text
stringlengths 1
3.78M
| meta
dict |
|---|---|
ZAP. For Bay Area wine lovers, especially those with a fondness for Zinfandel, those three letters forming that one little word bring an automatic smile. ZAP is short for Zinfandel Advocates & Producers, a wine industry group dedicated to the promotion of Zinfandel wine and the Zinfandel grape, and although they are attempting to brand their January event as the Zinfandel Experience, or #ZinEx, for many their big January event is also referred to as ZAP, as in, ”I’ve got my tickets to ZAP, I can’t wait to get my Zin on.”
#ZinEx is not a single January event, but a series of events held over four days. This year, on Wednesday, January 29, a trade and media tasting event was held away from the crowds at Rock Wall Wine Company in Alameda. I did not attend this event, but my friend John Compisi did attend and I’ll link his recap here for you to read about it.
For me, #ZinEx started Thursday night, at the Golden Gate Club at the Presidio in San Francisco with Epicuria, an evening of wine and food pairings, where top chefs from restaurants, catering companies, and culinary colleges create delicious bites specifically intended to complement the flavors of Zinfandel wine. 32 wineries and kitchens were represented.
1995 Old Hill Vineyard from Ravenswood, poured by Joel Peterson; Zinfandel plus 40 other varieties from a vineyard planted in 1862 and replanted in 1885. Paired with a Lamb Merguez Sausage with Mango Chutney, Paprika Spiced Onions and Italian Giardiniera Peppers from Rosamunde Sausage Grill in San Francisco.
Pacific Fine Food Catering of Alameda stepped up at the last minute, filling in for a fail restaurant, and had every taster talking about their amazing ribs, which I paired with the 2014 Mendocino County Fair wine Competition’s Best of Show Red, the 2012 Artezin Zinfandel, Mendocino County.
I paired a barrel sample of 2013 Andis Wines Amador Zin with Santa Rosa’s Flavor Bistro Sweet Potato Timbale with a trio of Cheeses garnished with Alba Mushrooms and Redemption Glaze and the Presidio Social Club of San Francisco’s Sea Salt Roasted Devil’s Gulch Pork Leg.
The 2012 Dry Creek Vineyard Wallace Ranch Estate Zin with the Bistro Boudin of San Francisco’s Braised Beef Stew was my last bite and sip and, with apologies to all the unsipped and untasted treats remaining, I was delighted with everything that passed my lips.
_____
Friday morning, I attended Flights! at San Francisco’s Four Seasons hotel, a seated panel tasting with an educational component. This year’s Flights! Tasting would feature three panels of winemakers with wines from three different American Viticultural Areas, AVAs, for an exploration of the area specific characteristics, or Terroir based differences, that result in the Zinfandels produced from these three very different areas.
I was seated at a table with Joel Butler, MW. MW is the designation for a Master of Wine, which means that Joel has a remarkable palate and an amazingly encyclopedic knowledge of the world’s wines.
Flights! was moderated by a personal hero of mine in the wine world, Joel Peterson of Ravenswood. Joel told those assembled that, “we’re going to be talking about Zinfandel, the shape shifter. As we go on, you’ll see what I mean,” and, “the driver of difference is place; it has a wider range of growing locations than almost any other grape, we’re going to watch it change colors.”
The first panel focused on the Zinfandel of Contra Costa County, and Joel told us, “Contra Costa County is really sandy…the sands are really amazing. Phylloxera cannot live on sandy soil; these Zinfandel are planted on their own roots.”
John Kane poured the 2012 Carla’s Reserve from Rosenblum Cellars, and painted a picture of the vineyard near the Antioch bridge, a K-mart, rail road tracks, in the middle of town. The wine was marked by notes of light tar, caramel, cherry, chocolate and salt, and was made using 3-4 styles of yeast, 15% new oak, micro bin small lot whole cluster fermentation, and had Mourvèdre (also known as Mataró) from the field in the blend.
Nathan Kandler poured Precedent Wines’ 2012 Evangelho Vineyard Zinfandel, running 75-80% Zin, with Mataró, Carignane, as well as two white grapevines, Palomino and Muscat, also in the block. Nathan described the vineyard, planted in 1890, with delta drift sands 30-40 feet deep, and said “sandy soils give bright acidity, fruit driven, suave tannins.” The wine tasted of ripe bright strawberry and raspberry fruit. Nathan used no new oak, but used French Chardonnay barrels.
Charlie Tsegeletos offered up his 2012 Big Break Vineyard Zin from Cline Cellars, and described the, “very, very deep sand,” and, “roots penetrating 30 feet.” Charlie told us the, “old vines [were] planted when Woodrow Wilson was in office, when Henry Ford established the assembly line.” With no fining, this was essentially a vegan wine, and the vineyard relies on “dry farming in these near desert conditions and sandy soil.’ The result was a darker, but balanced, multi-noted, meaty wine, plummy with cassis and a touch of mint,
Matt Cline poured the 2012 Three Wine Company Zinfandel, Live Oak, a vineyard with about nearly equal parts Zinfandel, Carignane, and Mataró originally planted mid 1888, with less than 10% Mataró and Carignane remaining today. There is also some Alicante planted perpendicular to the vineyard block. Matt humorously noted, “I’ve been making wines for about 30 years, and I think I’m the only one doing it right. Listening to these new guys, I think they’re coming along.” Matt added the river influenced winds of Contra Costa’s delta to the list of influences, and noted the “many droughts in the last 125 years, and these dry farmed vines in sand just keep going.” Fermenting in the 60’s, cool temperature wise, using a mix of American and French oak, 30% new, the sandy soils and wind resulting in “dusty berry earth,” notes, I picked up herbal blackberry, sweet tart black cherry, and floral raspberry notes.
Last up for Contra Costa County was Shauna Rosenblum, who of course started at her parents’ winery Rosenblum Cellars before creating wines at Alameda’s Rock Wall Wine Company. Shauna poured her 2012 Jesse’s Vineyard, which is also planted to Carignane and Mataró, “old school field blends,” harvested and co-fermented. About the vintage, Shauna shared the words of a sage industry friend, “2012 is a one in a hundred year vintage.” About 2013, she shared, “2013 is a one in a hundred year vintage.” Using multiple yeasts, including sparkling wine yeasts, 15-20% new oak, Shauna let the fruit show. The wine had a dessert custard nose, and notes of pepper, salt, tobacco, cocoa, blackberry, and a raspberry chocolate brownie flavor.
Joel Butler asked the panel about low pH and TA for Contra Costa wine, and Joel Peterson followed up asking if the sandy soil and deep roots or the climate were responsible. Matt Cline suggested the Contra Costa’s grapes are within ½ mile of water, so much cooler than the 1 ½ mile from water people typically think of when they think of Contra Costa locations, and this water is a cooling influence.
The second panel featured winemakers from Amador County. Amador County is made up of granitic soil, and is sometimes rocky, with Joel describing, “decomposed granite, low humidity, high luminosity, with 65 acres of vines 65 years or older.
Scott Harvey was up first with his 2012 Vineyard 1869 wine from his eponymous winery. The vineyard is, “the oldest document Zinfandel in the nation,” relying on, “a mining claim identifying one plot corner as being this vineyard planted to Zinfandel,” as the documentation for the claim. Scott described higher altitude planted vines, leading to higher tannins, a warm region, old vines with no irrigation, running out of available moisture at the end of vintage, higher alcohol wines, a touch green, from dehydration of the grapes, the best wines come from grapes picked after the first rain, and a second ripening. The wine showed tea, meat and soil, and raspberry.
Paul Sobon of Sobon Estate poured his 2012 Rocky Top. I visited Sobon perhaps a half dozen times in 2000 and 2001, when matriarch Shirley Sobon would order books and imprinted corkscrews from me, back when I worked for the Wine Appreciation Guild. When Paul described, “pretty intense volcanic mud flow, and solid, solid, solid rock,” I could picture it clearly. Paul also talked about ‘tractor blight’ as some near vertically horse or mule planted vines were taken out by less nimble tractors. 30-35% new oak, 16-18 months, 3-5% Carignane in the mix, the Rock Top showed familiar Amador dry Amador spic, clove, woody, and red fruit notes, almost structural.
Chris Leamy brought the 2012 Terra d’Oro, Deaver Vineyard, Zinfandel. 20 acres, 1881, swailed horseshoe shaped, the vineyard presents many different sun exposures, which makes an already uneven ripening variety an even greater challenge. Chris described Deaver as, “a really high acid vineyard,” that shows Amador clove, allspice, and cinnamon, and tends to tannin. To bring fruit forward, Chris ferments in stainless steel, drains and puts back on top of the skins, presses sooner, so the tannins don’t catch up, seeking balance. The wine showed a nice floral perfume. Chris also spoke to the lack of moisture in Amador vineyards, “because they start running out of water, you just have to make a call and go with it, because then you find – in 2002 – you should have picked 3-4 days ago; you really, really should have picked.”
I knew the next winemaker, Randle Johnson, because his 2012 Artizen Zinfandel, Mendocino County had been judged the Best of Show Red Wine at the 2014 Mendocino County Fair wine competition, and I have tasted it often. Today, he poured the 2012 Artezin, Esola Vineyard Zin. Planted own roots vs. root stock, Randle noted that like Contra Cost’s sandy soil, Amador’s volcanic soil allowed Vitis Vinifera’s own stock to survive Phylloxera. “We have water issues, and Zinfandel loves to set a second crop, but we have the money at esola to cut the second crop which helps with water,” explained Randle, adding,”a little rain, I just love fall rain for any non-irrigated Zinfandel vineyard grapes.” Randle also shared, “we try not to add any Jesus units,” and uses 100% French old Cabernet barrels. The wine through perfume, soft floral, and was surprisingly light in body considering the 15.4$ abv. There was abundant cedary red fruit.
The 2012 Turley Wine Cellars, Sadie Upton Vineyard Zin was shared by Tegan Passalacqua, who said, “Amador does get cool at night,” leading to, “higher natural acidity.” Again, the vineyard is ‘own rooted’ which became a bigger buzzword than ‘old vine’ at the tasting. Planted in 1922 by Sadie Upton, Tegan said, “not once have we had dehydration issue in this vineyard.” 20% new oak. There is Cinsault co-planted, and “we take everything in the vineyard and throw it in the fermenter.” Tegan shared a classic description of Amador Zin, “Tastes like it was poured out of a miner’s bucket,” with natural acidity and tannin from granitic soil. I tasted a bright, ref fruited, rose, tar, spice, cherry, strawberry, raspberry wine. Amador’s “wines are very serious, not for noobies, and demand food,” was a final thought shared by Tegan.
I found all five Amador wines threw minerality.
Chris Sawyer, sommelier and writer, asked about the characteristics shared by Amador Zins, and the panel spoke to a combination of tannins and low pH that allow Amador wines to hold up, reduce oxygen absorption, and retain ‘zinniness.’ They also talked about the advantage that comes with using old vines. “Young wines do not develop the character of old vines. An 85 year old guy knows his neighborhood better than a 12 year old. Young vines do not go as deep and do not pick up [as many] flavors [from the soil].”
The last panel of winemakers represented the Dry Creek Valley in Sonoma County, the area I visit the most often among the three, largely because I grew up nearby in Santa Rosa, and it remains the closest of the three areas to where I now live in Ukiah. Joel on Dry Creek Valley: first planted in 1869, dominant grape is Zinfandel, cooler than Amador or Conta Costa. Many series of soil, loam, yolo. Warm days, cool nights. Four of this panels wines were on St. George, with only one on own roots.
The first Dry Creek Valley winemaker was Tim Bell of Dry Creek Vineyard, coiners of the term “old vine” and Tim brought the4 2012 Beeson Ranch Zin. Tim first described the dry Creek Valley, a “long and narrow valley, almost two different regions north and sounth, sixty miles long by two miles wide, warmer in the north, cooler in the south, with a marine influence, fog, and red and brown soils.” About Beeson Ranch, Tim said it is a “field blend vineyard, to me it feel like a lot of soul,” with Zinfandel, Petite Sirah, Carignane, Grenache, Trousseau Gris, Alicante Bouchet, and St. George. In general, Tom said Dry Creek Valley fruit shows, “cherry, raspberry leather, rose petal, with spice laid over the top of it.” About this Dry Creek Vineyard wine, I picked up floral perfume, cherry, raspberry, rose petal, and earth. Tom found, “the wine has distinctive fruit, white pepper, coriander.”
Jamie Peterson, the next winemaker, is no relation to Joel Peterson, but was likely not alone in wishing Joel was his uncle. Jamie poured his 2012 Peterson Winery “Tradizionale” West Vineyard Zinfandel, planted 6’ x 6’ (pre-tractor, which sees 8’ x 8’ spacing) in 1902, and made using, “native yeast when applicable, letting the site express itself,” showing, “lots of complexity and balance,” and, “always ripens a little on the later side, looking at acidity, sugar, flavor,” remarked Jamie about his wine. The vineyard has 5% ‘other’ including Alicante and even Concord. Jammy fruit, spice, herbal, dark cherry, a touch of funk, almost Pinot-esque but on steroids and covered with muscles.
The 2012 Quivera Vineyards Zinfandel, Katz Vineyard was presented by Hugh Chappelle, who described temperature swings in the vineyard of up to 50 degrees, and the soil of the Dry creek Valley as clay loam. “Old vines are truly special…it is just wonderful to capture that in the glass,” enthused Hugh, adding, “deciding when to pick Zin, the lack of uniformity, finding that perfect mix, is quite hard.” According the the Sonoma County assessor’s office, these grapes were planted in 1900, and are a field blend vineyard, including 2$ white varieties. Hugh uses a light touch of oak, “typically French, 20-25% new,” and the wine showed flora rose perfume, and deep rich layered raspberry and chocolate notes.
