_cast<idRenderModelPrt*>( selected_brushes.next->modelHandle ) || dynamic_cast<idRenderModelLiquid*>( selected_brushes.next->modelHandle ) ) {
bo.Zero();
bo.ExpandSelf( 12.0f );
} else {
bo = selected_brushes.next->modelHandle->Bounds( NULL );
}
VectorCopy(bo[0], mins);
VectorCopy(bo[1], maxs);
VectorAdd(mins, editEntity->origin, mins);
VectorAdd(maxs, editEntity->origin, maxs);
Brush_RebuildBrush(selected_brushes.next, mins, maxs, false);
Brush_Build ( selected_brushes.next , false, false , false, true );
}
}
// refresh the prop listbox
SetKeyValPairs();
Sys_UpdateWindows(W_ALL);
}
const char *CEntityDlg::AngleKey() {
if (editEntity == NULL) {
return "";
}
if (editEntity->eclass->nShowFlags & ECLASS_MOVER) {
return "movedir";
}
return "angle";
}
void CEntityDlg::OnBnClickedE135()
{
if (editEntity == NULL) {
return;
}
editKey.SetWindowText(AngleKey());
editVal.SetWindowText("135");
AddProp();
}
void CEntityDlg::OnBnClickedE90()
{
if (editEntity == NULL) {
return;
}
editKey.SetWindowText(AngleKey());
editVal.SetWindowText("90");
AddProp();
}
void CEntityDlg::OnBnClickedE45()
{
if (editEntity == NULL) {
return;
}
editKey.SetWindowText(AngleKey());
editVal.SetWindowText("45");
AddProp();
}
void CEntityDlg::OnBnClickedE180()
{
if (editEntity == NULL) {
return;
}
editKey.SetWindowText(AngleKey());
editVal.SetWindowText("180");
AddProp();
}
void CEntityDlg::OnBnClickedE0()
{
if (editEntity == NULL) {
return;
}
editKey.SetWindowText(AngleKey());
editVal.SetWindowText("0");
AddProp();
}
void CEntityDlg::OnBnClickedE225()
{
if (editEntity == NULL) {
return;
}
editKey.SetWindowText(AngleKey());
editVal.SetWindowText("225");
AddProp();
}
void CEntityDlg::OnBnClickedE270()
{
if (editEntity == NULL) {
return;
}
editKey.SetWindowText(AngleKey());
editVal.SetWindowText("270");
AddProp();
}
void CEntityDlg::OnBnClickedE315()
{
if (editEntity == NULL) {
return;
}
editKey.SetWindowText(AngleKey());
editVal.SetWindowText("315");
AddProp();
}
void CEntityDlg::OnBnClickedEUp()
{
if (editEntity == NULL) {
return;
}
editKey.SetWindowText(AngleKey());
editVal.SetWindowText("-1");
AddProp();
}
void CEntityDlg::OnBnClickedEDown()
{
if (editEntity == NULL) {
return;
}
editKey.SetWindowText(AngleKey());
editVal.SetWindowText("-2");
AddProp();
}
CPreviewDlg *CEntityDlg::ShowModelChooser() {
static CPreviewDlg modelDlg;
modelDlg.SetMode(CPreviewDlg::MODELS);
modelDlg.SetModal();
if (modelDlg.GetSafeHwnd() == NULL) {
modelDlg.Create(MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDD_DIALOG_PREVIEW));
}
modelDlg.ShowWindow( SW_SHOW );
modelDlg.BringWindowToTop();
while (modelDlg.Waiting()) {
}
return &modelDlg;
}
CPreviewDlg *CEntityDlg::ShowParticleChooser() {
static CPreviewDlg modelDlg;
modelDlg.SetMode(CPreviewDlg::PARTICLES);
modelDlg.SetModal();
if (modelDlg.GetSafeHwnd() == NULL) {
modelDlg.Create(MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDD_DIALOG_PREVIEW));
}
modelDlg.ShowWindow(SW_SHOW);
modelDlg.BringWindowToTop();
while (modelDlg.Waiting()) {
}
return &modelDlg;
}
CPreviewDlg *CEntityDlg::ShowSkinChooser(entity_t *ent) {
static CPreviewDlg modelDlg;
modelDlg.SetMode(CPreviewDlg::SKINS);
modelDlg.SetModal();
if (modelDlg.GetSafeHwnd() == NULL) {
modelDlg.Create(MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDD_DIALOG_PREVIEW));
}
modelDlg.RebuildTree( ( ent ) ? ent->epairs.GetString( "model" ) : "" );
modelDlg.ShowWindow(SW_SHOW);
modelDlg.BringWindowToTop();
while (modelDlg.Waiting()) {
}
return &modelDlg;
}
CPreviewDlg *CEntityDlg::ShowGuiChooser() {
static CPreviewDlg guiDlg;
guiDlg.SetMode(CPreviewDlg::GUIS);
guiDlg.SetModal();
if (guiDlg.GetSafeHwnd() == NULL) {
guiDlg.Create(MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDD_DIALOG_PREVIEW));
}
guiDlg.ShowWindow(SW_SHOW);
guiDlg.BringWindowToTop();
while (guiDlg.Waiting()) {
}
return &guiDlg;
}
CPreviewDlg *CEntityDlg::ShowSoundChooser() {
static CPreviewDlg soundDlg;
soundDlg.SetMode(CPreviewDlg::SOUNDS);
soundDlg.SetModal();
if (soundDlg.GetSafeHwnd() == NULL) {
soundDlg.Create(MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDD_DIALOG_PREVIEW));
}
soundDlg.ShowWindow(SW_SHOW);
while (soundDlg.Waiting()) {
}
return &soundDlg;
}
CPreviewDlg *CEntityDlg::ShowMaterialChooser() {
static CPreviewDlg matDlg;
matDlg.SetMode(CPreviewDlg::MATERIALS);
matDlg.SetModal();
if (matDlg.GetSafeHwnd() == NULL) {
matDlg.Create(MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDD_DIALOG_PREVIEW));
}
matDlg.ShowWindow(SW_SHOW);
matDlg.BringWindowToTop();
while (matDlg.Waiting()) {
}
return &matDlg;
}
void CEntityDlg::AssignModel ()
{
OnBnClickedButtonModel();
}
void CEntityDlg::OnBnClickedButtonModel() {
CPreviewDlg *dlg = ShowModelChooser();
if (dlg->returnCode == IDOK) {
editKey.SetWindowText("model");
editVal.SetWindowText(dlg->mediaName);
AddProp();
}
}
void CEntityDlg::OnBnClickedButtonSound() {
CPreviewDlg *dlg = ShowSoundChooser();
if (dlg->returnCode == IDOK) {
editKey.SetWindowText("s_shader");
editVal.SetWindowText(dlg->mediaName);
AddProp();
}
}
void CEntityDlg::OnBnClickedButtonGui() {
CPreviewDlg *dlg = ShowGuiChooser();
if (dlg->returnCode == IDOK) {
editKey.SetWindowText("gui");
editVal.SetWindowText(dlg->mediaName);
AddProp();
}
}
void CEntityDlg::OnBnClickedButtonParticle() {
CPreviewDlg *dlg = ShowParticleChooser();
if (dlg->returnCode == IDOK) {
editKey.SetWindowText("model");
editVal.SetWindowText(dlg->mediaName);
AddProp();
}
}
void CEntityDlg::OnBnClickedButtonSkin() {
CPreviewDlg *dlg = ShowSkinChooser( editEntity );
if (dlg->returnCode == IDOK) {
editKey.SetWindowText("skin");
editVal.SetWindowText(dlg->mediaName);
AddProp();
}
}
void CEntityDlg::OnBnClickedButtonCurve() {
CCurveDlg dlg;
if ( dlg.DoModal() == IDOK ) {
if ( editEntity ) {
idStr str = "curve_" + dlg.strCurveType;
editKey.SetWindowText( str );
idVec3 org = editEntity->origin;
str = "3 ( ";
str += org.ToString();
org.x += 64;
str += " ";
str += org.ToString();
org.y += 64;
str += " ";
str += org.ToString();
str += " )";
editVal.SetWindowText( str );
AddProp();
Entity_SetCurveData( editEntity );
}
}
}
void CEntityDlg::OnBnClickedButtonBrowse() {
DelProp();
}
void CEntityDlg::OnCbnDblclkComboClass()
{
// TODO: Add your control notification handler code here
}
//
// =======================================================================================================================
// CreateEntity Creates a new entity based on the currently selected brush and entity type.
