Split (2)

validation · 215k rows

text stringlengths 1 3.78M	meta dict
Rick Paulas \| Longreads \| August 2016 \| 12 minutes (2,986 words) The storytelling show Mortified was created in 2002 by Dave Nadelberg, and the show has a clever angle: Performers share “their most mortifying childhood artifacts,” along with a running behind-the-scenes commentary from their younger selves. It’s show-and-tell meets #tbt, and the results are hilarious. The show’s so beloved by performers and audiences that there are now nearly a dozen Mortified shows performed each month throughout various “chapters” around the world: eight in the U.S., eight abroad. Tickets range between $10 and $20-plus. They also don’t pay performers, at least not in money. Mortified, like The Moth, Upright Citizens Brigade, and even TED Talks, is one of the hundreds of live events around the world that have sprouted up during an era in which experiential entertainment, or the IRL economy, were supposed to grow more cherished (and more lucrative) as entertainment products became digitized and commoditized. There’s just one problem: Live events exist in the same way many independent publishers exist—on a shoestring budget in which the performer is usually the last to be paid. At Mortified, “everyone who participates is compensated on some level, and that depends on the circumstance,” said Nadelberg. “We’re making sure we’re giving participants things that are enough value, usually at least $30, maybe $60 or $70. It’s hard to value that. There are so many different factors.” The show will give performers comped tickets, drink tickets for the bar, free entry for life, gift bags, food in the green room. (If an ancillary project has money built into the budget—like their movie, TV show, book, or if they’re doing a corporate-sponsored show—they’ll pay performers from that chunk.) They’ll occasionally pay for a hotel if someone’s coming in from out of town, at the very least give them a couch to crash on. They also spend time directly working with storytellers, a not insignificant expense. “One of the main things [performers] are getting is a producer who’s sitting down and workshopping their piece with them,” said Nadelberg. “Sometimes ten hours with each participant, maybe even longer.” But, here’s the rub. The show is at a point in terms of scope and popularity where some performers aren’t happy about their lack of compensation. While Nadelberg said he “checks in” regularly with performers about compensation, as I was investigating this piece, more than one performer countered with some queasy feelings about leaving shows with bare pockets. (These same performers wished to remain anonymous, for fear of pissing off the gatekeepers and not being invited back.) Drink tickets? Great, but they don’t drink. Swag? Who needs more crap in the closet. Most of the venues where most of the Mortified plays have a bar, so they should be dealing with larger pools of cash. And while producers do refine the story with a performer before they get onstage, shows often reuse the same performers over and over without further workshopping; so, whatever “value” from that initial editing session quickly diminishes with each performance. It doesn’t help that performers tend to be in multiple shows over the same weekend. “They get 300 people every weekend, at $15 a pop, we perform two shows, and they can’t give us any of it?” asked one performer. “I get it, they’re not making tons of money. But at the end of the day, people are paying at the door. Should the producer get all of the money?” asked another. Does the producer even make any money? Laurenne Sala is one of the creators of Taboo Tales, which hosts a Los Angeles-based storytelling show four times a year that specializes in particularly harrowing stories (the show has also expanded to New York City). “The more we talk about how fucked up we are,” reads the show’s motto, “the more normal we all feel.” Each show is different, but on average, they have seven storytellers and a host. Tickets cost $15 and shows sell out a venue of about 100 seats. They don’t pay. “We would love to pay our performers,” said Sala. “They work hard. It actually pains me not to give them money.” Sala, who’s a friend of mine, walks me through the money. Let’s say the venue has 100 seats, after comps for industry and friends of performers, the paying customer total goes down to 80 or so. Money coming in from an average show is close to $1,000. And where does that money go? The venue is the biggest chunk, which costs $500 to rent. Taboo Tales also utilizes the service of a videographer, a photographer, and a tech person, each costing around $100 a piece. Their programs cost $50, another $50 goes to prizes they give to audience members. Carry the one, and you’re left with roughly zero in “profit.” Sometimes they make a little dough, though. They’ll get extra donations, walk away with an extra few hundred. And where does that go? There’s the website, the podcast, advertising, graphic design cost, the use of software for collaborating on story notes. And, oh yeah, the legwork that goes into contacting performers, wrangling venue logistics, editing/workshopping stories, spreading the word through social media. “We start working on it a month and a half before the show, and don’t get paid anything,” said Sala. “Not a drop.” Whatever money’s left after goes back into the kitty for future endeavors. (One big hindrance for Taboo Tales is that their venue doesn’t have a bar on the premises. Venues that sell alcohol can—at least, should—make enough from those sales to cover their own expenses without forcing a hefty rental fee. Good venues—that is, those interested in helping cultivate a “scene” or “night”—will also provide the show with what they deem a fair split of door ticket sales; 70 percent is great. Not only does that give producers the ability to pay performers, but it feels more like a partnership. “If a venue will go in on [ticket sales] with me, we both have the incentive to advertise,” said one artist.) Taboo Tales, then, is a show that doesn’t pay because it doesn’t have the money, as indie as it comes. It’s how most storytelling shows, or comedy festivals, or stand-up nights, or indie publishers begin: a few friends trying to do something fun for the sake of doing it. But every now and then, a show gets lucky and becomes a great enough success to justify expansion. And then, it’s time to deal with the slippery awkwardness of introducing compensation into the equation. Live events exist in the same way many independent publishers exist—on a shoestring budget in which the performer is usually the last to be paid. * The Moth, the national nonprofit storytelling organization, is the behemoth of the enterprise. They have monthly shows throughout every major American city, a regular-scheduled “traveling” Mainstage show, a weekly radio show on PRX, and a weekly podcast that is downloaded 30 million times a year. When it comes to pay for the live shows, they have a unique formula: They don’t pay for participation in their regular StorySLAM shows. In fact, because of how they choose their lineup—20 names drawn from a hat before the show—performers actually have to pay $10 to get in. After ten StorySLAMs are held, the ten ‘winners’ then graduate to GrandSLAM shows . On the surface, this seems sketchy. One alternative would be for just the winners to pay if they’re chosen, but that’s a lot less money, and it doesn’t feel right either. “People in the community have told us they don’t think [pay at StorySLAM events] is a good idea, that there’s a spirit of fun that would be taken away,” said Catherine Burns, artistic director of The Moth. “Instead, what we try to do if someone’s coming to the SLAMs a lot is try to get them on the Mainstage.” When they book a Mainstage performance—a best-of curated event with “booked” storytellers, often with hours of editing and workshopping, tickets costing between $25 to $50 depending on the venue—performers will get $200 if they’re local, $500 if they have to travel. “We don’t pay much, but we pay promptly,” said Burns. “That was always the case, even when we didn’t have a pot to piss in.” They also work with someone at the show to help edit and refine their story, the process taking anywhere between “five, 10, 17 hours” to get everything just right. There’s extra value in that. Performers have been “discovered” through The Moth, some receiving book deals, others getting invites to be on television. At the very least, it’s a calling card that will get a performer booked onto any other storytelling show in their town. There is, certainly, a chance that a performer taking The Moth stage will be seen by the right person at the right time, and quickly find their way into the slipstream of performance economy. It’s not the sole reason to perform shows for free, but it’s one of them. “There’s a little triangle we like to use,” said Adam Kurtz, a pedal steel musician in Nashville who spent years in L.A. “Money, the hang, the music. You need two of those to take the gig. If there’s no money, but the music’s really cool, and the hang is really good, you do it. If the money’s really good, and the music’s really good, but the dudes suck, well…” Marian Call is a folk singer/songwriter based in Juneau, Alaska. When I ask her for her personal mental calculus, she makes a point to highlight that the only rule is there are no clear rules. “It’s tempting to put down hard and fast rules of when to and when not to,” said Call. “But it really limits you and makes it difficult.” When playing for cheap/free, Call promotes transparency about finances throughout her set. “Training my audience to voluntarily pitch in when there’s no ticket price has made it sustainable for me,” she said. “If you can pay, the jar’s over there. If you can’t pay, tell people you love the show. Every dollar you can’t pay, do a Facebook post.” This tactic isn’t always viable for certain live performers; the third act in a four-person comedy show can’t take a few minutes to pass around a personal donation hat if they ever want to be invited back. More importantly, certain venues or scenes need free or cheap labor to exist. Without it, they’d disappear entirely. In those cases, Call advocates playing for free, but still being extremely mindful when doing so. Unfortunately, less noble enterprises are allowed to exploit these murky rules and those aforementioned success stories of “being discovered” by selling performers on the false concept of “exposure.” ‘There’s a little triangle we like to use,’ said Adam Kurtz, a pedal steel musician in Nashville who spent years in L.A. ‘Money, the hang, the music. You need two of those to take the gig.’ * The world of showbiz is full of detestable human beings, but the most parasitic among them run something called a “bringer” show. In the music world, it’s often called “pay to play.” They allow performers on their stage, as long as they bring (x) audience members with them. Sometimes this tactic manifests itself by having patrons give the performer’s name at the box office, where the official tally sheet lives. Other times, they sell performers advance tickets, turning them into a middleman hawker of sorts; whatever they don’t sell is on them. Once (x) is met, the performer gets a small percentage of sales, but, usually, that never happens. Kegs will be changed, bottles will clink into the recycle bin, and the “bringer” show runners will take home all that sweet, sweet money. Now and then, a performer may ask why they’d ever agree to this deal. The response might return to this promise of “exposure” by appearing onstage. Maybe they don’t say that dirty word anymore, and maybe it’s that “the industry is going to be there.” “If you hear ‘pay-to-play,’ you are being scammed by the venue,” said Kurtz. “You’re not getting what you think you’re getting. They are trying to take money from you, you will not get exposure.” It’s worth pointing out the inherent contradiction in “bringer” or “pay-to-play” shows: The performers are bringing their own audience. (Sure, they can tell their grandkids they played The Viper Room on a famed Sunset Strip stage, but maybe leave out the playing-in-front-of-20-friends part.) More to the point: Someone is trying to get a performer to accept lower than they’re worth by claiming to know how “exposure” works. They don’t. No one does. It’s not that “exposure” doesn’t exist. It does, sort of, but it’s more along the lines of “networking.” Performers get exposed to other performers, friendships form out of common likes and dislikes. Later, when these people are in positions of power, they’ll call the numbers they have, the same relationships that drive any industry. When those people are in the positions to make decisions, they’ll do the same thing, the web will expand, the cycle will continue. So, the only true exposure worth touting is one that cultivates relationships with other performers. The Upright Citizens Brigade—two theaters in N.Y., another two in L.A.—is a venue that trades on this exposure/networking currency. Despite constant sellouts—tickets are free, $5, or $10—they also do not pay performers. While there was a noted kerfuffle about this back in 2013, most performers don’t feel taken advantage of. Rather, they feel the combination of (a) lessons learned onstage; (b) the ability to perform with top-quality improvisers; (c) performing in front of adoring, forgiving, hip, and “industry”-filled audiences far surpasses whatever small chunk of their show’s near-menial earnings they’d get. (Another aspect helping the value of “UCB exposure” is that it operates in two cities where this mythical “exposure” might actually exist. Playing in front of an audience in New York or Los Angeles is a whole lot different than performing in Salt Lake City, Seattle, even San Francisco. “You’re more likely to have a literary agent in New York, or some sort of film agent in L.A,” said Burns. “It’s just inevitable that that’s true.”) But while the UCB may be “doing it right,” their success created copycats. “When the [comedy] boom started again, the scene in L.A. was mostly non-pay venues,” said Sam Varela, producer and founder of Naked Comedy, an independent comedy production company. “Maybe [producers] went to the UCB, or one of the many other venues that charged for tickets and didn’t pay performers, saw how it works, and was like, I can do this. It gives everybody else an out saying, well, we’re also not going to pay you. It’s just a bad precedent to set.” This is a problem. While the UCB has become a bonafide factory—you can’t turn on a new comedy show without seeing someone that worked at one of their theaters—they’re the exception. “My experience with exposure is just being at the right place at the right time and knowing the right people,” said Varela. “There’s not a specific way to ‘win,’ or complete the level. It’s a marathon thing.” The idea that some magical tastemaker is in the audience waiting to “discover” any performer is a myth, proliferated by those profiting from exploiting free labor. (This also occurs when it comes to writing for certain publications, say The Huffington Post, which try to get some folks to write for zero dollars and “the unique platform and reach our site provides”. That’s code for “exposure,” a shameful act by a company rumored to be valued at nearly $1 billion.) There will be those willing to exploit free labor as long as there’s labor that is exploitable. And live performance has an ever-refreshing pool of talent from which to draw from. “The sad reality is that there are so many performers, they don’t have to pay us,” said Dave Ross, an L.A.-based comedian who produces the weekly show Good Heroin; they pay performers by splitting up a donation bucket after the show. “It’s a supply and demand issue. A performer says ‘no’ to a show, and they say, ‘okay, wish we would’ve had you, but this guy will do it for free.’” As long as there are success stories, and those trying to be the next, there will be claims that the code can be cracked. Ross tells a story about the time he agreed to do a television show for a small amount of money because he knew that it’d reach a large audience. It was a decision he was comfortable with, until the producer told him how much “exposure” he’d be getting. “I was like, I know that, that’s why I’m doing it for this little money,” said Ross. “But don’t say it. And don’t think it. Let me make up my mind about what it’s worth for me.” There’s the disconnect. Even if exposure does exist—again, it sort of does—it’s not something that can be calculated. “Exposure is bullshit,” said Ross. “It’s unfair, abusive, and takes advantage of the fact that it’s really, really hard to make it.” So, what’s the solution? The venue, show, festival isn’t going to change until their hands are forced. Things have been working fine for them, so why would they? And while a boycott/strike by performers may have worked in the past—and could potentially work in a tight-knit community in a small town—any big city has too great of a refresh rate for one to be truly effective. Potential scabs are on every bus into town, supply completely crushes demand in this industry. The only real solution, maybe, is for change to come from the remaining party in the live performance transaction: Those paying at the door. * Rick Paulas has written plenty of things, some of them serious, many of them not. He lives in Berkeley, is a White Sox fan, and is working on his second novel. He can be found at www.rickpaulas.com. * Editor: Mark Armstrong; Fact-checker: Matthew Giles	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Q: How to derive cosine difference formula? I was asked on a take home quiz to "Derive the Cosine Difference Formula". I've looked for an hour but I've gotten different results this is kind of my last chance. A: And here is a totally inappropriate way. $e^{i(a-b)} = \cos(a-b)+i\sin(a-b) $ and $\begin{array}\\ e^{i(a-b)} &=e^{i(a)}e^{i(-b)}\\ &=(\cos(a)+i\sin(a))(\cos(-b)+i\sin(-b))\\ &=(\cos(a)+i\sin(a))(-i\sin(b))\\ &=\cos(a)\cos(b)+\sin(a)\sin(b)+i(\sin(a)\cos(b)-\cos(a)\sin(b))\\ \end{array} $ Equating real and imaginary parts, $\cos(a-b) =\cos(a)\cos(b)+\sin(a)\sin(b) $ and $\sin(a-b) =\sin(a)\cos(b)-\cos(a)\sin(b) $. As is often the case, there is absolutely nothing original here.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Linux skills are in hot demand, even as Linux server revenue evaporates into "Other." According to a new Dice report, the Linux job market remains sizzling hot. Nearly every single hiring manager surveyed (97%) expects to hire more Linux talent relative to other skills areas in the next six months. In fact, Linux jobs growth outpaces Linux server growth. While IDC pegs Linux server market share at 28.5% in early 2014, a climb of 4.5% over the previous year, market share doesn't tell the whole story behind Linux jobs growth. To understand the continued rise in demand for Linux professionals, it's important to look beyond revenue-based market share. Demand, meet supply According to the joint survey conducted by Dice and the Linux Foundation, virtually everyone wants to hire Linux professionals. And not just a smattering of hires here and there: 50% of those surveyed indicate that they expect to hire even more Linux pros in 2015 than they did in 2014. (The last time the Linux Foundation released numbers, 77% of hiring managers wanted to find Linux talent in 2014, up from 70% in 2013.) Demand has reached a fever pitch, making it hard to find and retain qualified people. As the report notes: Hiring managers are still struggling to find professionals with Linux skills, with 88% reporting that it's "very difficult" or "somewhat difficult" to find these candidates. 70% of hiring managers say their companies have increased incentives to retain Linux talent, with 37% offering more flexible work hours and telecommuting, and 36% increasing salaries for Linux pros more than in other parts of the company. Small wonder, then, that 55% of Linux professionals believe it will be "very easy" or "fairly easy" to score a new job in 2015. All of this demand for Linux talent is set against the backdrop of continued battles between Microsoft Windows and Linux for market share. Here, Microsoft continues to dominate, claiming 45.7% of factory revenue in early 2014 by IDC estimates. Paid Linux servers, as mentioned, accounted for 28.5% of the total market. Which doesn't tell the full story, of course. A new kind of server vendor As ever, counting vendor revenue understates the true impact of Linux (and other open source offerings). The biggest growth driver in the server market is the cloud, but it's revenue that doesn't readily show up on vendors' income statements. For example, Facebook, Amazon, or Google may purchase from whitebox server vendors in Taiwan, but are they buying Linux servers? Not really. They're buying servers and then provisioning them according to their precise specifications. I'm not sure IDC and others have a way of accounting for such shipments, despite their huge impact on the market (and on Linux jobs). We can count the number of motherboard shipments (9.3 million shipments in 2014) from ODMs, and we can assume that most of these will end up as Linux servers (at places like Facebook and Twitter), but they're not going to count toward IDC's revenue-based market share numbers, and they don't really count toward any measure of Linux vs. Windows market share I've seen. And yet they're hugely important, and becoming more so every day. Important, in part, because they're having a deflationary impact on name-brand server sales, even as they expand the need for Linux talent. As ZDNet's Larry Dignan describes: "The cloud ultimately means fewer servers to sell. Virtualization means even fewer boxes sold. The cloud service providers are going white box with contract equipment manufacturers. Sure, integrated systems from the likes of Cisco are doing well, but that's a higher end market that isn't likely to scale." Ultimately, the global server market is Linux's to lose, regardless of what revenue breakdowns suggest. Linux in the cloud According to Gartner data, server veterans like IBM and HP continue to slide as the Amazons of the world dump the name brands and build with "Other" vendors (ODMs/OEMs in Asia-Pacific). These so-called "whitebox" vendors that make up the "Other" category now account for 44% of all server shipments and 26.7% of revenue. These "Other" vendors are selling Linux jobs, even if they're not always selling Linux servers (at least, as measured by paid Linux distributions like Red Hat Enterprise Linux). Not surprisingly, 49% of Linux professionals believe open cloud will be the biggest growth area for Linux in 2015, according to the Dice report. While these Linux pros are thinking about OpenStack and CloudStack when they make that prophecy, the reality is more subtle. The cloud is eating the traditional server vendor. In the future, it's very likely that we'll talk more than ever for the crushing need for Linux expertise in the job market, without there being much of a paid Linux server market to speak of. Also see	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Q: Etiquette for email asking graduate administrator to contact my reference regarding a deadline extension I've applied to the University of ....... for fall 2016 graduate admission. The deadline for my references to submit the recommendation letters is December 01. One of my references is currently extremely busy and has asked me to request the graduate administrator to contact him regarding the reference letter deadline. I'm trying to think of some way to communicate this to the graduate administrator. Is the following e-mail alright? Dear ......., I am a Physics graduate applicant to the University of ....... for fall 2016 entry. My Application Number is ........... One of my referees, Professor .......... from the University of .........., is currently under extenuating circumstances and will not be able to complete my reference letter in time. He's asked me to contact you regarding this urgent matter. I would be grateful if you could contact him at his e-mail address ......@.......... , and also to kindly confirm if you have received this e-mail. Yours sincerely, ........ Does the e-mail look proper and ready to be sent? A: The letter looks fine. However, it seems strange that the professor would involve you to intercede on his behalf in asking for an extension. Surely he can't be that busy! (I disagree with phys_chem_prof on the amount of time needed to write a reference letter. I would estimate writing a convincing letter to take the better part of an afternoon.) Unless this letter is crucial and the grace period asked for is not more than a few days, you may be better off approaching some one else, even at this late date.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Introduction {#Sec1} ============ Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) are widely used for biomedical applications, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic particle imaging (MPI), magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH), separation of biomolecules, and targeted drug and gene delivery \[[@CR1]--[@CR3]\]. This widespread list of applications not only results from the magnetic properties of SPION, but also from the capability of synthesizing them in different sizes and shapes. For all of the above applications, SPION should ideally have a high magnetization value, a size below 100 nm and a narrow size distribution \[[@CR4], [@CR5]\]. SPION are typically based on Fe~3~O~4~ and/or Fe~2~O~3~. They can be synthesized using various methods, such as co-precipitation \[[@CR5], [@CR6]\], thermal decomposition \[[@CR7]\], sol--gel \[[@CR8]\], microemulsion \[[@CR9]\], hydrothermal \[[@CR10]\], and electrochemical synthesis \[[@CR11]\]. The co-precipitation technique is among the most successful, most commonly employed and most cost-effective methods for high-yield synthesis. However, strategies are needed to overcome the most important limitation of this method, i.e. the very broad particle size distribution of the resulting SPION mixture \[[@CR5], [@CR6]\]. In this study, we describe a straightforward, easily implementable and broadly applicable centrifugation protocol to obtain relatively monodisperse SPION from a polydisperse starting mixture prepared using the co-precipitation technique. As a result of their refined size distribution, the obtained optimized SPION dispersions showed substantially improved performance in MRI, MPI and MFH compared to the crude starting formulation, as well as to commercial SPION products, such as Resovist® and Sinerem®. In this context, it is important to keep in mind that not the centrifugation protocol per se, but the eventual development of a SPION formulation with a very well-defined size and with a very narrow size distribution (and its consequent more optimal use for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes) is the objective of our work. Thus far, no systematic study has been published on SPION size-isolation via sequential centrifugation, and no systematic analysis is available in which the performance of five size-isolated SPION sub-fractions (and clinically/commercially relevant controls) is head-to-head compared in MRI, MPI and MFH setups. Results and discussion {#Sec2} ====================== SPION preparation and size-isolation {#Sec3} ------------------------------------ Prototypic citrate-coated SPION were prepared via the standard co-precipitation technique, under nitrogen atmosphere \[[@CR5], [@CR6]\] (see "[Experimental](#Sec12){ref-type="sec"}" section for details). Based on this highly polydisperse starting batch, which we refer to as the "crude sample", five sequential rounds of centrifugation were performed to obtain much more monodispersed SPION subfractions. To this end, as depicted schematically in Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}, the crude sample was transferred into 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes and centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 20 min. The resulting 1 ml of supernatant was collected and referred to as the "C1 sample". Subsequently, 0.1 ml of the bottom compartment in the Eppendorf tube that contained the largest nanoparticle fraction was resuspended in water. The obtained dispersion was then again centrifuged, the top 1 ml was collected as the "C2 sample", and the bottom 0.1 ml was again resuspended and re-centrifuged. These steps were sequentially repeated to obtain five fractions of relatively monodisperse SPION samples. These fractions are referred to as C1--C5. The crude starting mixture, Resovist® and Sinerem® are referred to as C, R and S, respectively. Multiple systematic experiments were performed to identify the optimal centrifugation speeds and times for obtaining monodispersed SPION with well-defined sizes. The optimum conditions for size-isolation are presented in Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}. The production efficiencies of the size-isolated fractions C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5 were approximately 7, 29, 23, 18 and 11%, respectively.Fig. 1SPION size-isolation via sequential centrifugation. Schematic overview of the centrifugation protocol to obtain monodispersed SPION with different hydrodynamic diameters from a crude mixture of polydisperse SPION. The polydisperse SPION sample (C) was transferred into 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes and centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 20 min. The resulting 1 ml of supernatant was collected (C1). 0.1 ml of the bottom compartment in the Eppendorf tube was resuspended in water and again centrifuged, and the top 1 ml was collected (C2). These steps were repeated multiple times, with optimized centrifugation times and speeds, to obtain three additional fractions of monodisperse SPION samples (C3--C5). The different fractions were subsequently analyzed for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic particle imaging (MPI) and magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) performance, and compared to the crude sample (C), to Resovist® and to Sinerem® Despite the large number of previous publications describing the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles, the tools and technologies for their size separation are relatively limited. Techniques employed to control average particle size and polydispersity can be based on the use of magnetic/electric fields, porous media, and mass- and density-based purification \[[@CR12]--[@CR14]\]. Fortin and colleagues for instance synthesized citrate-coated nanocrystals of maghemite and cobalt ferrite by alkaline co-precipitation, and size-sorted the nanoparticles by successive electrostatic phase separation \[[@CR15]\]. Magnetic field-flow fractionation (MFFF) uses a homogeneous external magnetic field applied orthogonal to the direction of flow, to achieve efficient separation of particles \[[@CR12]\]. Nonmagnetic size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) is another frequently used method for size separation of iron oxide nanoparticles. The fractions separated by SEC and MFFF have similar size distributions. However, MFFF is faster and has a higher capacity \[[@CR12], [@CR16]\]. In addition to the above techniques, differential magnetic catch-and-release (DMCR) has recently been established to size-sort magnetic nanoparticles. DMCR, like MFFF, relies on an external magnetic field to separate magnetic species \[[@CR17]\]. High-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) is a column flow method used to isolate iron oxide nanoparticles from a nonmagnetic medium \[[@CR18]\]. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is used for the separation of colloidal nanoparticles in an electric field. CE requires specialized equipment, because of the high electric field. Electrical field-flow fractionation (ElFFF) separates iron oxide nanoparticles based on their size and electrophoretic mobility but without the drawbacks of CE \[[@CR12], [@CR16]\]. As compared to the above techniques, the here presented centrifugation method is somewhat more time- and labor-intensive, but it is also easier to perform and more broadly applicable, because it does not require specialized equipment. Particle size, size distribution and surface charge {#Sec4} --------------------------------------------------- Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"} shows the results obtained using TEM, DLS and NTA on the size and size distribution of the SPION formulations prepared and evaluated in this study. The reported TEM values which correspond to the average size were calculated on the basis of manually measuring at least 100 randomly chosen particles, using Image SP Viewer software. The average core sizes of the samples C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5 were 7.7 ± 1.6, 10.6 ± 1.8, 13.1 ± 2.2, 15.6 ± 2.8 and 17.2 ± 2.1 nm, respectively (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}a, b). This indicates that all five fractions are superparamagnetic, as SPION typically present superparamagnetic behavior when their core size is below 20 nm \[[@CR5]\]. The corresponding average hydrodynamic diameters obtained by DLS-based on intensity---for the five samples were 26.3 ± 1.2, 49.4 ± 1.1, 64.8 ± 2.1, 82.1 ± 2.3 and 114.6 ± 4.4 nm (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}c). The average sizes obtained using NTA were comparable to the values observed in DLS (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}d). The numerical values corresponding to the results presented in Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}b--d are provided in Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Table S1. The fact that the TEM sizes are smaller than those obtained via DLS and NTA can be explained by keeping in mind that DLS and NTA measure the hydrodynamic diameter of the citrate-coated SPION in aqueous solution incorporating surface-bound water layers in their measurement, while TEM determines the actual core size of dried nanoparticle formulations.Fig. 2Effect of sequential size-isolation on SPION size and size distribution. a TEM images and size distributions obtained by TEM. b--d Analysis of nanoparticle size obtained using TEM, DLS and NTA. e Polydispersity indices (PDI) assessed using DLS for the crude (C), C1--C5, Resovist® (R) and Sinerem® (S) samples. Results represent average ± standard deviation The results obtained using DLS, NTA and TEM demonstrate that both the core size and the hydrodynamic diameter gradually increase upon employing our centrifugation protocol. In this regard, it is important to note that from C1 to C5, the increase in hydrodynamic diameter (DLS) is much larger than the increase in core size (TEM). Equally important is the notion that the polydispersity indices (PDI) obtained from DLS confirmed that the samples C1--C5 have a much narrower size distribution than the crude sample, and also than Resovist® and Sinerem®. The PDI for the crude sample, for Resovist® and for Sinerem® were 0.28 ± 0.04, 0.26 ± 0.05 and 0.20 ± 0.04, respectively, while for C1--C5, all PDI's were approximately 0.10 (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}e). The size distribution results obtained by TEM are in good agreement with this (see the insets in Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}a and the data presented in Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}e). Based on these results, it is concluded that our sequential centrifugation protocol is highly useful for achieving relatively monodisperse SPION formulations. Consequently, it is considered to be a useful alternative to more complex synthetic methods to obtain relatively uniform SPION, such as thermal decomposition, which requires very high temperatures and which critically depends on efficient and tailored means for surface modification to eventually obtain water-dispersible SPION formulations \[[@CR7]\]. We also determined the zeta potential for the differently sized iron oxide nanoparticle samples (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Figure S1). The results confirm the expected highly negatively surface charge for all size-isolated fractions (C1--C5), which contributes to their high colloidal stability. SPION biocompatibility {#Sec5} ---------------------- Almost all SPION formulations were found to be biocompatible. Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Figures S2--S4 document the observed cytotoxicity for the crude, C1--C5, Resovist® and Sinerem® samples studied by XTT, LDH and ROS assays. XTT analysis at iron concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 mM showed no significant differences in the viability of NIH3T3 cells upon incubation with the samples C1--C5 as compared to Resovist® and Sinerem®. Interestingly, at iron concentrations of 5 and 10 mM, XTT-based viability assessment indicated that all monodispersed samples except for C1 had an even higher biocompatibility than Resovist® and Sinerem® (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Figure S2). The XTT findings were confirmed using the LDH assay (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Figure S3). At iron concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mM, no changes in NIH3T3 membrane damage were noted for C1--C5 as compared to Resovist® and Sinerem®, while at iron concentrations of 5 and 10 mM, LDH values (and membrane damage) were lower than for Resovist® and Sinerem® (again except for the smallest-sized batch C1). In line with this, analysis of ROS production in NIH3T3 cells showed that there was no significant change in the ROS content of cells exposed to the monodispersed samples C1--C5 as compared to the crude sample, Resovist® and Sinerem® (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Figure S4). Together, these results demonstrate that all monodispersed samples except for C1 have negligible toxicity. The higher cytotoxicity associated with the smallest particles is assumed to result from a more rapid and more extensive cellular uptake, as well as from a relatively larger surface area \[[@CR19]--[@CR21]\]. SPION stability in physiological media {#Sec6} -------------------------------------- All size-isolated SPION samples showed excellent stability in DI water (see columns 4 and 5 of Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Table S1; demonstrating stable dispersion up to 6 months). This can be attributed to the highly negatively charged surface of the SPION. All SPION formulations also showed high colloidal stability in physiological media, i.e. in fetal bovine serum (FBS) and in bovine serum albumin (BSA). The monitoring of the samples by visual inspection up to 24 h implied the absence of aggregation of SPION (see Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Figures S5a and S6a). In line with this, the hydrodynamic diameters and PDI obtained using DLS for 2, 6 and 24 h of incubation in physiological media did not show significant changes in size and size distribution (see Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Figures S5b, c, S6b, c and Table S1). In good agreement with our findings, Yu et al. synthesized two different types of SPION with different surface coatings: tetramethylammonium hydroxide-coated SPION (T-SPION) and citrate-coated SPION (C-SPION). The C-SPION showed robust stability in biological media, while T-SPION aggregated rapidly in all media evaluated \[[@CR22]\]. Magnetic properties {#Sec7} ------------------- Field-dependent magnetization analysis of the C1--C5 samples showed no discernible hysteresis, demonstrating that they are superparamagnetic (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}a). For biomedical applications, iron oxide nanoparticles with superparamagnetic behavior are preferred, because in case of superparamagnetic materials, the magnetization drops to zero after removing the applied magnetic field. This implies that due to lack of coercive forces or remanence, it keeps the nanoparticles from sticking together, avoiding aggregation and the formation of clots in the blood stream, which could lead to serious adverse events \[[@CR23]\].Fig. 3Magnetic characterization. a Field-dependent magnetization at 5 K. b Saturation magnetization at 5 K of the crude SPION mixture (C), the size-isolated samples C1--C5, Resovist® (R) and Sinerem® (S). Results were normalized to Fe content The saturation magnetizations (M~s~) of samples were very high, indicating an excellent magnetic response to the magnetic field (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}b). Three important observations were obtained by these analyses: first, comparing the M~s~ values of the samples C2 and C3 at 5 K and 30 kOe (73.8 and 82.5 emu/g, respectively) to those of Resovist® and Sinerem® (53.1 and 28.8 emu/g, respectively) illustrates the good magnetic properties of C2 and C3. Second, the M~s~ values for C2 and C3 are approximately three-quarters of the M~s~ value of bulk magnetite, which is \~ 100 emu/g at 5 K and 30 kOe \[[@CR24]\]. Third, the magnetization reaches 94% of its maximum value for C2 and 93% of its maximum value for C3 in magnetic fields as low as 5 kOe, underlining the suitability of these samples for the envisaged applications. Field-cooled (FC) magnetization measurements were also carried out, in an applied field of 1000 Oe, at temperatures ranging from 5 to 300 K. As shown in Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Figure S7, the FC curves demonstrate only a very little decrease with temperature for all nanoparticle samples tested, and the results obtained are in good agreement with those of saturation magnetization analyses. Both MRI and MPI rely on the use of magnetic nanoparticles with strong saturation magnetization, high magnetic susceptibility and no coercivity. Similarly, also for MFH, the amount of saturation magnetization should be as high as possible, to guarantee efficient heating under an alternating magnetic field \[[@CR23]\]. Saturation magnetization of SPION depends not only on core size, but also on other parameters, such as size distribution, type of coating, chemical composition (with magnetite being better than maghemite) and crystalline structure. Generally, a larger particle size results in higher saturation magnetization values and in a better performance in MRI, MPI and MFH. However, when the particle size is too large, magnetic nanoparticles become ferromagnetic and the saturation magnetization drops, which is undesired for biomedical applications. For the C1--C5 samples, field-dependent magnetization analysis revealed that all fractions are in the superparamagnetic range. Increasing the size gradually approaches ferromagnetic behavior, explaining the somewhat lower saturation magnetization values for C4 and C5 as compared to C2 and C3. Also, the low saturation magnetization for C4 and C5 compared to C2 and C3 could be explained on the basis of a more polycrystalline structure of the samples. Conversely, it is important to keep in mind that smaller-sized nanoparticles are typically preferred in vivo, e.g. because they can more readily exploit vascular leakiness in tumors and at sites of inflammation, and because they allow for deeper target tissue penetration. These considerations exemplify that it is crucial to identify the optimal size for the anticipated biomedical application \[[@CR25], [@CR26]\], and they underline the importance of developing tools, such as the centrifugation protocol presented here, to prepare SPION formulations with distinct sizes and with low polydispersity. Another important thing to keep in mind is that sometimes the saturation magnetization is found to be lower than expected. This reduction in magnetic performance of the nanoparticles can be attributed to the existence of a \"magnetically dead layer\" on their surfaces. Because of this magnetically dead layer, the magnetic diameter is smaller than the physical diameter, sometimes by several nanometers. Saturation magnetization is proportional to the magnetic diameter, not physical diameter \[[@CR27]--[@CR29]\]. As an example to illustrate this, Unni and colleagues synthesized two series of iron oxide nanoparticles with a similar diameter of 21 nm via thermal decomposition; the MS value was 17 emu/g for one nanoparticle, and 74 emu/g for the other \[[@CR27]\]. Kemp et al. produced monodisperse magnetite nanoparticles with diameters in the range between 15 and 30 nm by thermolysis and they varied oleic acid ratios for size control. With increasing particle size, there was no clear trend in saturation magnetization (sometimes increasing and sometimes decreasing) \[[@CR28]\]. Such irregularities were also observed by Baaziz et al. for iron oxide nanoparticles with diameters between 4 and 28 nm \[[@CR29]\]. The lower MS values for the samples C4 and C5 as compared to C2 and C3 can be explained by taking the above notions into account. Magnetic resonance imaging {#Sec8} -------------------------- All SPION samples showed excellent performance as contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Figure [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"} and Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Figures S8--10 show T~1~- and T~2~-weighted MR images and quantification of key MRI parameters for the crude, C1--C5, Resovist® and Sinerem® samples \[i.e. relaxivities (r~1~, r~2~), relaxation rates (1/T~1~, 1/T~2~) and relaxivity ratios (r~2~/r~1~)\]. Figure [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"} indicates that all newly prepared samples, i.e. both the monodisperse and the polydisperse SPION, have transverse relaxivities (r~2~) greater than Resovist® and Sinerem®. Interestingly, while the crude starting mixture and Resovist® were both highly polydisperse, the r~2~ value of the former was found to be two times higher than that of the latter.Fig. 4Magnetic resonance imaging of size-isolated SPION. MRI of the crude, C1--C5, Resovist® and Sinerem® samples upon characterization on a 3 T clinical scanner. a T~1~- and T~2~-weighted MR images of the samples at a concentration of 0.01 mM. MR images for other SPION concentrations are provided in Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Figure S8. b and c Longitudinal (r~1~) and transversal (r~2~) relaxivities of the samples in water. Values represent average ± standard deviation of three independent samples After sequential centrifugation, the r~2~ values of the monodisperse SPION gradually increased up until the third round of centrifugation. The C3 sample with 13.1 ± 2.2 nm core size possessed the most optimal MRI capabilities, with an r~2~ value of 434 mM^−1^ s^−1^. It produced 3.3 and 5.5 times more contrast in T~2~-weighted imaging than Resovist® (130 mM^−1^ s^−1^) and Sinerem® (79 mM^−1^ s^−1^), respectively. A number of studies have demonstrated that the core size, the size distribution and the magnetization of SPION are key factors influencing the transverse relaxation rate (1/T~2~) \[[@CR15], [@CR30]\]. The trend for the r~1~ values for the samples C1--C5 was found to be similar to that observed for the r~2~ values. The efficiency of a T2 contrast agent relies on the r2/r1 ratio in addition to the r2 value \[[@CR31]\]. In this context, it is important to note that for all size-isolated samples, it can be concluded that there is a specific enhancement of the r~2~/r~1~ ratio in comparison to Resovist® and Sinerem® (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Figure S10), confirming the suitability of these samples for T~2~-weighted MR imaging. Saraswathy and colleagues synthesized citrate-coated iron oxide nanoparticles with a similar coating and with a similar core size as C3 sample. They employed this SPION formulation for in vivo magnetic resonance imaging of liver fibrosis. The values for r~1~ and r~2~ were 2.69 and 102 mM^−1^ s^−1^, respectively \[[@CR32]\]. Comparing the r~2~/r~1~ value of their formulation (i.e. 37.9) to that of our C3 sample (i.e. 84.4) exemplifies the usefulness and the potential added value of our sequential size-isolation protocol. Smolensky et al. investigated the effect of multiple parameters, including particle size and shape, temperature and magnetic field strength, on the longitudinal and transverse relaxivities of iron oxide nanoparticles. According to their findings, r~2~ values increased linearly with increasing core size (from 4.9 to 18 nm), while r~1~ values remained relatively constant for particles with core sizes larger than 8 nm \[[@CR33]\]. Surface coating and nanoparticle aggregation are also highly important parameters. Blanco-Andujar and coworkers studied the evolution of r~2~ with SPION aggregate size \[[@CR34]\]. In case of small clusters, nanoparticles are homogeneously dispersed in water and protons can readily diffuse between the magnetic cores. Under these conditions, r~2~ values gradually increase with hydrodynamic diameter (up to approx. 80 nm). At a size of 80--90 nm, there is no further increase in r~2~. If the size exceeds 90 nm, r~2~ values start to decrease with increasing size, due to reductions in surface accessibility and proton exchange rate. This trend is in line with our results, showing reductions in r~2~ values when the hydrodynamic diameter goes beyond 70 nm (r~2~ values for C4 and C5 are 398 and 350 mM^−1^ s^−1^, respectively, as compared to 434 mM^−1^ s^−1^ for C3). Magnetic particle imaging {#Sec9} ------------------------- SPION are important tracer materials for magnetic particle imaging (MPI). MPI is a novel and increasingly popular hot-spot imaging technique that can be employed to visualize magnetic nanoparticles with very high temporal and spatial resolution. MPI is able to provide real-time 3D imaging information on the localization and concentration of magnetic nanoparticles, and it can be employed for multiple medical imaging applications \[[@CR35]\]. The potential usefulness of MPI strongly depends on the availability of size-optimized SPION to generate high quality images. As a matter of fact, MPI contrast generation critically depends on both SPION size and size distribution, since both parameters strongly affect the magnetization response. Resovist® was originally developed as a contrast agent for MRI. In recent years, it has also been extensively employed for MPI, because of its large magnetic moment. At the moment, Resovist® is the most extensively employed SPION formulation for MPI. From TEM images, it is known that Resovist® mainly consists of particles with an average core diameter of 5.8 ± 2.5 nm, many of which are agglomerated in clusters (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}a). It is assumed that these aggregates, which are formed by small elementary particles, are responsible for its good MPI performance \[[@CR26]\]. However, the MPI performance of Resovist® still leaves significant room for improvement. As result of this, in recent years, ever more scientists have started to work on the development of better SPION formulations for MPI \[[@CR26], [@CR36]\]. Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}a shows the MPI signal-to-noise (SNR) values of the different SPION formulations used in this study, obtained at the 4th harmonic frequency of the drive field. It also shows the full width at half maximum (FWHM) values, and the hysteresis loss determined from the point spread function (PSF) measurements. To allow for a quantitative comparison, it is generally considered to be sufficient to read the SNR at one harmonic frequency. This is typically the 4th harmonic frequency (Fig. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}a). Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Figure S11 shows the SNR values for other harmonic frequencies. To compare the MPI performance of the different samples, SNR values were normalized to the iron concentration inside the probe volume. The normalized SNR values for C2 and C3 were found to be much higher than for all other samples. At the 4th harmonic frequency, the normalized SNR for C2 was 2.3 and 7.0 times higher than for Resovist® and Sinerem®, respectively. In addition, FWHM and hysteresis loss analysis showed that C2 and C3 were almost as good as Resovist®. Lower FWHM and hysteresis loss values refer to a higher achievable spatial resolution and to a lower spatial displacement in MPI, respectively.Fig. 5Magnetic particle imaging of size-isolated SPION. a Key MPI parameters including normalized signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of the samples at the 4th harmonic of the MPI drive field as well as full width at half maximum (FWHM) measurements and hysteresis loss analyses of the samples were obtained using magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS; which is comparable to a zero-dimensional MPI acquisition without the superimposed gradient field measurements). b MPI images reconstructed based on "E" shaped phantoms filled with the crude sample, C2 and Resovist®. c The intensity line profiles of the red marked lines through the phantoms in b are shown. The line profiles show the voxel intensity along the marked line and demonstrate a doubling of signal intensity for C2 in comparison to Resovist® To exemplify the MPI imaging capabilities of our size-isolated SPION, we fabricated two phantoms. One was an E-shaped phantom (Fig. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}b), serving as a somewhat more complex structure, made up of single tracer-filled dots of 0.5 mm. The other phantom was V-shaped (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Figure S12a), and consisted of single dots with a diameter of 0.5 mm with an increasing distance between them (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mm). Both phantoms were filled with the crude starting mixture, with the C2 sample and with Resovist®, making sure that the iron concentrations were identical. Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}c and Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Figure S12b show the line profiles of the voxel intensities along the red marked lines for the E and V phantoms, respectively. It can be seen that the lowest and the highest intensities are obtained with the crude and the C2 sample, respectively. The C2 sample produced signal intensities more than two times higher than those of Resovist®. From the MPI parameter analysis as well as from the MPI phantom experiments it can, therefore, be concluded that the C2 (and to a lesser extent also the C3) formulation is a useful alternative for Resovist® and suitable contrast agent for MPI. Magnetic fluid hyperthermia {#Sec10} --------------------------- Hyperthermia is a treatment modality in which cancerous tissue is exposed to a supernormal temperature. Cancer cells die as soon as temperatures exceed 42 °C, while normal cells can survive under these conditions \[[@CR37]\]. Hyperthermia can be generated using radiofrequency, ultrasound and microwave energy, as well as using magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH). In MFH, increased temperatures are created by applying a sinusoidally alternating magnetic field (AMF). When SPION are exposed to an AMF, heat is generated to release the magnetic energy consumed for the alignment of the magnetization of the magnetic particles in the direction of the applied magnetic field. In principle, three mechanisms are responsible for heat dissipation, which can act separately or simultaneously, depending on the nanoparticle properties: (1) hysteresis power loss, originating from the irreversibility of the magnetization process, (2) Néel relaxation, conditioned by the rotation of the magnetic moments of the particles, and (3) friction losses due to Brownian rotation of the magnetic particles as a whole. As a result of these three mechanisms, SPION and magnetic temperature gradually increase in an AFM until a saturation temperature is achieved \[[@CR37], [@CR38]\]. In a cellular environment, however, SPION are immobilized inside lysosomes and form agglomerates \[[@CR39], [@CR40]\]. This leads to partial blocking of the above-mentioned Brownian relaxation and to a drop in heating efficiency. In consequence, depending on the mechanism responsible for heat generation for a specific nanoparticle type, the in vivo hyperthermia performance could significantly decrease \[[@CR30]\]. Figure [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}a depicts the time--temperature curves for the monodisperse SPION batches C1-C5, as well as for the crude sample C, Resovist® and Sinerem® in a low-frequency AMF. The iron concentration of all samples was 9 mM and the dispersant media was DI water. For all size-isolated samples except for C1, the required time for increasing the temperature from 37 to 42 °C (t~H~) was lower than for Resovist® and Sinerem®. In this context, a shorter t~H~ time reflects a better heating performance and contributes to shorter AMF application times in hyperthermia-based cancer treatment. The shortest t~H~ value was achieved using C3, having a core size of 13 nm. For this sample, the time to increase the temperature from 37 to 42 °C was 128 s, which was approximately 3 times faster than for Resovist® (t~H~ = 374 s).Fig. 6Magnetic fluid hyperthermia using size-isolated SPION. a Time--temperature curves obtained upon exposing the crude, C1--C5, Resovist® and Sinerem® samples to an alternating magnetic field (AMF). The frequency and amplitude of the AMF were 186 kHz and 46 kA m^−1^, respectively. The iron concentration was 9 mM for all samples. A Box-Lucas curve was fitted to each data set. b Difference between initial and maximum temperatures after 30 min of field exposure (ΔT~rise~). c Specific absorption rate values (SAR; calculated on the basis of Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Equations S5, S9). Values represent average ± standard deviation of three separate experiments In addition to t~H~, the specific absorption rate (SAR) is an important quantitative parameter to determine the suitability of SPION formulations for MFH. From Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Equations S7 and S8, it can be deduced that the SAR is directly proportional to ΔT~rise~ which is defined as the difference between the maximum temperature reached during AMF exposure and the initial temperature (in this specific case 37 °C). Comparing the ΔT~rise~ and the SAR values of the different formulations shows that the samples with a higher ΔT~rise~ have a higher SAR and consequently a better MFH performance (Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}b, c). For the C3 sample, the SAR was approximately 2.5 times higher than for Resovist®. This indicates that the magnetic power absorbed per unit mass of the C3 sample in the presence of an AMF is \~ 2.5 times higher than that of Resovist®. This high SAR value is expected to be due to a high saturation magnetization arising from individual magnetic anisotropy. Higher SAR values are beneficial from a clinical point of view, as they allow for lower SPION dosing to achieve similar hyperthermia efficacy. A wide range of SAR values have been reported in the literature for diverse colloidal SPION formulations. SAR values strongly depended on the mean size and monodispersity of SPION, structural and magnetic properties, and the frequency and amplitude of the magnetic field. In the majority of cases, SAR values in the range between 4 and 100 W/g were achieved for commercially available SPION dispersions \[[@CR41]\]. For some customized formulations, higher SAR values have been reported. Bakoglidis and colleagues, for instance, synthesized spherical oleic acid-coated SPION with core sizes between 5 and 18 nm by thermal decomposition, and subjected them to MFH, showing maximal performance for 10 nm, with a SAR of 230 W/g. They used hexane as the dispersion medium to maintain a stable suspension of the nanoparticles \[[@CR42]\]. For the size-isolated C3 sample, we observed an SAR of 350 W/g, which exceeds this previously reported value by more than 50%. This notion indicates that upon simple and straightforward size-isolation via sequential centrifugation, SPION formulations with optimal performance for biomedical applications can be readily obtained. Conclusion {#Sec11} ========== We here present a centrifugation protocol to obtain SPION with well-defined sizes (hydrodynamic diameter: 26.3 ± 1.2, 49.4 ± 1.1, 64.8 ± 2.1, 82.1 ± 2.3 and 114.6 ± 4.4 nm; and core size: 7.7 ± 1.6, 10.6 ± 1.8, 13.1 ± 2.2, 15.6 ± 2.8 and 17.2 ± 2.1 nm) and with a very narrow size distribution (PDI below 0.1) from a polydisperse starting mixture prepared via the co-precipitation technique. The samples obtained upon the 2nd and 3rd round of centrifugation, which had a core size of 10.6 ± 1.8 and 13.1 ± 2.2 nm, and a hydrodynamic diameter of 49.4 ± 1.1 and 64.8 ± 2.1 nm, were found to be optimal for MRI, MPI and MFH application, with an up to 3.3-, 3.3- and 7-fold improved performance as compared to the crude starting mixture, Resovist® and Sinerem®, respectively. Our results demonstrate that simple and straightforward size-isolation helps to improve the performance for biomedical application. Experimental {#Sec12} ============ SPION synthesis {#Sec13} --------------- Eight mmol of ferric chloride was dissolved in DI water and mixed for 5 min under mechanical stirring. Subsequently, 4 mmol of ferrous chloride tetrahydrate was added to the solution and mixed for a further 5 min at room temperature. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 11.0 by adding of 1 M aqueous ammonia solution drop-wisely and it was stirred at 25 °C for 30 min under nitrogen atmospher. The formed black-colored iron oxide particles were decanted using a permanent magnet and washed at least three times with DI water. Afterwards, a specific amount of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid was added to the particles and sonicated for 10 min. Following, the citrate solution was added to the mixture and was stirred at 80 °C for 2 h. The citrate-coated polydisperse particles were separated by the use of a permanent magnet and then resuspended in DI water. Finally, the suspension was passed through a 0.2 µm filter to remove the big particles. Additional synthetic details are provided in Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}. SPION characterization {#Sec14} ---------------------- The prepared SPION were subjected to several systematic analyses, to assess their properties and performance. The particle size and the size distribution of the crude sample, of the C1--C5 subfractions, and of Resovist® and Sinerem® were investigated by multiple different sizing techniques, including dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The zeta potential values of the nanoparticles in aqueous solution were measured using a Zetasizer Nano-ZS (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK). The iron concentration of the respective samples was measured using the 1,10-phenanthroline assay \[[@CR43]\]. We also evaluated the cytotoxicity of the samples. This was done via 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays at multiple different iron concentrations, ranging from 0.1 to 10 mM. The colloidal stability of all size-isolated samples was investigated in two physiologically relevant media. These were fetal bovine serum (FBS), which is the most widely used serum-supplement for the in vitro cell culture, and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Colloidal stability was analyzed upon incubation in FBS and BSA for 2, 6 and 24 h, via visual inspection and DLS analysis. Measurements of magnetic properties, including field-dependent magnetization, saturation magnetization (M~s~) and field-cooled (FC) magnetization, were performed using a Quantum MPMS-5XL SQUID magnetometer. Additional characterization details are provided in Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}. SPION application {#Sec15} ----------------- MRI experiments were performed on a 3T clinical MR scanner (Philips Achieva, Best, The Netherlands) and images were acquired using SENSE-flex-M coil (Philips Achieva, Best, The Netherlands). From MRI tests, R~1~ and R~2~ relaxation rates and corresponding r~1~ and r~2~ relaxivities were calculated \[[@CR44]\]. MPI measurements were performed using the Philips pre-clinical demonstrator system and relevant parameters of the SPION were determined including the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the point spread function (PSF). In order to evaluate hyperthermia performance, a custom-build setup (Trumpf Hüttinger, Freiburg, Germany) was employed and the heating efficiency of the different SPION formulations under an alternating magnetic field (AMF) was quantified using the specific absorption rate (SAR), which provides a measure of the magnetic power absorbed per unit mass of the magnetic material (see Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"} for more details). Supplementary information ========================= {#Sec19} Additional file 1: Figure S1. Zeta potential analysis of the crude, C1-C5, Resovist® and Sinerem® samples. Figure S2. Cell viability of NIH3T3 cells treated with the samples with various concentrations ofSPION for 4 h according to XTT assay. The data were normalized to control value (SPION-freemedia), which was set as 100% cell viability. Experiments were performed at different concentrationsof SPION in the range of 0.1 to 10.0 mM. Values represent means ± standard deviations of fiveidentical experiments made in three replicates. Figure S3. LDH leakage of NIH3T3 cells treated with the samples with various concentrations ofSPION for 4 h according to the manufacturer's instructions. Experiments were done at differentconcentrations of SPION in the range of 0.1 to 10.0 mM. Values represent mean ± standard deviationof five identical experiments made in three replicates. Figure S4. ROS generated in NIH3T3 cells incubated with the samples with various concentrations ofSPION to the control cells (SPION-free media) after 24 h treatment. Experiments were done atdifferent concentrations of SPION in the range of 0.1 to 5 mM. Data represent mean ± standarddeviation of three identical experiments made in three replicates. Figure S5. Colloidal stability of the samples in undiluted FBS monitored by visual inspection andDLS. Visual inspection indicated no aggregation up until 24 h. In line with this, size and PDI obtainedby DLS also showed no significant changes at 24 h. The iron concentration for all the samples was 5mM. The FBS size according to DLS was 19.7±1.5 nm which is very close to hydrodynamic diameterof C1. Also, FBS is polydisperse and has PDI of 0.49±0.05. These two notions explain the high PDI forC1 in FBS. Figure S6. Colloidal stability of the samples in 4 wt% BSA in DI water. Visual inspection showed noaggregation at 24 h. Also, size and PDI obtained by DLS showed no important differences in theirvalues at 24 h. The iron concentration for all the samples was 5 mM. Figure S7. Temperature-dependent magnetization at 1000 Oe of the crude SPION mixture (C), thesize-isolated samples C1-C5, Resovist® (R) and Sinerem® (S). Results were normalized to Fe content. Figure S8. T1- and T2-weighted MR images of the crude, C1-C5, Resovist® and Sinerem® samples atdifferent concentrations from 0.005 to 0.05 mM. Figure S9. Longitudinal (1/T1; a) and transverse (1/T2; b) relaxation rates of the crude, C1-C5,Resovist® and Sinerem® samples as a function of concentration of Fe. The straight lines represent thelinear fit to the experimental data. The relaxivities r1 and r2 were calculated as the slope of the linesfitted to the experimental data. Values represent average of one experiment made in three replicates. Figure S10. Relaxivity ratios (r~2~/r~1~) for the crude, C1-C5, Resovist® and Sinerem® samples. Figure S11. Normalized SNR values of the samples from the 4th up to the 10th harmonic of the MPIdrive field. Figure S12. Magnetic particle imaging of size-isolated SPION. (a) MPI images reconstructed basedon "V" shaped phantoms filled with the crude sample, C2 and Resovist®. (b) The intensity line profilesof the red marked lines through the phantoms in panel (a) are shown. The line profiles show the voxelintensity along the marked line and demonstrate a doubling of signal intensity for C2 in comparison toResovist®. Table S1. Overview of the results obtained in the size analyses performed using TEM, DLS and NTA.The different SPION formulations were evaluated in different media and upon different storage times. Publisher\'s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary information ========================= Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12951-020-0580-1. The authors acknowledge technical support by Marek Weiler. SMD, FK and TL conceived the project. SMD, DC, MD, KR, PV, MS, NG, UE, MB and JL performed the experiments. JM, SB, IS, PK, BHS, VS, FK and TL supervised data collection and interpretation. SMD drafted the manuscript. All authors revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support by the European Research Council (ERC: Starting Grant 309495 (NeoNaNo) and Proof-of-Concept Grants 680882 (CONQUEST) and 813086 (PIcelles), by the German Research Foundation (DFG: GRK2375 (grant 331065168), SFB/TRR57, SFB1066), and by RWTH Aachen University (ERS Prep Fund PFLS009). Data and materials will be made available upon request. We ensure adherence to relevant ethical standards. We agree to the publication policies of Journal of Nanobiotechnology. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