Glenn Proctor brought the 2012 Puccioni Vineyard Old Vine Zinfandel. Of the 40 acres planted by 1911, today just 3 ½ acres are old vine. Relatively warm, by late afternoon that temperature is lost. 7’ x 7’ mule and plow farmed until 1968, “old vine is history; wine is more than the wine; it is the experience, the history,” said Glenn, a fourth generation winemaker, who will see his son become the fifth generation winemaker on the land. The wine had a nice edge, rhubarb, deep reduced strawberry and cherry jam, and herb notes.
Kerry Damskey rounded out the final panel with his presentation of his 2012 Dutcher Crossing Winery Maple Vineyard “Bill’s Block” Zin. The vineyard was planted in 1940 on the Dry Creek bench, by Lytton Springs, in gravely loam; dry farmed, head trained, a field blend with 82% Zinfandel, and Petite Sirah, Carignane, Alicante, and a single Ruby Cabernet vine making up the balance, and co-fermented. Kerry explained, “when you co-ferment, it helps the fermentation to finish. It always gives a nice integration. Maple Vineyard makes itself.” About the temperature, Kerry said, “Dry Creek does get quite warm and really gets cold at night.” 3.7-3.75 pH, not that low, pushes cherry – black cherry flavors, and Kerry uses 30% new tight grain oak, with 10 months in barrel. I picked up notes of black cherry, strawberry pie, basil herb, and cedar.
I love Flights!, because I love learning, and being able to taste how each area produced wines that were distinctively expressing terroir, while winemaking allowing differences, was a terrifically worthwhile way to spend a morning.
_____
There was a fancy dinner Friday night, featuring large format bottles, and while I found the bottle room, I was not able to attend the event. One day.
_____
For most folks ZAP brings to mind the insane crowds that used to pack first one, then two enormous halls at Ft. Mason in San Francisco. I used to attend these events, and loved them, but started attending in the early trade and media hours and then abandoning the event when the doors were opened to the hoards.
For the last two years, I have attended a much nicer event at the Presidio in San Francisco. Not as crowded, the folks at Zinfandel Advocates & Producers clearly are selling fewer tickets, and the quality of the event has skyrocketed.
The Tasting on Saturday features 116 wineries pouring Zinfandel. I intended to taste all of the wines made from Mendocino County’s grapes, but I pretty much already had, and reviews of those wines have been featured in previous articles in the Ukiah Daily Journal. This Saturday, I simply let myself taste in a more delightedly haphazard fashion, with little concern for where the grapes came from.
First up, I visited the Bedrock Wine Company table. Pouring were Chris Cottrell and Morgan Twin-Peterson (Joel Peterson’s son). I first met Morgan at a previous Flights! tasting panel tasting, and consider him a young superstar winemaker. Great place to start, I figured.
2013 Bedrock Evangelho, Contra Costa County – This wine is from the same vineyard that Nathan Kandler presented the day before at Flights! A little closed, a wine to lay down. Deeper sniffs pulled spice, wood, clove, cranberry. Nice acid.
2012 Beltane Ranch, Estate, Sonoma Valley – I first tasted Joy Wesley’s wines when I visited Beltane Ranch last summer, with my friend Serena Alexi. This wine was a little tight then, but has opened up and now shows deep warm pie baking spices, dark blackberry, currant, jam, and herb.
2012 V. Sattui Winery Quaglia Vineyard Ancient Vine, St. Helena – First, I should note, the folks at V. Sattui have been very kind to me over the years. I attended their 125th anniversary lunch at the North Beach Restaurant in San Francisco and sat directly across from Dario and Yana Sattui, Dario has been generous with quotes, and V. Sattui Winery regularly sends review samples of new release to me. All that said, these are uninfluenced notes: Firm, dark, deep, rich, cocoa spice, raspberry reduction, soft but abundant tannin, well balanced.
2013 The Prisoner Wine Company Saldo, California – I LOVED Jenifer Beloz’s two wines. Saldo is latin and refers to “from here to there” and this wine takes grapes from Sonoma Valley, Dry Creek Valley, Mendocino County, Lake County, Sierra Foothills, Contra Costa County, and Lodi. Three Mendocino County vineyards are Mattern Vineyard, Dark Horse Vineyard, and Tindall Ranch…see, I was able to get some Mendocino County love into this piece. 85% Zin with Syrah, Petite Sirah, and Mourvedre. More Zin than a Coro, but similar. So good. Chocolate wrapped raspberry, cherry, and berry.
1997 Ridge Vineyards, Jimsomare – I walked up to the Ridge table and all I saw was the word Jimsomare and my heart started beating a little faster. I didn’t even see the 1997 vintage date when I asked for a taste. A great vintage, and my son’s birth year, the fruit might be a little in decline, but there was still plenty of bright raspberry and cranberry fruit, and spice. A real treat tasting this blast from the past.
To finish my The Tasting experience, I attended an exploration of what Randy Caparoso described as “under-appreciated Zinfandel areas” sponsored by the SOMM Journal.
SOMM Chris Sawyer led a quick look at Lake County’s Jelly Jar Wines and Mendocino County’s McNab Ridge Winery, using them to talk about the larger areas.
Chris shared that the Lake County AVA is above the fog line, high elevation, with intense sun exposure mitigated by the largest lake in California pulling in cool temperatures at night. Mendocino County is closer to the ocean, hotter, with a maritime channel bringing a diurnal swing draft, and influences are the Russian River and gravelly alluvial and volcanic soils.
2012 Jelly Jar Wines Old Vine, Lake County – Growing up, the jars that jelly came in were called jelly glasses at our house, because they so often served as glasses for red wine at the table. In a nod to the same experience, the folks at Jelly Jar Wines knock the pretension of stemmed glasses, that all too often get knocked over and break, right out of what they do, embracing the wine glass of choice in our past, the humble but virtually unbreakable jelly jar. 50+ year old grapes from the Nova Vineyard on the Kelseyville Bench, up at 1,500-1,600 feet in elevation. Andy shared that the vineyard location and elevation brings frost worries and a late October pick, and the wine is imbued with late growing season attributes. Winemaker Andy Pestoni shared his Goldilocks wine, not too jammy, not too lean, but just right. Dusty cocoa powder, pretty elegant strawberry, raspberry, and dark cherry notes. Soft, smooth, with nice tannin.
2012 McNab Ridge Winery, Cononiah Vineyard, Mendocino – I tasted through all of Rich Parducci’s wines recently, and ran a feature piece on McNab Ridge Winery. I wrote then that I like Rich and his wines, and nothing has changed in the week since that was published in the Ukiah Daily Journal. Rich, and his wines, are a terrific representation of Mendocino County. 35 year old vines, Ed Berry is the grower, rocky volcanic soil, vineyard gone through multiple times for uniform fruit, Chocolate, strawberry jam, and white pepper spice.
Rich shared a great compliment from Paul Draper, the God of Zin from Ridge, who upon tasting Rich’s Zin shared, “great job, you’ve done justice to these grapes.”
_____
To say that I had a great time, and am grateful to Zinfandel Advocates & Producers for their media invite, would be an understatement. Thank you!
I love single vineyard Zinfandel, and 100% Zinfandel, but I came to reinforce my greater love for blends, whether field blends or cellar blends, and in much the same way came to really appreciate some of the California blends that took advantage of the very different and distinct notes each different growing area pushed into the vines that grow there, so that the resulting blend was so much better than any individual wine might have been. What the House of walker does incredibly well with blended scotch, often sourcing from 40 individual single malts, winemaker Jennifer Beloz did with her wines at The Prisoner Wine Company. Not alone, there are other winemakers picking and choosing the best grapes for their California blend Zinfandels. Where once California on the label was a way to hide a bad source of grapes, now often it presents an invitation to something wonderful.
I fell in love with wines from Contra Costa County and Amador County, reconfirmed my love for wines from Dry Creek Valley and Mendocino County, and found new appreciation for wines that just said California.
Bottom line, if it says Zinfandel on the label, buy it and enjoy it. You are supporting family farming and passionate winemakers with each bottle you consume.
Originally published in the Ukiah Daily Journal on Thursday, August 28, 2014
John Cesano of John On Wine
On a sunny Saturday in August, I spent some time in Sonoma County’s Dry Creek Valley at the ZAP (Zinfandel Advocates & Producers) Simply Summer Celebration, an inaugural event billed as “a new Zin tradition.”
A large white tent was set up in the center of Ridge Vineyards’ Lytton West Vineyard and over 125 Zinfandels were poured by the 50 wineries set up underneath the canopy, with Petaluma’s Pizza Politana set up just outside the tent and serving wood-fired artisan pizzas and a mixed green salad for the over 400 assembled wine lovers that day.
I love Zinfandel, but it can be a pretty big varietal, often tending toward high alcohol and massive dense fruit jam bomb flavors. On a hot day, outside, with plenty of sun, surrounded by other tasters, I was pleased to be writing for the Ukiah Daily Journal, as I could focus on the few wines made from Mendocino grapes and sensibly limit my tastes.
First up, I tasted the wine that won the John Parducci Best of Show Red Wine award at the recent 2014 Mendocino County Fair Wine Competition, the 2012 Artezin Wines Zinfandel, Mendocino, $17. Pouring it was winemaker Randle Johnson.
Artezin is a Napa winery, part of The Hess Collection, and the grapes for this top medal winning Zinfandel come from all over inland Mendo, including from Laviletta Vineyard on Mill Creek Road in Talmage, Seebass Family Vineyard and Paul Dolan’s Dark Horse Ranch on Old River Road near Talmage, Brown Vineyard in Redwood Valley, and Eddie Graziano’s Rovera Ranch near Calpella, among several others.
The wine was lush, showing clear berry, cherry, spice and herb notes up front, leading to red and purple fruit, including pluots. There is a lot happening in this wine, well integrated, marked by balance and finesse. 14.5% alcohol but doesn’t drink hot, feels like 13.9%.
Randle asked about the Mendocino Wine Competition, and if his award meant that the judges chose it above the best Cabernet Sauvignon, best Syrah, best Petite Sirah, best Carignane, over the best of all of Mendocino County’s red wine varieties, and not just above all of Mendocino County’s Zinfandels – which would be an impressive feat by itself. I told Randle that, yes, his Zinfandel was chosen best of all red wines entered into competition. Randle responded, “this award means more to me than a 95 in Wine Spectator.”
Josh Wagner, an employee at one of Kendall Jackson’s other wine concerns, poured three wines for Edmeades of Philo, between Boonville and Navarro, in Mendocino County’s Anderson Valley. I tasted a 2012 Edmeades Zinfandel, Mendocino, $21, a blend of Zin, Petite Sirah, and Syrah, a decent weight wine at 14.7% alc but a little soft in the mouth, without discernable oomph. Next, Josh poured the 2012 Edmeades Zinfandel, Perli Vineyard, $31, a Zin, Merlot & Syrah blend, that tasted like a walk through the black pepper forest, with oak, anise, and plummy meaty raspberry. Finally, I tasted the 100% Zinfandel offering from Edmeades, a 2011 Shamrock Vineyard, with fruit taken at 2,800 feet in elevation. Lighter mouth feel than the Perli, but not dismissible at all. Plenty of flavors, and a wine that begs to be paired with food, where herbs and fruit would pop.
Carol Shelton poured her eponymous wines, and I tasted her 2012 Carol Shelton Wines Wild Thing Old Vines Zinfandel, Mendocino, $19. Carol’s Zinfandel showed brambly bright raspberry and darker blackberry, with herb and black pepper. I worked with Carol from 1993 to 2001, and have an affinity for her wines. Not too big at 14.5%, but certainly not too light. This would be a Goldilocks’ choice wine. 83% Zinfandel , 15% Carignane , and 2% Petite Sirah; the 92% of grapes coming from Mendocino County are from the Cox Vineyard, just north of Ukiah.
Not Mendocino County, but close, I tasted a wine from Chacewater Wine from over in neighboring Lake County’s Kelseyville. The 2012 Chacewater Zin, Sierra Foothills, $20, ran 14.5% alc and had dusty rhubarb, cherry, and oak notes throughout.
Bonus non-Mendo Zinfandel tastes: I tasted the 2012 Barefoot Cellars Zinfandel, Lodi, $7, because winemaker Jennifer Wall had done such a good job with social media marketing, inviting those who ZAP indicated would be attending to come and taste her wines. The Barefoot Zinfandel had smoky, woody, darker color and flavors without being heavy, with a dominant dark strawberry jam note.
I tasted the 2012 Ridge Lytton Springs, as a good guest should always taste the host’s wine. At just 70% Zinfandel with 21% Petite Sirah, 6% Carignane, and 3% Mourvedre, this wine is technically not a Zinfandel, although it is sufficiently Zinny to me and, if grown and made one county north, could be called a Coro. 14.4% in alc and loaded with flavor, plenty of brambly ripe berry and a little firm. This is a wine that can lie down and improve with cellaring.
I recognized plenty of other wine writers, and saw that some of my favorite other Zinfandel producers were pouring, but as the attendance grew to over 400, counting winemakers, I decided to call it a day, and headed home to relax in an air conditioned room. That night, I baked spicy chicken wings and paired them with the 2012 Artezin Zinfandel, the Mendo Best of Show red, and that pairing may have best defined a simply summer celebration and new Zin tradition, as it was perfect.