// =======================================================================================================================
//
void CEntityDlg::CreateEntity() {
entity_t *petNew;
bool forceFixed = false;
// check to make sure we have a brush
CXYWnd *pWnd = g_pParentWnd->ActiveXY();
if (pWnd) {
CRect rctZ;
pWnd->GetClientRect(rctZ);
brush_t *pBrush;
if (selected_brushes.next == &selected_brushes) {
pBrush = CreateEntityBrush(g_nSmartX, rctZ.Height() - 1 - g_nSmartY, pWnd);
forceFixed = true;
}
}
else {
if (selected_brushes.next == &selected_brushes) {
MessageBox("You must have a selected brush to create an entity", "info", 0);
return;
}
}
int index = comboClass.GetCurSel();
if (index == LB_ERR) {
MessageBox("You must have a selected class to create an entity", "info", 0);
return;
}
CString str;
comboClass.GetLBText(index, str);
if (!stricmp(str, "worldspawn")) {
MessageBox("Can't create an entity with worldspawn.", "info", 0);
return;
}
eclass_t *pecNew = Eclass_ForName (str, false);
// create it
if ((GetAsyncKeyState(VK_CONTROL) & 0x8000)) {
// MAJOR hack for xian
extern void Brush_CopyList(brush_t *pFrom, brush_t *pTo);
brush_t temp_brushes;
temp_brushes.next = &temp_brushes;
Brush_CopyList(&selected_brushes, &temp_brushes);
Select_Deselect();
brush_t *pBrush = temp_brushes.next;
while (pBrush != NULL && pBrush != &temp_brushes) {
brush_t *pNext = pBrush->next;
Brush_RemoveFromList(pBrush);
Brush_AddToList(pBrush, &selected_brushes);
pBrush = pNext;
petNew = Entity_Create(pecNew, forceFixed);
Select_Deselect();
}
} else if ((GetAsyncKeyState(VK_SHIFT) & 0x8000)) {
Select_Ungroup();
petNew = Entity_Create(pecNew, forceFixed);
} else {
petNew = Entity_Create(pecNew, forceFixed);
}
if (petNew == NULL) {
MessageBox("Failed to create entity.", "info", 0);
return;
}
if (selected_brushes.next == &selected_brushes) {
editEntity = world_entity;
}
else {
editEntity = selected_brushes.next->owner;
}
SetKeyValPairs();
Select_Deselect();
Select_Brush(editEntity->brushes.onext);
Sys_UpdateWindows(W_ALL);
}
void CEntityDlg::OnBnClickedButtonCreate()
{
CreateEntity();
}
void CEntityDlg::OnLbnDblclkListkeyval()
{
CString Key, Value;
idStr work;
editKey.GetWindowText( Key );
editVal.GetWindowText( Value );
if ( stricmp( Key, "script" ) == 0 ) {
Key = Value;
Value = "script/" + Key;
if ( fileSystem->ReadFile( Value, NULL, NULL ) == -1) {
sprintf( work, "// Script for %s\n// \n\nvoid main() {\n\n}\n\n", currentmap );
fileSystem->WriteFile( Value, work.c_str(), work.Length(), "fs_devpath" );
}
work = fileSystem->RelativePathToOSPath( Value );
WinExec( va( "notepad.exe %s", work.c_str() ), SW_SHOW );
}
}
void CEntityDlg::OnLbnSelchangeListVars() {
}
void CEntityDlg::OnLbnDblclkListVars() {
if (editEntity == NULL) {
return;
}
int sel = listVars.GetCurSel();
CPropertyItem *pi = (CPropertyItem*)listVars.GetItemDataPtr(sel);
if (pi) {
if (editEntity->epairs.FindKey(pi->m_propName) == NULL) {
editKey.SetWindowText(pi->m_propName);
editVal.SetWindowText("");
editVal.SetFocus();
}
}
}
void CEntityDlg::UpdateKeyVal(const char *key, const char *val) {
if (editEntity) {
editEntity->epairs.Set(key, val);
SetKeyValPairs();
g_pParentWnd->GetCamera()->BuildEntityRenderState(editEntity, true);
Entity_UpdateSoundEmitter(editEntity);
}
}
void CEntityDlg::OnNMReleasedcaptureSlider1(NMHDR *pNMHDR, LRESULT *pResult)
{
if ( !editEntity )
{
return;
}
UpdateFromAnimationFrame ();
*pResult = 0;
}
void CEntityDlg::UpdateFromAnimationFrame ( bool updateKeyValueDisplay )
{
int frame = slFrameSlider.GetPos ();
editEntity->epairs.SetInt( "frame" , frame );
SetDlgItemText ( IDC_ENTITY_CURRENT_ANIM , va ( "%i" , frame));
if ( updateKeyValueDisplay ) {
SetKeyValPairs();
}
g_pParentWnd->GetCamera ()->BuildEntityRenderState (editEntity , true );
Sys_UpdateWindows ( W_ALL );
}
void CEntityDlg::OnCbnAnimationChange ()
{
if ( !editEntity )
{
return;
}
int sel = cbAnimations.GetCurSel();
CString animName;
currentAnimation = NULL;
int currFrame = 0;
if ( sel != -1 ) {
cbAnimations.GetLBText( sel , animName );
if ( animName.GetLength() > 0 ) {
//preserve the existing frame number
currFrame = editEntity->epairs.GetInt ( "frame" , "1" );
editEntity->epairs.Set("anim" , animName.GetBuffer(0));
SetKeyValPairs(false/*don't update anims combo box :)*/ );
//update the slider
currentAnimation = gameEdit->ANIM_GetAnimFromEntityDef(editEntity->eclass->name , animName.GetBuffer(0));
currentAnimationFrame = 0;
if ( currentAnimation ) {
slFrameSlider.SetRange( 1 , gameEdit->ANIM_GetNumFrames( currentAnimation ), TRUE );
slFrameSlider.SetPos( currFrame );
currentAnimationFrame = currFrame;
}
Sys_UpdateWindows(W_ALL);
}
}
}
void CEntityDlg::OnBnClickedStartAnimation()
{
if (!editEntity) {
return;
}
SetTimer ( 0 , 1000/24 , NULL );
}
void CEntityDlg::OnBnClickedStopAnimation()
{
KillTimer ( 0 );
}
void CEntityDlg::OnTimer(UINT nIDEvent)
{
if ( !editEntity ) {
OnBnClickedStopAnimation ();
return;
}
if ( currentAnimation ) {
currentAnimationFrame = ( (currentAnimationFrame++) % gameEdit->ANIM_GetNumFrames( currentAnimation ) );
editEntity->epairs.SetInt ( "frame" , currentAnimationFrame );
slFrameSlider.SetPos ( currentAnimationFrame );
UpdateFromAnimationFrame (false/*don't update key/value display*/);
Sys_UpdateWindows ( W_CAMERA | W_XY );
}
}
void CEntityDlg::AddCurvePoints() {
if ( editEntity == NULL || editEntity->curve == NULL ) {
return;
}
// add one point 64 units from the direction of the two points int he curve
int c = editEntity->curve->GetNumValues();
idVec3 start;
idVec3 end;
if ( c > 1 ) {
start = editEntity->curve->GetValue( c - 2 );
end = editEntity->curve->GetValue( c - 1 );
idVec3 dir = end - start;
dir.Normalize();
start = end + 64 * dir;
} else if ( c > 0 ) {
start = editEntity->curve->GetValue( 0 );
start.x += 64;
start.y += 64;
} else {
start = editEntity->origin;
}
editEntity->curve->AddValue( editEntity->curve->GetNumValues() * 100, start );
if ( g_qeglobals.d_select_mode == sel_editpoint ) {
g_qeglobals.d_select_mode = sel_brush;
EditCurvePoints();
}
Sys_UpdateWindows( W_CAMERA | W_XY );
}
void CEntityDlg::EditCurvePoints() {
if ( editEntity == NULL || editEntity->curve == NULL ) {
return;
}
if ( g_qeglobals.d_select_mode == sel_editpoint ) {
g_qeglobals.d_select_mode = sel_brush;
return;
}
g_qeglobals.d_select_mode = sel_editpoint;
g_qeglobals.d_numpoints = 0;
g_qeglobals.d_num_move_points = 0;
int c = editEntity->curve->GetNumValues();