Crystal Structure of Cleaved Serp-1, a Myxomavirus-Derived Immune Modulating Serpin: Structural Design of Serpin Reactive Center Loop Peptides with Improved Therapeutic Function. The Myxomavirus-derived protein Serp-1 has potent anti-inflammatory activity in models of vasculitis, lupus, viral sepsis, and transplant. Serp-1 has also been tested successfully in a Phase IIa clinical trial in unstable angina, representing a "first-in-class" therapeutic. Recently, peptides derived from the reactive center loop (RCL) have been developed as stand-alone therapeutics for reducing vasculitis and improving survival in MHV68-infected mice. However, both Serp-1 and the RCL peptides lose activity in MHV68-infected mice after antibiotic suppression of intestinal microbiota. Here, we utilize a structure-guided approach to design and test a series of next-generation RCL peptides with improved therapeutic potential that is not reduced when the peptides are combined with antibiotic treatments. The crystal structure of cleaved Serp-1 was determined to 2.5 Å resolution and reveals a classical serpin structure with potential for serpin-derived RCL peptides to bind and inhibit mammalian serpins, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), anti-thrombin III (ATIII), and α-1 antitrypsin (A1AT), and target proteases. Using in silico modeling of the Serp-1 RCL peptide, S-7, we designed several modified RCL peptides that were predicted to have stronger interactions with human serpins because of the larger number of stabilizing hydrogen bonds. Two of these peptides (MPS7-8 and -9) displayed extended activity, improving survival where activity was previously lost in antibiotic-treated MHV68-infected mice (P < 0.0001). Mass spectrometry and kinetic assays suggest interaction of the peptides with ATIII, A1AT, and target proteases in mouse and human plasma. In summary, we present the next step toward the development of a promising new class of anti-inflammatory serpin-based therapeutics.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Thinking aim for this lesson: Building an ENV model of how to describe a person based on the sentences they had thought up. Working out parameters.Subject aim: further extension and consolidation. Seeing their own sentences in correct,written form, reading and writing. Materials: a list of the sentences which all three classes had thought up, with a picture of the lady in question. Making a tool (Step 2?) for a description of a person by sorting sentences. I gave out the list I’d made (see below) and our task was to sort the sentences to make them useful for us to describe any person. They stuck the handout in their notebooks opposite a blank page. On the blank page we drew two columns and we wrote the parameters they suggested in the first column. Each time they wrote out a couple of sentences as examples of this parameter in the other column. They themselves suggested that some sentences were talking about the same things (sometimes in a contradictory manner – one class thought she was tall; the other short), but they came up with height. Eventually we found the parameters, height, looks, character, clothes, family, likes/dislikes, hobbies, skills, home, possessions, age. In the end this took the whole lesson as they found the parameters quite difficult to work out and we had a lot of discussion about ceratin parameters such as the differences between ‘hobbies’ and ‘skills’ (She can play the piano.) We also discussed why we might need to be able to describe or identify a person. They suggested they might want to tell someone about a friend. They also suggested themselves you need to be able to tell if a person is who they say they are. From that we went on to talk about real passports. Only two out of eight pupils had one, and the others weren’t even sure what it was. They explained to each other what it is, and then looked at our parameters and the sentences again. Which information would you need for an official passport? They had fun with the idea that you might write in a passport ‘ She wears lipstick.’ and we talked about which features of a person are permanent and which would actually physically indentify the person. In the end nationality was the only parameter we kept, thought we agreed height would be important if it was exact, as well as age, if it was exact. They themselves suggested that for homework they would make a similar model of someone they know and use as many parameters as they could. (Below are the sentences they thought up.) WHAT’S SHE LIKE?She is tall. She’s kind.She is short. She likes tea.She’s got blue eyes. She likes coffee.She’s got long hair. She’s from Finland.Her hair is brown. She’s from Slovenia.Her legs are long. She lives in England.She’s got glasses. Her hat is red.Her mouth is red. She sits on a chair.She’s got a pet. She’s got a house.She’s got lipstick. She is beautiful.She’s got flowers on her hat. She can drink.She’s got a boy. She is smart.She’s got red shoes. She is cleverShe can play the piano. She can drive a car. She’s a mum. She’s got a black cat.She’s got a dress. She’s got a boyfriend.She’s a granny. She’s got a red car. She’s got a hat on her head. She’s nice.She’s lovely. She’s old. My reflections on this lesson: I realise now that I’ve lost my way a bit here. I was so impressed by the number of sentences they thought up that I wanted to use them in some way immediately, and so I decided we’d build the ENV model from them, but we don’t actually have a purpose for it yet. In fact, they are basically thinking up purposes for themselves. Linguistically it was a very useful lesson and I think from a thinking point of view too, as they all worked hard and actively together thinking up parameters and suggesting uses. The discussion about what’s needed for a passport as opposed to describing someone to a friend made them think about the same parameters from different angles. How does this fit into the framework though? It’s more like Step 2 followed by Step 1, and we’ll reflect on if the ENV model helped them do their homework at the beginning of the next lesson. Having a list like this of their sentences is also, I feel, the beginning of making a bank, but I’m not yet sure how to store it. Maybe we could have individual banks and also class banks of things we’ve thought up together? Now I’m thinking I’ll give them a task connected to the characters in their books where they have a reason to describe them to someone new. This will fit into the next chapter we’re doing where the main character moves from a dream world to the real world. He will have to convince his real friends that his ‘dream’ world friends are real (the boundary between the two is still a little unclear to us.) What will he tell them about them and how can he prove it? I only did this lesson in this way with one of my 3rd classes. With another we only thought about the lady and parameters, but didn’t discuss the ‘passport’ idea or differences in describing for a friend or for recognition. We’ll go on to do that when they think about a situation from their books. I think I might give the character task to the final class first, let them try it and then introduce the ENV model by using their sentences. They can then attempt the task again and we can make some ‘passports of a friend’ of some of the characters to practise using parameters and writing sentences about people. I think I’ve been spending too long on all this. However, they’re still interested. Comments Susan, I agree with you that having a purpose is useful for making a task more thinking. Playing with parameters may be useful as well, however having a purpose makes it possible to evaluate various ideas and pose new questions for learning. Another interesting aspect you referred to is a contradiction. Your pupils almost had it formulated - we would like to include height and age in the passport, however these things change. This could have been a step towards speaking about problems with them. Thanks for your comments - I agree, I felt I was on to something when we got talking about passports and heights etc,the pupils were full of ideas and interested and I just didn't know at that moment how to capitalize on it! There was I only thinking about the ENV model. It's partly that I'm often too slow about thinking on my feet, but I guess this part should also improve with experience and knowledge. How should I have used the idea of contradiction here..? Do you mean I could actually have started leading up to the use of the contradiction model and how to formulate a problem and decide if it really is a problem? This is where I should know better where I'm going and the 'theory'.Then I'd be in a better position to change direction in a lesson according to the responses of the learners, and to still keep it 'thinking'. I find that very hard at the moment. Yes, it would be good to make a passport now. Maybe we'll do that soon. I understand how you feel about trying to change direction to introduce new aspects, but I think what you write always sounds so well planned and it certainly comes across as if you have full control, certainly of the ENV model anyway! It would be great to hear if you do manage to introduce the contradiction model into the classroom. I share your feelings, Susan: I am very slow with 'thinking on my feet'. And often after the lesson I realise how I should have acted. I think this is Ok for I am learning through this. Thank you for showing clearly the situation and possibilities to handle it. Re: homework - I'd like to clarify - they decided 'they would use a similar model' to describe somebody they know.Did I get it right? Do they know why they will be describing that person? Thanks for your comments Gillian and Larissa. I'm afraid I haven't yet managed to introduce the contradiction model - I think it would be very interesting to try. Our school term is almost over, so it might have to wait until the autumn.Larissa - no, they didn't know why they were describing the person. They were just desperate to tell me about their families - most of them wrote about their mum, or even the family pet. Of course a reason would have been better - I tried to correct this a bit in the next set of lessons (about the book characters.)	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Johanna Johansson Johanna Monica Elisabeth Westerberg Johansson (born 24 November 1977) is a Swedish professional golfer. Westerberg was born in Linköping, Sweden. She resides in Södertälje, Sweden. Westerberg turned professional in 2000 and has been a member of the Ladies European Tour since 2002. She played under her maiden name, Johanna Westerberg, until she got married in 2004. She competed as Johanna Waldh until her divorce in 2006. She is now married to tennis professional Joachim Johansson and they have one child. She won her first tournament, Ladies Open of Portugal, in 2009. Professional wins (1) Ladies European Tour (1) 2009 Ladies Open of Portugal References External links Category:Swedish female golfers Category:Ladies European Tour golfers Category:People from Linköping Category:People from Södertälje Category:1977 births Category:Living people	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Mighty Carver electric knife ($59.95) might be the most badass way to rip into the holiday bird, besides using an actual chainsaw. Here's how it came to be, as told by its creator, Kimberly Burney: At Thanksgiving dinner as far back as I can remember, I would get out the electric carving knife for Grandpa. He would carefully carve the turkey to serve the family. This is a wonderful tradition shared by most Americans. But Grandpa's been gone for a year now and at the last Thanksgiving dinner I asked, "Hey, who wants to carve the turkey this year?" No one looked up, no one said a word. I thought to myself, come on you guys, you all love power tools, what is the problem? Then it hit me. "If this were a chain saw, you boys would be fighting over who gets to carve the turkey." It's also good for slicing up bread, fruit, and god-knows-what-else in the most glorious fashion ever! Thanks, Kent! image via The Grommet	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Operations Manager with the Task Force Erin O’Neill tells Mix News they’ve come across many different reasons for why people aren’t trying to move back home. “People are still dealing with their insurance, people haven’t decided what they want to do, some people want to leave their lot vacant, so we’re really trying to figure out the bulk of the reasons.” She says they’re still trying to help steer each property owner into the direction they’re looking to take. “Be it through Red Cross, through the Insurance Bureau of Canada, or things we can do to really help those people who want to move forward with their rebuild.” Over the next month, the Task Force will be reaching out to these property owners to have a better understanding of how many rebuilds each neighbourhood will have. This will also help them move forward with their ‘Municipal Infrastructure Project’ which looks to fix the curbs, sidewalks, and streets in the areas. “If there are, say, five lots in Stone Creek that don’t plan on rebuilding we’ll take those off our list and we won’t be waiting for those to be rebuilt before we go forward with our municipal infrastructure.” O’Neill adds a damaged neighbourhood needs to be 80 per cent rebuilt before they can start fixing the streets. However, they will split the communities into sections to help get the project started this year. Meanwhile, 389 rebuilds have been finished with the Task Force estimates there could be 1,000 final inspections by the end of 2018.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: J2SE getting a json response throwing exception 451? I'm creating an application that needs to get an answer from a webservice that response as json object. I've already test URL on browser and it works very well but using Java(J2SE) it doesn't works and throws an exception 451 from server. I don't know why it works on browser and doesn't works on j2se and how to fix it. How could I fix this ? The URL: https://economia.awesomeapi.com.br/all/USD-BRL Exception Server returned HTTP response code: 451 for URL: https://economia.awesomeapi.com.br/all/USD-BRL Method public void getJsonFromURL(){ try{ URL u = new URL("https://economia.awesomeapi.com.br/all/USD-BRL"); HttpURLConnection c = (HttpURLConnection) u.openConnection(); c.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=UTF-8"); c.setRequestProperty("Accept", "application/json"); c.setRequestProperty("access-control-allow-origin", "*"); c.setRequestProperty("server", "keycdn-engine"); c.setRequestMethod("GET"); c.setDoOutput(true); c.setDoInput(true); c.connect(); int status = c.getResponseCode(); System.out.println("Code Response: " + status); //Exception Server returned HTTP response code: 451 for URL: https://economia.awesomeapi.com.br/all/USD-BRL }catch(Exception e){ System.out.println("Erro: " + e.getLocalizedMessage()); } } A: Seems I found it, the server doesn't like if the user-agent header isn't there. The request below gave me a result. Even if the parameter has no value, its accepted. I couldn't be some certificate/ssl/tls issue since the connection was established and the server actually replied, it just didn't like the request very much. This line did it: con.setRequestProperty("User-Agent", "");	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
It's time again! For the full month of June, we will be taking custom key orders! We only offer customized keys four months our of the year, March, June, September, December and the Last week of January (for all those Valentine romantics). If you have a special occasion coming up in the next two months, now is the time to order. We have so much fun sorting through the order descriptions and hearing the stories behind them. A LOT of love stories! Below are a few example of past custom orders... and yes guys wear the heck out of them too!	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
--- # required metadata title: Credit holds for sales orders description: This topic describes the setup of rules used to place a sales order on credit hold. author: mikefalkner manager: AnnBe ms.date: 01/25/2019 ms.topic: article ms.prod: ms.service: dynamics-ax-applications ms.technology: # optional metadata # ms.search.form: # ROBOTS: audience: Application User # ms.devlang: ms.reviewer: roschloma ms.search.scope: Core, Operations # ms.tgt_pltfrm: # ms.custom: # ms.assetid: ms.search.region: Global # ms.search.industry: ms.author: mfalkner ms.search.validFrom: ms.dyn365.ops.version: --- # Credit holds for sales orders [!include [banner](../includes/banner.md)] This topic describes the setup of rules used to place a sales order on credit hold. The credit management blocking rules can apply to an individual customer, or a group of customers. Blocking rules define responses to the following circumstances: 1. Number of days overdue 2. Accounts status 3. Terms of payment 4. Credit limit expired 5. Overdue amount 6. Sales order amount 7. Portion of available credit used In addition, there are two parameters that control additional scenarios that will block a sales order 1. Change in payment terms 2. Change in settlement discounts ## Set up blocking rules and exclusion rules When a customer initiates a sales transaction, the information on the sales order is reviewed against a set of blocking rules that guide the decision of whether or not to extend credit to the customer and allow the sale to move forward. You can also define exclusions that will override the blocking rules and allow a sales order to be processed. You can set up blocking rules and exclusion rules on the Credit management > Setup > Credit management setup > Blocking rules page. ### Days overdue Open the Days overdue tab if the blocking rule applies to customer with one or more invoices that have been past due for a certain number of days. 1. Select the range of customer that this rule is Valid for. - Select Table if the rule applies to a specific customer. - Select Group if the rule is applied at the customer group level. - Select All if the rule applies to all customers. 2. When you have specified the range, you must specify the Account/group that will be used in the range. - For the Table range, the lookup will provide a list of customers to select. - Select a Group if the rule applies to a customer credit group. - Select All if the rule applies to all customers. 3. Select Risk group to use criteria for applying a credit management hold on customers that are grouped by a common set of factors, such as their Dun and Bradstreet rating, the number of years that they've been in business, the amount of time they've been your customer, and so on. 4. Select the type of rule that you are setting up. The Blocking option will create a rule that blocks an order. The Exclusion option will create a rule that will exclude another rule from blocking an order. 5. Select a Value type. The default entry is a fixed number of days. If you are creating an exclusion, you can specify a fixed number of days or an amount instead. 6. Enter the number of days Overdue that will be allowed for the selected blocking rule before an order is placed on credit management hold for review. The number of days overdue represents an additional number of grace days that are added to the number of days beyond the payment due date that the invoice can have before it is considered overdue. If you specified the Value type as an amount for an exclusion, then enter an amount and a currency for that amount. ### Accounts status Open the Account status tab if the blocking rule applies to a customer with the selected account status. 1. Select the type of rule that you are setting up. Blocking will create a rule that blocks an order. Exclusion creates a rule that will exclude a rule from blocking an order. 2. Select the Account status that will cause the rule to place a sales order on hold or to exclude it. ### Terms of payment Select Terms of payment if the blocking rule applies to the selected payment term. 1. Select the type of rule that you are setting up. Blocking will create a rule that blocks an order. Exclusion creates a rule that will exclude a rule from blocking an order. 2. Select the Terms of payment that will cause the rule to place a sales order on hold or to exclude it. ### Credit limit expired Open the Credit limit expired tab if the blocking rule applies to customers with credit limits that have expired. 1. Select the range of customer that this rule is Valid for. - Select Table if the rule applies to a specific customer. - Select Group if the rule is applied at the Customer group level. - Select All if the rule applies to all customers. 2. Once you have specified the range, you must specify the Account/group used in the range. - For the Table range, the lookup will provide a list of customers to select from. - Select a Group if the rule applies to a customer credit management group. - Select All if the rule applies to all customers. 3. Select a Risk group to further limit the list of customers that will be placed on credit management hold. 4. Select the type of rule that you are setting up. - Select Blocking to create a rule that blocks an order. - Select Exclusion to create a rule that will exclude another rule from blocking an order. 5. Enter the Days credit limit expired for the selected blocking rule before an order is placed on credit management hold. The number of days overdue represents additional grace days that are added to the number of days that the credit limit has been expired. ### Overdue amount Open the Overdue Amount tab if the blocking rule applies to customers with overdue amounts. 1. Select the range of customer that this rule is Valid for. - Select Table if the rule applies to a specific customer. - Select Group if the rule is applied at the Customer group level. - Select All if the rule applies to all customers. 2. Once you have specified the range, you must specify the Account/group used in the range. - For the Table range, the lookup will provide a customer lookup. - Select a Group if the rule applies to a customer credit management group. - Select All if the rule applies to all customers. 3. Select a Risk group if you want to further limit the list of customers that go on credit management hold. 4. Select the type of rule that you are setting up. - Select Blocking to create a rule that blocks an order. - Select Exclusion to create a rule that will exclude another rule from blocking an order. 5. Enter the Overdue amount for the selected blocking rule before an order is placed on credit management hold for review. 6. Select the Value type that defines the type of value that will be used to also test how much of the credit limit has been used. Blocking rules require a percentage but an exclusion can have a fixed amount or percentage. The Threshold relates to the Credit limit. 7. Enter the Credit limit threshold value for the selected rule before a customer goes on credit management hold. This can be an amount or a percentage based on the value type select in the value type. 8. The rule checks that the Overdue amount is exceeded and the Credit limit threshold is exceeded. ### Sales order Select Sales order if the blocking rule applies to value of the sales order. 1. Select the range of customer that this rule is Valid for. - Select Table if the rule applies to a specific customer. - Select Group if the rule is applied at the Customer group level. - Select All if the rule applies to all customers. 2. Once you have specified the range, you must specify the Account/group used in the range. - For the Table range, the lookup will provide a customer lookup. - Select a Group if the rule applies to a customer credit management group. - Select All if the rule applies to all customers. 3. Select a Risk group if you want to further limit the list of customers that go on credit management hold. 4. Select the type of rule that you are setting up. - Select Blocking to create a rule that blocks an order. - Select Exclusion to create a rule that will exclude another rule from blocking an order. 5. Enter the Sales order amount for the selected blocking rule before an order is placed on credit management hold. The sales order rule includes an additional setting that overrides all other rules. To create an exclusion that will release the sales order without taking into effects any other rules, select the Release sales order check box on the exclusion line. ### Credit limit used Select Credit limit used if the blocking rule applies to the customer credit limit amount utilized. 1. Select the range of customer that this rule is Valid for. - Select Table if the rule applies to a specific customer. - Select Group if the rule is applied at the Customer group level. - Select All if the rule applies to all customers. 2. Once you have specified the range, you must specify the Account/group used in the range. - For the Table range, the lookup will provide a customer lookup. - Select a Group if the rule applies to a customer credit management group. - Select All if the rule applies to all customers. 3. Select a Risk group if you want to further limit the list of customers that go on credit management hold. 4. Select the type of rule that you are setting up. - Select Blocking to create a rule that blocks an order. - Select Exclusion to create a rule that will exclude another rule from blocking an order. 5. Select the Threshold remaining that defines the percentage of the credit limit that will block the sales order. If the value of an order increases the amount of the credit limit used above the percentage, then the order will be placed on hold. ## Put a sales order on hold based on other criteria ### Rank payment terms You can force the credit control rules to be executed when payment terms are changed. You must rank the payment terms and assign them a ranking value. If you change the payment terms on the order to payment terms that are ranked higher than the old payment terms, then the order will be sent to credit management and require approval. You can set up the payment terms rankings on the Credit management > Setup > Credit management setup > Rank payment terms page. 1. Select payment terms the Terms of payment field to rank; when you select a term, the description will be displayed in the Description field. 2. Select the term's rank in the Rank field. The values are all relative to each other so you can use 1,2,3 or 10,20,30. You can also use the same value for most of the terms of payment so that only one or two terms of payment will trigger the credit check. ### Rank settlement discounts You can force the credit control rules to be executed when settlement discounts are changed. You must rank the settlement discounts and assign them a ranking value. If you change the settlement discounts on the order to settlement discounts that are ranked higher than the old settlement discounts, then the order will be sent to credit management and require approval. You can set up the payment terms rankings on the Credit management > Setup > Credit management setup > Rank settlement discounts page. 1. Select the Cash discount that you want to rank. The Description of the settlement discount will be displayed. 2. Select the Rank value. The values are all relative to each other so you can use 1,2,3 or 10,20,30. You can also use the same value for most of the settlement discounts so that only one or two settlement discounts will trigger the credit check. ## Sequence the application of rules Rules are run in a specific order that you change to suit the needs of your organization. - One instance of the Sales order exclusion rules lets you override all rules that might block a sales order. Create a sales order exclusion rule and mark the Release Sales order option. The order will not be put on hold if that exclusion rule is true, and no other rules will be checked. - Blocking rules can place the order on hold. - Exclusion rules are run after blocking rules. Exclusion rules will only affect the rule on which they are defined. - Blocking and exclusion rules are run in Table, then Group, then All order. Because of this order of processing, it is possible to have a blocking rule at the All level that will not be run because an exclusion rule at the Table or Group level is run. - Exclusions do not override the blocking rule if they are at the same level. For example, an exclusion rule at the group level will not override the blocking rule at the group level. You will not need to set up exclusions at the All level except as noted above with the one instance of the sales order exclusion rule. The behavior of the Credit limit used rule will change based on the settings for the Check credit limit for sales order parameter found in the Credit and Collections parameter form. - If the parameter is set to No, then the Credit limit used rule will not be run. - If the parameter is set to Yes and the Message when exceeding credit limit is set to warning, then you will get a warning when the credit limit is exceeded. The Credit limit used rules will be run to see if you have rules that you want to be run. However, for this scenario, you would normally not add any rules. - If the parameter is set to Yes and the Message when exceeding credit limit is set to error, then the credit limit will be checked and the order will be put on hold if credit limit is exceeded. In addition, the Credit limit used rules will be run to see if there are additional rules that should be run. An error message won't display, but the Exceeded credit limit blocking reason will be shown. ## Settings that will change the way an order is placed on hold Orders can be excluded from credit management even if there are rules in place. - If you change the settings Exclude customer from credit management in All customers > Select a customer > Credit and collections FastTab to Yes, then no orders for that customer will be processed - If you change the value Exclude from credit management on the sales orders header in the Credit management fast tab to Yes, then the credit management rules will not be processed. This setting can only be done by the credit clerk or credit manager. ## Processing orders on hold using the credit management hold list The Credit management hold list lets credit managers view all sales orders that have been placed on hold and lets them remove the holds when the credit issues have been mitigated. The Credit management hold list page shows all sales orders that have been placed on hold. You can view the hold list on the All credit holds page (Credit management > Credit management hold list > All credit holds). Sales orders from all legal entities are sent to the same credit management hold list, providing a centralized view of all transactions that require attention. Users will only see information for the legal entities that they have access to. A sales order can be placed in the hold list for the following reasons: 1. The customer has an invoice that has been overdue for a specified number of days. 2. The order has a specific account status. 3. The order has specific terms of payment. 4. The customer has an expired credit limit. 5. The customer has an overdue amount and has used a specified percentage of its credit limit 6. The sales order exceeds a certain amount. 7. The customer has exceeded a certain percentage of its credit limit. 8. The payment terms differ from the default payment terms for the customer. 9. The settlement discounts differ from the default settlement discount for the customer. The blocking reason is displayed for each sales order in the hold list. If there are more than one reason for the hold, the reason will show as Multiple. You can use the Blocking reasons menu on the Action Pane to view all of the reasons why the sales order was placed on hold. You can also view the Blocking reasons in a FactBox. ### Releasing orders from the hold list for processing When you have researched the reasons for the hold and you have mitigated them, you can release the sales orders for further processing. 1) Select a line in the hold list. You can release multiple orders by selecting more than one line. 2) Select a Release reason for the order that has been selected for release. 3) Enter the Review date for each order that has been selected for release. 4) Select the Release menu on the action pane to release an order. This menu will only be available after transactions have been selected. The user is presented with two options: - Select With posting to remove the hold and post the document using the same posting process that was used when it was placed on hold. For example, if the sales order confirmation was placed on hold, the sales order confirmation would be completed after the release. The sales order posting form will be displayed allowing the user to post the confirmation. - Select Without posting to remove the hold without doing any further processing. The sales order can be manually posted. ### Rejecting orders in the hold list You can use the Reject menu on the action pane to reject a sales order 1. Select a line in the hold list. You can release multiple orders by selecting more than one line. 2. The order will be removed from the hold list and the sales order header will be updated to show that the order was rejected. ### Automatically releasing credit management holds Sales orders are placed in the hold list based on the blocking rules. However, some reasons for the holds may changes over time if the sales order remains in the hold list for a period of time. For example, a customer may pay their bill, freeing up their credit limit. You can use the Evaluate for release menu to review the sales orders in the hold list and automatically release them if the reason for the hold has been mitigated. 1. Select the Evaluate for release menu 2. Select Process blocking rules to review all of the sales orders. Select Process blocking rules for selected lines to review only the lines that you have selected. 3. A slider will appear so that you can select a single customer. Leave the customer drop down blank for all customers. 4. When you click ok, the process is run in the background and you can continue working on other tasks. If you select batch processing before you click on Ok, the process will run in batch when you click Ok. It may take some time to process the orders on hold in the list so use Refresh to update the status of the orders. 5. If a blocking reason no longer is applicable for an order, the blocking reason will be considered no longer valid and you will no longer see a check mark next to the reason when you view the blocking reasons. 6. If all of the blocking reasons are cleared, then a new reason, Ready to release, is added to the list of blocking reasons. The sales order can be automatically released. 7. If the Automatically release parameter in Credit and collections > Setup > Credit and collections parameters > Credit > Auto release tab is set to With posting, then you will be prompted to post using the posting form for the document that was blocked. 8. If the Automatically release parameter in Credit and collections > Setup > Credit and collections parameters > Credit > Auto release tab is set to Without posting, then you must post the order manually. ### Credit management approval workflow You can also create Credit management workflows to control the release of credit holds. Once you have set up workflow using the Credit management > Setup > Credit management workflows page, the orders marked for release or rejection will be sent to workflow where they must be approved first before they will be released or rejected. If you include the tasks for release with posting or release without posting in your workflow, the workflow approval will also release the sales order. However, if there is a failure in the release process due to missing setup information or other causes, you will need to recall the sales order from workflow, fix the issue that caused the failure, and then submit the order to workflow again. If you do not include the tasks for release with posting or release without posting in your workflow, the workflow approval process will simply enable you to release the sales order manually once the approval is complete. ### Forced credit hold At times, sales orders may need to be blocked even though the order does not meet the criteria of the blocking rules. For example, a credit manager may be notified of a non-credit related issue with the customer and decide to manually put orders on hold immediately until the issue is cleared up. You can manually force a sales order to be on hold if that situation occurs. 1. Open the sales order that you want to place on hold. 2. Select Force credit hold in the Credit management tab on the Credit management action pane. 3. Select a Forced Hold Reason. 4. Click OK. The sales order will be returned to the Credit Management Hold list. You can also force multiple orders to be on hold using the Credit management > Periodic tasks > Force Credit Hold page. For example, you can place all sales orders on hold for a specific customer. 1. Select the Forced hold reason. 2. Click Records to include to select the sales orders to place on hold. 3. Click OK to process the selected sales orders. Sales orders that have been forced on hold cannot be processed with workflow. #### Releasing orders that were added to the credit management hold list with a forced credit hold Sales orders that have a forced hold reason cannot be released automatically. If the sales order was forced on hold and you have used a process that automatically releases sales orders, the sales order will show as Ready to release and remain in the hold list. You must use the Release menu to release the order. ## Free text invoices, orders, and project invoice support in Credit management Credit management can only be used currently for sales orders. Free text invoices, point of sales orders and call center orders will use the temporary credit limits and insurance/guarantees that you add to adjust the credit limit. They will not use the blocking rules and they will not be placed in the hold list if there is an issue with the credit limit. There is no support for project invoices in credit management.	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
PEC Sialkot Board 5th Class, 8th Class Online Date Sheet 2015 Sialkot board going to announced PEC Sialkot Board 8th Class, 5th Class Date Sheet 2015.Download Sialkot Board 5th, 8th Class Online Datesheet, Roll Number Slips 2015. Punjab Examination Commission will begin the yearly exams of 5th Class, 8th Class from February in the schools situated in area Sialkot and the student of center class should be prepared to become visible in the 5th Class, 8th Class annual exams. PEC Sialkot Board 5th Class, 8th Class Online Date Sheet 2015 Online Exam Date Sheet Download Once the date sheet is affirmed by the administrator which will be obtainable online and you will be talented to observe their variety by given name and district. The authority of Sialkot Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE Sialkot) has been restrained to 6 various Punjab districts. PEC Sialkot Board 5th, 8th Class Online Date Sheet 2015 Coming Soon…. The apprentice will have to become visible in the subjects like English, Urdu, Science, Islamiyat and Mathematics. The schools government will get the exams of residual subjects. Punjab Examination Commission (PEC) was approach into continuation in year 2005. The students of 5th Class, 8th Class should be prepared as the yearly exams of center class are disappearing to be ongoing during February 2015. You can also share us your precious comment about the PEC Sialkot Board 5th Class, 8th Class Online Date Sheet 2015 on below comment section and you can also share this PEC Sialkot Board 5th Class, 8th Class Online Date Sheet 2015 with your friends.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
(Current Biology 24, 2018--2024; September 8, 2014) A reader has brought to our attention a labeling error in Figure 2 of this manuscript as originally published online and in print: the two arrows pointing upward under panels D4 and D5 should have been labeled "touch." This error has now been corrected in Figure 2 of the article online. The authors apologize for any confusion this error may have caused.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
Study on the kinetics of keto-enol tautomerism of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid using capillary electrophoresis. The kinetics of keto-enol tautomerism of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (pHPP) as a model of alpha-carbonyl compounds in aqueous solution at room temperature (25 degrees C) was first investigated by capillary electrophoresis with UV detection at 200 nm. The two tautomers could be separated and detected within 3 min. Since the ketonization of enolic pHPP varied with the buffer composition and buffer pH, the kinetics of pHPP was studied under different conditions, and relevant distributing fractions of enolic pHPP, ketonization rate constants and half-life were determined. In addition, beta-CD played an important part in the separation of the two tautomers, thus, the interaction between pHPP and beta-CD was also investigated by electrochemical techniques.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
XHPPLY-FM XHPPLY-FM is a radio station on 96.1 FM in Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo. It is owned by Carlos de Jesús Aguirre Gómez and carries the Los 40 pop format from Televisa Radio. History XHPPLY was awarded in the IFT-4 radio auction of 2017 on a rebound after the initial winning bidder, Tecnoradio, failed to pay for dozens of stations they had bought across the country, including their 55.7 million peso bid for this frequency. The winning bid by a consortium of Carlos de Jesús Aguirre Gómez and CJAguirre Nacional, S.A.P.I. de C.V., was 11.5 million pesos. References External links Category:Radio stations in Quintana Roo Category:Radio stations established in 2018 Category:2018 establishments in Mexico	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hospital Galveston Food Service Sgt. Velicia Burns stands with her husband Clifford in front of the wreckage of their home on 54th Street in Galveston. Floodwaters from Hurricane Ike also destroyed the couple’s apartment. Photo by David Nunnelee Editor’s Note: TDCJ employees living on and near Galveston Island were hit hard by Hurricane Ike last September. Some lost not only all of their personal belongings, but their homes as well. But the winds and floodwaters associated with the hurricane didn’t dampen their determination to bounce back. To help them in their recovery, the North American Association of Wardens and Superintendents (NAAWS) in December presented five Hospital Galveston Unit employees hit especially hard by the storm individual checks for $500. TDCJ Correctional Institutions Division Director Nathaniel Quarterman presented the checks to Senior Warden Monty Hudspeth, CO V Wendolyn Jackson , CO V Robert Goodley, Food Service Capt. Velicia Burns and CO III Karen Martinez. Following is an account of what each of the employees lost, and what some of them found, in the storm. Senior Warden Monty Hudspeth: Retirement home lost in storm to be rebuilt It was love at first sight for Terrie Hudspeth. After living in several different communities during the course of her husband’s career with TDCJ, she fell in love with Galveston Island immediately upon his assignment to the hospital unit there in October 2007. “She said, ‘Well, this is where I’m going to retire, and you can move all over the state if you want to, but I’ll be right here,’” Warden Hudspeth said about his wife’s non-negotiable decision to buy a retirement home for the two of them on the island. And in April 2008, they did just that, settling on a one-story home on 53rd Street that they were letting their daughter live in while they continued to stay in a two-story house provided through the state on Ferry Road. Neither residence would survive the storm. A five-foot wall of water swept by the storm surge inundated the first floor of the couple’s state house, leaving only a few beds and nightstands upstairs until the roof finally collapsed in on top of them. The home provided through the University Texas Medical Branch won’t be repaired. Meanwhile, the couple’s single-story private home suffered so much damage that it was red tagged by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. That meant they would either have to tear down their retirement home or move what remained of it to another location. They could also rebuild on the same site but at an elevation at least 11 feet above the flood plain. The Hudspeths appealed that decision and won a favorable ruling in December, allowing them to rebuild without raising the site elevation. CO V Wendolyn Jackson: Gives up home to relatives in need, mold forces second move Wendolyn Jackson didn’t have to move out of her Texas City home after Hurricane Ike. Its roof damage could be repaired. But when her cousins called to tell her that they had lost everything in the storm, she decided to move out and let them move in. “They needed it more than I did,” she said about the home she had lived in since 1990. Jackson moved to an apartment only to learn three months later that she would have to vacate it because toxic mold had been found. But instead of simply returning to her home, she found another apartment. “I didn’t want to go back to my home, and the reason I didn’t want to go back is because everything there brings back memories,” she said. Despite her travails, Jackson doesn’t feel like she was victimized by the storm. “I tell everybody that I’m still blessed,” she said. “I look at it like everything happens for a reason. I look at it like the Lord won’t put on me more than I can bear and that this is a test to see how much I can bear. And I bear it.” Jackson said the $500 relief check from NAAWS couldn’t have come at a better time. “It’s going to help me move,” she said. CO V Robert Goodley: Left with only single suitcase of clothes after water invades home As he watched the water rise outside TDCJ’s hospital facility in Galveston, Robert Goodley figured that some of the rains from Hurricane Ike would probably seep into his first-floor apartment on Ferry Road. What he wasn’t prepared for was the five feet of water that would actually rush in. “I was anxious about going home,” said Goodley, who rode out the storm on duty at the hospital. “I’d never seen the water that high, so I was pretty much sure that it might have gotten in. I didn’t think it would be that bad, though.” Goodley got his first inkling of how bad it was when he tried to open the door to his apartment. “I couldn’t open the door,” he said. “The air conditioning unit was blown all the way to the door, so I couldn’t get it open. It took me a while to get it open, and when I did, I saw that the whole place was wrecked.” Goodley lost all his furnishings and clothing inside the apartment. “I happened to have some clothes in a suitcase because I had been taking offenders to Huntsville,” he said. “So the clothing I had in the suitcase was pretty much it. I lost everything else.” Goodley stayed with friends and co-workers until he could arrange for an apartment on the third floor of the complex he had been living in. He said the $500 check from NAAWS would cover some of the debt he incurred in replacing the things he lost. “It was unexpected and I definitely appreciate it,” he said. “I’m going to put it in the bank and try to get rid of this debt. I’m just taking things one day at a time.” The two-story house at 1201 54th Street in Galveston had been in Velicia Burns’ family for years. It was where she and her husband Clifford had planned to move to sometime this year. But that was before Hurricane Ike destroyed both the home and the first-floor apartment the couple had been occupying at a complex owned by the University of Texas Medical Branch on Ferry Road. So at year’s end, the once residence-rich couple was living in a single room at a local hotel where she said they faced eviction if they tried to cook for themselves. “This will help us to where we can go out and eat because we don’t have anywhere to cook,” she said about the $500 check from NAAWS. “It doesn’t matter how little or how great it is, it still helps.” Taking heed of the call for a mandatory evacuation of Galveston, Burns fled to Navasota ahead of the storm. There she learned in a call from her sister that Ike’s winds had flattened her house. But she still hoped to find something left of her apartment once she was allowed to return to the island. Instead she found little more than mud and mold. “When I was finally able to get in my home, I was really devastated,” she said. “Everything was turned upside down. It was like someone had gone in there and ransacked it. It was just really a sight. I lost everything.” Still, Burns, who had just undergone hip replacement surgery, was counting her blessings. She said she and her husband plan to rebuild the home on 54th Street once they can get the debris removed. And until they could find other affordable housing, they would continue to live in the hotel. CO III Karen Martinez: Coping with the loss of the center of her world The downstairs of Karen Martinez’s two-story rent house in Galveston was the center of her world. It had a full library, a lounge area and a workout room. It was where she did most of her living. “It was very nice,” she said. Now it’s gone, and she can hardly bring herself to go downstairs to finish cleaning up after Hurricane Ike. “It was so devastating that I don’t like to go down there and finish it,” she said three months after the storm. “I’ve been avoiding it. I did what I needed to do just to stop any future problems. It’s just too much for me now.” Martinez, a New York City native, had just returned to Galveston from a TDCJ assignment out of town when Ike struck. “I sustained about four feet of water,” she said. “I pretty much lost everything downstairs.” The storm also separated Martinez from her daughter who had been attending college in Galveston but had to enroll in a mainland school following the storm. She said the relief check from NAAWS was particularly meaningful to her.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Category Archives: Five Takeaways Following Wild games, Managing Editor Glen Andresen will give the five takeaways that he’ll remember from each contest. Tonight, he looks back at a 2-1 win over the Calgary Flames on Friday. Quite frankly, I’m tiring of talking about how great Nik Backstrom is. Even though he was brilliant again tonight, I’m going with five other topics. Coming in, everyone knew this five-game homestand was going to be difficult. The Stanley Cup Champs, the President’s Trophy winners, a Western Conference semifinalist and the current Western Conference leaders made up the first four games. Tonight, a tough division rival with the biggest nemesis in the Wild’s franchise history capped it off. And that was before the Wild lost Antti Miettinen, Guillaume Latendresse and Chuck Kobasew. Considering the Wild was missing some significant firepower, a 3-1-1 record under these circumstances was pretty impressive. Now, another test awaits, and not for long. Starting tomorrow in Columbus, the Wild plays its next four games on the road. Nationwide Arena has never been kind to the Wild, and a win there tomorrow would be a yooooge boost. Sometimes a guy can have a bad game and still score a goal. Many times, a guy can have a great game not score many goals at all. Tonight, Marty Havlat was playing a great game, and lo and behold, he was rewarded with a goal. Havlat routinely set up Matt Cullen (who was playing wing) all night, but Cullen couldn’t solve Miikka Kiprusoff. So, Cullen reversed roles and set up Marty perfectly for his first tally of the year, and it was a biggie. He smoked a shot past Kiprusoff and then looked like someone pulled an aircraft career off his back as he looked to the sky in triumph. Marty’s most memorable goal in a Wild uniform came last year in another superb effort against the Flames in Calgary. He was a monster all game, but couldn’t find the net. Finally, he and Marek Zidlicky connected in overtime on a beautiful give-and-go with Havlat finishing the play. That seemed to spark a run for Havlat, and the hope is that this one will do the same. That brings us to Zidlicky, who didn’t score a point, registered one shot, blocked another and doled out two hits. Nothing about that stands out. What does stand out is his ability to play 21:59 tonight despite obviously favoring one leg. Zidlicky was held out of practice yesterday with a lower body injury, and was questionable for tonight. While his defensive partner Greg Zanon is known as the shot-blocking “play through anything” guy, Zid is more known as the laser-firing offensive defenseman. By now, he’s got to be considered a warrior, because there were several games last year that he shouldn’t have played, and did. Since he looked like he was playing on one leg, tonight was probably another one of those cases. But he gutted it out, and helped shut the Flames attack down. He probably should have been the second star of the game behind Backstrom’s 33-save effort. Rather than Zidlicky, it was Cal Clutterbuck who earned the number two star of the game, and that makes sense. He scored a great goal to get the game tied at 1-1 in an extremely intense first period. In the third, he destroyed Cory Sarich with a hit in the neutral zone that the fans gave an ovation for after they saw the replay about four times on the big screen. But it’s hard to say whether he had a better night than his “Movember” moustache, which has its own Twitter account: @clutterstache. In one night, his moustache picked up over 100 followers after tweeting during the game. Here were some of its contributions to the Internets tonight: During warm-ups, “Once again, Cal is proud to show me off by not wearing a helmet in #mnwild warmups. Cal, I want you to know I’m proud of you, too.” During the first shift of the game, “If anyone needs help in the stache dept., it’s Mikko. So, Cal & I are joining him on the top line tonight. So far it’s been a blast!” And seconds after his goal, “Cal: You’re welcome. Love, Stachey.” You too can follow Clutter’s ‘stache on Twitter at @clutterstache. With his assist on Havlat’s goal, Cullen became the ninth Minnesota native in NHL history to reach 300 assists. He’s the first to accomplish the feat with the Wild, but he’s not the only guy to do it in his home state. Neal Broten accomplished the feat with the Minnesota North Stars. Phil Housley, Reed Larson, Dave Christian, Jamie Langenbrunner, Aaron Broten, Tom Kurvers and Joel Otto also accomplished the feat. Like this: Following Wild games, Managing Editor Glen Andresen will give the five takeaways that he’ll remember from each contest. Tonight, he looks back at a 5-1 loss to the Vancouver Canucks on Friday night. We thought the Minnesota Wild might have sent a clear message to the Vancouver Canucks on Tuesday night in St. Paul. That night, the Wild dismantled the Canucks, made Roberto Luongo look like a bullfighter and seemed to say, “your time is over.” The message the Canucks received was more of a wake up call that told them they better respond in the rematch on Friday. They did in a 5-1 drubbing of Minnesota. You can say the Wild was flat in the second of back-to-back road games, and you’d be right. Few Wild players were noticeably good. There really weren’t more than a couple Wild scoring chances until Vancouver went up 3-0 midway through the third. But the Canucks won this game no matter what you point to. They were better in every aspect of the game and probably could have made the score look worse if not for some big saves by Jose Theodore through the first 50 minutes. After Tuesday’s bizarre night and some obvious ill will rekindled in the Wild victory, I was absolutely certain we’d see more shenanigans with the Canucks playing in front of their raucous fans. As has been proven many times, I’m an idiot. While there were some big checks and a decent fight in the first between Clayton Stoner and Guillaume Desbiens, there was nothing. It’s always a little different when you’re watching from home, but I didn’t see anything that resembled bad blood. I think I saw more bad blood when the Wild took on Ilves Tampere in an exhibition in Finland a couple weeks ago. Jose Theodore made his Wild debut tonight, and while his goals against average won’t look pretty, he has nothing to be discouraged about. Theodore was the reason the Wild still had a chance heading into the third period despite the puck being in his zone for seemingly 90% of the game. The 11th goaltender in Wild history and the first to ever wear the number 60, finished with 30 saves, several of which came on point blank Canuck opportunities. If there was a noticeable skater in a white jersey tonight, it had to be Justin Falk. The big kid looks like he’s been playing in this league for a long, long time. It’s obvious he’s gained the trust of Head Coach Todd Richards. He saw 18:55 of ice time, and Richards was willing to put him with Stoner, who hadn’t played since Helsinki and has struggled to find his game early this season. Falk was a -1 on the night, but the Wild only had one plus player on the roster – Mikko Koivu. Falk is quickly dispelling any thoughts that his appearance in the Wild lineup will be shortlived. His consistency through seven games has shown he might be here to stay. Bring back Roberto Luongo! The Canucks all-star goalie got a night off against Minnesota, which torched him on Tuesday. We might be seeing a lot of former Boston College Eagle Cory Schneider when these two teams meet four more times. Schneider got the start and was pitching a shutout until Antti Miettinen finally broke through late to cut the lead to 4-1. But you can’t really say Schneider was brilliant in this game. I can think of one big stop he made on Miettinen in the third, and the rest were garden variety. Like this: Following Wild games, Managing Editor Glen Andresen will give the five takeaways that he’ll remember from each contest. Tonight, he looks back at a 4-2 win over the Edmonton Oilers on Thursday night. I was on the Minnesota Wild’s five-game road trip last October, and I was obviously a good luck charm considering we headed back to Minnesota after 10 days and five losses. Let’s just say the charter the team flew home in contained about as much chatter as you’d hear in a hearse. This year, the Wild left me home in my living room and that might have been the best decision of the night. In its first real road game of the year (I hate having to keep referring to the “road” game in Finland), the Wild pulled out an ugly but satisfying 4-2 win over the Edmonton Oilers. With another roadie in Vancouver tomorrow, followed by a five-game homestand this victory could be two huge points. With so much talk about how the Wild had to get off to a good start, the Wild is now 3-2-1 with points in four of the last five games. I’m not sure if Edmonton folks get as giddy about their native sons returning to play games at home like we do in Minnesota. But they probably weren’t thrilled when they watched two Edmonton natives team up to put the Oilers in an early hole. Former Oiler Kyle Brodziak who hails from nearby St. Paul, Alberta, never found the net in six games against his former team last year. Tonight, he lit the lamp on each of his first two shifts, and he can thank Edmonton native Brad Staubitz for help on both. Stauby made a great pass on the first one three minutes into the game, feeding Brodzy on the doorstep. Nikolai Khabibulin slid over to make a huge stop, but Kyle stuck with in and peeled the puck loose before jamming it in. Just a couple minutes later, Guillaume Latendresse made a great play behind the net to hit Brodziak in the slot. With Staubitz wreaking havoc in front, Brodziak sniped a wrist shot top shelf. He was well on his way to a hat trick, but Brodziak is more about playing physical and blocking shots, which he did plenty of tonight. I just realized I typed “blocked shots” so by law, I’m required to bring up Greg Zanon. Something is wrong with this guy. How he absorbs as many shots and plays as many games as he does defies any explanation. With the Oilers on an early 5-on-3 power play, Zanon went secret service again. He took a bullet right in the back of the arm and from my living room I could feel the pain while seeing him look up in anguish (I’m a wuss). Not five seconds later, he was back up and getting his stick in the passing lane to cause a turnover and get the puck sent down the rink to end the two-man disadvantage. When asked about the block of Whitney’s shot, Zanon quickly responded, “I’ve had worse.” Like I said, something is wrong with this guy. Zanon finished the night with 23:37 of ice time. Marek Zidlicky had 23:43. Brent Burns, who scored his third goal of the year after scoring three all of last year, saw 23:15. Nick Schultz was over 21, and Matt Cullen and Mikko Koivu were just under 20. The team’s top penalty killers were taxed because of a parade to the penalty box. The Wild gave Edmonton 10 power plays, which ties the record for the most all time. The Oilers did pick up two power play goals, but it could have been a lot worse if not for the PK unit, and especially Niklas Backstrom. The goaltender that was pulled in four of his previous eight starts in Edmonton, finished the night with 34 saves, including three that were made for the highlight reel. Elias Sports Bureau came up with this beauty of a nugget before tonight’s first period even ended. With three goals in the first on Tuesday and three goals in the first tonight, it was the first time ever that the Wild had scored thrice in the third period in consecutive games. And by the way, the third goal was the game-winner and Latendresse scored it. He seems to have found his touch he showcased last year. Like this: Following Wild games, Managing Editor Glen Andresen will give the five takeaways that he’ll remember from each contest. Tonight, he looks back at a 6-2 win over the Vancouver Canucks on Tuesday night. We all heard there was a bug ravaging through the Minnesota Wild locker room this week. Are we sure it wasn’t some radioactive spider that injected the players with some type of ultra competitive juices? In a matter of two days, the Wild went from zeroes to superheroes in trouncing Roberto Luongo and the Vancouver Canucks, 6-2. We also heard about a grueling practice on Sunday in which Wild players were put through the wringer during a tension-filled 20-minute bag skate. Six different Wild players – Marek Zidlicky, Guillaume Latendresse, Cal Clutterbuck, John Madden, Andrew Brunette and Andrew Brunette — scored goals in what Head Coach Todd Richards called a “statement” by his team. After Vancouver lit the lamp with yet another Sedin to Sedin goal in the first minute, the Wild completely dominated the remaining 59 minutes to end a three-game homestand with a 2-1-0 record. Now let’s get to the good stuff, and when the Wild and Canucks go at it, there is always good stuff and usually some bizarre stuff. I’m not sure it’s ever been as bizarre as tonight’s incident involving Vancouver’s Rick Rypien. Rypien was pummeled by Brad Staubitz in the first period, which apparently didn’t sit well, and caused him to lose his mind. In the second, Rypien and Staubitz tangled again in front of the Wild bench, although the gloves never came off. As other skirmishes broke out in the vicinity, Rypien kept trying to get at Staubitz, but was instead manhandled by linesman Don Henderson, who repeatedly yanked him by his jersey toward the bench door. Rypien didn’t appreciate getting beat up twice in a night, especially be a zebra, so he responded by shoving Henderson. We’re still not at the pinnacle of the incident. On his way to the locker room, a Wild fan clapped and probably said something to Rypien, but did not make any move toward him. Rypien reacted by raising his gloves and shoving the fan, whose friend quickly responded by coming to his defense and shoving Rypien back. The entire crowd witnessed the incident and responded with outrage, and for good reason. The two fans were relocated to a pair of on-the-glass seats where they watched the remainder of the game. If you’re a Vancouver fan, and you have a weak stomach, you may want to look away for the next paragraph. If you have children, you may want to ask them to leave the room and go to bed. Luongo’s numbers against the Wild at Xcel Energy Center are horrifying. After giving up six goals on 18 shots in 40 minutes before being pulled, Luongo is 3-9-2 with a 3.56 goals against average and a .873 save percentage. It gets uglier. The Canadian gold medalist is 0-3-0 in his last three starts in St. Paul with a 7.00 GAA and a .768 save percentage. He didn’t finish any of those three games. It didn’t take long for Latendresse and Martin Havlat to rekindle their magic from last season in their first opportunity of the season on Tuesday night. Latendresse gave the Wild their first lead by pouncing on a loose puck off a Justin Falk shot, which Havlat assisted on. Later in the first, the duo traveled from the Wild blueline to the Vancouver net by making five passes to each other before Latendresse spotted Clutterbuck for an easy goal to make it 3-1. They made it look like a practice drill in which no defensemen were allowed to participate. Cullen has been more than anybody could have expected at least early in the season. With a goal and an assist tonight, he’s now posted two points in four of the five games this year. He leads the team in scoring with three goals and five assists and he continues to pace the NHL in power play points with seven (3-4=7). Like this: Following Wild games, Managing Editor Glen Andresen will give the five takeaways that he’ll remember from each contest. Tonight, he looks back at a 3-2 loss to the Columbus Blue Jackets on Saturday night. If you watched the Minnesota Wild’s first period tonight, you might have said they don’t deserve to beat the Columbus Blue Jackets. You might have even covered your eyes so you wouldn’t have to watch anymore. But in hockey, there are three periods, and the Wild played much better over the final 40 minutes, making a 3-2 loss to the Columbus Blue Jackets extremely hard to swallow. It was especially sour because of a controversial call that led to Columbus’ game-winner midway through the third period. From then on, the Wild turned on the gas, and came excruciatingly close to tying it with two seconds remaining, but ultimately, the lack of a 60 minute effort killed them. You can understand there being some issues with the NHL’s use of replay, considering it was just implemented this year. Wait a second, I’m starting to think it might be Major League Baseball that instituted the use of replay this summer. Hockey, I believe, has been using replay for many years now, so there really shouldn’t be an excuse as to why they still can’t get calls, or wording on calls, correct. Columbus’ game-winner by Umberger came when he drove the net, lifted a shot that Backstrom stopped and then dropped in his crease. There was exactly zero signals from anybody on the ice in a striped sweater that the call was a goal. In such a case, you need unquestionable evidence to overturn the call. However, if you simply pretend that you signaled for a goal, you can announce to the crowd that “the original call on the ice stands, therefore it is a good goal.” That’s what referee Kelly Sutherland did, and the result was not good. Following the first period, the Wild introduced the Year Ten All-Time Team as voted on by the fans on Wild.com this past summer. It’s hard to say their was a surprise in the results. Five of the team members are currently wearing the iron range red and forest green: Mikko Koivu, Andrew Brunette, Brent Burns, Nick Schultz and Nik Backstrom. The only other member was obviously Marian Gaborik, who remains the franchise’s all-time leader in scoring. I don’t know if guys like Wes Walz, Pierre-Marc Bouchard or Willie Mitchell feel snubbed, but I’m sure they’ll get over it eventually. I think we should have an unsung team, for guys that weren’t stars of the team, but made significant impacts. My Unsung Team is as such: I will back up those picks with a Lighthouse blog at a later date. Right now, we have to get to takeaway number four. Burns made the all-time team mostly due to his offensive statistics. He’s scored more goals than any defenseman in Wild history, but he’s probably scored more dazzling goals than anyone that hasn’t worn number 10 in a Wild sweater. Last year’s remarkable goal against Los Angeles comes to mind, but that one could be rivaled by tonight’s beauty. Picking up a carom off the backboards, Burns skated down deep to retrieve it. In one motion, he spun around without looking and slid a backhand off of Mathieu Garon and in. If you missed it, here it is. Martin Havlat continues to search for that first goal of the season, but he’s certainly been a factor in every game this season. Havlat assisted on both goals tonight, marking his first two-assist game since March 14 of last year. Matt Cullen also picked up two helpers, giving him six points (2-4=6) through four games this season. Follow the Lighthouse RSS Feeds About the Authors Mike Doyle is the Managing Editor of Wild.com, and posts on "View from the Lighthouse" under the user name mdoylewild. This State of Hockey transplant and former SCSU Husky hockey player reports on all stories Minnesota Wild. Ben Wolfson is a Digital Media Coordinator for Wild.com and posts on "View from the Lighthouse" under the user name of bwolfsonwild. This Plymouth native attended the hockey powerhouse of the University of Iowa and reports on all stories Minnesota Wild.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
The station is a Top 40 Hit/CHR station aimed at listeners aged between 15 and 35. On 13 April 2007, Cork based Thomas Crosbie Holdings (TCH) announced it had acquired 75% ownership of both Beat 102 103 and WLR FM,[4][5] in a deal worth a combined €14 million[6] with WLR FM managing director Des Whelan keeping 25% of each.[7] TCH already had a media presence in the South East, owning several newspapers in the region. News and Sport bulletins are at 10 to the hour from 07.50 'till 17.50 daily, with a 10-minute Beat News Roundup broadcast at 12.30 and 18.30. At 19.50, 20.50, 21.50, 23.30 and 01.00 on weekdays, "The Juicy Bits", a news, showbiz and weather bulletin is broadcast, presented by Trish Archer. Yvonne Ussher is the female station imaging voice and Dave Davin is the male station imaging and promo voice of the station. Beat's sung jingles are by ReelWorld Europe. The station strapline is "Your Music Now".	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
The actor Simon Barnes, best known for playing Tinky Winky in the BBC children’s series Teletubbies, has died aged 52. The father of three, who once described being in the Teletubbies as being “a bit like the Beatles or Take That of television”, died four days after celebrating his birthday. Barnes was a trained ballet dancer and choreographer, but found fame as the tallest Teletubby who always carried a red “magic” handbag. He became embroiled in a furore over the sexuality of Tinky Winky, who was accused of being a gay role model who could be morally damaging to children by evangelical preacher Jerry Falwell in 1999. “He is purple – the gay-pride colour; and his antenna is shaped like a triangle – the gay-pride symbol,’’ he wrote in the National Liberty Journal. “People always ask me if Tinky Winky is gay,” Barnes said. “But the character is supposed to be a three-year-old so the question is really quite silly.” Barnes’ niece and Inbetweeners actor, Emily Atack, paid tribute to him on Instagram: “My wonderful uncle Simon Barnes has been taken from us all so suddenly. The kindest and most talented man you could ever wish to meet. Loved by all who knew him, and will be forever.” Barnes took over the role of Tinky Winky in 1997 from Dave Thompson, who claimed he was fired after 70 episodes because his “interpretation of the role was not acceptable”. The BBC refused to acknowledge the change at the time, with a spokesperson saying: “We are not allowed to say. As far as we are concerned they are real.” Teletubbies first aired on BBC2 on 31 March 1997. Writing about the show’s impact on its 20th anniversary last year, Stuart Heritage wrote in the Guardian: “Teletubbies was different. It was brightly coloured. It was airy. It was shot outside, so it had the slightest drab tinge to it. The characters communicated in what sounded like a stream of unbroken nonsense.” The show was sold to broadcasters around the world and the group had a No 1 single in December 1997 with the song Eh-oh, while merchandise sales totalled more than £1bn globally.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