Originally published in the Ukiah Daily Journal newspaper on Thursday, May 1, 2014
Written by John Cesano
John Cesano of John On Wine
It was the best of Passports…
I attended the 25th anniversary Passport to Dry Creek Valley last week, with my girlfriend and trusted second taster, June, as guests of the Winegrowers of Dry Creek Valley (WDCV). We were greeted at check-in by the new Executive Director of WDCV, Ann Peterson, who may have one of the best jobs in the wine industry, working with great farmers and winemakers in a gorgeous environment, every day.
Dry Creek Valley lies mostly to the west of Hwy. 101, and stretches 17 miles south to north from Healdsburg to Geyserville, two miles wide, in Sonoma County. Continuing a string of sold-out passport events, 6,000 tickets were sold, at a two day weekend price of $120, and allowed visitors the opportunity to visit and taste at 50 winery tasting rooms throughout Dry Creek Valley.
There is no reason to try to visit all 50 wineries even in two days, as there would be less than 15 minutes per winery, with travel between wineries having to fit into the allocated time, and rushing is no way to enjoy a passport event.
June and I visited 17 wineries in two days, a perfect number, giving about 45 minutes per winery. Some visits were shorter, some were longer, all were enjoyable. The great thing is that we could attend next year, visit 17 new wineries and have a completely different experience, equally great; and the same again for a third consecutive year with only one winery repeated in three years with 50 wineries to visit. There is no way I can fit a description of food, wine, music, and scene at 17 wineries here, but here are some impression highlights:
DaVero Farms and Winery stood out because I have a thing for farms and wine, farm stands & tasting rooms, and Ridgely Evers, the owner of DaVero greeted us both warmly. I had met Evers on previous visits, and was surprised at how much growth had occurred. This was June’s first visit and, an animal lover, June was in Heaven at Evers’ biodynamic farm, scratching a pig into a contented lie down. I enjoyed a taste of the DaVero Malvasia Bianca, bright with citrus and white pear flavors, in an outdoor canopy room being made from one tree . Evers has planted cuttings from a single Italian willow in a large circle and is training their growth to create the unique spot to enjoy wine.
Charlie Palmer has been honored by the James Beard Foundation twice, once as “Best Chef” in New York for his restaurant Aureole, and earned a multi year string of Michelin stars for restaurants in both New York and Las Vegas. He also cooked for June and I – okay, and everyone else with a passport who visited Mauritson Wines. We loved the 2012 Sauvignon Blanc paired with brown sugar and bourbon cured salmon with arugula salad, pickled red onions, goat cheese & toasted hazelnuts; and the 2012 DCV Zinfandel with a Zinfandel braised wild board slider and Charlie’s bread and butter pickle.
Truett Hurst: A glass of Zin Rose in hand, June and I walked down to the Adirondack chairs beside the burbling water, the wind in the trees, insects chirping, birds calling, a kiss shared; truly a magical place. We also had the opportunity to talk with Paul Dolan, Mendocino biodynamic grape grower and partner at Truett Hurst.
Hog Island Oysters at Stephen & Walker with possibly my favorite wine of the weekend, a 2012 Russian River Valley Pinot Noir; Amphora’s ABCs, Aglianico, Barberra, and Chardonnay, and June’s favorite food of the weekend, a chocolate truffle; the lobster roll at Bella; and the weekend’s best music: Rovetti & Meatballs, a fiddle, drums, and guitar blending bluegrass, zydeco, and country – American music; Seghesio’s Zin; Ridge’s Zin; Talty’s Zin; there is just too much that was great to mention.
The views, wide open valley, green on the hills, blue skies, baby grapes on young vines, trees and flowers; slowing down, taking it all in, the scents and sounds too, Passport to Dry Creek Valley is a time to recharge your batteries, get right after working and living in a box, and is a bargain at $120. This is my favorite wine event, any price, anywhere; attending and not working is great!
_____
…It was also the best of Passports.
If you missed Passport to Dry Creek Valley, or if you attended but want another weekend to experience more soul cleansing magic, the great news is that the 23rd annual Spring Hopland Passport is this weekend. Seventeen Hopland area winery tasting rooms – a perfect number – will put their best foot forward, pouring all of their wines and offering food pairings for two days, Saturday, May 3 and Sunday, May 4, from 11 a.m. -5 p.m. each day.
If you order online today, Thursday, May 1 by noon, you can pick up a two day ticket to Hopland Passport for just $45 each. Visit http://www.DestinationHopland.com/store, and if the store closes then you can buy your passport at any participating winery tasting room during the event for $55.
Very much a family affair, Cain’s two sons Devin and Crispin Dylan were working on the next lime vodka when I arrived for a private tasting, and wife Tamar is involved in growing the roses for the Rose Liqueur and the herbs for the Absinthe. Tamar will also be the editor of a book due this fall, “Rural Cocktails of Mendocino County” that will be collaboratively written by Brian and Kate Riehl, as well as Jack Crispin Cain, and feature cocktails built around Cain’s spirits.
First up for tasting was a new Low Cap 2 Year Bavarian Hard Wheat Whiskey made from malted wheat and aged in used Port, Cognac, and Minnesota barrels. The color was natural, from the barrels, and not the darker color you find from whiskeys produced with caramel flavor and color additives. The new Whiskey has a natural perfume of butterscotch and cereal grain, candied wheat, and is incredibly smooth.
Cain’s 2010 Low Gap Whiskey earned a 5 star review and a 100 point rating. Reviewers will need to add another star and a few more points to their rating systems. The flavors of all of Cain’s spirits are pure, clean, with delicate identifiable notes. Cain explained that by using no artificial flavorings, only real fruit and other pure ingredients, and careful distilling techniques with direct fire and a copper onion shaped still, fermentation enzymes and yeasts leaving no sugars, and a host of other refined decisions, the quality of his spirits, already high, will continue to improve and then be maintained indefinitely.
I also tasted a 2011 blended Corn and Barley Whiskey, running 43 percent alcohol by volume (ABV). The flavors are not as direct as the Bavarian Hard Wheat Whiskey, but more layered at a very subtle level with a little bite on the end; the classic corn whiskey flavor definitely comes through.
I tasted four vodkas from Cain’s DSP CA 162 label. The unflavored vodka has a super clean taste with light wheat notes. The lime vodka, made from an infusion of Malaysian lime and leaf was delightful for the pure candied lime note. The tangerine was a touch lighter in the mouth, delicate, and again showed candied fruit this time tangerine. The citron vodka was bright and round with intensely concentrated sweet fruit.
Cain poured a barrel aged gin, 47 percent ABV, not yet released but gorgeous with a taste between gin and whiskey. The gin was aged in two new Bourbon barrels and one used Cognac barrel. There is a natural sweetness from both the cereal and the oak. Look for this to be bottled and sold as “Russell Henry Dark Gin” toward the end of the year, hopefully before Christmas. Spirits are often blended to make a tasty cocktail. I find that every spirit Cain makes is already cocktail delicious, sipping sweetly straight.
_____
I attended a Chef’s Wine Dinner at Crush featuring the wines of Yorkville Cellars last night. For a recap of the meal, visit my online wine blog http://www.JohnOnWine.com where I will post a stand-alone story with every bite and sip getting its due.
____
This weekend, I am attending Passport to Dry Creek Valley, the sold-out event in Sonoma County. Together with my girlfriend, June, I will be an appreciative guest of the Winegrowers of Dry Creek Valley. The event is sold out. This event always sells out. Next week, my wine column will be a recap of the travels by June and myself through the Dry Creek Valley.
_____
For those who want a Passport experience, Hopland Passport in Mendocino County is two weekends away, on May 3 and 4, and a $45 ticket online in advance (tickets are $55 if you procrastinate) will allow Passport holders to visit 17 winery tasting rooms — tasting fees waived — to taste wines paired with scrumptious food offerings at each stop. For $2.65 per winery attendees will enjoy wine and food tastes with many tasting rooms hosting live music or fun tours, and with some wineries offering their best sale prices of the year, as well as 30 prizes given away in drawings. Hopland Passport is a must attend wine event. For tickets, go to http://www.DestinationHopland.com/store.
If you have Netflix, I highly recommend the movie SOMM, a documentary following candidates attempting to become Master Sommeliers. The single-minded devotion to a subject, to a goal is impressive, as is the sheer narcissism of most of the candidates. Not always attractive, this glimpse into the highest levels of wine geekdom is nonetheless educational and entertaining.
Originally published in the Ukiah Daily Journal newspaper on March 6, 2014 by John Cesano
This Saturday, Hopland celebrates St. Patrick’s Day a little early with participating winery tasting rooms serving up a little Irish cheer, and homemade Irish dishes, to pair with terrific wines and big savings from 11 a.m.- 5 p.m. St.Patrick’s Day is the day that Rich Parducci and Greg Graziano are as Irish as Guinness McFadden; everybody is Irish on St. Patrick’s Day.
McFadden will have corned beef and cabbage, cooked in McFadden Gewurztraminer and McFadden organic herbs. Ray’s Station is going with Reuben meatballs, Irish cheese, and Irish short bread. Cesar Toxqui Cellars will have Italian food. Naughty Boy and Graziano will also take part in Second Saturday fun.
_____
Saturday, March 8 from 1 -4 p.m. Little River Whale Festival benefiting MAPA the Mendocino Area Parks Association, and the Van Damme State Park. This is a passport style event over three hours with eight locations. Tickets are $25 in advance and can be purchased by calling Little River Inn at 937-5942 or $30 at the event. Specialties from eight local gourmet chefs and local wines! Participating wineries include Alder Vineyards, Edmeades Winery, Graziano Family of Wines, Handley Cellars, Lichen, Lula Cellars, and Stevenswood Wines. Dessert & locally roasted coffee by Thanksgiving Coffee at the Little River Market & Deli.
_____
The Wine Road is a Sonoma County winery tourism group run by Beth Costa and includes the Dry Creek Valley, Russian River Valley, and Alexander Valley, all of which surround the town of Healdsburg. Wine Road puts on the Barrel Tasting Weekends with more than 100 participating wineries in and around Healdsburg.
From the Wine Road website page dedicated to the Barrel Tasting Weekends: “Barrel Tasting is not a food pairing or themed event. It’s all about the wine … many wineries offer “futures” on their barrel samples. This is a chance to purchase wine now, often at a discount, then come back to the winery when the wine is bottled, typically 12-18 months from now. Many wines are so limited, buying futures is your only chance to purchase them. Attendees are encouraged to pack a picnic, as most wineries will not have food for this event. The ticket price includes the opportunity to sample wine from the barrel and in most cases also trying a limited number of current release wines.”
Did you notice that they mention that there is no food at the event and encourage folks to bring an entire picnic of food? That is to counter the only negative attached to the event: it has picked up a bit of a reputation as a drunk fest but a very successful drunk fest. I remember attending more than 25 years ago. Barrel Tasting used to be just one weekend and it was free. Alexander Valley opened up Friday night and I would visit there first, with Dry Creek Valley and the Russian River Valley for Saturday and Sunday. The event was largely attended by folks in the wine industry and wine enthusiasts. The event has grown, and gone from free to $5, then $20, and now $30; and from one weekend to two. With 8,000 folks on the road, racing from winery to winery, trying to taste at over 100 and get value for their ticket price, there are horror stories of inebriation. Imagine it, and the reality is 10 times worse. That said, it really is just a few horribly bad apples gaining all of the notoriety, and the event really is otherwise spectacular. The final weekend of the 36th annual Barrel Tasting are this weekend, March 7-9, from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. each day. Advance ticket sales have ended, but wineries will sell tickets at the door. For a map of participating wineries, visit http://bit.ly/1cA956P.
_____
Saturday, March 22 from 10:30 a.m.-1:30 p.m. – Saracina’s Old Soul Red Blending Party. I’ve written before about how much fun a wine blending party can be, I’ve attended the Testa Barn Blend Party two of the three years it has been held, and was able to be one of three judges to help Maria and rusty choose a winner last year. Nelson, McNab Ridge, and now Saracina also have wine blending events, and all are worth attending. Saracina winemaker Alex MacGragor will lead folks through the art and science of wine blending, and then set you loose to help fashion or inspire the next vintage of the Saracina Coro Mendocino. Oops, a rose by any other name. I should have said that you have the chance to blend your own version of the Saracina Atrea Old Soul Red.
Everyone who attends and participates is a winner, as events at Saracina are known for being memorably top notch. After the hard work (it isn’t really, it is big fun) of wine blending winds down, you get to relax and enjoy Saracina wines and a family-style lunch of wood-fired pizzas and gourmet sides prepared by farm-to-table chef Olan Cox.
Given the hands-on nature of this experience, space is very limited. Please call (707) 670-0199 to grab your ticket now. Saracina is located 1.5 miles north of Hopland at 11684 South Hwy 101.
_____
I fly to Phoenix for the weekend. Perhaps, I’ll review coach class airline wine and airport hotel lounge wine for next week’s column. In the meantime, why don’t you get out this weekend and taste some wine? There certainly are ample opportunities for a great wine weekend close to home. Cheers!
Originally published in the Ukiah Daily Journal on January 30, 2014 by John Cesano
I love women. I love perfume. I love how the same perfume can smell different on different women. I am fond of all things sensual, and scents from flowers, foods, wines, and a woman’s perfume are all wonderful.
Generally speaking, I concur with John Barlow and Bob Weir; “too much of everything is just enough,” is a phrase from their song I Need a Miracle that just makes me smile. Perfume at a wine tasting, however, is the exception, and almost any is too much. Men, and their cologne, can trigger an inner groan, a silent shriek of exasperation, as well.
Wine tasting, whether at a winery tasting room, or a big event like last weekend’s Zinfandel Experience, put on by the Zinfandel Advocates & Producers, is about pulling notes from a wine; aroma and bouquet for the nose, taste for the mouth, and deciding if this is the wine for you, if this is a wine worth plunking down your hard earned dollars for.