for ( int i = 0; i < c; i++ ) {
if ( g_qeglobals.d_numpoints < MAX_POINTS - 1 ) {
g_qeglobals.d_points[g_qeglobals.d_numpoints++] = editEntity->curve->GetValue( i );
}
}
Sys_UpdateWindows( W_XY | W_CAMERA );
}
void CEntityDlg::InsertCurvePoint() {
if ( editEntity == NULL || editEntity->curve == NULL ) {
return;
}
if ( g_qeglobals.d_select_mode != sel_editpoint ) {
return;
}
if ( g_qeglobals.d_num_move_points == 0 ) {
return;
}
for ( int i = 0; i < editEntity->curve->GetNumValues(); i++ ) {
if ( PointInMoveList( editEntity->curve->GetValueAddress( i ) ) >= 0 ) {
if ( i == editEntity->curve->GetNumValues() - 1 ) {
// just do an add
AddCurvePoints();
} else {
idCurve<idVec3> *newCurve = Entity_MakeCurve( editEntity );
if ( newCurve == NULL ) {
return;
}
for ( int j = 0; j < editEntity->curve->GetNumValues(); j++ ) {
if ( j == i ) {
idVec3 start;
idVec3 end;
if ( i > 0 ) {
start = editEntity->curve->GetValue( i - 1 );
end = editEntity->curve->GetValue( i );
start += end;
start *= 0.5f;
} else {
start = editEntity->curve->GetValue( 0 );
if ( editEntity->curve->GetNumValues() > 1 ) {
end = start;
start = editEntity->curve->GetValue ( 1 );
idVec3 dir = end - start;
dir.Normalize();
start = end + 64 * dir;
} else {
end = start;
end.x += 64;
end.y += 64;
}
}
newCurve->AddValue( newCurve->GetNumValues() * 100, start );
}
newCurve->AddValue( newCurve->GetNumValues() * 100, editEntity->curve->GetValue( j ) );
}
delete editEntity->curve;
editEntity->curve = newCurve;
}
g_qeglobals.d_num_move_points = 0;
break;
}
}
UpdateEntityCurve();
Sys_UpdateWindows( W_XY | W_CAMERA );
}
void CEntityDlg::DeleteCurvePoint() {
if ( editEntity == NULL || editEntity->curve == NULL ) {
return;
}
if ( g_qeglobals.d_select_mode != sel_editpoint ) {
return;
}
if ( g_qeglobals.d_num_move_points == 0 ) {
return;
}
for ( int i = 0; i < editEntity->curve->GetNumValues(); i++ ) {
if ( PointInMoveList( editEntity->curve->GetValueAddress( i ) ) >= 0 ) {
editEntity->curve->RemoveIndex( i );
g_qeglobals.d_num_move_points = 0;
break;
}
}
UpdateEntityCurve();
Sys_UpdateWindows( W_XY | W_CAMERA );
}
void CEntityDlg::UpdateEntityCurve() {
if ( editEntity == NULL ) {
return;
}
Entity_UpdateCurveData( editEntity );
if ( g_qeglobals.d_select_mode == sel_editpoint ) {
g_qeglobals.d_numpoints = 0;
int c = editEntity->curve->GetNumValues();
for ( int i = 0; i < c; i++ ) {
if ( g_qeglobals.d_numpoints < MAX_POINTS - 1 ) {
g_qeglobals.d_points[g_qeglobals.d_numpoints++] = editEntity->curve->GetValue( i );
}
}
}
Sys_UpdateWindows( W_ENTITY );
}
void CEntityDlg::SelectCurvePointByRay(const idVec3 &org, const idVec3 &dir, int buttons) {
int i, besti;
float d, bestd;
idVec3 temp;
if ( editEntity == NULL ) {
return;
}
// find the point closest to the ray
float scale = g_pParentWnd->ActiveXY()->Scale();
besti = -1;
bestd = 8 / scale / 2;
//bestd = 8;
for (i = 0; i < g_qeglobals.d_numpoints; i++) {
temp = g_qeglobals.d_points[i] - org;
d = temp * dir;
temp = org + d * dir;
temp = g_qeglobals.d_points[i] - temp;
d = temp.Length();
if ( d <= bestd ) {
bestd = d;
besti = i;
}
}
if (besti == -1) {
return;
}
g_qeglobals.d_num_move_points = 0;
assert ( besti < editEntity->curve->GetNumValues() );
g_qeglobals.d_move_points[ g_qeglobals.d_num_move_points++ ] = editEntity->curve->GetValueAddress( besti );
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Forget what you learned about markets in your introductory economics class. In a new book titled, The Tyranny of the Market: Why You Can’t Always Get What You Want, Wharton professor of business and public policy Joel Waldfogel challenges the conventional thinking that markets will provide adequately if left to their own devices.
In the prevailing view, markets allow everyone to get what they want, regardless of what others want — recalling Blockbuster Video’s “Go Home Happy” slogan — while allocation through government imposes what John Stuart Mill called a “tyranny of the majority” — that you get what you want only if the majority wants it. This stark distinction between markets and government, advanced by Milton Friedman in his book Capitalism and Freedom, has been the rationale behind letting markets decide a wide variety of questions for decades. But according to Waldfogel, the tyranny of the majority is also at work in many markets, benefiting some, harming others, and not always ending up promoting efficiency.
The tyranny of the majority — Waldfogel calls it “the tyranny of the market” — arises whenever two conditions hold. First, production entails substantial fixed costs; and second, preferences differ across groups of consumers. High fixed costs limit the number of products that markets can profitably offer, so that only large groups get appealing products. And when preferences differ across groups, then those not targeted — “preference minorities,” in Waldfogel’s words — are unable to go home happy.
The all-virtuous view of free markets is an influential one in contemporary policy making, often paired with a cynical view of government involvement. Waldfogel cites President George W. Bush’s words on the occasion of Friedman’s 90th birthday: “Milton Friedman has shown us that when government attempts to substitute its own judgments for the judgments of free people, the results are usually disastrous. In contrast to the free market’s invisible hand, which improves the lives of people,” Bush continued, “the government’s invisible foot tramples on people’s hopes and destroys their dreams.”
Waldfogel offers a series of detailed empirical and case studies to counter that view. “My goal in this work is not so much to argue that Friedman is wrong,” he writes, but to “demonstrate that Friedman’s dichotomy between markets and collective choice is not right. In many markets, what I get depends on how many others also want it. Market allocation shares many of the features of allocation through collective choice.”
Waldfogel presents evidence suggesting “a more nuanced view on the ‘wonders of markets’ and the ‘evil of government.'” His book makes the case that while markets do a good job of providing products that a majority of people demand, they can fall short in meeting the needs of consumers with less prevalent preferences. Potentially left by the wayside are African Americans, Hispanics, people with unusual medical conditions and residents of remote areas, to name a few groups.