A is, as its name implies, a gadget that dispenses water. It is used to supply simple access to drinking water. Water dispensers have become a required component of society. Some water dispensers supply clean, filtered water from an exchangeable container. Various other water dispensers supply water right from a community water line. Some offices prefer to have a water dispenser because it provides clients and also workers with practical access to water, without needing to take extended breaks or drive to the store. Water dispensers are likewise typically used in household residences that do not have ideal alcohol consumption water from the faucet, or for individuals who merely do not like the preference of the faucet water. Whether psychologically, or genuine reasoning, individuals often tend to delight in water from a dispenser over water from a sink. Due to the fact that numerous water dispensers supply the alternative to have actually water instantly cooled or warmed, its convenience has come to be a need in lots of businesses and also domestic homes. On top of that, several water dispensers have the choice to use filtered water, which lots of individuals delight in more than tough water from a tap. A water dispenser, referred to as water cooler (if used for cooling down just), is a water with a refrigeration device. It is commonly situated near the bathroom due to more detailed accessibility to plumbing. A drain line is likewise offered from the water cooler right into the drain system. Water dispensers come in a selection of form elements, ranging from wall-mounted to bottle filler water dispenser combination units, to bi-level systems and also various other styles. The Best Strategy To Use For Office Water Cooler POU water dispensers are attached to a vendors . Bottled water dispensers can be top-mounted or bottom-loaded, relying on the style of the design. Mineral water dispensers generally utilize 5 or 10-gallon dispensers commonly found in addition to the device. Stress colders are a subcategory of water dispensers including drinking water fountains and direct-piping water dispensers. In the common wall-mounted cooler, additionally frequently described as a water fountain or filtering system . Wall surface install water colders can be found in a wide array of styles, from recessed designs to splash immune, contoured basins protruding out from the wall surface, typical rounded square edge layouts, container filler and water cooler combination units, bi-level styles, with various other attributes as well as alternatives. Bottom tons water dispenser revealing 5-gallon bottle with closet opened up. Water dispensers generally have the water supply vessel mounted at the top of the unit. Bottom-load water dispensers have the vessel mounted at the base of the device to make loading much easier. There are likewise smaller versions of the water dispensers where the dispenser can be placed directly on top of a table. Water dispensers can be straight linked to the in-house water resource for constant dispensing of cold and hot drinking water. It is generally described as POU (Point of Use) water dispensers. POU systems are usually a lot more sanitary than mineral water colders, supplied the end customer has accessibility to tidy water resources. Free standing water colder with a container A free standing style typically involves bottles of water positioned spout-down right into the giving machine. 8 Easy Facts About Water Delivery Described These coolers make use of air pumps to press the water into the cooling chamber as well as Peltier gadgets to cool the water. New advancement within the water cooler market is the introduction of counter top devices which are connected to the keys as well as give an immediate supply of not just cooled water yet likewise hot and also boiling water. Water will certainly move quicker when the handle remains in the upright position. The water is aerated which allows the water ahead through the spout at a faster price. Water given from water colders may stem from lots of various sources, but are often classified into two significant categories, specifically natural mineral and also springtime water, as well as cleansed water. Natural mineral and springtime water are waters rising from underground geological rock developments gathered from boreholes or arising springs. Cleansed water is water from groundwater or municipal supply of water and also is generated by any kind of one of a number of techniques of purification consisting of reverse osmosis, distillation, deionization , as well as filtration. The water is typically dealt with by ultraviolet light or ozone for antimicrobial reasons and re-mineralized by shot of soluble not natural salts. The shipment of water in a water cooler can be found in 2 major forms, specifically bottled variants, or plumbed straight from the main water system. To mount the container, the bottle is tipped inverted and set onto the dispenser; a probe punctures the cap of the container as well as enables the water to flow into the device’s interior tank. These gravity-powered systems have a tool to dispense water in a regulated fashion. These equipments can be found in different sizes and also differ from table systems, planned for periodic usage to floor-mounted devices meant for heavier use. An Unbiased View of 5 Gallon Water Dispenser The container size differs with the size of the unit, with the bigger variations in the United States making use of 5-US-gallon (19 L) containers. This is likewise one of the most common dimension in other places, classified as 18.9 liters in nations that make use of the basin to capture minor spills. On the front, a lever or pushbutton dispenses the water right into a mug held beneath the spigot. For years and also throughout the 20th century, glass was the major product used for bottling until the evolution of thermoplastics adhering to Globe War II. PVC advanced as a multi-purpose plastic material as well as acquired mass adoption as a perfect mass production product. Only dark green glass bottles were preserved for product packaging carbonated waters. Breakthroughs in production as well as materials technology such as brand-new impact and also shot molding techniques have decreased the wall surface density and also weight of containers while enhancing resilience and also boosting solution life . Directly plumbed water colders make use of Log reduction (i.e. 6-log reduction or 99.9999% reliable) is utilized as an action on the effectiveness of sanitization and disinfection. Suspended carbon, resources such as lignite, coal, bone charcoal, coconut shells, and also wood charcoal are made use of, establishing pores throughout activation when partly burning away carbon layers. Most of the times, turned on carbon is a single-use material as regeneration is frequently not possible on-site. Granular turned on carbon (GAC) is most frequently utilized in the purification of the water colder. Not known Incorrect Statements About Cool Water Bottles The sanitization of water is specified by the decrease of the variety of micro-organisms to a risk-free level. According to the Escherichia coli ) from a marked microbial lots by a 5-log reduction. The primary difference in between a sanitizer and also a disinfectant is that at a certain use dilution, the anti-bacterial needs to have a greater kill ability for pathogenic bacteria than that of a sanitizer. turbidity . If the fluid is vague, the UV light will not travel through totally, leaving the stream partly decontaminated. A lot of modern devices provide a refrigeration feature to cool the water, utilizing Thermoelectric cooling down . Water colders making use of vapor compression refrigeration can be found in one of the complying with systems: Reservoir System – A tank where water is held, to be used for cooling or home heating and also is fitted with a float system to avoid overflowing. It operates the basis of a modular system, permitting one to quickly detach and also fill up water rather than keeping it in a closed system. One of the advantages being used a removable storage tank is the ease of sanitization. This enables end customers to replace the reservoir totally instead than sending a whole water cooler back for servicing. Stainless-steel – open end container with cooling down coils that enter into contact with the external tank surface Stress Vessel Direct Cool System – The mix of a stress vessel, which shields the water in the tank from air-borne contamination, as well as a direct chill system which cools water originating from the mains rapidly. The Only Guide for Water Dispenser Thus, the water does not enter call with the atmosphere, allowing a larger quantity of cool water (depending upon the dimension of the tank) to be dispensed at the expenditure of a slower cooling system. Straight Cool – In a common direct chill system, water is passed with a stainless steel coil that is in call with a copper evaporator that distributes cooling agent gas. Water Delivery Fundamentals Explained When the faucets are run, the chilled water is dispensed at keys pressure. The water never ever enters call with the environment as the cool temperature level released by the cooling agent gas is transferred through the copper coil which moves the chilly temperature levels to water going through the stainless-steel coil without touching each various other. מערכת סינון וטיהור מים איכותית לבית, פילטר סנטר	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
'use strict'; /** * count_indexed.js * * Runs count on an indexed field (using hint), which results in an index scan, * and verifies the result. * Each thread picks a random 'modulus' in range [5, 10] * and a random 'countPerNum' in range [50, 100] * and then inserts 'modulus * countPerNum' documents. [250, 1000] * Each thread inserts docs into a unique collection. */ load('jstests/concurrency/fsm_libs/extend_workload.js'); // for extendWorkload load('jstests/concurrency/fsm_workloads/count.js'); // for $config load('jstests/concurrency/fsm_workload_helpers/drop_utils.js'); // for dropCollections var $config = extendWorkload( $config, function($config, $super) { $config.data.prefix = 'count_fsm'; $config.data.shardKey = { tid: 1, i: 1 }; $config.data.getCount = function getCount(db, predicate) { var query = Object.extend({tid: this.tid}, predicate); return db[this.threadCollName].find(query).hint({tid: 1, i: 1}).count(); }; $config.states.init = function init(db, collName) { this.threadCollName = this.prefix + '_' + this.tid; $super.states.init.apply(this, arguments); assertAlways.commandWorked(db[this.threadCollName].ensureIndex({tid: 1, i: 1})); }; $config.teardown = function teardown(db, collName) { var pattern = new RegExp('^' + this.prefix + '_\\d+$'); dropCollections(db, pattern); $super.teardown.apply(this, arguments); }; return $config; });	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Dropbox: The hottest startup you've never heard of - slinky http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/03/16/cloud-computing-for-the-rest-of-us ====== 51Cards I think this article is perfectly valid. What everyone here is forgetting is that we are a pretty focused demographic of technical people. If you ask the average CNN user what Dropbox is you'll probably get a blank stare. The fact that an article like this is BEING written is just another sign of Dropbox's success... it may be crossing the tipping point to main-stream media and adoption outside of the tech community. I bet if you looked you would have found something similar about Twitter at some point where social media savvy people were going "WTF? I've used it forever" ~~~ JonnieCache _> cloud computing -- that catchall phrase corporations use to describe services delivered via the Internet_ With this line they are streets ahead of most pure tech sites in terms of accuracy. ~~~ ch0wn I love Dropbox for not using this horrible term. ~~~ nbashaw Horrible term? Just because it's the catch phrase du jour doesn't mean it's totally meaningless. I get annoyed with the buzz and malapropism just as much as the next guy, but like it or not, cloud computing is a major global phenomenon. ~~~ iamdave It IS a meaningless phrase in the sense that it's being used. When I was studying network engineering, "the cloud" used to encompass the broader network environment that INCLUDED the Internet as an extension of your enterprise infrastructure. Now? It's a hyperbolic, singular phrase that is limited to using the internet as an extension of your operating system without fully explaining or at least detailing for the end user why it matters. Especially in the case of those god.awful Microsoft commercials. In their case, the way it's presented, the cloud is nothing less synonymous with social networking. Change your Facebook status from Windows? That's the cloud. Upload a picture to Flickr? That's the cloud. It's no better than that phase of 'web 2.0' that was nothing more than superficial design elements that included shiny buttons, dropping vowels and slapping the term 'beta' on everything. The web is cyclical and this is the latest cycle. While that in and of itself isn't BAD per se, it's a phrase that's come synonymous with "rockstar" and "ninja" when talking about hiring developers. A total and complete non sequitur. ------ SwellJoe I've been shocked at how often I see the Dropbox icon on friend's systems. I no longer live in silicon valley, and so I am completely out of the echo chamber (except what I read here at HN). These are not nerds, not techies, and not people who follow TechCrunch. These are artists, musicians, old folks, nomads, and all sorts of folks that just don't do technology. But, they get Dropbox. Admittedly, my parents aren't using Dropbox, but my parents don't read CNN.com, either, and I can't imagine what they would even use Dropbox for. I can't even get them to use flickr for photos, despite buying them a digital camera (my mom still uses a film camera when she travels because she's afraid she'll lose or break the digital one). If I could invest in Dropbox, I would. But, that wasn't always true. I met Drew at a YC party before they had anything to show, and were still figuring out the diffing/versioning problems, and all the underlying hard problems. And, I came away thinking, "Well, that's been done before. A lot. And it never went anywhere." I had even built a little web-based file manager and sharing app as a RoR practice app, a couple weeks before. So, I thought I knew a business that wouldn't go anywhere when I saw it. I thought highly of Drew, but not much of the idea. I was obviously very wrong about the idea. Anyway, my point is, Dropbox hasn't been something "you've never heard of" for quite some time. ~~~ daeken My dad is using Dropbox to share his songs. He saves to Dropbox, and then shares links on Facebook. All his masters are backed up there as well. ------ krschultz Major news outlet learns about cheaper way to share files from their intern who uses it at school like everyone else: News at 11 ------ rayvega >> _"...And there's little to stop...Amazon (AMZN), with its own Amazon Web Services, from making a greater push into Dropbox's territory...."_ Dropbox actually runs on AWS by using Amazon's S3 for storage. This is what allowed them to get up and running quickly and cheaply without needing a lot of venture funding. I would not be surprised with Dropbox's continued growth, if they in the future were to set up and manage their own data centers to avoid being dependent on Amazon or anyone else's platform. This would be advantageous if Amazon were to decide to compete directly with a similar product. ~~~ bradleyland Someone questioned whether Dropbox could compete with Amazon at scale, but decided to delete it. This is a really valid question. I recalled a while back that Backblaze asked a similar question and came up with a really cool solution. [http://blog.backblaze.com/2009/09/01/petabytes-on-a- budget-h...](http://blog.backblaze.com/2009/09/01/petabytes-on-a-budget-how- to-build-cheap-cloud-storage/) I see this as Dropbox's future. PaaS is good for getting started, but with numbers like what's shown in that blog post, it's hard to argue that something like S3 is really priced at commodity levels. ------ 6ren counterpoint: Dropbox is a great product, clever tech, insightful marketing etc. Even the YC application was great. And I think there's a large market (even its present size is more than enough to sate my own avarice), but... it doesn't seem that it could become a truly _huge_ company (like Xerox, Google), without launching a series of increasingly unrelated products. Though perhaps that's true of many huge companies (e.g. Apple, Sony, HP - even Microsoft has Office). ~~~ lemon_pie possibly. that said, 100m in revenue 4 years after launch with a fairly unbounded market (every consumer), looks like quite the promising start. ~~~ 6ren > Benioff predicts sales could hit $100 million this year. (The company > declined to comment.) Unfortunately, a prediction; and also by someone not privy to actual figures... > Dropbox reportedly experiences well over 10 times year-over-year growth... Sounds pretty good! > ...and positive cash flow. The mildest expression of profitability possible. Though I'm pretty sure they're doing way better than >0. From scanning many acquisitions, my feeling is of the order of $200 million. Though I'm basing that mainly on business acquisition (e.g. by Oracle), so I might be very off for consumer acquisitions (considering youtube, facebook, twitter etc). ~~~ wlievens With their kind of scalability, any positive cash flow is awesome news. ------ spatten When we were trying to figure out if Dropbox would be a good sync tool for Leanpub, Peter went in to a local coffee shop and asked a bunch of people if they'd ever heard of Dropbox. All of the baristas and everyone else in their 20s had, and had accounts. About half of the people 30 or older had heard of it, and most of them had accounts. We were pretty impressed with the numbers, and we ended up going with Dropbox, and we've never regretted it. ------ technomancy > The hottest startup you've never heard of I wish this were true; unfortunately I hear lots and lots about them when they run a "spam your friends for more free space" promotional. ~~~ jrockway Get better friends. ------ justinxreese Expected an article from 4 years ago... ------ djacobs Excellent, if my non-technical friends ever ask why I don't go to mainstream media for tech news, I'll point them to this article. ------ danielha My dad uses Dropbox and I didn't even tell him about it. Such a badass company. ~~~ rokhayakebe Even more badass is your dad. ------ flexd My mom came to me earlier asking me to help her install Dropbox. She's about as informed about computer stuff as i am about fashion. That's a good sign for Dropbox :-) ~~~ Tomek_ My mom did the same, except she called using Skype :) ------ zaidf While I'm sure Dropbox has their work cut out, you know they are onto something when you run into their flyers outside college dorms cross country in Chapel Hill, NC. ~~~ tom_b Hey, there are even old boring people walking around on campus who are users . . . heck, even in _Carrboro_ If it wasn't a HIPPA issue, we might be using Dropbox for more internal projects here Love, love, love dropbox. You undergrad at Sitterson? ~~~ zaidf Nah, just got my communications(!) degree and moved up to NYC :) ------ zandorg Today I was at a University small business lecture. Someone asked one of the entrepreneurs "What was your biggest mistake?". The guy said his laptop had been stolen, but luckily it was all auto-backed up onto Dropbox. A nice anecdote and good press! ------ jprobert I love dropbox and we use it personally and for our company (we are paid subscribers). But it seems to me that this space has fewer barriers to entry than say Groupon. People argue that Groupon has little barriers to entry but the fact is that it cost a lot to sell and get merchants on board. Dropbox is a very unique and helpful product but what will stop the competition from creating something similar and possibly better? ------ joeag Now is maybe the really scary time for Dropbox - here come the "me too's" including corporates who will say "Hey looks like people are starting to want this file storage and sharing thingy" - we can do that too and offer it to our own customers. Should be interesting. ~~~ DufusM Microsoft already tried their hand at it with Windows Live Mesh. Technically Apple's MobileMe is the same thing. The 'corporates' are already on it :) ------ didip Dropbox is awesome, I use it, I love it. I had the same thought as SwellJoe around early 2008: That's been done, it ain't gonna go anywhere big. Obviously failed prediction on my part. So the question is, what made Dropbox successful? There are plenty of players in this area (some of them are older than dropbox): box.net, mozy.com, Windows Live mesh, backblaze. Furthermore, techies can easily do backup to their own S3 account, but they love Dropbox. What's the success factors? YC? Being MIT graduates? The clever "Tell your friends and get more space for free" email? The market is just HUGE? I know that 1 of them is using Python. =) ------ orionlogic I like Dropbox but i use it less often. What i am waiting for is the same solution from Apple. Their cloud facility has been just finished and they will probably offer similar service not later than this year. It might not start as pure storage facility but will start by account and device activation from cloud, iphoto & music backup and then after figuring out how this cloud thing work will probably offer similar subscription fee based service. After all why they still didn't buy Dropbox? Probably they are working on it. ------ sunqiang There is a PyCon video about Dropbox: PyCon 2011: How Dropbox Did It and How Python Helped <http://pycon.blip.tv/file/4878722/> ------ bfe I'm glad the article pointed out the cartoon dinosaur riding a shark on the jobs page, even though they mistook it as not taking things seriously, instead of convincingly signalling, by the fact of its nature and presence (as an awesome and surprising drawing on a recruitment page that's subversive of conventional expectations for a potential employer), the claim made in the heading on that page, that Dropbox is a pretty sweet place to work. ------ ubercore We've been using it for our band, and it's been working great. A really useful tool that the non-techy members have had no trouble adopting. ------ RRiccio Dropbox it's certainly one of the most helpful startups for the average guy. I put into use at the last company I was working for (a non-tech company) and everyone got immediately hooked on Dropbox. It made their file-sharing much easier. So I honestly understand this article, even though for us it's been around for so long. ------ akent Any media outlet tempted to use a "you've never heard of" headline should seriously reconsider. Guaranteed to irritate everyone who HAS heard of it instantly. ~~~ whatusername I heard a radio report in NZ over summer about the kids these days using words like Cool and Wicked in ways that weren't their original meaning. Someone deserves a medal for epic trolling. (I don't know what the station was -- I was in a hire car and channel surfing and decided to listen to the news broadcast) ------ kylelibra This is why traditional / mainstream media is fighting a battle to remain relevant. ~~~ Vivtek This they call fighting? ~~~ Tomek_ Certainly better than their previous attempts: [http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/mon- february-28-2011/the-b...](http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/mon- february-28-2011/the-biggest-newser) ------ jpr Finally something I can be hipster about. ------ petervandijck Eh, "you've never heard of"? ~~~ Florin_Andrei It's CNN, it's for normal people. ~~~ petervandijck Ah normal people. Got it.	{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }
\ <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">[W[ł]{}adys[ł]{}aw A. Majewski]{}\ Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics\ Gda[ń]{}sk University\ Wita Stwosza 57\ 80-952 Gda[ń]{}sk, Poland</span>\ E-mail address: `fizwam@univ.gda.pl`\ <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Abstract.</span> We outline the scheme for quantization of classical Banach space results associated with some prototypes of dynamical maps and describe the quantization of correlations as well. A relation between these two areas is discussed. : Primary: 46L53, 46L60: Secondary: 46L45, 46L30 Key words and phrases: $C^$-algebras, positive maps, separable states, entanglement, quantum stochastic dynamics, quantum correlations. INTRODUCTION ============ The aim of this paper is to bring together two areas, theory of positive maps on [[[$\hbox{\bf C}^$]{}]{}]{}-algebras and theory of entanglement considered as a peculiar feature of non-commutative Radon measures. Both topics are at the heart of quantum theory, thus in particular, in the foundations of quantum information theory. It will be shown that such pure quantum features as: peculiar behaviour of positive maps, quantum correlations, entanglement, and quantum stochastic dynamics, can be easily obtained within the framework of the [[[$\hbox{\bf C}^$]{}]{}]{}-algebraic approach to Quantum Mechanics. This approach sheds new light on entanglement and quantum features of correlations of non-commutative systems. In particular, some emphasis will be put on evolution of entanglement. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides sufficient preparation for the concept of “quantization” of classical results related to prototypes of dynamical maps. Section 3 is concerned with entanglement and the coefficient of quantum correlations. The latter is again an example of “quantization” of a classical concept. The last section contains a brief discussion of applications of the presented results to the description of quantum dynamical systems. We will discuss the evolution of entanglement for some selected models as well as relations between classification of positive maps and measures of entanglement. POSITIVE MAPS ============= In this section we compile some basic facts on the theory of positive maps on [[[$\hbox{\bf C}^$]{}]{}]{}-algebras. To begin with, let ${{\mathcal A}}$ and ${{\mathcal B}}$ be [[[$\hbox{\bf C}^$]{}]{}]{}-algebras (with unit), ${{\mathcal A}}_h = \{ a \in {{\mathcal A}}; a = a^ \}$, ${{\mathcal A}}^+ = \{ a \in {{\mathcal A}}_h; a \ge 0 \}$ - the set of all positive elements in ${{\mathcal A}}$, and ${{\mathcal S}}({{\mathcal A}})$ the set of all states on ${{\mathcal A}}$. In particular $$({{\mathcal A}}_h, {{\mathcal A}}^+)\quad is \quad an \quad ordered \quad Banach \quad space.$$ We say that a linear map $\alpha : {{\mathcal A}}\to {{\mathcal B}}$ is positive if $\alpha({{\mathcal A}}^+) \subset {{\mathcal B}}^+$. The theory of positive maps on non-commutative algebras can be viewed as a jig-saw-puzzle with pieces whose exact form is not well known. Therefore, as we address this paper to a readership interested in quantum mechanics and quantum information theory, we will focus our attention on “quantization” procedure of some classical (Banach space) results in order to facilitate access to some main problems of that theory. We begin with the classical Banach-Stone result ([@B], [@S]) [if a unital linear map $T: C(X) \to C(Y)$, where $X,Y$ are compact Hausdorff spaces, is either isometric or an order-isomorphism then it is also an algebraic isomorphism.]{} Thus, even in the Banach space setting, the order and algebraic structures are strongly related. The Banach-Stone theorem has the following non-commutative generalization (Kadison, [@K]): [a unital isometric or order isomorphic linear map $\alpha : {{\mathcal A}}_h \to {{\mathcal B}}_h$ must preserve the Jordan product ( $(a,b) \mapsto {1/2}(ab + ba)$)]{}. In other words, this result indicates the role of a specific algebraic structure - the Jordan structure - in operator algebras and that remark will be frequently used throughout the paper. Moreover, such a result makes it legitimate to study and to classify [[[$\hbox{\bf C}^$]{}]{}]{}-algebras ${{\mathcal A}}$ by a detailed analysis of ordered Banach spaces ${{\mathcal A}}_h$. However, this is [a very difficult task]{}. In particular, it was soon realized that one of the basic problems is the answer to the following question: which compact convex sets can arise as the state spaces of unital $C^$-algebras (again a very difficult task!). To describe the next result we need some preliminaries. Let $(\Omega, \mu)$ be a measure space. Here and subsequently, $\mu$ stands for a probability measure. The triple (semigroup $\{S_t\}$, $\Omega$, $\mu$) will denote the classical dynamical system where $ S_t : \Omega \to \Omega$ is a one parameter family of measure preserving maps. The phase functions $f : \Omega \to {{\mathbb{C}}}$ evolve according to the Koopman operators $$V_tf(\omega)=f(S_t\omega) \ , \ \ \omega\in\Omega \,.$$ It is known that the Koopman operators $V_t$ are isometries on the Banach space $L^p=L^p(\Omega, \mu)$, $p\ge 1$ of $p$-integrable functions and unitary operators when restricted to the Hilbert space $L^2$ and the transformations $S_t$ are automorphisms. The relation of the point dynamics with the Koopman operators is clarified by asking the question: [what types of isometries on $L^p$ spaces are implementable by point transformations?]{} For $L^p$ spaces $p\not=2$, all isometries induce underlying point transformations, i.e. if $\|\|Vf\|\| = \|\|f\|\|$ for all $f \in L^p$, then $V$ is given by an underlying measurable point transformation $S$ and a certain function $h$ according to $(Vf)(x) = h(x)f(Sx)$. Such theorems on the implementability of isometries on $L^p$ spaces, $p\neq 2$, are known as [Banach-Lamperti theorems ]{} [@B], [@La]. They are of great importance for the Misra-Prigogine-Courbage theory [@MPC] which is trying [to reconcile irreversible phenomena with the basic dynamical laws]{}. Again, one may “quantize” Banach-Lamperti theorems [@Ye], see also [@AMS]. To this end one should use the so called non-commutative (quantum) $L_p$-spaces. Namely, using the “quantized” measure theory, let $\{ {{\mathcal A}}, \varphi \}$ be a von Neumann algebra with faithful normal trace and let $L_p({{\mathcal A}}, \varphi)$, $p \ge 1$, be the corresponding quantum $L_p$-space, i.e. a Banach space of operators which is closed under an appropriate norm. Assume that $T: L_p({{\mathcal A}}, \varphi) \to L_p({{\mathcal A}}, \varphi)$ is a linear map. [Then $T$ is an $L_p$-isometry if and only if ]{} $$T(x) = W B J(x), \quad x \in L_p({{\mathcal A}}, \varphi) \cap {{\mathcal A}}$$ where $W \in {{\mathcal A}}$ is a partial isometry, $B$ a selfadjoint operator affiliated with ${{\mathcal A}}$, $J$ a normal Jordan isomorphism mapping ${{\mathcal A}}$ into a weakly closed $^$-subalgebra of ${{\mathcal A}}$ such that $ W^W = J({{\mathbb{I}}}) = supp(B)$ and $B$ commutes strongly with $ J({{\mathcal A}})$. Again, we can see the importance of the Jordan structure. The third example we wish to recall is associated with a very strong notion of positivity: the so called complete positivity (CP). Namely, a linear map $\tau : {{\mathcal A}}\to {{\mathcal B}}$ is CP iff $$\tau_n : M_n({{\mathcal A}}) \to M_n({{\mathcal B}}); [a_{ij} \mapsto [\tau(a_{ij})]$$ is positive for all n. To explain the basic motivation for that concept we need the following notion: [an operator state of ${{\mathcal A}}$ on a Hilbert space ${{\mathcal K}}$ is a CP map $\tau : {{\mathcal A}}\to {{\mathcal B}}({{\mathcal K}})$]{}. Having that concept we can recall the Stinespring result, [@Sti], which is the generalization of GNS construction and which was the starting point for a general interest in the concept of complete positivity. [For operator state $\tau$ there is a Hilbert space ${{\mathcal H}}$, a $^$-representation $\pi : {{\mathcal A}}\to {{\mathcal B}}({{\mathcal H}})$ and a partial isometry $V : {{\mathcal K}}\to {{\mathcal H}}$ for which]{} $$\tau(a) = V^ \pi(a) V.$$ Following the quantization “route”, it was shown - (Choi, [@Ch]) if $\tau : {{\mathcal A}}\to {{\mathcal B}}$ is a CP order isomorphism then it is a $^$-isomorphism. This can be considered as a final “quantization” of the Banach-Stone theorem. - (Arverson, [@Ar]) the Hahn-Banach theorem and its order-theoretical version (due to Krein) has a nice generalization for non-commutative structures in terms of CP maps: [Let ${\mathcal N}$ be a closed self-adjoint subspace of [[[$\hbox{\bf C}^$]{}]{}]{}algebra ${{\mathcal A}}$ containing the identity and let $\tau: {\mathcal N} \to {{\mathcal B}}({{\mathcal H}})$ be a CP map. Then $\tau$ possesses an extension to a CP map $\tilde{\tau} : {{\mathcal A}}\to {{\mathcal B}}({{\mathcal H}})$.]{} It is worth pointing out that plain positivity is not enough for these generalizations. Moreover, Arverson’s extension theorem is the basis of the CP ideology in open system theory. Up to now we considered linear positive maps on an algebra without entering into the (possible) complexity of the underlying algebra. The situation changes when one is dealing with composed systems (for example in the framework of open system theory). Namely, there is a need to use the tensor product structure. In particular, again, we wish to consider positive maps but now defined on the tensor product of two [[[$\hbox{\bf C}^$]{}]{}]{}-algebras, $\tau : {{\mathcal A}}\otimes {{\mathcal B}}\to {{\mathcal A}}\otimes {{\mathcal B}}$. But now the question of order is much more complicated. Namely, there are various cones determining the order structure in the tensor product of algebras (cf. [@W]) $${{\mathcal C}}_{inj} \equiv ({{\mathcal A}}\otimes {{\mathcal B}})^+ \supseteq, ..., \supseteq {{\mathcal C}}_{\beta} \supseteq,..., \supseteq {{\mathcal C}}_{pro}\equiv conv({{\mathcal A}}^+\otimes{{\mathcal B}}^+)$$ and correspondingly in terms of states (cf [@MM]) $${{\mathcal S}}({{\mathcal A}}\otimes {{\mathcal B}}) \supseteq,..., \supseteq {{\mathcal S}}_{\beta} \supseteq, ..., \supseteq conv({{\mathcal S}}({{\mathcal A}})\otimes{{\mathcal S}}({{\mathcal B}})).$$ Here, ${{\mathcal C}}_{inj}$ stands for the injective cone, ${{\mathcal C}}_{\beta}$ for a tensor cone, while ${{\mathcal C}}_{pro}$ for the projective cone. The tensor cone ${{\mathcal C}}_{\beta}$ is defined by the property: the canonical bilinear mappings $\omega :{{\mathcal A}}_h \times {{\mathcal B}}_h \to ({{\mathcal A}}_h \otimes {{\mathcal B}}_h, {{\mathcal C}}_{\beta})$ and $\omega^ : {{\mathcal A}}^_h \times {{\mathcal B}}^_h \to ({{\mathcal A}}^_h \otimes {{\mathcal B}}^_h, {{\mathcal C}}_{\beta}^)$ are positive. The connes ${{\mathcal C}}_{inj}, C_{\beta}, C_{pro}$ are different unless either ${{\mathcal A}}$, or ${{\mathcal B}}$, or both ${{\mathcal A}}$ and ${{\mathcal B}}$ are abelian. This feature is the origin of various positivity concepts for non-commutative composed systems and it was Stinespring who used the partial transposition (transposition tensored with identity map) for showing the difference among $C_{\beta}$ and ${{\mathcal C}}_{inj}$ and ${{\mathcal C}}_{pro}$. Clearly, in dual terms, the mentioned property corresponds to the fact that separable states are different from the set of all states and that there are various special subsets of states if both subsystems are truly quantum. To summarize one can say that contrary to the plain positivity, CP property plays a dominant role in the programme of quantization of classical results for composed systems. However, as it will be discussed in the final section, other types of positivity are helpful for better understanding the relations between various subsets of states, the algebraic and the order structure. QUANTUM CORRELATIONS ==================== Now we wish to discuss problems associated with the partial order structure of tensor product of [[[$\hbox{\bf C}^$]{}]{}]{}-algebras which are related to quantum information theory. Our first remark is the observation that quantum information theory relies on the fact that the restriction of a pure state of a composed system to a subsystem is, in general, not pure. Moreover, if the restriction of a pure state is pure then the state of the composed system is of the product form. This leads to the observation that the coupling of observables of a composed system by an entangled state offers additional possibilities for information exchange as well as a chance to reproduce states. All that follows from the fact that entangled states exhibit non-classical correlations. To be more precise, let ${{\mathcal A}}_1 \subseteq {{\mathcal B}}({{\mathcal H}}_1)$ and ${{\mathcal A}}_2 \subseteq {{\mathcal B}}({{\mathcal H}}_2)$ be two concrete [[[$\hbox{\bf C}^$]{}]{}]{}-algebras and define, for a state $\omega$ on ${{\mathcal A}}_1 \otimes {{\mathcal A}}_2$, the following map: $$(r_1 \omega)(A) \equiv \omega(A \otimes {\bf 1}) \quad ( (r_2\omega(B) = \omega( {\bf 1}\otimes B) )$$ where $A \in {{\mathcal A}}_1$ ($B \in {{\mathcal A}}_2$). $r_{1(2)} \omega$ is a state on ${{\mathcal A}}_{1(2)}$ . Moreover: [Let $(r_1 \omega)$ be a pure state on ${{\mathcal A}}_1$. Then $\omega$ can be written as a product state on ${{\mathcal A}}_1 \otimes {{\mathcal A}}_2$.]{} Let $\omega$ be a state on ${\mathcal A}_1 \otimes {{\mathcal A}}_2$. [The entanglement of formation]{}, EoF, of $\omega$ can be defined as ( [@Mjp], see also [@Ben]) $${E}(\omega) = \inf_{\mu \in M_{\omega}({{\mathcal S}})} \int_{{{\mathcal S}}} d\mu(\varphi) S(r\varphi)$$ where $S(\cdot)$ stands for the von Neumann entropy, i.e. $S(\varphi) = - Tr \varrho_{\varphi} \log \varrho_{\varphi}$ where $\varrho_{\varphi}$ is the density matrix determining the state $\varphi$. We want to stress that other entropy-functions can be used! The given definition of EoF is based on the decomposition theory and in particular $M_{\omega}({{\mathcal S}}) \equiv \{ \mu: \omega = \int_{{{\mathcal S}}}\nu d\mu(\nu)\}$. We recall that the separable states are those which are in the closure of the convex hull of simple tensors (so tensor products of subsystem states) while an entangled state stands for a non-separable one. One can prove [@Mjp] A state $\omega \in {{\mathcal S}}$ is separable if and only if $E(\omega)$ is equal to 0. Let us denote the set of all states on ${{\mathcal A}}\equiv {{\mathcal A}}_1 \otimes {{\mathcal A}}_2$ (${{\mathcal A}}_1$, ${{\mathcal A}}_2$) by ${{\mathcal S}}({{\mathcal A}})$ (${{\mathcal S}}({{\mathcal A}}_1)$, ${{\mathcal S}}({{\mathcal A}}_2)$ respectively). Obviously, $r_i \omega$ is in ${{\mathcal S}}({{\mathcal A}}_i)$, $i=1,2$. Next, take a measure $\mu$ on ${{\mathcal S}}({{\mathcal A}})$. Then, using the restriction maps $r_i$ one can define measures $\mu_i$ on ${{\mathcal S}}({{\mathcal A}}_i)$ in the following way: for a Borel subset $F_i \subset {{\mathcal S}}({{\mathcal A}}_i)$ we put $$\mu_i(F_i) = \mu(r_i^{-1}(F_i)), \quad i =1,2.$$ Having measures $\mu_1$ and $\mu_2$, both coming from the given measure $\mu$ on ${{\mathcal S}}({{\mathcal A}})$, one can define new measure $\boxtimes \mu$ on ${{\mathcal S}}({{\mathcal A}}_1) \times {{\mathcal S}}({{\mathcal A}}_2)$ which encodes classical correlations between the two subsystems described by ${{\mathcal A}}_1$ and ${{\mathcal A}}_2$ respectively (see [@Ma2] for details). The measure $\boxtimes \mu$ leads to the concept of coefficient of local (quantum) correlations for $\phi \in {{\mathcal S}}({{\mathcal A}}), a_1 \in {{\mathcal A}}_1, a_2 \in {{\mathcal A}}_2$, which is defined as $$\begin{aligned} d(\phi, a_1, a_2)& = & \inf_{\mu \in M_{\phi}({{\mathcal S}}({{\mathcal A}}))} \|\phi(a_1 \otimes a_2) \nonumber \\ && - (\int \xi d(\boxtimes \mu)(\xi))(a_1 \otimes a_2)\| \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ The crucial property of the coefficient of quantum correlations is that $d(\phi, \cdot \cdot)$ is equal to $0$ if and only if the state $\phi$ is separable ([@Ma2], [@Ma3]). The advantage of using $d(\cdot)$ lies in the fact that that concept looks more operational and that it does not use an entropy function. Moreover, $d(\cdot)$ is nothing else but the “quantization” of the classical concept of coefficient of independence. Hence, we got a strong indication that entangled states contain new type of correlations which are called quantum. SOME APPLICATIONS ================= QUANTUM STOCHASTIC DYNAMICS ([@MZ1]-[@MZ5], [@MOZ]) --------------------------------------------------- It is well known that in the theory of classical particle systems one of the basic objectives is to produce, describe and analyze dynamical systems with an evolution originated from stochastic processes in such a way that their equilibrium states are given Gibbs states (cf. [@Ligget]). A well known illustration of such an approach are systems with the so called Glauber dynamics [@Rx]. To carry out the analysis of dynamical systems with evolution originated from stochastic processes, it is convenient to use the theory of Markov processes in the framework of $L_p$-spaces. In particular, for the Markov-Feller processes, using the unique correspondence between the process and the corresponding dynamical semigroup, one can give a recipe for the construction of Markov generators (see [@Ligget]). The correspondence uses the concept of conditional expectation which can be nicely characterized within the (classical) $L_p$-space framework (cf. [@Moya]). Furthermore, (classical) $L_p$ spaces are extremely useful in a detailed analysis of the ergodic properties of the evolution. However, as contemporary science is based on [quantum mechanics]{}, it is again legitimate to look for a quantization of the above approach. That task was carried out in the setting of quantum mechanics and the main ingredient of the quantization was the concept of generalized conditional expectation and Dirichlet forms defined in terms of non-commutative (quantum) $L_p$-spaces. We already met these spaces in the description of quantized Banach-Lamperti theorems. The advantage of using quantum $L_p$-spaces for the quantization of stochastic dynamics lies in the fact that we can follow the traditional “route” of analysis of dynamical systems and that it is possible to have a single scheme for the quantum counterparts of stochastic dynamics of both jump and diffusive type. Turning to concrete dynamical systems, for example to jump type evolutions, we recall that one of the essential ingredients of the $L_p$-space approach to the analysis of such evolutions, is the usage of local knowledge. To illustrate that idea let us consider a region $\Lambda_I$ (usually finite) and its environment $\Lambda_{II}$. Then, performing an operation over $\Lambda_I$ (e.g. a block-spin flip or a symmetry transformation) one is changing locally the reference state. Such a change can be expressed in terms of generalized conditional expectations. Guided by the classical theory, one can define, now in terms of generalized conditional expectations, the infinitesimal generator of quantum dynamics. It is important to note that such a dynamics is the result of local operations (associated with the mentioned local knowledge about the system).\ Then, having defined the dynamics, we should pose the natural question of its nontriviality. By this we understand, first of all, that the infinitesimal generator of the dynamics is [not]{} a function of the hamiltonian defining the reference Gibbs state. This requirement arises in a natural way from the methodology of constructing stochastic dynamics as sketched in the preceding paragraph. In fact, it has been shown [@MOZ] that generators defined within the $L_p$-space setting satisfy the above requirement. On the other hand, [in order to confirm that the constructed dynamics are interesting, and the genuine quantum counterparts of classical dynamical maps it is necessary to study the evolution of entanglement and correlations as measures of coupling between two subsystems]{} caused by local (e.g. block-spin flip) operations. Going in that direction, an analysis of stochastic quantum models based on reference systems determined by Ising type and XXZ hamiltonians ([@KM2], see also [@KM1]) was done. It has shown the tendency of enhancement of quantum correlations. In the first example, based on one dimensional Ising model with nearest neighbor interactions, the lack of production of quantum correlations was shown. This is to be expected because the Ising model illustrates a behaviour typical of classical interactions (cf [@BR]). The second example, based on the quantum XXZ model with more interesting and complicated features of propagation, provides [clear signatures of production of quantum correlations.]{} POSITIVE MAPS VERSUS ENTANGLEMENT --------------------------------- The analysis of evolution of entanglement which was described in the previous subsection indicates that there is a need for an operational measure of entanglement. This demand is strenghtened by the observation that the amount of states that can be used for quantum information is measured by the entanglement. On the other hand, the programme of classification of entanglement seems to be a very difficult task. In particular, it was realized that the first step must presumably take the full classification of all positive maps. To see this let us take a positive map $\alpha_{1,t}: {{\mathcal A}}_1 \to {{\mathcal A}}_1$, $t$ being the time, and consider the evolution of a density matrix $\varrho$ ($\varrho$ determines the state $\phi \in {{\mathcal S}}({{\mathcal A}}\otimes {{\mathcal B}})$), i.e. we wish to study $(\alpha_{1,t} \otimes id_2)^d\varrho$. Here $(\alpha_{1,t} \otimes id_2)^d$ stands for the dual map, i.e. for the dynamical map in the Schrödinger picture. Then, if $\varrho$ is an entangled state, $(\alpha_{1,t} \otimes id_2)^d\varrho$ may develop negative eigenvalues and thus lose consistency as a physical state. That observation was the origin of rediscovery, now in the physical context, of Stinespring’s argument saying that the tensor product of transposition with the identity map can distinguish various cones in the tensor product structure (see Section 2). This led to the criterion of separability ([@P], [@H]) saying that only separable states are globally invariant with respect to the familly of all positive maps. However, criterions of that type are not operational. Even worse, they are strongly related to a classification of positive maps. In particular, the old open problem concerning the description of non-decomposable maps was revived. To describe that problem we need (cf [@St]): Let $\tau : {{\mathcal A}}\to {{\mathcal B}}({{\mathcal H}})$ be a linear, positive map. $\tau$ is called decomposable if there exists a Hilbert space ${{\mathcal K}}$, a bounded linear map $V: {{\mathcal H}}\to {{\mathcal K}}$ and a [[[$\hbox{\bf C}^$]{}]{}]{}-homomorphism $\pi : {{\mathcal A}}\to {{\mathcal B}}({{\mathcal K}})$ such that $\tau = V^* \pi V$. [[[$\hbox{\bf C}^$]{}]{}]{}-homomorphism means that $\pi (\{a,b\}) = \{\pi(a), \pi(b)\}$ where $\{ \cdot, \cdot \}$ stands for anticommutator, i.e. $\pi$ preserves the Jordan structure! A more subtle notion is the following: $\tau$ is locally decomposable if for $0 \ne x \in {{\mathcal H}}$, there exists a Hilbert space ${{\mathcal K}}_x$, $V_x:{{\mathcal K}}_x \to {{\mathcal H}}$ and a [[[$\hbox{\bf C}^$]{}]{}]{}-hommomorphism $\pi_x$ of ${{\mathcal A}}$ to ${{\mathcal B}}({{\mathcal K}}_x)$ such that $$V_x \pi_x(a) V^_x x = \tau (a)x$$ for all $a \in {{\mathcal A}}$. It is known ([@Wor], [@Choi]) that for the case $M_k({{\mathbb{C}}}) \otimes M_l({{\mathbb{C}}})$ with $k=2=l$ and $k=2$, $l=3$ all positive maps are decomposable. Then, the criterion for separability simplifies significantly. Namely, to verify separability it is enough to analyse $(\tau \otimes id)^d$, with $\tau$ being the transposition, as other positive maps are just convex combinations of CP maps (they always map states into states) and the composition of CP map with $\tau \otimes id$. The situation changes dramatically when both $k$ and $l$ are larger than 2. In that case there are plenty of non-decomposable maps (see [@Kos] and the references given there) and to analyse entanglement one cannot restrict oneself to study $\tau \otimes id$. Thus, a full description of positive maps is needed. Furthermore, one can constuct examples of entangled states using concrete non-decomposable maps (see [@HKP]). However, the classification of non-decomposable maps is a difficult task which is still not completed ([@St3], [@LMM]). We want to close the section with an important remark. Namely, if $d(\phi, A)= 0$ for any $A \in {{\mathcal A}}_1 \otimes {{\mathcal A}}_2$ then, using the description of locally decomposable maps, one can show that the state $\phi$ is separable [@Ma3]. This result shows how strong the interplay between separability and certain subtle features of positive maps is. However, this is not unexpected as the full correspondence between Schrödinger and Heisenberg picture relies on the underlying algebraic structure and geometry of the state space, see [@A], [@C], and [@E]. Acknowledgements ================ The author would like to thank the organisers of the XXXV Symposium on Mathematical Physics, Torun, Poland for a very nice and interesting conference where the main topics of this paper were presented. Thanks also to Mark Fannes for careful reading the manuscript. The support of BW grant 5400-5-0255-3is gratefully acknowledged. [99]{} E. M. Alfsen and F. W. Shultz, [State spaces of operator algebras]{}, Birkhauser, Boston, 2001 I. Antoniou, W. A. Majewski and Z. Suchanecki, Implementability of Liouville evolution, Koopman and Banach-Lamperti theorems in classical and quantum dynamics, [Open Sys $\&$ Information Dyn.]{} [9]{}, 1-12 (2002) W. B. Arverson, Subalgebras of $C^$-algebras, [Acta Math.]{} [123]{} (1969), 141-224 S. Banach, [Théorie des Opérations Linéares]{}, Warszawa, 1932 Ch. H. Bennett, D. P. DiVincenzo, J. A. Smolin, and W. K. Wotters, Phys. Rev. A [54]{} 3824 (1996) O. Bratteli and D. W. Robinson [Operator Algebras and Quantum Statistical Mechanics]{}, Springer Verlag, New York-Heidelberg-Berlin, vol. I (1979), vol. II (1980) M.-D., Choi, [Completely Positive Maps on Complex Matrices]{}, Lin. Alg. Appl. 10 (1975), 285–290. M.-D. Choi, A Schwarz inequality for positive linear maps on $C^$-algebras, Illinois J. Math.* 18(4) (1974), 565–574. A. Connes, Charactérisation des espaces vectoriels ordonnés sous-jacents aux algèbres de von Neumann, [Ann. Inst. Fourier, Grenoble]{} [24]{} (1974), 121-155 E. G. Effros, Aspects of non-commutative order, [The Second U.S. Japan Seminar on $C^$-algebras and Applications to Physics]{}, 1977 R.J. Glauber, Time dependent statistics of the Ising model, [J. Mat. Phys.]{}, [4]{}, 294, (1963) K-Ch. Ha, S-H. Kye, Y. S. Park, Entangled states with positive partial transposes arising from indecomposable positive linear maps, Phys. Lett. A, [313]{}, 163-174, (2003) M. Horodecki, P. Horodecki, R. Horodecki, Separability of mixed states: necessary and sufficient conditions, [Phys. Lett A]{} [223]{}, 1-8 (1996) R. V. Kadison, Isometries of operator algebras, [Annals of Math]{}, [54]{} (1951) 325-338 A. Kossakowski, A class of linear positive maps in matrix algebras, [Open Sys $\&$ Information Dyn.]{}, to appear S. Kozie[ł]{}, A.W. Majewski, On quantum correlations for stochastic dynamics of XXZ type,[Acta Phys. Polonica B]{}, [34]{}, 3731 (2003) S. Kozie[ł]{}, A.W. Majewski, Evolution of quantum correlations for jump-type quantum stochastic dynamics, [Acta Phys. Polonica B]{}, [33]{}, 1103 (2002) L. E. Labuschagne, W. A. Majewski and M. Marciniak, [On k-decomposability of positive maps]{}, LANL preprint, math-phys/0306017 J. Lamperti, On the isometries of certain function spaces, [Pacific J. Math.]{} [8]{} 459-466 (1958). T.M. Ligget, [Interacting Particle Systems]{}, Springer Verlag, (1985) A. W. Majewski, On entanglement of states and quantum correlations, in [Operator algebras and Mathematical Physics]{}, Eds. J.M. Combes, J. Cuntz, G.A. Elliott, G. Nenciu, H. Siedentop, S. Stratila; [Theta]{}, Bucharest, 2003 LANL preprint, math-phys/0202030 A. W. Majewski, On entanglement of states and quantum correlations, to appear A., W., Majewski, On entanglement of formation, [J. Phys. A; Math. Gen.,]{} [35]{}, 123-134 (2002) A. W., Majewski, M. Marciniak, On a characterization of positive maps, [J. Phys. A; Math. Gen.,]{} [34]{}, 5863-5874 (2001) A.W. Majewski, B. Zegarlinski, Quantum Stochastic Dynamics I: Spin Systems on a Lattice, [Math. Phys. Electronic J.]{} [1]{}, Paper 2 (1995) A.W. Majewski, B. Zegarlinski, On Quantum Stochastic Dynamics and Noncommutative [$L_p$]{} Spaces, [Lett. Math. Phys.]{} [36]{}, 337 (1996) A.W. Majewski, B. Zegarlinski, Quantum Stochastic Dynamics II, [Rev. Math. Phys.]{} [8]{}, 689 (1996) A.W. Majewski, B. Zegarlinski, On quantum stochastic dynamics, [Markov Proc. and Rel. Fields]{} [2]{}, 87 (1996) A.W. Majewski, B. Zegarlinski, “On quantum stochastic dynamics for quantum spin systems on a lattice; Low temperature problem” in [Mathematical Results in Statistical Mechanics]{}, ed. S. Miracle-Solé, J. Ruiz, V. Zagrebnov, World Scientific, 1999 A.W. Majewski, R. Olkiewicz, B. Zegarlinski, Dissipative dynamics for quantum spin systems on a lattice, [J. Phys. A: Math. Gen.]{} [31]{}, 2045 - 2056, 1998. B. Misra, I. Prigogine and M. Courbage, From deterministic dynamics to probabilistic descriptions, [Physica]{} [98 A]{} 1-26 (1979). S-T. C. Moy, [ Characterization of conditional expectation as a transformation on function spaces]{}, [Pacific J. Math.]{} [4]{}, 47-64 (1954) A. Peres, Separability criterion for density matrices, [Phys. Rev. Lett]{} [77]{}, 1413 (1996) M. Stone, Applications of the theory of Boolean rings to general topology, [Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.]{} [41]{} (1937), 375-481 E. St[ø]{}rmer, Positive linear maps of operator algebras, Acta Math.* 110 (1963), 233–278. E. St[ø]{}rmer, [Decomposable positive maps on $C^$-algebras]{}, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.* 86 (1980), 402–404. W. Stinespring, Positive functions on $C^$-algebras, [Proc. Amer. Math.Soc.* ]{} [6]{} (1955), 211-216 G. Wittstock, [Ordered Normed Tensor Products]{} in “Foundations of Quantum Mechanics and Ordered Linear Spaces” (Advanced Study Institute held in Marburg) A. Hartkämper and H. Neumann eds. [Lecture Notes in Physics]{} vol. [29]{}, Springer Verlag 1974. S. L. Woronowicz, [Positive maps of low dimensional matrix algebras]{}, Rep. Math. Phys. 10 (1976), 165–183. F.J. Yeadon, Isometries of non-commutative $L^p$-spaces, [Math. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc.]{} [90]{} 41-50 (1981).	{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }
Ferry Pilot (1942 film) Ferry Pilot is a film produced in 1942 by Stuart Legg and Ross McLean for the National Film Board of Canada series The World in Action, in cooperation with the United Kingdom Ministry of Information and the Crown Film Unit. The film has an unaccredited narration by broadcaster Lorne Greene. Synopsis During the Second World War, the importance of Allied strategic bombing of military targets meant that heavy bombers had to be available. The Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA) was a British wartime civilian organization, headquartered at White Waltham Airfield, Berkshire, England that ferried new, repaired and damaged military aircraft between factories, assembly plants, transatlantic delivery points, Maintenance Units (MUs), scrap yards to active service squadrons and airfields. The Royal Air Force (RAF) also created a special unit, the RAF Ferry Command, to meet the needs of delivering aircraft from aircraft factories in North America to RAF operational squadrons in a timely manner. Across the Atlantic, aircraft factories in Canada, acting as shadow factories for the British war effort, also relied on ferry pilots to deliver aircraft over the long transatlantic route to the United Kingdom. Along with RAF personnel, former bush pilots and commercial aviators formed the basis of the pool of ferry pilots that flew from Canada. Ferry missions as regular as five times a month, set out from bases such as Dorval Airport in Montreal and Gander Airport, Gander, Newfoundland as part of the "air bridge" to Europe. Cast Franklin Delano Roosevelt Production Typical of the NFB's wartime series of documentary short films, Ferry Pilot relied heavily on stock footage, including "enemy footage". The narrator in Now — The Peace was Lorne Greene, known for his work on both radio broadcasts as a news announcer at CBC as well as narrating many of the earlier Canada Carries On series. His sonorous recitation led to his nickname, "The Voice of Canada", and when reading grim battle statistics, "The Voice of Doom". Reception Ferry Pilot as part of the NFB's The World in Action newsreel series, was produced for both the military and the theatrical market. Each film was shown over a six-month period as part of the shorts or newsreel segments in approximately 800 theatres across Canada. The NFB also had an arrangement with United Artists to ensure that newsreels would get a wider release in North America. After the six-month theatrical tour ended, individual films were made available on 16 mm, to schools, libraries, churches and factories, extending the life of these films for another year or two. They were also made available to film libraries operated by university and provincial authorities. Available from the National Film Board either online or as a DVD. Historian Malek Khouri analyzed the role of the NFB wartime documentaries with Ferry Pilot characterized as a propaganda film. "During the early years of the NFB, its creative output was largely informed by the turbulent political and social climate the world was facing. World War II, Communism, unemployment, the role of labour unions, and working conditions were all subjects featured by the NFB during the period from 1939 to 1946". References Notes Citations Bibliography Bennett, Linda Greene. My Father's Voice: The Biography of Lorne Greene. Bloomington, Indiana: iUniverse, Inc., 2004. . Ellis, Jack C. and Betsy A. McLane. New History of Documentary Film. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. . Khouri, Malek. Filming Politics: Communism and the Portrayal of the Working Class at the National Film Board of Canada, 1939-46. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: University of Calgary Press, 2007. . External links Ferry Pilot Category:Black-and-white documentary films Category:1940s documentary films Category:Canadian short films Category:English-language films Category:National Film Board of Canada documentaries Category:Canadian short documentary films Category:1942 films Category:Documentary films about military aviation Category:Crown Film Unit films Category:Films produced by Stuart Legg Category:The World in Action Category:Quebec films Category:National Film Board of Canada short films Category:British short films Category:British World War II propaganda films Category:Canadian films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Assessment of hemodynamic disturbances in aphasic patients by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. The author presents a study of Doppler cerebrovascular ultrasonography carried out in 38 aphasie patients (forms ranging from transient speech disturbances to severe, persistent disturbances of motor, sensory or mixed aphasia) after ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. In these cases, the clinical symptoms were dominated by speech impairment and neurological deficits (mainly pyramidal), of low intensity or transient. The angiographic study revealed stenotic or occlusive disturbances at various levels of the cerebral arterial trunks. The prevalence of some clinical aspects of aphasia correlated with Doppler velocimetric images is discussed and the use of transcranial Doppler method in idiopathic aphasia, possible consequence of a transient ischemic attack, is suggested.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Q: property value is not changing in subscribe block in angular4 I am implementing authentication in asp.net core angular application. In my login component I am sending credentials in auth service which returns either true or false. when that returns true it is working fine. But when it is returning false, it is not changing the value of 'invalidLogin' property to true. I have tried this putting outside the subscribe block, only then it works. I have no idea why it is not changing inside subscribe block. ` export class LoginComponent implements OnInit { invalidLogin:boolean \| undefined; loginCredentials:loginModel={ email:"", password:"" }; constructor(private router:Router, private authService:AuthService) { } ngOnInit() { this.invalidLogin=false; } signIn() { this.authService.login(this.loginCredentials).subscribe(result=>{ if(result) this.router.navigate(['/']); this.invalidLogin=true; }); } } ` A: Check for the status code in response, if it's not 200 (success status code range) then it will be handled via error callback like this: .subscribe((data) => { // Success case console.log(data); }, (e) => { // Error case console.log(e); });	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
1. Introduction {#sec1-nanomaterials-08-00083} =============== Cancer is one of the serious concerns around the world and it is one of the main causes of death worldwide \[[@B1-nanomaterials-08-00083]\]. In a press release by the World Health Organization in 2014, it was reported that cancer accounted for 8.2 million deaths worldwide in 2012 with lung, breast and colorectal cancers identified as most common occurrences worldwide in the year 2012 \[[@B2-nanomaterials-08-00083]\]. This was further supported by a press release by the World Health Organization in 2015. According to the Cancer statistics 2017, in the United States alone, about 1,688,780 new cancer cases and 600,920 cancer deaths are projected to occur \[[@B3-nanomaterials-08-00083]\]. Current cancer treatments rely on radiation and chemotherapeutic agents that work by killing rapidly dividing cells in the body. The main drawback of conventional chemotherapy is the adverse effects on the body as it cannot deliver selective action specifically to the cancer cells, thus damaging the surrounding normal healthy cells or rapidly dividing healthy cells such as the cells of gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow, hair follicles, causing issues like cardiac, hepatic, pulmonary, renal and gastrointestinal toxicities \[[@B4-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B5-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B6-nanomaterials-08-00083]\]. Drug delivery systems offer numerous advantages over tradition chemotherapy such as targeted delivery at disease site, sustained release leading to prolonged bioavailability, lower dosage requirement and improved drug solubility among others \[[@B7-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B8-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B9-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B10-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B11-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B12-nanomaterials-08-00083]\]. Significant impact has been made by the application of nanotechnology in medicine for theranostic agents development which can diagnose and cure the diseases simultaneously \[[@B13-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B14-nanomaterials-08-00083]\]. Variety of nanocarriers have been designed and successfully applied for the delivery of the therapeutic agents such as graphene oxide, polymers-based delivery systems, layered double hydroxides, gold nanoparticles, multifunctional nanoparticles and iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles \[[@B8-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B15-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B16-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B17-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B18-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B19-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B20-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B21-nanomaterials-08-00083]\]. Polymer coated iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles (Fe~3~O~4~) have received much of the attention as the novel cancer therapeutics vectors because of their unique properties such as ease of preparation, easily scalable production, sustained release properties, high encapsulation capacity, biocompatibility with normal cells and tissues, easier surface modification and stable magnetic nature \[[@B9-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B22-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B23-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B24-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B25-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B26-nanomaterials-08-00083]\]. All of these characteristics make iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles (Fe~3~O~4~) an ideal candidate for cancer delivery vectors. However, the large surface area to volume ratio and the dipole-dipole attraction causes the agglomeration of nanoparticles, hence the need for surface polymer modification. The magnetic nanocarriers need to be stable in normal saline and water at neutral pH for biological, medical diagnostic and therapeutic applications \[[@B23-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B27-nanomaterials-08-00083]\]. To avoid agglomeration, the surface of iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles is coated with polymer which also helps in sustained release and better stability in physiological conditions. The polymer poly (ethylene-glycol) (PEG) has been widely applied in drug delivery and is being utilized as protective layer for the nanoparticles. The monomer unit of PEG contains both polar oxygen and two methylene group which are non-polar. This dual polarity makes PEG to be soluble in variety of polar and non-polar solvents and has been widely used to improve aqueous solubility of hydrophobic drugs \[[@B28-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B29-nanomaterials-08-00083]\]. Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a bioactive compound found in plants and foods such as white tea, witch hazel and it has been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer properties and is also known for its protective activity on normal cells which makes them pivotal for cancer therapy \[[@B30-nanomaterials-08-00083]\]. In this study we have redesigned an anticancer nanocomposite formulation of Gallic acid loaded on iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles coated with polyethylene glycol (Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA) with improved drug loading and better sustained release properties and was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), in vitro cytotoxicity assay and drug loading quantification. In previous study we tested Gallic acid nanocomposite formulation \[(P-Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA) (in formula P stands for previous)\] against MCF-7, a breast cancer cell line with the IC~50~ value of 11.61 ± 0.12 µg/mL and human normal lung fibroblast cells MRC-5 was used as a model for normal cell in which more than 80% cell viability was observed after 72 h incubation \[[@B31-nanomaterials-08-00083]\]. In this study we tested the free drug GA, empty nanocarrier and the anticancer nanocomposite formulation Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA against A549 human lung carcinoma cells, HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cell line, repeated on MCF-7 breast cancer cells and normal 3T3 cells for incubation period of 24, 48 and 72 h. 2. Results {#sec2-nanomaterials-08-00083} ========== 2.1. Physicochemical Characterization {#sec2dot1-nanomaterials-08-00083} ------------------------------------- ### 2.1.1. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis {#sec2dot1dot1-nanomaterials-08-00083} [Figure 1](#nanomaterials-08-00083-f001){ref-type="fig"}a shows the XRD patterns of iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles (Fe~3~O~4~) alone, poly ethylene glycol (PEG) and anticancer nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA. Iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles (Fe~3~O~4~) showed the six characteristics peaks ascribed to Brag reflections due to (220), (311), (400), (422), (511), and (440) and these peaks can be observed at 2θ = 30.16°, 35.95°, 43.34°, 54.17°, 57.27° and 62.98° respectively. The pure polymer PEG showed two main characteristics high intensity peaks at about 2θ = 19.3° and 23.5°. The pure gallic acid (GA) has been reported to show many peaks between the 2θ of 10--50° as reported previously \[[@B31-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B32-nanomaterials-08-00083]\]. In the XRD patterns of the nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA characteristic peaks of iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles (Fe~3~O~4~), PEG and of the pure drug peaks are present with slight lesser intensity. The presence of characteristic peaks of Fe~3~O~4~, PEG and GA in the final anticancer nanocomposite confirms the successful formation of the nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA. ### 2.1.2. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) {#sec2dot1dot2-nanomaterials-08-00083} The size of the anticancer nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA was determined using Zetasizer by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The sample was dispersed in water and sonicated for 15 min and then analyzed with Zetasizer. The sample was found to have narrow size distribution between 5 and 12 nm with average particle size of 10 nm as shown in [Figure 1](#nanomaterials-08-00083-f001){ref-type="fig"}b. This size distribution is much smaller compared to previously reported (P-Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA) which had wide distribution 20--50 nm with average size of 31.44 nm \[[@B31-nanomaterials-08-00083]\]. ### 2.1.3. In vitro Release Studies {#sec2dot1dot3-nanomaterials-08-00083} Release behavior of GA from the nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA was conducted in human body simulated buffer saline (PBS) solution of pH 7.4 (human blood pH) and in pH 4.8 (intracellular lysosomal pH) as shown in [Figure 1](#nanomaterials-08-00083-f001){ref-type="fig"}c. For the release studies 10 mg of the nanocomposite was put in 10 mL PBS solution of pH 7.4 and pH 4.8 in thermostat at 37 °C with constant shaking. At different time points 3 mL aliquot was taken out and replaced with new buffer of either solution of pH 7.4 and pH 4.8 respectively and analyzed for the percentage release using UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Waltham, MA, USA). The release of GA was found to be sustained in both physiological pHs (7.4 and 4.8) and took 200 h (about 8 days) for the complete release in both conditions as shown in [Figure 1](#nanomaterials-08-00083-f001){ref-type="fig"}c. The release profile of GA from the nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA is much more sustained compared to previously designed nanocomposite P-Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA which initially showed burst release with more than 40% drug released in less than 2 h \[[@B31-nanomaterials-08-00083]\]. Moreover, the release profile of free drug GA has been reported to be extremely fast which took less than 2 min for the complete release \[[@B31-nanomaterials-08-00083]\]. This suggests that nanocomposite designed (Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA) has much better sustain release profile compared to free drug and the previously designed nanocomposite (P-Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA). ### 2.1.4. Drug Loading Percentage Quantification {#sec2dot1dot4-nanomaterials-08-00083} Percentage loading of the GA in the nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA was determined with (UV-Vis) spectrophotomer (Waltham, MA, USA) GA acid was extracted (deloaded) from the nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA by putting 10 mg of it in 50 mL of 1 molar phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, followed by sonication for an hour and kept in thermostat with constant shaking at 37 °C for 10 days. After that sample was filtered and filtrate was subjected to quantification of GA. For quantification different concentrations of GA standards were prepared e.g., 25, 50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm and were analyzed and correlation coefficient (r^2^) was found to be 0.9918. After that different filtrate was analyzed three times and loading was found to be 35%. The percentage loading of GA in this redesigned nanocomposite is much higher (35%) compared to our previously reported designed nanocomposite of Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA in which loading percentage of GA was found to be very lower i.e., 7%. The improved loading can be ascribed to solvent used to dissolve GA i.e., (80% Methanol:20% water). ### 2.1.5. Cytotoxicity on 3T3 Fibroblast Cells {#sec2dot1dot5-nanomaterials-08-00083} All the samples e.g., designed anticancer nanocomposite (Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA), empty nanocarrier (Fe~3~O~4~-PEG) and free dug GA was tested against 3T3 fibroblast cells for cytotoxicity evaluation using their gradient concentrations i.e., (0.47, 0.94, 1.88, 3.75, 7.5, 15 and 30 µg/mL) and were incubation for 24, 48 and 72 h as shown in [Figure 2](#nanomaterials-08-00083-f002){ref-type="fig"}a--c respectively. Cell viability studies revealed that free drug GA, empty carrier and the designed nanocomposite (Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA) were found to be biocompatible with 3T3 cell as the percentage cell viability was found to be about 80% even after 24, 48 and 72 h incubation at maximum concentration of 30 μg/mL as shown in [Figure 2](#nanomaterials-08-00083-f002){ref-type="fig"}a--c. The MTT results showed that neither GA, Fe~3~O~4~-PEG nor Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA caused toxicity to 3T3 cells at all time points. As we previously reported nanocomposite (P-Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA) was also found to be biocompatible with MRC-5 human normal lungs cells with percentage cell viability of 100% after 72 h incubation \[[@B31-nanomaterials-08-00083]\]. These results indicate the high biocompatibility of all the samples. ### 2.1.6. Anticancer Assays {#sec2dot1dot6-nanomaterials-08-00083} The free drug GA, empty nanocarrier (Fe~3~O~4~-PEG) and designed magnetite nanocomposite formulation (Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA) were tested against different cancer cell line namely lung cancer cell (A549), breast cancer cell (MCF-7) and colon cancer cell (HT-29) lines to determine their anticancer properties. In our previous studies we had tested the nanocomposite (P-Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA) against breast cancer cell (MCF-7) in this study we repeated the assay on breast cancer cell (MCF-7) as the percentage drug loading of GA is different than previously reported (P-Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA). Doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic drug, has been studied extensively and its IC~50~ values towards the same cancer cell lines have been reported to be 0.33 ± 0.03, 0.05 ± 0.01 and 0.58 ± 0.01 µg/mL for HT-29, MCF-7 and A549 respectively \[[@B33-nanomaterials-08-00083]\].These IC~50~ values of Doxorubicin were used as a reference for the positive control in this study. ### 2.1.7. Anticancer Activity against Lung Cancer Cell (A549) {#sec2dot1dot7-nanomaterials-08-00083} [Figure 2](#nanomaterials-08-00083-f002){ref-type="fig"}d--f shows the percentage cell viability of A549 lung cancer cells treated with higher concentrations i.e., 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL of the free drug GA, empty nanocarrier Fe~3~O~4~-PEG and the nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA. Previous anticancer studies involving A549 used a higher range of concentration of GA as well, ranging from a minimum of 10 µg/mL up to 500 µg/mL \[[@B34-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B35-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B36-nanomaterials-08-00083]\]. All the samples with above concentrations were incubated for 24, 48 and 72 h with the A549 lung cancer cells as shown in [Figure 2](#nanomaterials-08-00083-f002){ref-type="fig"}d--f respectively. The designed anticancer nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA showed better anticancer activity (IC~50~ 37.49 µg/mL) compared to free drug GA (IC~50~ 56.49 µg/mL). The effective IC~50~ concentration (i.e., actual amount of GA based on percentage drug loading) present in the nanocomposite 13.12 µg/mL is much lower than IC~50~ of whole nanocomposite 37.4 µg/mL. So in reality, effective IC~50~ of nanocomposite 13.121 µg/mL compared to IC~50~ free GA (i.e., 56.49 µg/mL) much lower against lung cancer cells A549. [Table 1](#nanomaterials-08-00083-t001){ref-type="table"} shows the IC~50~ of free drug GA, and the nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA compared to Doxorubicin. ### 2.1.8. Anticancer Activity against Breast Cancer Cell MCF-7 Cells {#sec2dot1dot8-nanomaterials-08-00083} All the samples i.e., free drug GA, empty nanocarrier (Fe~3~O~4~-PEG) and anticancer nanocomposite (Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA) were tested against breast cancer cell MCF-7 cells to screen their anticancer activity. Different gradient concentrations i.e., 0.47, 0.94, 1.88, 3.75, 7.5, 15 and 30 μg/mL of all the samples were incubated for 24, 48 and 72 h with breast cancer cell MCF-7 cells and results are shown in [Figure 2](#nanomaterials-08-00083-f002){ref-type="fig"}g--i. A range of cytotoxicity in a time and dose-dependent manner was observed. The IC~50~ value of the nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA 7.28 μg/mL and its effective IC~50~ 2.548 μg/mL are much lower than free drug GA IC~50~ 21.35. The IC~50~ of the this redesigned nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA nanocomposite in this in vitro study against breast cancer cell MCF-7 cells is much lower than our previously reported nanocomposite P-Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA \[[@B31-nanomaterials-08-00083]\]. The better anticancer activity of nanocomposite can be attributed to the nanosize and sustained release properties of the anticancer nanocomposite. [Table 1](#nanomaterials-08-00083-t001){ref-type="table"} shows the IC~50~ vales of the nanocomposite and free drug GA against Doxorubicin. ### 2.1.9. Anticancer Activity against Colon Cancer Cell (HT-29) {#sec2dot1dot9-nanomaterials-08-00083} The free drug GA, empty nanocarrier and the nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA were tested against colon cancer cell (HT-29) using different concentrations i.e., 0.47, 0.94, 1.88, 3.75, 7.5, 15 and 30 μg/mL and incubated for 24, 48 and 72 h as shown in [Figure 2](#nanomaterials-08-00083-f002){ref-type="fig"}j--l respectively. The IC~50~ of free drug GA was found to be 15 μg/mL. The IC~50~ of the nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA was found 4.85 μg/mL and the effective IC~50~ of the nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA in 4.85 μg/mL was calculated to be 1.697 μg/mL based on 35% GA loading. The IC~50~ values are given in [Table 1](#nanomaterials-08-00083-t001){ref-type="table"}. 