It is hard to discern subtle nuance, the difference between green apple and yellow apple, apricot and nectarine, plum and cassis, in a wine when your nose is assaulted by waves of woody, floral, citrus, or other fragrant notes of perfume or cologne, sometimes freshly reapplied in the car moments before entering a wine tasting.
Wine tasting in a spring garden with fresh and fragrant blooms is similarly unkind to the wines, as is tasting in a room that smells of recently applied paint, wood floor polish, or other maintenance or cleaning products.
Last Saturday, coincidentally my birthday, I was at the Presidio in San Francisco to take part in three tasting track sessions, each held in a different building located at the Parade Ground.
The parade grounds at the Presidio in San Francisco
The Terroir Tasting track, held in the Observation Post offered an incredible view of both the Golden Gate Bridge and Alcatraz, and grouped Zinfandels by appellation, so you could visit a table and taste wines from Mendocino and Lake Counties, or the Dry Creek Valley, or Lodi, or Paso Robles, or any of the other main growing regions for Zinfandel, and explore how these different growing regions affect the varietal’s characteristic notes.
I was joined by my friend June Batz, and we tasted Zinfandels from nearly every region. There were good wines from every growing region. It was a treat seeing Anne Alderette pouring wines for Dry Creek Valley and Zinfandel icon Joel Peterson wearing a stylish black cowboy hat.
Mendocino and Lake County wines lined up for tasting at the Terroir Tasting track
The Sensory Tasting track was held at Herbst and was most similar to the old Grand Tasting, featuring the most producers in one spot, arranged alphabetically, pouring their Zinfandels. I talked with producers and tasted their Zinfandels made from Mendocino County grapes.
Carol Shelton, Carol Shelton Wines
My good friend Carol Shelton poured me a taste of her 2012 Wild Thing Zinfandel, Mendocino County. We worked together eight years, she made great wine, and I traveled the country selling her wine. We worked a spectacular dinner together in Chicago. Made from organically-grown old-vine grapes, Carol’s Wild Thing showed plum and pepper with a little edge on the finish. $19.
Next up, I tasted a Zinfandel from Artezin, the 2012 Artezin Zinfandel, Mendocino, $18, made from bench fruit grown on the east side of Ukiah. The wine was medium bodied, but had a big nose, rich and deep, leading to a medium mouth of cherry and spice.
Edmeades Winery poured four Mendo Zinfandels; the 2011 Mendocino $20, 2010 Piffero $31, 2011 Shamrock $31, and 2010 Perli Vineyard $31. My favorite, the Perli Vineyard Zinfandel saw a little blending of Primitivo, some suitcase cuttings, and Merlot into the Zinfandel, and was grown above the fog line on the Mendocino Ridge, yielding bright acid to provide structure and balance for loads of spice and fruit notes of raspberry and darker berry.
Rich Parducci of McNab Ridge Winery
Finally, I tasted three Zinfandels from McNab Ridge Winery, poured by winemaker Rich Parducci. First, I enjoyed the 2010 Cononiah $26, soft and drinkable with delicate white pepper and French oak smoothness, lovely classic Zin fruit from 100% Zinfandel grapes. Next, I tasted Rich’s 2011 Mendocino Zinfandel $18, which has a little Petite Sirah blended in, and is all chocolate and ripe berry cherry fruit. Finally, I tasted the 2011 Zinzilla $13, an unpretentious blend of Mendocino and Lodi grapes that I carried with me and paired with cheeses, an aged Gouda, a Manchego, a soft blue. Completely unfair to all of the other Zinfandels tasted but, when paired with cheeses, the Zinzilla was the best wine of the Sensory Tasting track.
The Reserve and Barrel Tasting track, held at the Film Center, should have been my favorite track, and my two favorite wines of the day came from here, but the words “Reserve and Barrel” acted as a magnet for every overly perfumed woman, and the Film Center had recently received a splash of paint and application of floor wax, and I could not stand to taste wines in the room. I did get a pouring of 2012 Bedrock Wine Company Zinfandel, Monte Rosso, Moon Mountain, $50, which I took back outside to experience, and what another fine wine, in an endless series of them, Morgan Twain-Peterson has produced. Weighty, full, balanced, with big bold flavors of fruit and spice harmoniously blended.
The Film Center at the Presidio, site of the Reserve and Barrel Tasting track
While outside, Christopher Watkins, writer of 4488: A Ridge Blog, and manager of Ridge, stopped to say hello to me. We have enjoyed each other’s writing in the past, he has kindly linked to things I have written, and we both love the wines he pours daily. We shook our heads, together, at the unfortunate smells inside the Film Center that made outside tasting necessary, and he extended an invitation to quarterly tastings at Ridge which I leaped to accept.
Inspired by my meeting with Christopher, I ventured inside for one more taste; winemaker Eric Baugher poured me a barrel sample of the 2012 Ridge Vineyards Jimsomare Zinfandel. This wine will be bottled in March and be released in November but, tasted outside, was drinking beautifully now, with lush plum, cherry and strawberry fruit notes, wedded to a little classic pepper spice.
I am sure no one wears perfume to a wine tasting maliciously; I’m sure no one has had the gumption to ask you not to, explaining that the result is about as welcome as a fart in an elevator, for fear of causing you pain through embarrassment. I loved the Zinfandel Experience, but between building maintenance and perfume smells, I was driven right away from what should have been the most overwhelmingly amazing part of the experience after only two spectacular tastes.
Venues are booked well in advance, and the folks at ZAP had no idea that one of their tasting track locations was going to get some fresh paint and polish applied too shortly before a wine tasting. Nothing that can be done about that. The heavily perfumed women flocking to the Reserve Tasting was also beyond control, and can only be addressed through education.
No matter how much you love your job, a day off is often a welcome thing.
I arranged to take four days off, Thursday through today, Sunday, and I had an absolute blast.
Thursday morning I awoke realizing I had to pop into work because I failed to enter my last order of the day before with the correct discount for a Wine Club Member ordering the Wine of the Month, 35%, so a quick trip into the office to void one order while reentering a new correct order started my day off.
My next stop was the Windsor Golf Course in Sonoma County where I would join my friends Fred, Gary, and Fred’s brother Richie to play as a team in the 15th Annual Wine Country Golf Classic, a charity tournament run by Cornerstone Media with the proceeds going to fund efforts to make meaningful communication possible with young people, to effect positive changes.
I had not golfed in over a year, and I am a terrible golfer anyway, but I have golfed with Fred and Gary many times in this tournament, and have golfed with Fred and Richie on off days while working in Florida, they know I am terrible, but we have a great time together, it is a best ball format tournament and I can contribute a little while being carried, and it is a fun day and for the kids.
Great lunch, champagne toast, winery teams, kegs of Bear republic on the course along with oysters and bloody Marys and mojitos (I didn’t find them but I really didn’t need them) and Bahama mama jello shots and wine and champagne and water and cookies and a painter and a River Rock Casino hand of 21 and more fun scattered about the course, plus an incredible dinner and live and silent auction to go with your golf would be enough for most people, but I got a terrific bonus: I shot well! I had booming drives, solid approach shots, birdie putts; maybe my best day of gold, certainly my best at this tournament, and together with my teammates, we took a second place award.
Friday, I had a morning meeting with a friend going back to elementary school, Mike. Mike is either the hardest working, or smartest working, or luckiest working person I know – I suspect it is a lot of the first two and a little of the last. I could list the series of business successes he has had, but it just comes off sounding unreal. The super cool news is that we might have the opportunity to work together on a future project, possibly with yet another friend from elementary school, Arne. Mike also is the man behind the authentic Pablo Sandoval panda hats you see at baseball games. Mike, the exclusive supplier, gifted me one of the incredible hats, and if there is any question as to how cool a panda hat is, my 14 year old son stole it immediately upon seeing it and has worn it without break the last three days.
Next, I went to visit another school friend, Karen, at the Dry Creek Valley winery she works at, Amphora Wines. It was funny, but it was kind of like seeing myself. Karen enjoys working for her winery, is competent, and a solid representative for her wine brand. I tasted her wines, loved the 2006 Amphora Zinfandel, Rivet Vineyard the most, perhaps because it reminded me most of the wines I grew up on. Many Zins are a little too much or too little of this or that, but the Amphora Rivet Zin has full fruit with a dose of pepper in the proportion I am fond of.
To get to Amphora, I passed by Dashe, another Dry Creek Valley winery, but one I know to use grapes from my employer’s vineyard. At Dashe, I tasted a 2009 Riesling. At work I taste a 2009 Riesling daily, made with grapes from the same vineyard and vintage. It was wild how grapes identifiably McFadden could yield two completely different wines. I bought a bottle, and now have to track down a Montelena Riesling made from McFadden Farm grapes so I can pour the trio for my staff at work.
Speaking of work and staff, I got a phone call from work when the mouse for the computer stopped working. I would rather get a call than not if there is a problem when I am away from my tasting room, and together we got things working, but the wireless mouse from my office isn’t in my office anymore.
After returning home to Ukiah, after my panda hat was stolen by my son, I went to the sports bar at Branches to visit with my longtime friend Serena. I shared time with Serena and Serena’s childhood friends. Serena works for Sonoma Valley wineries; on her last visit Serena brought me a Wellington Zin, on Friday she brought me a 2010 Muscardini Cellars Rosato di Sangiovese, Monte Rosso Vineyards Sonoma Valley. I imagine it will be similar to the Petroni Vineyards Rosato di Sonoma I tasted last year, as that wine’s grapes came from the neighboring vineyard. I am grateful for the treat, but more grateful for the good company.
Saturday, I headed back to work for the third straight day off, this time to bring in food pairing treats for Second Saturday, a special day each month for Hopland area tasting rooms.
Next, I visited Denise at the McNab Ridge tasting room. Denise and McNab Ridge started Second Saturday, and it was fun seeing Diane Davis and her crew taking professional pictures for Denise’s website. Denise also cooked an incredibly delicious dish, Thai green curry shrimp couscous; it definitely made my Second Saturday dish pale by comparison. I tasted a French Colombard. You don’t see many folks making a straight Colombard anymore, but it was a tasty throwback treat. I actually like French Colombard and Chenin Blanc bottlings, while not noble they can be great performers. I also tasted the McNan Ridge Coro Mendocino vertical from 2003 through 2007, liking the ’04 and ’07 best, and a seriously great barrel sample of the Cononiah Zinfandel.
After McNab Ridge, I popped back into my tasting room to buy a jar of McFadden Farm organic onion powder. My timing was great because I got to help Ann ring up a 70 herb jar sale for a customer who was using our herbs as wedding favors for her son’s Hopland wedding.
On the way home, I visited and tasted at Nelson Family Vineyards at the north end of the Hopland Valley. I ran through the reds and whites, all just solid. I am enjoying tasting Mendocino County wines, noticing similarities and differences. I loved the 2007 Nelson Family Vineyards Cabernet Sauvignon. Lush, round, soft tannins, delicious. I bought a bottle, a really nice find as my winery doesn’t make a Cab and I had a hole in my wine rack just screaming for a Cab.
Today, I took my son Charlie, in his panda hat, to a baby shower for my niece, Charlie’s cousin, Jenny Jen Jen and her procreator Jeremy, then I went to visit friends old and new at a mini class reunion. My friend Rob and his wife came to Santa Rosa from Kingman, AZ and his friend Tony hosted a barbeque for Rob. I got to see Karen again, plus Shannon and Ken, all longtime friends from school. The day was more about Budweiser than wine, but I brought a bottle of red and white for my hosts. Time flew too fast, as it often seems to when you wish there was more to spend with friends.
I returned to the baby shower just in time for the unwrapping of presents, visited with family, answered a question or five about Social Media Marketing for my sister in law, and gathered my son up to return home.
Work clothes for the upcoming week have been washed, and are now in the dryer. My four days off were great, but it is time to get back to work.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Sunk How a Chinese billionaire’s dream of making an underwater fantasy blockbuster turned into a legendary movie fiasco.
The script called for an epic battle. In the movie’s third act, the forces of the Eight Faery Kingdoms defend their aquatic empires from annihilation by the evil Demon Mage and his spectral legions. Five hundred extras would play the opposing armies.
But in January 2010, when Jonathan Lawrence, the director of Empires of the Deep, showed up for the shoot, in Qinyu, a resort town in coastal China, he saw only about 20 extras, mostly ornery Russians complaining that they hadn’t been paid in weeks. How would he turn 20 people into 500? On top of that, their costumes—swamp green rubber suits decorated with scales, octopus suckers, and shells—looked like poorly made Halloween getups. Some of them had fins glued to their heads.
Lawrence was in most ways a strange choice to be running a massive film set in China. A 40-something director from Los Angeles with just one feature-film credit, he made his living directing shorts, commercials, and music videos. But then again, ever since he saw Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark as a teenager in 1981, he had waited for this chance.
The offer to direct a fantastical adventure movie was a dream come true. Empires of the Deep would be China’s Avatar—a reportedly $100 million production featuring mermaid sirens, Greek warriors, pirates, and sea monsters, complete with cutting-edge special effects and an international cast. The film’s producers hoped that it would break through the cultural barrier that had frustrated producers on both sides of the Pacific for years: a Hollywood-style blockbuster made in China that would captivate audiences around the world.
But the offer came with strings attached. Massive strings. The film’s producer was Jon Jiang, a billionaire real estate mogul and film fanatic who had written Empires and put up much of the funding himself. On set he gave actors preposterous and contradictory directions. But mostly he deployed his assistants to watch Lawrence’s every move and report back to him.