The Misuse of Economics
The Tyranny of the Market is based on academic papers that Waldfogel wrote over the past decade. He says he has repeatedly made the argument to his fellow economists that markets share some messy features of politics and are far from perfect. Now he aims to bring the same ideas “to people outside the narrow world of academic economics,” a goal that meshes with his role over the past 18 months as the Dismal Science columnist at Slate.
According to Waldfogel, his arguments, though “not revolutionary,” buck the popular wisdom that government involvement in markets is automatically bad. “Economics has allowed itself to be used as a bludgeon in favor of free markets and against a government role, but I don’t think that’s what economics has to say,” he suggests. “Let’s look at how markets actually work and then make our decisions.”
In contrast to the Blockbuster Video conception of markets in which everyone goes home happy, Waldfogel’s research shows many situations in which larger groups get more satisfaction, and smaller groups less, from markets. He first noticed this phenomenon about a decade ago when he was looking at radio-listening data broken down by racial groups. Blacks and whites have sharply different preferences in radio programming. The formats that attract most black listeners get almost no white listeners. A higher share of blacks listens to the radio in U.S. cities with larger black populations. This illustrates that having more people who share your tastes raises the number of products appealing to you, and your group gets more satisfaction from what’s available.
But having more whites in the market does not raise the share of blacks listening to the radio, and having more blacks does not increase the share of whites listening. So while more demand generally helps bring forth more variety and more resulting satisfaction, your satisfaction really only increases when there are more people who share your preferences. This is a far cry, Waldfogel says, from the hypothetical situation where you can get what you want simply because you want it. Instead, you get what you want if enough other people also want it.
Daily newspapers offer an even starker example. While your typical U.S. city has multiple radio stations, it has only one major newspaper. Newspaper preferences differ across groups, so the paper can be pitched to appeal to one group or another. As with radio, in cities with more whites, whites are more likely to read the paper, while blacks are more likely to read the paper in cities with more blacks. What’s striking, Waldfogel says, is that blacks are less likely to subscribe in cities with larger white populations where the paper is pitched more toward white readers’ tastes. Not only do you not get what you want simply because you want it, but you get something even less like what you want because others want something else. This is the tyranny of the majority translated almost literally into the market. Having more people who share your preferences helps you by making the product suit your tastes, and having more who do not actually hurts you by making the product less appealing to you.
Because these problems arise when fixed costs are large in relation to market size, they can be alleviated by increased market size — for example through trade across geographic areas — or through new technologies or managerial approaches that allow cheaper customization of products.
A Preference for Action Movies
The book also explores the liberating effects of trade and the Internet, bringing desirable options to people who lack appealing local options. While trade goes some distance toward solving this group’s problems, it is not a complete solution. “Instead, with products that remain high in fixed costs even relative to the world market, exporting can shift products away from the preferences of the old domestic consumers,” he says, and toward the preferences of the new market. Hollywood, for instance, has begun catering to customers in new-found movie markets, in some cases at the expense of the preferences of moviegoers in this country.
“Hollywood has figured out that Japan and some parts of Europe are markets worth worrying about. And it’s been observed lately that Hollywood has skewed products toward things that will export well, like action movies. If you like what Hollywood used to make — dramatic movies and movies with dialogue — you’ll be less happy.”
Waldfogel says there are some business-to-the-rescue stories, where technology and other advances are addressing the downsides to the market. On-line booksellers and movie purveyors can offer more titles for a wider variety of tastes than your neighborhood book or video store. And pharmaceutical companies, traditionally focused on finding the next blockbuster drug, are envisioning a day when medicines can be specifically “designed” for individuals or smaller groups of people based on their genetic profiles. In restaurants, there is a trend for companies to locate several of their brands under one roof, allowing a family to eat items from Taco Bell and Pizza Hut at the same time.
All this criticism of markets raises the question of whether allocation through government is better or even different. “It’s tough to find an apples-to-apples comparison of market and government allocation,” Waldfogel says, “but one interesting comparison is between municipal public libraries and bookstores.” Markets make bookstores available in rich and populous areas, while governments make libraries available in both populous and less populous areas, and local library availability is about equally sensitive to white and black populations. “It’s clear that a decision to ‘let the market decide’ is good for some and not for others,” he suggests.
According to Waldfogel, there are no pat answers or simplistic formulas to determine the correct balance between free markets and government intervention. “The standard economist view of a subsidy is that it’s venal, and there’s often some truth to that,” he says, adding, however, that the benevolent view of markets is over-stated, too. “While it is true that in a perfectly competitive market, everything that should be done will be done and nothing that should not be done will be done, this expectation does not carry over to realistic, high fixed-cost examples. For people inclined to favor markets because of their efficiency properties, many real-world industries lack an efficiency rationale for a hands-off — or ‘laissez-faire’ — approach.” Society, Waldfogel says, “needs to discuss the shortcomings of market allocation honestly — and with evidence — when choosing whether to let the market decide.”
|
{
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}
|
Toll Free (855) 872-5669 | Chicagoland's Full Service Logistics Provider
Same Day Courier Service | Order Fulfillment | Warehousing
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Fulfillment and Shipping Services
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|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
/*
* Copyright © 2014 - 2020 Leipzig University (Database Research Group)
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.gradoop.flink.algorithms.gelly.functions;
import org.apache.flink.graph.Edge;
import org.gradoop.common.model.impl.id.GradoopId;
import org.gradoop.common.model.impl.pojo.EPGMEdge;
import org.gradoop.common.model.impl.properties.PropertyValue;
/**
* Maps EPGM edge to a Gelly edge consisting of EPGM source and target
* identifier and {@link Double} as edge value.
*/
public class EdgeToGellyEdgeWithDouble implements EdgeToGellyEdge<Double> {
/**
* Property key to get the value for.
*/
private final String propertyKey;
/**
* Reduce object instantiations.
*/
private final org.apache.flink.graph.Edge<GradoopId, Double> reuseEdge;
/**
* Constructor.
*
* @param propertyKey property key to get the property value.
*/
public EdgeToGellyEdgeWithDouble(String propertyKey) {
this.propertyKey = propertyKey;
this.reuseEdge = new org.apache.flink.graph.Edge<>();
}
@Override
public Edge<GradoopId, Double> map(EPGMEdge epgmEdge)
throws Exception {
reuseEdge.setSource(epgmEdge.getSourceId());
reuseEdge.setTarget(epgmEdge.getTargetId());
//cast incoming numeric value to double
PropertyValue value = epgmEdge.getPropertyValue(propertyKey);
if (value.isDouble()) {
reuseEdge.setValue(value.getDouble());
} else if (value.isFloat()) {
reuseEdge.setValue((double) value.getFloat());
} else if (value.isInt()) {
reuseEdge.setValue((double) value.getInt());
} else if (value.isLong()) {
reuseEdge.setValue((double) value.getLong());
}
return reuseEdge;
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Fourth Court of Appeals
San Antonio, Texas
August 15, 2017
No. 04-17-00493-CV
Bruce Lee BECKER,
Appellant
v.
Pedro BECKER and Manuela Becker,
Appellees
From the County Court at Law No. 10, Bexar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2016-CV-04644
Honorable Jason Wolff, Judge Presiding
ORDER
This is a new, non-accelerated appeal. The appellant, Bruce Becker, filed a notice of
appeal on August 1, 2017. The appellate record has not been filed and briefing has not
commenced.
On August 9, 2017, the appellant filed a pro se motion asking this court to “vacate” the
trial court’s ruling on the defendants’ motion for summary judgment. Appellant’s motion, which
is premature, appears to present issues that must be raised in an appellant’s brief.
Appellant’s motion to vacate is therefore DENIED without prejudice.
_________________________________
Karen Angelini, Justice
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed the seal of the said
court on this 15th day of August, 2017.
___________________________________
Luz Estrada
Chief Deputy Clerk
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
Effect of ultraviolet (UV) A, UVB or ionizing radiation on the cell cycle of human melanoma cells.