3. Discussion {#sec3-nanomaterials-08-00083} ============= In this study we have redesigned our previously reported an anticancer nanocomposite formulation of Gallic acid loaded on iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles coated with polyethylene glycol (Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA). The XRD patterns of the nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA showed the characteristic peaks of iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles (Fe~3~O~4~), PEG and of the pure drug peaks are present with slight lesser intensity. The presence of characteristic peaks of Fe~3~O~4~, PEG and GA in the final anticancer nanocomposite confirms the successful formation of the nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA. The average particle size of the anticancer nanocomposite was found to be 10 nm with a narrow size distribution of 5--12 nm compared to previously reported designed (P-Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA) which had wide distribution 20--50 nm with average size of 31.44 nm \[[@B31-nanomaterials-08-00083]\]. The Percentage GA loading is found to be 35% in this redesigned nanocomposite is much higher compared to our previously reported nanocomposite of (Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA) with 7%. In addition to this in vitro release of GA from the nanocomposite was found to be highly sustained which took about 200 h (about 8 days) in human body simulated phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution of pH 7.4 (blood pH) and pH 4.8 (intracellular lysosomal pH) at human body temperature 37 °C. In this study we tested the free drug GA, empty nanocarrier and the anticancer nanocomposite formulation Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA against A549 human lung carcinoma cells, HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cell line, repeated on MCF-7 breast cancer cells and with normal 3T3 cells for incubation period of 24, 48 and 72 h. The IC~50~ of the designed nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA are found to be much lower compared to free drug GA. The effective IC~50~ which is based on percentage drug (GA) loading in nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA which is even further lower. [Table 1](#nanomaterials-08-00083-t001){ref-type="table"} shows the details of the IC~50~ against A549 human lung carcinoma cells, HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cell line, and MCF-7 breast cancer cells and with normal 3T3 cells. 4. Materials and Methods {#sec4-nanomaterials-08-00083} ======================== 4.1. Chemicals {#sec4dot1-nanomaterials-08-00083} -------------- Gallic acid of 97% purity, iron oxide coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) nanocarrier (Fe~3~O~4~-PEG) and gallic acid-iron oxide coated with PEG nanocomposite (Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA) were provided by the Material Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advance Technology University Putra Malaysia (Serdang Selangor Malaysia). All three drugs were used for the preliminary screening of the effectiveness between gallic acid nanocomposite and pure gallic acid against normal cell and three different types of cancer cell lines. To prepare the stock solution, 5 mg of each drug was initially dissolved in 200 µL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) before the mixture was vortexed and sonicated for at least 30 min to ensure that the drug was completely dissolved. Upon sonication, 800 µL of RPMI 1640 (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) was added and then vortexed for 2 min to make the total volume of 1 mL. The drug sub stock was further diluted to a series of concentrations (0.47--200 µg/mL) and was used on the same day it was prepared. MTT \[3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide\] and Trypsin-EDTA (Ethylene diamine tetraacetate) (0.25%) were purchased from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan). 4.2. Cell Lines {#sec4dot2-nanomaterials-08-00083} --------------- Normal human fibroblast cells (3T3), human lung cancer epithelial cells (A549), human breast cancer epithelial cells (MCF-7) and human colon cancer epithelial cells (HT-29) were obtained from the American Tissue Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). The cells were maintained in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan). The growth medium was supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, [l]{.smallcaps}-glutamine 15 mmol/L, penicillin 100 U/mL and streptomycin 100 µg/mL. All cells were incubated at 37 °C in humidified 5% CO~2~/95% air and the media was replaced every 2 to 3 days. 4.3. In Vitro Cell Viability Assay {#sec4dot3-nanomaterials-08-00083} ---------------------------------- The tetrazolium-based Colorimetric Assay (MTT) was used to determine the cytotoxicity of the drugs on the cancer and normal cell lines. In the case of viable cells in the in vitro MTT assay, the (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase enzyme that is produced by the healthy mitochondria of a living cell will be secreted outside the cell membrane and converts the tetrazolium dye into a purple colored compound called formazan. Cells were first maintained in drug free media until the cells reached 80--90% confluency. MTT assay was initiated by the seeding process of plating 1 × 10^5^ cells into each well of a flat bottomed 96-well plate making the total volume of media in each well 100 µL. The cells were then left to attach for 24 h. Cells were then treated with increasing concentrations of pure gallic acid (GA), iron oxide-PEG nanocarrier (Fe~3~O~4~-PEG) and gallic acid-iron oxide coated with PEG nanocomposite (Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA) to make the final volume of 200 µL per well and incubated in 5% CO~2~ at 37 °C for 24, 48 and 72 h. At the desired time point, 20 µL of MTT solution (5 mg/mL in PBS) was added to each well and kept in the incubator for 4 h before the cells were centrifuged to discard the supernatant. 100 µL of DMSO was later added and left in the dark for 30 min to dissolve the crystal formazan. Absorbance was measured at 570 and 630 nm was used to measure the background absorbance. Experiments were done in triplicates and cell viability was calculated based on the given formula. Cell Viability ( \% ) = { ( OD \* of Treated ) ÷ ( OD \* of Control ) × 100 } OD \* = Optical density 4.4. Preparation of Magnetite Nanoparticles (Fe~3~O~4~), Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Coating and GA Loading {#sec4dot4-nanomaterials-08-00083} --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles (Fe~3~O~4~) were prepared by previously reported method, in brief in 80 mL deionized water containing 6 mL ammonia hydroxide (25%) a mixture of 2.43 g (FeCl~2~⋅4H~2~O) and 0.99 g (FeCl~3~⋅6H~2~O) was added. After adding the above material sample was subject to ultrasonication for 1 h. Sample was centrifuged and washed thoroughly with water and dried in oven at 80 °C for 24 h and ground to fine powder \[[@B15-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B26-nanomaterials-08-00083],[@B31-nanomaterials-08-00083]\]. PEG coating was carried out by dissolving the 0.2 g of dried iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles (Fe~3~O~4~) in 1% of PEG solution followed by stirring for one hour after that sample was centrifuged and washed with ethanol thoroughly. GA was loaded on the designed nanocarrier Fe~3~O~4~-PEG by putting this sample to 50 mL (40 mL methanol and 10 mL water) of 1% GA and stirred for 24 h resulting in the formation of Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA. Next day sample was washed thoroughly with methanol and water by centrifugation. After that sample was dried in oven and ground to powder and subjected to further characterization. 5. Conclusions {#sec5-nanomaterials-08-00083} ============== The designed magnetite nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA was found to have higher drug GA loading 35% compared to previously reported nanocomposite with 7% GA loading. The in vitro release in human physiological pH 7.4 and pH 4.8 at 37 °C was conducted and was found to be highly sustained for up to 8 days compared to previously reported nanocomposite which took 3.5 days for the complete release and that was conducted at room temperature. In this study the magnetite nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA was found to be biocompatible with normal 3T3 cells. Both GA and Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA nanocomposite displayed time and dose-dependent anticancer activity against A549, MCF-7 and HT-29 cells Most importantly the IC~50~ of the magnetite nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA were found against these cell lines were much better than free drug GA. These in vitro study results are highly encouraging to go further animal studies. The study was supported by research grants from the Ministry of Higher Education, namely Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), Universiti Putra Malaysia Project (GP/IPS/2015/5524841) and Putra Graduate Initiative (IPS) Putra Grant from the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Vot number: 9510100). We thank our colleagues from the Laboratory for Vaccine and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Biosciences, Material Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), the Department of Human Anatomy Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University Putra Malaysia (UPM) and the Chemistry Department, University of Sheffield. Raihana Rosman, Bullo Saifullah, Sandra Maniam, Dena Dorniani, Sharida Fakurazi and Mohd Zobir Hussein conceived and designed the project. Raihana Rosman, Bullo Saifullah and Dena Dorniani conducted experimental work and wrote the manuscript. Sandra Maniam, Mohd Zobir Hussein and Sharida Fakurazi also contributed in writing up of the manuscript and the improvement of the manuscript. All other authors reviewed and contributed significantly to improve the manuscript for its final submission. The authors declare no conflict of interest. ![(a) X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis of iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles (Fe~3~O~4~), poly ethylene glycol (PEG) and anticancer nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA; (b) Particle size with cumulative and volume distribution of nanocomposite Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA; (c) Release of GA from the nanocomposite (Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA) of iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles (Fe~3~O~4~) coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) with loaded with gallic acid (GA) being the active anticancer agent.](nanomaterials-08-00083-g001){#nanomaterials-08-00083-f001} ###### (a--c) shows the cell viability (%) of 3T3 cells estimated by MTT assay after 24, 48 and 72 h incubation respectively; (d--f) shows the cell viability (%) of A549 cells estimated by MTT assay after 24, 48 and 72 h incubation respectively; (g--i) shows the cell viability (%) of MCF-7 cells estimated by MTT assay after incubation for 24, 48 and 72 h respectively; (j--l) shows the cell viability (%) of HT-29 cells estimated by MTT assay after 24, 48 and 72 h incubation respectively. ![](nanomaterials-08-00083-g002a) ![](nanomaterials-08-00083-g002b) ![](nanomaterials-08-00083-g002c) ![](nanomaterials-08-00083-g002d) nanomaterials-08-00083-t001_Table 1 ###### The IC~50~ values of GA, Doxorubicin and Fe~3~O~4~-PEG-GA on cancer cell lines. Cancer Cell Lines IC~50~ (μg/mL) \* Effective IC~50~ (μg/mL) \\ ------------------- ------------------- ------------------------------- ------------- ------ HT29 14.52 ± 0.94 4.85 ± 0.33 0.33 ± 0.03 1.70 MCF-7 21.35 ± 4.14 7.28 ± 0.64 0.05 ± 0.01 2.55 A549 56.49 ± 4.31 37.49 ± 1.42 0.58 ± 0.01 13.1 \* Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of 3 replicates. The IC~50~ value is defined as the concentration of drug needed for 50% cell inhibition; \\ Values of actual IC~50~ that were calculated based on 35% GA loading in the nanocomposite.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
Hayao Miyazaki, animator Studio: Studio Ghibli/Disney Studios Video: 2.0:1 enhanced for 16 x 9 Audio: Dolby Digital 5.1, orig. Japanese soundtrack, also French soundtrack Extras (mostly on Disc 2): John Lasseter introduces Miyasaki and Spirited Away, The Art of Spirited Away, Nippon TV special on The Making of the Film (with English subtitles), Select storyboard-to-scene comparisons, Behind the Mike with Suzanne Pleshette and Jason Marsden (doing English version soundtrack), Original Japanese trailers Length: 125 min. Rating: ***** Miyasaki is known as the Walt Disney of Japan and his latest in a series of wonderful family animated films has been variously called the best annimated film, best animated feature ever, a masterpiece, and spectacularly inventive. And its all true. Best family film Ive ever seen and generally I hate family films. Even if you dont care for animation youll probably love Spirited Away. Its so spirited and original! The idea of seeing things thru the eyes of a child or teenager is a standard feature of Japanese anime (though this really isnt anime) and of most U.S. family oriented live action pictures. But Miyasaki pulls it off effortlessly in this amazing fantasy about a young girl who is trapped in a strange world of spirits when her unwitting parents are magically transformed. She must work in a bathhouse for spirits and demons while trying to free herself and her family. The idea of all sorts of spirits, gods and demons existing ties in more closely with older Japanese beliefs and Shintoism, making the plot seem probably more exotic and strange to Western audiences. The human characters are quite Western-looking though their gestures and actions are typically Japanese. Miyazaki based the character of the little girl on the daughter of a friend - something he has done in previous films. He has her get herself back to the ordinary world without battles or violence but by using her brain and thru friendship and devotion. Its a lovely example for kids without any preachyness. The extras on the second DVD are really special. Miyasaki is shown to be just as loveable a person as his filmic creations. The NHK documentary on the struggle to complete the animation by a deadline gives a feeling for the tremendous amount of dedicated work that any animation requires. The behind-the scenes section on recording the English-language version with the voice cast is fascinating. It appears Miyazaki works in the reverse of most American animation, recording the soundtrack after the visuals are completed rather than starting with the soundtrack. You get a glimpse of his creative process by switching between the shots of his original storyboards and the final animated scenes, using the angle button on your remote control. There is also a discussion of how Miyazakis art was translated for English-speaking audiences. This brilliant work easily eclipses the typical cliched Hollywood animation and should be experienced by everyone of any age whatsoever. Purchase here This earlier feature was considered Miyazakis masterpiece up until the making of Spirited Away. This DVD was issued by Disney at the same time as the latter and along with a third film, Castle in the Sky. (My favorite of his earlier animations is the 1993 My Neighbor Tatoro, available on DVD.) The story takes place in a country in which witches are part of the ordinary society and recognized for the useful work they do. Young girls must follow a special tradition to become a full-fledged professional witch, and that includes flying off to another city to take responsibility and become independent. Kiki is accompanied by her familiar, her long-suffering and witty black cat. Thru accidental means she ends up operating her own delivery-by-broomstick service and meets many unusual characters along the way. Again, her quick thinking aids in her survival and successes, though there are big disappointments along the way that she must also deal with. A superbly imaginative story from Miyasaki again. You may expect a cute little witch with a red bow tie in her hair to soar in your window at the end of his delightful film. Purchase here Leave it to Spains wildest current director to push on a number of boundaries in most of his films. This one stars four individuals - two very different men - and their women who happen both to be in comas in a special clinic. As the men keep vigil over their lovers (or would-be lover in one case) they get acquainted and their unusual stories unfold in flashback as well as flash forward. The trailer was shown frequently at a local theater I frequent and it included a fantasy-like black & white sequence with a tiny man sitting on a womans pillow talking to her. I just had to find out how that fit into the film. It turns out it was a silent film within the feature film. The unsophisticated male nurse protagonist had seen it and gave him a dangerous idea; leading to his being eventually incarcerated. Surprising twists of plot without leaving you scratching your head about what it all meant at the end, like Memento and Swimming Pool. R-rated too. Both picture and sound quality are really excellent throughout, though little use is made of the surround. There are several very evocative soundtrack music selections of both Baroque orchestral and Spanish guitar music. Purchase here- John Sunier Another even more R-rate gem. The film is based on the true life - colorful to say the least - of Hollywood TV actor Bob Crane, his on/off relationship with the home video maven played by Dafoe, and his eventual grisly and never-solved murder. Crane was the star of the successful TV series Hogans Heros and an extremely upstanding married man, but his steady slide into the seamiest side of celebrity lifestyles is shown so convincingly that one quickly loses empathy with him and feels a strong foreboding of what will eventually befall him. The pairs fast living involves the video technicians help in procuring both equipment and willing women to videotape their sexploits. The quirky nature of their extreme male bonding brought to mind the sub rosa homophile suggestions in the relationship of Dickie and Ripley in The Amazing Mr. Ripley. A gripping drama of a couple of out of control lives. Dont view the Murder in Scottscale documentary until after you see the feature film, and when you do keep your finger on the fast forward for the constantly repeated stills of the actual bloody crime scene, which are on screen far too long. The evidence seemed to point to the video man, to whom Crane had the day before told he didnt want to see him again. But the court felt there was no hard evidence (an important piece mysteriously disappeared from the police files) and the trial never occurred. Purchase here This brilliant film classic was one of the highlights of the careers of both director Visconti and French actor Alain Delon. Its style grows out of the Italian postwar neo-realist movement, but it is not quite as gritty looking as most of those. The story concerns a family of four very poor but closely-connected brothers and their mother who move from the back country of southern Italy to Milan after the death of their hard-working father. The mothers hope is to give them a chance to improve the familys fortunes in the big city. The brothers all struggle to make it in their unfamiliar new world and Rocco and his older brother both fall for the same woman with disasterous consequences. Rocco seems too saintly in his extreme self-sacrifice for the good of the family and his brother, but Delon makes the characters actions totally believable. Yes, the film is long, but it is divided into sections titled by the name of one of the characters, which breaks things up a bit. Also there is the music of Nino Rota - one of his most emotional and atmospheric scores, making your involvement in the saga of this unfortunate family deeply affecting. The transfer is generally quite good for a film of this vintage, but at the beginning of Chapter 3 there is an entire scene with a big hair in the projector gate which was not removed. I dont believe you would see this in a Criterion DVD. This is the first uncut version of Viscontis original, which was edited by the Italian authorities due to its violence - namely, violent boxing closeups, fist fights, a rape and a stabbing. Actually I think the authorities were right. Purchase here Smiths previous feature was a documentary on an unlikely blue-collar guy who struggled for years to make his own feature film on a shoestring and eventually did. This new film couldnt possibly have a more appropriate title, because it concerns five people who have created a totally individual home of their own. They are settled very blissfully in their very own creations, rather than struggling in transition as were the stars of both of Smiths previous two films. These five homes are first a ramshackle houseboat on the Louisiana bayou where an alligator wrangler lives and cracks his crabs, then a couple who bought a surplus army missile silo in the middle of Kansas and live in it underground. The peace loving couple has brought spiritual New Age vibes to their metallic space that it certainly must never have imagined before. Third is a former American actress in Japanese television who has had built her own lovely Tarzan-style tree house high in the jungle of a remote Hawaiian valley - complete with waterfall-powered generators for her electricity. Cat lovers will meow over the California house with 140 feet of elevated cat walks throughout and cats everywhere. This couple make and sell cat toys and photographs of their cats. Lastly there is the all electronic house in Illinois in which the elderly owner seems to install a new futuristic gadget almost daily. It includes a walking robot which after his death he plans to inhabit at the astral level. There is also a young girlfriend who shares his psychic leanings and assists him in public presentations of his many mechanical and electronic marvels. If you liked Fast, Cheap and Out of Control, you will absolutely love this quirky documentary, part of a new trend of documentaries for the new century that are getting much wider audiences than documentaries could ever have hoped to get in the past. Purchase here A popular and successful studio director has decided to make a film about the hardships suffered by the poor. The execs are intent on destroying the young idealists plan by pointing out his lack of suffering, but he finally convinces them. His idea is to dress up like a bum and pass among the community to gain information and to experience the situation of the poor. At first, he starts as a hired hand, but that doesnt really work out well. Later he runs into the lovely Veronica Lake, a transplant to Hollywood trying to make it big in pictures but not having any success. He has her convinced of his need, but his conscience overtakes him and he admits to her his true identity. This doesnt go over too well with the young lady, but her fondness for the director softens her and she decides to go with him on his journey. They stay in a community of hobos, and finally come back to their regular lives. Another scheme is hatched and while giving out $1000 in cash, he gets hit on the head and stuffed in a train car. Hes confused and assaults a man. A speedy trial doesnt help our favorite director and he is sentenced to a chain gang. Only through a creative breakthrough does he manage to find his way home after a long period of servitude. It is easy to get distracted by fine personalities like Joel McCrea and Veronica Lake, but the real star of this film is Writer/Director Preston Sturges. The film is one of the early examples of a movie about making a movie, complete with lots of social commentary and comedy. The pace is fast throughout most of the film and there are a variety of slapstick and deadpan comedy routines including some humorous action sequences some in the vein of Keystone Cops. Sturges started as a playwright and moved to writer. He realized that the director was really in control of the film (and writers of the time were not getting their due), so he eventually became a director. His skills extended to the directorial arena and he made a mark from the beginning with The Great McGinty. He won the very first Academy Award for best original screenplay. To see what all the hoopla is about, just take a look at this film. Purchase here	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Development and full validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of carbinoxamine in beagle plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Carbinoxamine maleate is an antihistamine drug with mild sedation effects, which is used to treat seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis clinically. In order to optimize drug therapy, reduce drug accumulation, lessen the frequency of adverse effects and facilitate clinical research, a high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay was firstly established and fully validated for the quantitative admeasurements of carbinoxamine. After extraction with ethyl acetate, the chromatographic separation was implemented on a C18 column (Hypersil GOLD, 100 mm × 2.1 mm, 3.0 μm) using gradient elution with water (containing 0.1% formic acid) and methanol at the flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The analytes were measured under multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) mode with m/z 291.2 → 202.1 for carbinoxamine and m/z 285.0 → 193.2 for diazepam (IS) using electrospray ionization source (ESI) in the positive ion mode. A satisfactory linearity was obtained over the wide extent of 0.1-100.0 ng/mL (r > 0.99). Inter- and intra-day precision and accuracy of the assay were favorably accorded with the currently recognized limits (< 8.9%). The mean extraction recoveries for carbinoxamine ranged from 74.00% to 86.4%. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of carbinoxamine were subsequently evaluated in beagles. Following intragastric administration (0.534 mL/kg), carbinoxamine possessed a large apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment (Vc = 1005.7 ± 945.9 L/kg), oral clearance (Cl = 112.446 ± 53.249 L/h/kg), and a relatively long absorption time (Tmax = 2.38 ± 1.00 h). This analytical method with adequate sensitivity was applicable to pharmacokinetic study and could monitor concentrations of carbinoxamine in beagle plasma. Moreover, the methodology could be used for further bioequivalence determination and addressing metabolism associated with the drug.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Say "goodbye" to Disqusting third-party comments with HashOver, a free and open source PHP comment system under the GNU Affero General Public License. HashOver adds a "comment section" to any website, with only a few simple lines of JavaScript or PHP code. HashOver is a self-hosted system and allows completely anonymous comments to be posted, the only required information is the comment itself. No non-free JavaScript, non-free server-side software (software as a service), no account needed to comment, no e-mail address needed to comment, no storing comments on a third-party server, no IP address and user activity tracking, no ads, no heavy use of AJAX (JavaScript), no claiming of broad copyright on comments, no long load times, and no useless APIs. Version 1.0 adds comment sorting, Spanish and Japanese locale support, IP address blocking, spam filtering, embedded external images, control over comment HTML structure, user e-mail notifications subscription per comment, administration control for deletion and editing of all comments, new modular design, 95% JavaScript-free PHP-mode, and an optional login to claim comments after cookies expire. To learn more I direct you to the links below: Looking to the future: HashOver was first announced in July of 2010, as a reinvention of Disqus, however, its development started March 29th 2009. Since its initial early developmental "release" it has matured enough for me to be comfortable making an official version 1.0 release and accept contributions. HashOver version 1.0 should be stable, reliable, and user-friendly enough for productive and constructive daily use. HashOver version 1.0 consists of code written by one person over the course of five years, come March the 29th. Moreover, HashOver was my first serious use of JavaScript and my first PHP project of such complexity. Those two facts should trigger obvious concerns about HashOver's performance, efficiency, and security. With that in mind, version 2.0 will be the next release, and will focus on improving nothing but the following areas. Security Performance Code efficiency Deployment Data storage format Backwards and forwards compatibility Operating system support Aesthetics and graphics Graphic scalability on ( X i )HDPI displays )HDPI displays Code readability Bug fixes This means the possibility of new features in version 2.0 is next to nil, and contributions via GitHub and/or e-mail that add new features will be rejected, at least for the time being. Improvements to existing functionality and aesthetics will be accepted. New features will be accepted and available in version 2.x releases. Getting involved and helping out: For non-developers and users the simplest way to get involved and help out is by using HashOver on your website and reporting any problems you encounter. You may suggest new features or point out missing features and functionality. You may also help write HashOver's documentation and make tutorials to help other people use HashOver. Of course, Flattring this page is also appreciated. For developers the simplest way to get involved and help out is by cloning the hashover-next branch on GitHub and addressing issues in the areas mentioned above.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
In The Wild West, a skeletal horse and human hybrid, suggesting our practices of genetic manipulation, serves as a grim tale of foreboding. The skeleton, the horse skull, and the desert are symbols of cowboys and typical Western imagery. Television Westerns would typically portray life as good vs. bad, when in reality, the land, environment, people, and animals were all seen as a means to an end. The title refers to how the U.S., itself a part of the western hemisphere, is still taking over land, animals, and resources to this day, creating desert landscapes via clear-cutting and global warming.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
歡迎光臨golde0m5在痞客邦的小天地 If you've of all time old toothache strain or if you are experiencing them at the infinitesimal after you will cognize only how improbably sensitive they can be, the discomfort is sometimes impossible and can truly curb the holding you do for the duration of your day, it makes it stubborn to use your set for property similar to feeding trying foods such as as confectionery or potion liquids that mete out a piercing torment in your teeth, it truly is unbearable. In this nonfictional prose I am active to proportion every warning next to you active how to go astir operation your aching problem out, I anticipation you breakthrough it useful. The premier piece you need to do and this is belike the record major article of all to do, is to interaction your medical practitioner and brand an appointment, a executive dentist is truly the simply being who can look into and luxury your ache correctly, don't suppose that ache isn't all that overserious as it can atomic number 82 to terrifically intellectual worries and if you don't get it professionally examines and burned past it will more than possible only just get worse, variety an determination to see your dental practitioner and go to it. In the meantime, you will in all likelihood want to ameliorate the ugly misery of ache at married as various modern times a dentist assignment will not be incredibly soon, several modern times you will have to linger for a few weeks or conceivably even longest to get an designation so mistreatment a hole rectification to alleviate the strain should be thing you manifestation into. Here is only just one of the numerous household remedies you can use for ache stomach-ache relief: It's really oversimplified yet can be impressively telling too, all you do is drink a cup of spicy hose down on all sides your oral cavity and excitedly it will help out to better the pain, here's what you do... Fill a chalice next to water Put one spoon of salt in the water Take the sea into your oral cavity but do NOT knock back it Swig it on all sides your orifice for something like ten seconds Hold it ended the fang that is hurting for almost ten seconds Spit the nap out That's it, completely sincere and extraordinarily rapid to do, you can do this when you get up in the morning, after meals and in the past you go to bed at night, it may be competent to relieve the anguish of your toothache moderately a bit so you may want to bequeath it a try. This is with the sole purpose one of the abundant aching earth remedies here are out in that for you to use, record of them are tremendously breakneck and comfortable to use so if this one doesn't activity you consequently don't concern as you can retributive try another, suitable lot and call to mind to see your medical practitioner as shortly as likely.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
News that hockey enforcer Derek Boogaard's brain showed signs of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a degenerative brain condition related to Alzheimer's, has been met mostly with a collective shrug from members of that sport's fraternity. The National Hockey League's commissioner, Gary Bettman, responded by saying it is too early to draw any definite conclusions based on Boogaard's CTE. Even the fighters themselves seem to feel that any long-term damage they may suffer as a result of repeated headshots is a price worth paying for keeping their jobs and realizing their NHL dreams. Surveys done by the NHL Players' Association show the majority of NHL players want to keep fighting in hockey. As New Jersey Devils tough-guy David Clarkson said: "I wouldn't be in the league if I didn't play that type of style." Yet the risks are becoming increasingly clear. Boogaard's was the fourth NHLer whose brain was examined by the Boston University Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy. All four showed signs of CTE. Autopsies on former fighters' brains, including Bob Probert who died in 2010 from a heart attack and old-timer Reggie Fleming, showed severe brain damage. How then do we reconcile what science is telling us about the link between repeated head trauma and CTE with the fact that, almost to a man, the NHL's fighters say their jobs are worth the risk? Understanding this proclivity to accept serious, perhaps fatal, risks could shed some light on another issue that was debated last month in Durban, South Africa under the auspices of the United Nations climate change summit (COP 17). Skating towards disaster Climate science has evolved considerably over the last 20 years to the point that we are now virtually certain that humans, through the emissions of greenhouse gases, are causing climate change. We also know that the impacts of climate change are likely to be very serious if nothing is done to reign in global emissions dramatically. Even the International Energy Agency, hardly an environmental advocacy group, recently warned that the "door is closing" to avert catastrophic climate change. Yet despite years of repeated, urgent warnings from the scientific community, global emissions are up 49 per cent since 1990 and no new deal emerged out of Durban to replace the expiring Kyoto Protocol. In Canada, our total emissions are now more than 34 per cent above our Kyoto targets. For the most part, the public and the media recognize and acknowledge the risks of continuing to pour greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, yet we have thus far been unwilling to accept or support any substantive economic measures that might impact us personally. As with fighting in hockey, we know climate change might cause serious problems, even death for some, but as the current system is our meal ticket, it's worth the price. Clearly, an appeal to leaders to "do the right thing" has not been successful. In both cases, we have individuals such as Gary Bettman and Stephen Harper, who either question the validity of the science or refuse to take commensurate action in the face of mounting evidence. Tough guys as renewables So what can climate change campaigners learn from hockey? Emphasizing extreme future risks may not be nearly as effective as appealing for solutions that do not appear to pose a personal economic threat. In the case of hockey, this could be a continuing role for tough guys absent injurious blows to the head. For climate change, it may mean building an urgent case for a thriving, clean energy economy with better jobs, healthier communities and less pollution. Like Derek Boogaard, who reportedly loved what fighting brought him but did not like fighting itself, we don't love fossil fuels. We love what they do for us and we won't be persuaded to give them up easily no matter the risk -- unless of course there is a compelling alternative. Mark Brooks is a freelance journalist and broadcaster originally from B.C., now based in Ottawa. He hosts a radio program on CKCU, podcasts for Alternatives Journal, and is Ottawa correspondent to the Common Sense Canadian.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
-Assays from the rock chip and channel sampling program have yielded results up to 18.4 grams per tonne (g/t) Au, 1294g/t Ag and 3.9% Cu. -Miramont geologists have expanded the Stockwork Zone target to 500 meters (m) by 400m on surface. -The program has delineated 3 high-priority drill targets with additional targets currently being evaluated. –A Geophysical survey crew has mobilized to Cerro Hermoso. The priority targets show clear evidence of a close association with the large diatreme system that is thought to play the dominant role in mineralization within the Cerro Hermoso concession. The priority targets are: Central Breccia Zone – This gold-bearing hydrothermal breccia lays within the central portion of the Cerro Hermoso diatreme. Recent sampling by Miramont has expanded the size of the exposed Central Breccia Zone to an area of 500m by 200m. Miramont’s 2017 program returned encouraging gold results with high values of 18.4g/t, 10g/t and 9.3g/t, and 87 of the 178 samples returning anomalous Au > 0.1g/t. Historic channel sampling in the Central Breccia resulted in 43 meters averaging 1.8g/t which Miramont has subsequently confirmed with check samples. Stockwork Zone – The Stockwork Zone lies just outside the northern rim of the Cerro Hermoso diatreme. It is a 500m by 400m area encompassing extensive stockwork veining (crisscrossing quartz/sulfide veinlets) developed within an andesite unit displaying significant silver, copper, and gold mineralization throughout. Spot rock chip samples with as high as 500g/t Ag, 3.9% Cu and 10g/t Au were collected during the latest program. Of all 79 samples collected in this zone, 67 samples returned values >10g/t Ag. Mineralization is mostly oxidized, although occasional fresh sulfide grains can be seen. Historic work included face sampling that returned values up to 6.9% Zn, 6.6% Pb and 6.2oz./t Ag in multiple sulfide horizons. Examination of mine dump material by Miramont geologists has identified pieces of massive sulfide replacing carbonate limestone. On-going mapping and sampling is identifying additional target areas within the mining concessions. (Further information on the project geology and the distribution of gold, silver and copper within the target areas can be viewed on the maps provided on the Company’s website.) Mr. William Pincus, President and Chief Executive Officer, commented: "This is an exciting project for us. The combination of excellent host rocks, abundant structure that controls hydrothermal fluid flow and a well-understood geologic model makes this a great prospect. Throw in the fact that we are finding metal all over the place and you can understand why we’re eager to drill." Geophysical Crew Mobilized Miramont has contracted Arce Geofisicos of Lima, Peru to conduct induced polarization (IP) and ground magnetic surveys over the primary targets. Arce will use a distributed array system to collect IP data rather than the more conventional line/profile method. This will allow Miramont to build a more detailed three-dimensional model to aide its interpretation of the data. Geophysical results will be used to finalize the initial drill hole location and orientation. Drilling Planned Miramont is planning an initial 3,500m to 5,000m diamond core drill program to begin in 2018. It will test all three primary targets. Miramont’s environmental assessment has been submitted and is currently under review by the appropriate authorities. The Company has also received the required archeological approval. Miramont is now establishing camp facilities in the nearby town of Santa Lucia and a core lab and storage area on-site. Community Relations/Surface Agreements Miramont recognizes the importance of maintaining good relationships with all project stakeholders. It is actively working to maintain positive relations with local municipalities, civic organizations and indigenous communities. Access to all surface land needed for drilling has been secured. Private owners as well as indigenous communities own different parcels of land. Miramont has separate agreements with all private owners and is finalizing its agreement with the local community to expand its access. Other News Miramont also announces that it has terminated its option on the Midas Gold Property. The decision was made in light of the recent acquisition of Puno Gold Corporation and in doing so, focuses management efforts and financial resources on Miramont’s Peruvian projects. National Instrument 43-101 Disclosure The technical content of this news release has been reviewed and approved by Mr. William Pincus, CPG, President and CEO of Miramont and a Qualified Person as defined by National Instrument 43-101. About Miramont Resources Corp. Miramont is a Canadian based exploration company with a focus on acquiring and developing mineral projects within prospective belts of South America. Miramont’s key assets are located in southern Peru. The Cerro Hermoso property hosts a 1.4km diameter breccia pipe targeting gold – polymetallic mineralization, while the Lukkacha property is targeting porphyry copper mineralization. This release includes certain statements and information that may constitute forward-looking information and forward-looking statements within the meaning of applicable securities laws. All statements in this news release, other than statements of historical facts, including statements regarding future estimates, plans, objectives, assumptions or expectations of future performance, are forward-looking statements and contain forward-looking information. Generally, forward- looking statements and information can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as "intends" or "anticipates", or variations of such words and phrases or statements that certain actions, events or results "may", "could", "should", "would" or "occur". Forward-looking statements are based on certain material assumptions and analysis made by the Company and the opinions and estimates of management as of the date of this news release. These forward- looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements of the Company to be materially different from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements or forward-looking information. Although management of the Company has attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements or forward-looking information, there may be other factors that cause results not to be as anticipated, estimated or intended. There can be no assurance that such statements will prove to be accurate, as actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such statements. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on forward- looking statements and forward-looking information. Readers are cautioned that reliance on such information may not be appropriate for other purposes. The Company does not undertake to update any forward-looking statement, forward-looking information or financial outlook that are incorporated by reference herein, except in accordance with applicable securities laws. We seek safe harbor. Neither the Canadian Securities Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in the policies of the Canadian Securities Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Fort William Mountain Festival The Fort William Mountain Festival is an annual festival of mountain culture held in Fort William, Scotland. References External links Official website Category:Climbing in Scotland Category:Film festivals in Scotland Category:Mountaineering festivals Category:Fort William, Highland Category:Sports festivals in Scotland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
306 S.W.3d 561 (2009) The HIGHLANDS HOMES ASSOCIATION, et al., Appellants, v. The BOARD OF ADJUSTMENT, et al., Respondents. No. WD 70862. Missouri Court of Appeals, Western District. December 22, 2009. Motion for Rehearing and/or Transfer to Supreme Court Denied February 2, 2010. Application for Transfer Denied April 20, 2010. 563 Thomas M. Schneider, Columbia, MO, for Appellant. Kathleen D. Pitzer, Columbia, MO, for Respondents, Sprint Spectrum, L.P., E. Stanley Kroenke, William James, Jr., Dennis Harper and Sterling Kelly d/b/a Highland Properties Co. Susan G. Crigler, Columbia, MO, for Respondent, Board of Adjustment of the City of Columbia, Missouri. Before Division III: KAREN KING MITCHELL, Presiding Judge, and JAMES E. WELSH and MARK D. PFEIFFER, Judges. KAREN KING MITCHELL, Presiding Judge. This is an appeal from an administrative decision of the Columbia Board of Adjustment ("Board") granting two zoning variances in favor of Highland Properties Co. ("Landowner") and Sprint Spectrum, L.P. ("Sprint") for development of a disguised cellular support structure and accompanying equipment storage facility. We affirm the Board's decision. Factual and Procedural Background Landowner entered into a lease agreement with Sprint, allowing Sprint to construct a ninety-five-foot mono-pole cellular tower on a now-vacant lot. The tower, more accurately called a "disguised support structure," would be designed to look like a flagpole, but without the flag. It would not be lighted and would be painted a matte grey color. The lease also allowed for an equipment shelter for aboveground storage ancillary to the tower. The structure would be landscaped and hidden behind 564 a masonry wall. Verizon Wireless would also use the tower once constructed. The property at issue is zoned C-1, which is a commercial zoning designation for an "intermediate business district." Pursuant to Section 29-21.3(c)(4) of the City of Columbia Ordinances, the construction of a disguised support structure is a permitted use in a C-1 zoning district, "provided that all related equipment shall be placed underground or concealed within the structure." A variance would, therefore, be needed to place the equipment shelter aboveground. Landowner and Sprint requested such a variance from the Board. Columbia's ordinances also limit the height of any building or tower located in a C-1 zoning district to a maximum of thirty-five feet, while allowing another six feet for an antenna, for a maximum total height of forty-one feet. §§ 29-14(d)(3) & 29-26. Initially, Landowner and Sprint took the position before the Board that because disguised support structures were not buildings or towers, they were not subject to the height requirements and did not need a variance for the construction of the ninety-five-foot pole. The Board decided that, because the disguised support structure served basically the same purpose as a tower, it was subject to the height restriction. Accordingly, Landowner and Sprint sought a second variance for the height of the pole. The Board held a hearing on the variance issue. Evidence was presented to the effect that Sprint had a significant area where the cellular phone service it was able to provide to its customers was less than what was acceptable. Some areas had very poor coverage and some areas had no coverage. Sprint also presented evidence that an increasing number of customers were forgoing land lines in favor of cellular telephone service and that over half of the 911 calls made in Columbia in recent years had been made from cellular phones. A Sprint project manager testified that Sprint had looked for several years for a location for a cellular tower. No existing towers were acceptable to Sprint because they were either too far from the low-coverage area or were otherwise not acceptable for joint use with Verizon Wireless. Sprint had also approached several other landowners about constructing a tower in other locations but could not find an acceptable site where the landowner would agree to lease its land for the construction of a cellular tower. The only acceptable site willing to lease to Sprint was the site at issue. The proposed site is located across the street from the Highlands subdivision. The Highlands is an area of fairly upscale homes. Several of the homeowners testified at the hearing that they did not want the cellular tower in the proposed location because it would be visible from many of their homes, and they were afraid it would cause their property values to fall. Landowner presented a local real estate appraiser who testified that he had researched the issue and that several other upscale neighborhoods were located near and within sight of cellular towers and that the towers seemed to have no effect on property values. On the contrary, he believed that many other of the approved C-1 uses for the property, including apartments, daycare centers, restaurants, and retail centers, would create more traffic, noise, and visual pollution than would the cellular tower and would "have a greater potential to impact on the value of the property in that neighborhood than the proposed tower." In discussing the variance needed to place the equipment shelter aboveground, one Board member noted that "time and again, we have been shown that it just 565 doesn't work to put everything underground." Another Board member stated that he had had several meetings on the matter with other City officials and that they had found that it was not technically feasible to put all of the equipment needed for a cellular tower underground as the ordinance required. There was discussion about the need to update the ordinances, and the Board agreed to grant the two requested variances. The Highlands Homes Association and individual homeowners (collectively "Association") appeal the Board's decision. Standard of Review We review the decision of the Board, not the decision of the trial court. State ex rel. Teefey v. Bd. of Zoning Adjustment, 24 S.W.3d 681, 684 (Mo. banc 2000). We review many zoning board decisions to determine whether they are supported by competent and substantial evidence on the record as a whole, or whether they are arbitrary and capricious, unreasonable, unlawful, or in excess of the Board's jurisdiction. Id. This is the standard of review the Association urges us to use. A zoning board's grant of non-use variances such as the ones at issue in this case, however, are reviewed for abuse of discretion. State ex rel. Branum v. Bd. of Zoning Adjustment, 85 S.W.3d 35, 39 (Mo. App. W.D.2002). There are two main types of variances a board may be asked to grant. Use variances allow a landowner to use a particular property in a manner that is not permitted under applicable zoning ordinances. See Matthew v. Smith, 707 S.W.2d 411, 413 (Mo. banc 1986). Non-use variances allow the landowner to use the property in a manner approved by the ordinance but allow the landowner to deviate from a restriction related to the permitted use. Id. Non-use variances usually concern restrictions as to height of a structure, bulk of a structure, or setback from a property line. Id. In this case, a disguised cellular support structure is a permitted use for property zoned C-1, so the requested variance is a non-use variance. An applicant for a use variance must prove that it faces an "unnecessary hardship," whereas an applicant for a non-use variance must show that it faces "practical difficulties." Baumer v. City of Jennings, 247 S.W.3d 105, 113 (Mo.App. E.D.2008). The non-use variance applicant's burden is, therefore, "slightly less rigorous" than that of the use-variance applicant. Id. (emphasis in original). "The determination of whether practical difficulties exist is a factual matter," which is why the abuse of discretion standard is used. Id. Legal Analysis The Association's first two points on appeal are that there is a lack of substantial evidence in the record supporting the Board's grant of the non-use variances for the construction of the cellular tower and the equipment structure. Because the Association does not apply the correct standard of review, we will interpret their points as asserting that the Board abused its discretion in granting the variances. See Branum, 85 S.W.3d at 39. A. Height Variance We will first review the grant of the variance as to the height of the disguised support structure. The Board granted the variance, apparently finding Sprint and Landowner proved practical difficulties that warranted the variance. The Association argues that Landowner "failed to offer any evidence to establish the elements of a variance," citing Branum. Branum, however, does not set forth "elements of a variance," a fact that the Association's counsel acknowledged of his own accord at argument. Rather, Branum 566 notes that there is no precise definition for "practical difficulties" when it comes to a board's determination of whether a variance should be granted. Id. at 40. It goes on to quote Slate v. Boone County Board of Adjustment, 810 S.W.2d 361, 364 (Mo.App. W.D.1991), "`[a]t the very least, a non-use variance applicant must show that as a practical matter the property cannot be used for a permitted use without coming into conflict with certain of the ordinance's restrictions.'" Id. (emphasis added). The Association seems to interpret this to mean that before a variance could be granted, Landowner must show that the land cannot be used for any permitted use without coming into conflict with the ordinance's restrictions. This is not our reading of the law. Clearly, a disguised cellular support structure is a permitted use in property zoned C-1. Sprint and Landowner also presented evidence at the hearing that a forty-one-foot tower would not be sufficient to provide adequate service to Sprint's customers and that a minimum height of ninety-five feet would be required. Sprint and Landowner also provided several maps showing optimal cellular coverage as it is currently, what it would be with a thirty-five-foot tower, with a forty-one-foot tower, and with a ninety-five-foot tower. Thus, Landowner and Sprint sufficiently proved that they could not use the land for a disguised cellular support structure, a permitted C-1 use, without coming into conflict with the height restrictions found in the ordinance. Branum lists several additional factors for a board to consider when determining whether "practical difficulties" exist, and these are what the Association calls "elements of a variance." These factors include: (1) how substantial the requested variance is; (2) whether the variance will result in a substantial change to the character of the neighborhood or create a substantial detriment to adjoining properties; (3) whether the difficulty can be obviated by some method, feasible for the applicant to pursue, other than a variance; and (4) whether, in light of the manner in which the difficulty arose and considering all relevant factors, the interests of justice will be served by granting the variance. Id. at 41. We will briefly address each of these factors. Association points out that the requested height variance is more than twice the current height restriction set forth in the ordinance. While this is true, and certainly a ninety-five-foot-tall building would be difficult to justify in a C-1 area under any circumstance, the cellular tower is quite narrow, being designed to resemble a flagpole, and so it is far less obtrusive than its height alone would indicate. The Association argues that the second factor also weighs in its favor. Several neighbors testified at the hearing that they were afraid their property values would decrease if the variance were granted. However, there was ample evidence presented at the hearing that several other comparable subdivisions in Columbia were within sight of cellular towers, some much higher than the one proposed by Sprint and Landowner. Also, a local real estate appraiser testified that not only did he not believe that cellular towers reduced neighboring property values but that other approved uses for the C-1-zoned property would have a much greater negative impact on the enjoyment and value of the neighboring homes than would the tower. Association argues that the third factor favors it, because Landowner could have requested a change in the zoning of the property rather than request a variance. This is true. However, a landowner could always request a change in the zoning of a particular property; so if this were the 567 criterion, a variance would never be justified. Moreover, the Landowner and Sprint presented evidence that Sprint could not construct a workable cellular tower at the approved forty-one-foot height and that it had searched for several years without success to find a suitable substitute location. We find that a variance is the best cure for the would-be violation in this case. We find that the fourth factor also favors the Board's grant of the variance. The Board considered that cellular phone usage in Columbia was ever-increasing; that the area near the proposed tower had a gap in reliable service; that not only Sprint, but also Verizon was planning to use the proposed tower to provide cellular service to Columbia customers; that the requested variance was the least amount needed to provide adequate service to nearby properties; that the tower was not predicted to impact the value of neighboring homes negatively; and that the proposed tower would not present a health risk to nearby residents. While the Board did consider the testimony of the neighbors who attended the hearing, it unanimously voted to approve the variance, finding practical difficulties existed warranting the variance. The Board did not abuse its discretion with its determination. Finally, in addition to the four factors set forth in Branum, Association contends that variances may only be granted for reasons related to the property and not due to personal hardship of the owners. Specifically, Association claims that variances should be limited to situations where the topography of the land makes compliance with ordinance requirements impractical. Association clearly gets this "element of a variance" from Branum as well. Id. at 40-41. However, a careful reading of Branum and the cases it cites does not lead us to conclude that a topographical challenge is required for the proper granting of a variance in every instance. In several of the cases cited by Branum, the city ordinance at issue setting forth when a variance may be granted required such a topographical limitation.[1] Association cites no such limitation in the applicable Columbia ordinances. Another instance where Branum and the authority it cites require a land-specific challenge is when "economic hardship" is a primary consideration. Id. at 41. See also State ex rel. Holly Inv. Co. v. Bd. of Zoning Adjustment, 771 S.W.2d 949, 951-52 (Mo. App. W.D.1989). This occurs when an ordinance is violated and an applicant later seeks a variance to prevent great economic hardship in bringing its property into compliance with the ordinance. Branum, 85 S.W.3d at 41. Imposing the additional requirement of establishing a topographical limitation is justified when the Landowner created the "economic hardship" upon which he then seeks to rely to support a variance. Because Landowner and Sprint do not seek to rely on "economic hardship" as a primary consideration, we do not find that they were required to 568 show a topographical limitation to the particular piece of land in question to justify their request for a variance in this instance. In sum, the Board considered all of the relevant factors set forth in Branum and determined that the height variance Landowner and Sprint requested was appropriate. We do not find that it abused its discretion in so doing. B. Equipment Structure Variance Property zoned C-1 may have a disguised cellular support structure such as the one proposed, so long as any accompanying equipment is housed underground or concealed within the structure. Sprint and Landowner requested a variance to house the equipment in a separate aboveground support structure, which the Board also approved. The Association also argues that the Board erred in granting this variance. The Association's main argument as to this point is that Landowner presented no evidence other than its attorney's opening statement that the equipment could not be stored underground.[2] While this is true, the Board's proceedings are not bound by the strict rules of evidence that apply in courts. The Board may consider counsel's remarks. Also, the Board had before it a letter dated May 29, 2007, from counsel on behalf of Landowner's and Sprint's application for variance, which was requested to be considered part of the application, stated that the support equipment needed for the tower was "too large to be housed in the tower and [would] need to be accessible for maintenance, repair, replacement and other care such that being underground [was] not practical." Furthermore, the Board's discussion at the end of the hearing makes evident that it had considered this issue multiple times in the past: MS. JOHN: As to the underground equipment shed, time and again, we have been shown that it just doesn't work to put everything underground. MR. PANECK: John Sudduth, Building Regulations Supervisor, Henry Stoltz, City Counselor, and myself have had meetings over this issue. And I think it was Mr. Stoltz's position that it is nearly technically infeasible to place this equipment either underground or inside the structure. MS. JOHN: Right. MR. PANECK: And it has become the interpretation, though it is not necessarily in the ordinance, but it has become our interpretation that a disguised structure as a pole or a tree or whatever it may be, would include a disguised equipment shelter, so long as it was compatible with the adjoining architecture. MS. JOHN: Okay. Okay. Is that something that we should request a revision? MR. PANECK: Yes. "A board may consider the hearsay testimony of city staff members received without objection." Baumer v. City of Jennings, 247 S.W.3d 105, 113 (Mo.App. E.D. 2008); State ex rel. Sander v. Bd. of Adjustment, 60 S.W.3d 14, 16 (Mo.App. E.D. 2001). We see no need to require variance applicants to re-invent the wheel if the Board and other City officials have already heard evidence on this issue in other cases. The Association also argues that the Board has improperly effectively rewritten the ordinance by interpretation. While Mr. Paneck, in the above-cited transcript, used the word "interpretation," the Board did not merely interpret the existing ordinance to allow for an aboveground support *569 structure. The Landowner still applied for a variance on the matter, and the Board still granted the variance. The Board also noted that it should pursue revision of the ordinance in accordance with its findings for future development. We would remind the Board that so amending the ordinance might prevent similar litigation in the future, in case it is inclined to abandon such amendment. Repeated grants of variances on this issue could possibly constitute an abuse of the Board's discretion.[3]See Wehrle v. Cassor, 708 S.W.2d 788, 791 (Mo.App. E.D.1986) (holding that unlimited discretion to grant variances would constitute an unconstitutional delegation of legislative authority). Association has not alleged that the Board has repeatedly and improperly granted such variances, however, so as to constitute a de facto amendment of the ordinance. We do not find, therefore, that the Board abused its discretion in granting the variance for the aboveground support structure in this instance. C. Federal Telecommunications Act For the Association's final point on appeal, it claims that the Board erred in approving the requested variances to the extent that it relied on the Federal Telecommunications Act, because it does not apply to the case at issue. The Federal Telecommunications Act, 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7) (1996), provides that when a local governing authority denies permission to construct a wireless facility, the denial must be supported by substantial evidence. The purpose of this law is to "promote competition and higher quality in telecommunications services and to encourage the rapid deployment of new telecommunications technologies." Verizon Wireless (VAW), LLC v. Douglas County, Kansas, Bd. of County Comm'rs, 544 F.Supp.2d 1218, 1241 (D.Kan.2008). One of the Board members mentioned this provision during the discussion at the end of the hearing. As the Association notes in its own brief, however, "there is no reason to believe that the Board of Adjustment based its decision upon it." Indeed, the Telecommunications Act would have been applicable only if the Board had denied the applications for variance at issue in this case. It did not, and so we need not address this point further. Conclusion For all of the above reasons, we find that the Board of Adjustment of the City of Columbia did not abuse its discretion in granting the requested variances to Highland Properties Co. and Sprint Spectrum, L.P., for the construction of the disguised cellular support structure and the accompanying equipment facility. We, therefore, affirm the decision of the Board. JAMES E. WELSH, Judge, and MARK D. PFEIFFER, Judge, concur. NOTES [1] See, e.g., Hutchens v. St. Louis County, 848 S.W.2d 616, 618 (Mo.App. E.D.1993) (ordinance allowing variance "where there are practical difficulties or unnecessary hardships in the carrying out of these provisions due to an irregular shape of the lot, topographical or other conditions"); State ex rel. Klawuhn v. Bd. of Zoning Adjustment, 952 S.W.2d 725, 728 (Mo.App. W.D.1997) (ordinance allowing consideration of a variance when "[t]he particular physical surroundings, shape or topographical condition of the specific property involved would result in an unnecessary hardship upon the owner as distinguished from a mere inconvenience"); Wehrle v. Cassor, 708 S.W.2d 788, 790 (Mo.App. E.D.1986) (ordinance allowing granting of a variance "when an irregular shape of the lot, topographic or other similar condition causes practical difficulties or unnecessary hardships"). [2] That the equipment cannot be concealed within the flagpole-like structure is not challenged. [3] We say "could" because the court's own review of the zoning ordinances alerts us to Section 29-31(g)(6)c, which states: In passing upon appeals where there are practical difficulties or unnecessary hardship in the way of carrying out the strict letter of this chapter, [the Board shall have the power] to vary or modify the application of any of the regulations or provisions of such chapter relating to the construction or alteration of buildings, so that the spirit of such chapter shall be observed, public safety and welfare secured, and substantial justice done. Neither party addresses whether this provision could be used to allow the Board to routinely "interpret" the ordinances to allow support equipment structures aboveground without pursuing modification of the existing ordinances, and we need not decide the matter here.	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }
--- abstract: 'Recent papers that have studied variants of the Peyrard-Bishop model for DNA, have taken into account the long range interaction due to the dipole moments of the hydrogen bonds between base pairs. In these models the helicity of the double strand is not considered. In this particular paper we have performed an analysis of the influence of the helicity on the properties of static and moving breathers in a Klein–Gordon chain with dipole-dipole interaction. It has been found that the helicity enlarges the range of existence and stability of static breathers, although this effect is small for a typical helical structure of DNA. However the effect of the orientation of the dipole moments is considerably higher with transcendental consequences for the existence of mobile breathers.' address: - 'Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Universidad de Sevilla. Av. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012-Sevilla, Spain' - 'Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla. Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012-Sevilla, Spain' author: - 'B. Sánchez-Rey, JFR Archilla, F Palmero' - FR Romero date: Mars 2002 title: 'Breathers in a system with helicity and dipole interaction.' --- \#1\#2 [2]{} Introduction ============ A great deal of attention has been paid to the interplay between geometry and nonlinearity in locating problems in recent years. The relationship between geometry and nonlinearity has an important role in the functions of some biomolecules, such as DNA, where the localization of energy has been put forward as a precursory mechanism of the transcription bubble [@Peyrard], and moving localized excitations as a method of transporting information along the double strand [@Salerno]. The fact that hydrogen bonds that link each pair of bases in DNA have a finite dipole moment, has brought about the introduction of models [@Christiansen; @Mingaleev; @Archilla; @Cuevas] with long range dipole–dipole interaction. Apart from its theoretical interest, this interaction becomes relevant when the secondary structure of DNA is considered. The shape of the molecule can influence the localization and transport properties of energy, which is thought to play a biological function [@DNA]. Some of these models [@Christiansen] study the effects of the curvature in a chain of nonlinear oscillators using the discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Other models consider Klein-Gordon systems to study kinks [@Mingaleev], breathers in curved chains [@Archilla] or breathers with two competing interactions [@Cuevas]. However, all these models with long range interaction fail to take into account the peculiar helicoidal structure of the DNA chain, although this has been considered in some models [@Barbi] without the dipole interaction. In this paper, we study the effect of helicity on the properties of breathers in a Klein–Gordon model with dipole–dipole interaction. These periodic nonlinear localized oscillations in discrete systems are very localized excitations that appear as a consequence of the nonlinearity and discreteness of the system [@Mackay]. They are specially suitable for biomolecules when considering excitations that involve a few units, that is, far from the continuous limit. They can be static but, under certain conditions, also move and transport energy along the system [@Mobile]. We have found that the introduction of helicity enhances the stability of static breathers, although this effect is relatively small for the typical helicoidal structure of the DNA. On the other hand, the profile of the static breathers and the properties of moving ones are strongly dependent on the relative orientation between the dipole moments. The model {#sec:mod} ========= The model is inspired by the primary structure of DNA, with dipole moments perpendicular to the helix axis, and where the stretching of the hydrogen bonds within base pairs is described as a variation of the dipole moments. More detailed justification of the model can be found in [@Cuevas]. ![Sketch of the model at equilibrium. The arrows represent the dipoles moments, perpendicular to the helix axis.[]{data-label="fig1"}](figure1.eps){width="6cm"} We denote $\phi_n$ the angle of the n-dipole with respect to a reference axis perpendicular to the helix axis. Then, the angle between the nearest neighbouring dipoles is $\theta_{tw}=\phi_n-\phi_{n-1}$. We have considered this neighbouring angle constant along the chain, and it will be called the twisting angle. Thus, $\phi_{n+m}-\phi_n=m \theta_{tw}$, and, therefore, $2 \pi/ \theta_{tw}$ dipoles are needed to complete a turn of screw. In DNA, for example, the twisting angle is $36^{\mathrm{o}}$ and a turn of screw requires ten base pairs. Figure \[fig1\] shows a sketch of the model, where it can be appreciated that the system of dipoles have an helicoidal structure. In the appropriate dimensionless variables, the Hamiltonian of our system becomes $$\begin{aligned} H & =& \sum_{n=1}^{N} \bigg( \frac{1}{2} \dot{u}_n^2+ V(u_n) \nonumber\\ & & +\frac{1}{2} J \sum_{m=n-N/2}^{n+N/2}\frac{u_n u_m}{\|n-m\|^3}\cos [\theta_{tw} (n-m)] \bigg)\;\; ,\end{aligned}$$ where $N$ is the number of variables. The variables $\{u_n\}_{n=1}^N$, where $u_{n\pm N}=u_n$, represent, in the context of the Peyrard-Bishop model for DNA [@Peyrard], the transversal displacements of the two complementary nucleotides in the n-th pair with respect to the molecular axis. In our model, they describes the stretching of the dipoles with respect to their equilibrium length. $V(u_n)$ is the on site potential, which, in DNA models, describes the hydrogen bonds linking the two bases, and the parameter $J$ measures the strength of the long range dipole-dipole interaction. We have chosen the on–site potential as the Morse potential, given by $$V(u_n)=\frac{1}{2}(e^{-u_n}-1)^2$$ The reason for this, is that it is a suitable potential for representing chemical bonds, being asymmetric, with a hard part, modeling the repulsion between atoms or molecules, and a soft part that becomes flat, modeling the breakage of the bond. The dynamical equations become $$\label{eq:dyn} \ddot{u}_n+V'(u_n)+ J \sum_{m=n-N/2}^{n+N/2} \frac{\cos[\theta_{tw} (n-m)]} {\|n-m\|^3}u_m=0,$$ where n=1…N. To study the linear modes of the system we replace $V'(u_n)$ in equations \[eq:dyn\] with the linear term $u_n$, which implies that the time has been scaled so that the linear frequency $\omega_0=1$. Considering solutions of the form $u_n= e^{iqn-iwt}$ the following dispersion relation is obtained: $$\label{eq:fonon} w_k=\sqrt{1+2J \sum_{m=1}^{N/2} \frac{\cos(m\,\theta_{tw})}{m^3} \cos(m\,q_k )}$$ where $q_k=\frac{2 \pi k}{N}$, with $k=1\dots N$ due to the periodic boundary conditions. The variation of the phonon band with the helicity is shown in Figure \[fig2\], where the frequencies of the linear modes are represented as a function of the twisting angle, $\theta_{tw}$, for a fixed value of the coupling parameter $J=0.1$. The effect of the twisting is a narrowing of the phonon band, which will enhance the range of existence and stability of the breathers. This has been confirmed numerically. Breather existence and stability {#sec:breathers} ================================ We have studied the existence and stability of breathers in this model using the standard numerical methods described in Ref. [@Methods]. The Morse potential is a soft potential with the consequence that the frequency of a breather has to be lower than the linear frequency $\omega_0=1$. Thus, we have chosen, ${\omega_{\mathrm{b}}}=0.8$ so that the nonlinear effect will be significant but on the other hand not overtly strong, as the nonlinearities in DNA are thought to be weak. First of all, the helicity influence the breather profile. As is shown in figure \[fig3\], for a fixed value of the coupling parameter $J$, the increase of the twisting angle produces a transition from a zigzag profile (the nearest neighbour oscillating in antiphase) to a bell profile (all dipoles oscillating in phase). This effect follows from the spatial profile of the phonon state with the lowest frequency since the breather frequency is below the phonon band, and all the higher harmonics are way too high to be relevant. For $\theta_{tw}< \pi/2$ the interaction is effectively “antiferromagnetic" which leads to staggered phonons at the lower band edges. In the same way for $\theta_{tw}> \pi/2$ a “ferromagnetic" interaction is present which leads to a nonstaggered phonon at the lower band edge. The breather bifurcates from the lower band edge phonons and thus retains the property of the phonon structure. For $\theta_{tw}= \pi/2$ the system separates into two noninteracting sublattices: even and odd sites. As a result in this case, the nearest neighbors are at rest and the odd site sublattice remains unexcited. One–site breathers are stable at low coupling as was proved by Aubry [@Aubry]. For any value of the twisting angle $\theta_{tw}<90^o$ they can be continued from the anticontinuous limit till ${\omega_{\mathrm{b}}}$ enters the phonon band. Just before the breather disappears, it becomes unstable due to the occurrence of a harmonic bifurcation in the evolution of the Floquet eigenvalues. The increase of the twisting enhances the stability as is shown in Fig. \[fig4\] (circles). This can be understood if we consider only the nearest neighbor interaction (NNI). Then the influence of helicity on the stability of the breathers could be described by an effective coupling $J_{eff}=J \cos \theta_{tw}$. The one–site breather without twisting lose its stability for a coupling value of $J_c^0$. With twisting and only NNI this would occur for $J_c=J_c^0 / \cos \theta_{tw}$ (dash lines in Fig. \[fig4\]), which concurs with the numerical results. The two–site breather, which consist of two neighboring oscillators excited in phase, is also stable at low coupling. This can be understood in terms of Aubry’s band theory [@Aubry]. When coupling is increased a bubble of instability appears due to Krein crunches between the phonon band eigenvalues and a localized eigenvalue of the Floquet operator. If we continue increasing the coupling the double breather definitely becomes unstable due to the occurrence of a subharmonic bifurcation. Again, the effect of the twisting is to enlarge the range of stability toward higher values of the coupling parameter (full circles in Fig. \[fig4\]). This suggests that twisting might be a way to control the stability of the breathers in real systems. We have not considered the two–site breather in antiphase because it coincides with the one–site breather with zigzag profile, i.e., the Newton method converges to the same solution if we start at the anticontinuous limit with one non linear oscillator or with two nearest neighbor oscillators in antiphase. A rather different situation is the one with $\theta_{tw}>90^o$. First, the one–site breather is always stable until it disappears. Second, the two–site breather is unstable at low coupling but becomes stable just before its extinction. This behavior has important consequences for the mobility of these breathers as shown in the next section. For the sake of thoroughness we have also studied the effect of twisting with a hard $\phi^4$ potential $V(u_n)=u_n^2+1/4 u_n^4$, and a breather frequency ${\omega_{\mathrm{b}}}=1.2$. Qualitatively the results are similar except for the fact that breathers with $\theta_{tw}<90^o$ and breathers with $\theta_{tw}>90^o$ exchange their properties. Mobile breathers ================ Static breathers under certain conditions can be moved. The standard method to move a breather consists in perturbing its velocities with an spatially antisymmetric vector, called the marginal mode [@Mobile]. Typically, this method works within a certain range of parameters near an exchange stability bifurcation. This occurs when a one–site breather becomes unstable and a two–site breather does the opposite at a nearby point. We have looked for mobile breathers in our system both with a hard $\phi^4$ potential and with a Morse potential, but we have only had success with Morse potential and “ferromagnetic" interaction, i.e., $\theta_{tw}>90^o$. In this particular case, we found a similar situation to a stability exchange and we were able to move the breather perturbing it with the unstable localized mode of the two–site breather. This is an interesting result because this configuration is equivalent to a chain of antiparallel dipoles twisted $\pi-\theta_{tw}<\pi/2$. In fact, we can only expect parallel dipoles in synthetic DNA. A useful concept for describing the breather movement is its effective mass. If the norm of the perturbation velocity is $\lambda$, the kinetic energy added to the breather by the perturbation is $E=\lambda^2/2$. The resulting translational velocity of the breather, $v$, is found to be proportional to $\lambda$ [@Mobile]. Thus, moving breathers can be considered as a quasi-particle with a mass of $m^$, which can be defined through the relation $m^v^2/2=\lambda^2/2$. We have studied the dependence of the effective mass, $m^$, with the coupling $J$. Figure \[fig5\] shows the result for antiparallel dipoles ($\theta_{tw}=180^o$). Two different behaviors were obtained depending on the initial conditions. If we perturb the two–site breather, we observe that its effective mass increases monotonically with the coupling (full squares in Figure \[fig5\]). This reflects the fact that the two–site breather becomes stable with increasing coupling. But if a static one–site breather is chosen as the initial configuration, a minimum of $m^$ appears showing the existence of an optimal value of the coupling to move this breather (see blank squares in Figure \[fig5\]). We think that this minimum expresses a balance between the two opposite effects produced by an increase of the coupling on the stability of the one–site and two–site breathers. Similar results are obtained for other values $\theta_{tw}>\pi/2$. Conclusions {#sec:conclusion} =========== We have considered a system of oscillating dipoles with helicoidal structure in order to study the effect of helicity on the existence and properties of breathers. This study is motivated by the helicoidal structure of DNA, and the fact that it can be described by a reduced dynamic where the only degrees of freedom are the stretchings of the hydrogen bonds between base pairs, which have a finite dipole moment. In our model, the helicity produces a narrowing of the phonon band, and an enlargement of the range of existence and stability of the breathers, although this effect is small for a typical helicoidal structure of DNA. The effect of the orientation of the dipole moments, i.e., if the twisting angle is greater or not than 90 degrees, is however considerably higher. In particular, we have only found mobile breathers with a Morse potential and $\theta_{tw}>\pi/2$. Understanding the necessary conditions to move a breather is still an opened question today. Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered} =============== This work has been supported by the European Union under the RTN project, LOCNET, HPRN–CT–1999–00163. We acknowledge Jesús Cuevas for his useful comments. [99]{} M. Peyrard and A.R. Bishop, [Phys. Rev. Lett.]{}, 62:2755, 1989. M. Salerno and Yu. Kivshar, [Phys Lett A]{}, 193:263, 1994. P.L. Christiansen, YB. Gaididei, and S.F. Mingaleev, [J. Phys. Condens. Matter]{}, 13(6), 1181 (2001); YuB. Gaididei, S.F. Mingaleev, and P.L. Christiansen, [Phys Rev E]{}, 62:R53, (2000); S. F. Mingaleev, P. L. Christiansen, Yu. B. Gaididei, M. Johansson, and K. [Ø]{}. Rasmussen, [*]{}, 25:41–63 (1999). S. F. Mingaleev, YB. Gaididei, E. Majernikova and S. Shpyrko, [Phys Rev E]{}, 61(4), 4454 (2000). J.F.R. Archilla, P.L. Christiansen, S.F. Mingaleev, and YuB. Gaididei, [J Phys A: Math. Gen.]{}, 34:6363, 2001; J.F.R. Archilla, P.L. Christiansen, and YuB. Gaididei. [Phys Rev E]{}, 65(1):16609, 2002. J. Cuevas, J.F.R. Archilla, YuB. Gaididei, and F.R. Romero, [Physica D]{}, 2002, in press. C. Calladine and H. Drew. . Academic Press, London, 1992. M. Barbi, S. Cocco, and M. Peyrard, [Phys Lett A]{}, 253:358, 1999. M. Barbi, S. Cocco, M. Peyrard, and S. Ruffo, [J. Mol. Biol.]{}, 24:97, 1999; G. Gaeta, C. Reisss, M. Peyrard, and T. Dauxois, [Rev. Nuovo Cimento]{}, 17:1, 1994. R.S. MacKay and S. Aubry, []{}, 7:1623, 1994; S. Flach and C.R. Willis, [Physics Reports]{}, 295:181, 1998. Ding Chen, S. Aubry, and G.P. Tsironis, [Phys. Rev. Lett.]{}, 77:4776, 1996; S Aubry and T Cretegny, [Physica D]{}, 119:34, 1998. J.L. Marin and S. Aubry, []{}, 9:1501, 1996. S. Aubry, [*]{}, 103:201, 1997.	{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }
Nancy, As difficult as this is to believe, we have been told that VEPCO wants Enron to take the first crack at the interconnection agreement. Please put this on your list. I will check around here to see if there is a form we want to use as a starting point. Thanks, Kay	{ "pile_set_name": "Enron Emails" }
Planar Procrustes analysis of tooth shape. Accurate quantification of variation in tooth shape is important in studies of dental development, which typically have involved measuring distances between subjectively identified landmarks, key points of correspondence on teeth. An established statistical framework now exists for the analysis of shape when objects are represented as configurations of landmark coordinates; allowing work with the full geometry of objects, which is otherwise lost. This approach was introduced here to the study of tooth morphology, demonstrating how after optimally matching shapes to account for the unwanted effects of location, scale and rotation, most standard descriptive and inferential statistical techniques can be adapted and applied successfully. The techniques are illustrated using a sample of buccal-surface images of central incisors from patients with hypodontia; a significant difference is found in mean buccal-surface shape (Hotelling's two-sample T(2)-test; P=0.004) when compared to a corresponding control group. Successful implementation of these methods depends on the accuracy and reliability with which the landmarks are collected; issues and problems to be addressed are discussed.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
# findBadExternals.tcl -- # # This script scans the Tcl load library for exported symbols # that do not begin with 'Tcl' or 'tcl'. It reports them on the # standard output. It is used to make sure that the library does # not inadvertently export externals that may be in conflict with # other code. # # Usage: # # tclsh findBadExternals.tcl /path/to/tclXX.so-or-.dll # # Copyright (c) 2005 George Peter Staplin and Kevin Kenny # # See the file "license.terms" for information on usage and redistribution # of this file, and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES. #---------------------------------------------------------------------- proc main {argc argv} { if {$argc != 1} { puts stderr "syntax is: [info script] libtcl" return 1 } switch -exact -- $::tcl_platform(platform) { unix - macosx { set status [catch { exec nm --extern-only --defined-only [lindex $argv 0] } result] } windows { set status [catch { exec dumpbin /exports [lindex $argv 0] } result] } } if {$status != 0 && $::errorCode ne "NONE"} { puts $result return 1 } foreach line [split $result \n] { if {! [string match {* [Tt]cl*} $line]} { puts $line } } return 0 } exit [main $::argc $::argv]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Janov nad Nisou Janov nad Nisou, until 1947 Honsberk () is a village and municipality in Jablonec nad Nisou District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. Category:Villages in Jablonec nad Nisou District	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
/! ========================================================= bootstrap-slider.js * * Maintainers: * Kyle Kemp * - Twitter: @seiyria * - Github: seiyria * Rohit Kalkur * - Twitter: @Rovolutionary * - Github: rovolution * * ========================================================= * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. * ========================================================= / /* * Bridget makes jQuery widgets * v1.0.1 * MIT license / (function(root, factory) { if(typeof define === "function" && define.amd) { define(["jquery"], factory); } else if(typeof module === "object" && module.exports) { var jQuery; try { jQuery = require("jquery"); } catch (err) { jQuery = null; } module.exports = factory(jQuery); } else { root.Slider = factory(root.jQuery); } }(this, function($) { // Reference to Slider constructor var Slider; (function( $ ) { 'use strict'; // -------------------------- utils -------------------------- // var slice = Array.prototype.slice; function noop() {} // -------------------------- definition -------------------------- // function defineBridget( $ ) { // bail if no jQuery if ( !$ ) { return; } // -------------------------- addOptionMethod -------------------------- // /* * adds option method -> $().plugin('option', {...}) * @param {Function} PluginClass - constructor class / function addOptionMethod( PluginClass ) { // don't overwrite original option method if ( PluginClass.prototype.option ) { return; } // option setter PluginClass.prototype.option = function( opts ) { // bail out if not an object if ( !$.isPlainObject( opts ) ){ return; } this.options = $.extend( true, this.options, opts ); }; } // -------------------------- plugin bridge -------------------------- // // helper function for logging errors // $.error breaks jQuery chaining var logError = typeof console === 'undefined' ? noop : function( message ) { console.error( message ); }; /* * jQuery plugin bridge, access methods like $elem.plugin('method') * @param {String} namespace - plugin name * @param {Function} PluginClass - constructor class / function bridge( namespace, PluginClass ) { // add to jQuery fn namespace $.fn[ namespace ] = function( options ) { if ( typeof options === 'string' ) { // call plugin method when first argument is a string // get arguments for method var args = slice.call( arguments, 1 ); for ( var i=0, len = this.length; i < len; i++ ) { var elem = this[i]; var instance = $.data( elem, namespace ); if ( !instance ) { logError( "cannot call methods on " + namespace + " prior to initialization; " + "attempted to call '" + options + "'" ); continue; } if ( !$.isFunction( instance[options] ) \|\| options.charAt(0) === '_' ) { logError( "no such method '" + options + "' for " + namespace + " instance" ); continue; } // trigger method with arguments var returnValue = instance[ options ].apply( instance, args); // break look and return first value if provided if ( returnValue !== undefined && returnValue !== instance) { return returnValue; } } // return this if no return value return this; } else { var objects = this.map( function() { var instance = $.data( this, namespace ); if ( instance ) { // apply options & init instance.option( options ); instance._init(); } else { // initialize new instance instance = new PluginClass( this, options ); $.data( this, namespace, instance ); } return $(this); }); if(!objects \|\| objects.length > 1) { return objects; } else { return objects[0]; } } }; } // -------------------------- bridget -------------------------- // /* * converts a Prototypical class into a proper jQuery plugin * the class must have a ._init method * @param {String} namespace - plugin name, used in $().pluginName * @param {Function} PluginClass - constructor class / $.bridget = function( namespace, PluginClass ) { addOptionMethod( PluginClass ); bridge( namespace, PluginClass ); }; return $.bridget; } // get jquery from browser global defineBridget( $ ); })( $ ); /********************************************** BOOTSTRAP-SLIDER SOURCE CODE ***********************************************/ (function($) { var ErrorMsgs = { formatInvalidInputErrorMsg : function(input) { return "Invalid input value '" + input + "' passed in"; }, callingContextNotSliderInstance : "Calling context element does not have instance of Slider bound to it. Check your code to make sure the JQuery object returned from the call to the slider() initializer is calling the method" }; var SliderScale = { linear: { toValue: function(percentage) { var rawValue = percentage/100 (this.options.max - this.options.min); if (this.options.ticks_positions.length > 0) { var minv, maxv, minp, maxp = 0; for (var i = 0; i < this.options.ticks_positions.length; i++) { if (percentage <= this.options.ticks_positions[i]) { minv = (i > 0) ? this.options.ticks[i-1] : 0; minp = (i > 0) ? this.options.ticks_positions[i-1] : 0; maxv = this.options.ticks[i]; maxp = this.options.ticks_positions[i]; break; } } if (i > 0) { var partialPercentage = (percentage - minp) / (maxp - minp); rawValue = minv + partialPercentage * (maxv - minv); } } var value = this.options.min + Math.round(rawValue / this.options.step) * this.options.step; if (value < this.options.min) { return this.options.min; } else if (value > this.options.max) { return this.options.max; } else { return value; } }, toPercentage: function(value) { if (this.options.max === this.options.min) { return 0; } if (this.options.ticks_positions.length > 0) { var minv, maxv, minp, maxp = 0; for (var i = 0; i < this.options.ticks.length; i++) { if (value <= this.options.ticks[i]) { minv = (i > 0) ? this.options.ticks[i-1] : 0; minp = (i > 0) ? this.options.ticks_positions[i-1] : 0; maxv = this.options.ticks[i]; maxp = this.options.ticks_positions[i]; break; } } if (i > 0) { var partialPercentage = (value - minv) / (maxv - minv); return minp + partialPercentage * (maxp - minp); } } return 100 * (value - this.options.min) / (this.options.max - this.options.min); } }, logarithmic: { /* Based on http://stackoverflow.com/questions/846221/logarithmic-slider / toValue: function(percentage) { var min = (this.options.min === 0) ? 0 : Math.log(this.options.min); var max = Math.log(this.options.max); var value = Math.exp(min + (max - min) percentage / 100); value = this.options.min + Math.round((value - this.options.min) / this.options.step) * this.options.step; /* Rounding to the nearest step could exceed the min or * max, so clip to those values. / if (value < this.options.min) { return this.options.min; } else if (value > this.options.max) { return this.options.max; } else { return value; } }, toPercentage: function(value) { if (this.options.max === this.options.min) { return 0; } else { var max = Math.log(this.options.max); var min = this.options.min === 0 ? 0 : Math.log(this.options.min); var v = value === 0 ? 0 : Math.log(value); return 100 (v - min) / (max - min); } } } }; /*********************************************** CONSTRUCTOR ***********************************************/ Slider = function(element, options) { createNewSlider.call(this, element, options); return this; }; function createNewSlider(element, options) { / The internal state object is used to store data about the current 'state' of slider. This includes values such as the `value`, `enabled`, etc... / this._state = { value: null, enabled: null, offset: null, size: null, percentage: null, inDrag: false, over: false }; if(typeof element === "string") { this.element = document.querySelector(element); } else if(element instanceof HTMLElement) { this.element = element; } /********************************************** Process Options ***********************************************/ options = options ? options : {}; var optionTypes = Object.keys(this.defaultOptions); for(var i = 0; i < optionTypes.length; i++) { var optName = optionTypes[i]; // First check if an option was passed in via the constructor var val = options[optName]; // If no data attrib, then check data atrributes val = (typeof val !== 'undefined') ? val : getDataAttrib(this.element, optName); // Finally, if nothing was specified, use the defaults val = (val !== null) ? val : this.defaultOptions[optName]; // Set all options on the instance of the Slider if(!this.options) { this.options = {}; } this.options[optName] = val; } / Validate `tooltip_position` against 'orientation` - if `tooltip_position` is incompatible with orientation, swith it to a default compatible with specified `orientation` -- default for "vertical" -> "right" -- default for "horizontal" -> "left" / if(this.options.orientation === "vertical" && (this.options.tooltip_position === "top" \|\| this.options.tooltip_position === "bottom")) { this.options.tooltip_position = "right"; } else if(this.options.orientation === "horizontal" && (this.options.tooltip_position === "left" \|\| this.options.tooltip_position === "right")) { this.options.tooltip_position = "top"; } function getDataAttrib(element, optName) { var dataName = "data-slider-" + optName.replace(/_/g, '-'); var dataValString = element.getAttribute(dataName); try { return JSON.parse(dataValString); } catch(err) { return dataValString; } } /********************************************** Create Markup ***********************************************/ var origWidth = this.element.style.width; var updateSlider = false; var parent = this.element.parentNode; var sliderTrackSelection; var sliderTrackLow, sliderTrackHigh; var sliderMinHandle; var sliderMaxHandle; if (this.sliderElem) { updateSlider = true; } else { / Create elements needed for slider / this.sliderElem = document.createElement("div"); this.sliderElem.className = "slider"; / Create slider track elements / var sliderTrack = document.createElement("div"); sliderTrack.className = "slider-track"; sliderTrackLow = document.createElement("div"); sliderTrackLow.className = "slider-track-low"; sliderTrackSelection = document.createElement("div"); sliderTrackSelection.className = "slider-selection"; sliderTrackHigh = document.createElement("div"); sliderTrackHigh.className = "slider-track-high"; sliderMinHandle = document.createElement("div"); sliderMinHandle.className = "slider-handle min-slider-handle"; sliderMinHandle.setAttribute('role', 'slider'); sliderMinHandle.setAttribute('aria-valuemin', this.options.min); sliderMinHandle.setAttribute('aria-valuemax', this.options.max); sliderMaxHandle = document.createElement("div"); sliderMaxHandle.className = "slider-handle max-slider-handle"; sliderMaxHandle.setAttribute('role', 'slider'); sliderMaxHandle.setAttribute('aria-valuemin', this.options.min); sliderMaxHandle.setAttribute('aria-valuemax', this.options.max); sliderTrack.appendChild(sliderTrackLow); sliderTrack.appendChild(sliderTrackSelection); sliderTrack.appendChild(sliderTrackHigh); / Add aria-labelledby to handle's / var isLabelledbyArray = Array.isArray(this.options.labelledby); if (isLabelledbyArray && this.options.labelledby[0]) { sliderMinHandle.setAttribute('aria-labelledby', this.options.labelledby[0]); } if (isLabelledbyArray && this.options.labelledby[1]) { sliderMaxHandle.setAttribute('aria-labelledby', this.options.labelledby[1]); } if (!isLabelledbyArray && this.options.labelledby) { sliderMinHandle.setAttribute('aria-labelledby', this.options.labelledby); sliderMaxHandle.setAttribute('aria-labelledby', this.options.labelledby); } / Create ticks / this.ticks = []; if (Array.isArray(this.options.ticks) && this.options.ticks.length > 0) { for (i = 0; i < this.options.ticks.length; i++) { var tick = document.createElement('div'); tick.className = 'slider-tick'; this.ticks.push(tick); sliderTrack.appendChild(tick); } sliderTrackSelection.className += " tick-slider-selection"; } sliderTrack.appendChild(sliderMinHandle); sliderTrack.appendChild(sliderMaxHandle); this.tickLabels = []; if (Array.isArray(this.options.ticks_labels) && this.options.ticks_labels.length > 0) { this.tickLabelContainer = document.createElement('div'); this.tickLabelContainer.className = 'slider-tick-label-container'; for (i = 0; i < this.options.ticks_labels.length; i++) { var label = document.createElement('div'); var noTickPositionsSpecified = this.options.ticks_positions.length === 0; var tickLabelsIndex = (this.options.reversed && noTickPositionsSpecified) ? (this.options.ticks_labels.length - (i + 1)) : i; label.className = 'slider-tick-label'; label.innerHTML = this.options.ticks_labels[tickLabelsIndex]; this.tickLabels.push(label); this.tickLabelContainer.appendChild(label); } } var createAndAppendTooltipSubElements = function(tooltipElem) { var arrow = document.createElement("div"); arrow.className = "tooltip-arrow"; var inner = document.createElement("div"); inner.className = "tooltip-inner"; tooltipElem.appendChild(arrow); tooltipElem.appendChild(inner); }; / Create tooltip elements / var sliderTooltip = document.createElement("div"); sliderTooltip.className = "tooltip tooltip-main"; sliderTooltip.setAttribute('role', 'presentation'); createAndAppendTooltipSubElements(sliderTooltip); var sliderTooltipMin = document.createElement("div"); sliderTooltipMin.className = "tooltip tooltip-min"; sliderTooltipMin.setAttribute('role', 'presentation'); createAndAppendTooltipSubElements(sliderTooltipMin); var sliderTooltipMax = document.createElement("div"); sliderTooltipMax.className = "tooltip tooltip-max"; sliderTooltipMax.setAttribute('role', 'presentation'); createAndAppendTooltipSubElements(sliderTooltipMax); / Append components to sliderElem / this.sliderElem.appendChild(sliderTrack); this.sliderElem.appendChild(sliderTooltip); this.sliderElem.appendChild(sliderTooltipMin); this.sliderElem.appendChild(sliderTooltipMax); if (this.tickLabelContainer) { this.sliderElem.appendChild(this.tickLabelContainer); } / Append slider element to parent container, right before the original <input> element / parent.insertBefore(this.sliderElem, this.element); / Hide original <input> element / this.element.style.display = "none"; } / If JQuery exists, cache JQ references / if($) { this.$element = $(this.element); this.$sliderElem = $(this.sliderElem); } /********************************************** Setup ***********************************************/ this.eventToCallbackMap = {}; this.sliderElem.id = this.options.id; this.touchCapable = 'ontouchstart' in window \|\| (window.DocumentTouch && document instanceof window.DocumentTouch); this.tooltip = this.sliderElem.querySelector('.tooltip-main'); this.tooltipInner = this.tooltip.querySelector('.tooltip-inner'); this.tooltip_min = this.sliderElem.querySelector('.tooltip-min'); this.tooltipInner_min = this.tooltip_min.querySelector('.tooltip-inner'); this.tooltip_max = this.sliderElem.querySelector('.tooltip-max'); this.tooltipInner_max= this.tooltip_max.querySelector('.tooltip-inner'); if (SliderScale[this.options.scale]) { this.options.scale = SliderScale[this.options.scale]; } if (updateSlider === true) { // Reset classes this._removeClass(this.sliderElem, 'slider-horizontal'); this._removeClass(this.sliderElem, 'slider-vertical'); this._removeClass(this.tooltip, 'hide'); this._removeClass(this.tooltip_min, 'hide'); this._removeClass(this.tooltip_max, 'hide'); // Undo existing inline styles for track ["left", "top", "width", "height"].forEach(function(prop) { this._removeProperty(this.trackLow, prop); this._removeProperty(this.trackSelection, prop); this._removeProperty(this.trackHigh, prop); }, this); // Undo inline styles on handles [this.handle1, this.handle2].forEach(function(handle) { this._removeProperty(handle, 'left'); this._removeProperty(handle, 'top'); }, this); // Undo inline styles and classes on tooltips [this.tooltip, this.tooltip_min, this.tooltip_max].forEach(function(tooltip) { this._removeProperty(tooltip, 'left'); this._removeProperty(tooltip, 'top'); this._removeProperty(tooltip, 'margin-left'); this._removeProperty(tooltip, 'margin-top'); this._removeClass(tooltip, 'right'); this._removeClass(tooltip, 'top'); }, this); } if(this.options.orientation === 'vertical') { this._addClass(this.sliderElem,'slider-vertical'); this.stylePos = 'top'; this.mousePos = 'pageY'; this.sizePos = 'offsetHeight'; } else { this._addClass(this.sliderElem, 'slider-horizontal'); this.sliderElem.style.width = origWidth; this.options.orientation = 'horizontal'; this.stylePos = 'left'; this.mousePos = 'pageX'; this.sizePos = 'offsetWidth'; } this._setTooltipPosition(); / In case ticks are specified, overwrite the min and max bounds / if (Array.isArray(this.options.ticks) && this.options.ticks.length > 0) { this.options.max = Math.max.apply(Math, this.options.ticks); this.options.min = Math.min.apply(Math, this.options.ticks); } if (Array.isArray(this.options.value)) { this.options.range = true; this._state.value = this.options.value; } else if (this.options.range) { // User wants a range, but value is not an array this._state.value = [this.options.value, this.options.max]; } else { this._state.value = this.options.value; } this.trackLow = sliderTrackLow \|\| this.trackLow; this.trackSelection = sliderTrackSelection \|\| this.trackSelection; this.trackHigh = sliderTrackHigh \|\| this.trackHigh; if (this.options.selection === 'none') { this._addClass(this.trackLow, 'hide'); this._addClass(this.trackSelection, 'hide'); this._addClass(this.trackHigh, 'hide'); } this.handle1 = sliderMinHandle \|\| this.handle1; this.handle2 = sliderMaxHandle \|\| this.handle2; if (updateSlider === true) { // Reset classes this._removeClass(this.handle1, 'round triangle'); this._removeClass(this.handle2, 'round triangle hide'); for (i = 0; i < this.ticks.length; i++) { this._removeClass(this.ticks[i], 'round triangle hide'); } } var availableHandleModifiers = ['round', 'triangle', 'custom']; var isValidHandleType = availableHandleModifiers.indexOf(this.options.handle) !== -1; if (isValidHandleType) { this._addClass(this.handle1, this.options.handle); this._addClass(this.handle2, this.options.handle); for (i = 0; i < this.ticks.length; i++) { this._addClass(this.ticks[i], this.options.handle); } } this._state.offset = this._offset(this.sliderElem); this._state.size = this.sliderElem[this.sizePos]; this.setValue(this._state.value); /*************************************** Bind Event Listeners **************************************/ // Bind keyboard handlers this.handle1Keydown = this._keydown.bind(this, 0); this.handle1.addEventListener("keydown", this.handle1Keydown, false); this.handle2Keydown = this._keydown.bind(this, 1); this.handle2.addEventListener("keydown", this.handle2Keydown, false); this.mousedown = this._mousedown.bind(this); if (this.touchCapable) { // Bind touch handlers this.sliderElem.addEventListener("touchstart", this.mousedown, false); } this.sliderElem.addEventListener("mousedown", this.mousedown, false); // Bind tooltip-related handlers if(this.options.tooltip === 'hide') { this._addClass(this.tooltip, 'hide'); this._addClass(this.tooltip_min, 'hide'); this._addClass(this.tooltip_max, 'hide'); } else if(this.options.tooltip === 'always') { this._showTooltip(); this._alwaysShowTooltip = true; } else { this.showTooltip = this._showTooltip.bind(this); this.hideTooltip = this._hideTooltip.bind(this); this.sliderElem.addEventListener("mouseenter", this.showTooltip, false); this.sliderElem.addEventListener("mouseleave", this.hideTooltip, false); this.handle1.addEventListener("focus", this.showTooltip, false); this.handle1.addEventListener("blur", this.hideTooltip, false); this.handle2.addEventListener("focus", this.showTooltip, false); this.handle2.addEventListener("blur", this.hideTooltip, false); } if(this.options.enabled) { this.enable(); } else { this.disable(); } } /********************************************* INSTANCE PROPERTIES/METHODS - Any methods bound to the prototype are considered part of the plugin's `public` interface ***********************************************/ Slider.prototype = { _init: function() {}, // NOTE: Must exist to support bridget constructor: Slider, defaultOptions: { id: "", min: 0, max: 10, step: 1, precision: 0, orientation: 'horizontal', value: 5, range: false, selection: 'before', tooltip: 'show', tooltip_split: false, handle: 'round', reversed: false, enabled: true, formatter: function(val) { if (Array.isArray(val)) { return val[0] + " : " + val[1]; } else { return val; } }, natural_arrow_keys: false, ticks: [], ticks_positions: [], ticks_labels: [], ticks_snap_bounds: 0, scale: 'linear', focus: false, tooltip_position: null, labelledby: null }, getElement: function() { return this.sliderElem; }, getValue: function() { if (this.options.range) { return this._state.value; } else { return this._state.value[0]; } }, setValue: function(val, triggerSlideEvent, triggerChangeEvent) { if (!val) { val = 0; } var oldValue = this.getValue(); this._state.value = this._validateInputValue(val); var applyPrecision = this._applyPrecision.bind(this); if (this.options.range) { this._state.value[0] = applyPrecision(this._state.value[0]); this._state.value[1] = applyPrecision(this._state.value[1]); this._state.value[0] = Math.max(this.options.min, Math.min(this.options.max, this._state.value[0])); this._state.value[1] = Math.max(this.options.min, Math.min(this.options.max, this._state.value[1])); } else { this._state.value = applyPrecision(this._state.value); this._state.value = [ Math.max(this.options.min, Math.min(this.options.max, this._state.value))]; this._addClass(this.handle2, 'hide'); if (this.options.selection === 'after') { this._state.value[1] = this.options.max; } else { this._state.value[1] = this.options.min; } } if (this.options.max > this.options.min) { this._state.percentage = [ this._toPercentage(this._state.value[0]), this._toPercentage(this._state.value[1]), this.options.step 100 / (this.options.max - this.options.min) ]; } else { this._state.percentage = [0, 0, 100]; } this._layout(); var newValue = this.options.range ? this._state.value : this._state.value[0]; if(triggerSlideEvent === true) { this._trigger('slide', newValue); } if( (oldValue !== newValue) && (triggerChangeEvent === true) ) { this._trigger('change', { oldValue: oldValue, newValue: newValue }); } this._setDataVal(newValue); return this; }, destroy: function(){ // Remove event handlers on slider elements this._removeSliderEventHandlers(); // Remove the slider from the DOM this.sliderElem.parentNode.removeChild(this.sliderElem); /* Show original <input> element / this.element.style.display = ""; // Clear out custom event bindings this._cleanUpEventCallbacksMap(); // Remove data values this.element.removeAttribute("data"); // Remove JQuery handlers/data if($) { this._unbindJQueryEventHandlers(); this.$element.removeData('slider'); } }, disable: function() { this._state.enabled = false; this.handle1.removeAttribute("tabindex"); this.handle2.removeAttribute("tabindex"); this._addClass(this.sliderElem, 'slider-disabled'); this._trigger('slideDisabled'); return this; }, enable: function() { this._state.enabled = true; this.handle1.setAttribute("tabindex", 0); this.handle2.setAttribute("tabindex", 0); this._removeClass(this.sliderElem, 'slider-disabled'); this._trigger('slideEnabled'); return this; }, toggle: function() { if(this._state.enabled) { this.disable(); } else { this.enable(); } return this; }, isEnabled: function() { return this._state.enabled; }, on: function(evt, callback) { this._bindNonQueryEventHandler(evt, callback); return this; }, off: function(evt, callback) { if($) { this.$element.off(evt, callback); this.$sliderElem.off(evt, callback); } else { this._unbindNonQueryEventHandler(evt, callback); } }, getAttribute: function(attribute) { if(attribute) { return this.options[attribute]; } else { return this.options; } }, setAttribute: function(attribute, value) { this.options[attribute] = value; return this; }, refresh: function() { this._removeSliderEventHandlers(); createNewSlider.call(this, this.element, this.options); if($) { // Bind new instance of slider to the element $.data(this.element, 'slider', this); } return this; }, relayout: function() { this._layout(); return this; }, /***************************+ HELPERS - Any method that is not part of the public interface. - Place it underneath this comment block and write its signature like so: _fnName : function() {...} *****************************/ _removeSliderEventHandlers: function() { // Remove keydown event listeners this.handle1.removeEventListener("keydown", this.handle1Keydown, false); this.handle2.removeEventListener("keydown", this.handle2Keydown, false); if (this.showTooltip) { this.handle1.removeEventListener("focus", this.showTooltip, false); this.handle2.removeEventListener("focus", this.showTooltip, false); } if (this.hideTooltip) { this.handle1.removeEventListener("blur", this.hideTooltip, false); this.handle2.removeEventListener("blur", this.hideTooltip, false); } // Remove event listeners from sliderElem if (this.showTooltip) { this.sliderElem.removeEventListener("mouseenter", this.showTooltip, false); } if (this.hideTooltip) { this.sliderElem.removeEventListener("mouseleave", this.hideTooltip, false); } this.sliderElem.removeEventListener("touchstart", this.mousedown, false); this.sliderElem.removeEventListener("mousedown", this.mousedown, false); }, _bindNonQueryEventHandler: function(evt, callback) { if(this.eventToCallbackMap[evt] === undefined) { this.eventToCallbackMap[evt] = []; } this.eventToCallbackMap[evt].push(callback); }, _unbindNonQueryEventHandler: function(evt, callback) { var callbacks = this.eventToCallbackMap[evt]; if(callbacks !== undefined) { for (var i = 0; i < callbacks.length; i++) { if (callbacks[i] === callback) { callbacks.splice(i, 1); break; } } } }, _cleanUpEventCallbacksMap: function() { var eventNames = Object.keys(this.eventToCallbackMap); for(var i = 0; i < eventNames.length; i++) { var eventName = eventNames[i]; this.eventToCallbackMap[eventName] = null; } }, _showTooltip: function() { if (this.options.tooltip_split === false ){ this._addClass(this.tooltip, 'in'); this.tooltip_min.style.display = 'none'; this.tooltip_max.style.display = 'none'; } else { this._addClass(this.tooltip_min, 'in'); this._addClass(this.tooltip_max, 'in'); this.tooltip.style.display = 'none'; } this._state.over = true; }, _hideTooltip: function() { if (this._state.inDrag === false && this.alwaysShowTooltip !== true) { this._removeClass(this.tooltip, 'in'); this._removeClass(this.tooltip_min, 'in'); this._removeClass(this.tooltip_max, 'in'); } this._state.over = false; }, _layout: function() { var positionPercentages; if(this.options.reversed) { positionPercentages = [ 100 - this._state.percentage[0], this.options.range ? 100 - this._state.percentage[1] : this._state.percentage[1]]; } else { positionPercentages = [ this._state.percentage[0], this._state.percentage[1] ]; } this.handle1.style[this.stylePos] = positionPercentages[0]+'%'; this.handle1.setAttribute('aria-valuenow', this._state.value[0]); this.handle2.style[this.stylePos] = positionPercentages[1]+'%'; this.handle2.setAttribute('aria-valuenow', this._state.value[1]); / Position ticks and labels / if (Array.isArray(this.options.ticks) && this.options.ticks.length > 0) { var styleSize = this.options.orientation === 'vertical' ? 'height' : 'width'; var styleMargin = this.options.orientation === 'vertical' ? 'marginTop' : 'marginLeft'; var labelSize = this._state.size / (this.options.ticks.length - 1); if (this.tickLabelContainer) { var extraMargin = 0; if (this.options.ticks_positions.length === 0) { if (this.options.orientation !== 'vertical') { this.tickLabelContainer.style[styleMargin] = -labelSize/2 + 'px'; } extraMargin = this.tickLabelContainer.offsetHeight; } else { / Chidren are position absolute, calculate height by finding the max offsetHeight of a child / for (i = 0 ; i < this.tickLabelContainer.childNodes.length; i++) { if (this.tickLabelContainer.childNodes[i].offsetHeight > extraMargin) { extraMargin = this.tickLabelContainer.childNodes[i].offsetHeight; } } } if (this.options.orientation === 'horizontal') { this.sliderElem.style.marginBottom = extraMargin + 'px'; } } for (var i = 0; i < this.options.ticks.length; i++) { var percentage = this.options.ticks_positions[i] \|\| this._toPercentage(this.options.ticks[i]); if (this.options.reversed) { percentage = 100 - percentage; } this.ticks[i].style[this.stylePos] = percentage + '%'; / Set class labels to denote whether ticks are in the selection / this._removeClass(this.ticks[i], 'in-selection'); if (!this.options.range) { if (this.options.selection === 'after' && percentage >= positionPercentages[0]){ this._addClass(this.ticks[i], 'in-selection'); } else if (this.options.selection === 'before' && percentage <= positionPercentages[0]) { this._addClass(this.ticks[i], 'in-selection'); } } else if (percentage >= positionPercentages[0] && percentage <= positionPercentages[1]) { this._addClass(this.ticks[i], 'in-selection'); } if (this.tickLabels[i]) { this.tickLabels[i].style[styleSize] = labelSize + 'px'; if (this.options.orientation !== 'vertical' && this.options.ticks_positions[i] !== undefined) { this.tickLabels[i].style.position = 'absolute'; this.tickLabels[i].style[this.stylePos] = percentage + '%'; this.tickLabels[i].style[styleMargin] = -labelSize/2 + 'px'; } else if (this.options.orientation === 'vertical') { this.tickLabels[i].style['marginLeft'] = this.sliderElem.offsetWidth + 'px'; this.tickLabelContainer.style['marginTop'] = this.sliderElem.offsetWidth / 2 -1 + 'px'; } } } } var formattedTooltipVal; if (this.options.range) { formattedTooltipVal = this.options.formatter(this._state.value); this._setText(this.tooltipInner, formattedTooltipVal); this.tooltip.style[this.stylePos] = (positionPercentages[1] + positionPercentages[0])/2 + '%'; if (this.options.orientation === 'vertical') { this._css(this.tooltip, 'margin-top', -this.tooltip.offsetHeight / 2 + 'px'); } else { this._css(this.tooltip, 'margin-left', -this.tooltip.offsetWidth / 2 + 'px'); } if (this.options.orientation === 'vertical') { this._css(this.tooltip, 'margin-top', -this.tooltip.offsetHeight / 2 + 'px'); } else { this._css(this.tooltip, 'margin-left', -this.tooltip.offsetWidth / 2 + 'px'); } var innerTooltipMinText = this.options.formatter(this._state.value[0]); this._setText(this.tooltipInner_min, innerTooltipMinText); var innerTooltipMaxText = this.options.formatter(this._state.value[1]); this._setText(this.tooltipInner_max, innerTooltipMaxText); this.tooltip_min.style[this.stylePos] = positionPercentages[0] + '%'; if (this.options.orientation === 'vertical') { this._css(this.tooltip_min, 'margin-top', -this.tooltip_min.offsetHeight / 2 + 'px'); } else { this._css(this.tooltip_min, 'margin-left', -this.tooltip_min.offsetWidth / 2 + 'px'); } this.tooltip_max.style[this.stylePos] = positionPercentages[1] + '%'; if (this.options.orientation === 'vertical') { this._css(this.tooltip_max, 'margin-top', -this.tooltip_max.offsetHeight / 2 + 'px'); } else { this._css(this.tooltip_max, 'margin-left', -this.tooltip_max.offsetWidth / 2 + 'px'); } } else { formattedTooltipVal = this.options.formatter(this._state.value[0]); this._setText(this.tooltipInner, formattedTooltipVal); this.tooltip.style[this.stylePos] = positionPercentages[0] + '%'; if (this.options.orientation === 'vertical') { this._css(this.tooltip, 'margin-top', -this.tooltip.offsetHeight / 2 + 'px'); } else { this._css(this.tooltip, 'margin-left', -this.tooltip.offsetWidth / 2 + 'px'); } } if (this.options.orientation === 'vertical') { this.trackLow.style.top = '0'; this.trackLow.style.height = Math.min(positionPercentages[0], positionPercentages[1]) +'%'; this.trackSelection.style.top = Math.min(positionPercentages[0], positionPercentages[1]) +'%'; this.trackSelection.style.height = Math.abs(positionPercentages[0] - positionPercentages[1]) +'%'; this.trackHigh.style.bottom = '0'; this.trackHigh.style.height = (100 - Math.min(positionPercentages[0], positionPercentages[1]) - Math.abs(positionPercentages[0] - positionPercentages[1])) +'%'; } else { this.trackLow.style.left = '0'; this.trackLow.style.width = Math.min(positionPercentages[0], positionPercentages[1]) +'%'; this.trackSelection.style.left = Math.min(positionPercentages[0], positionPercentages[1]) +'%'; this.trackSelection.style.width = Math.abs(positionPercentages[0] - positionPercentages[1]) +'%'; this.trackHigh.style.right = '0'; this.trackHigh.style.width = (100 - Math.min(positionPercentages[0], positionPercentages[1]) - Math.abs(positionPercentages[0] - positionPercentages[1])) +'%'; var offset_min = this.tooltip_min.getBoundingClientRect(); var offset_max = this.tooltip_max.getBoundingClientRect(); if (offset_min.right > offset_max.left) { this._removeClass(this.tooltip_max, 'top'); this._addClass(this.tooltip_max, 'bottom'); this.tooltip_max.style.top = 18 + 'px'; } else { this._removeClass(this.tooltip_max, 'bottom'); this._addClass(this.tooltip_max, 'top'); this.tooltip_max.style.top = this.tooltip_min.style.top; } } }, _removeProperty: function(element, prop) { if (element.style.removeProperty) { element.style.removeProperty(prop); } else { element.style.removeAttribute(prop); } }, _mousedown: function(ev) { if(!this._state.enabled) { return false; } this._state.offset = this._offset(this.sliderElem); this._state.size = this.sliderElem[this.sizePos]; var percentage = this._getPercentage(ev); if (this.options.range) { var diff1 = Math.abs(this._state.percentage[0] - percentage); var diff2 = Math.abs(this._state.percentage[1] - percentage); this._state.dragged = (diff1 < diff2) ? 0 : 1; } else { this._state.dragged = 0; } this._state.percentage[this._state.dragged] = percentage; this._layout(); if (this.touchCapable) { document.removeEventListener("touchmove", this.mousemove, false); document.removeEventListener("touchend", this.mouseup, false); } if(this.mousemove){ document.removeEventListener("mousemove", this.mousemove, false); } if(this.mouseup){ document.removeEventListener("mouseup", this.mouseup, false); } this.mousemove = this._mousemove.bind(this); this.mouseup = this._mouseup.bind(this); if (this.touchCapable) { // Touch: Bind touch events: document.addEventListener("touchmove", this.mousemove, false); document.addEventListener("touchend", this.mouseup, false); } // Bind mouse events: document.addEventListener("mousemove", this.mousemove, false); document.addEventListener("mouseup", this.mouseup, false); this._state.inDrag = true; var newValue = this._calculateValue(); this._trigger('slideStart', newValue); this._setDataVal(newValue); this.setValue(newValue, false, true); this._pauseEvent(ev); if (this.options.focus) { this._triggerFocusOnHandle(this._state.dragged); } return true; }, _triggerFocusOnHandle: function(handleIdx) { if(handleIdx === 0) { this.handle1.focus(); } if(handleIdx === 1) { this.handle2.focus(); } }, _keydown: function(handleIdx, ev) { if(!this._state.enabled) { return false; } var dir; switch (ev.keyCode) { case 37: // left case 40: // down dir = -1; break; case 39: // right case 38: // up dir = 1; break; } if (!dir) { return; } // use natural arrow keys instead of from min to max if (this.options.natural_arrow_keys) { var ifVerticalAndNotReversed = (this.options.orientation === 'vertical' && !this.options.reversed); var ifHorizontalAndReversed = (this.options.orientation === 'horizontal' && this.options.reversed); if (ifVerticalAndNotReversed \|\| ifHorizontalAndReversed) { dir = -dir; } } var val = this._state.value[handleIdx] + dir * this.options.step; if (this.options.range) { val = [ (!handleIdx) ? val : this._state.value[0], ( handleIdx) ? val : this._state.value[1]]; } this._trigger('slideStart', val); this._setDataVal(val); this.setValue(val, true, true); this._setDataVal(val); this._trigger('slideStop', val); this._layout(); this._pauseEvent(ev); return false; }, _pauseEvent: function(ev) { if(ev.stopPropagation) { ev.stopPropagation(); } if(ev.preventDefault) { ev.preventDefault(); } ev.cancelBubble=true; ev.returnValue=false; }, _mousemove: function(ev) { if(!this._state.enabled) { return false; } var percentage = this._getPercentage(ev); this._adjustPercentageForRangeSliders(percentage); this._state.percentage[this._state.dragged] = percentage; this._layout(); var val = this._calculateValue(true); this.setValue(val, true, true); return false; }, _adjustPercentageForRangeSliders: function(percentage) { if (this.options.range) { var precision = this._getNumDigitsAfterDecimalPlace(percentage); precision = precision ? precision - 1 : 0; var percentageWithAdjustedPrecision = this._applyToFixedAndParseFloat(percentage, precision); if (this._state.dragged === 0 && this._applyToFixedAndParseFloat(this._state.percentage[1], precision) < percentageWithAdjustedPrecision) { this._state.percentage[0] = this._state.percentage[1]; this._state.dragged = 1; } else if (this._state.dragged === 1 && this._applyToFixedAndParseFloat(this._state.percentage[0], precision) > percentageWithAdjustedPrecision) { this._state.percentage[1] = this._state.percentage[0]; this._state.dragged = 0; } } }, _mouseup: function() { if(!this._state.enabled) { return false; } if (this.touchCapable) { // Touch: Unbind touch event handlers: document.removeEventListener("touchmove", this.mousemove, false); document.removeEventListener("touchend", this.mouseup, false); } // Unbind mouse event handlers: document.removeEventListener("mousemove", this.mousemove, false); document.removeEventListener("mouseup", this.mouseup, false); this._state.inDrag = false; if (this._state.over === false) { this._hideTooltip(); } var val = this._calculateValue(true); this._layout(); this._setDataVal(val); this._trigger('slideStop', val); return false; }, _calculateValue: function(snapToClosestTick) { var val; if (this.options.range) { val = [this.options.min,this.options.max]; if (this._state.percentage[0] !== 0){ val[0] = this._toValue(this._state.percentage[0]); val[0] = this._applyPrecision(val[0]); } if (this._state.percentage[1] !== 100){ val[1] = this._toValue(this._state.percentage[1]); val[1] = this._applyPrecision(val[1]); } } else { val = this._toValue(this._state.percentage[0]); val = parseFloat(val); val = this._applyPrecision(val); } if (snapToClosestTick) { var min = [val, Infinity]; for (var i = 0; i < this.options.ticks.length; i++) { var diff = Math.abs(this.options.ticks[i] - val); if (diff <= min[1]) { min = [this.options.ticks[i], diff]; } } if (min[1] <= this.options.ticks_snap_bounds) { return min[0]; } } return val; }, _applyPrecision: function(val) { var precision = this.options.precision \|\| this._getNumDigitsAfterDecimalPlace(this.options.step); return this._applyToFixedAndParseFloat(val, precision); }, _getNumDigitsAfterDecimalPlace: function(num) { var match = (''+num).match(/(?:\.(\d+))?(?:[eE]([+-]?\d+))?$/); if (!match) { return 0; } return Math.max(0, (match[1] ? match[1].length : 0) - (match[2] ? +match[2] : 0)); }, _applyToFixedAndParseFloat: function(num, toFixedInput) { var truncatedNum = num.toFixed(toFixedInput); return parseFloat(truncatedNum); }, /* Credits to Mike Samuel for the following method! Source: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10454518/javascript-how-to-retrieve-the-number-of-decimals-of-a-string-number / _getPercentage: function(ev) { if (this.touchCapable && (ev.type === 'touchstart' \|\| ev.type === 'touchmove')) { ev = ev.touches[0]; } var eventPosition = ev[this.mousePos]; var sliderOffset = this._state.offset[this.stylePos]; var distanceToSlide = eventPosition - sliderOffset; // Calculate what percent of the length the slider handle has slid var percentage = (distanceToSlide / this._state.size) 100; percentage = Math.round(percentage / this._state.percentage[2]) * this._state.percentage[2]; if (this.options.reversed) { percentage = 100 - percentage; } // Make sure the percent is within the bounds of the slider. // 0% corresponds to the 'min' value of the slide // 100% corresponds to the 'max' value of the slide return Math.max(0, Math.min(100, percentage)); }, _validateInputValue: function(val) { if (typeof val === 'number') { return val; } else if (Array.isArray(val)) { this._validateArray(val); return val; } else { throw new Error( ErrorMsgs.formatInvalidInputErrorMsg(val) ); } }, _validateArray: function(val) { for(var i = 0; i < val.length; i++) { var input = val[i]; if (typeof input !== 'number') { throw new Error( ErrorMsgs.formatInvalidInputErrorMsg(input) ); } } }, _setDataVal: function(val) { this.element.setAttribute('data-value', val); this.element.setAttribute('value', val); this.element.value = val; }, _trigger: function(evt, val) { val = (val \|\| val === 0) ? val : undefined; var callbackFnArray = this.eventToCallbackMap[evt]; if(callbackFnArray && callbackFnArray.length) { for(var i = 0; i < callbackFnArray.length; i++) { var callbackFn = callbackFnArray[i]; callbackFn(val); } } /* If JQuery exists, trigger JQuery events / if($) { this._triggerJQueryEvent(evt, val); } }, _triggerJQueryEvent: function(evt, val) { var eventData = { type: evt, value: val }; this.$element.trigger(eventData); this.$sliderElem.trigger(eventData); }, _unbindJQueryEventHandlers: function() { this.$element.off(); this.$sliderElem.off(); }, _setText: function(element, text) { if(typeof element.innerText !== "undefined") { element.innerText = text; } else if(typeof element.textContent !== "undefined") { element.textContent = text; } }, _removeClass: function(element, classString) { var classes = classString.split(" "); var newClasses = element.className; for(var i = 0; i < classes.length; i++) { var classTag = classes[i]; var regex = new RegExp("(?:\\s\|^)" + classTag + "(?:\\s\|$)"); newClasses = newClasses.replace(regex, " "); } element.className = newClasses.trim(); }, _addClass: function(element, classString) { var classes = classString.split(" "); var newClasses = element.className; for(var i = 0; i < classes.length; i++) { var classTag = classes[i]; var regex = new RegExp("(?:\\s\|^)" + classTag + "(?:\\s\|$)"); var ifClassExists = regex.test(newClasses); if(!ifClassExists) { newClasses += " " + classTag; } } element.className = newClasses.trim(); }, _offsetLeft: function(obj){ return obj.getBoundingClientRect().left; }, _offsetTop: function(obj){ var offsetTop = obj.offsetTop; while((obj = obj.offsetParent) && !isNaN(obj.offsetTop)){ offsetTop += obj.offsetTop; } return offsetTop; }, _offset: function (obj) { return { left: this._offsetLeft(obj), top: this._offsetTop(obj) }; }, _css: function(elementRef, styleName, value) { if ($) { $.style(elementRef, styleName, value); } else { var style = styleName.replace(/^-ms-/, "ms-").replace(/-([\da-z])/gi, function (all, letter) { return letter.toUpperCase(); }); elementRef.style[style] = value; } }, _toValue: function(percentage) { return this.options.scale.toValue.apply(this, [percentage]); }, _toPercentage: function(value) { return this.options.scale.toPercentage.apply(this, [value]); }, _setTooltipPosition: function(){ var tooltips = [this.tooltip, this.tooltip_min, this.tooltip_max]; if (this.options.orientation === 'vertical'){ var tooltipPos = this.options.tooltip_position \|\| 'right'; var oppositeSide = (tooltipPos === 'left') ? 'right' : 'left'; tooltips.forEach(function(tooltip){ this._addClass(tooltip, tooltipPos); tooltip.style[oppositeSide] = '100%'; }.bind(this)); } else if(this.options.tooltip_position === 'bottom') { tooltips.forEach(function(tooltip){ this._addClass(tooltip, 'bottom'); tooltip.style.top = 22 + 'px'; }.bind(this)); } else { tooltips.forEach(function(tooltip){ this._addClass(tooltip, 'top'); tooltip.style.top = -this.tooltip.outerHeight - 14 + 'px'; }.bind(this)); } } }; /****************************** Attach to global namespace *******************************/ if($) { var namespace = $.fn.slider ? 'bootstrapSlider' : 'slider'; $.bridget(namespace, Slider); } })( $ ); return Slider; }));	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
<!DOCTYPE html> <html itemscope lang="en-us"> <head><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="True"> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="320"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"><meta name="generator" content="Hugo 0.57.2" /> <meta property="og:title" content="How FIDO U2F Security Keys Work" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="How FIDO U2F Security Keys Work"/> <meta itemprop="name" content="How FIDO U2F Security Keys Work"><meta property="og:description" content="Effective user authentication is a critical part of securing your data and infrastructure. Passwords are not enough any more, multi-factor auth is a must. This talk will dive into how FIDO U2F security keys work, why they are awesome, and how they defend against phishing attacks. SMS codes and one-time-password apps are a great improvement over passwords alone, but the FIDO Alliance’s Universal Two Factor specification attempts to take it a step further." /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Effective user authentication is a critical part of securing your data and infrastructure. Passwords are not enough any more, multi-factor auth is a must. This talk will dive into how FIDO U2F security keys work, why they are awesome, and how they defend against phishing attacks. SMS codes and one-time-password apps are a great improvement over passwords alone, but the FIDO Alliance’s Universal Two Factor specification attempts to take it a step further." /> <meta itemprop="description" content="Effective user authentication is a critical part of securing your data and infrastructure. Passwords are not enough any more, multi-factor auth is a must. This talk will dive into how FIDO U2F security keys work, why they are awesome, and how they defend against phishing attacks. SMS codes and one-time-password apps are a great improvement over passwords alone, but the FIDO Alliance’s Universal Two Factor specification attempts to take it a step further."><meta name="twitter:site" content="@devopsdays"> <meta property="og:type" content="talk" /> <meta property="og:url" content="/events/2018-seattle/program/jen-tong/" /><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@DevOpsDaysSEA" /><meta name="twitter:label1" value="Event" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" value="devopsdays Seattle 2018" /><meta name="twitter:label2" value="Dates" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" value="April 24 - 25, 2018" /><meta property="og:image" content="https://www.devopsdays.org/img/sharing.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.devopsdays.org/img/sharing.jpg" /> <meta itemprop="image" content="https://www.devopsdays.org/img/sharing.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1904065206497317" /><meta itemprop="wordCount" content="147"> <title>How FIDO U2F Security Keys Work - devopsdays Seattle 2018 </title> <script> window.ga=window.ga\|\|function(){(ga.q=ga.q\|\|[]).push(arguments)};ga.l=+new Date; ga('create', 'UA-9713393-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <script async src='https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js'></script> <link href="/css/site.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto+Condensed:300,400,700" rel="stylesheet"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/apple-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="/apple-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/apple-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/apple-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/apple-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/apple-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/apple-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/apple-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="/android-icon-192x192.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="/favicon-96x96.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/ms-icon-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link href="/events/index.xml" rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="DevOpsDays" /> <link href="/events/index.xml" rel="feed" type="application/rss+xml" title="DevOpsDays" /> <script src=/js/devopsdays-min.js></script></head> <body lang=""> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="/"> <img src="/img/devopsdays-brain.png" height="30" class="d-inline-block align-top" alt="devopsdays Logo"> DevOpsDays </a> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarSupportedContent"> <ul class="navbar-nav mr-auto"><li class="nav-item global-navigation"><a class = "nav-link" href="/events">events</a></li><li class="nav-item global-navigation"><a class = "nav-link" href="/blog">blog</a></li><li class="nav-item global-navigation"><a class = "nav-link" href="/sponsor">sponsor</a></li><li class="nav-item global-navigation"><a class = "nav-link" href="/speaking">speaking</a></li><li class="nav-item global-navigation"><a class = "nav-link" href="/organizing">organizing</a></li><li class="nav-item global-navigation"><a class = "nav-link" href="/about">about</a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav class="navbar event-navigation navbar-expand-md navbar-light"> <a href="/events/2018-seattle" class="nav-link">Seattle</a> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar2"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="navbar-collapse collapse" id="navbar2"> <ul class="navbar-nav"><li class="nav-item active"> <a class="nav-link" href="/events/2018-seattle/location">location</a> </li><li class="nav-item active"> <a class="nav-link" href="/events/2018-seattle/registration">registration</a> </li><li class="nav-item active"> <a class="nav-link" href="/events/2018-seattle/program">program</a> </li><li class="nav-item active"> <a class="nav-link" href="/events/2018-seattle/speakers">speakers</a> </li><li class="nav-item active"> <a class="nav-link" href="/events/2018-seattle/sponsor">sponsor</a> </li><li class="nav-item active"> <a class="nav-link" href="/events/2018-seattle/contact">contact</a> </li><li class="nav-item active"> <a class="nav-link" href="/events/2018-seattle/conduct">conduct</a> </li></ul> </div> </nav> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"><div class = "row"> <div class = "col-md-5 offset-md-1"> <h2 class="talk-page">How FIDO U2F Security Keys Work</h2><br /><br /><br /> <span class="talk-page content-text"> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/DWrLBwi7ZBA" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <p>Effective user authentication is a critical part of securing your data and infrastructure. Passwords are not enough any more, multi-factor auth is a must. This talk will dive into how FIDO U2F security keys work, why they are awesome, and how they defend against phishing attacks.</p> <p>SMS codes and one-time-password apps are a great improvement over passwords alone, but the FIDO Alliance’s Universal Two Factor specification attempts to take it a step further. U2F provides a phishing resistant, hardware based second authentication factor.</p> <p>Before you depend on a technology as a building block of security, it’s good to understand how it works, and why it’s a good fit for your needs. This talk will cover these things, so you don’t have to read the spec yourself.</p> <p>An overview of the two-factor landscape</p> <ul> <li>Why U2F is awesome</li> <li>How it resists phishing attacks</li> <li>How those security keys work inside</li> </ul> </span></div> <div class = "col-md-3 offset-md-1"><h2 class="talk-page">Speaker</h2><img src = "/events/2018-seattle/speakers/jen-tong.jpg" class="img-fluid" alt="jen-tong"/><br /><br /><h4 class="talk-page"><a href = "/events/2018-seattle/speakers/jen-tong"> Jen Tong </a></h4><a href = "https://twitter.com/MimmingCodes"><i class="fa fa-twitter fa-2x" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a><br /> <span class="talk-page content-text"><p>Jen is a Security Advocate on Google Cloud Platform. In this role she helps developers and IT professionals stay out of trouble while getting the most out of cloud computing. Previously she worked in </p><a href = "https://www.devopsdays.org/events/2018-seattle/speakers/jen-tong/">...</a></span> </div> </div><div class="row cta-row"> <div class="col-md-12"><h4 class="sponsor-cta">Gold Sponsors</h4><a href = "/events/2018-seattle/sponsor" class="sponsor-cta"><i>Join as Gold Sponsor!</i> </a></div> </div><div class="row sponsor-row"><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "https://gocd.org/"><img src = "/img/sponsors/thoughtworks-gocd-before-20190213.png" alt = "GoCD" title = "GoCD" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "http://www.rei.com/"><img src = "/img/sponsors/rei.png" alt = "REI" title = "REI" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "https://tmobile.careers/meet-our-teams/technology"><img src = "/img/sponsors/t-mobile.png" alt = "T-Mobile" title = "T-Mobile" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "https://www.scalyr.com"><img src = "/img/sponsors/scalyr.png" alt = "Scalyr" title = "Scalyr" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "http://www.slalom.com/"><img src = "/img/sponsors/slalom.png" alt = "Slalom" title = "Slalom" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "https://www.influxdata.com/"><img src = "/img/sponsors/influxdata.png" alt = "InfluxData" title = "InfluxData" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "http://www.pagerduty.com/"><img src = "/img/sponsors/pagerduty.png" alt = "PagerDuty" title = "PagerDuty" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "http://infogroupnw.com/"><img src = "/img/sponsors/ignw.png" alt = "ignw" title = "ignw" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "https://www.ca.com/"><img src = "/img/sponsors/ca_tech.png" alt = "CA Technologies" title = "CA Technologies" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "http://chef.io"><img src = "/img/sponsors/chef.png" alt = "Chef Software, Inc" title = "Chef Software, Inc" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "https://www.appdynamics.com/"><img src = "/img/sponsors/appdynamics-before-20190121.png" alt = "AppDynamics" title = "AppDynamics" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "http://www.extrahop.com/"><img src = "/img/sponsors/extrahop.png" alt = "ExtraHop" title = "ExtraHop" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "http://www.opsgenie.com"><img src = "/img/sponsors/opsgenie.png" alt = "OpsGenie" title = "OpsGenie" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "https://www.sumologic.com/"><img src = "/img/sponsors/sumologic-before-20181203.png" alt = "SumoLogic" title = "SumoLogic" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "https://www.mabl.com"><img src = "/img/sponsors/mabl.png" alt = "Mabl" title = "Mabl" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "https://portworx.com/use-case/kubernetes-storage/"><img src = "/img/sponsors/portworx.png" alt = "portworx" title = "portworx" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "http://www.dellemc.com"><img src = "/img/sponsors/dellemc.png" alt = "Dell EMC" title = "Dell EMC" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "http://www.launchdarkly.com/"><img src = "/img/sponsors/launch-darkly-before-20200828-before-20180423.png" alt = "launch-darkly-before-20200828" title = "launch-darkly-before-20200828" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "http://www.gettyimages.com/"><img src = "/img/sponsors/getty-images.png" alt = "Getty Images" title = "Getty Images" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "http://www.victorops.com"><img src = "/img/sponsors/victorops-before-20180823.png" alt = "VictorOps" title = "VictorOps" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "https://www.tasktop.com/"><img src = "/img/sponsors/tasktop.png" alt = "TaskTop" title = "TaskTop" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "https://www.jfrog.com/"><img src = "/img/sponsors/jfrog.png" alt = "jfrog" title = "jfrog" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "https://www.elastic.co"><img src = "/img/sponsors/elastic.png" alt = "Elastic" title = "Elastic" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "http://www.dynatrace.com/"><img src = "/img/sponsors/dynatrace.png" alt = "Dynatrace" title = "Dynatrace" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "https://www.newrelic.com/culture"><img src = "/img/sponsors/newrelic.png" alt = "New Relic" title = "New Relic" class="img-fluid"></a> </div></div><div class="row cta-row"> <div class="col-md-12"><h4 class="sponsor-cta">Silver Sponsors</h4><a href = "/events/2018-seattle/sponsor" class="sponsor-cta"><i>Join as Silver Sponsor!</i> </a></div> </div><div class="row sponsor-row"><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "http://www.techtowntraining.com/"><img src = "/img/sponsors/techtown-before-20190407.png" alt = "TechTown Training" title = "TechTown Training" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "http://www.rightstar.com"><img src = "/img/sponsors/rightstar-before-20180814.png" alt = "Right Star Systems" title = "Right Star Systems" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "https://www.contrastsecurity.com/"><img src = "/img/sponsors/contrast_security.png" alt = "Contrast Security" title = "Contrast Security" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "http://www.cloudbees.com/"><img src = "/img/sponsors/cloudbees.png" alt = "cloudbees" title = "cloudbees" class="img-fluid"></a> </div></div><div class="row cta-row"> <div class="col-md-12"><h4 class="sponsor-cta">Bronze Sponsors</h4><a href = "/events/2018-seattle/sponsor" class="sponsor-cta"><i>Join as Bronze Sponsor!</i> </a></div> </div><div class="row sponsor-row"><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "https://www.realself.com/about/jobs"><img src = "/img/sponsors/realself.png" alt = "realself" title = "realself" class="img-fluid"></a> </div><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "https://codefresh.io/"><img src = "/img/sponsors/codefresh.png" alt = "codefresh" title = "codefresh" class="img-fluid"></a> </div></div><div class="row cta-row"> <div class="col-md-12"><h4 class="sponsor-cta">Community Sponsors</h4><a href = "/events/2018-seattle/sponsor" class="sponsor-cta"><i>Join as Community Sponsor!</i> </a></div> </div><div class="row sponsor-row"><div class = "col-lg-1 col-md-2 col-4"> <a href = "https://www.meetup.com/Seattle-CoffeeOps/"><img src = "/img/sponsors/seattle-coffeeops-before-20190213.png" alt = "Seattle CoffeeOps" title = "Seattle CoffeeOps" class="img-fluid"></a> </div></div><br /> </div></div> </div> <nav class="navbar bottom navbar-light footer-nav-row" style="background-color: #bfbfc1;"> <div class = "row"> <div class = "col-md-12 footer-nav-background"> <div class = "row"> <div class = "col-md-6 col-lg-3 footer-nav-col"> <h3 class="footer-nav">@DEVOPSDAYS</h3> <div> <a class="twitter-timeline" data-dnt="true" href="https://twitter.com/devopsdays/lists/devopsdays" data-chrome="noheader" height="440"></a> <script> ! function(d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], p = /^http:/.test(d.location) ? 'http' : 'https'; if (!d.getElementById(id)) { js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = p + "://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); } }(document, "script", "twitter-wjs"); </script> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 footer-nav-col footer-content"> <h3 class="footer-nav">BLOG</h3><a href = "https://www.devopsdays.org/blog/2019/05/10/10-years-of-devopsdays/"><h1 class = "footer-heading">10 years of devopsdays</h1></a><h2 class="footer-heading">by Kris Buytaert - 10 May, 2019</h2><p class="footer-content">It’s hard to believe but it is almost 10 years ago since #devopsdays happened for the first time in Gent. Back then there were almost 70 of us talking about topics that were of interest to both Operations and Development, we were exchanging our ideas and experiences `on how we were improving the quality of software delivery. Our ideas got started on the crossroads of Open Source, Agile and early Cloud Adoption.</p><a href = "https://www.devopsdays.org/blog/"><h1 class = "footer-heading">Blogs</h1></a><h2 class="footer-heading">10 May, 2019</h2><p class="footer-content"></p><a href="https://www.devopsdays.org/blog/index.xml">Feed</a> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 footer-nav-col"> <h3 class="footer-nav">CFP OPEN</h3><a href = "/events/2019-campinas" class = "footer-content">Campinas</a><br /><a href = "/events/2019-macapa" class = "footer-content">Macapá</a><br /><a href = "/events/2019-shanghai" class = "footer-content">Shanghai</a><br /><a href = "/events/2019-recife" class = "footer-content">Recife</a><br /><a href = "/events/2020-charlotte" class = "footer-content">Charlotte</a><br /><a href = "/events/2020-prague" class = "footer-content">Prague</a><br /><a href = "/events/2020-tokyo" class = "footer-content">Tokyo</a><br /><a href = "/events/2020-salt-lake-city" class = "footer-content">Salt Lake City</a><br /> <br />Propose a talk at an event near you!<br /> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 footer-nav-col"> <h3 class="footer-nav">About</h3> devopsdays is a worldwide community conference series for anyone interested in IT improvement.<br /><br /> <a href="/about/" class = "footer-content">About devopsdays</a><br /> <a href="/privacy/" class = "footer-content">Privacy Policy</a><br /> <a href="/conduct/" class = "footer-content">Code of Conduct</a> <br /> <br /> <a href="https://www.netlify.com"> <img src="/img/netlify-light.png" alt="Deploys by Netlify"> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <script> $(document).ready(function () { $("#share").jsSocials({ shares: ["email", {share: "twitter", via: 'DevOpsDaysSEA'}, "facebook", "linkedin"], text: 'devopsdays Seattle - 2018', showLabel: false, showCount: false }); }); </script> </body> </html>	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Studies & Future Current situation : I’m currently living in Toulon (south of France) and just ended my first year in the engineering school “ISEN Toulon”. Future : I don’t feel like being an engineer, that’s why I’m changing my project. I will study at the MET (former Northbrook College Sussex) in Goring-By-Sea next year in order to become lighting designer. By the way, if you know anything about lighting and content designing that could help me, feel free to email me : pro@cilusse.com.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Exploring the soulful, creative frontiers of being an educator How to Remake the Ravaged (Pictured above: Some good looking guy signing the Peace Wall. Read Peace Wall as an enormous divide between communities that signifies the safety now experienced in Belfast and how far these communities still must come.) It is no exaggeration that Belfast was one of the most war torn areas of the late 20th Century. Local terrorist organizations sprang into action in response to escalating tensions between 1968-1971. The story here mirrors the story in Derry. But that city is a tiny hamlet compared to Belfast. Shove a million people into a rain cloud, some who bleed green and others for the queen, a football pitch’s worth of British tanks and troops, with an insatiable eye-for-an-eye mentality. You have 70s-90s Belfast. The violence was unparalleled. As Michael Rock (today’s tour guide) puts it, “If someone was killed on a Catholic Street by 10 AM, someone in a Protestant neighborhood would be dead by 12.” Everyone was a target. Walls were constructed to keep communities separate. Like any city aspiring to be the best, the walls had to be built higher and higher. You know, to deter the bricks, bottles, fireworks launched from landing in their backyards. It is obvious when you are in a Protestant Unionist community in Northern Ireland. Its vivid. The awnings and shops are blue and red. The streets are adorned with red, white and blue streamers, the light posts hoist the Union Jack. A couple reasons. The Queen’s jubliee (currently visiting Northern Ireland, Mr. McGuinness tomorrow). The marching season is amping up. Check out the pictures of the bonfire preparations! Each community has their murals. It seems the Catholic Nationalists made a concerted attempt to give their areas a face lift. The images are less violent. Their causes slightly more universal (read: Palestine). Their symbolism notably lacks gun wielding, masked gunmen. It seems like the Protestant Unionists are getting the message. Sandy Row’s murals are almost completely devoid of the violent imagery. Instead they tell a tale of the community’s working class heart. But in the Shankill neighborhoods, along the Peace Wall yours truly is elegantly signing above, imagery of fallen UDA assassins still exists and some memorials are down right aggressively militaristic. When photographing one of them, a few children in this beat-down neighborhood shouted out: Everyday I’m UDA. They were holding beebee guns. They pointed them at the taxi as we toured their neighborhood. It is this sense of intimidation I will be trying to erase, in myself, as I walk through to Shankill tomorrow. Also on the docket: A visit with Sean Montgomery and the Skegoneill-Glandore Community Center (where Protestant and Catholic communities meet) to see what connections can be made for the young when there is not an enormous Interface (Peace Wall) between them. And a walk to the Ardoyne part of the Catholic neighborhood, The Falls. There I will begin my relationship with the group recording and facilitating the Interface Diaries. Compelling and exciting to introduce to my students. Ned, My name is Jill, and I am a former FFT fellow, and I am enjoying learning along with you. Ireland is a magical place! Last summer as part of my fellowship, I stayed along the Antrim Coast in Northern Ireland with a storyteller named Liz Weir at her hostel. If you have time, she might be a good person for you to meet with or talk to about your fellowship. Liz is a wealth of information, and she is very passionate about teaching young children about respecting the differences in their community. She might offer an interesting perspective on what you are learning about. She is a former librarian for Belfast, and has witnessed many of the “Troubles” firsthand. On Saturday evenings she hosts locals and travelers to a storytelling and music night in her barn (a truly memorable experience). Here is her website: http://www.lizweir.net and a little blurb about her in case you are interested: Just tell her that Jill sent you. 😉 She has presented The Gift of the Gab, a storytelling series for BBC Radio Ulster, and has written scripts for five television animations aimed at young children in Northern Ireland. The latter project was created by the Media Initiative for Children, a joint effort by the Early Years Organisation in Northern Ireland, and the Peace Initiatives Institute in Colorado. These adverts use mass media and classroom experience to teach young children the value of respecting – and including – others who are different. http://www.early-years.org/mifc/ Jill, Thanks so much for your interest and support. At the moment I don’t imagine having a night to commit to Liz on the Antrim coast. Belfast is amazing. At times frustrating and confounding, but also beautiful and rapt with potential. Stay tuned. Email me at ndougherty at vghs dot org on my school account so we surely keep in touch! Love peace.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