The beach location, which would stand in for Mermaid Island, home of an ancient race of mer-folk, had much of what Lawrence required—a long stretch of coast, endless ocean beyond it—but a few weeks earlier, when he inspected the location, he couldn’t help but notice the row of luxury resort buildings at the edge of the sand. A bit modern for Mermaid Island, he thought.
Lawrence joked to the assistant director that they’d have to build a wall to hide the resort from view.
Lawrence had already seen a lot of bizarre things on set. But the crew building a 15-foot wall based on an offhand joke was perhaps the strangest. The whole point of filming at the beach was to make the fight look realistic; now they’d have to supply the background with special effects. It would have been easier and cheaper to dump a bunch of sand in a studio parking lot and surround it with green screens. It was Lawrence’s third month in China, and nothing about shooting Empires had been easy. But Jiang called the shots, and his message to Lawrence was simple: Make it work. In 2007, as China’s economy was on the ascent, I moved to Beijing to cover the new era. When I first read about Empires of the Deep, it seemed like a project that captured China perfectly—the money and ambition, the chaos and audacity—with its Chinese billionaire, mermaids, and hope for global domination.
China had become the Promised Land for American filmmakers, who were increasingly looking to overseas markets to help bolster flatlining profits at home. In China, ticket sales had ballooned to nearly a billion dollars a year and grew by more than 30 percent every year. Due to strict censorship, homegrown Chinese films tended to be bland historical and patriotic epics. The government imposed an import quota, and only around 20 foreign films, mostly Hollywood superhero movies, were allowed to screen in Chinese cinemas each year.
A growing number of American studios and producers came to believe that the solution was coproductions. Filmmakers on both sides of the Pacific would combine forces and use Hollywood and Chinese talent to make movies in China that would capitalize on the mainland’s booming box office while circumventing the quota. But cultural differences plagued the sets, and filmmakers struggled to find a formula that appealed to both audiences while also appeasing the censors. There was Shanghai, with John Cusack; a remake of The Karate Kid starring Jaden Smith and Jackie Chan; and Snow Flower and the Secret Fan, with Hugh Jackman. Coproductions tended to have wooden scripts, flat plots, and shoehorned celebrations of Chinese culture. Few achieved commercial or critical success. Empires of the Deep was supposed to be different. And yet, as of 2016—after nearly a decade and a reported $140 million—it still hadn’t seen the light of day. I wanted to find out why. Last fall, I met Jonathan Lawrence at a Starbucks in Burbank, California, and he offered to introduce me to some of the movie’s stars in L.A. On a patio over coffee, Lawrence showed me photos from the shoot on his laptop, his signature fedora casting a shadow onto his stubble. Lawrence has deep-set, stone gray eyes, animated hands, and a kindly demeanor. “Everything I’d done in my career I felt was leading to this,” he told me. He still seemed forlorn about Empires after all this time, adding, “We wanted to make a great movie.” It didn’t exactly work out that way.
In November 2007, Jonathan Lawrence’s longtime friend Mark Byers told him about a potential project in China. Byers, who was working as Empires’ “Hollywood guy,” wrangling American talent, had arranged a meeting between Lawrence and the movie’s producer at a Chinese restaurant in Hollywood during the annual American Film Market, a major industry gathering. Byers gave Lawrence a brief summary of the project and its sponsor. Jiang Hongyu, a.k.a. Jon Jiang, had made a fortune in real estate when he was in his thirties by creating suburban developments for China’s new middle class. Jiang loved the movies: He admired George Lucas, Steven Spielberg, and Peter Jackson, and believed it was his life’s mission to make big-budget Hollywood blockbusters in China. He wrote television and film scripts just for fun—sci-fi and fantasy, mostly—and he claimed to have watched some 4,000 movies. Now, after several years of writing, he had completed the script for his first feature, which he originally called Mermaid Island. He envisioned a trilogy, with video games and theme parks in short order. Lawrence might have thought he’d found a kindred spirit. Spielberg was the reason he fell in love with movies; he even attended California State University at Long Beach, Spielberg’s alma mater. But after two decades in Hollywood, his only feature film, an independent sci-fi thriller called Dream Parlor, had never found an audience. His most recent gig was unpaid—three months in Europe filming an Indiana Jones fan film, which he’d accepted out of love for the franchise. Back in L.A., he was looking forward to spending more time with his daughter. When Byers called about Empires, Lawrence was intrigued. But at dinner, Jiang was distant; he wouldn’t make eye contact with Lawrence and spoke in short bursts of Chinese, which Hu translated into patchy English. Jiang’s tone and body language conveyed a very specific message, Lawrence thought: You’re here for me. I’m not here for you. Through Hu, Jiang described a fantastical undersea epic with world-class special effects and a poignant love story at the core. The plot would revolve around a Greek hero’s quest to rescue his father, who is abducted by soldiers from a mysterious mer-kingdom, imperiled by the rise of a demon warlord. A tale of good and evil, Empires would be a mix of Pirates of the Caribbean, The Lord of the Rings, and Transformers—which had come out earlier that year and was enormously popular in China—with a dash of Shakespeare. Lawrence was skeptical but allowed himself a flicker of hope: This could be big. Jiang, for his part, was unconvinced of Lawrence’s bona fides. “Why would I want you if you haven’t done anything of note?” Lawrence remembers Jiang telling him. “If you can go out and make a scene that’s as big as Transformers, I’ll consider you.” Lawrence left the meeting thinking it was a wash; he had no intention of making a Transformers-like teaser on his own dime. But out of respect for Byers, he agreed to take a look at the script. He made it through the first act but found it bizarre and messy. Lawrence handed it off to his assistant to make a few notes, and they sent the feedback to Jiang. Lawrence never heard back from Jiang. The job had gone to someone else. Then, in September 2009, Byers called: Empires of the Deep needed a new director. Lawrence signed a five-month contract. During the flight, Lawrence began revising the script. As Jiang imagined it, Empires of the Deep would tell the story of Atlas, the son of the sea god Poseidon. Atlas is depicted as a pure-hearted young man who is restless and unsure of his own destiny. He has an alter ego, the swashbuckling Silver Eye (think Batman vis à vis Bruce Wayne), who appears during moments of peril. During a celebration in Atlas’s village in ancient Greece, an invading army of mermen knights riding on the backs of giant crabs captures Atlas’s adoptive father, General Damos. A 90-foot-tall lobster absconds with a holy temple—the Temple of Poseidon—in its claws. Atlas and his drunken, lusty sidekick, Trajin, then embark on a quest across the sea to find Damos and retrieve the temple. On the way they stumble onto Crab Island, where in a mysterious palace they encounter bewitching women, including the beautiful princess Aka, who lure men into bed and kill them after making love. From the script: Suddenly, the ground beneath their feet crumbles and the palace fills with water. As they thrash about, they see for first time that the palace is actually built atop a 450-foot-long fish. Just then mermen haul Atlas and Trajin into a “spiral-shelled vehicle” with windows made of transparent jellyfish skin. The vessel is pulled by harnessed sea monsters. The women turn into mermaids. The duo arrive on Mermaid Island, where the Eight Faery Kingdoms have gathered in preparation for an epic battle against the Demon Mage, who has risen after 1,000 years of banishment, spelling death and destruction for the mer-folk. The stolen temple, it turns out, holds magic powers that are needed to combat the “dark evil” that is about to emerge. The script describes Atlas and Trajin arriving at the kingdom: In the movie’s bloody third act, as the Faery Kingdoms fight for survival against the demon army, it is revealed that—gasp!—the Demon Mage has actually been Atlas, the hero, all along. After reading the script multiple times, I still don’t understand how one character simultaneously travels across the ocean to Mermaid Island as Atlas, fights gallantly as Silver Eye, and ushers in the apocalypse as the Demon Mage. But despite its many flaws, Lawrence told me that he was taken in by its childlike delight in its own fantasy world. Just maybe, he thought, Empires of the Deep could capture some of the magic that had excited him so much as a teenager watching Raiders of the Lost Ark. Lawrence could tell that the script had gone through a number of revisions. In fact, Empires of the Deep already had a long and tangled backstory that Lawrence was only partially aware of. It all started with the Wolf Witch. In the spring of 2007, the actress Cassandra Gava, who is best known for playing the Wolf Witch in Arnold Schwarzenegger’s Conan the Barbarian, made inquires in Hollywood on behalf of a Chinese producer: Screenwriter wanted. Must like mermaids. Randall Frakes heard about the project from Gava and threw his hat in the ring. A longtime friend of James Cameron’s, Frakes had been a story consultant on Terminator and had penned a number of B movies, including the 1988 sci-fi comedy Hell Comes to Frogtown. Jiang offered him $25,000 to develop the story and rewrite the script. Frakes envisioned a campy adventure film like 1963’s Jason and the Argonauts. “It sounded kind of Disney, but I wanted to get my foot in China,” Frakes told me when I reached him by phone at his home in Los Angeles. “I thought, This could be fun.” In 2007, Frakes flew to Beijing to meet Jiang. The tycoon invited him to his office in the central business district. Seated behind a desk in his large suite, Jiang asked Frakes what he thought about the story. Frakes was honest: It needed a lot of work. “It was a theft, a bad quilting version of scenes from Raiders of the Lost Ark, from some of the Star Wars films, from all the major films that had been successful in the eighties,” Frakes told me. “I recognized them immediately, and he admitted it.” In one part, Jiang described a chase through a mine with the characters riding mine carts. Frakes pointed out that the scene was cribbed directly from Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Jiang insisted that it stay in. “He was arguing with me adamantly, like the thing he had written was Holy Scripture,” Frakes recalls. “I said, ‘Your story doesn’t make any sense. People will see it’s a grab bag of all these movies.’” Jiang didn’t debate; instead, Frakes says, he took Frakes down to the parking garage to show off his Lamborghini. Frakes spent three weeks in Beijing. At night he and Jiang met in Jiang’s office. Jiang told him that he planned to cast foreign actors in the lead roles and wanted to tailor the movie for international distribution. By the time Frakes got involved, Jiang had already been courting a director: Irvin Kershner, who was best known for directing The Empire Strikes Back and the James Bond film Never Say Never Again. Kershner was in his eighties, and his star had faded; Jiang’s movie offered him the opportunity to get back in the game. Back in Los Angeles, Frakes met with Kershner at Kershner’s plush mansion in Laurel Canyon. They agreed that the story didn’t work and instead cooked up a modern-day version about a group of characters looking for an alternative energy source who accidentally discover a lost underwater kingdom. “This is the movie I want to direct,” Frakes remembers Kershner telling him. Frakes sent the treatment to Jiang and argued that the modern setting would play better with Western audiences—namely, sci-fi obsessed teenage boys—and that the story would more naturally lead to video games, serialization, and theme parks. “What is at stake is not something that happened a long time ago, but like the first ‘Terminator’ movie, it is happening NOW, to people like ourselves,” Frakes wrote in the treatment. Frakes explained that Kershner offered Jiang the best chance for getting the movie made. And Kershner wanted to make the modern version of the movie. But Jiang refused, and both Kershner and Frakes jumped ship. (Kershner died in 2010. Frakes is still listed as the film’s cowriter, though when we spoke he was adamant that none of his ideas were ever used.) Next, Jiang courted Jean-Christophe Comar, a French director and visual-effects expert, who calls himself Pitof and directed the 2004 Halle Berry vehicle Catwoman. Jiang’s people sent Pitof the screenplay. “The script was just about impossible to read. It was basically a direct translation from Chinese into English,” Pitof told me. “I thought it was quite surreal.” But Jiang offered to pay Pitof $400,000 up front for a year’s work, and the French director agreed. Pitof believed that the original script was so bad that he would need to start from scratch. He hired Michael Ryan, who had worked on a number of television cartoon series, including Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Transformers: Animated, to help him draft a new script. Pitof says the finished product was like an improved version of 2010’s Clash of the Titans, with strong visuals and dashes of humor. Jiang hated it and accused Ryan of being a “bad writer,” as Pitof recalls. After 12 months in Beijing, Pitof decided the project “was bullshit,” he says, and flew back to L.A. Jiang had cycled through two screenwriters and two directors, all of whom had tried and failed to steer him to some semblance of a coherent story. So now he turned back to Lawrence, the director he’d rejected as not Transformers enough. By the time Lawrence signed on, Jiang had appointed himself casting director and hired an agency in Los Angeles to find candidates for the leads. Lawrence attended the casting sessions and sent his picks to Jiang, who made the final decisions, sometimes based solely on their photographs or brief audition videos. The part of Aka, the mermaid princess, would be played by a young actress named Shi Yanfei, who had little acting experience and hardly spoke English but happened to be Jiang’s girlfriend. Irena Violette, a Romanian-born former model who’d had small roles opposite Jennifer Garner in 13 Going on 30 and Vince Vaughn and Reese Witherspoon in Four Christmases, was cast as the mermaid Dada, Aka’s loyal bodyguard. Sharon Stone and Monica Bellucci were reportedly courted for the role of the Mermaid Queen. That role would later go to Olga Kurylenko, a Ukrainian-born actress and model who had starred with Daniel Craig in 2008’s Quantum of Solace and who was the movie’s only bona fide celebrity. She was reportedly paid $1 million. The role of Atlas went to Steve Polites, a handsome 29-year-old fresh out of theater school in Baltimore who had starred in a 2006 straight-to-DVD horror film called The Murder Game. He was signed on for the trilogy. Trajin, Atlas’s sidekick and the movie’s comic relief, described in the script as a “stocky, fun fellow,” would be played by a 27-year-old actor named Maxx Maulion, a cherubic redhead who had appeared in a few indie shorts and TV movies. Jonathan Kos-Read was cast as the menacing Ha Li King, an ally of the mermaid kingdom. Famous in China after a decade working in the country, Kos-Read was a rare Western actor who spoke fluent Chinese. Once the film was cast, Lawrence flew to Beijing. On the plane, he tried to reconcile the attempts of the previous writers. Somewhere in the blurry distance he began to see the outlines of a story. He needed to clean up the plot, flesh out the main characters, and bolster the comic elements. The 13-hour flight was too short.