One important component of the cellular response to irradiation is the activation of cell cycle checkpoints. It is known that both ultraviolet (UV) radiation and ionizing radiation (IR) can activate checkpoints at transitions from G(1) to S phase, from G(2) phase to mitosis and during DNA replication. To evaluate the effects of irradiation with different wavelengths on cell cycle alterations. p53-deficient IPC-298 melanoma cells were irradiated with 10 J cm(-2) UVA, 40 mJ cm(-2) UVB, or with 7.5 Gy IR. Cell cycle effects were then determined by DNA/5-bromodeoxyuridine dual-parameter flow cytometry. IPC-298 cells irradiated in G(1) with UVA were not arrested at the G(1)/S transition, but at the G(2)/M transition. Despite p53 deficiency, the cells showed a G(1) arrest after UVB exposure. Furthermore, IR did not affect G(1) or S phase, but induced G(2) phase arrest. Hence, the effects of UVA, but not of UVB, on the cell cycle in p53-deficient melanoma cells are comparable with those of IR. UVA and IR induce radical-mediated strand breaks and DNA lesions, and UVB essentially induces thymine dimers that lead to excision repair-related strand breaks. Different cell cycle effects may be a consequence of different types of DNA damage. The results showed that UVB-irradiated p53-deficient cells are arrested in G(1). Irradiation with the solar radiation component UVB can therefore result in a beneficial retardation of tumour promotion in human skin carrying p53-mutated cell clones.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
Invalid Date Issue but Date is Invalid
I have a date format
03.03.2016 20:01
And I have a code
aData._date = new Date(aData[3]).getTime();
error is that date is invalid but, at different computer it worked well but now it is not working .What is the problem?
Thanks in advance
A:
What is the problem?
Parsing of strings using the Date constructor (or Date.parse, they are equivalent for parsing) is largely implementation dependent and is not recommended. Manually parse strings, either with a small function if you only have to deal with a single format, or use a library (there are many good ones to choose from) and provide the format otherwise.
ECMAScript 2015 specifies that Date.parse correctly parse ISO 8601 extended format dates, however any other format is implementation dependent. Many browsers in use do not correctly (i.e. per the specification) parse ISO 8601 format dates either.
"03.03.2016 20:01" is not an ISO 8601 date format. Assuming it's DD.MM.YYYY hh:mm it can be parsed as a local date and time using:
function parseDMYHM(s){
var b = ('' || s).split(/\D/);
return new Date(b[2], b[1]-1, b[0], b[3], b[4]);
}
document.write(parseDMYHM('03.03.2016 20:01'));
Or if you have a library with a parse function that accepts a format to parse (as such libraries that are any good will), using something like:
var d = parse('03.03.2016 20:01', 'DD.MM.YYYY hh:mm');
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
Enumerated constants property does not stream
Given the following type declaration:
TMyEnum = (onehundred,twohundred,threehundred);
TMyEnum2 = (Aonehundred = 100 , Atwohundred = 200 , Athreehundred = 300);
TMyComponent = class(TComponent)
private
FMyEnum: TMyEnum;
FMyEnum2: TMyEnum2;
published
property MyEnum: TMyEnum read FMyEnum write FMyEnum;
property MyEnum2: TMyEnum2 read FMyEnum2 write FMyEnum2;
end;
using TStream.WriteComponent does not stream MyEnum2. Does anybody know why that is, and if this can be fixed ?
A:
Unfortunately this is a limitation of the streaming system. The documentation says (emphasis mine):
Some properties, although publishable, are not fully supported by the streaming system. These include properties of record types, array properties of all publishable types, and properties of enumerated types that include anonymous values. If you publish a property of this kind, the Object Inspector will not display it correctly, nor will the property's value be preserved when objects are streamed to disk.
You can't workaround that easily and would need to provide your own custom streaming.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
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<div class="post" id="post-480">
<h2>Admin 1 – States, Provinces</h2>
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<div style="float: left; width: 170px;"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1914" title="states_thumb" src="http://www.naturalearthdata.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/states_thumb.png" alt="states_thumb" width="150" height="97" /></div>
<div style="float: left; width: 410px;"><em>Internal administrative boundaries.</em></p>
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<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1916" title="states_banner" src="http://www.naturalearthdata.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/states_banner.png" alt="states_banner" width="580" height="150" srcset="http://www.naturalearthdata.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/states_banner-300x77.png 300w, http://www.naturalearthdata.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/states_banner.png 580w" sizes="(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px" /></p>
<p><strong>About</strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">NOTE: This theme is still in beta!</span></strong></p>
<p>Internal, first-order administrative boundaries and polygons for all but a few tiny countries. Includes name attributes (including diacritical marks), name variants, and some statistical codes (FIPS, ISO, HASC).</p>
<p>Looking for Cyrillic or Chinese characters? The <strong>GeoDB format</strong> preserves local scripts better than SHP format.</p>
<p><em>Admin-0 units that lack admin-1:</em></p>
<p>Antarctica, some disputed areas, tiny island nations, and principalities such as Monaco, Andorra, Liechtenstein, and San Marino.</p>
<p><strong>How-to</strong></p>
<p>Use the following selection statement to derive this theme from the 10m lakes:</p>
<p>“ScaleRank” <=2
Then punch those selected features through the admin-1 and save result as a new feature class.
<strong>Issues</strong></p>
<p>This is the toughest dataset to keep current. Unlike the United States, other countries constantly rearrange their admin-1 units, slicing and combining them on a regular basis.</p>
<p>We need help making sure our statistical codes are correct if they are present and about half the dataset needs them added, still.</p>
<p>Just a few admin-1 units lack a name. For names we are unsure about, those are flagged as an attribute.</p>
<p>A separate version should be created for “region” groupings of admin-1. Many countries, like France, include top level regions and departments, both as admin-1 ranking. If we only have their “region” admin-1, the department version needs to be digitized.</p>
<p><em>Boundaries should perfectly match the following NEV themes:</em></p>
<p>Coastline, lake shoreline, admin-0 country boundary, river and lake centerlines.</p>
<p>Some boundaries in Brazil, north Africa, and central Asia do not have enough data points on straight line segments. This is a concern when reprojecting the data. This is planned to be corrected in a 1.1 update.</p>
<p><strong>Resources:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.unsalb.org/" onclick="__gaTracker('send', 'event', 'outbound-article', 'http://www.unsalb.org/', 'UN SALB');" class="broken_link">UN SALB</a> (<a href="http://www.unsalb.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=95&Itemid=63" onclick="__gaTracker('send', 'event', 'outbound-article', 'http://www.unsalb.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=95&Itemid=63', 'list');" class="broken_link">list</a> of National Mapping Agencies and their <a href="http://www.unsalb.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=56" onclick="__gaTracker('send', 'event', 'outbound-article', 'http://www.unsalb.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=56', 'contacts');" class="broken_link">contacts</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.gadm.org/" onclick="__gaTracker('send', 'event', 'outbound-article', 'http://www.gadm.org/', 'Berkeley GADM');">Berkeley GADM</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.eki.ee/knab/adm2.htm" onclick="__gaTracker('send', 'event', 'outbound-article', 'http://www.eki.ee/knab/adm2.htm', 'Institute of the Estonian Language');">Institute of the Estonian Language</a> (<a href="http://www.eki.ee/knab/adm_w.htm" onclick="__gaTracker('send', 'event', 'outbound-article', 'http://www.eki.ee/knab/adm_w.htm', 'alternate link');">alternate link</a>)<br />
Coordinating country for the UN GeoNames forums.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.statoids.com/" onclick="__gaTracker('send', 'event', 'outbound-article', 'http://www.statoids.com/', 'Statoids');">Statoids</a><br />
Click on the ABCD images to find alphabetical listing of countries, then click into the country.</li>