I realize the older I grew the lesser I blog, and the lesser picture I take as well ! I remember I used to run around with a camera on my hand and just snapping picture of things to blog HAHA. I wonder what happen.... Somehow I think it's a psychology thing that made me like this. Ever since I met a guy who criticize me and blogging, my blog has decrease post :( He said, "blogging is useless. Why bother telling the whole world what you're doing" :(( ouch . Ever since then, I got demotivated to blog. Hence, the rare updates. + I got nothing to blog. And again, I wanna avoid from being stalked to much HEHE. But this few days, Cheng has been sending me pictures taken from my 2-3 years ago blog post, and it made me feel so motivated to blog cause when I blog, all the happy memories are kept inside ! OH I JUST REALIZE MY BLOG IS 5 YEARS PLUS OLD. oh how time pass so fast. I remembered the reason why I opened a blog in the first place. I got influence by some movie called, "I'm not stupid" HEE. Then I soon realize, writing is fun ! HAHAHA ~ and also, blogging is a place where I can talk alone :') and say whatever I want. although I have to limit what I write tho :( shucks. _____________________________ Anyways, today I went to work. & Cheng made me realize that this bear looked evil. wtf no wonder nobody buy. But then again, the bear still looks cute ! Actually me and Cheng only discussed it at 12am coming to 1am the night before :') and I ended up sleeping late cause I forgot I was suppose to work . HAHA. so this morning, I reluctantly woke up. But it's okay. I'm home now. And my bed is very near to me HEHE. today I studied the whole day at work as well . Have been studying hard this few days. My big exam is coming soon :( VERY SOON . sobs. & I've been confine at home as well. damnit. but it's okay. It's for my future. Have been studying Business and Accounts a lot I hope I'll pass em :( I really don't wanna repeat it haih college so hard. If you fail you fail . Not like high school, if your actual grade is B, you're most likely to get an A in SPM/PMR/UPSR. :( :( the funny thing about my coming exam is that, because my program is an external program, so everything comes from the UK, including the time of examination. Must be exact. haha. so my exams will commence at night. 7.30pm till 10.30pm. ITSOKEY morning can still study . hahah new experience. my law paper takes about 5 hours. imagine. from 7.30pm till 12.30am HAHAHAHA wouldn't that be cool ! but scary tho ~~ Imagine walking out college at night .__. Anyways, after work, I went to the park with Evans . Just to watched him play his stupid game -.- I got super maddd at himm !! Then I screwed him . Then he say, "you look so cute when you're angry" . I went all, "if I look cute when I'm angry. then. I must go on being angry so I'll look cute always" HEHEHEHE	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no" ?> <!DOCTYPE pov SYSTEM "/usr/share/cgc-docs/replay.dtd"> <pov> <cbid>service</cbid> <replay> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>2D Particle Simulator\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>Enter the number of particles to simulate \x281-10\x29:\x0a</data></match></read> <write><data>3\x0a</data></write> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>Enter Position (x,y):\x0a</data></match></read> <write><data>131.59465,148.95979\x0a</data></write> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>Enter Velocity (x,y):\x0a</data></match></read> <write><data>6.43994,2.53288\x0a</data></write> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>Enter Mass:\x0a</data></match></read> <write><data>5.06101\x0a</data></write> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>Enter Radius:\x0a</data></match></read> <write><data>5.95283\x0a</data></write> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>Particle #1 added at (131.59465,148.95979) velocity(6.43994,2.53288) mass(5.06101) radius(5.95283).\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>Enter Position (x,y):\x0a</data></match></read> <write><data>126.45479,136.33989\x0a</data></write> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>Enter Velocity (x,y):\x0a</data></match></read> <write><data>4.00597,8.77870\x0a</data></write> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>Enter Mass:\x0a</data></match></read> <write><data>7.83018\x0a</data></write> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>Enter Radius:\x0a</data></match></read> <write><data>3.00889\x0a</data></write> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>Particle #2 added at (126.45479,136.33989) velocity(4.00597,8.77870) mass(7.83018) radius(3.00889).\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>Enter Position (x,y):\x0a</data></match></read> <write><data>192.79427,134.20279\x0a</data></write> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>Enter Velocity (x,y):\x0a</data></match></read> <write><data>6.29968,0.31368\x0a</data></write> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>Enter Mass:\x0a</data></match></read> <write><data>9.22895\x0a</data></write> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>Enter Radius:\x0a</data></match></read> <write><data>4.45833\x0a</data></write> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>Particle #3 added at (192.79427,134.20279) velocity(6.29968,0.31368) mass(9.22895) radius(4.45833).\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>Running simulation with...\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>3 total particles:\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>0: Position (131.59000,148.95000) Velocity (6.43000,2.53000) mass (5.06000) radius (5.95000).\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>1: Position (126.45000,136.33000) Velocity (4.00000,8.77000) mass (7.83000) radius (3.00000).\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>2: Position (192.79000,134.20000) Velocity (6.29000,0.31000) mass (9.22000) radius (4.45000).\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>--------------------\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000010000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000100000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000010\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>--------------------\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>Simulation complete, 0 collisions simulated over 10 seconds in 40 frames.\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>3 total particles:\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>0: Position (192.21000,174.25000) Velocity (-6.43000,2.53000) mass (5.06000) radius (5.95000).\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>1: Position (166.45000,169.97000) Velocity (4.00000,-8.77000) mass (7.83000) radius (3.00000).\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>2: Position (135.41000,137.30000) Velocity (-6.29000,0.31000) mass (9.22000) radius (4.45000).\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>--------------------\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000010\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000001000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000001000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>00000000000000000000\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>--------------------\x0a</data></match></read> <read><delim>\x0a</delim><match><data>Goodbye\x0a</data></match></read> </replay> </pov>	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Overall, the news from the study is good. Evolution appears, through the ages, to have weeded out genetic influences that promote disease, while promulgating influences that protect from disease. But there's also a hint of bad news for us modern folks. That generally healthy trend might have reversed in the last 500 to 1,000 years. So, who appears to have had the healthier genes? The “cavemen?” We moderns? And who was more genetically susceptible to mental illness? Related Stories A new analysis of decades of data on oceans across the globe has revealed that the amount of dissolved oxygen contained in the water – an important measure of ocean health – has been declining for more than 20 years. Researchers have discovered more details about the way certain materials hold a charge even after two surfaces separate, information that could help improve devices that leverage such energy as a power source.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Ranitidine vs metoclopramide in the medical treatment of reflux esophagitis. 45 patients with symptomatic reflux esophagitis were randomly treated with either Ranitidine (150 mg b.i.d.) or Metoclopramide (10 mg t.i.d.) for six weeks. The severity of dyspeptic symptoms and the grade of endoscopic and histological esophagitis were assessed before and after treatment. Both drugs proved significantly effective in inducing symptomatic and endoscopic improvement, but Ranitidine appeared significantly superior in promoting disappearance or improvement of endoscopic esophagitis. Moreover Ranitidine was found to significantly reduce the severity of histological changes, whereas Metoclopramide was unable to do so.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
It often seems as though the central mission of higher education today is promoting diversity. Diversity–which usually means racial, religious, and sexual diversity–is commonly accepted by most administrators as crucial to the success of the 21st-century university. More and more universities are adopting diversity requirements and training, and creating entire departments to achieve diversity and inclusivity on campus. {snip} That agenda already permeates much of what the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill does and says. And a recent UNC-Chapel Hill event illustrates the extreme ends that diversity advocates are aiming for. {snip} As much as it is already doing, UNC is aggressively pursuing still more diversity initiatives. On April 14, the 50-member Provost Committee on Inclusive Excellence and Diversity (PCIED), made up of staff members, faculty, and students, hosted a presentation titled “Exploring the Institutional Diversity Framework at Carolina.” In her keynote address, higher education diversity expert Daryl G. Smith recommended a path forward for UNC, drawing from her 2009 book Diversity’s Promise for Higher Education: Making it Work. It was an enlightening–and disturbing–look at what diversity proponents have planned. Smith opened her speech by imploring the audience to continue conversations stemming from recent national and local events–implying controversies such as the Ferguson shooting and the University of Virginia student beating. “The more inequities you have, the less stable your society,” she said, emphasizing why she considers diversity to be foundational in politics, the arts, leadership, and “virtually all issues.” Centering on higher education, Smith called on universities to erase disparities in graduation rates among different genders, races, and classes. She said that diversity must be “part of the core indicators of success” of a university, as opposed to a parallel effort. “We don’t have time for parallel,” she said. {snip} The most radical idea Smith espoused in her address was that faculty and staff members should be hired and fired on the basis of their understanding of diversity. Smith first proposed the idea in the preface to her book, where she compared improvements in technology to the quest for diversity. “Several decades ago, as technological shifts began, campuses all across the country understood that their viability as institutions would rest on building capacity for technology,” she wrote. “Technology was understood to be central, not marginal, to teaching and research.” She continued, “We are now at a time when we must understand that diversity, like technology, is central to higher education. Will institutions be credible or viable if diversity is not fundamental? I believe not.” Along those lines, Smith told her Chapel Hill audience that technology and pluralism are the “two things fundamentally changing the way we live,” and that both must be “embedded in what we do.” She told the audience that, like technological proficiency, competence in issues of diversity “has to be a condition of employment.” She did not explain what she meant, but considering her expertise and her Ph.D. in “social psychology and higher education,” her ideal threshold might require professors to have some minimal training in her field. {snip} In order to bolster her point about competence in diversity, she repeated the age-old, very false urban legend that the Chevy Nova sold poorly in Spanish-speaking countries because Chevrolet’s marketing team didn’t realize “no va” means “doesn’t go” in Spanish. To the contrary, the Nova sold well in Mexico and Venezuela, Chevrolet’s primary Spanish-speaking markets. Despite such inaccuracies and the radical tone of her talk, Smith appeared to be preaching to the choir. This included UNC-Chapel Hill chancellor Carol L. Folt; in her closing speech, she insisted that the case for focusing on diversity has been proven repeatedly. The veracity of that claim is certainly still open for discussion; see, for example, the recent debunking of University of Michigan professor Scott Page’s study aiming to prove the benefits of diversity. UNC’s Provost Committee on Inclusive Excellence and Diversity demonstrated that it is already implementing Smith’s goals of institutionalizing diversity throughout the campus community. After Smith’s keynote, PCIED speakers touted their plan to achieve inclusive excellence (the plan was heavily influenced by Smith’s book). Some choice suggestions from the plan: Ensure every department or “unit” has a diversity page on its website Ensure each unit has a “diversity liaison” Spread the message of inclusive excellence to the community through email and social media Encourage Chancellor Folt to regularly discuss diversity with her cabinet and the board of trustees Additional personnel to collect data on and assess diversity “Require enhanced diversity learning experiences and requirements” through course work, experiential learning, and reflection, and expand requirements to graduate and professional schools Share This We welcome comments that add information or perspective, and we encourage polite debate. If you log in with a social media account, your comment should appear immediately. If you prefer to remain anonymous, you may comment as a guest, using a name and an e-mail address of convenience. Your comment will be moderated.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Part III. Molecular changes induced by high nitric oxide adaptation in human breast cancer cell line BT-20 (BT-20-HNO): a switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Nutrient deprivation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in breast cancer mitochondrial adaptation. Adaptations to these conditions allow cells to survive in the stressful microenvironment of the tumor bed. This study is directed at defining the consequences of High Nitric Oxide (HNO) exposure to mitochondria in human breast cancer cells. The breast cancer cell line BT-20 (parent) was adapted to HNO as previously reported, resulting in the BT-20-HNO cell line. Both cell lines were analyzed by a variety of methods including MTT, LDH leakage assay, DNA sequencing, and Western blot analysis. The LDH assay and the gene chip data showed that BT-20-HNO was more prone to use the glycolytic pathway than the parent cell line. The BT-20-HNO cells were also more resistant to the apoptotic inducing agent salinomycin, which suggests that p53 may be mutated in these cells. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by DNA sequencing of the p53 gene showed that it was, in fact, mutated at the DNA-binding site (L194F). Western blot analysis showed that p53 was significantly upregulated in these cells. These results suggest that free radicals, such as nitric oxide (NO), pressure human breast tumor cells to acquire an aggressive phenotype and resistance to apoptosis. These data collectively provide a mechanism by which the dysregulation of ROS in the mitochondria of breast cancer cells can result in DNA damage.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Already a member? A lot of Europeans think that Russian propaganda does not concern them. They think that its provocations are just games and that people like me, who come from former Soviet domains, are victims of old phobias. These people are in denial on Russia, whose propaganda has infected European debate like a virus. We are already late in trying to react. Some are still not ready to start. Earlier this year, the European Parliament proposed a modest €800,000 budget for the East Stratcom Task Force, a counter-propaganda unit in the EU foreign service, but member states struck down the idea in November. The task force was also due to grow from 11 people, who are currently seconded by member states, to 16 permanent EU officials, and to expand its mandate from the east to the south, but the EU foreign service hierarchy showed no interest. Strategic error Politicians, especially in France and Italy, tend to underestimate the effect of Russia’s disinformation campaign. They are making a strategic mistake if they think that threats to Central and Eastern Europe do not also threaten them. The Kremlin, along with jihadist groups, especially the so-called Islamic State (IS), are today the two principal sources of hate speech in Europe. On 23 November, the European Parliament adopted a report calling on the EU to react. We do not want to fight propaganda with propaganda, but to have an effective communications strategy to expose lies. Russia reacted furiously to the fact the report mentioned the Kremlin alongside IS. It goes without saying that their objectives, tactics and target audiences are different. The Kremlin is trying to sway the general public against the West by using TV broadcasters such as RT, online mass media such as Sputnik, and by deploying troll and bot armies on social networks such as Facebook, YouTube and Twitter. Their strategies are the same, however. They both want to turn Europeans against their own governments and against liberal values. They are both trying to gain influence in the West by brainwashing people and turning them against each other. Long reach The numbers show the frightening extent of their reach. The Kremlin itself has said it doubled media spending from €630 million last year to €1.2 billion this year. Some, like Konstantin Borovoy, a former Russian MP who joined the opposition, believe the real figure is much higher. RT broadcasts in more than 100 countries and can be switched on in almost every hotel room around the world. The troll factory in St Petersburg, where over 300 paid bloggers work around the clock, is also expanding. At the same time, the EU estimates that IS has managed to recruit 5,000 Europeans to join its cult. EU authorities do not tolerate media that incite violence in the name of Islam, but they turn a blind eye to Russian media that incite hatred against refugees. Are we happy to swallow Russia’s fake stories, such as the lie about Lisa, the German girl who was said to have been raped by asylum seekers, or the lie about the Austrian court that was said to have acquitted a refugee who raped a boy at a swimming pool? In this light, Putin’s joke on Russia’s borders is even less funny. It underlined the fact that Russia’s viral ideology has penetrated into the heart of Europe and it was meant to mock our legitimate concerns. US authorities have also said that Russian information warfare helped the Putin-friendly Donald Trump come to power. Election risk The elections in France and Germany next year could be decisive for the EU’s future. The Kremlin-financed National Front party in France can count on massive support from Russian propaganda. The far-right AfD party in Germany, which also stands accused of taking Russian money, can count on the same. It is right and proper to defend free speech and media pluralism in Europe. These are some of our core values and part of the reason why the Western model continues to be more attractive to the vast majority of people. It is also right and proper to draw a line between free speech and premeditated lies, however. In these difficult times, the East Stratcom Task Force is an asset. The EU foreign service unit, of just 11 people, has, over the past year or so since it began its work, made a genuine impact. Its staff, of EU officials, diplomats, and former journalists, all of whom are fluent in Russian, is highly professional in its debunking of Kremlin fakery. It identified more than 2,000 fake reports in the past 12 months alone. Its Disinformation Review, a weekly newsletter, and its daily tweets and infographics, should be in the laptops and phones of all MEPs and senior EU officials. Creepy borders It’s time to take action. It’s time for the EU to fortify projects like East Stratcom, for the EU, for Nato structures, and for individual member states to strike back and to coordinate their activities. It’s also time to give more support for independent media that report the truth. If we don’t, we risk leaving Putin as the only one laughing, as his borders, both real and ideological, creep further west. Petras Austrevicius is a Lithuanian MEP and the vice-chairman of the liberal Alde group in the European Parliament Disclaimer The views expressed in this opinion piece are the author's, not those of EUobserver.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION. UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE. IN THE ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS DIVISION ONE RANDA DRIVER, Plaintiff/Appellant, v. ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE, Defendant/Appellee. No. 1 CA-TX 18-0006 FILED 6-11-2019 Appeal from the Arizona Tax Court No. TX2017-000183 Maricopa County Superior Court No. LC2016-000509-001 The Honorable Christopher T. Whitten, Judge AFFIRMED COUNSEL Randa Driver, Scottsdale Plaintiff/Appellant Arizona Attorney General’s Office, Phoenix By Benjamin H. Updike Counsel for Defendant/Appellee DRIVER v. ADOR Decision of the Court MEMORANDUM DECISION Judge Maria Elena Cruz delivered the decision of the Court, in which Presiding Judge Jennifer B. Campbell and Judge James B. Morse Jr. joined. C R U Z, Judge: ¶1 Randa Driver appeals from the grant of summary judgment in favor of the Arizona Department of Revenue (the “Department”) finding Driver liable for luxury and use tax on the cigarettes she purchased over a three-year period. For the following reasons, we affirm. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY ¶2 Between January 1, 2007 and November 30, 2009 (the “Assessment Period”), Driver purchased cigarettes from Chavez, Inc. (“Chavez”), a company that sold cigarettes by phone and over the Internet. In 2010, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (“ATF”) investigated Chavez for the unlawful diversion of tobacco products. Chavez pled guilty to wire fraud and admitted to running “an illegal retail cigarette trafficking business” and selling unstamped cigarettes on which no tax was paid. ¶3 During the investigation, ATF identified the Arizona customers to whom Chavez had sold and shipped cigarettes and provided their names and purchase information to the Department. Using that information, the Department issued Driver a Notice of Proposed Assessment (“Notice”) reflecting that she owed $4,473.89 in luxury and use tax, plus interest. ¶4 Driver protested the assessment. At a hearing before the Office of Administrative Hearings, the Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) deducted five invoices from the assessment, concluding that Driver’s sister had made those purchases, but upheld the remaining assessment. Driver appealed the ALJ’s decision to the Department Director, who affirmed. She then appealed to the Board of Tax Appeals (“BOTA”), who also affirmed. ¶5 After exhausting her administrative remedies, Driver appealed to tax court. The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The court granted the Department’s motion and denied Driver’s. After entry of final judgment, Driver appealed. We have 2 DRIVER v. ADOR Decision of the Court jurisdiction pursuant to Arizona Revised Statutes (“A.R.S.”) section 12- 2101(A)(1) (2019). DISCUSSION ¶6 We review the tax court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. See Wilderness World, Inc. v. Dep’t of Revenue State of Ariz., 182 Ariz. 196, 198 (1995). In doing so, we view the facts in the light most favorable to Driver, the party against whom judgment was entered. See Valencia Energy Co. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Revenue, 191 Ariz. 565, 568, ¶ 2 (1998). I. Luxury and Use Tax ¶7 Driver first argues the tax court erred in granting summary judgment because Chavez “legally owed all taxes on cigarettes sold into this state” and, therefore, Driver is not liable for the tax. ¶8 Arizona imposes a luxury privilege tax on all cigarette purchases. See A.R.S. § 42-3051 (2019). Under Arizona law, cigarettes cannot be sold unless the luxury tax has been paid and an official tax stamp is affixed. See A.R.S. § 42-3452 (2019), formerly A.R.S. § 42-3202 (2006). A tax stamp is evidence that luxury tax was paid, and the law presumes that unstamped cigarettes “are intended for first sale by the person and are subject to the taxes imposed by this chapter.” A.R.S. § 42-3453 (2019), formerly A.R.S. § 42-3202.01 (2006); see also A.R.S. § 42-3452 (2019), formerly A.R.S. § 42-3202 (2006). “First sale” means either “the initial sale or distribution in intrastate commerce” or “the initial use or consumption of cigarettes.” A.R.S. § 42-3001(10) (2019), formerly A.R.S. § 42-3001(12) (2006). ¶9 Current Arizona law prohibits the purchase of cigarettes by telephone, Internet, or mail. See A.R.S. § 36-798.06 (2019); 2012 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 311, § 2 (2nd Reg. Sess.). Under current law, an individual cannot possess unstamped cigarettes unless that person is a licensed cigarette manufacturer, importer or distributor, or has a proper bill of lading. See A.R.S. § 42-3457(A) (2019). During the Assessment Period, however, phone and Internet cigarette sales were permitted and were governed by the “Delivery Sales” statutes. See A.R.S. §§ 42-3221 to -3230 (2006), repealed by 2012 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 3, § 20 (2nd Reg. Sess.). ¶10 At the time Driver was purchasing cigarettes from Chavez, an individual could possess unstamped cigarettes for his or her own use and consumption if the person complied with certain requirements. See A.R.S. § 42-3205(A) (2006). To legally possess unstamped cigarettes, the individual had to register with the Department “on a form and in a manner 3 DRIVER v. ADOR Decision of the Court prescribed” by the Department and remit luxury tax within ten days after receipt of the unstamped cigarettes. See A.R.S. § 42-3201(C) (2006). The prescribed registration form was Arizona Form 800DS, entitled the “Cigarette Tax Return” required for “unstamped cigarettes imported into Arizona.” ¶11 Driver purchased cigarettes from Chavez for her own use or consumption in Arizona. No tax was paid on those cigarettes. Although required under law to file a Form 800DS and remit taxes to the Department, Driver did neither. Therefore, she is liable for the unpaid luxury tax. ¶12 In addition to luxury tax, Arizona also imposes a tax on the use or consumption of tangible personal property purchased from an out- of-state retailer. See A.R.S. § 42-5155(A) (2019). A purchaser is personally liable for use tax. See A.R.S. § 42-5155(F) (2019), formerly A.R.S. § 42-5155(E) (2006). This court has previously explained the distinction between the transaction privilege tax and the use tax: “In contrast to the transaction privilege tax, which is imposed on transactions consummated within Arizona, a use tax is designed to reach out-of-state sales of tangible personal property to Arizona purchasers.” See Ariz. Elec. Power Coop., Inc. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Revenue, 242 Ariz. 85, 87, ¶ 7 (App. 2017). ¶13 The record reflects that, over the course of three years, Driver purchased cigarettes from Chavez, an out-of-state retailer, and used or consumed the cigarettes in Arizona. Thus, Driver is liable for use tax. ¶14 Driver’s complaint alleged that “[t]he remote tobacco seller [Chavez], NOT the buyer, was legally required to collect and remit all Arizona taxes owed at the time of taking the internet order.” Driver is correct that under the Delivery Sales statutes, “[e]ach person accepting a purchase order for a delivery sale” was required to “collect and remit to the [D]epartment all taxes imposed on tobacco products by this state.” A.R.S. § 42-3227 (2006). Chavez failed to comply with the Delivery Sales statutes. Its failure, however, does not relieve Driver of tax liability. As a purchaser of unstamped cigarettes, Driver was still liable for payment of luxury and use tax. See A.R.S. §§ 42-3201(C) (2006); -5155 (2006). ¶15 Because the tax court properly determined that Driver was liable for luxury and use tax on her cigarette purchases, we affirm the entry of summary judgment. 4 DRIVER v. ADOR Decision of the Court II. Statute of Limitations ¶16 Driver next argues the assessment is barred by the four-year statute of limitations set forth in § 42-1104. This statute authorizes the Department to make a deficiency assessment within four years after a return is either filed or required to be filed, whichever date comes later. See A.R.S. § 42-1104(A) (2019). The assessment here reached back more than four years. ¶17 Section 42-1104(B), however, provides exceptions to the four- year limitation period and authorizes the Department to assess a tax deficiency “at any time” if the taxpayer fails to file a return. See A.R.S. § 42- 1104(B)(1)(b) (2019). We review the application of § 42-1104 de novo. See Ader v. Estate of Felger, 240 Ariz. 32, 36, ¶ 9 (App. 2016) (applying de novo review to the interpretation of statutory time limitations). ¶18 Driver does not contend that she filed a Form 800DS, the cigarette tax return. Therefore, the Department’s assessment falls within the exception to the four-year statute of limitations applying when a taxpayer fails to file a return. See A.R.S. § 42-1104(B)(1)(b) (2019). Because the Department’s assessment is not time barred, we affirm the entry of summary judgment. III. Due Process of Law ¶19 Finally, Driver argues that the tax court deprived her of due process of law in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. This court reviews Driver’s constitutional claim de novo. See In re Estate of Snure, 234 Ariz. 203, 204, ¶ 5 (App. 2014). ¶20 “Due process requires notice and an opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.” Huck v. Haralambie, 122 Ariz. 63, 65 (1979). The Department provided Driver with the Notice, as required by law, and she had an opportunity to be heard in the administrative proceedings. Driver protested the Notice in a hearing before the Office of Administrative Hearings, where the ALJ reduced the amount of the assessment. Driver then appealed the ALJ’s decision to the Department Director. After the Director affirmed the ALJ’s decision, Driver appealed to the BOTA where she was given a second hearing. From there, she appealed to tax court. Driver was provided notice and ample opportunity to be heard. ¶21 Driver also argues that “the opportunity to defend on statute of limitations grounds is a vested right protected by due process.” As the 5 DRIVER v. ADOR Decision of the Court United States Supreme Court has explained, however, the right to shelter from a statute of limitations is not a “fundamental” or “natural right.” See Chase Sec. Corp. v. Donaldson, 325 U.S. 304, 314 (1945). Statutes of limitation find their justification in necessity and convenience rather than in logic. They represent expedients, rather than principles. They are practical and pragmatic devices to spare the courts from litigation of stale claims, and the citizen from being put to his defense after memories have faded, witnesses have died or disappeared, and evidence has been lost. . . . Their shelter has never been regarded as what now is called a ‘fundamental’ right or what used to be called a ‘natural’ right of the individual. He may, of course, have the protection of the policy while it exists, but the history of pleas of limitation shows them to be good only by legislative grace and to be subject to a relatively large degree of legislative control. Id. (citation omitted); see also Lucia v. United States, 474 F.2d 565, 569-70 (5th Cir. 1973) (“[T]here is no substantive or fundamental right to the shelter of a period of limitations.”). ¶22 The Arizona legislature has provided a four-year statute of limitations to taxpayers but has declined to extend that protection to taxpayers who fail to file their returns. See A.R.S. § 42-1104 (2019). Other states have established similar limitations. See, e.g., Zignego Co., Inc. v. Wisconsin Dep’t of Revenue, 565 N.W.2d 590, 593 (Wis. Ct. App. 1997) (holding that “if a sales and use tax return is never filed,” the statute of limitations “never begins to run”); Dye Constr. Co. v. Dolan, 589 P.2d 497, 498 (Colo. Ct. App. 1978) (holding that if a taxpayer fails to file a return, the taxing authority is not bound by the statute of limitations). ¶23 Driver had no fundamental right to the statutory four-year statute of limitations, and there was no violation of her due process rights. 6 DRIVER v. ADOR Decision of the Court CONCLUSION ¶24 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the tax court’s decision. We award costs to the Department upon compliance with Arizona Rule of Civil Appellate Procedure 21. AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court FILED: JT 7	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }
Sorted. No wonder no one can find the plane. Where in the search area is a place no one has ever visited. North Sentinel Island which I recently wrote about here. Covered it trees so no one can see even the people who live there it is clear the Sentinelese are FED UP W ITH THEIR ISOLATION AND NOW PLAN TO TAKE OVER THE WORLD. yOU HEARD IT HERE FIRST.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
‘Super VAT’ tax as Ukip turn on luxury goods UKIP has promised to fight for a new Super VAT as it sets out the polices it hopes will see it hold the balance of power. By The Newsroom Friday, 26th September 2014, 6:38 pm Delegates gathered at the party conference in Doncaster heard a new wave of UK Independence Party policies as Nigel Farage prepares for the 2015 General Election. A higher rate of VAT for luxury goods will feature in the Ukip manifesto, with shoes over £200, handbags above £1,000 and cars worth more than £50,000 all facing a price hike. Sign up to our daily newsletter The i newsletter cut through the noise Sign up Thanks for signing up! Sorry, there seem to be some issues. Please try again later. Submitting... The party also promised to ditch inheritance tax and to cut the higher rate of tax from 40p to 35p for people who earn between £42,000 and £55,000. On immigration proposals were unveiled for an Australian-style points based migration system and a cap of 50,000 people a year allowed to move to the UK. Ukip also promised to reform UK border points so there is one line for British passport holders and “one line for the rest of the world”. Ukip’s deputy leader Paul Nuttall said the party was pursuing a deliberate strategy of appealing to working class voters who are disillusioned with Labour, a group he described as the “low-hanging fruit in British politics”. The MEP said: “You’ve just got to look at the by-elections over the past four years, starting with Barnsley in 2011 I think there’s been six on the bounce in the north of England where we’ve finished second to Labour - 25% in South Shields, 24% in Rotherham. “I’ve been saying since 2007 that the low-hanging fruit in British politics are disaffected working-class people who will no longer vote for Labour, who feel that the Labour Party leadership doesn’t represent them.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Q: PHP - Changing the datetime to mysql readable datetime My date and time string is: January 28, 2010 1417 with the last four numbers being the time. How should I go about converting it to a string that would be acceptable by mysql? when I try using strtotime I get Warning: strtotime(): It is not safe to rely on the system's timezone settings. A: $timestamp = strtotime($string); date("Y-m-d H:i:s", $timestamp);	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Directing visual attention with spatially informative and spatially noninformative tactile cues. We investigated the tactile cuing of visual spatial attention using spatially-informative (75% valid) and spatially-noninformative (25% valid) tactile cues. The participants performed a visual change detection task following the presentation of a tactile spatial cue on their back whose location corresponded to one of the four visual quadrants on a computer monitor. The participants were explicitly instructed to use the spatially-informative tactile cues but to ignore the spatially-noninformative cues. In addition to reaction time data, participants' eye-gaze was monitored as a measure of overt visual attention. The results showed that the spatially-informative tactile cues resulted in initial saccades toward the cued visual quadrants, and significantly reduced the visual change detection latencies. When spatially-noninformative tactile cues were used, the participants were largely successful at ignoring them as indicated by a saccade distribution that was independent of the quadrant that was cued, as well as the lack of a significant change in search time as compared to the baseline measure of no tactile cuing. The eye-gaze data revealed that the participants could not always completely ignore the spatially-noninformative tactile cues. Our results suggest that the tactile cuing of visual attention is natural but not automatic when the tactile cue and visual target are not collocated spatially, and that it takes effort to ignore the cues even when they are known to provide no useful information. In addition, our results confirm previous findings that spatially-informative tactile cues are especially effective at directing overt visual attention to locations that are not typically monitored visually, such as the bottom of a computer screen or the rearview mirror in an automobile.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
New drug policy would require a suspension for first-offense DUI Posted by Mike Florio on May 25, 2014, 9:58 AM EST Getty Images Plenty of changes to the NFL’s substance-abuse policy and PED policy hinge on the league and the NFLPA finalizing an agreement to conduct HGH testing. Some changes would help the players, incorporating third-party arbitration for most appeals and tweaking the rules to reduce suspensions. One change would hurt the players, but the players generally are in favor of it. Per a league source, the new substance-abuse policy (which will be implemented once an HGH testing agreement is reached) would impose a one-game suspension for a first-offense DUI. The penalty also would include a fine in the amount of one game check. Currently, the rules require two-game fine for players who ultimately are deemed to be legally responsible for first-offense DUI. Barring unusual circumstances, a suspension arises only for a second offense. The league has wanted tougher penalties for several years. The NFLPA, possibly influenced by the reality that a member of the union died in December 2012 while riding with a drunk teammate, wants the enhanced penalty as well. The penalty will be put in place as soon as the league and the union iron out the last remaining details of HGH testing. Which, if you’re just joining us, has nothing to do with HGH testing. The policy hinges on whether Commissioner Roger Goodell will retain the ability to resolve appeals of HGH and other PED violations arising not from a positive test but from other evidence of drug use. All appeals based on positive tests will go to third-party arbitration. And the impasse will continue until the two sides can find a middle ground — or until Moe comes along and clunks Larry’s and Curly’s heads together. How about this: First DUI is a one game suspension, with rapid scaling so that the second one is 8 games, and the third you’re out for at least a year with the possibility of reinstatement. If you harm someone while driving under the influence, lifetime ban. If you’re caught abusing your spouse, first time is 8 games, second is full season. Marijuana? Leave it up to the individual teams since the laws vary state to state, and it’s not much different (and probably less damaging) than drinking alcohol. Obviously if you’re caught driving while high the penalties would be the same as above. Seems easy enough; playing in the NFL is a privilege not a right. Something like what I described above would send the message that the league actually cares about what type of person their players are when out in the community. Just not if you’re an owner, than you can probably rack up multiple DUIs, have illegal prescription drugs, $29,000 cash etc… cartire says:May 25, 2014 10:28 AM Wait….. What’s the difference between the current 2 game check fine, and a 1 game suspension and 1 game check fine? So the player misses a single game, but loses the exact same monetary value. This seems like a pathetic attempt at harsher punishments. Also, the only reason players want third party arbitration is to draw the process out even longer in hopes of cheating the system. If you take drugs to enhance performance, stop trying to look for a way out. You were caught, own it. eaglesnoles05 says:May 25, 2014 10:29 AM Considering the other probable consequences of DUI, like death or serious bodily injury of yourself or others, why is this even a question. What’s so hard about acting with a modicum of pro decorum while you play pro sports for a few years? It’s not like you can’t drink or womanize within the rules. Hold these idiot’s feet to the fire for this stuff. The league needs to let ‘em burn the cheebah and chill at home or in the back of limo’s and I bet you’ll get at least one less idiot driving around drunk. And doing that when you can easily pay for a driver needs to be made an example of. The penalties still seem way too soft. Just because rich elitists don’t worry about the penalties outside of the NFL doesn’t mean that the NFL shouldn’t strive to be better than everybody else and try to develop a model system. If they could do that then they could be a good example for a change and build a business that is respectable, and you can make money off of branding wholesome principles like that too. There would be a LOT of profit available in cleaning up the game and establishing the NFL as one of the best organizations in the world, if not the best. Where’s all the competitive-natured people in the league office? Oh right they are competitive at politics and figuring out how to get big paychecks before disappearing. That sucks. The league has wanted tougher penalties for several years. The NFLPA, possibly influenced by the reality that a member of the union died in December 2012 while riding with a drunk teammate, wants the enhanced penalty as well. Josh Brent. You can write down his name. He got 180 DAYS in jail for killing his friend Jerry Brown. Drunk. Not his first failed DUI, had several failed tests. How would new drug policy prevent stupidity? They shouldn’t penalize employees at all. That’s what the legal system is for. The brand won’t ever lose its luster because of stupid things athletes do. I can’t imagine anyone being happy about screwing up and getting smacked down by the law and then getting fined or suspended by their job for a personal issue. Yeah,playing pro ball is a priviledge…so is any job. Fine and suspend players for something that directly affects competition or is considered a felony. Heck,that won’t matter because they’ll probably be locked up anyways and you can terminate their contract. It’s a good conversation piece but obviously the NFL’s popularity doesn’t wane due to this stuff. There’s a list of killers,drunkards and goons that have been a part of the league and yet it still is the number one major sport in the country. Obviously there’s no moral outrage over the NFL because the product hasn’t suffered Who cares about the freakin ‘brand’? DUI penalties should be stiff – to do one thing and one thing only.. Save lives. I’ve lost friends/family who were both behind the wheel an casualties of someone else behind the wheel. I would have no problem with a one year suspension – loss of compensation for any first time offender. If you want to dissuade the activity – up the ante enough to make em take notice.. Dumb. Zebras don’t change their strips and we got a lot of zebras in the nfl. Just gonna end up suspending a good portion of your product and for what? To send a message that DUIs are bad? I would have never guessed. How about focus on the game of football and not the lawlessness of the players, which is irrelevant to football So according to several posters a player is a bad guy deserving punishment if you abuse yourself and your girlfriend (dare I say boyfriend too???), but endangering the welfare of complete strangers is no big deal. Talk about small minded… - if its the action, than why not texting while driving? Its dangerous and endangers complete strangers. If its because the person is drinking – why not fat NFL players at BK. This is just the PC police thing to do for the NFL. In fact, taking muscle relaxers or those pain pills while driving can also impact and endanger people – Wheres the outrage? Some game checks are very small because for cap reasons the majority of the contract was paid in signing bonuses. Calculate the value of the contract by the number of games in the contract and make that the “one game” value of a fine. commonsensedude says:May 25, 2014 8:00 PM Drunk Driving kills. Throw the hammer down at the first offense and perhaps more players will think twice before racking up a second. jchuber says:May 25, 2014 9:05 PM We need to make sure that these new rules apply equally to owners and their staffs, coaches and their staffs, and NFL officals and their staffs. In short EVERYONE who represents the NFL to the public. No more double standards, where players get hammered, while owners, coaches, and nfl execs can do as they damn well please. I think this is a great idea. DUIs have not been taken seriously enough by players, and they need to be. Fining a millionaire player isn’t really going to have an impact, but if you make him sit out, then his coaches, owner, and fellow players are not going to be happy and there will be more consequences. I’m tired of hearing of players, who are supposed to be role models, getting drunk and getting in trouble. Make them sit–that will hit them where it hurts. I dont know what the hell is wrong with most you idiots on here. I want to see the best players on the field. When in the hell did you the NFL care about people obeying the law. They sure as hell dont care about owners breaking the law, theres no reason to care about players breaking the law, unless its the Aaron Hernandez type of law breaking JimmyHaslem has his business raided by federal agents, jim Irsay has a dead body in his apt, Ziggy Wilf, getting sued due to unfair business practices And these ninnies in the NFL league office are worried about DUIs. Gimme a frickin break. I want the best players on the field	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Colour Price Men's Trail Running Shoes Designed for whatever you land on. Our range of men’s trail running shoes will give you the confidence to push your limits like never before. With the ultimate in grip guaranteed, you will have the edge.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Victim Of Pool Party Slaughter Was Nick Cannon’s Childhood Friend Actor and rapper Nick Cannon claimed that he knew the victim who died in the mass shooting at a San Diego apartment complex on Sunday. “My heart hurts with great sadness tonight,” the “America’s Got Talent” host wrote on Instagram. “I just learned that the one life lost in the senseless and tragic mass shooting in San Diego was my childhood friend, who was more like family, Miss Monique Clark.”	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a novel system and methodology for providing information with respect to electronic entertainment and more particularly to an information program content guide which provides for related services. 2. Description of the Related Art Various text based systems for providing information on television shows and the like are now available. However, these devices and/or printed publications are rather limited in their scope. Systems such as the VCR+(trademark) system which employs information found in a local newspaper, provides a code based system which requires that the manual codes printed in a newspaper be entered into a VCR to allow automatic programming of the VCR. This system however, does not allow for an interactive link of the flexibility that is demanded or needed by users at the present time. This invention expands upon, and provides a significant improvement over, the text based preprinted information systems and further provides a mechanism by which additional related services and information can be provided to a user. Other computer and electronic based systems, such as would be found on a cable system, suffer from various other problems, such as a lack of interactivity and the ability to provide interactive links or for the information to be updated in an easy manner. A computer based system is provided in this invention which may use, for example, a personal computer which extracts, consolidates and provides a display mechanism for displaying the various types of information to access from multiple sources of electronic signals and sources for use by an individual. Although this computer system is primarily designed to incorporate a large screen monitor capable for viewing at a distance, this invention should not be considered so limited in its use and in fact be used in conjunction with monitors of all sizes. The computer system of this invention incorporates integrated hardware and functionality in which electronic signals from a plurality of sources and of various types can be acquired by the computer system""s central processing unit. The system interprets and processes information which is played back and displayed to the user. These signals may be acquired from an analog signal or from a digital signal. Just some of the examples of the signal sources might be standard analog television transmission, which occurs over the air, cable analog television transmissions, digital cable television transmissions, and direct broadcast satellites, either digital or analog. Additional digital information can be carried as part of an analog television signal for example, as part of the vertical blanking interval (VBI) or in other portions of the video and audio wave form, including in the picture portion itself. Digital data may also be acquired by the central processor by cable modem, satellite digital video transmission or over standard telephone lines, including Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), wireless transmission, AM/FM radio broadcasts, digital media such as CD ROM, CDI, magnetic diskettes or the like. Further additional information can be acquired from prerecorded items such as would be used in video cassette recorders, audio CD players or the like. This information would then be converted either from its native analog format or reformatted from its stored digital format or transmittal digital format into a data format by which the computer may use this information. The presentation of this information in a manner which is usable by an average user, is one of the significant features and advantages of this invention. Specifically, the computer system acquires information from a multiplicity of electronic signals and provides a coherent mechanism of presenting this information to a user in a format which is easy to understand and suitable for usage. For example, in the case of broadcast television signals, these signals are received and converted into a moving digital graphical display and the processed signals can then be displayed on a system monitor with the accompanying audio signals being received and converted to digital samples and then replayed through the digital display to analog converters provided in the system. Obviously, the signal acquisition method and apparatus and its processing used to present the signal, either visual or aural, will vary depending upon the type of signal source that is received and the manner in which it is received. In the case of digital signal sources, the processing method used to interpret and present the signal obviously depends upon the type of digital information. One of the concerns is how the information is contained within the data stream or on the context in which the data is received. The mechanism by which the signal arrives at the computer system obviously may vary as set forth above and this invention should not be limited to the specific methodology of receiving the signal. In any complex computer system which is capable of receiving and displaying or playing back audio signals, there is obviously a rich and diverse source of signals for entertainment and for content. However, it is difficult for an individual user to select from the wide selection of possible programs and content types in an easy and expeditious manner. In conventional approaches, once a selection is made or in use, it is difficult or time consuming to change to or investigate other signal/content sources without entering complex commands. In the case of searching and finding content delivered over different means (for example, switching from a television broadcast signal and a modem data signal), it may be necessary to consult multiple sources of information or xe2x80x9ccontent guidesxe2x80x9d to determine what material might be of interest to the user and what is available. Another problem that is present in prior art systems is the ease with which actions can be prompted to the user on a given signal type and carried out using another signal type. An example of this is an advertisement on television containing a telephone number for placing an order to purchase goods, or a world wide web address, which is displayed as part of a television program. The conventional method of taking action would be for the user to note the telephone number, pick up a telephone, dial the telephone number, request the specific merchandise and provide credit card information or billing information to the operator. If a world wide web address is provided on the television show, it may require several displays of this address before the user can note the exact syntax of the address, copy it down, enter it into his web browser and communicate with this web page. One of the unique advantages of this invention is an integrated content guide (ICG) with associated features is provided. This content guide provides an integrated method for searching and finding content of interest both within and across pluralities of signal types and programming and provides an integrated approach for the presentation of this information and of advertising information which is sent along with this signal. An additional advantage of this invention is a mechanism by which links and/or related information, which are (is) kept in the context of the program being viewed or listened to, may be used as part of the content guide.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Q: Magento 2: How can I do an integration with magento 2 and sap business one? i want to create a integration with magento 2 and SAP B1, I created a web application in magento 2 I gave it a name and I gave it permission to API and it was saved then create a new role, assign the roles that the API will use, then create the user who will use the roles you previously believed when I make the call https: // HOST_IP / rest / V1 / customer / me give me this back The request does not match any route. Can you tell me if I'm forgetting a step or something? A: In Magento web-API when you pass user name and password then it generates token for that specific customer (Which is only valid for 1 hour - configurable from admin) http://ventas.interlatin.com.mx/index.php/rest/V1/integration/customer/token?username=testapi@hotmail.com&password=testapi12345 method POST which returns token.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Deepika Padukone raises a toast to those who survived depression Bollywood actress Deepika Padukone was honoured by TIME as one of 100 most influential people in the world. It was a very proud moment for India as well as the 'Padmaavat' actress. For a long time she has opened up about her battle with depression. At the TIME event again, she raised a toast to all those who fought against depression and did not give up.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Canada’s embassy in Kyiv has been closed amid a government crackdown on protests there. According to an automated message at the embassy, it’s closed “until further notice for security reasons.” The message says the embassy is still providing emergency consular services. In recent days, the embassy has been providing refuge to protesters escaping the violence. Canadians of Ukrainian origin are agonizing over loved ones caught up in the deadly violence that has re-erupted in Kyiv. And they worry that sanctions being considered by Canada, the U.S. and the European Union to end the violence may come too late to save their former country from economic and political disaster. Several dozen people sang and chanted during a protest on Parliament Hill to denounce the violence, which has taken the lives of at least 25 people in the Ukrainian capital. RELATED: Pussy Riot attacked by whip-wielding Cossacks Kyiv violence flares again as bloodshed raises fears of Ukraine civil war Ukraine protests in photos The demonstration came as Ottawa announced that Canada’s embassy in Kyiv would remain closed for a second day. MPs James Bezan and Ted Opitz say in a statement they are “disgusted” by the callous behaviour demonstrated by Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych and his regime. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird says Canada is considering a range of diplomatic options to send a message to the Yanukovych government, including targeted sanctions. Baird said the Harper government would speak with other nations as it looked at possible further steps. “I will . . . be consulting our allies and like-minded nations to build a co-ordinated path forward in the coming days,” Baird said. But Olya Korzachenko of Ottawa, who for two days has been unable to reach relatives in Ukraine, fears it may already be too late for economic sanctions to have any meaningful effect. “Enough talk,” Korzachenko said as she stood near the centennial flame at the heart of the parliamentary precinct. “The authorities are moving their own personal millions and billions into banks around the world, and while we talk, all of this is going on — Ukraine is being raped and nobody in the West, nobody in Europe is doing anything.” The escalating anger over the protests, and the government’s crackdown, has fuelled fears that Ukraine could be sliding toward civil war. But protesters in Ottawa largely dismissed that notion, blaming Russia for the violence, and saying they didn’t believe Ukrainians would fight Ukrainians. Already there have been reports of security forces in Kyiv surrendering to protest groups. Sanctions against Ukraine could include a travel ban on prominent officials and a freezing of assets belonging to the powerful oligarchs who back Yanukovych. Canada will also provide medical supplies to Ukrainian activists through a contribution to a Ukrainian non-governmental organization. Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading... As the violent protests continued Wednesday in Kyiv, Yanukovych said he had replaced the chief of the country’s armed forces. The presidential decree came as Ukraine’s acting defence minister said the army was considering a nationwide anti-terrorist operation to restore order. Yanukovych’s government has frequently referred to the protesters demanding his resignation as “terrorists.” Read more about:	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