Around 2007, Jiang launched a special-effects company called Fontelysee Pictures to handle the production of Empires. (“Fontelysee” is a garbled transliteration of Champs-Élysées, the boulevard in Paris.) When Lawrence arrived in Beijing, he went straight to Fontelysee’s offices: All around he saw designers working on illustrations depicting finned and fanged sea monsters, phosphorescent mermen soldiers, and vast underwater kingdoms. Many of the drawings were reminiscent of H. R. Giger, the late Swiss surrealist who designed creatures for the Alien series. Artists drafted detailed maps of the kingdoms of Jiang’s imagination and produced CGI trailers to present to financiers, whose money would add to Jiang’s own considerable investment. Chen Peng, who worked in the Fontelysee art department and hired local staff for Empires, remembers the early days as exciting. Everybody bought into Jiang’s vision, Chen told me, which he described as “mysterious” and “unprecedented.” “It’s different from Chinese classical creations,” he said. On his first day, Lawrence met with Jiang in his office, with its view of downtown and specially designated nap room in the back. Lawrence hadn’t spoken to Jiang since their awkward first encounter in L.A. The real estate tycoon was friendlier and, through a translator, welcomed Lawrence to Beijing. That night, Jiang treated Lawrence and a few members of the crew to an extravagant meal, and Lawrence presented everyone with American-made gifts. Lawrence remembered how Jiang wouldn’t look him in the eye back in Los Angeles; this time he did. Over the next few days, Lawrence got to know the team. The movie’s assistant director was a stoic man in his early thirties named Hai Tao, and the coproducer, Harrison Liang, had lived in Los Angeles and spent the bulk of his days chain-smoking in the office between Lawrence’s and Jiang’s. Hai Tao and Liang both spoke fluent English and served as the director’s liaisons with the billionaire, struggling to translate directions so confusing that language often failed them entirely. Soon after he arrived, Lawrence toured a prop warehouse filled wall-to-wall with swords, suits of armor made with actual metal, and the Mermaid Queen’s lavish throne. These were the rejects; Jiang had already ordered all new props to be made. Outside Beijing was a complex of soundstages where sets for Act I were under construction. Lawrence went to see the set of an ancient prison. Walking down the hallway leading to the dank, dark cells, he noticed that it “looked like a hallway at a YMCA gymnasium”—clean, sterile, and freshly painted. He told the set crew that the hallway had to match the rest of the prison: dirty, decrepit, with roots coming out of the ground. “I need this to look like it was built a thousand years ago!” he commanded. The crew tore it down and started again. Lawrence also worked on casting extras. Jiang wanted to hire foreigners who lived in China: Those chosen would be paid 8,000 yuan (about $1,200) per month for four months of work. Men had to be at least six feet tall, women five-foot-seven. “European/North American origins are preferable,” one ad read. Some days the office was flooded with actors auditioning for bit parts. Many were Russians or foreign models living in Beijing who barely spoke English. “There wasn’t a large well of talent,” Lawrence told me. Once Lawrence had oriented himself at Fontelysee’s offices, he holed up in his hotel room, surrounded by storyboards, and turned his attention to the script. He wanted to put some soul into the characters and improve the pace of the plot, removing cumbersome dialogue and exposition. His inspiration was his favorite movie, Raiders. He envisioned Empires as an action comedy, epic and fun. In L.A., Lawrence’s assistant researched the mythology of Poseidon and old Germanic runes, which appear on Atlas/Silver Eye’s skin: Lawrence worried that audiences wouldn’t root for Atlas, the protagonist whose quest to retrieve his abducted father and the stolen temple propels the narrative forward. He created a romantic storyline involving Atlas and a village woman, as well as a subplot with a child from an orphanage with whom Atlas would develop a father-daughter relationship. Lawrence needed to make the universe of the movie consistent with itself and the plot sensible from beat to beat. But there were a lot of holes. In one scene, Atlas’s father figure, Damos, dies after a major battle in which thousands of mer-people are slaughtered by demon warriors. As the surviving characters mourn, one of the mermaids reveals a magic pill that brings Damos back to life. Lawrence laughed when he read it. If the mer-folk possessed magic pills that could restore life, why wouldn’t they revive all the others who had been killed? Lawrence rewrote it so that the mermaids revived Damos using a dangerous ancient spell, one that could have grave consequences to the mermaids: They risked their lives to save his. This solution, Lawrence thought, added a sense of jeopardy to the scene. After spending hours each night working on the script, Lawrence would meet with Jiang to talk about the revisions. Harrison Liang translated the meetings as the two men launched into heated but amicable debates over the script. Then one day, as Lawrence and Jiang were arguing over the magic-pill scene, Lawrence said to Liang: “Tell him ‘Your script is one of the worst pieces of fucking shit I’ve ever read.’” Liang refused to translate, but Lawrence insisted. Liang passed on some version of the message, although Lawrence doubted it was the literal translation. Jiang remained calm. “What makes you think you’re a writer?” he asked Lawrence. “You have no credits on IMDb as a writer.” “Neither do you,” Lawrence said. In November 2009, Lawrence greeted Steve Polites and Maxx Maulion at the Beijing airport. Lawrence warned them that the movie wouldn’t be like anything they’d ever experienced before. “Nothing is like it is in America,” he told them. “Everything changes here from moment to moment. What is true today will not be true tomorrow.” The actors drove straight to the Fontelysee offices. To prepare to play Atlas, the hero and the son of Poseidon, Polites had grown out his hair to match the concept art he’d been shown. But at the office, the hair stylists were alarmed by the state of Atlas’s mane. Polites tried to explain that he had hat head, but the term was lost in translation. “This is not how my hair looks normally,” he said. “Let me wash my hair.” The women spoke in rapid-fire Chinese. They pulled out a wig that looked like “a knock-off Lord of the Rings hobbit wig,” Polites recalls. He was then escorted across the street to a hair salon where stylists permed his hair and bleached it. Over the course of the next week, his hair changed from orange to green to black and finally to blond, styled in tight curls. He pleaded with Lawrence to step in, but it was too late. Polites looked like he’d had a bowl of instant noodles dropped over his head. Then he was handed over to the wardrobe department, which had fashioned his costume ahead of his arrival. At the fitting, he drowned in the immense armor that covered his torso, while his pteruges, a skirt worn by Greco-Roman warriors, seemed to reveal a daring amount of thigh; it fell six inches above his knee. Other characters’ costumes weren’t much better. Maxx Maulion’s Trajin outfit was a burlap toga. The merman costumes were full-body rubber outfits with nubs meant to look like coral. The actors’ faces would be painted green, with fins affixed to their heads. The suits were too loose and needed to be glued to the actors’ skin. (With actual glue. In a blog post, one merman extra recalled that his skin became irritated; when he checked the adhesive bottle, he noticed a warning label that read “AVOID CONTACT WITH SKIN” in large print.) For the mermaids, the hair department opted for purple skullcaps with what looked like cornrows on top and dreadlocks dangling from the back. The wardrobe team had envisioned the mermaids with plastic seashells covering their breasts, their bodies painted in shimmering blues and greens. But the tails presented a problem: Lawrence wanted to use pliable fins that would delicately wrap around the actors’ legs like a skirt, so they could get around the sets. Instead the costume department devised rigid appendages that would attach to the actors’ thighs. Walking would be a problem. Looking at the costumes and props, Maxx Maulion—Trajin—kept thinking, Oh man, this is going to be crazy. The Americans began mockingly referring to Empires as “the fish movie.” Meanwhile, Lawrence was still hard at work on the script, and he asked the actors to meet with him periodically to discuss how to enrich their characters. Polites and Maulion rehearsed their lines in their hotel rooms. The movie seemed only theoretical until the day the cast was invited into a screening room. The special-effects department had made a trailer featuring some of the movie’s early animation and CGI. The graphics looked low budget, but at least there was plenty of room for improvement. While the preproduction teams got ready to start shooting, Polites and Maulion became fast friends, wandering between the looming skyscrapers of their downtown neighborhood and watching DVDs in their hotel rooms. The pair were on a high; when locals discovered that they were actors from Hollywood, they would ask for autographs. Polites was new to the industry; he had moved to L.A. just a year before he was cast. He worked at a restaurant while he auditioned for acting roles, and Empires was by far his biggest booking. Maulion had had a few small roles in film and TV and only recently obtained his Screen Actors Guild card. Suddenly, he was cast in a leading role—with a paycheck of $70,000, more than he’d ever made. When I met Polites and Maulion over breakfast on a sunny Hollywood morning in November, they spoke of the optimism of those early days. True, there were things that seemed off—the uncertain schedule, the unfinished script, the weird costumes—but like Lawrence, they believed Empires could be their break. “This was a big deal for me,” Maulion explained. “To book something of this nature was like winning the lottery.”
In December, Jiang ordered the production to begin shooting. Lawrence was frustrated. There hadn’t been time to rehearse or even to have the full cast do a read-through, but Jiang insisted. Plus, Lawrence was only about a third of the way through rewriting the script. He shared what he had so far with the cast, the draft peppered with emotional notes. After one scene, in which the characters are transported through an ocean portal to the South China Sea, where they encounter a group of Chinese characters—a scene included to accommodate government censors—Lawrence wrote: “Jiang – I don’t know what to do with this section – it does not fit or serve the story.” Finally, on page 45: The production moved to a small town outside Beijing and into a hotel with a karaoke bar and a restaurant that served shark fin soup. The soundstage lot—with sets for Atlas’s home village, a prison that housed captured pirates, and the city square, where the merman/crab invasion takes place—was located nearby. Before the first take, there was a ceremony at the city-square soundstage to bless the expensive Panavision cameras that had been rented for the picture. Red blankets were placed over them, and incense sticks were lit. A crew member made a brief speech in Chinese. The first scene Lawrence shot depicts Atlas and Trajin. Atlas picks up an apple and tosses it to Trajin. A horse crosses their path. It was a thrilling moment. “Here I am, a nobody in the scheme of things, an independent filmmaker, here on the set of this big movie,” Lawrence says. “We had a lot of hope at that point, because it was everything we’d ever wanted to do. Massive sets. Huge crew. Film cameras.” But something would go wrong during each take: the horse wouldn’t cross, an extra would fall down, Maulion would drop the apple. After a handful of tries, they wrapped the scene. Neither Polites nor Maulion thought they actually got the shot they needed, but they shrugged it off. Polites was still trying to make peace with his hair, and his skirt felt obscenely short, but he was living his dream. This is great, he thought. We’re doing it. Lawrence learned quickly how the style of filmmaking in China differed from the West. Whereas Hollywood sets are extremely hierarchical collaborative dictatorships, Chinese sets are decidedly unsystematic, improvised operations where problems are dealt with as they arise. Just like in Chinese society as a whole, the concept of guanxi—relations or connections—is enormously important. One’s loyalty depends on who it is one has the strongest relationship with. That might be the director or a cinematographer or a producer—but it’s rarely the audience or the movie’s bottom line, which are generally the two highest priorities for American movies. Empires’ original cinematographer left before shooting began, replaced with Rao Xiaobing, a veteran director of photography who split time between China and the U.S. Rao, Lawrence discovered early in the shoot, was talented and a respected professional who wielded a lot of influence with the crew, to whom he was fiercely loyal. At first the plan was to shoot the movie with two cutting-edge digital cameras, but Rao lobbied to shoot on film, an old-fashioned and more expensive option. Lawrence supported the choice—after all, his hero, Spielberg, once said he’d shoot on film until the last processing lab shut down. Because of the expense, Rao would shoot quickly and move on. The actors often had to complete a scene in three or four takes, whereas on a Hollywood set a director might film dozens. It became clear to Lawrence and others that Jiang had decided to get Empires on film fast. Despite all the money that had been invested in preproduction, the frantic shooting schedule and constant cutting of corners led to the first of many rumors that the budget for the movie was far smaller than the reported $100 million. Polites, the star, quickly lost the optimism of the early days. He felt the shoot was being rushed; they were rarely given the chance to rehearse a scene. Most of the actors’ time was spent sitting around in costume while shots were set up. As they waited, he and Maulion talked about their next career moves and chatted up the female translators. The actors had been brought to China on generous contracts that promised cushy amenities, most of which failed to materialize. American actors are used to trailers where they can hang out between takes. None were provided. Polites had asked for a gym so he could bulk up, as the role demanded, but his request was ignored. The Americans had expected a selection of food provided by on-set craft services, but the Chinese productions ate more simply. The cast and crew were given the same thing every day: bone-in chicken, a cup of broccoli, and rice. Maulion, whose character was supposed to be chubby, immediately began dropping pounds. Before bed he would eat peanut butter out of the jar and an entire sleeve of Oreo cookies to keep his weight up. He asked his mom to send him cans of tuna from the States. On set, tension between Lawrence and Rao began to simmer. Lawrence was a hands-on director when it came to lighting and lenses, and he asked the crew for complicated setups to get the shots he wanted. He had a grand vision for Empires. Rao, however, was more of a realist—this wasn’t a Hollywood movie, and he knew it. The communication problems meant that setting up a shot that would take 45 minutes on a Hollywood set would sometimes take four or five hours, with Rao shouting instructions to the Chinese crew. And then, after all that prep time, the actors would be rushed through the shot. Jiang did not attend the filming, but he called Harrison Liang frequently, asking for updates and sending instructions for Lawrence and the rest of the crew. Indeed, Lawrence rarely had a chance to talk face-to-face with the billionaire. When Jiang did show up, he would make unreasonable demands, like insisting that a smoke machine make more smoke—a time-consuming process—when the actors were ready to shoot. But there were moments of camaraderie. Once, Jiang approached Polites, placed his hand on his shoulder, and said, “I want to make you into a big star.” And Jiang was respectful of his director, even if he ignored most of his suggestions. “Mr. Jiang likes you,” Lawrence remembers Liang telling him one day. “He’s never given anybody as much respect as he’s given you.”