<li>Wikipedia<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_administrative_divisions_by_country" onclick="__gaTracker('send', 'event', 'outbound-article', 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_administrative_divisions_by_country', 'Table_of_administrative_divisions_by_country');" target="_blank">Table_of_administrative_divisions_by_country</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_country_subdivisions" onclick="__gaTracker('send', 'event', 'outbound-article', 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_country_subdivisions', 'List_of_country_subdivisions');" target="_blank">List_of_country_subdivisions</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIPS_region_codes_%28A-C%29" onclick="__gaTracker('send', 'event', 'outbound-article', 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIPS_region_codes_%28A-C%29', 'List_of_FIPS_region_codes');" target="_blank">List_of_FIPS_region_codes</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.geonames.org/countries/" onclick="__gaTracker('send', 'event', 'outbound-article', 'http://www.geonames.org/countries/', 'GeoNames.org');">GeoNames.org</a> (<a href="http://www.geonames.org/KG/administrative-division-kyrgyzstan.html" onclick="__gaTracker('send', 'event', 'outbound-article', 'http://www.geonames.org/KG/administrative-division-kyrgyzstan.html', 'example');">example</a>)<br />
Collects official gazetteer information from all countries in the world.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Version History</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="http://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/10m/cultural/ne_10m_admin_1_states_provinces_lines.zip" onclick="__gaTracker('send', 'event', 'download', 'http://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/10m/cultural/ne_10m_admin_1_states_provinces_lines.zip');" rel="nofollow" title="Download version 4.0.0 of ne_10m_admin_1_states_provinces_lines.zip">4.0.0</a>
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<a rel="nofollow" title="Download version 3.0.0 of ne_10m_admin_1_states_provinces_lines.zip" href="http://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/10m/cultural/ne_10m_admin_1_states_provinces_lines.zip?version=3.0.0">3.0.0</a>
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2.0.0
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<li>
1.4.0
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0.9.0
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0.8.0
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<p><a href="https://github.com/nvkelso/natural-earth-vector/blob/master/CHANGELOG" onclick="__gaTracker('send', 'event', 'outbound-article', 'https://github.com/nvkelso/natural-earth-vector/blob/master/CHANGELOG', 'The master changelog is available on Github »');">The master changelog is available on Github »</a>
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Dancing with a Stranger
"Dancing with a Stranger" is a song by English singer Sam Smith and American singer Normani. It was written by Smith, Normani, Jimmy Napes, Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Hermansen, and produced by Stargate, Napes, Tim Blacksmith and Danny D. "Dancing with a Stranger" was released as a single by Capitol Records on 11 January 2019. The track became a commercial success, reaching number three in the United Kingdom and number seven in the United States. "Dancing with a Stranger" was the most-played radio track of 2019, according to Forbes. The song was nominated for Song of the Year at the 2020 Brit Awards.
Background and composition
According to Billboard, the collaboration happened through a chance encounter at a recording studio in Los Angeles. When Smith was writing a track with their frequent collaborator Jimmy Napes and Norwegian producers Stargate, Normani happened to be in the studio next door. After talking, the two decided to work together.
Musically, "Dancing with a Stranger" is a disco-R&B and pop duet that contains 1980s-inspired R&B production. The song was written by Smith, Normani, Napes and Stargate. The latter two also handled production for the track alongside Danny D and Tim Blacksmith. Monica Mercuri of Forbes described the single as "sultry" and showing off the singer's "powerful" vocals. David Renshaw, writing for The Fader, called the song a "veer away from [Smith's] gentle soul sound". Lyrically, the song is about coping with loneliness and moving past a lost love.
Critical reception
Brittany Spanos, writing for Rolling Stone, stated the song "plays to [Smith's] retro-leaning strengths and Normani's own solo vision of being a Sexy soul-dance diva". She concluded her review by calling the song "simple and fun". Rose Dommu of Out praised the duo's vocals, calling Normani's "sultry voice is the perfect counterpoint to Smith’s own deep tone". Mike Nied of Idolator wrote that the song "expertly capture the frustration and loneliness of heartbreak, bottling it and presenting it as something both deeply personal and infinitely relatable". Billboard magazine called the song a "sexy earworm", lauding the pair's "standout vocal delivery", with Smith's "seductive falsetto accompanied by Normani's smoky counterpart".
Associated Press ranked it as the 2nd Best Song of 2019. Billboard ranked it 38th on their Best Songs of 2019 list.
Commercial performance
In the United Kingdom, "Dancing with a Stranger" peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart in January 2019, becoming Smith's eleventh and Normani's first top ten single in the UK. It was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. In the United States, the song peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 in April 2019, making it Smith's sixth and Normani's second top ten single in the US. In May 2019, "Dancing with a Stranger" topped the US Radio Songs chart, becoming Smith's second and Normani's first chart topper there. It also topped the US Adult Top 40 and reached number two on the Mainstream Top 40 chart, behind "Sucker" by the Jonas Brothers. In other countries, "Dancing with a Stranger" peaked inside top ten in Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Australia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Canada, South Africa, Singapore, Malaysia, Iceland, Lebanon and Sweden. It was also certified 4× Platinum in Australia and Canada, Platinum in New Zealand, and Gold in few other European countries. "Dancing with a Stranger" was the most played song on radio in 2019, according to Forbes. The song was also the 4th most played song on radio in 2019 in the US, receiving over 3.134 billion audience impressions, according to Billboard.
The music video for "Dancing with a Stranger" was the most viewed video in the United Kingdom on Vevo in 2019, and was the second most viewed video in the United Kingdom on YouTube of 2019.
As of November 2019, the song has surpassed over a billion streams worldwide.
Awards and Nominations
Music video
The music video was released on 29 January 2019. The video was directed by Vaughan Arnell, and was shot in London. It features Smith and Normani moving and dancing through a "sleek, stark home" while being surrounded by hologram projections of dancers.
Formats and track listings
Digital download
"Dancing with a Stranger" – 2:51
Digital download (Acoustic)
"Dancing with a Stranger" – 3:07
Digital download (Cheat Codes Remix)
"Dancing with a Stranger" – 2:39
12-inch vinyl
"Dancing with a Stranger" – 2:51
"Dancing with a Stranger" – 2:51
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from Tidal.
Sam Smith – vocals, songwriting
Normani – vocals, songwriting
Jimmy Napes – songwriting, production
Stargate – songwriting, production, music production
Tim Blacksmith – production, executive production
Danny D – production, executive production
Randy Merrill – master engineering, studio personnel
Kevin "KD" Davis – mixing, studio personnel
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
External links
Category:2019 singles
Category:2019 songs
Category:American disco songs
Category:Normani songs
Category:Sam Smith (singer) songs
Category:Songs written by Sam Smith (singer)
Category:Songs written by Jimmy Napes
Category:Songs written by Tor Erik Hermansen
Category:Songs written by Mikkel Storleer Eriksen
Category:Song recordings produced by Stargate (production team)
Category:Torch songs
Category:Vocal duets
Category:Songs written by Normani
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Newspaper headlines: 'Horror' and 'heroes' on London Bridge By BBC News
Staff Published duration 30 November 2019
image copyright AFP/Getty Images
All of the front pages lead on the stabbing attack at London Bridge, which resulted in the deaths of two members of the public, and a further three being injured.
The Sun's headline is "heroes of the bridge". It has a photograph of armed police surrounding the man who stabbed two people to death during the attack at London Bridge on Friday.
In its leader, the Sun salutes members of the public who helped restrain the attacker, whom it says had no way of knowing a suicide explosive vest he was wearing was fake.
The front of the Daily Telegraph is largely taken up with a photograph of one of the people who confronted the attacker. The man is clutching a blood-stained knife that he has taken from the suspect.
The paper has a comment piece written by Richard Walton , a former head of the Met Police's Counter-terrorism Command. He describes the attack as "a vivid reminder that the UK continues to face an enduring and long-standing threat from terrorists".