--- abstract: 'We take charged anisotropic fluid cylinder when there is no external pressure acting on the fluid. This is a cylindrical version of the Krori and Barua’s method to explore the field equations with anisotropic fluid. We discuss models with positive matter density and pressure that satisfy all the energy and stability conditions. It is found that charge does not vanish at the center of the cylinder. The equilibrium condition as well as physical conditions are discussed. Further, we highlight the connection between our solutions and the charged strange quark stars as well as with dark matter including charged massive particles. The graphical analysis of the matter variables versus charge is given which indicates a physically reasonable matter distribution.' author: - \| M. Sharif[^1] and H. Ismat Fatima[^2]\ Department of Mathematics, University of the Punjab,\ Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore-54590, Pakistan. title: 'Cylinder with Charged Anisotropic Source' --- [Keywords:]{} Field equations; Equation of state; Charged anisotropic source.\ [PACS:]{} 04.40.Nr; 04.40.Dg; 04.20.Jb Introduction ============ The study of general relativistic charged compact objects is of fundamental importance in astrophysics. Strong magnetic fields, different kinds of phase transitions and solid stellar core cause anisotropy in the fluids. However, charged fluids with anisotropy complicates the solution of the field equations. Equations of state (EoS) has important consequences in such situations. Many exact solutions have been obtained [@9] by using a simple form of the energy-momentum tensor and assuming some symmetries. There have been pervious discussions of a similar nature by Evan [@9a], Bronnikov [@9b], Latelier and Tobensky [@9c], and Kramer [@9d]. They used various EoS that could be written in the form $\rho=\gamma p$ for specific positive values of $\gamma$, as well as energy conservation. Some work has been done on charged anisotropic static matter by using spherically symmetric stars with the linear, nonlinear and Chaplygin gas EoS. Ivanov [@1] showed that the field equations can be simplified by using linear EoS for a charged perfect fluid but with non-integrable equations. Sharma and Maharaj [@2] explored the field equations for static spherically symmetric uncharged anisotropic fluid with combined linear EoS and a particular mass function. Charged anisotropic fluids have been discussed in General Relativity since the pioneering work of Bonner [@3]. Ray et al. [@4] investigated charged anisotropic spheres with Chaplygin gas EoS. Thirukkanesh and Maharaj [@5] generated models for charged anisotropic spherically symmetric stars by using linear EoS as well as choosing one of the metric functions and electric field intensity. Horvat et al. [@6] studied gravastars for charged anisotropic fluid. Recently, Victor et al. [@7] explored solutions for the charged anisotropic spheres with linear or nonlinear EoS. Over the years, many authors have proposed various formulations to solve the field equations for cylindrically symmetric spacetime. Nilsson et al. [@8] investigated cylindrically symmetric perfect fluid models. One of the authors (MS) [@10] explored perfect fluid, static cylindrically symmetric solutions of the field equations by using different EoS. Sharif and Fatima [@11] worked for the charged anisotropic cylinder but they discussed gravitational collapse. Som [@12] explored the charged dust cylinder. However, there has been a little progress towards investigating charged anisotropic static cylindrically symmetric solutions with or without using an EoS. In a recent paper [@12a], we have explored exact solutions of the field equations for the charged anisotropic static cylindrically symmetric spacetime using Thirukkanesh and Maharaj [@5] approach. Here we extend this study for the charged anisotropic static cylindrically symmetric spacetime by using Victor et al. [@7] procedure. A system of differential equations for matter as well as electric field intensity and anisotropic pressures are solved on the basis of linear and nonlinear EoS. Numerical factors depending on matching conditions are used with each EoS which provide relationship among charge distribution, pressure anisotropy and EoS. The outline of the paper is as follows: In the next section, we write down the Einstein-Maxwell field equations for the static cylindrically symmetric spacetime and also express this system of equations with original Krori and Barua’s [@13] assumptions. We apply the central and boundary conditions on electric field intensity and radial pressure respectively to analyze these field equations at center and on the boundary of the cylinder. Section 3 investigates models for linear, nonlinear and Chaplygin gas EoS by taking positive matter densities and pressures corresponding to the relevant EoS. In section 4, we match smoothly the interior and exterior metrics and bring adimesionality in the three models. Section 5 provides some physical features of these models. In particular, we discuss the stability conditions, energy conditions, the ven der Waals EoS [@14] and the equilibrium conditions for our models. The last section 6 contains concluding remarks about the results. The Field Equations =================== We take the static cylindrically symmetric spacetime given by [@15] $$\label{1} ds^{2}=e^{2\nu}dt^{2}-e^{2\mu-2\nu}dr^{2}-r^{2}e^{-2\nu}d\phi^{2}-e^{2\mu-2\nu}dz^{2},$$ where $\nu$ and $\mu$ are functions of $r$. The transformation $d\phi=e^{\nu}d\theta$ leads the above equation to the following form [@8; @11] $$\label{2} ds^{2}=e^{2\nu}dt^{2}-e^{2\mu-2\nu}dr^{2}-r^{2}d\theta^{2}-e^{2\mu-2\nu}dz^{2}.$$ The field equations for the charged anisotropic source are $$\label{3} R_{ab}-\frac{1}{2}g_{ab}R=\kappa(T^{(m)}_{ab}+T^{(em)}_{ab}),$$ where $T^{(m)}_{ab}$ and $T^{(em)}_{ab}$ are the energy-momentum tensors for anisotropic matter and electromagnetic field respectively. The energy-momentum tensor for anisotropic fluid is $$\label{4} T^{(m)}_{ab}=(\rho+p_{r})u_{a}u_{b}-p_{t}g_{ab}+(p_{t}-p_{r})\eta_{a} \eta_{b}$$ satisfying $u^{a}u_{a}=-\eta^{a} \eta_{a}=1$, where $\rho$ is the charge density, $p_{r}$ is the radial pressure, $p_{t}$ is the tangential pressure, $u_{a}=e^{\nu}\delta^{0}_{a}$ is the 4-velocity and $\eta _{a}=-e^{\mu-\nu}\delta_{a}^{1}$ is the 4-unit vector. The energy-momentum tensor for the electromagnetic field is $$\label{5} T^{(em)}_{ab}=\frac{1}{4\pi}(-g^{cd}F_{ac}F_{bd}+\frac{1}{4}g_{ab}F_{cd}F^{cd}),$$ where $F_{ab}=A_{b,a}-A_{a,b}$ is the Maxwell field tensor and $A_a$ is the 4-potential. The Maxwell field equations are given by $$\label{6} [\sqrt{-g}F^{ab}]_{,b}=4\pi J^{a}\sqrt{-g},\quad F_{[ab,c]}=0,$$ where $J^{a}=\sigma u^{a}$ is the 4-current of the fluid element and $\sigma$ is the proper charge density. The field equations for the line element (\[2\]) become $$\begin{aligned} \label{7} e^{2\nu-2\mu}(\nu''-\mu'')=8\pi\rho+E^{2},\\\label{8} \frac{e^{2\nu-2\mu}}{r}(-r\nu'^{2}+r\nu'\mu'+\mu')=8\pi p_{r}-E^{2},\\\label{9} e^{2\nu-2\mu}(\nu'~^{2}+\mu'') =8\pi p_{t}+E^{2},\\\label{10} \sigma=\frac{e^{2\nu-2\mu}}{4\pi r}(re^{\mu-\nu}E)',\end{aligned}$$ where prime denotes differentiation with respect to $r$ and $E=2\sqrt{\pi}e^{-\mu}\frac{\partial A}{\partial r}$ stands for em part. In the system of equations (\[7\])-(\[10\]), there are seven unknowns, so we make physically reasonable choices for any two of the unknowns. We take the gravitational potential $e^{2\mu-2\nu}$ and the electric field intensity $E$ as [@6] $$\begin{aligned} \label{11} e^{2\mu-2\nu}&=&\frac{1+(c_{1}-c_{2})r}{1+c_{1}r}, \\\label{12} E^{2}&=&\frac{k(3+c_{1}r)}{(1+c_{1}r)^{2}},\end{aligned}$$ where $c_1,~c_2$ and $k$ are constants. Substituting Eqs.(\[11\]) and (\[12\]) in Eq.(\[10\]), we obtain $$\label{13} \sigma\approx\frac{\sqrt{3k}}{2\pi r}.$$ This shows that there is a singularity in the charge distribution at $r=0$. However, this choice keeps the charge distribution regular at the centre of the cylinder as $E(r)$ remains finite there (\[12\]). The singularity free models for charged anisotropic static cylinder are constructed by taking [@13] $$\begin{aligned} \label{14} \mu=Ar^{2},\quad \nu=Br^{2}+C,\end{aligned}$$ where $A,~B$ and $C$ are constants. Using these values in Eqs.(\[7\])-(\[10\]), it follows that $$\begin{aligned} \label{15} e^{2r^{2}(B-A)+2C}(2B-2A)=8\pi \rho +E^{2},\\\label{16} e^{2r^{2}(B-A)+2C}(-4B^{2}r^{2}+4ABr^{2}+2A)=8\pi p_{r}-E^{2},\\\label{17} e^{2r^{2}(B-A)+2C}(4B^{2}r^{2}+2A)=8\pi p_{t}+E^{2},\\\label{18} \sigma=\frac{e^{2r^{2}(B-A)+2C}}{4\pi r}(re^{r^{2}(A-B)-C}E)'.\end{aligned}$$ Now we impose the central and boundary conditions on $E(r)$ and $p_{r}(r)$ respectively as follows: $$\begin{aligned} \label{19} E(0)=0, \quad p_{r}(a)=0,\end{aligned}$$ where $a$ is a positive constant and $r=a$ is the interface of the charged fluid and vacuum (i.e., boundary of the cylinder). We apply central conditions to the system of Eqs.(\[15\])-(\[17\]), it follows that $$\begin{aligned} \label{20} \rho (0)=\frac{(B-A)e^{2C}}{4\pi},\quad p_{r}(0)=\frac{Ae^{2C}}{4\pi},\quad p_{t}(0)=\frac{Ae^{2C}}{4\pi}.\end{aligned}$$ This shows that $p_{r}(r)=p_{t}(r)$ at $r=0$, hence the anisotropy of the cylinder vanishes at the center. Applying the boundary conditions to Eqs.(\[15\])-(\[17\]), we get $$\begin{aligned} \label{23} \rho (a)&=&\frac{e^{2a^{2}(B-A)+2C}(-2B^{2}a^{2}+B+2ABa^{2})}{4\pi},\\\label{24} p_{t}(a)&=&\frac{e^{2a^{2}(B-A)+2C}(A+ABa^{2})}{2\pi},\\\label{25} E^{2}(a)&=&e^{2a^{2}(B-A)+2C}(4ABa^{2}+2A-4B^{2}a^{2}).\end{aligned}$$ The general expressions for $p_{t}$ and $E^{2}$ from Eqs.(\[15\])-(\[17\]) are $$\begin{aligned} \label{26} p_{t}(r)&=&\frac{e^{2r^{2}(B-A)+2C}(-2B+2B^{2}r^{2}+2A)}{4\pi}+\rho ,\\\label{27} E^{2}(r)&=&e^{2r^{2}(B-A)+2C}(2B-2A)-8\pi \rho.\end{aligned}$$ Models for Equations of State ============================= The general form of EoS is $$\label{28} p_{r}=p_{r}(\rho ,a_{1},a_{2}),$$ where $a_{1}$ and $a_{2}$ are parameters constrained by $$\begin{aligned} \label{29} p_{r}(0)=p_{r}[\rho(0),a_{1},a_{2}],\quad 0=p_{r}[\rho(a),a_{1},a_{2}].\end{aligned}$$ Adding Eqs.(\[15\]) and (\[16\]), we obtain $$\label{30} \rho+p_{r}=\frac{e^{2r^{2}(B-A)+2C}}{8\pi}(-4B^{2}r^{2}+2B+4ABr^{2})\equiv l(r).$$ This equation may be used with the assumed EoS to find $\rho$ and $p_{r}$. The corresponding value of $\rho$ will be used in Eqs.(\[26\]) and (\[27\]) to evaluate $p_{t}$ and $E^{2}$ respectively. In the following we discuss three types of EoS: The Linear EoS -------------- This is given by $$\label{31} p_{r}=\alpha_{1}+\alpha_{2}\rho,$$ where $\alpha_1,~\alpha_2$ are constants. Using this EoS, we obtain expressions for $\rho,~p_{r},~p_{t}$ and $E^{2}$ as follows: $$\begin{aligned} \label{32} \rho&=&\frac{e^{2r^{2}(B-A)+2C}(-4B^{2}r^{2}+2B+4ABr^{2})-8\pi \alpha_{1} }{8\pi(1+\alpha_{2})},\\\label{33} p_{r}&=&\frac{\alpha_{2}e^{2r^{2}(B-A)+2C}(-4B^{2}r^{2}+2B+4ABr^{2})+8\pi \alpha_{1}}{1+\alpha_{2}}.\end{aligned}$$ Using Eq.(\[32\]) in Eqs.(\[26\]) and (\[27\]) successively, we get $$\begin{aligned} \label{34} p_{t}&=&\frac{e^{2r^{2}(B-A)+2C}((2B-4A-4B^{2}r^{2})(1+\alpha_{2}) +4B^{2}r^{2}-4ABr^{2}-2B)}{8\pi (1+\alpha_{2})}\nonumber\\&-&\frac{\alpha_{1}}{1+\alpha_{2}}, \\\label{35} E^{2}&=&\frac{e^{2r^{2}(B-A)+2C}((2B-2A)(1+\alpha_{2})+4B^{2}r^{2}-4ABr^{2}-2B)}{ 1+\alpha_{2}}-\frac{8\pi \alpha_{1}}{1+\alpha_{2}}.\nonumber\\\end{aligned}$$ The values of constants $\alpha_{1}$ and $\alpha_{2}$ are found by solving Eqs.(\[29\]) and (\[31\]) as $$\label{36} \alpha_{1}=-\frac{\rho(a)p_{r}(0)}{\rho(0)-\rho(a)},\quad \alpha_{2}=\frac{p_{r}(0)}{\rho(0)-\rho(a)}.$$ The Nonlinear EoS ----------------- The nonlinear EoS is given by $$\begin{aligned} \label{37} p_{r}=\beta_{1}+\frac{\beta_{2}}{\rho^{n}},\end{aligned}$$ where $n\neq-1$ and $\beta_1,~\beta_2$ are constants. It is a modification of the Chaplygin gas EoS used by Bertolami and Paramos [@16] to describe neutral dark stars. For $n=1$, Eqs.(\[30\]) and (\[37\]) lead to $$\label{38} \rho=\frac{l(r)-\beta_{1}\pm \sqrt{(l(r)-\beta_{1})^{2}-4\beta_{2}}}{2}.$$ Substituting Eq.(\[38\]) in Eqs.(\[37\]), (\[26\]) and (\[27\]) respectively, it follows that $$\begin{aligned} \label{39} p_{r}&=&\beta_{1}+\frac{2\beta_{2}}{l(r)-\beta_{1}\pm \sqrt{(l(r)-\beta_{1})^{2}-4\beta_{2}}}, \\\label{40} p_{t}&=&\frac{e^{2r^{2}(B-A)+2C}(-B+2B^{2}r^{2}+2A)}{4\pi} \nonumber\\&+&\frac{l(r)-\beta_{1}\pm \sqrt{(l(r)-\beta_{1})^{2}-4\beta_{2}}}{2} ,\\\label{41} E^{2}(r)&=&e^{2r^{2}(B-A)+2C}(2B-2A)-4\pi \left(l(r)-\beta_{1}\right.\nonumber\\ &\pm&\left.\sqrt{(l(r)-\beta_{1})^{2}-4\beta_{2}}\right),\end{aligned}$$ where $l(r)$ is given by Eq.(\[30\]). The constants $\beta_{1}$ and $\beta_{2}$ are found from Eqs.(\[37\]) and (\[29\]) as $$\label{42} \beta_{1}=\frac{\rho(0)p_{r}(0)}{\rho(0)-\rho(a)},\quad \beta_{2}=-\frac{\rho(0)\rho(a)p_{r}(0)}{\rho(0)-\rho(a)}.$$ Equation (\[38\]) implies that $\beta_{2}$ must be negative so that each root in this equation has definite sign which will correspond to a positive definite matter density. The Modified Chayplygin Gas EoS ------------------------------- This EOS has the following form $$\label{43} p_{r}=\gamma_{1}\rho+\frac{\gamma_{2}}{\rho},$$ where $\gamma_1,~\gamma_2$ are constants. This is used to describe static, neutral, phantom-like sources [@17]. Using this EoS with Eq.(\[30\]), we get $$\label{44} \rho=\frac{l(r)\pm \sqrt{l(r)^{2}-4(1+\gamma_{1})\gamma_{2}}}{2(1+\gamma_{1})}.$$ Substituting this value of $\rho$ in Eq.(\[43\]) as well as in Eqs.(\[26\]) and (\[27\]) successively, it follows that $$\begin{aligned} \label{45} p_{r}&= &\gamma_{1}\left(\frac{l(r)\pm \sqrt{l(r)^{2}-4(1+\gamma_{1})\gamma_{2}}}{2(1+\gamma_{1})}\right) \nonumber\\&+&\frac{2\gamma_{2}(1+\gamma_{1})} {l(r)\pm \sqrt{l(r)^{2}-4(1+\gamma_{1})\gamma_{2}}},\\\label{46} p_{t}&=&\frac{e^{2r^{2}(B-A)+2C}(-B+2B^{2}r^{2}+2A)}{4\pi}\nonumber\\&+&\frac{l(r)\pm \sqrt{l(r)^{2}-4(1+\gamma_{1})\gamma_{2}}}{2(1+\gamma_{1})} ,\\\label{47} E^{2}&=&e^{2r^{2}(B-A)+2C}(2B-2A)\nonumber\\&-&4\pi \left(\frac{l(r)\pm \sqrt{l(r)^{2}-4(1+\gamma_{1})\gamma_{2}}}{1+\gamma_{1}}\right),\end{aligned}$$ where $\gamma_{1}$ and $\gamma_{2}$ are $$\label{48} \gamma_{1}=\frac{\rho(0)p_{r}(0)}{\rho(0)^{2}-\rho(a)^{2}}, \quad \gamma_{2}=-\frac{\rho(0)p_{r}(0)\rho(a)^{2}}{\rho(0)^{2}-\rho(a)^{2}}.$$ For $(1+\gamma_{1})<0$ and $\gamma_{2}>0$ or $(1+\gamma_{1})>0$ and $\gamma_{2}<0$, Eq.(\[44\]) yields roots of definite sign which will again correspond to the positive matter densities. It is clear that the positive or negative matter densities depend upon the positivity or negativity of the constants $\beta_{1},~\beta_{2},~\gamma_{1}$ and $\gamma_{2}$, i.e., the roots of Eqs.(\[38\]) and (\[44\]) respectively. Matching Conditions and Adimensional Matter Sources =================================================== Here we take the charged static cylindrically symmetric spacetime as an exterior region given by [@18] $$\label{49} ds^{2}=N(r)dt^{2}-\frac{1}{N(r)}dr^{2}-r^{2}d\theta^{2}-r^{2}d\psi^{2},\quad N(r)=\frac{q^{2}}{r^{2}}-\frac{2m}{r},$$ where $q$ and $m$ are charge and mass respectively. Using the transformation, $d\psi=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N(r)}}d\phi$, this takes the form $$\label{50} ds^{2}=N(r)dt^{2}-\frac{1}{N(r)}dr^{2}-r^{2}d\theta^{2}-\frac{r^{2}}{N(r)}d\phi^{2}.$$ With the radial transformation $r=\frac{m^{2}-q^{2}}{r'}$, it becomes $$\label{51} ds^{2}=\frac{\frac{q^{2}}{r'^{2}}-\frac{2m^{3}}{r'^{3}}+\frac{2mq^{2}}{r'^{3}}} {(\frac{m^{2}-q^{2}}{r'^{2}})^{2}}dt^{2}-\frac{(\frac{m^{2}-q^{2}}{r'^{2}})^{4}} {\frac{q^{2}}{r'^{2}} -\frac{2m^{3}}{r'^{3}}+\frac{2mq^{2}}{r'^{3}}}(dr'^{2}+d\phi^{2})-r'^{2}d\theta^{2}.$$ To match the interior metric (\[2\]) with the exterior (\[51\]), we impose the continuity of $g_{00},~g_{11}$ and $\frac{\partial g_{00}}{\partial r}$ across a surface at $r'=a$ by using the procedure [@19]. In our case, this yields the following expressions for $A,~B$ and $C$ in terms of adimensional parameters $\eta=\frac{m}{a}$ and $\chi=\frac{\|q\|}{a}$ as $$\begin{aligned} \label{52} A&=&\frac{\ln(\eta^{2}-\chi^{2})}{a^{2}(\eta^{2}-\chi^{2})^{2}},\\\label{53} B&=&-\frac{1}{a^{2}(\eta^{2}-\chi^{2})}(\frac{1}{2} +\frac{\chi^{2}}{4(\chi^{2}-2\eta^{3}+\eta\chi^{2})}),\\\label{54} C&=&\frac{1}{2} +\frac{\chi^{2}}{4(\chi^{2}-2\eta^{3}+\eta\chi^{2})} +\ln\frac{\eta^{2}-\chi^{2}}{\sqrt{\chi^{2}-2\eta^{3}+\eta\chi^{2}}}.\end{aligned}$$ We can see from Eq.(\[14\]) that $A$ and $B$ have dimension of $length^{-2}$ and $C$ is dimensionless. It is very important that the field equations can eventually be expressed in terms of these adimensional constants and the dimensionless radial coordinate $x=\frac{r}{a}$. Here adimesionality is denoted by $hats$. We assume that the interior of the fluid cylinder is described by $x\in [0,1)$. We reformulate all models as adimensional models where we are denoting $\hat{A}=a^{2}A,~\hat{B}=a^{2}B,~\hat{\rho}=a^{2}\rho,~\hat{p}_{r}=a^{2}p_{r},~ \hat{p}_{t}=a^{2}p_{t},~\hat{E}^{2}=a^{2}E^{2}$ and $\hat{\sigma}=a^{2}\sigma$. The quantities which are originally dimensionless are denoted by the actual symbol. The central and the boundary conditions at $x\in [0,1)$ become $$\begin{aligned} \label{55} \hat{\rho} (0)&=&\frac{(\hat{B}-\hat{A})e^{2C}}{4\pi},\\\label{56} \hat{p_{r}}(0)&=&\frac{\hat{A}e^{2C}}{4\pi},\\\label{57} \hat{p_{t}}(0)&=&\frac{\hat{A}e^{2C}}{4\pi},\\\label{58} \hat{\rho} (1)&=&\frac{e^{2(\hat{B}-\hat{A})+2C}(2\hat{B}^{2} -\hat{B}-2\hat{A}\hat{B})}{4\pi},\\\label{59} \hat{p}_{t}(1)&=&\frac{e^{2(\hat{B}-\hat{A})+2C}(\hat{A}+\hat{A}\hat{B})}{2\pi},\\\label{60} \hat{E}^{2}(1)&=&e^{2(\hat{B}-\hat{A})+2C}(4\hat{A}\hat{B}+2\hat{A}-4\hat{B}^{2}).\end{aligned}$$ ### The Adimensional linear EoS model {#the-adimensional-linear-eos-model .unnumbered} The adimensional linear EoS is given by $$\begin{aligned} \label{61} \hat{p}_{r}&=&\hat{\alpha}_{1}+\alpha_{2}\hat{\rho}.\end{aligned}$$ The corresponding quantities will become $$\begin{aligned} \label{62} \hat{\rho}&=&\frac{e^{2x^{2}(\hat{B}-\hat{A})+2C}(-4\hat{B}^{2}x^{2}+2\hat{B} +4\hat{A}\hat{B}x^{2})-8\pi\hat{\alpha}_{1}}{8\pi (1+\alpha_{2})},\\\label{63} \hat{p}_{r}&=&\frac{8\pi\hat{\alpha}_{1} +\alpha_{2}e^{2x^{2}(\hat{B}-\hat{A})+2C}(-4\hat{B}^{2}x^{2}+2\hat{B} +4\hat{A}\hat{B}x^{2})}{1+\alpha_{2}},\\\label{64} \hat{p}_{t}&=&\frac{e^{2x^{2}(\hat{B}-\hat{A})+2C}}{8\pi} (-2\hat{B}+4\hat{B}^{2}x^{2}+4\hat{A})+\hat{\rho},\\\label{65} \hat{E}^{2}&=&e^{2x^{2}(\hat{B}-\hat{A})+2C}(2\hat{B}-2\hat{A})-8\pi \hat{\rho},\end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned} \label{66} \hat{\alpha}_{1}=-\frac{\hat{\rho}(1)\hat{p}(0)}{\hat{\rho}(0) -\hat{\rho}(1)},\quad \alpha_{2}=\frac{\hat{p}_{r}(0)}{\hat{\rho}(0) -\hat{\rho}(1)}.\end{aligned}$$ ### The Adimensional Nonlinear EoS Model {#the-adimensional-nonlinear-eos-model .unnumbered} Here we have $$\begin{aligned} \label{67} \hat{p}_{r}&=&\hat{\beta}_{1}+\frac{\hat{\beta}_{2}}{\hat{\rho}}.\end{aligned}$$ For this model, the corresponding quantities take the form $$\begin{aligned} \label{68} \hat{\rho}&=&\frac{\hat{l}(x)-\hat{\beta}_{1}\pm \sqrt{(\hat{l}(x)-\hat{\beta}_{1})^{2}-4\hat{\beta}_{2}}}{2},\\\label{69} \hat{p}_{t}&=&\frac{e^{2x^{2}(\hat{B}-\hat{A})+2C}(-\hat{B} +2\hat{B}^{2}x^{2}+2\hat{A})}{4\pi}+ \hat{\rho} ,\\\label{70} \hat{E}^{2}&=&e^{2x^{2}(\hat{B}-\hat{A})+2C}(2\hat{B}-2\hat{A})-8\pi \hat{\rho},\end{aligned}$$ where $\hat{\beta}_{1}$ and $\hat{\beta}_{2}$ are $$\begin{aligned} \label{71} \hat{\beta}_{1}=\frac{\hat{\rho}(0)\hat{p}_{r}(0)}{\hat{\rho}(0)-\hat{\rho}(1)}, \quad \hat{\beta}_{2}=-\frac{\hat{\rho}(0)\hat{\rho}(1)\hat{p}_{r}(0)}{\hat{\rho}(0)-\hat{\rho}(1)}.\end{aligned}$$ ### The Adimensional Modified Chaplygin EoS Model {#the-adimensional-modified-chaplygin-eos-model .unnumbered} The adimensional modified Chaplygin EoS model $$\begin{aligned} \label{72} \hat{p}_{r}&=&\gamma_{1}\hat{\rho}+\frac{\hat{\gamma}_{2}}{\hat{\rho}}\end{aligned}$$ yield the following quantities $$\begin{aligned} \label{73} \hat{\rho}&=&\frac{\hat{l}(x)\pm \sqrt{\hat{l}(x)^{2}-4(1+\gamma_{1})\hat{\gamma}_{2}}}{2(1+\gamma_{1})},\\\label{74} \hat{p}_{t}&=&\frac{e^{2x^{2}(\hat{B}-\hat{A})+2C}(-\hat{B}+2\hat{B}^{2}x^{2} +2\hat{A})}{4\pi}+\hat{ \rho} ,\\\label{75} \hat{E}^{2}&=&e^{2x^{2}(\hat{B}-\hat{A})+2C}(2\hat{B}-2\hat{A})-8\pi \hat{\rho},\end{aligned}$$ where $$\label{76} \gamma_{1}=\frac{\hat{\rho}(0)\hat{p}_{r}(0)}{\hat{\rho}^{2}(0)-\hat{\rho}^{2}(1)},\quad \hat{\gamma}_{2}=-\frac{\hat{\rho}(0)\hat{p}_{r}(0)\hat{\rho}^{2}(1)} {\hat{\rho}^{2}(0)-\hat{\rho}^{2}(1)}.$$ The adimensional proper charge density for all the above three models will become $$\label{77} \hat{\sigma}=\frac{e^{2x^{2}(\hat{B}-\hat{A})+2C}}{2\pi x}\frac{d}{dx}(xe^{x^{2}(\hat{B}-\hat{A})+2C}\hat{E}).$$ Some Features of the Models =========================== In this section, we discuss some insights of the three models. The exterior metric (\[49\]) implies that singularity occurs at $r=0,~\frac{q^2}{2m}$. It is regular everywhere except at $r=0$ [@18]. The surface with $r=\frac{q^{2}}{2m}$ describes a right singular circular cylinder. Using Eqs.(\[52\])-(\[54\]) in $\rho(0)$ of Eq.(\[20\]), it turns out to be positive. Following [@7], we have $\eta=\frac{GM}{c^{2}a}\approx 1.147$ for $M$ to be the solar mass and $a=1.48km$. For this value of $\eta$, $\hat{\rho}(0),~\hat{\rho}(1),~\hat{p}_{t}(0),~\hat{p}_{t}(1),~\hat{E}(1)$ and $\hat{p}_{r}(0)$ turn out to be functions of $\chi$ only. Similarly, the expressions for $\hat{\alpha}_{1},~\alpha_{2},~\hat{\beta}_{1},~\hat{\beta}_{2},~\gamma_{1}$ and $\hat{\gamma}_{2}$ (EoS parameters in adimensional version) also depend only on $\chi$. The analysis of $A,~B$ and $C$ implies that the values of $\chi$ are restricted by the values of $\eta$ such that $\chi<\eta$ for $\eta>0$. Figures 1 and 2 indicate that the central density $\hat{\rho}(0)$ and central pressure $\hat{p}_{r}(0)$ are monotonically decreasing with increasing values of $\chi$ for $\eta=1.147$ and $\chi\in(0,0.7]$. We see that $\hat{p}_{r}(0)>0$ only when $\chi\in[0,0.57)$, hence we take the maximum charge $\chi=0.56$ to discuss our models. Figures 3-5 show that $\hat{\beta}_{2}<0,~ 1+\hat{\gamma}_{1}>0$ and $\hat{\gamma}_{2}<0$ for the same value of $\eta$. We can have positive definite roots from Eqs.(\[68\]) and (\[73\]), hence we can analyse the models with positive matter density $\hat{\rho}(x)$. It is obvious that $\chi=0$ implies no charge. If we increase $\chi$, it increases repulsive electrostatic forces and consequently pressure and density change. Now we explore the behavior of matter sources for our models at different charges. Firstly, we investigate the sources with linear EoS. Figures 6-9 show the corresponding matter density, radial pressure, tangential pressure and electric field intensity. The graphs of density and pressure show the increasing behavior while the electric field intensity is decreasing with the increasing values of $\chi$. Further, $\hat{E}(x)$ decreases at every point in the interval $x\in(0,0.1]$ with increasing $\chi$. Figure 10 shows the behavior of charge density $\hat{\sigma}$ which is unbounded for each value of $\chi$. The analysis for models with nonlinear and Chaplygin gas EoS indicates that these models are similar to the model satisfying linear EoS. These models correspond to the decreasing matter densities and pressures. Each EoS affects the dependance of the measure of anisotropy $\hat{\delta}$ on $x$. The only difference arising from the three models is about the measure of anisotropy $\hat{\delta}=\hat{p}_{t}-\hat{p}_{r}$. Figure 11 displays the anisotropic parameter for the model corresponding to the linear EoS which is increasing with the increasing $\chi$. Figures 12 and 13 show the anisotropic parameters corresponding to the nonlinear and Chaplygin gas EoS respectively. From figures, we see that the anisotropic parameter for nonlinear EoS is increasing while for the Chaplygin gas EoS, it is decreasing with increasing $\chi$. In addition, Eq.(\[18\]) contains proper charge density $\sigma$ which implies that $$\begin{aligned} \label{79} E(r)=\frac{4\pi re^{\nu-\mu}}{r^{2}}\int_{0}^{r}r\sigma e^{2\mu-2\nu}dr=\frac{q(r)}{r^{2}},\end{aligned}$$ where $$\label{80} q(r)=4\pi r e^{\nu-\mu}\int_{0}^{r}r\sigma e^{2\mu-2\nu}dr$$ which is the net charge inside the cylinder of radius $r$. For our cylindrically symmetric fluid models, Eqs.(\[7\])-(\[10\]) represent the basic source parameters. We formulate table I by computing adimensional values for these basic sources. Approximate numerical values for central density $\hat{\rho}(0)$, central pressure $\hat{p}(0)$, tangential pressure $\hat{p}_{t}(1)$ and electric field intensity $\hat{E}^{2}(1)$, are shown in table I. We note that the maximum value of $\hat{\rho}(0)$ and the value of $\hat{p}_{r}(0)$ are smaller than maximum of $\hat{p}_{t}(1)$. These maxima correspond to zero net charge sources. The source variables $\hat{\rho}(0),~\hat{p}_{r}(0)$ with maximum charge ($\chi=0.56$) have been changed while $\hat{p}_{t}(0)$ changes its sign at the maximum charge. To compensate the stronger electric repulsion, this sign inversion of tangential pressure is necessary. This is summarized in the following table:\ \ Table I. Approximate numerical values of some quantities. $\chi$ $\hat{\rho}(0)$ $\hat{p}(0)$ $\hat{p}_{t}(1)$ $\hat{E}^{2}(1)$ ------------ --------------------- ------------------ ---------------------- ---------------------- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 0.0221364 0.00651431 0.00830257 0.266397 0.56 0.0172785 0.0000738598 -0.0000726 0.370451 Now we discuss some consequences of our results. Stability --------- Bertolami and Paramos [@16] argued that if the generalized Chaplygin gas tends to a smooth distribution over space then most density perturbations tend to be flattened within a time scale related to their initial size and the characteristic speed of sound. One of the important “physical acceptability conditions” for anisotropic matter is that the squares of radial and tangential sound speeds ($u_{r}^{2}=\frac{dp_{r}}{d\rho}$ and $u_{t}^{2}=\frac{dp_{t}}{d\rho}$) should be less than the speed of light [@20]. We explore it for the linear EoS model. The graphs of the squares of radial and tangential sound velocities are shown in Figures 14 and 15 respectively. These indicate that $u_{r}^{2}$ is independent of $x$ and decreases with increasing $\chi$ while $u_{t}^{2}$ monotonically increases with increasing $x$ and also increases with increasing $\chi$ for fixed $x$. For three particular values considered here, these parameters satisfy $0<u_{r}^{2}<1$ and $0<u_{t}^{2}<1$ everywhere within the charged fluid. Now we use Herrera [@20] and Andreasson’s [@21] approach to identify potentially unstable or stable anisotropic matter configuration. According to their approach, $\|u_{t}^{2}-u_{r}^{2}\|\leq1$ as shown in Figure 16. This implies that $$(i)\quad-1\leq u_{t}^{2}-u_{r}^{2}\leq0,\quad (ii)\quad 0<u_{t}^{2}-u_{r}^{2}\leq 1.$$ The first expression corresponds to the potentially stable model which is obvious from Figure 17, while the second expression corresponds to the potentially unstable model. We note that our model satisfy the potentially stable condition. If the graph of $u_{t}^{2}-u_{r}^{2}$ keeps the same sign everywhere within a matter distribution, there will be no cracking and the system is stable. If there is a change of sign then it is alternating potentially unstable to stable region within the matter distribution and vice versa. Energy Conditions ----------------- The energy conditions of the charged anisotropic fluid, the weak energy condition, the strong energy condition and the dominant energy condition are satisfied if and only if the following inequalities hold: $$\begin{aligned} \label{81} \hat{\rho}+\hat{p}_{r}\geq 0,\\\label{82} \hat{\rho}+\frac{\hat{E}^{2}}{8\pi}\geq 0,\\\label{83} \hat{\rho}+\hat{p}_{t}+\frac{\hat{E}^{2}}{4\pi}\geq 0,\\\label{84} \hat{\rho}+\hat{p}_{r}+2\hat{p}_{t}+\frac{\hat{E}^{2}}{4\pi}\geq 0,\\\label{85} \hat{\rho}+\frac{\hat{E}^{2}}{8\pi}-\|\hat{p}_{r}-\frac{\hat{E}^{2}}{8\pi}\|\geq 0,\\\label{86} \hat{\rho}+\frac{\hat{E}^{2}}{8\pi}-\|\hat{p}_{t}+\frac{\hat{E}^{2}}{8\pi}\|\geq 0.\end{aligned}$$ Figures 18-23 indicate that these inequalities hold for each $x\in[0,1]$. The van der Waals (VDW) EoS --------------------------- Lobo [@14] introduced this type of bounded source for the sake of cosmology. Here we express this approach with VDW EoS given by $$\label{87} p_{r}=\frac{\omega_{1}\rho}{1-\omega_{3}\rho}-\omega_{2}\rho^{2}.$$ This is used to describe dark matter and dark energy as a single fluid. It is assumed that the interior and exterior metrics are joined and $E(0)=0=p_r(a)$. Further, $p_r$ is found at the center and boundary of the charged cylinder. Using Eqs.(\[87\]) and (\[32\]), it follows that $$\label{88} \omega_{2}\omega_{3}\rho^{3}-(\omega_{2}+\omega_{3})\rho^{2} +[1+\omega_{1}+\omega_{3}l(r)]\rho-l(r)=0,$$ where $\omega_{1}$ and $\omega_{2}$ are functions of $\rho(0),~\rho(a),~p_{r}(0)$ and $\omega_{3}$. We do not expect any interesting consequences from this equation, hence we leave it here. Equilibrium Condition --------------------- Now we discuss the variation of the net charge corresponding to different forces compatible with equilibrium configuration for our models. In particular, when pressure gradients tend to zero and the charged fluid is more diluted, then what is the behavior of gravitational and other forces. Using Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkov equation, we obtain $$\label{89} (\rho+p_{r})(e^{2\nu}(p_{r}-E^{2})-e^{4\nu-2\mu}\frac{\mu'}{r}) -\frac{dp_{r}}{dr}+\frac{\sigma qe^{\mu-\nu}}{r^{2}}+r(e^{2\mu+2\nu})(p_{t}-p_{r})=0.$$ This provides the equilibrium condition for the charged fluid elements subject to different forces. Here $q=q(r)$ as given in Eq.(\[80\]). In adimensional version, we can write $$\label{90} \hat{F}_{1}+\hat{F}_{2}+\hat{F}_{3}+\hat{F}_{4}=0,$$ where $$\begin{aligned} \label{91} \hat{F}_{1}&=&(\hat{\rho}+\hat{p}_{r})(e^{\hat{2B}x^{2}+2C} (\hat{p}_{r}-\hat{E}^{2})-2\hat{A}xe^{4\hat{B}x^{2}-2\hat{A}x^{2}+4C}),\\\label{92} \hat{F}_{2}&=&-\frac{d\hat{p}_{r}}{dx},\\\label{93} \hat{F}_{3}&=&\hat{\sigma}\hat{E}e^{x^{2}(\hat{B}-\hat{A}+C)},\\\label{94} \hat{F}_{4}&=&xe^{2x^{2}(\hat{B}-\hat{A}+2C)}(\hat{p}_{t}-\hat{p}_{r}).\end{aligned}$$ The graphs of these forces with linear EoS at $\chi=0$ and $\chi=0.56$ are shown in Figures 24 and 25 respectively which indicate that the charge has a negligible effect on these forces, hence we obtain a static equilibrium. For $\chi=0,~\hat{F_{4}}$ point outwards at every $x\in(0,1]$ and $\hat{F_{2}}$ is along the $x$-axis. The electric force $\hat{F_{3}}$ acting on the fluid elements with unbounded $\hat{\sigma}$ located at $x=1$ is infinite. This is the weakest force because it changes sign at $x\approx 0.38$ and also the force $\hat{F}_{1}$ changes sign at $x \approx 0.9$ which is due to gravity. When $\chi=0.56$, the electric force is still unbounded and infinite. This unboundedness of the force $\hat{F}_{3}$ and sign inversion of the force $\hat{F}_{1}$ is essential for the configuration of our static, charged anisotropic model with linear EoS. Outlook ======= The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the solutions of the coupled Einstein-Maxwell field equations for the static cylindrically symmetric spacetime. For this purpose, we have used charged anisotropic fluid with EoS in the light of Victor et al. [@7] procedure developed for static spherically symmetric spacetime. In particular, the linear, nonlinear and Chaplygin EoS have been used. It is mentioned here that the linear EoS corresponds to the electrically charged isotropic strange quark stars on the basis of MIT bag model [@22]. Our model with linear EoS also corresponds to the model by Victor et al. [@7] for the charged anisotropic spherically symmetric fluid with the same EoS. We know that the nonlinear and Chaplygin EoS are used to describe non-static neutral gravitational isotropic fluids. Here we are taking static charged anisotropic fluid as we would like to explore the interior regions and the fluid vacuum interfaces of the charged anisotropic cylindrically symmetric stars with these EoS. We have used the assumptions of Karori and Barua to explore the charged anisotropic static cylinder. Our models with nonlinear and Chaplygin EoS correspond to the dark matter and dark energy with constant matter densities and pressures [@23]. Delgaty and Lake [@26] proposed some physical conditions acceptable for perfect fluids, i.e., regularity of the charge at the origin, positive matter density and pressure, decreasing matter density and pressure with increasing $r$, causal sound propagation and smooth matching of internal and external metrics at boundary of the source. Burke and Hobill [@27] added one more condition that sound velocity must be monotonically decreasing with increasing $r$ which was imposed on spherical perfect fluid [@28; @29]. We have found that our cylindrical models satisfy most of the above physical conditions. In our case, conflict may arise for increasing tangential sound velocity, constant radial velocity and negative tangential pressure for higher values of $\chi$. Finally, we would like point out that we have also explained charged anisotropic static cylindrically symmetric models in our recent paper [@12a] by using Thirukkanesh and Maharaj approach. In that paper, we have found that the charge distribution as well as $E$ become singular at $r=0$. However, here we have found non-singular behavior of these quantities. [40]{} Stephani, H., Kramer, D., MacCallum, M. Hoenselaers, C. and Herlt, E.: Exact Solutions of Einstein’s Field Equations (Cambridge University Press, 2003). Evan, A.B.: J. Phys. A10(1977)1303. Bronnikov, K.A.: J. Phys. A12(1979)201. Laterlier, P.S. and Tabensky, R.R.: Nuovo Cimento B28(1975)407. Kramer, D.: Class. Quantum Grav. 5(1988)393. Ivanov, B.V.: Phys. Rev. D65(2002)104001. Sharma, R. and Maharaj, S.D.: Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 375(2007)1265. Bonner, B.W.: Z. Phys. 160(1960)59. Ray et al.: Phys. Rev. D82(2010)104055. Thirukkanesh, S. and Maharaj, S.D.: Class. Quantum Grav. 25(2008)253001. Horvat, D., Ilijic, S. and Marunovic, A.: Class. Quantum Grav. 26(2009)025003. Victor et al.: Phys. Rev. D82(2010)044052. Nilsson, U., Uggla, C., and Marklund, M.: J. Math. Phys. 39(1998)3336. Sharif, M.: J. Korean Phys. Soc. 37(2000)624. Sharif, M. and Fatima, S. Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 43(2011)127. Som, M.M.: Foc. Phys. Soc. 90(1967)1149. Sharif, M. and Fatima, H.I.: Charged Anisotropic Static Cylindrically Symmetric Models, submitted for publication. Krori, K.D. and Barua, J.: J. Phys. A Math. Gen. 8(1975)508. Lobo, F.S.N.: Phys. Rev. D75(2006)024023. Prasana, A.R.: Phys. Rev. D11(1975)2083. Bertolami, O. and Paramos, J.: Phys. Rev. D72(2005)123512. Jamil, M., Farooq, U. and Rashid, M.A.: Phys. J. C59(2009)907. Chao-Guang, H.: Acta Physica Sinica 4(1995)617. Junevicus, G.J.G.: J. Phys. A Math. Gen. 9(1976)2069. Herrera, L.: Phys. Lett. A165(1992)206. Andr´easson, H.: Commun. Math. Phys. 288(2009)715. Negreiros et al.: Phys. Rev. D80(2009)083006. Tsujikawa, S.: Phys. Rev. D76(2007)023514. Delgaty, M.S.R. and Lake, K.: Comput. Phys. Commun. 115(1998)395. Burke, J. and Hobill, D.: arXiv:0910.3230. Harko, T. and Mak, M.K.: Annalen Phys. 11(2002)3. Abreu, H. Hernandez, H. and Nunez, L.A.: Class. Quantum Grav. 24(2007)4631. [^1]: msharif.math@pu.edu.pk [^2]: hafizaismatfatima@yahoo.com	{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }
Tips for succeeding at Internet courses. Ready to go to "cyberschool"? Here's practical advice on making it work for you.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Filed 6/28/16 P. v. Johnson CA2/6 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT DIVISION SIX THE PEOPLE, 2d Crim. No. B264679 (Super. Ct. Nos. F334169, Plaintiff and Respondent, F352789, F379456, F416886) (San Luis Obispo County) v. RYAN JAMES JOHNSON, Defendant and Appellant. The issue here concerns the proper construction of the word "prior" in Penal Code section 1170.18, subdivision (i) (hereafter "subdivision (i)").1 Section 1170.18 was enacted in November 2014 by the passage of Proposition 47, also known as the Safe Neighborhoods and Schools Act. Section 1170.18, subdivisions (f) and (g) permit certain convicted felons who have completed their sentences to apply to have their felony convictions designated as misdemeanors. Subdivision (i) states that section 1170.18 "shall not apply to persons who have one or more prior convictions" for specified serious or violent felonies, including murder. (Italics added.)2 The question is 1 All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated. 2 The full text of subdivision (i) is as follows: "The provisions of this section [section 1170.18] shall not apply to persons who have one or more prior convictions for an offense specified in clause (iv) of subparagraph (C) of paragraph (2) of subdivision (e) of Section 667 or for an offense requiring registration pursuant to subdivision (c) of Section 290." whether "prior" means prior to the felony conviction that the applicant is seeking to have designated as a misdemeanor, or prior to the court's ruling on the application. We conclude that "prior" means prior to the court's ruling on the application. We affirm the trial court's order denying appellant's application to have his felony convictions designated as misdemeanors because he was convicted of murder prior to the trial court's ruling on the application. It is of no consequence that the murder conviction occurred after the felony convictions that he sought to have designated as misdemeanors. Procedural Background In January 2015, appellant filed an application requesting that four felony convictions be designated as misdemeanors pursuant to section 1170.18, subdivisions (f) and (g). The felony convictions occurred in 2003 (case no. F334169), 2005 (case nos. F352789 and F379456), and 2008 (case no. F416886). The District Attorney responded that appellant is ineligible for the requested relief because he was convicted of murder in case no. F435613. The murder conviction occurred after the felony convictions that appellant sought to have designated as misdemeanors. In 2013 we affirmed the murder conviction. (People v. Johnson (2013) 221 Cal.App.4th 623.) The trial court denied the application. Discussion Appellant claims that the trial court erroneously denied his application for designation as misdemeanors. He argues that he was eligible for the requested relief because his murder conviction occurred after the subject convictions. Where, as here, a matter of statutory construction is involved, "our task is to discern the lawmakers' intent. [Citation.] Because section [1170.18] was enacted by the electorate, it is the voters' intent that controls. [Citation.] Nonetheless, our interpretation of a ballot initiative is governed by the same rules that apply in construing a statute enacted by the Legislature. [Citations.] We therefore first look to 'the language of the statute, affording the words their ordinary and usual meaning and viewing them in their statutory context.' [Citations.]" (People v. Park (2013) 56 Cal.4th 782, 796.) "'When the 2 language is ambiguous, "we refer to other indicia of the voters' intent, particularly the analyses and arguments contained in the official ballot pamphlet." [Citation.]' [Citation.]" (Robert L. v. Superior Court (2003) 30 Cal.4th 894, 901.) The term "prior" in subdivision (i) is ambiguous. The ambiguity is "cured" by the Legislative Analyst's comments on Proposition 47 in the Official Voter Information Guide for the November 4, 2014 general election. The Legislative Analyst made clear that "prior" means prior to the court's ruling on an application to have a felony conviction designated as a misdemeanor: "This measure [Proposition 47] allows offenders currently serving felony sentences for the above crimes to apply to have their felony sentences reduced to misdemeanor sentences. In addition, certain offenders who have already completed a sentence for a felony that the measure changes could apply to the court to have their felony conviction changed to a misdemeanor. However, no offender who has committed a specified severe crime [e.g., murder] could be resentenced or have their conviction changed." (Voter Information Guide, Gen. Elec. (Nov. 4, 2014), Prop. 47, Analysis by Legislative Analyst, p. 36, italics added.) Thus, it makes no difference whether appellant was convicted of murder before or after the felony convictions that he sought to have designated as misdemeanors. Appellant was ineligible for relief because, when the trial court ruled on his application, he had a prior conviction for murder. "The Legislative Analyst's comments, like other materials presented to the voters, 'may be helpful but are not conclusive in determining the probable meaning of initiative language.' [Citation.] Thus, when other statements in the election materials contradict the Legislative Analyst's comments we do not automatically assume that the latter accurately reflects the voters' understanding. [Citation.]" (San Francisco Taxpayers Assn. v. Bd. of Supervisors (1992) 2 Cal.4th 571, 580.) Nothing in the election materials for Proposition 47 contradicts the Legislative Analyst's conclusion that "no offender who has committed a specified severe crime could be resentenced or have their conviction changed." (See People v. Superior Court (Henkel) (2002) 98 Cal.App.4th 78, 3 82 [Legislative Analyst's comment "eliminates doubt" as to correct interpretation of ballot proposition].) Moreover, the rebuttal to the argument against Proposition 47 made clear that a person who has been convicted of murder cannot seek relief under section 1170.18 regardless of when the conviction occurred: "Proposition 47 does not require automatic release of anyone. There is no automatic release. It includes strict protections to protect public safety and make sure rapists, murderers, molesters and the most dangerous criminals cannot benefit." (Voter Information Guide, supra, Rebuttal to Argument Against Prop. 47, p. 39.) Finally, section 2 of Proposition 47 provides, "This act ensures that sentences for people convicted of dangerous crimes like rape, murder, and child molestation are not changed." (Voter Information Guide, supra, Text of Proposed Law: The Safe Neighborhoods and Schools Act, § 2, p. 70.) Section 3, subdivision (1) of Proposition 47 includes a similar provision: "In enacting this act, it is the purpose and intent of the people of the State of California to: [¶] (1) Ensure that people convicted of murder, rape, and child molestation will not benefit from this act." (Id., § 3, subd. (1), p. 70.) Were we to adopt appellant's interpretation of "prior conviction" in subdivision (i), people like appellant who had been convicted of murder would benefit from Proposition 47. This would be contrary to the intent of the electorate. "'[W]e may not properly interpret the measure in a way that the electorate did not contemplate: the voters should get what they enacted, not more and not less.' [Citation.]" (People v. Park, supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 796.) Our interpretation of "prior conviction" in subdivision (i) is consistent with People v. Zamarripa (2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 1179, 1184 ["the 'prior conviction' ineligibility for relief means a disqualifying conviction that occurred any time before the filing of the application for Proposition 47 relief"]. It is also consistent with People v. Montgomery (2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 1385, 1392 ["section 1170.18 precludes redesignation for anyone who has a conviction for the enumerated excluded crimes prior to the time of the application for such relief"]. 4 Disposition The order denying appellant's application to designate felony convictions as misdemeanors pursuant to section 1170.18 is affirmed. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED. YEGAN, J. We concur: GILBERT, P. J. PERREN, J. 5 Michael L. Duffy, Judge Superior Court County of San Luis Obispo ______________________________ Laini Millar Melnick, under appointed by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant. Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Susan Sullivan Pithey, Supervising Deputy Attorney General, Mary Sanchez, Deputy Attorney General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }
Read several contributions in the special issue on 'Absences' in Social Epistemology. The issue was edited by Brian Rappert and Wenda K. Bauchspies. Contributors include Dimitris Papadopoulos, Brian Rappert, Wenda K. Bauchspies, Marıa Puig de la Bellacasa, Jennifer Croissant, and Scott Frickel. It is nothing new for anthropologists to be curious about things that for us, as outsiders, are hidden from view. In Melanesia and West Africa, where concealed ritual practices central in customary politics, “secrecy” has long been an ethnographic preoccupation. With elaborate systems of esoteric knowledge, these regions have proved particularly fertile ground for western scholars with a poetic preference for the other-worldly. However anthropologists have rarely paid attention to an indispensable condition of secret knowledge: the experience of ignorance. When faced with culturally produced forms of not-knowing, the assumption has often been that we should set out to pierce that ignorance. According to this logic, it is only “by peering behind the facade that we see things as an insider rather than as outsiders and thereby discover the truth” (Gable 1997: 215). But does uncovering ‘hidden truth’ risk distorting the way in which our interlocutors experience (not)knowing in their daily lives? This panel features contributions which explore the question of ignorance from exactly the opposite direction; beginning with the recognition that ethnographers are often far from being the only people on the “wrong” side of this knowledge facade. The discussion will contribute to a small but growing body of work (reviews in Mair, Kelly & High 2012; McGoey 2012) that aims to take ignorance seriously – not simply as the absence of knowledge, but as an ethnographic object in its own right. With the support of the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics at Harvard University, Christopher Robertson (James E. Rogers College of Law at the University of Arizona) and Aaron Kesselheim (Harvard Medical School) are organizing a multidisciplinary symposium to examine potential solutions to institutional corruption that use the strategy of concealing biasing information from decision makers. This event is part of the Institutional Corruption Lab. Larry Lessig (Safra Center Director and Roy L. Furman Professor of Law and Leadership at Harvard Law School) has defined ‘institutional corruption’ as the consequence of an influence within an economy of influence that illegitimately weakens the effectiveness of an institution especially by weakening the public trust of the institution. The concept provides a more systematic approach to decision-making problems that can arise as a result of financial relationships and other conflicts of interest. Institutional corruption may arise in many contexts, from medical research to forensic science, from political campaign finance to financial auditing. There are many potential solutions to institutional corruption, but we are particularly interested in practical mechanisms that acknowledge the existence of potential influences, but prevent that biasing information from reaching a decision maker. Such mechanisms may include blinding, masking, placebos, strategic ignorance, information aversion, veil of ignorance rules, blind trusts, walls of separation, or similar concepts. We are interested in reviews of relevant literature, and new laboratory, empirical, historical, and theoretical research that explores the functions, modalities, costs, benefits, and limitations of concealing a source of information to improve decision making. We are interested in established uses of blinding, and potential new applications. “Agnotology,” the study of the production and preservation of ignorance, is a field identified by Robert Proctor twenty years ago. The pioneers of agnotology were keen to uncover and denounce the intentional manufacture and purposeful perpetuation of ignorance. The original focus of the field concerned the maneuvers of corporate or political bodies aimed at nourishing doubt concerning scientific findings so as to block political action and to facilitate profitable yet deleterious consumption (tobacco, sugar..) or industrial practices (asbestos, dioxin…). Trade or military secrets constitute yet another mechanism of willful ignorance. Agnotology is the downside of epistemology: it studies the conceptual basis and social-historical genesis of ignorance, just as epistemology does with respect to knowledge. However, the symmetry is not perfect, for manufacturers of ignorance are seldom led to generate knowledge, while producers of knowledge are surrounded by pools of ignorance, both left out of their reach or generated in the very process of knowledge acquisition. Indeed, perpetrators of willful ignorance piggy-back on the ‘natural’ production by science of ignorance. An international conference organized by Martin Carrier at ZiF Bielefeld in June 2011 was mainly devoted to the original theme and motivation of agnotology. The present proposal is to widen the perspective to the geneses of ignorance, with or without malign intent, and to enlist the resources of philosophy in order to clarify the status and dynamics of ignorance, in the social context of an increasing emphasis on the production and dissemination of knowledge. Some of the well-identified issues in epistemology are: transcendental relations (in the Kantian sense), cognitive limitations, semantic incommensurability. Social epistemology suggests further relevant issues, such as the social functions of, and the right to ignorance, or again “ignorance in the field”, i.e. the impoverished epistemic state that is inherent to the situation of the engaged, hands-on end-user (school teacher, physician, farmer, politician, industrialist…): what is the appropriate handling of that sort of ignorance? Can science, and society, alleviate the problem, and how? ''Ignorance by Design: Rethinking Knowledge, Anti-knowledge and the Unknown in STS' - Co-Organized by Matthias Gross and Linsey McGoey, panel at the 4S/EASST Joint Meeting Design and Displacement, Copenhagen, October 17-20, 2012. 'Beyond Risk: Governing Unknowns' - Organized by Matthias Gross, under the guise of the International Sociological Association (ISA) Research Committee on Sociology of Science and Technology (RC23), at the Second ISA Forum of Sociology, Buenos Aires, Argentina, August 1-4, 2012.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Tag: Off-prints In the days before photocopiers, getting hold of an offprint from the author was a useful way of getting a copy of the text, tables, images and formulae of a scientific article without having to copy it by hand from a library volume. The ways in which offprints circulated – whether requested by authors in locations where the journal was not available, or distributed strategically by the author to people s/he wanted to impress – is an intriguing element of the sociology of scientific communication. The history of offprints also illustrates the long history of out-of-commerce circulation of scientific knowledge. Even when the issues, parts or volumes of the published journal were available for public sale, authors could send their private supply of offprints to colleagues, friends and potential sponsors. This long tradition still holds true in the digital world, when printed copies have been replaced by PDFs, but most publishers will still supply authors with a PDF for circulation through their networks. As well as providing an out-of-commerce route for circulation, offprints also (in certain historical periods) provided a route for more rapid circulation. They were originally available more quickly than the collated issues or bound volumes of the journal in which the article formally appeared. In this post, we will discuss what the Royal Society’s archive can reveal about the history of offprints. The rising costs of publishing the Philosophical Transactions was causing considerable anxiety at the Royal Society. In 1895, the Senior Secretary, physicist Lord Rayleigh (John Strutt) took steps to increase the Society’s capacity to finance its publication. He wrote to Her Majesty’s Treasurer describing ‘the financial difficulties attending the adequate publication of scientific papers’. Scientific journals and their publishers were finding it almost impossible to be commercially successful. There was limited readership owing to the specialization of science, which meant that readers were unlikely to buy publications, like the Philosophical Transactions, covering the whole of science. The cost of illustrations was also very high, but Rayleigh considered them essential for effective scientific communication. The Society had struggled so much that in some cases it had even rejected papers despite them being worthy of publication. It was not only the Royal Society that was struggling to meet costs, but all scientific publishers, including learned societies, specialist societies, and even commercial publishers. Learned societies bore much of the burden so Rayleigh proposed a grant of £2000 or £1000 annually to aid not only the Royal Society’s activities but those of other societies. A grant of £1000 was given, and the Society began to administer it to needy Societies and publications, as well as using it on its own publications. In 1925 H. M. Treasurer asked the Society to receive an increased grant of £2500 annually, administering it to other Societies in need. The Society agreed, becoming a tool for the government’s support of scientific publishing. The fact that the Society had to request a grant for publishing was a reflection of its financial model at this time. Rayleigh’s request was the consequence of a wider ethos of free circulation, which meant that the Society rarely made money on its publications. Every Fellow received a free copy of the journal, and authors received upwards of 100 copies of their papers. Exchange and gift lists also meant many institutions throughout the world had copies of the Society’s publications. Rayleigh wanted to maintain this generous, and even philanthropic, approach to science publishing, but the Society was struggling to do this without assistance. The grant also marked a new role for the Society: by administering the grant to other societies for their publications it meant that the Society was aiding a non-commercial approach to British learned society publishing. This atmosphere of generosity would eventually shift, but not until the late twentieth century. Before 1875, if one wanted to buy the Royal Society’s Philosophical Transactions, it was available as bound volumes, but only when all papers for the current volume were printed – which took several months. Authors received separate copies of their papers that were available shortly after a paper was passed for printing by the Committee of Papers. These copies, however, were generally circulated amongst authors’ close acquaintances only, thus meaning anyone else who wanted to read a Transactions paper had to wait for the full volume to be published, which could take several months. In 1875, the Society trialled a new scheme with the London based bookseller, Trübner. Separate copies of the Transactions would be sold through the book trade. The significance of the trial was that it marked a change in the dissemination of scientific papers. The bound volume was no longer the main product. In reality, however, the financial results were not exceptional; in fact, Trübner reported in 1883 that no more than ten copies would be needed of future papers. This was not a great surprise or concern to the Society, which at this time valued the free circulation of scientific papers over generating income from sales. (On Trübner (later part of Kegan Paul), see L. Howsam, Kegan Paul, a Victorian Imprint: publishers, books and cultural history (Toronto: University of Toronto Press and Kegan Paul International, 1999)).	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
PYONGYANG, Korea, Democratic People's Republic Of -- Pyongyang's newly opened zoo has a new star: Azalea, the smoking chimpanzee. According to officials at the newly renovated zoo, which has become a favourite leisure spot in the North Korean capital since it re-opened in July, the 19-year-old female chimpanzee, whose name in Korean is "Dallae," smokes about a pack a day. Dallae is short for azalea. They insist, however, she doesn't inhale. Thrown a lighter by a zoo trainer, the chimpanzee lights her own cigarettes. If a lighter isn't available, she can light up from lit cigarette if one is tossed her way. Though such a sight would draw outrage in many other locales, it seemed to delight visitors who roared with laughter on Wednesday as the chimpanzee, one of two at the zoo, sat puffing away as her trainer egged her on. The trainer also prompted her to touch her nose, bow thank you and do a simple dance. The zoo is pulling in thousands of visitors a day with a slew of attractions ranging from such typical fare as elephants, giraffes, penguins and monkeys to a high-tech natural history museum with displays showing the origins of the solar system and the evolution of life on Earth. Another of the most popular attractions that might come as a surprise to foreign visitors is the dog pavilion, which has everything from German shepherds to Shih Tzus. The zoo also has performances featuring other animals trained to do tricks, including a monkey that slam dunks basketballs, dogs trained to appear as though they can do addition on subtraction on an abacus and doves that fly around and land on a woman skating on an indoor stage. Renovations for the new zoo began in 2014, as part of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un's efforts to create more modern and impressive structures and leisure centres around the capital. The zoo actually dates back to 1959, when Kim Il Sung, the nation's first leader and the grandfather of Kim Jong Un, ordered it built on the outskirts of the city. According to its official history, the zoo started off with only 50 badgers.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
İstanbul Research Institute presents The Four-Legged Municipality: Street Dogs of İstanbul, an exhibition that sheds light upon the adventure of street dogs, an integral part of İstanbul’s daily life in almost every period of the city’s social history, which changed alongside political, religious, and sociological transformations. The fact that İstanbul’s streets, apart from the main roads and intersections leading to marketplaces, were deserted until the mid-19th century is in itself a phenomenon that brought the city’s animals into everyday life. Especially in İstanbul’s Muslim quarters, no adequate relationship could be established between spiritual life under the roof of privacy and the worldly life of the street. Indeed it was this sense of distance that bestowed the street on the city’s dogs as their home. The fate of street dogs, which were the guardians of public property, began to change with the increasing will of getting closer to the “civilized” world. The Ottoman intellectual, who had seen the West, was not at all pleased with the appearance of İstanbul, which fell far short of satisfying those crazes; the streets were narrow and disorderly, the houses little more than ruins, the transportation system did not work, and infrastructure was inadequate. When the dogs, which one never encountered in European cities, were added to this picture, it became a far cry indeed from the modern world. While the four-legged municipality of the Ottomans was being transformed into the two-legged municipality of the Republic, the positivist concept of life was also expunging dogs from İstanbul’s history. Through photographs, travel journals, postcards, magazines, engravings, and other media dated from the 19th to the early 20th centuries, the exhibition, curated by Ekrem Işın and counselled by Catherine Pinguet, follows the history of these fellow İstanbulites that played an integral part in the city’s social life during their coexistence with humans through the centuries. gallery wall paint sponsor	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Q: How can I determine an empty string when its contents is \0\0\0\0 I have a SizeOfData variable of byte[4] which returns: byte[0] == 0 byte[1] == 0 byte[2] == 0 byte[3] == 0 When I do Encoding.ASCII.GetString(SizeOfData) the string variable's length is 4 and String.IsNullOrEmpty() returns false however when I look at the string in Visual Studio there is nothing in it. How can I determine that if it contains all \0\0\0\0 then do X else Y? A: A little bit of linq magic if (bytes.All(b => b == 0)) or the slightly better if (bytes.Any(b => b != 0))	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Another news cycle, another mass shooting. Here we go again. As we all know, because of last week’s Oregon school shooting, a “debate” over gun control will now ensue, with talking heads on all the networks rehashing all the old arguments. As we also know, this debate is absolutely meaningless, because nothing is going to change. Gun culture defines America, and the rising body count has no long-term impact. By now we’ve all heard about America’s uniquely high rates of gun violence. That being so, and with discussions about gun control being basically pointless, it seems that we are left with only one legitimate issue that is actually relevant to gun violence: the culture itself. That is, gun control is made impossible in America because of an underlying culture: a macho, gun-toting, tough-guy culture of crooks, cowboys and even cops who see firearms as sacred and bloodshed as socially tolerable. A don’t-fuck-with-me culture. Think about America’s self-image for a moment, and what comes to mind? Sure, liberty and democracy are part of the idyllic creed we teach our children, but even the youngsters soon learn that the essence of America is that we are badass. You do not want to piss us off. Many have done so—Tecumseh, John Brown, Hitler, Saddam Hussein, Bin Laden—and it never ends well for them. Commentators sometimes argue that our bloodthirsty culture is the result of violence on television or in video games, but that argument is far too simple and just plain wrong. America has been violent since long before television and video games—it would be more accurate to say depictions of violence in media are a reflection of our violent nature, not the cause of it. Sure, glorification of bloodshed in the media might occasionally push a vulnerable, mentally deranged person over the edge—but that doesn’t explain the brutality and pervasive violence that have defined American society at a core level since the beginning. As an American, whichever side of the law you’re on—Dirty Harry or Tony Soprano—your solution is to blast away any dirtbag who gets in your way. This is not literally the case for everyone, of course, but it’s at least figuratively so. A badass gene is intrinsic in American DNA: our economic system depends on it, and our society romanticizes it and mythologizes it. Whether good or bad, hero or culprit, America celebrates badass characters: The Founding Fathers were badass for sticking it to the British crown. Andrew Jackson, racist to the point of being genocidal, is nevertheless praised as a tough-guy badass. Lincoln, of course, exemplified a badass leader who would not be beaten. General Custer thought he was badass, but discovered the Sioux were more badass. FDR, taking charge during the Depression and Second World War, was definitely badass. Jimmy Carter was a one-term president largely because he wasn’t badass. Then came Ronald Reagan, who ripped Carter’s solar panels off the White House as one of his first acts, telling the world in a badass way that he expected American domination of Middle East oil for years to come. American society reveres aggressive, take-no-shit behavior, an attitude that naturally sees violence as not just a plausible option, but often a desirable one. For those who would truly like to see gun policy reform, it’s important to realize that cultural change cannot come without widespread acceptance that there is a cultural problem. That means understanding that sky-high rates of violence are not the result of one or two bad policy decisions, but that they reflect deeply rooted habits of behavior that arise from a complex array of sources. Consider, for example, that despite its name, the United States has never had a track record of being united as a society. Rarely has a sense of brotherhood and sisterhood been prevalent across the nation. On the contrary, we forcibly enslaved a sizable portion of the population, fought each other in a horrific civil war that killed over 600,000, then grotesquely mistreated the former slave population and its descendants for another century thereafter, and still do in some ways. Amidst all of this has been a constant flow of immigrants who, while adding to the nation’s mythological narrative, have just as often been seen by the general population as an unwelcome scourge. Ironically, we celebrate the fact that America is a melting pot, but the reality is that our various ethnic, racial, and religious groups have rarely enjoyed a true sense of fellowship. There’s been some crossover here and there—the divisiveness of Catholic-Protestant feuding has all but disappeared, for example, and there’s been some mixing of ethnic groups—but any suggestion that there is a consistent sense of common purpose and community among the population would be a distortion. Lacking solidarity as a people, Americans have little compassion for one another and instead often revert to badass attitudes as a default setting. Thus, our economic system predictably breeds insecurity, which in turn inevitably enflames more resentment, hostility and aggression. As a people, even those with jobs work longer hours than the rest of the developed world, get less vacation time, have less job security, and have fewer social safety nets and assurances. In this atmosphere of anxiety, Americans tend to look at outsiders—meaning anyone with whom we do not feel camaraderie—as a threat. A different skin color, a funny accent, an uncommon religion—these are grounds for suspicion, not celebration, for many. Ours is a violent society because, despite the sugar-coated history we like to tell, ours has always been a fractured society. Bullwhips and chains, institutionalized injustice, class antagonism, constant insecurity, and a total absence of empathy have defined the culture much more than any cooperative spirit. Maybe a conversation about this unpleasant truth is a necessary antecedent to any real effort at gun reform, and for that matter any wider effort to gain control of the reins of government from the various institutional interests that have seized them. Sign up for my newsletter. Follow on Twitter: ahadave	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA FOURTH DISTRICT LEONARDO GUTIERREZ, Appellant, v. DEPARTMENT OF FINANCIAL SERVICES, Appellee. No. 4D16-4042 [October 5, 2017] Appeal from the State of Florida, Department of Financial Services; L.T. Case No. 187898-16-AG. Howard J. Hochman, Miami, for appellant. Matthew R. Daley, Assistant General Counsel, and Gregory D. Venz, Deputy General Counsel, Tallahassee, for appellee. PER CURIAM. Affirmed. TAYLOR, MAY and KUNTZ, JJ., concur. * * * Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }
// (C) Copyright John Maddock 2005. // Use, modification and distribution are subject to the // Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file // LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) // // The aim of this header is just to include <complex> but to do // so in a way that does not result in recursive inclusion of // the Boost TR1 components if boost/tr1/tr1/complex is in the // include search path. We have to do this to avoid circular // dependencies: // #ifndef BOOST_CONFIG_COMPLEX # define BOOST_CONFIG_COMPLEX # ifndef BOOST_TR1_NO_RECURSION # define BOOST_TR1_NO_RECURSION # define BOOST_CONFIG_NO_COMPLEX_RECURSION # endif # include <complex> # ifdef BOOST_CONFIG_NO_COMPLEX_RECURSION # undef BOOST_TR1_NO_RECURSION # undef BOOST_CONFIG_NO_COMPLEX_RECURSION # endif #endif	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Americans are split on Donald Trump’s ethics policies The incoming Trump administration has Americans split over whether the President-elect and his family are complying with ethics laws. The ABC News/Washington Post poll conducted by Langer Research Associates finds that a bare majority of Americans believe his business ownership plan is sufficient while three-quarters say he should release his tax returns. Results on Trump’s handling of the transition, views on his policy proposals and expectations for his presidency will be released Tuesday morning alongside Barack Obama’s final approval rating. In terms of ethics, the poll finds Americans are split on whether or not Trump, his family, and his advisers are complying with federal ethics laws: 43% think they are compliant and 44% think they have failed on the ethics front. The gap across party lines is more evident than ever with 79% of Republicans saying Trump is complying with ethics laws. That number falls to 44% among independents and just 16% for Democrats. At the same time 72% of conservatives say he is following proper rules and regulations, a number that drops to 56% among “somewhat” conservative Americans, 37% for moderates, and 25% for liberals. Donald Trump has been heavily criticized by ethics officials but 52% of Americans say Trump’s plan to continue owning his businesses while placing them in a trust managed by his sons is sufficient. At the same time, 42% say he should sell his businesses, peaking at 71% of Clinton supporters versus just 10% of those who favored Trump for the office. An overwhelming number of respondents (74%) say Donald Trump should release his tax returns, including 49% of his own supporters. It is the highest number of respondents who want to see his tax returns in recent polling. Methodology This ABC News/Washington Post poll was conducted by landline and cellular telephone Jan. 12-15, 2017, in English and Spanish, among a random national sample of 1,005 adults. The poll has a margin of sampling error of 3.5 points.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
New park 1500 km’s north of Perth in Parraburdoo is near completion. Place looks pretty fun, good to see parks popping up all around the country not just in the large populated area’s. More images here. After over a decade of lobbying, the new Coffs Harbour skatepark is well on it’s way. These photos of the bowl popped up on facebook this morning, and the thing looks like it’ll amazing! I’ll definitely be making a trip back home once this is complete.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
The Progressive Democrat Newsletter grew out of the frustration of the 2004 election. Originally intended for New York City progressives, its readership is now national. For anyone who wants to be alerted by email whenever this newsletter is updated (usually weekly), please send your email address and let me know what state you live in (so I can keep track of my readership). Sunday, March 06, 2011 Progressive Democrat Newsletter Issue 291 The anti-union, pro-billionaire Teabagger Republicans have stimulated a backlash that has raised more than $500,000 for the Wisconsin Democratic State Senate Committee. Which is WONDERFUL. Mostly in $14 increments (in honor of the 14 Democratic State Senators who stood up to pro-billionaire, anti-working class Walker) we have raised more than half a million dollars for the next State Senate elections! THAT may be one of the most important results of the last couple of weeks. But I want to call people's attention to the Wisconsin State Assembly, which Democrats used to control but is now a Teabagger/Republican body. We need to win the Wisconsin Assembly as well as the Wisconsin State Senate. I urge people to donate $14 to the Assembly fund as well as $14 to the State senate fund. If we raised over $500,000 for each, we'd be really well positioned to hand the Teabagger Republicans their collective ass in the next election. Please click here and donate $14 to each. Believe me, you will be thrilled next time you watch an election in Wisconsin if enough of us take this one little action. But the fight has moved on beyond Wisconsin. It is being fought in Ohio and Indiana as well. Over at Daily Kos some have been complaining that Ohio and Indiana have been ignored. Well, as you will see on this Act Blue Page and in this week's newsletter, I have been focusing on Ohio and Indiana as well, and I urge you to donate to those efforts as well. Might as well keep $14 as the iconic pro-union donation. Just give LOTS of $14 donations if you can.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