In January, after a few weeks of shooting outside Beijing, the crew moved to coastal Fujian province, in southeast China. The weather was miserable, with day after day of rain. Fujian sits on a spectacular stretch of coast, with mountains, rivers, caves, and valleys nearby. The script included many scenes in such locations, but the sites were remote and in some cases dangerous. Lawrence began to grow seriously concerned about the state of the shoot. The script was ever changing and the schedule in disarray, and the challenges of the terrain exacerbated the strained relationships on set. Irena Violette, the mermaid Dada, joined the production in Fujian. Her boyfriend, Jerred Berg, an actor between jobs, came with her. Violette arrived ready to work and with a sense of humor. Oh well, this is China, she shrugged whenever problems arose. But soon her good humor wore thin, and she began describing herself as “the black sheep” on set because of her disagreements with the crew. The makeup to complete her costume required hours of preparation every day. But the shooting schedule was so haphazard that sometimes she would spend several hours getting ready and then never shoot a frame of film. Frustrated, she would voice her concerns to the crew. She was furious that the actors had to wake up so early and sit around for hours in makeup when it was obvious that the weather wasn’t going to cooperate. In particular, Violette and Rao didn’t get along. When Violette finally got in front of the camera, she wanted more takes. Rao refused, claiming that they didn’t have enough film. Other tensions arose. At one point, Lawrence saw a crew member being kicked in the head by a camera operator. He rushed to step in, but Hai Tao, the assistant director, held him back and told him not to get involved. The stunt team operated independently of Lawrence, and he wasn’t on hand for most of the stunt shoots. Lawrence had no power over the team, but he heard reports that the stuntmen’s safety was being compromised. There were regular accidents, and one stuntman, after hours of being pulled around on ropes, quit in tears because of the pain. And still, Lawrence had been looking forward to shooting on the beach. The script described a thrilling raid led by the Ha Li King, played by Jonathan Kos-Read wearing a tentacled crown on his head, who tries and fails to defend the Faery Kingdoms from the Demon Mage. When Lawrence discovered that the beach was flanked by a resort, and that the crew had subsequently built a giant wall to disguise it, it was too late to find another location. In the script, the Ha Li King’s forces are overwhelmed by the Demon Mage and he surrenders. Lawrence surrendered to the chaos and shot on the beach. Then a scene took the crew to a cave set, where the script called for Silver Eye, Atlas’s alter ego, to free Greek merchants captured by “Thracian Marauders”—pirates. The crew had prepared a massive, unruly horse for Polites: The cave was dark and cold. The crew wore hard hats; the actors did not. The horse was difficult. The script called for the animal to jump over a feasting table, but instead it reared around excitedly, frightening the extras, some of whom were chained to the cave’s wall. Then suddenly a chunk of rock the size of a manhole cover came crashing from the roof and crushed a spotlight. Meanwhile, based on Jiang’s frustrated missives, which Liang and Hai Tao transmitted to Lawrence, the billionaire seemed to be growing increasingly irked by the foreign cast and crew’s difficulties adapting to the Chinese way of doing things. Jiang believed the Americans were being soft. A few days after the cave scene, Lawrence, Polites, Maulion, Violette, and Berg, along with some of the Chinese crew members and translators, hiked out to scout a shooting location situated on a rocky riverbed. It had been raining for days, and the rocks were covered with wet, slimy moss. As a safety measure, the crew had laid carpet over the rocks and hired carpenters to build a handrail along a particularly difficult section. Still, there were spots so precarious that the group needed to get down on all fours and crawl.> The hike took an hour, and once they arrived the Americans debated with their translators and a few Chinese crew members about whether it was possible to shoot there at all: The costume and makeup tents had to be set up at a distance from the shooting location, and Irena Violette and the mermaid actors would need to walk over slippery rocks with fins attached to their legs. Violette was particularly concerned that she might get hurt. Nobody even knew how long it would take to get to the closest hospital. “If I slip and fall, is there a helicopter?” Violette said. Lawrence asked one of the translators if the movie had medical insurance. The translator said that it did but that there was no evacuation plan. “If somebody falls and breaks their neck or their skull, what’s the backup?” Lawrence asked. “They say they will take the fastest measure,” the translator said. Back at the hotel, Lawrence fought to scrap the location, and Rao agreed that it was unshootable. But Jiang, who was not on set, was unwavering; the rumor was that his girlfriend, Shi Yanfei, insisted on the spot. Lawrence appealed to Hai Tao, the assistant director. Could he explain to Jiang that Lawrence didn’t want to shoot under such dangerous conditions? Jiang asked Hai Tao to tell Lawrence that if he didn’t do his job, he’d be fired. He took back his threat, but Lawrence reluctantly went ahead with the shoot anyway. In the coming days, Chinese workers hauled the gear to the location, carrying it atop bamboo poles. Then the crew set up a tent where the actors could dress and get into makeup. On the day of the shoot, Violette hiked out at dawn. It was yet another cold and drizzly day. Inside the tent was dark, but there was a heater, so at least it was warm. The artists began applying makeup and affixing fins to her legs. A few hours later, Rao rushed over. “Come on,” he said, according to Violette, “let’s shoot.” The makeup artists explained that there wasn’t enough light in the tent. They asked Violette to move outside so they could finish more quickly. Violette objected: It was wet and cold, and she was half naked. She asked for someone to bring in another light and finish inside the tent. (When I reached out to Rao to discuss his experiences on Empires, he declined to participate in this article, writing in an email, “I have moved on.”) A translator told Rao that Violette would not cooperate, and Rao relayed the message to Jiang. Violette insists that wasn’t the case; she simply didn’t want to stand in the cold and risk getting sick. Violette began to cry. “This is bullshit,” she said, “I’m done.” She left the tent and walked across the rocks to tell Rao she was quitting. On the way, she ran into Lawrence, who told her that he’d heard that Jiang planned to fire her. “Good,” she said, “because I’m quitting anyway.” Lawrence told her to let Jiang fire her so she could keep her wages. Violette hiked back to the hotel to pack her bags. She called Harrison Liang; her contract stipulated that production owed her a ticket home, and she wanted one now. Two days later, no ticket had arrived. Liang told her that the production would not pay for her ticket and demanded that she repay all of the salary she’d earned so far. He threatened to sue her in a Chinese court. (Liang didn’t reply to requests for an interview.) Violette and Berg’s passports were at the production office, so Violette called an American consulate for help. The official on the phone advised them to make their way to the nearest U.S. consulate, either in Guangzhou or Shanghai. The couple met with Lawrence to plan an escape. They decided that in the evening Lawrence would call an all-hands production meeting in the hotel lobby. While the crew was distracted, Violette and Berg would slip out a window. That night, with the entire production gathered around the director, the couple scurried down a hallway unnoticed. They dumped their luggage out the window and crawled after it. Then they walked down to a riverbank beyond the hotel grounds and hiked along the river until they found a spot narrow enough to cross. They waded through the water, carrying their luggage above their heads, and then climbed up the steep embankment on the other side. The next morning, the couple reached a police station in a town called Fuding. The police gave them travel papers and drove them to a train station, where they caught the 11 a.m. to Shanghai. “Once we were on the train and the train moved, I felt I could exhale,” Violette says. That night they checked into the Ritz-Carlton in Shanghai. The American consulate provided them with temporary passports and obtained Chinese exit visas. A few days later, they were on a plane to Los Angeles. At the mountaintop hotel, Lawrence kept up a ruse that the couple were refusing to come out of their room. During mealtimes, he would take a tray of food into their room and dump it out the window. Eventually, the crew demanded that Violette return to the movie. Lawrence knocked on the door one last time. “Hey guys, it’s me,” he said. He went into the room and emerged moments later to face the Chinese crew with the truth. “They’re gone.” The casting director soon recruited Kerry Brogan, an American actress living in China, to replace Violette, and Lawrence resumed shooting the movie. But a few weeks later, he realized that he wanted out, too. His contract would end soon, and the movie wasn’t at all what he’d signed up for. Plus, he had another project offer, not to mention a young daughter waiting for him back in Los Angeles. Worse yet, the cast and crew, and Lawrence himself, had not been paid in weeks. He told Jiang that he would finish the picture—for a million dollars. Jiang accused him of extortion. Lawrence was off the movie. He went to Jiang’s Beijing office to arrange for his payment, refusing to leave until the money had been sent. The director and the billionaire said a cordial goodbye. They shook hands, and Lawrence bowed slightly. The experience on Empires was tough on Lawrence. He took a yearlong sabbatical, but the frustration lingered. “It knocked the wind out of me,” he told me when we met in Los Angeles. “I questioned what I’m doing in this industry.” He describes his time on the set of Empires as “a dark comedy.” Although Lawrence’s journey had ended, Jon Jiang still believed Empires was poised for global box-office domination. The cast and crew remained in China. Before Lawrence left Beijing, Jiang asked him, “Do you know any other Hollywood directors?”
Last December, I met the director Michael French for coffee in Vancouver to find out what happened on the set of Empires after Lawrence left. French, a laid-back Canadian director of comedies, wore a half smile when we spoke about Empires that suggested I had no idea how much of a circus it was. A few years before Empires, French had become good friends with Rao Xiaobing on Heart of a Dragon, a biopic he had directed in China. The film chronicles the life of Rick Hansen, a Canadian paraplegic who circled the globe in his wheelchair, focusing on the days Hansen spent in China climbing a section of the Great Wall. The shoot was grueling, but French left with a valuable understanding about how Chinese movie sets operate. After Lawrence left, Rao reached out to French about the Empires job, and French agreed to take over the project in February 2009. He had one condition, however: He had a work commitment and had to be back in Canada at the end of April. Jiang agreed to the terms. French flew to Beijing and then onward to Fujian. The next day he went down to a beach where he found “a big wall, and mermaids, and people killing each other in the water,” he told me. Jiang’s team forbade French from speaking with Lawrence, so he wasn’t sure exactly how to envision the movie. But he found the script campy, so he decided to direct it as a comedy. French’s laid-back approach and good relationship with Rao improved the mood on set considerably. Filming was about a third completed when French arrived. He had roughly 100 days to shoot, and he planned to finish the script during that time. To speed things up, French cut big swaths of dialogue from the script; he figured his job was “to fix the leak in the pipe. All I cared about was making my days,” he told me. Olga Kurylenko, the Mermaid Queen, arrived in Beijing in April to film her scenes. She was well-liked on set, playing her character as a powerful leader preparing her kingdom for battle against the Demon Mage: Like his predecessors, French had to contend with a meddlesome billionaire. One day, Jiang interrupted filming to berate Jonathan Kos-Read, who was playing the Ha Li King. The character marries Princess Aka to secure a royal alliance between the mermaid and Ha Li kingdoms, combing forces to fight the Demon Mage. But Aka loves another. “My heart is weary and my spirit drifts like seaweed uprooted in a storm,” she laments. Kos-Read saw the king as a ghoulish and conniving figure and played it with a hunched posture. “You are like the boundless sea, my Queen—all who encounter you, high or low, lose themselves in your beauty and grace,” he rasped in a growly British accent. He had already filmed for ten days when Jiang scolded him for his acting. “Do it liked a prince in Shakespeare!” Jiang demanded. “OK,” Kos-Read replied, “but there won’t be much continuity.” Jiang didn’t care, and so Kos-Read tried the scene with an upright posture and a poncy British accent. “Yes! That’s the character,” Jiang said. French stood by watching. When Jiang left the set, French offered a solution: They would film each scene with both versions of the character—and forget about Jiang’s vision in the editing room. In April 2010, a little more than two months after French took over Empires of the Deep, the cast and director were asked to appear at a press conference in Beijing. Journalists were given 3-D glasses to watch a trailer that featured Kurylenko as the Mermaid Queen. Her words echoed over the auditorium: “The Demon Mage, so long imprisoned by our ancestors, can no longer be restrained!” The trailer looked half finished, the special effects as if they were from a nineties video game. Shi Yanfei, who plays the mermaid Aka, and Polites took the stage. Kos-Read, the event’s host, announced Kurylenko, who walked down a red carpet leading from backstage in a slim black dress. “Ni hao,” she said in stilted Chinese, “wo ai dajia”—I love everyone. Applause broke out across the theater. A few weeks later, Michael French’s contract expired. Most of the script had been put on film, but Jiang began adding extra scenes and demanded that French stay through the end, or else he wouldn’t be paid for the last of his work. French was exasperated. “The train was off-track. They couldn’t pay the crew. They couldn’t pay for the cameras. But they could add extra scenes?” he told me. He believed the producers had failed the movie. “There was nothing they could offer that would beat the prospect of going home.” He told his friend Rao that he was leaving and booked a plane ticket to Canada. On April 30, his birthday, Empires’ third director flew home. Throughout that spring, Jiang invited journalists to visit the set. “This is a Hollywood film made by Chinese,” he told The Hollywood Reporter. “We’ll use our resources to market it so it will succeed. It has to.” To a reporter from The New York Times, he compared himself to George Lucas, James Cameron, and Peter Jackson. “Empires,” he said, was “a very serious love tragedy” that “is a combination of something mystical, something that satisfies your bloodlust, and something sensual.” Jiang boasted that the script went through 40 drafts with the help of ten Hollywood screenwriters, and he envisioned distributing his movie to 160 countries. In Jiang’s office, according to the Times, was a dry-erase board that read “Days until Monica Bellucci shows up on set,” “Days until the Cannes Film Festival,” and “Days until the grand premiere,” all left blank. The Times reporter also noted a problem that Lawrence had encountered during the earliest days of the film: People weren’t getting paid. At the beginning of the shoot, checks were a day or two late. But as the production stretched on and the budget ballooned by a reported $50 million, pay arrived weeks and even months behind, and in some cases not at all. Jiang admitted to the Times that some people were getting paid late because of “liquidity problems.” Once, according to French, a group of foreign extras who hadn’t been paid in weeks threatened to walk. Instead of paying them, the production team called the local police to come to the hotel and check their visas—a scare tactic. One day, China Film Group, the behemoth state-owned studio, locked the door to a soundstage because it hadn’t been paid for use of its gear. No one knows how much of his own money Jiang invested in the project. Some of the people I interviewed think he nearly bankrupted himself, but Peter Hu, a former Fontelysee executive, told me that he believes Jiang relied almost entirely on outside financing and that when it dried up, the payments to cast and crew stopped. By the time the movie was finished, the investors were furious. “It’s not a happy ending,” Hu says. “They lost a lot of money.” After Michael French left, Jonathan Lawrence heard from someone in Jiang’s office. Would he come back to the movie? No.