Mr Walton believes questions will be asked about whether it could have been prevented. He concludes by saying that "if there are lessons to be learned from this case, MI5 and Counter Terrorism Command will learn them very quickly indeed".
The paper's leader argues that the "swift action of the emergency services", and members of the public who risked their lives to restrain the attacker, represent British values that should be celebrated.
"The heroes who stood up to terror," is the headline in the Daily Express. It says the response showed the same grit and courage often referred to as the "Blitz spirit", in honour of those who endured the bombings of London in the World War Two.
On its front page, the Daily Mail has a picture of the attacker being confronted by two men, one of whom is using a fire extinguisher to hose him down, while the other keeps him at bay with a long pole.
"Bravery on the bridge" is the headline. The paper has six pages of picture sequences and reports, outlining in detail what it calls the "five minutes of mayhem as terror returns to London Bridge".
The Daily Star calls it "a remarkable display of pure bravery" that undoubtedly saved the lives of many others.
The Daily Mirror's leader points out that the UK has experienced the brutality of terror before - but that does not make what happened on Friday any less horrific. It suggests that "the best response is to use the rest of the election campaign to uphold the values of tolerance and fairness the terrorists so despise".
The paper believes the most urgent line of inquiry will be whether or not the attacker had any links with terror cells. It says this will involve trying to establish whether he had travelled to places like Syria and Iraq.
HuffPost UK suggests that the attack "appears to mark a horrible new norm - with terrorist incidents afflicting the last three major democratic events in Britain."
Over in politics
image copyright PA Media
The Sun urges the prime minister to make himself more prominent in the election campaign.
Questions have been asked about why Boris Johnson chose not to take part in a Channel 4 debate about climate change and why he hasn't confirmed that he will be interviewed, like other party leaders, by BBC journalist Andrew Neil. The Sun believes Mr Johnson should be "less timid, less defensive, more bullish about what he can achieve".
'Harm and distress' in the NHS
The Guardian reports that millions of NHS patients in England might be prevented from having routine treatments and tests as part of plans to save money. The paper says it has seen a list of 34 procedures - including hernia repair and the surgical removal of kidney stones - that would no longer be available.
The Patients' Association tells the Guardian that putting barriers in the way of previously commonplace care would cause "harm and distress". But the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges - one of the organisations that has compiled the list, along with NHS England - is quoted as saying: "medicine continually evolves and it's right we don't carry out tests, treatments or procedures when the evidence tells us they are inappropriate or ineffective".
'Political crisis' in Malta
image copyright Reuters image caption Prime Minister Muscat is facing calls to resign over the murder of Daphne Curuana Galizia
The Guardian also turns its attention to what it describes as the "political crisis" in Malta caused by the government's handling of the investigation into the murder of political journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia two years ago.
The paper sees the situation as a threat not just to Malta, but potentially to the European Union as well. "If the rule of law is undermined on this island," it concludes, "the corruption could spread".
Warning over Hong Kong
With more protests taking place in Hong Kong this weekend, the South China Morning Post has an opinion piece written by United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet. In it, she warns the territory's government that the only way to solve the current crisis is to begin what she calls a "long-overdue process of meaningful dialogue" with people from all walks of life.
'Car disc fiasco'
Under the headline "car disc fiasco", the Daily Mail reports that the scrapping of paper tax discs for vehicles in 2014 has resulted in the loss of an estimated £281m in revenue. It says drivers are either forgetting to pay, or are deliberately avoiding payment. The Mail's opinion column describes it as a "disaster".
Cheers to that
Finally, the Times reports that there could be health benefits to drinking certain types of beer.
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And then there was ONE!
Posted on June 1, 2011 by abuffum
This also means that we now have only one community open and selling – The Enclave at Waverly Park in Mountain View. Â And, The Enclave has experienced record success with 13 sales in just 6 weeks. Â There is only one home in the current release available for sale. Â The next release will be coming soon!
Don’t worry…
We are working on a number of new communities throughout the Bay Area. Â We will open Creekside at Saratoga later this fall.
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alex speier
A Bard's answers to the makeup questions
BALTIMORE – They were, quite simply, the biggest outs of the game. And there was no question about who the Red Sox wanted to have in the game to handle them.
In a situation where, for many, it might have been unimaginable to use Daniel Bard four or three or even two years ago, he was the pitcher whom the Sox wanted to ride. Red Sox starter Jon Lester was, in the words of his manager, Terry Francona, “gassed” after throwing 6 1/3 innings and 102 pitches on a steamy Baltimore night. He had navigated a 1-0 lead into the seventh. But the left-hander was faltering, walking three straight Orioles with one out.
And so, with the bases loaded, Lester was done, and the game hung in the balance. In came Bard, who is emerging as perhaps the most important pitcher in the Red Soxbullpen, a pattern that continued in his club’s 8-0 victory in Camden Yards on Saturday. (Recap.)Bard had little margin for error. He relished the challenge, entering the game with a nothing-to-lose mentality, and extinguished the Orioles’ one real chance in the contest.
“I think some guys kind of thrive in that situation,” said Bard. “To me it’s a win-win situation. Come in and bail him out like that, or give up a knock, hate to say it, not necessarily expected to come out of it with no runs, so it’s kind of a bonus when you do. I don’t mind throwing in that situation.”
The basis for his confidence was soon evident. Bard was brought in to face Orioles pinch-hitter Luke Scott, a dangerous mistake hitter who had 10 homers on the year.
Bard went with a fastball away for a called strike, threw a ball inside and then threw perhaps the most interesting pitch of the sequence. Bard peeled off a 91 mph changeup that Scott swung and missed to fall behind, 1-2.
It was Bard’s third best pitch, yet it has become a good enough offering that he and catcher Jason Varitek were unafraid to use it in a pivotal situation.
“Maybe a year ago he might not be able to make that pitch, or we didn’t know enough and the experience wasn’t there between pitcher-catcher or just pitcher,” said Varitek. “He’s becoming more complete but he’ll continue to get better. And he’s pretty good where he’s at.”
Scott then popped up the next pitch – a 99 mph inside fastball – to shallow center, not deep enough for the runner on third to tag. Then, with two outs, Bard got Corey Patterson to foul out to third on a 99 mph fastball.
Ballgame. The Orioles played like a deflated team after that point, allowing the Sox to score one run in the eighth and then pile on six in the ninth.
“I think it kind of drains the hope out of them,” Bard said of extinguishing the rally. “They definitely had something going there. They weren’t really hitting the ball, but they managed to work some walks against a guy that had been dealing all night. It’s nice to be able to take the wind out of their sails.”
Bard went back out for a scoreless eighth, and retired all five batters he faced on the night. That extended his scoreless streak to 12 games and 13 innings.
For the season, he has a 1.80 ERA. Left-handed hitters have an .074 average against him, allowing the Sox to bring him in when the game is on the line, regardless of whom he might face.
The right-hander is capable of entering at any point in the game, and he can go more than an inning at a time. In short, he has become a huge bullpen presence for his club.
“His stuff is good. He’s confident. He should be. He’s gone through the league. Now he knows what he’s doing. He knows his role. It’s a huge advantage for us. We’ve got a guy who can come in, like he did, then go back out,” said Francona. “Whether it’s left-handed or right-handed, it doesn’t matter. It’s a big weapon for us.”
Many doubted that Bard could ever emerge as such a force. Makeup questions have been attached to the right-hander dating to college. That was the reason why, despite the right-hander’s tremendous natural ability and overpowering stuff, he fell to the 28th pick of the first round in 2006.
And those same makeup questions dogged the pitcher in his early professional career. When he struggled in 2007, forging a 7.08 ERA and walking 78 in 75 innings, he was viewed – at least by many other organizations – as being a head case rather than a young pitcher working his way through mechanical difficulties.
Even when he turned things around following that season, first in the Hawaiian Winter League and then during the 2008 minor league season, teams attached no more than limited value to him.