[image-51][image-67][image-83][image-99][image-115][image-131]NASA today declared the winners of the first NASA Human Exploration Rover Challenge, held April 11-12 at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Ala. Student racers from the Academy of Arts, Careers and Technology in Reno, Nev., claimed first place in the high school division; the University of Puerto Rico at Humacao Team 2 won the top prize in the college division. They raced to victory against 70 high school, college and university teams from 19 states, Puerto Rico, Germany, India, Mexico and Russia. All told, more than 500 students -- drivers, engineers and mechanics, plus team advisers and "cheering sections" -- took part in the competition. The winning teams posted the fastest vehicle assembly and race times in their divisions, with the fewest on-course penalties. The team from the Academy of Arts, Careers and Technology finished the half-mile course in 3 minutes, 37 seconds. The University of Puerto Rico at Humacao Team 2 finished in 4 minutes, 9 seconds. In addition to the winning trophy, first-place teams received a cash prize of $3,000, courtesy of The Boeing Co. of Huntsville. Finishing in second place in the high school division was Team 2 from the Vocational High School Teodoro Aguilar Mora in Yabucoa, Puerto Rico. In third place was the International Space Education Institute team from Moscow, Russia. Southern Illinois University Carbondale Team 2 won second place in the college division and Team 1 from the school finished in third place. (For a complete list of additional awards for design, most improved and spirit, see below.) Organized by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville and building on two decades of competitive student innovation in the NASA Great Moonbuggy Race (held in the "Rocket City" from 1994-2013), the new event challenges students to design, build and race lightweight, human-powered roving vehicles, solving technical problems along the way just like NASA engineers must do. Those NASA engineers are paying attention: Students' most innovative vehicle and hardware designs could help inform NASA's own development of rovers and other space transportation systems for future exploration missions across the solar system. Just as importantly, the experience is designed to provide the future workforce to realize those new missions, inspiring students to pursue careers in the technical "STEM" fields -- science, technology, engineering and mathematics -- so crucial to the agency's endeavors. The NASA Human Exploration Rover Challenge is sponsored by the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington, and organized by the Marshall Center's Academic Affairs Office. Major corporate sponsors for the race are The Boeing Co., Lockheed Martin Corp., Aerojet Rocketdyne, Jacobs Engineering ESSSA Group, and Northrop Grumman Corp., all with operations in Huntsville. Full replays of the race will be available in coming days on the Marshall Center's official UStream site, where Marshall Center media personnel and television crews provided continuous, streaming coverage of the event: http://www.ustream.tv/channel/nasa-msfc For more information about the race, visit: www.nasa.gov/roverchallenge Race enthusiasts are encouraged to follow the annual event via social media channels: www.facebook.com/roverchallenge www.twitter.com/roverchallenge For information about other NASA education programs, visit: http://education.nasa.gov The NASA Human Exploration Rover Challenge ADDITIONAL AWARDS AND PRIZES Neil Armstrong Best Design Award (for the best technical approach to solve the engineering problem of navigating the extraterrestrial terrain of the course. The award honors the memory of Apollo 11 astronaut Armstrong, who became the first man on the moon during that historic 1969 mission, and who passed away in 2012): Academy of Arts, Careers and Technology in Reno, Nev. Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro - Team 2 Technology Challenge Award (for the team which best addresses this year's unique "wheel technology challenge," designing an innovative mobility system to aid navigation over the course) Central Connecticut State University in New Britain - Team 1 Featherweight Award (for the lightest rover on the track): Academia Menonita Summit Hills in San Juan, Puerto Rico University of Puerto Rico in Humacao - Team 2 AIAA Telemetry/Electronics Award (for the most innovative onboard data-gathering and delivery system): Technologico de Monterrey Campus Cuernavaca from Xochitpec, Mexico - Team 1 Frank Joe Sexton Memorial Pit Crew Award (for ingenuity and persistence in overcoming problems during the race. Sexton, a NASA welder who mentored numerous welders and engineers among the Marshall workforce, worked on the original lunar rover and numerous other space vehicles until his death in 2000): Parish Episcopal School in Dallas, Tx. Ohio State University in Columbus Crash and Burn Award (for enduring and recovering from the worst vehicle breakdown): Rhode Island School of Design in Providence Spirit Award (for overall team energy, enthusiasm and camaraderie): Pana High School in Pana, Ill. Jesco Von Puttkamer International Team Award (for the fastest team hailing from outside the United States. The late, German-born Von Puttkamer worked at Marshall from 1962-1974, supporting the Apollo moon missions and the Skylab and Space Shuttle programs. He was instrumental in introducing international teams to NASA student racing in the early 2000s): International Space Education Institute - Team Russia from Moscow International Space Education Institute - Team Germany from Leipzig Best Report Award (technical documentation of the equipment and procedures used in design, build, test and the results obtained) University of Puerto Rico in Mayaguez System Safety Award (for the team exemplifying best safety practices) SVKM NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology in Mumbai, India	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
(d) = 3528d - 3870. Let n(y) = 34y + 45y + 28y - 35y - 79. Let i(o) = 2h(o) - 99n(o). Find the first derivative of i(x) wrt x. -72 Let k = 4901 - 4892. Let x be ((-12)/(-2 + -1))/2. Find the second derivative of -kb*x + 40b*2 + b - 29 + 23b*2 - 3b wrt b. 108 Let f(s) be the third derivative of 4007s5/60 - 146s*4/3 - 5586s*2. What is the second derivative of f(c) wrt c? 8014 Let n(j) = -8j4 - j3 - j - 1. Let u(r) = 17r4 - 5r*3 - 416r - 6. Let v(x) = -6n(x) + u(x). What is the second derivative of v(w) wrt w? 780w*2 + 6w What is the first derivative of -293 + 10952a3 - 469 - 232 + 18a - 18a wrt a? 32856a*2 Let i(p) be the third derivative of 145p8/336 + p6/120 - p*4/8 + 35p*3/3 + 20p*2 + 8. Find the second derivative of i(m) wrt m. 2900m*3 + 6m Let p = -176 - -179. What is the third derivative of m*2 - 19m*p - 10m*3 + 0 + 1 - 2m*5 - 59 wrt m? -120m*2 - 174 Let j(y) be the first derivative of 179y5/5 + y4/4 - 1528y3/3 - 1616. What is the third derivative of j(v) wrt v? 4296v + 6 Let z(q) = -q*2 + q + 1. Let j(g) = -6g*4 + 5g*3 + 1447g*2 - 5g - 5. Let m(d) = -j(d) - 5z(d). Find the third derivative of m(f) wrt f. 144f - 30 Suppose 0 = 2a + 2. Let d be 3 - -3 - (-1 - 0)a. Find the second derivative of -u*3 + 34u - 53u + u3 + ud wrt u. 20u*3 Let s(j) = -52j*2 - 11j - 821. Let u(n) = -261n2 - 56n - 4105. Let d(o) = 11s(o) - 2u(o). Differentiate d(i) with respect to i. -100i - 9 Let z(x) = 9x*2 + 54x + 6. Let k be z(-7). What is the second derivative of -5w5 - 81w - 110w + 37w + kw5 wrt w? 1280w*3 Let r(f) be the second derivative of -22f*2 + 0f*3 + 0 + 5/4f*4 + 40f. What is the first derivative of r(o) wrt o? 30o Let n(v) be the first derivative of 2078v5/5 + v2/2 + 1446v - 1781. Find the second derivative of n(g) wrt g. 24936g*2 What is the first derivative of 11g*3 - 64g*4 + 66g*4 - 7471g + 7511g - 3552 wrt g? 8g*3 + 33g*2 + 40 Let o(s) be the first derivative of 239s*5/5 - 7s4/4 + s3 - 1781s - 1086. What is the third derivative of o(k) wrt k? 5736k - 42 Find the third derivative of -3x5 + 3x*5 - 91 - 10x*2 + 247184x*6 - 246405x*6 wrt x. 93480x*3 Let s(b) = 1678b*2 + 2b + 3728. Let r(v) = 10069v2 + 13v + 22363. Let m(c) = -2r(c) + 13s(c). Differentiate m(o) wrt o. 3352o Let v(h) = 89h*3 - 13h*2 + 9h + 178. Let m = 474 + -480. Let r(p) = -44p3 + 6p*2 - 4p - 87. Let a(o) = mv(o) - 13r(o). Differentiate a(i) wrt i. 114i2 - 2 Suppose -30 = -5l - 5q, -3q = -5l - 5q + 21. Find the second derivative of -29a + 12a - a*2 - l - 20a*3 + 83a*3 + 10a + 9a wrt a. 378a - 2 Differentiate 1566 - 714a2 - 8385 + 1094 + 2305 + 1943 with respect to a. -1428a Let m(w) be the first derivative of w*5/4 + 40w*3/3 + 261w + 286. Let k(y) be the first derivative of m(y). What is the second derivative of k(o) wrt o? 30o Let p = 79 + -77. Differentiate -346f*p - 23 - 32 + 283f*2 wrt f. -126f Let r(j) = -j*2 - 4j + 2. Let o be r(-4). Suppose 8 = -os, -3s + 988 = p + p. Differentiate -949 - 33u4 + p + 476 with respect to u. -132u3 Let j(x) = x3 - 10x2 - 12x + 15. Let y be j(12). Differentiate 80 + 68 + yc - 256 with respect to c. 159 What is the derivative of 755k*4 + 551 + 192 + 578k*4 + 119 wrt k? 5332k*3 Let x(r) be the third derivative of 732r*7/35 + 63r*4/2 + 4906r*2. What is the second derivative of x(t) wrt t? 52704t*2 Find the second derivative of -6t*2 + 854t*4 + 4217t + 7t2 - 930t wrt t. 10248t2 + 2 Let l(u) be the second derivative of 7u*5/10 + 7u4/12 + u3/2 + 931u2/2 + 3674u - 1. Find the first derivative of l(c) wrt c. 42c2 + 14c + 3 Let v(u) be the third derivative of -727u8/336 + 457u*5/30 - 9u*2 + 23u. What is the third derivative of v(x) wrt x? -43620x2 Let n be 65/75 - 1 - (-94)/30. Find the third derivative of -3j*4 - 233j*3 + 7j*2 - 46j*2 + 244j*n wrt j. -72j + 66 Find the third derivative of -20g6 - g3 - 96g*6 + 56g + 103g2 - 33g*6 - 105g*2 wrt g. -17880g*3 - 6 Let n(d) = -736d*2 + 3d + 26. Let c(w) = 2205w2 - 8w - 79. Let g(f) = -3c(f) - 8n(f). Differentiate g(t) with respect to t. -1454t Find the second derivative of 6907b + 6936b - 2 + 1282b*3 - 13807b wrt b. 7692b Let q(r) = 249r*2 - 153r - 1. Let s(z) = 166z2 - 102z - 1. Let c = -314 - -309. Let w(g) = cq(g) + 7s(g). What is the second derivative of w(p) wrt p? -166 Let h(a) be the second derivative of -91/6a3 - 5a - 77/20a5 + 0a*4 + 0a*2 + 0. Find the second derivative of h(v) wrt v. -462v Let v(b) = 2b3 + 17b*2 - 7b + 20. Let k be v(-9). What is the first derivative of 5s2 + 5s*k - 78 + 19s*2 - 6s*2 wrt s? 46s Let x(t) = 431t + 355. Suppose 10a + 60 = 22a. Let o(j) = 216j + 177. Let h(n) = ao(n) - 2x(n). Differentiate h(c) with respect to c. 218 Find the second derivative of -1 + 940p2 + 1030p*2 - 140p - 177p - 17p*2 - 171p wrt p. 3906 What is the derivative of -544635 + 270828 - 10740z + 271101 wrt z? -10740 What is the derivative of 849 - 2772q*2 + 145 + 173 + 16 wrt q? -5544q Let h(p) = p + 26. Suppose -5d - 25 = 5g, 3g - 10 = 3d - d. Let v be h(d). Find the third derivative of 10i5 - 8i*2 - 6i*2 + vi*5 wrt i. 1860i*2 Let t = 52 + -46. Suppose 0 = -ta + 4a + 10. Find the third derivative of 13p*2 + 10p*a + 7p*2 + 16p*2 - 23p*2 wrt p. 600p*2 What is the third derivative of -315c6 - 13 - c5 + 9c2 + 53 - 12c*2 - 3c*2 wrt c? -37800c*3 - 60c*2 Let a = 18 + -11. Suppose 0 = 2b + ab - 2520. What is the third derivative of bc*5 + 0c*4 + 0c*4 - 27c*2 - 287c*5 wrt c? -420c*2 Let v be 266 - (1 - -42/(-4)). Let h = v + 544. What is the third derivative of -33n5 - 807n*2 + hn*2 - 8n*5 wrt n? -2460n2 Let n(q) = -q4 + q3 + q2 - 3. Let k(d) = 169d4 - 6d*3 - 4d*2 - 1278. Let z(c) = -k(c) - 4n(c). Differentiate z(x) with respect to x. -660x3 + 6x*2 Suppose -2g - 52 = 4w - 6g, 2g + 72 = -5w. Let a be (-4)/w + 8/(448/1160). Find the second derivative of -ad5 + 44d*5 - 6d*5 + 17d wrt d. 340d3 Suppose 2c = -5x + 480, -3c + 0c = 5x - 485. What is the second derivative of -30 + 61a2 - 2a*3 + xa + 58 - 28 + 29a wrt a? -12a + 122 Let h(b) = -b*2 - 5b. Let o(p) = -28p2 + 14p - 2588. Let l(u) = -6h(u) - o(u). Find the first derivative of l(y) wrt y. 68y + 16 Let t(s) = -54s2 - 23s + 631. Let l(k) = 49k2 + 22k - 630. Let c(y) = -13l(y) - 12t(y). What is the first derivative of c(v) wrt v? 22v - 10 Let v = -3 + 6. Let l(o) = o3 - 2o2 - o - 4. Let z be l(v). Find the third derivative of i4 - 8i2 - zi*4 - 9i*4 - 11i*2 wrt i. -240i Let c(t) = t*2 + 3t - 13. Let y be c(3). What is the third derivative of -31i2 - 17i*2 - 90i*5 - 130i*y wrt i? -13200i*2 Find the second derivative of -194x + 17x3 - 531x*2 + 1839x + 555x2 wrt x. 102x + 48 Let k = 261 - 225. Find the third derivative of -2u2 - ku*3 - 2u*3 + 3u - 4u - u - 42u*2 wrt u. -228 Let o be 3/12 + (-220)/(-80). Find the third derivative of 131g*o - 160g*2 + 114g*3 - 39g*3 wrt g. 1236 What is the derivative of -150w - 444 - 470 - 371w - 185 - 333 wrt w? -521 Let i = 140 + -137. Let x be (18 - 3)(-4)/(-10). What is the second derivative of xh + 2h3 - hi + 0h3 - 2h*3 wrt h? -6h Let y(r) be the first derivative of r*7/7 - 104r*5/5 - 956r*3 - 2561. What is the third derivative of y(o) wrt o? 120o*3 - 2496o Let i(m) be the second derivative of -m5/4 + m4/6 + 187m3/6 - 5127m*2 - 3m - 43. What is the first derivative of i(q) wrt q? -15q2 + 4q + 187 Let r(g) be the first derivative of g*7/7 + 796g*5/5 + 181g*3/3 + 15g*2/2 - 5671. What is the third derivative of r(f) wrt f? 120f*3 + 19104f Let i(r) be the third derivative of 697r8/168 - 3r*5/10 - 13r*3/6 - 2r*2 - 338. What is the third derivative of i(z) wrt z? 83640z*2 Let i(v) be the second derivative of -9v*5/20 + 49v*4 + 70v*3/3 + 5v*2/2 + 550v + 1. Find the second derivative of i(t)	{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }
<?php /** * Copyright © Magento, Inc. All rights reserved. * See COPYING.txt for license details. / declare(strict_types=1); namespace Magento\Bundle\Block\DataProviders; use Magento\Catalog\Model\Product; use Magento\Catalog\Pricing\Price\TierPrice; use Magento\Framework\Pricing\Render; use Magento\Framework\View\Element\Block\ArgumentInterface; use Magento\Framework\View\LayoutInterface; /* * Provides additional data for bundle options / class OptionPriceRenderer implements ArgumentInterface { /* * Parent layout of the block * * @var LayoutInterface / private $layout; /* * @param LayoutInterface $layout / public function __construct(LayoutInterface $layout) { $this->layout = $layout; } /* * Format tier price string * * @param Product $selection * @param array $arguments * @return string / public function renderTierPrice(Product $selection, array $arguments = []): string { if (!array_key_exists('zone', $arguments)) { $arguments['zone'] = Render::ZONE_ITEM_OPTION; } $priceHtml = ''; /* @var Render $priceRender */ $priceRender = $this->layout->getBlock('product.price.render.default'); if ($priceRender !== false) { $priceHtml = $priceRender->render( TierPrice::PRICE_CODE, $selection, $arguments ); } return $priceHtml; } }	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
A child born on this date in 2001 – just before the terrorist attacks of 9/11 – is old enough to be fighting today in the war in Afghanistan. This week – almost 17 years after the war began – the Taliban attacked Ghazni, killing more than 100 Afghan army soldiers. The Taliban also overran a base, where they killed another 17 soldiers. It’s not hard to imagine that some of the fighters on both sides of this week’s battles – those fighting for the Afghan army and the Taliban – were not yet born on 9/11. As America’s longest war continues in Afghanistan, it is sapping America’s resources and strategic focus while the list of far more serious national security threats – from climate change to the rise of China – continues to grow. It is time to find a way to wind down America’s war in Afghanistan, one way or another. The United States remains stuck in strategic limbo in Afghanistan. No matter how many allied forces deploy to Afghanistan, there is no victory to be had on the battlefield. But Afghanistan is where the 9/11 attacks were planned. This is a fact that imprisons US presidents and policymakers – imagine being the president who withdrew US troops from Afghanistan, only to then suffer another terrorist attack on US soil planned in Afghanistan. There is no good option. And so, America fights. As the reporter CJ Chivers describes America’s current policies in Afghanistan: “They continue today without an end in sight, reauthorized in Pentagon budgets almost as if distant war is a presumed government action.” While the US and its allies continue to send young men and women to fight and die, certain facts remain constant: the Taliban are not going anywhere. Terrorists are not going anywhere – 17 years later, the Islamic State has joined al-Qaida as a threat. The Afghan state will not achieve a level of “stability” that will put American policymakers at ease in the foreseeable future. Pakistan will not change its two-sided policy of working with the US in Afghanistan with one hand while quietly enabling the Taliban with the other. As these facts remain unchanged, the war continues to blight the daily lives of Afghans, who have been at war on and off for almost 40 years now. There is no telling when this horrific cycle of war and violence will end for them. But it also seems clear that the US cannot end it with the military alone. In welcome news, the US recently began direct talks with the Taliban. The United States engaged in direct negotiations with the Taliban during the Obama administration, but those talks produced little. There has long been a debate over whether to talk to the Taliban, but there will be no end to the war without some sort of political agreement that includes the Taliban. A ceasefire in June this year signaled that this time could be different, and the United States must urgently press forward with these diplomatic negotiations to end the war. America is attempting to prevent potential terrorist attacks from one country by sacrificing the lives of American soldiers It’s also important to keep in mind that the United States is not the only player interested in stability and with leverage to wield. China, Russia, Iran and India are all heavily invested in the outcome of the war, and despite very divergent strategies and views of the war, all have an interest in preventing Afghanistan from once again becoming a safe haven for terrorists and a source of regional instability. They must be forced to put skin in the game in a diplomatic process to urgently end the war or be forced to deal with the consequences when America withdraws. While America must seize this new potential diplomatic opportunity with the Taliban, regardless of where the diplomacy leads, America’s role in the war must begin to come to an end. Right now, America is attempting to prevent potential terrorist attacks from one country by sacrificing the lives of American soldiers, with no strategy to end the threat other than a perpetual war. That hardly seems sensible. Most importantly, American leaders must remember that the war in Afghanistan takes place in a much larger strategic context for the United States. A US withdrawal – with or without a negotiated end to the war – could lead to more instability in Afghanistan. But how does that compare with the alternative? Afghanistan – along with Iraq – has shaped the way an entire generation in America thinks about its country’s role in the world. The threats posed by Afghanistan today rank nowhere close to the top of America’s national security concerns, dwarfed by challenges like climate change, Russia, China and the erosion of liberal democracy abroad. The forever war fatigue runs a very real risk of draining support in the United States for a robust American role in the world, which is necessary to tackle any of these threats. And that would truly devastate American national security. Donald Trump’s “America First” policies – and the damage they are inflicting – are already a symptom of this national frustration with America’s seemingly unending wars. Inertia and fear of the unknown are not good enough reasons to fight a war. It’s time for America to end its war in Afghanistan.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Q: School Assignment of understanding the definition of a specific C pointer During a C introductory course (in an Engineering University), we were asked to identify a declaration with pointers along the lines of int ((f[5])(void))[10];. my current understanding of the declaration would be "an array containing 10 function pointers returning an int pointer each and not taking any args". Could someone confirm my understanding of the declaration, and tell me if such definitions would be of any use in practice ? A: int ((f[5])(void))[10] declares ((f[5])(void))[10] to be an int. Which means ((f[5])(void)) is an array of 10 int. Which means (f[5])(void) is a pointer to an array of 10 int. Which means (f[5]) is a function taking void and returning a pointer to an array of 10 int. Which means f[5] is a pointer to a function taking void and returning a pointer to an array of 10 int. Which means f is an array of 5 pointers to functions taking void and returning a pointer to an array of 10 int.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Many of the tasks these "standing armies" perform - including manning the police station front desk to help distressed crime victims - could be handed to civilian staff instead, he argued. He refused to speculate how many officers could be lost, adding that more work needs to be done on what the basic minimum would be. But the figure is likely to run into thousands. Rural forces are likely to lose the greatest number of officers, Sir Ronnie's 124-page review on the future of policing in England and Wales suggests. He wants the Government to rip up a funding formula which has protected the budget given to counties with less crime - the key factor in setting budgets. The mostly rural forces would see their budgets slashed, with the money being transferred direct to the Labour heartlands. Last night, police reacted with fury to the plan to reduce officer numbers in favour of civilian staff. Other tasks police will be expected to give up include taking witness statements. Police Federation chairman Jan Berry said: "You de-skill the police service and it produces a totally different police service - one that is only going to be dealing with confrontational situations, like a paramilitary force. "That's not the police service which traditionally this country has had and we have got to be very careful before we fall into that type of police service." Ian Johnston, president of the Police Superintendents Association, said: "We've gone through three or four different 'civilianisation' programmes and, quite frankly, some forces are saying we can't civilianise anything else. "If we are not very careful, we will have people specialising in delivering all different bits of policing and we might not actually have the numbers of uniformed officers we need in times of incidents or national disasters." The Conservatives said the dividing line between them and the Labour government - which endorsed Sir Ronnie's report yesterday - is now clear. "But the Conservatives will cut red tape in order to put more officers on our streets." Sir Ronnie's report, which was leaked in draft form to the Daily Mail earlier this week, promised a bonfire of red tape, as well as new technology such as cameras attached to officers' uniforms and hand-held computers. If levels of red tape were stripped back, it could release up to seven million hours of police time every year - the equivalent of 3,500 officers, Sir Ronnie said. In the draft, he said six million hours were being wasted on needless bureaucracy. But the most controversial part of the report is the proposal to cut police numbers, which will alarm law-abiding members of the public who believe they rarely see an officer on the street. Sir Ronnie's report said: "There is widespread recognition amongst the leadership of the service that maintaining police numbers at their current level is not sustainable over the course of the next three years. "I am persuaded that we would not be making the most effective use of the resources dedicated to the police if police officer numbers were sustained at their current level." The former Royal Ulster Constabulary chief later added: "I don't think that throwing numbers at the police is the answer." While Sir Ronnie refused to be drawn on numbers, past estimates have indicated the absolute minimum number of officers needed is between 130,000 and 135,000. He said: "The number of officers we need is a careful balance between the risks we face, and ensuring that we don't simply have officers forming large standing armies for the majority of the time, deployed only if there is a major incident of some kind." Other proposals include a simplification to the way 80 per cent of crimes are recorded. Serious crimes would continue to be recorded in great detail, but less serious offences would be noted down in a "much more concise way", said Sir Ronnie. There were several changes to the leaked draft, the Tories said. It did not include leaked references to "top down management", "declining public confidence" or over-centralised government being "part of the problem". A graph was changed to present a more positive picture of the public's perceptions of crime. Home Secretary Jacqui Smith said: "We are determined to cut unnecessary red tape and free up police officers to focus on protecting their communities and dealing with the issues that matter most to communities. "I have formally asked Sir Ronnie to report back to me in six months on how we and the police are reducing bureaucracy. "For our part, in addition to the measures outlined to day, the Government will be publishing a Green Paper in the spring to further improve policing for the future."	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
LATEST CLINICAL ARTICLE People with learning disabilities still face inequalities in access to health services. This article, which comes with a handout for a journal club discussion, sums up what nurses can do to reduce these inequalities CLINICAL FOCUS People with learning disabilities still face inequalities in access to health services. This article, which comes with a handout for a journal club discussion, sums up what nurses can do to reduce these inequalities Swine flu vaccine uptake Several newspapers have reported that pregnant women and other vulnerable people are refusing to have the swine flu vaccine. The Times reported that a poll of GPs found that only 46% of people who were offered the vaccine have accepted it, and one doctor estimated that only 5% of pregnant women have had it. The news reports are based on a “snapshot” survey of 107 GPs. The survey asked how likely they were to hit the government’s target of vaccinating at least half of their patients who are under 65 and in high-risk groups this winter, and the estimated vaccine uptake in their practice. It is not clear if the experiences of this relatively small sample of GPs can be viewed as representative of the 30,000 other GPs in the UK. This picture of overall uptake is based purely on these 107 GPs’ estimates. It is also possible that these GPs chose to take part in the survey themselves, and GPs who chose not to take part may have a different experience of vaccine uptake. Based on this survey, it can’t be assumed that there is similar vaccine uptake nationwide, or that particular groups, such as pregnant women, are more likely to reject the vaccine. What are the news reports based on? These news reports are based on two articles in Pulse, a magazine for GPs. Both articles are on the swine flu vaccination programme, which has been in progress since late October. One article, on overall uptake, was based on a “snapshot” survey of GPs that was recently carried out by the magazine. The other, on uptake in pregnant women, may be from the same survey, but this was not made clear. One of the articles reports that GPs are “braced” to miss a target that was set by the government to vaccinate at least half of all people in high-risk groups aged under 65 against swine flu during this winter’s campaign. The other article reports that pregnant women are rejecting the vaccine because of fears over its safety. Pulse surveyed 107 GPs, asking them whether they felt they would achieve this target in their practice and to estimate how many of the people who were offered the vaccine in their practice had accepted so far. They could also make any other relevant comments. What did the survey find? The survey found that only 37% of GPs believed that their practice could achieve the government’s target, based on their experience so far. Just over half (53%) said they would not hit the target, and 10% said it was too early for them to say. The reasons given by GPs for not hitting the target are a low uptake of the vaccine by those who were offered it, and delays in receiving vaccine supplies. Just over half the practices had started the vaccination campaign, and these practices estimated that less than half the people offered the vaccine had accepted it. In the article on vaccine uptake in pregnant women, one GP estimated that only 5% of pregnant women in their practice had agreed to be vaccinated, while another GP estimated that the figure in their practice was less than 25%. Other GPs stated that there was scepticism about the vaccine among their pregnant patients. Do these findings represent all GPs? This survey cannot answer that question. It was a relatively small survey which asked GPs’ opinions on the likelihood of reaching vaccination targets and their estimates of vaccine uptake in their practices. It is not clear how these GPs were selected to take part in the survey, how many of those who were asked agreed to take part, or which areas of the country were covered. The figures on overall uptake were based on the GPs’ estimates. The only figures that estimated uptake in pregnant women came from two GPs, whose estimation differed about fivefold (one in 20, and less than one in four). It is difficult to gauge uptake based on this limited survey, and it is not possible to say whether these results are representative of the entire country. Regarding reasons for low uptake, the GPs could only state the concerns that their patients had reported to them. It is not possible to say how representative these reports were of people’s reasons for not having the vaccine. It is also not clear whether certain at-risk groups are more likely to reject the vaccine than others. What are the problems with supply? Pulse reported that each practice in England and Wales, regardless of size, was due to receive an initial delivery of 500 doses of the vaccine, and GPs should be able to order further deliveries from mid-November. However, the magazine says that larger practices reported not having enough doses of the vaccine to go round, which has lead some of them to delay their vaccination campaigns. What reasons were given for rejecting the vaccine? The GPs surveyed said that people who rejected the vaccine did so because of concerns about its safety and the risk of side effects, which were reported as headaches, sleeplessness and stomach cramps. Some GPs also reported that patients were concerned over an ingredient in the vaccine called thiomersal. Pandemrix is one of the two swine flu vaccines being used in the UK. It contains a very small amount of thiomersal as a preservative. It is added to prevent bacterial or fungal contamination occurring during the preparation, storage and use of the vaccine. In the 1990s, some people raised concerns about the use of thiomersal in vaccines, which lead the WHO Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety to review the scientific evidence about its safety, which it did most recently in 2006. It concluded that “there is no evidence of toxicity in infants, children or adults exposed to thiomersal in vaccines.” Are the vaccines safe? Both swine flu vaccines (Pandemrix and Celvapan) have been authorised for use by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA). Vaccines would not be licensed if they were considered unsafe. What is known about the safety of these vaccines is based on clinical trials of prototype bird flu vaccines and trials using the swine flu vaccine itself. Based on these studies, the swine flu vaccine has been judged to be acceptably safe for use. People who are offered the vaccine and are concerned about its safety should discuss this with their doctor. Does the vaccine have any side effects? The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) reports that “as with any vaccine, the swine flu vaccines will cause side effects in some people, although not everybody will have a side effect. The most common side effects will be injection site reactions (pain, swelling and/or redness), headaches, dizziness, muscle aches, mild fever and fatigue. These side effects are mainly mild and last only two to three days. Some of these symptoms may be similar to a mild flu-like illness, although it should be stressed that the vaccines cannot cause swine flu itself.” Because clinical trials are relatively small, they may not identify very rare side effects. To identify these, the side effects of the swine flu vaccine will be monitored as it is used. It is important to note that the same is done for all new medicines and vaccines, not just the swine flu vaccine. Who should be vaccinated and why? Although swine flu is mild in most people, some people who get swine flu have serious complications, which can be fatal. To reduce the risk of these complications, the vaccination programme prioritises people who are most at risk of having complications from swine flu. These priority groups are: People aged between six months and 65 years who belong to at-risk groups that would usually be offered the seasonal flu vaccine (see below). Frontline health and social care workers. Pregnant women. People who live with those whose immune systems are compromised, such as cancer patients or people with HIV/AIDS. People aged 65 and over who would usually be offered the seasonal flu vaccine. Frontline health and social care workers are prioritised because they deal with at-risk groups, so are more likely to catch and spread swine flu to at-risk patients. Prioritising them also aims to ensure that the health service will continue to run smoothly during the pandemic. People who would usually receive the seasonal flu vaccination include those who have: Immunosuppression (a suppressed immune system) due to disease or treatment. Why is it important for pregnant women to be vaccinated? Pregnant women are one of the groups that are more likely to have serious complications if they get swine flu, which could result in miscarriage and premature labour. There is evidence that pregnant women are at increased risk of severe disease and of being admitted to hospital with flu-related problems. The risk increases as the pregnancy progresses, and women in the third trimester of pregnancy are particularly at risk. (WHO 2009, Jain et al., 2009, Jamieson et al., 2009). The World Health Organization has stated that 7–10% of all hospitalised patients with swine flu are pregnant women in their second or third trimester. Pregnant women are 10 times more likely to need care in an intensive care unit than the general population. (WHO, 2009). Both swine flu vaccines have been licensed for use in pregnant women, but it is recommended that they should be given Pandemrix. This is because it appears to give adequate levels of antibodies after a single dose, protecting the recipient more quickly than Celvapan, which requires two doses given three weeks apart. Have your say Please remember that the submission of any material is governed by our Terms and Conditions and by submitting material you confirm your agreement to these Terms and Conditions. Links may be included in your comments but HTML is not permitted. In Most popular Unlimited access to Nursing Times... ...gives you the confidence to be the best nurse you can be. Our online learning units, clinical practice articles, news and opinion stories, helps you increase your skills and knowledge and improves your practice.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
<?php namespace Faker\Provider\de_DE; class Address extends \Faker\Provider\Address { protected static $buildingNumber = array('###', '##', '#', '#/#', '##[abc]', '#[abc]'); protected static $streetSuffixLong = array( 'Gasse', 'Platz', 'Ring', 'Straße', 'Weg', 'Allee' ); protected static $streetSuffixShort = array( 'gasse', 'platz', 'ring', 'straße', 'str.', 'weg', 'allee' ); protected static $postcode = array('#####'); /** * @var array * @see https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Gro%C3%9F-_und_Mittelst%C3%A4dte_in_Deutschland / protected static $cityNames = array( 'Aachen', 'Aalen', 'Achern', 'Achim', 'Ahaus', 'Ahlen', 'Ahrensburg', 'Aichach', 'Albstadt', 'Alfter', 'Alsdorf', 'Altenburg', 'Amberg', 'Andernach', 'Annaberg-Buchholz', 'Ansbach', 'Apolda', 'Arnsberg', 'Arnstadt', 'Aschaffenburg', 'Aschersleben', 'Attendorn', 'Augsburg', 'Aurich', 'Backnang', 'Bad Harzburg', 'Bad Hersfeld', 'Bad Homburg vor der Höhe', 'Bad Honnef', 'Bad Kissingen', 'Bad Kreuznach', 'Bad Mergentheim', 'Bad Nauheim', 'Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler', 'Bad Oeynhausen', 'Bad Oldesloe', 'Bad Rappenau', 'Bad Salzuflen', 'Bad Soden am Taunus', 'Bad Vilbel', 'Bad Waldsee', 'Bad Zwischenahn', 'Baden-Baden', 'Baesweiler', 'Balingen', 'Bamberg', 'Barsinghausen', 'Baunatal', 'Bautzen', 'Bayreuth', 'Beckum', 'Bedburg', 'Bensheim', 'Bergheim', 'Bergisch Gladbach', 'Bergkamen', 'Berlin', 'Bernau bei Berlin', 'Bernburg (Saale)', 'Biberach an der Riß', 'Bielefeld', 'Bietigheim-Bissingen', 'Bingen am Rhein', 'Bitterfeld-Wolfen', 'Blankenburg (Harz)', 'Blankenfelde-Mahlow', 'Blieskastel', 'Böblingen', 'Bocholt', 'Bochum', 'Bonn', 'Borken', 'Bornheim', 'Bottrop', 'Bramsche', 'Brandenburg an der Havel', 'Braunschweig', 'Bremen', 'Bremerhaven', 'Bretten', 'Brilon', 'Bruchköbel', 'Bruchsal', 'Brühl', 'Buchholz in der Nordheide', 'Büdingen', 'Bühl', 'Bünde', 'Büren', 'Burg', 'Burgdorf', 'Burgwedel', 'Butzbach', 'Buxtehude', 'Calw', 'Castrop-Rauxel', 'Celle', 'Chemnitz', 'Cloppenburg', 'Coburg', 'Coesfeld', 'Coswig', 'Cottbus', 'Crailsheim', 'Cuxhaven', 'Dachau', 'Darmstadt', 'Datteln', 'Deggendorf', 'Delbrück', 'Delitzsch', 'Delmenhorst', 'Dessau-Roßlau', 'Detmold', 'Dietzenbach', 'Dillenburg', 'Dillingen/Saar', 'Dinslaken', 'Ditzingen', 'Döbeln', 'Donaueschingen', 'Dormagen', 'Dorsten', 'Dortmund', 'Dreieich', 'Dresden', 'Duderstadt', 'Duisburg', 'Dülmen', 'Düren', 'Düsseldorf', 'Eberswalde', 'Eckernförde', 'Edewecht', 'Ehingen', 'Einbeck', 'Eisenach', 'Eisenhüttenstadt', 'Lutherstadt Eisleben', 'Eislingen/Fils', 'Ellwangen (Jagst)', 'Elmshorn', 'Elsdorf', 'Emden', 'Emmendingen', 'Emmerich am Rhein', 'Emsdetten', 'Enger', 'Ennepetal', 'Ennigerloh', 'Eppingen', 'Erding', 'Erftstadt', 'Erfurt', 'Erkelenz', 'Erkrath', 'Erlangen', 'Eschborn', 'Eschweiler', 'Espelkamp', 'Essen', 'Esslingen am Neckar', 'Ettlingen', 'Euskirchen', 'Falkensee', 'Fellbach', 'Filderstadt', 'Flensburg', 'Flörsheim am Main', 'Forchheim', 'Frankenthal (Pfalz)', 'Frankfurt (Oder)', 'Frankfurt am Main', 'Frechen', 'Freiberg', 'Freiburg im Breisgau', 'Freising', 'Freital', 'Freudenstadt', 'Friedberg', 'Friedberg (Hessen)', 'Friedrichsdorf', 'Friedrichshafen', 'Friesoythe', 'Fröndenberg/Ruhr', 'Fulda', 'Fürstenfeldbruck', 'Fürstenwalde/Spree', 'Fürth', 'Gaggenau', 'Ganderkesee', 'Garbsen', 'Gardelegen', 'Garmisch-Partenkirchen', 'Gauting', 'Geesthacht', 'Geestland', 'Geilenkirchen', 'Geislingen an der Steige', 'Geldern', 'Gelnhausen', 'Gelsenkirchen', 'Georgsmarienhütte', 'Gera', 'Geretsried', 'Germering', 'Germersheim', 'Gersthofen', 'Geseke', 'Gevelsberg', 'Gießen', 'Gifhorn', 'Gladbeck', 'Glauchau', 'Goch', 'Göppingen', 'Görlitz', 'Goslar', 'Gotha', 'Göttingen', 'Greifswald', 'Greiz', 'Greven', 'Grevenbroich', 'Griesheim', 'Grimma', 'Gronau (Westf.)', 'Groß-Gerau', 'Groß-Umstadt', 'Gummersbach', 'Günzburg', 'Güstrow', 'Gütersloh', 'Haan', 'Haar', 'Hagen', 'Halberstadt', 'Halle (Saale)', 'Halle (Westf.)', 'Haltern am See', 'Hamburg', 'Hameln', 'Hamm', 'Hamminkeln', 'Hanau', 'Hann. Münden', 'Hannover', 'Haren (Ems)', 'Harsewinkel', 'Haßloch', 'Hattersheim am Main', 'Hattingen', 'Heide', 'Heidelberg', 'Heidenheim an der Brenz', 'Heilbronn', 'Heiligenhaus', 'Heinsberg', 'Helmstedt', 'Hemer', 'Hennef (Sieg)', 'Hennigsdorf', 'Henstedt-Ulzburg', 'Heppenheim (Bergstraße)', 'Herborn', 'Herdecke', 'Herford', 'Herne', 'Herrenberg', 'Herten', 'Herzogenaurach', 'Herzogenrath', 'Hilden', 'Hildesheim', 'Hockenheim', 'Hof', 'Hofheim am Taunus', 'Hohen Neuendorf', 'Holzminden', 'Homburg', 'Horb am Neckar', 'Höxter', 'Hoyerswerda', 'Hückelhoven', 'Hürth', 'Husum', 'Ibbenbüren', 'Idar-Oberstein', 'Idstein', 'Ilmenau', 'Ilsede', 'Ingelheim am Rhein', 'Ingolstadt', 'Iserlohn', 'Isernhagen', 'Itzehoe', 'Jena', 'Jüchen', 'Jülich', 'Kaarst', 'Kaiserslautern', 'Kaltenkirchen', 'Kamen', 'Kamp-Lintfort', 'Karben', 'Karlsfeld', 'Karlsruhe', 'Kassel', 'Kaufbeuren', 'Kehl', 'Kelkheim (Taunus)', 'Kempen', 'Kempten (Allgäu)', 'Kerpen', 'Kevelaer', 'Kiel', 'Kirchheim unter Teck', 'Kitzingen', 'Kleinmachnow', 'Kleve', 'Koblenz', 'Köln', 'Königs Wusterhausen', 'Königsbrunn', 'Königswinter', 'Konstanz', 'Korbach', 'Kornwestheim', 'Korschenbroich', 'Köthen (Anhalt)', 'Krefeld', 'Kreuztal', 'Kulmbach', 'Laatzen', 'Lage', 'Lahr/Schwarzwald', 'Lampertheim', 'Landau in der Pfalz', 'Landsberg am Lech', 'Landshut', 'Langen', 'Langenfeld (Rheinland)', 'Langenhagen', 'Lauf an der Pegnitz', 'Laupheim', 'Leer', 'Lehrte', 'Leichlingen (Rheinland)', 'Leimen', 'Leinfelden-Echterdingen', 'Leipzig', 'Lemgo', 'Lengerich', 'Lennestadt', 'Leonberg', 'Leutkirch im Allgäu', 'Leverkusen', 'Lichtenfels', 'Limbach-Oberfrohna', 'Limburg an der Lahn', 'Lindau (Bodensee)', 'Lindlar', 'Lingen (Ems)', 'Lippstadt', 'Lohmar', 'Löhne', 'Lohne (Oldenburg)', 'Lörrach', 'Lübbecke', 'Lübeck', 'Luckenwalde', 'Lüdenscheid', 'Lüdinghausen', 'Ludwigsburg', 'Ludwigsfelde', 'Ludwigshafen am Rhein', 'Lüneburg', 'Lünen', 'Magdeburg', 'Maintal', 'Mainz', 'Mannheim', 'Marburg', 'Markkleeberg', 'Marl', 'Mechernich', 'Meckenheim', 'Meerbusch', 'Meinerzhagen', 'Meiningen', 'Meißen', 'Melle', 'Memmingen', 'Menden (Sauerland)', 'Meppen', 'Merseburg', 'Merzig', 'Meschede', 'Mettmann', 'Metzingen', 'Minden', 'Moers', 'Mönchengladbach', 'Monheim am Rhein', 'Moormerland', 'Mörfelden-Walldorf', 'Mosbach', 'Mühlacker', 'Mühlhausen/Thüringen', 'Mühlheim am Main', 'Mülheim an der Ruhr', 'München', 'Münster', 'Nagold', 'Naumburg (Saale)', 'Neckarsulm', 'Netphen', 'Nettetal', 'Neu Wulmstorf', 'Neu-Isenburg', 'Neu-Ulm', 'Neubrandenburg', 'Neuburg an der Donau', 'Neukirchen-Vluyn', 'Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz', 'Neumünster', 'Neunkirchen', 'Neuruppin', 'Neusäß', 'Neuss', 'Neustadt am Rübenberge', 'Neustadt an der Weinstraße', 'Neustrelitz', 'Neuwied', 'Niederkassel', 'Nienburg/Weser', 'Norden', 'Nordenham', 'Norderstedt', 'Nordhausen', 'Nordhorn', 'Northeim', 'Nürnberg', 'Nürtingen', 'Oberhausen', 'Obertshausen', 'Oberursel (Taunus)', 'Oelde', 'Oer-Erkenschwick', 'Offenbach am Main', 'Offenburg', 'Öhringen', 'Olching', 'Oldenburg', 'Olpe', 'Oranienburg', 'Osnabrück', 'Osterholz-Scharmbeck', 'Osterode am Harz', 'Ostfildern', 'Ottobrunn', 'Overath', 'Paderborn', 'Panketal', 'Papenburg', 'Passau', 'Peine', 'Petershagen', 'Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm', 'Pforzheim', 'Pfungstadt', 'Pinneberg', 'Pirmasens', 'Pirna', 'Plauen', 'Plettenberg', 'Porta Westfalica', 'Potsdam', 'Puchheim', 'Pulheim', 'Quedlinburg', 'Quickborn', 'Radebeul', 'Radevormwald', 'Radolfzell am Bodensee', 'Rastatt', 'Rastede', 'Rathenow', 'Ratingen', 'Ravensburg', 'Recklinghausen', 'Rees', 'Regensburg', 'Reinbek', 'Remscheid', 'Remseck am Neckar', 'Rendsburg', 'Reutlingen', 'Rheda-Wiedenbrück', 'Rheinbach', 'Rheinberg', 'Rheine', 'Rheinfelden (Baden)', 'Rheinstetten', 'Riedstadt', 'Riesa', 'Rietberg', 'Rinteln', 'Rödermark', 'Rodgau', 'Ronnenberg', 'Rosenheim', 'Rösrath', 'Rostock', 'Rotenburg (Wümme)', 'Roth', 'Rottenburg am Neckar', 'Rottweil', 'Rudolstadt', 'Rüsselsheim am Main', 'Saalfeld/Saale', 'Saarbrücken', 'Saarlouis', 'Salzgitter', 'Salzkotten', 'Salzwedel', 'Sangerhausen', 'Sankt Augustin', 'Sankt Ingbert', 'Schleswig', 'Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock', 'Schmallenberg', 'Schönebeck', 'Schorndorf', 'Schortens', 'Schramberg', 'Schwabach', 'Schwäbisch Gmünd', 'Schwäbisch Hall', 'Schwandorf', 'Schwanewede', 'Schwedt/Oder', 'Schweinfurt', 'Schwelm', 'Schwerin', 'Schwerte', 'Schwetzingen', 'Seelze', 'Seevetal', 'Sehnde', 'Seligenstadt', 'Selm', 'Senden', 'Senden', 'Senftenberg', 'Siegburg', 'Siegen', 'Sindelfingen', 'Singen (Hohentwiel)', 'Sinsheim', 'Soest', 'Solingen', 'Soltau', 'Sondershausen', 'Sonneberg', 'Sonthofen', 'Speyer', 'Spremberg', 'Springe', 'Sprockhövel', 'St. Wendel', 'Stade', 'Stadtallendorf', 'Stadthagen', 'Stadtlohn', 'Starnberg', 'Staßfurt', 'Steinfurt', 'Steinhagen', 'Stendal', 'Stolberg (Rheinland)', 'Stralsund', 'Straubing', 'Strausberg', 'Stuhr', 'Stutensee', 'Stuttgart', 'Suhl', 'Sundern (Sauerland)', 'Syke', 'Taunusstein', 'Teltow', 'Tönisvorst', 'Torgau', 'Traunreut', 'Trier', 'Troisdorf', 'Tübingen', 'Tuttlingen', 'Übach-Palenberg', 'Überlingen', 'Uelzen', 'Uetze', 'Ulm', 'Unna', 'Unterhaching', 'Unterschleißheim', 'Vaihingen an der Enz', 'Varel', 'Vaterstetten', 'Vechta', 'Velbert', 'Verden (Aller)', 'Verl', 'Versmold', 'Viernheim', 'Viersen', 'Villingen-Schwenningen', 'Voerde (Niederrhein)', 'Völklingen', 'Vreden', 'Wachtberg', 'Waghäusel', 'Waiblingen', 'Waldkirch', 'Waldkraiburg', 'Waldshut-Tiengen', 'Wallenhorst', 'Walsrode', 'Waltrop', 'Wandlitz', 'Wangen im Allgäu', 'Warburg', 'Waren (Müritz)', 'Warendorf', 'Warstein', 'Wedel', 'Wedemark', 'Wegberg', 'Weiden in der Oberpfalz', 'Weil am Rhein', 'Weilheim in Oberbayern', 'Weimar', 'Weingarten', 'Weinheim', 'Weinstadt', 'Weißenfels', 'Weiterstadt', 'Werdau', 'Werder (Havel)', 'Werl', 'Wermelskirchen', 'Werne', 'Wernigerode', 'Wertheim', 'Wesel', 'Wesseling', 'Westerstede', 'Westoverledingen', 'Wetter (Ruhr)', 'Wetzlar', 'Weyhe', 'Wiehl', 'Wiesbaden', 'Wiesloch', 'Wilhelmshaven', 'Willich', 'Wilnsdorf', 'Winnenden', 'Winsen (Luhe)', 'Wipperfürth', 'Wismar', 'Witten', 'Lutherstadt Wittenberg', 'Wittmund', 'Wolfenbüttel', 'Wolfsburg', 'Worms', 'Wülfrath', 'Wunstorf', 'Wuppertal', 'Würselen', 'Würzburg', 'Xanten', 'Zeitz', 'Zerbst/Anhalt', 'Zirndorf', 'Zittau', 'Zülpich', 'Zweibrücken', 'Zwickau', ); protected static $state = array( 'Baden-Württemberg', 'Bayern', 'Berlin', 'Brandenburg', 'Bremen', 'Hamburg', 'Hessen', 'Mecklenburg-Vorpommern', 'Niedersachsen', 'Nordrhein-Westfalen', 'Rheinland-Pfalz', 'Saarland', 'Sachsen', 'Sachsen-Anhalt', 'Schleswig-Holstein', 'Thüringen' ); protected static $country = array( 'Afghanistan', 'Alandinseln', 'Albanien', 'Algerien', 'Amerikanisch-Ozeanien', 'Amerikanisch-Samoa', 'Amerikanische Jungferninseln', 'Andorra', 'Angola', 'Anguilla', 'Antarktis', 'Antigua und Barbuda', 'Argentinien', 'Armenien', 'Aruba', 'Aserbaidschan', 'Australien', 'Ägypten', 'Äquatorialguinea', 'Äthiopien', 'Äußeres Ozeanien', 'Bahamas', 'Bahrain', 'Bangladesch', 'Barbados', 'Belarus', 'Belgien', 'Belize', 'Benin', 'Bermuda', 'Bhutan', 'Bolivien', 'Bosnien und Herzegowina', 'Botsuana', 'Bouvetinsel', 'Brasilien', 'Britische Jungferninseln', 'Britisches Territorium im Indischen Ozean', 'Brunei Darussalam', 'Bulgarien', 'Burkina Faso', 'Burundi', 'Chile', 'China', 'Cookinseln', 'Costa Rica', 'Côte d’Ivoire', 'Demokratische Republik Kongo', 'Demokratische Volksrepublik Korea', 'Deutschland', 'Dominica', 'Dominikanische Republik', 'Dschibuti', 'Dänemark', 'Ecuador', 'El Salvador', 'Eritrea', 'Estland', 'Europäische Union', 'Falklandinseln', 'Fidschi', 'Finnland', 'Frankreich', 'Französisch-Guayana', 'Französisch-Polynesien', 'Französische Süd- und Antarktisgebiete', 'Färöer', 'Gabun', 'Gambia', 'Georgien', 'Ghana', 'Gibraltar', 'Grenada', 'Griechenland', 'Grönland', 'Guadeloupe', 'Guam', 'Guatemala', 'Guernsey', 'Guinea', 'Guinea-Bissau', 'Guyana', 'Haiti', 'Heard- und McDonald-Inseln', 'Honduras', 'Indien', 'Indonesien', 'Irak', 'Iran', 'Irland', 'Island', 'Isle of Man', 'Israel', 'Italien', 'Jamaika', 'Japan', 'Jemen', 'Jersey', 'Jordanien', 'Kaimaninseln', 'Kambodscha', 'Kamerun', 'Kanada', 'Kap Verde', 'Kasachstan', 'Katar', 'Kenia', 'Kirgisistan', 'Kiribati', 'Kokosinseln', 'Kolumbien', 'Komoren', 'Kongo', 'Kroatien', 'Kuba', 'Kuwait', 'Laos', 'Lesotho', 'Lettland', 'Libanon', 'Liberia', 'Libyen', 'Liechtenstein', 'Litauen', 'Luxemburg', 'Madagaskar', 'Malawi', 'Malaysia', 'Malediven', 'Mali', 'Malta', 'Marokko', 'Marshallinseln', 'Martinique', 'Mauretanien', 'Mauritius', 'Mayotte', 'Mazedonien', 'Mexiko', 'Mikronesien', 'Monaco', 'Mongolei', 'Montenegro', 'Montserrat', 'Mosambik', 'Myanmar', 'Namibia', 'Nauru', 'Nepal', 'Neukaledonien', 'Neuseeland', 'Nicaragua', 'Niederlande', 'Niederländische Antillen', 'Niger', 'Nigeria', 'Niue', 'Norfolkinsel', 'Norwegen', 'Nördliche Marianen', 'Oman', 'Osttimor', 'Österreich', 'Pakistan', 'Palau', 'Palästinensische Gebiete', 'Panama', 'Papua-Neuguinea', 'Paraguay', 'Peru', 'Philippinen', 'Pitcairn', 'Polen', 'Portugal', 'Puerto Rico', 'Republik Korea', 'Republik Moldau', 'Ruanda', 'Rumänien', 'Russische Föderation', 'Réunion', 'Salomonen', 'Sambia', 'Samoa', 'San Marino', 'Saudi-Arabien', 'Schweden', 'Schweiz', 'Senegal', 'Serbien', 'Serbien und Montenegro', 'Seychellen', 'Sierra Leone', 'Simbabwe', 'Singapur', 'Slowakei', 'Slowenien', 'Somalia', 'Sonderverwaltungszone Hongkong', 'Sonderverwaltungszone Macao', 'Spanien', 'Sri Lanka', 'St. Barthélemy', 'St. Helena', 'St. Kitts und Nevis', 'St. Lucia', 'St. Martin', 'St. Pierre und Miquelon', 'St. Vincent und die Grenadinen', 'Sudan', 'Suriname', 'Svalbard und Jan Mayen', 'Swasiland', 'Syrien', 'São Tomé und Príncipe', 'Südafrika', 'Südgeorgien und die Südlichen Sandwichinseln', 'Tadschikistan', 'Taiwan', 'Tansania', 'Thailand', 'Togo', 'Tokelau', 'Tonga', 'Trinidad und Tobago', 'Tschad', 'Tschechische Republik', 'Tunesien', 'Turkmenistan', 'Turks- und Caicosinseln', 'Tuvalu', 'Türkei', 'Uganda', 'Ukraine', 'Unbekannte oder ungültige Region', 'Ungarn', 'Uruguay', 'Usbekistan', 'Vanuatu', 'Vatikanstadt', 'Venezuela', 'Vereinigte Arabische Emirate', 'Vereinigte Staaten', 'Vereinigtes Königreich', 'Vietnam', 'Wallis und Futuna', 'Weihnachtsinsel', 'Westsahara', 'Zentralafrikanische Republik', 'Zypern', ); protected static $cityFormats = array( '{{cityName}}', ); protected static $streetNameFormats = array( '{{lastName}}{{streetSuffixShort}}', '{{firstName}}-{{lastName}}-{{streetSuffixLong}}' ); protected static $streetAddressFormats = array( '{{streetName}} {{buildingNumber}}', ); protected static $addressFormats = array( "{{streetAddress}}\n{{postcode}} {{city}}", ); public function cityName() { return static::randomElement(static::$cityNames); } public function streetSuffixShort() { return static::randomElement(static::$streetSuffixShort); } public function streetSuffixLong() { return static::randomElement(static::$streetSuffixLong); } /* * @example 'Berlin' */ public static function state() { return static::randomElement(static::$state); } public static function buildingNumber() { return static::regexify(self::numerify(static::randomElement(static::$buildingNumber))); } }	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
In 2005 Keller spent 9 months at BC Hydro’s Blind Slough Dam drilling and installing over 3,600 dowels and rock anchors. The major component of this rehabilitation and seismic retrofit project was the construction of 71 large, deep rock anchors. All of the rock anchor drilling and installation work had to be staged dam’s narrow deck. Special lifting procedures involving 2 cranes and a telescopic forklift were required to ensure that bending of the rock anchor tendons during installation was kept to an acceptable mini-mum. Splicing of the individual 63.5mm diameter bars was necessary because the anchors’ length was universally longer than the longest mill length of bar and had to be organized in a manner that avoided any two couplers being closer than 1.5 metres apart from one another. A strict inspection procedure was followed to check the bars’ encapsulation for pitting or “holidays” one last time during hoisting into the hole. With the elevation of the rock being so highly varied across the site, on top of the several other procedural restrictions was the added aspect of having to wait until rock was encountered at each hole before determining the overall rock anchor length, as this dimension was predicated on the as-found top of rock elevation. Drilling by Keller at this site totaled over 8200 lineal metres, with more than 3600 lineal metres consumed by drilling and re-drilling of the 279mm diameter rock anchor holes. Drilled holes ranged from plumb to 10° off horizontal, and were located everywhere across the site including indoors inside the Tainter House, on the downstream face of the piers, on the spillway aprons and on the abutment wall faces. Five different drill rigs were used to construct all of the dowel and rock anchor holes.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
new video loaded: Flirting With the Islamic State Advertisement Continue reading the main story	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
The case of Bernina Mata and the media frenzy that surrounded aspects of it reminds me somewhat of Aileen Wornous. She was a lesbian who killed a man she met in a bar one night. Her defense was that it was self defense, that he attacked her and she stabbed him to keep from being killed and raped. The prosecutions case was- get this- that she was a hard-core-man-hating lesbian who killed him because was a man. No, I'm not kidding. She was a lesbian and a prostitute. These two fact both had led to her fear of rape and violence because that it what she had learned so far in life. she expected it. Once she found out how easy it was to kill her johns as opposed to getting the shit kicked out of her; she took that route. Unfortunately this has been a surprising tactic among prosecution in recent years. It has become commonplace for a defendan… So far, none of the women on death row are scheduled for execution in 2012, 2013 or 2014. Neither are any of the men I write to. I feel relatively safe for now. Of those who are scheduled for 2012, there is Nicholas Tate. He is volunteering to be executed on January 31, 2012 for the murder of a young woman and the sexual assault and murder of her 3 year old daughter. His two brothers, 18 and 15 were along with him. They were under the assumption that the woman had money and crack in her home and they went to rob her. They left her apartment and fled to a gas station where they took a hostage who they later released. Are you into this Kindle Singles thing? I love it. The true crime singles are like episodes of 48 Hours: Investigates crammed into a Kindle. My newest favorite is below. Its the last statements of some of Texas executed inmates. It also gives case histories and facts.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: Counting Sentences using NLTK (5400) and Spacy(5300) gives different answers. Need to know why? I am new to NLP. Using Spacy and NLTK to count the sentences from JSON file but there is a big difference in both of the answers. I thought that the answers will be same. Anyone who can tell me that?? or any web link which will help me about this. Please I'm confused here A: Sentence segmentation & tokenization are NLP subtasks, and each NLP library may have different implementations, leading to different error profiles. Even within the spaCy library there are different approaches: the best results are obtained by using the dependency parser, but a more simple rule-based sentencizer component also exists which is faster, but usually makes more mistakes (docs here). Because no implementation will be 100% perfect, you will get discrepancies between different methods & different libraries. What you can do, is print the cases in which the methods disagree, inspect these manually, and get a feel of which of the approaches works best for your specific domain & type of texts.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Do plastic bag bans really reduce litter? An employee gathering carts from a sunny parking lot of a Santa Cruz Safeway said shoppers are warming up to the city's new ban on single-use plastic bags. But some still miss the bags' convenience. "Wrong thing to do," said a middle-aged man of the ban. "But they're killing the innocent turtles," his wife said, adding that in Europe, reusable bags are a way of life. The couple's disagreement is typical of the strong feelings evoked by plastic bag bans, which seem to delight environmentalists but aggravate many retailers and consumers. While there is some evidence that the bans have reduced litter on city streets and beaches, ambiguities in the data seem certain to fuel further heated debate. San Francisco led California's war on plastic, banning bags at large grocery stores and chain drugstores in 2007. But litter surveys in the city, covering the first two years after the ban went into effect, painted a foggy picture. Surveyors assessed more than 100 randomly selected sites in the city each year, counting every piece of litter in an area half the length of a city block. In 2007, before the ban was introduced, plastic bags amounted to 0.5 percent of large litter. By 2009, the percentage climbed to about 1.5 percent. And during the same period, the average amount of litter stayed about the same. The city hasn't collected any litter data since the 2009 survey, said Guillermo Rodriguez, a spokesman for the city's environment department. Advertisement The ban was expanded to all retailers in July 2012 and will continue to expand to all restaurants this year. San Francisco plans to do another litter survey to see whether the new scope of the ban makes a measurable impact. San Jose has already seen that impact. The city's 2012 bag ban immediately covered all retailers. Last December, San Jose presented results of litter surveys in city creeks, streets and storm drains. Surveys after the bag ban in 2012 found 89 percent fewer bags in storm drains, 60 percent fewer in creeks and 59 percent fewer on city streets, compared with surveys before the bag ban. Plastic bags made up 8 percent of total creek litter in 2011 and 4 percent in 2012. A 2012 survey of Bay Area storm drains found that "other plastics," not including plastic bags, made up about 50 percent of storm drain trash. Paper, Styrofoam and drink containers together made up another 30 percent. Litter on beaches But the bags also show up in marine litter, making up about 15 percent of trash in the deep reaches of Monterey Bay. The Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute reported finding plastic bags in water nearly 2½ miles deep, according to a paper published online in May in the journal Deep Sea Research. Closer to the ocean surface, concern for the bags' impact on marine life stems from the fact that ocean-borne plastic bags look similar to jellyfish, which sea turtles love to eat. Whether the bans are preventing bags from reaching the ocean is hard to measure, but surveys of litter on Monterey Bay beaches provide the best available picture. Santa Cruz-based Save Our Shores promotes weekly cleanups around Santa Cruz and Monterey counties and collects trash data from many of these events. On average, volunteers pick up only six bags at each event, down from a high of 65 in 2008. The number of bags collected per cleanup has dropped in the past two years because of four bans that took effect in 2012, said Save Our Shores executive director Laura Kasa. The four bans covered unincorporated Santa Cruz County and the cities of Watsonville, Monterey and San Jose. The latter ban matters because of the volume of tourist traffic coming "over the hill" to Santa Cruz beaches, said Kasa, who also credits the shift in public perception toward plastic bags in the region. "In Santa Cruz it's become the trend to be green and to bring your own reusable bags and not use plastic bags," she said. Save Our Shores program manager Brad Hunt pointed out that Monterey County has not yet implemented a bag ban, which affects Save Our Shores' average cleanup numbers. "It could go down to one bag per cleanup after Monterey County implements theirs," Hunt said, "but we won't know that until a year or two down the road." An opposing voice Opponents of plastic bag bans point out that bags make up a small fraction of litter. "You're talking about such a small amount to begin with that you wouldn't notice any change," said Stephen Joseph of the Save the Plastic Bag Coalition, whose members include plastic-bag manufacturers and retailers. Joseph said political leaders have exaggerated the problem. He disputes claims by Oakland-based Save the Bay that a million plastic bags enter San Francisco Bay each year. In 16 years of living in the city, Joseph said, he never saw one bag in the bay. "It's a hoax," he said, adding: "There's obviously plastic bag litter. Anyone who's never seen a plastic bag flying around is blind. But that does not justify all the exaggeration."	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
and had a land use planning expert testify that the request conformed to the County's codes and the Enterprise master plan. The Enterprise Town Advisory Board, other neighboring property owners, and the Southwest Action Network, a community organization, opposed El Dorado's request, arguing that the project was too intense for the surrounding Rural Neighborhood Preservation area. After the public hearing, the Board denied El Dorado's zone change request and design review. El Dorado filed a petition for judicial review, which the district court denied, and this appeal followed. This court reviews the Board's grant or denial of a rezoning request for an abuse of discretion and will affirm the Board's factual determinations if they are supported by substantial evidence. City of Reno v. Citizens for Cold Springs, 126 Nev. , 236 P.3d 10, 15-16 (2010). The Enterprise master plan sets forth competing goals for growth and development that guide rezoning decisions, including protecting low- density rural living as a lifestyle choice and providing opportunities for research and business park development. Thus, the master plan does not guarantee that a particular zoning district, density, or intensity of land use will be approved by the Board. Although the zone change request conformed to the master plan and El Dorado presented evidence that supported its request, the Board also heard and considered evidence in opposition to the request. Because a zoning decision is discretionary, there is a "general reluctance to judicially intervene in zoning determination absent clear necessity." Nova Horizon, Inc. v. City Council of Reno, 105 Nev. 92, 96-97, 769 P.2d 721, 724 (1989). While the record may contain evidence contrary to the finding of the Board, this court will not reweigh the evidence or replace SUPREME COURT OF NEVADA 2 (0) 1947A the Board's judgment as between two reasonably conflicting views. See NRS 233B.135(2); Nellis Motors v. State, Dep't of Motor Vehicles, 124 Nev. 1263, 1269-70, 197 P.3d 1061, 1066 (2008). The Enterprise Town Advisory Board's concerns in opposition to the project, as well as the issues raised by neighboring property owners and the Southwest Action Network, constitute substantial evidence that supports the Board's decision to deny El Dorado's zone change request and design review. See Stratosphere Gaming Corp. v. City of Las Vegas, 120 Nev. 523, 529-30, 96 P.3d 756, 760-61 (2004) (explaining that substantial and specific public opposition may constitute substantial evidence . to support a zoning decision); see also City of Reno, 126 Nev. at , 236 P.3d at 15 (defining substantial evidence as "that which a reasonable mind could accept as sufficient to support a conclusion"). And despite appellant's assertion otherwise, the Board's decision does not conflict with the master plan, which sets forth the goals and policies for zoning decision-making and allows for a range of possible zoning districts on appellant's property. Accordingly, because the Board did not abuse its discretion in denying the zone change request and design review, we affirm the district court's order denying judicial review. It is so ORDERED. J. Saitta ' J. Gibbons SUPREME COURT OF NEVADA 3 (0) 1947A effe544 cc: Hon. Rob Bare, District Judge Nathaniel J. Reed, Settlement Judge Kaempfer Crowell/Las Vegas Clark County District Attorney/Civil Division Eighth District Court Clerk SUPREME COURT OF NEVADA 4 (0) 1947A e	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }
#ifndef OUTPUT_H #define OUTPUT_H #include <stddef.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdint.h> #include <time.h> #include "main-src.h" #include "unusedparm.h" #include "masscan-app.h" struct Masscan; struct Output; enum ApplicationProtocol; enum PortStatus; /** * Output plugins * * The various means for writing output are essentially plugins. As new methods * are created, we just fill in a structure of function pointers. * TODO: this needs to be a loadable DLL, but in the meantime, it's just * internal structures. / struct OutputType { const char file_extension; void (create)(struct Output out); void (open)(struct Output out, FILE fp); void (close)(struct Output out, FILE fp); void (status)(struct Output out, FILE fp, time_t timestamp, int status, unsigned ip, unsigned ip_proto, unsigned port, unsigned reason, unsigned ttl); void (banner)(struct Output out, FILE fp, time_t timestamp, unsigned ip, unsigned ip_proto, unsigned port, enum ApplicationProtocol proto, unsigned ttl, const unsigned char px, unsigned length); }; /** * Masscan creates one "output" structure per thread. / struct Output { const struct Masscan masscan; char filename; struct Source src[8]; FILE fp; const struct OutputType funcs; unsigned format; /* * The timestamp when this scan started. This is preserved in output files * because that's what nmap does, and a lot of tools parse this. / time_t when_scan_started; /* * Whether we've started writing to a file yet. We are lazy writing the * the file header until we've actually go something to write / unsigned is_virgin_file:1; struct { time_t next; time_t last; unsigned period; unsigned offset; uint64_t filesize; uint64_t bytes_written; unsigned filecount; / filesize rotates / char directory; } rotate; unsigned is_banner:1; unsigned is_gmt:1; /* --gmt / unsigned is_interactive:1; / echo to command line / unsigned is_show_open:1; / show open ports (default) / unsigned is_show_closed:1; / show closed ports / unsigned is_show_host:1; / show host status info, like up/down / unsigned is_append:1; / append to file / struct { struct { uint64_t open; uint64_t closed; uint64_t banner; } tcp; struct { uint64_t open; uint64_t closed; } udp; struct { uint64_t open; uint64_t closed; } sctp; struct { uint64_t echo; uint64_t timestamp; } icmp; struct { uint64_t open; } arp; } counts; struct { unsigned ip; unsigned port; ptrdiff_t fd; uint64_t outstanding; unsigned state; } redis; struct { char stylesheet; } xml; }; const char name_from_ip_proto(unsigned ip_proto); const char status_string(enum PortStatus x); const char reason_string(int x, char buffer, size_t sizeof_buffer); const char normalize_string(const unsigned char px, size_t length, char buf, size_t buf_len); extern const struct OutputType text_output; extern const struct OutputType unicornscan_output; extern const struct OutputType xml_output; extern const struct OutputType json_output; extern const struct OutputType certs_output; extern const struct OutputType binary_output; extern const struct OutputType null_output; extern const struct OutputType redis_output; extern const struct OutputType grepable_output; /* * Creates an "output" object. This is called by the receive thread in order * to send "status" information (open/closed ports) and "banners" to either * the command-line or to files in specific formats, such as XML or Redis * @param masscan * The master configuration. * @param thread_index * When there are more than one receive threads, they are differentiated * by this index number. * @return * an output object that must eventually be destroyed by output_destroy(). / struct Output output_create(const struct Masscan masscan, unsigned thread_index); void output_destroy(struct Output output); void output_report_status(struct Output output, time_t timestamp, int status, unsigned ip, unsigned ip_proto, unsigned port, unsigned reason, unsigned ttl, const unsigned char mac[6]); typedef void (OUTPUT_REPORT_BANNER)( struct Output output, time_t timestamp, unsigned ip, unsigned ip_proto, unsigned port, unsigned proto, unsigned ttl, const unsigned char px, unsigned length); void output_report_banner( struct Output output, time_t timestamp, unsigned ip, unsigned ip_proto, unsigned port, unsigned proto, unsigned ttl, const unsigned char px, unsigned length); /** * Regression tests this unit. * @return * 0 on success, or positive integer on failure */ int output_selftest(void); #endif	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Q: Default Ringtone Preference to silent I have a ringtone preference in a preferences.xml that currently defaults to the system notification sound. I'd like to default it to silent, but am having trouble finding the content URI to the silent sound. <RingtonePreference android:defaultValue="content://settings/system/notification_sound" android:key="@string/pref_alarm_tone_scan_notification_sound" android:ringtoneType="notification" android:showDefault="true" android:showSilent="true" android:title="@string/pref_alarm_notification_sound_title" /> In a subclass of Application, I am setting the default values from the xml file as follows: // apply defaults as stored in preferences.xml PreferenceManager.setDefaultValues(this, R.xml.preferences, false); A: the silent sound is an empty string android:defaultValue=""	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Adult exposure to diethylstilbestrol induces spermatogenic cell apoptosis in vivo through increased oxidative stress in male hamster. Effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES), an endocrine disrupting chemical, on abnormal spermatogenesis were studied in adult hamster using daily subcutaneous injection of 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0mg/kg body weight for 1 week. Testicular weight and seminiferous tubular area gradually decreased as dosage increased to 1.0mg/kg DES. Germ cells were rarefied and showed irregular distribution in seminiferous tubules. Apoptosis was pronounced among spermatocytes and spermatids at the 1.0mg/kg dose level. Antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and total antioxide capacity (T-AOC) markedly decreased and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration significantly increased in the testes. These results suggest that DES (1.0mg/kg) induces testicular oxidative stress and spermatogenic apoptosis in adult male hamsters to extend findings shown for prenatal and/or neonatal exposure.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Become a Member Password Recovery Fortgot your password? Don't worry we can deal with it If the e-mail address you entered is associated with a customer account in our records, you will receive an e-mail from us with your password. If you dont receive this e-mail, please check your junk mail folder or visit our Help pages to contact Customer Service for further assistance. Your password request failed because a User with the specified email address could not be found. Wich Account You Want To Go? Are You Sure You Want to Logout ? Pampered Poochies Pampered Poochies Spa is the ultimate treat for your pet, specially designed to provide a calm, relaxing and safe haven in which the pet can be groomed, indulged and revitalized and looked after in what seems to be a one-stop shop for your loved ones. We focus mostly on grooming and daycare services. Our motto is “quality over quantity” and that is why we do not book more than one dog per groomer at a time ensuring our daycare is not overcrowded. Address: Cluster C, Fortune Tower, Jumeirah Lakes Towers City: Dubai Phone: 04 276 7160 Offer 1: You and you guest are invited to enjoy one complimentary Night Boarding when a Night Boarding of equal or greater value is purchased Offer 2: You and you guest are invited to enjoy one complimentary Monthly Daycare Package when a Monthly Daycare Package of equal or greater value is purchased Offer 3: You and you guest are invited to enjoy a complimentary Three Months Unlimited Wash, Blow and Dry Package for your Dog when Three Months Unlimited Wash, Blow and Dry Package of equal or greater value is purchased	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
A few of our favorite agencies Last month, we put out a call for thanks to the agency staff that have helped make FOIA and public records work for you. Here are a few of the submissions we received, along with our sincere thanks to all those who help make public records possible. Steve Horn wrote in to say that Ritter was frequently amazing to work with. “Always gets records back in a timely matter, always polite, always quick to respond,” he wrote. “I’d say she’s unparalleled, given how busy she is and how busy they are with oil production, and yet still turns around quickly.” “They actually comply with public records laws! They complete requests within 10 days and give you everything you ask for and then some,” wrote Evan Anderson. “It is definitely an agency worth filing requests with if you are curious about fusion centers.” “They are consistently pleasant, quick and helpful,” a reporter wrote in. “They have produced records and data for us on the same day a number of times. When we have made requests similar to ones that have been filled, they have pointed us to the requests that were already filled, produced those records, and checked to see if those were sufficient. In most cases, they have been.” Nate Jones wrote in to praise the Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel, which works with a lean staff to review and release a large amount information that was previously classified. As a relatively independent body made up of representatives from various agencies, ISCAP has been effective in helping get around transparency hurdles; Jones sent over a National Security Archives post noting how often ISCAP releases were much more comprehensive than materials released directly by agencies. Throughout the past few years, numerous individuals have commented to me about Hogan’s helpfulness and forward thinking when it comes to FOIA policy, which is why he was a natural fit for our Agency Voice interview. A big thanks to him for agreeing to talk and for opening up about the FOIA process at the Department of Defense.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism, empty sella syndrome, and hypopituitarism in a young woman. The confluence of pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism, empty sella syndrome, and pituitary insufficiency is reported for the first time. The patient, an 18-year-old woman, was evaluated because of primary amenorrhea. Possible relations between the three entities described are discussed and the appearance of pituitary hypofunction in patients with the empty sella syndrome is emphasized.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.