Some teams would mention Bard’s name as a possible throw-in in deals. The Braves tossed out Bard’s name when the Sox inquired about a deal for left-hander Will Ohman in 2008. Teams didn’t think they were overshooting so much as they saw an opportunity to buy low on a pitcher whom they viewed as no more than a lottery ticket, an pitcher with potential if his approach could match his arm.
His name was also brought up as a possible chip when the Sox were discussing deals for Rangers catcher Jarrod Saltalamacchia (a player whom the Sox had also inquired about when he was with Atlanta, before retreating when the Braves sought Jon Lester in return), and when the Sox explored the possibility of a deal with the Diamondbacks for Miguel Montero.
Whenever teams would mention Bard, it was almost always with that asterisk – “We don’t know about his makeup, but…” Even in 2009, when Bard was amidst a highly successful rookie season in the Sox bullpen, scouts still questioned whether the performance was sustainable.
Now, those questions are fading.
Bard is continuing to improve. Yet on a regular basis, he is already impacting the Sox, thanks to an apparent fearlessness that helps him to succeed regardless of circumstance.
Bard has now shown an ability to handle virtually any challenge that has been thrown at him. He has both failed and thrived in Yankee Stadium. He delivered a tremendous two-inning relief outing in Game 3 of the ALDS. And now, he oozes confidence with nearly any situation that greets him, a point that was once again underscored on Saturday.
“He was great,” said an appreciative Lester. “He bailed me out. He's done that all year for us. Hopefully, he continues to do it. You obviously see what he brings to the table every night he pitches. He's done great. You can't speak highly enough about what he's done coming out of the bullpen for us.”
Butch Stearns joins Glenn and Fred to react to the Patriots victory over the Rams. They discuss Tom Brady's record setting 201st quarterback victory and debate if he is truly the greatest player of all time.
WEEI.com's Mike Petraglia and Ben Kichen of the 'Dale and Holley Show' talk about what the Celtics will need to do in order to be considered one of the top teams in the Eastern Conference along with the Cavs.
The first hour of Saturday Skate starts up against the third period of Bruins - Sabres, so Ken Laird and Rear Admiral give some Red Sox hot stove and Rob Gronkowski thoughts before moving into Bruins - Sabres game reaction
Mut defends himself in voting for Trump despite Alex Reimer's claim that he only voted for him because he goes along with whatever Gerry said. Damien Woody joins the guys for his second Friday interview.
Damien Woody praises Tom Brady's work ethic and thinks he can play three or four more seasons. Woody thinks Brady pushed the limits on Deflategate but it didn't play a role in the Patriots beating the Colts in the 2014 AFC Championship game.
Glenn, Lou, and Christian are starting to think that the Ravens are the Pats biggest Rival. They cite the frequency with which they play, the importance of their games, the fact that the Ravens have won in Foxborough, and that they always play close games.
Glenn, Lou, and Christian react to John Tomase's comments on "The Hot Stove Show" last night, where he bagged on Dave Dombrowski fro decimating the Red Sox Farm System. Lou feels very strongly that Prospects exist to get big time Players. He also feels that the Red Sox are already the Chicago Cubs. Glenn rails against Tomase and other "Prospect Hoarders." Christian talks about "Beanie Babies."
Glenn, Lou, and Christian discuss Pablo Sandoval's conversation with ESPN Deportes, where he talks about a renewed interest in Baseball, getting healthy, and wanting his son to be able to see him play at a high level.
Kirk Minihane and Rich Keefe sit down to talk about what its like to join an already established show, how his start with the station has been received, and Kirk tries to get Rich to dish on his relationships with his former co-workers. For you listeners who think they may want to get into radio, Kirk gives Rich advice that could pertain to you as well.
Kirk Minihane, WEEI Podcast King, talks to the Podcast Godfather Adam Carolla about his new documentary about Le Mans, the backlash from the Election, and his time with Donald Trump on the Apprentice. The audio quality isn't great but the conversation is.
Kirk Minihane is a non-believer, Larry Johnson is a preacher, when Larry found Kirk doesn't believe in God he challenged Kirk to allow him on to the podcast to talk about religion and faith. Kirk and Larry have a tremendous conversation about God and Larry tries to convert Kirk into a believer.
Kirk Minihane and Rich Keefe sit down to talk about what its like to join an already established show, how his start with the station has been received, and Kirk tries to get Rich to dish on his relationships with his former co-workers. For you listeners who think they may want to get into radio, Kirk gives Rich advice that could pertain to you as well.
Episode 2 of the official podcast of Kirk & Callahan, as Kirk and Gerry acknowledge their first real on-air fight on that morning's show. The guys also discuss newbie Rich Keefe, Gary Tanguay, and Larry Bird's 60th birthday
Kirk Minihane and Rich Keefe sit down to talk about what its like to join an already established show, how his start with the station has been received, and Kirk tries to get Rich to dish on his relationships with his former co-workers. For you listeners who think they may want to get into radio, Kirk gives Rich advice that could pertain to you as well.
Episode 2 of the official podcast of Kirk & Callahan, as Kirk and Gerry acknowledge their first real on-air fight on that morning's show. The guys also discuss newbie Rich Keefe, Gary Tanguay, and Larry Bird's 60th birthday
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Super Mario 3D Land Trailer Makes Exercising Fun
Great, now we want a real Mario obstacle course in the backyard. Thanks, Nintendo.
People refuse to exercise for a variety of reasons, one of which is boredom. You just stand there at the gym lifting the same weights, or hitting the treadmill to run in place. It gets old.
Leave it to Nintendo to show us a better, albeit semi virtual way, in the new Super Mario 3D Land trailer. The commercial, which harks back to game ads from the 90s, features a kid exploring a Mario style environment, collecting coins, dodging enemies and jumping into warp pipes. Now that's the sort of exercise we can get behind.
Too bad this doesn't exist. We'll just have to settle for sitting on the couch playing the game when it hits November 13.
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1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to attachment systems for staple line buttress materials. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods of temporarily attaching staple line buttress materials to an anvil and staple containing cartridge of a surgical stapling instrument.
2. Background of Related Art
Surgical stapling instruments, or “stapling devices”, are employed by surgeons to sequentially or simultaneously apply one or more rows of fasteners, e.g., staples or two-part fasteners, to body tissue for the purpose of joining segments of body tissue together. Such devices generally include of a pair of jaws or finger-like structures between which the body tissue to be joined is placed. When the stapling device is actuated, or “fired”, longitudinally moving firing bars contact staple drive members in one of the jaws. The staple drive members push the surgical staples through the body tissue and into an anvil in the opposite jaw which crimps the staples closed. If tissue is to be removed or separated, a knife blade can be provided in the jaws of the device to cut the tissue between the lines of staples.
When stapling relatively thin or fragile tissues, it is important to effectively seal the staple line against air or fluid leakage. Additionally, it is often necessary to reinforce the staple line against the tissue to prevent tears in the tissue or pulling of the staples through the tissue. One method of preventing tears or pull through involves the placement of a biocompatible fabric reinforcing material, or “buttress” material, between the staple and the underlying tissue. In this method, a layer of buttress material is placed against the tissue and the tissue is stapled in conventional manner. In more recent methods, the buttress material is positioned on the stapling instrument itself prior to stapling the tissue. An exemplary example of this is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,542,594 to McKean et al. In McKean et al., a tube of buttress material is slipped over the jaw of the stapler. The stapler is then actuated to staple the subject tissue and secure the buttress material between the tissue and staple line to reinforce the tissue and staple line.
Some novel surgical staplers utilize fasteners or clips to temporarily connect buttress material to the jaws of the staplers. However, in some instances, it would be desirable to mold or machine structure into the jaws themselves to facilitate attachment of correspondingly structured buttress materials. It would be further desirable to provide such structure in a manner which does not interfere with the operation of a knife blade associated with the jaws.
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