In early 2016, I tracked down Empires’ fourth and final director, the man who saw the movie to wrap. Scott Miller is a Los Angeles–based filmmaker and the son of Warren Miller, the famed producer and director of over 750 sports documentaries. Miller got along well with Jiang, and unlike many of those involved, he has fond memories of the three months he worked on Empires. “It was a blast,” he told me when we spoke over the phone. “I enjoyed it immensely.” Miller had worked with Harrison Liang in the past and accepted the Empires job with enthusiasm. He saw Empires of the Deep as a love story between Atlas and Aka. It was epic and fun, yes, but what it was missing was emotion, and he added material to build up the romance. When he arrived in China, morale on set was abysmal. He tried to improve it by allocating more money for better food for the cast and crew. He slowed down the pace of shooting and worked closely with Steve Polites and Shi Yanfei to deepen their portrayals. He watched the footage of the previous few directors and lobbied to reshoot the whole thing to realize his vision. (Miller’s request was denied. The directors and actors disagree about how much each director shot. Most agree that the shoot was almost evenly divided between Lawrence, French, and Miller. But Miller says that he shot a full two-thirds of the movie. Maxx Maulion couldn’t imagine reshooting the film. By May 2010, he had been in China for six months and saw no end in sight. With three different directors, he had three different takes on his character. Was he a joker? A drunk? A sad sack? He hadn’t been paid in three months—he was owed more than $30,000. He noticed that the production was rushing his scenes and believed that they were trying to film him out of the movie to avoid paying him what he was owed. Maulion’s agent told him to walk off the set and come back to Los Angeles. He told his friend and costar Polites that he was leaving. He felt guilty, but Polites understood. While he was in the cab to the airport, his phone buzzed with texts: He was due on set in an hour. He didn’t respond. Polites wanted to stick it out: He was the star, and he was fighting sea monsters. Empires was what he’d always dreamed of doing. A few months later, Polites shot his final scene: a brief encounter in the mermaid palace that required him to get sopping wet. He was ready to go home. Before he departed, he asked the wardrobe department if he could take Atlas’s sword with him as a souvenir. They said no, so he settled for his cape. Back in L.A., still stinging from his experiences in China, Maulion wondered if Empires would ever be released—and whether his character would still be in the film. The movie was scheduled for a 2011 premiere. But the date came and went. In October 2012, two years after principal photography wrapped, a 3-D trailer appeared online. The website Den of Geek wrote that it looked “hurriedly put together for the Syfy Channel.… Clearly, this was not a film that would make James Cameron fear for his position as the king of the glossy blockbuster.” After Empires, Maulion wrote and starred in an indie comedy called Tony Tango. In 2012, he promoted the movie at the American Film Market at the Loews Santa Monica Beach Hotel. As he walked into the lobby, he noticed a banner for Empires of the Deep. He searched for the Empires booth and found it downstairs in the international section, where, in a dark, largely empty corner, he encountered Jon Jiang. Maulion greeted him, and the exchange was amiable. Maulion asked if he was still in the movie, and Jiang said through a translator that he was; they’d hired a chubby European man to shoot from behind for the remainder of Trajin’s scenes. There were no visitors to the booth, and Jiang appeared disheartened. Maulion figured he wasn’t having any luck finding a distributor. “No hard feelings?” Maulion said, shaking hands with Jiang. He still hadn’t been paid for his last three month’s work. In 2013, one of Jiang’s assistants called Steve Polites and invited him to the Cannes Film Festival to promote the movie. The producers bought Polites a ticket to France and rented him a tux. On the way to the airport, he got a call with news that the trip was canceled. “After that I was kind of like, OK, I’m washing my hands of this,” Polites says. But Empires wasn’t done with him. The next year he was invited to a screening of the movie at the Sony Pictures lot in Los Angeles. Jiang had reportedly hired Michael Kahn, Spielberg’s longtime editor, to cut the film, and it looked as if it was finally being geared up for release. Polites went to the theater with some trepidation; he was still trying to come to terms with his hair, among other things. He brought along his wife for emotional support. Although he was amazed to see himself on the big screen fighting sea monsters and demons, much of the film was outright ridiculous. The story was a mess, the plotline didn’t work, and the CGI looked cheap and unfinished. The best the movie could hope for, Polites figured, was to find a cult following. “It’s so kind of wonderfully weird in its own way. It’s so bad it’s good.” Two weeks later, in April 2014, almost four years after filming ended, he flew back to China for reshoots. Neither Scott Miller nor Rao Xiaobing was there; in fact, Polites didn’t recognize anyone from the original crew. He spent a week in China and did only one full day of shooting. By then Polites’s hair was short, so the wardrobe team picked up a wig for him to wear. He describes it as “Marilyn Monroe–esque.”
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Q:
ExtJS Layout, Horizontally then grow vertically
I have a Ext.panel.Panel into which I want to dynamically add other "smaller" panels representing different "things" in my application. This panel is at the top of a grid and it is the same width as the grid. When a "smaller" panel is dynamically added to this "container panel" I want the panels to be added horizontally then vertically if the total width of all the "little" panels is greater than the width of the container.
I've tried 'fit', 'hbox', 'vbox', everything.
Am I missing a layout type?
A:
I found that when using the example above in ExtJS 4.2.2 the panels were stacked vertically.
I needed to add:
style: {
float: 'left'
},
to each item and then all worked well.
I tested with both static config (like the example above) and also with dynamic add / remove (using a custom container for each child item). The container panel re-rendered in a flow-like fashion each time. Also correct when resizing the browser window - the child items moved to accommodate the new panel size.
Murray
A:
What you're after is generally known as a flow layout, which ExtJS doesn't have out of the box (if you ask me, it's a bit silly they don't as it is a very common layout and in fact the one applied on most of their dataview examples, but using css rather than a layout).
But it can be achieved easily using column layout without columnWidth defined. Copying this answer:
Ext.create('Ext.Panel', {
width: 500,
height: 280,
title: "ColumnLayout Panel",
layout: 'column',
renderTo: document.body,
items: [{
xtype: 'panel',
title: 'First Inner Panel',
width: 250,
height: 90
},{
xtype: 'panel',
title: 'Second Inner Panel',
width: 200,
height: 90
}, {
xtype: 'panel',
title: 'Third Inner Panel',
width: 150,
height: 90
}]
});
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Preparing Your Motorcycle for Winter Storage
Well it’s that time again. Winter officially started on December 22, and here in the Midwest, we've already had our share of snow and ice. If you're experiencing the same type of weather where you are, have you thought of putting your motorcycle in storage for a siesta or thought you may just let it go? I have been pretty thorough in the past on this subject and would like to explain just how simple and inexpensive this procedure can be. It can also be done in a relatively short amount of time.
Winterization is not only a great way to identify maintenance items; but is also a good way to learn more about your motorcycle. This is also a great opportunity to fix a few items that need to be addressed now that the weather is cold and gloomy and you are going stir crazy sitting around the house.
Below are some of the main factors you should take into consideration when preparing your motorcycle for storage:
Location - You should store your motorcycle in a dry location if possible. If you have to store your bike outside, I recommend that you invest in a specially designed bike cover that breathes so your investment will not rust. Some of the cheaper covers on the market will not let moisture in or out and this will tend to make your motorcycle rust much quicker because of temperature changes. Also, avoid cotton-type covers because these will trap moisture in, that will eventually mold and cause the fabric to bond to expensive material such as seats and backrests. If you are storing your motorcycle indoors, I highly recommend that you not store the bike next to windows because of the ultra-violet rays that can fade paint and plastic parts, and can also raise the ambient temperature of the area. You may want to put some kind of plastic sheeting over the window to keep the ambient temperature down as well.
Storage Preparation - Change your oil and replace your filter. Used oil can be very corrosive over time and that is why I highly recommend changing your oil before storing your bike. It's much easier to drain the oil if you start and run your motorcycle at operating temperature. Remove your drain plug and oil filter and drain your oil into a suitable container and dispose of it properly. You are then ready to top off to the specified amount that the engine requires.
Fuel tank preparation requires special attention and brings up safety concerns because gasoline is highly flammable and explosive, meaning you can be burned or seriously injured when handling it!
The first method is to completely drain the tank and spray an anti-rust inhibitor inside the tank. This is a procedure you may not want to tackle yourself and I suggest if any part of this procedure seems too complicated, take your motorcycle to the shop of your preference to have this done.
The second method is to fill the tank completely with fresh fuel and add a fuel stabilizer. Whichever method you use is a choice only you can make. If you know for sure you are not going to ride your motorcycle for at least four to six weeks, you should add the stabilizer to your fuel tank. If you won’t be riding your motorcycle for three months, in addition to adding fuel stabilizer, you should drain the fuel shut off valve bowl, fuel lines, and the carburetor float bowls. This will help starting your engine in the spring.
Battery maintenance - Before removing the battery from your motorcycle, an alternative is to install a simple battery tender pigtail lead to the battery posts and route the wiring under your side cover or seat where it can be hooked up very easily. This keeps the battery maintained and charged throughout the winter season. If you choose to remove the battery from your motorcycle, this is a great time to clean the battery box with a mixture of baking soda and water. This neutralizes the acid that can accumulate over time and cleans the area so it will not corrode the wiring and metal parts of the motorcycle. This is also a great time to look at the level of water in the conventional battery. If this level is low it must be serviced and replaced with distilled water only. The reason being that normal tap water is packed with minerals; and those guys just love the aluminum in the battery, turning it into a sulfated mess! Maintenance free batteries are just that: no maintenance. However, the same rules apply about corrosion so don’t skimp on cleaning the battery area.
Coolant Servicing - If your engine is liquid cooled and the coolant has not been changed in the last two years or 24,000 miles, do it now. If you are storing the bike for longer than six months I suggest you drain the system completely. Draining the system will assure that no corrosion takes place during the storage process.
If you are changing the system because of mileage or years of service, I suggest you let the engine cool down to the touch and remove the filler or pressure cap, and according to the manufacturer, drain the entire system through the drain valve into an appropriate container.
Final Preparation - If your bike is moderately dirty, you should clean it using a good cleaner that is safe for all finishes. If your motorcycle is equipped with a chain, you will need some clean chain lube. If you have a windshield on your motorcycle you will need to clean it as well. Use a cleaner that is safe and won't turn the Plexiglas into a clouded mess.
At this point, you can push your motorcycle into its storage area, place the appropriate cover on it and call it good!
I hope all of you had the most blessed Christmas and a safe and happy New Year!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Assessment of ozone variations and meteorological influences at a rural site in Northern Xinjiang.
Ozone concentrations and meteorological data were continuously monitored online from June to December 2013 at the Akedala regional atmosphere station in an arid region of Central Asia. We present daily, monthly, and seasonal variations of ozone concentrations in the atmosphere and elucidate possible emission sources. The ozone concentrations of this region varied from 14.7 to 58.6 ppb. A remarkable seasonal variation of ozone in aerosols was observed with highest level in summer, followed by autumn and winter. The daily peak value of ozone was observed at 9:00-11:00 a.m. while the lowest was at 17:00-19:00 p.m. The backward trajectories of air masses showed potential emission sources to be from the northwest and south during the measurement period. The backward trajectory also revealed that ozone concentrations during the measurement period were likely attributable to the emission from anthropogenic activities, and medium-range atmospheric transport from cities in central Asia and the northern slope of the Tian Shan Mountains.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Characterization of SPR994, an Orally Available Carbapenem, with Activity Comparable to Intravenously Administered Carbapenems.
Carbapenems are potent antibacterials with broad-spectrum activity. However, poor oral absorption generally confines this important drug class to in-hospital use by intravenous (IV) administration. The continued rise in drug resistant pathogens creates a need for alternative oral therapies with broad-spectrum activity. SPR994 is a novel formulation of the orally bioavailable pivoxil prodrug of SPR859 (tebipenem) and is being developed as the first oral carbapenem for treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) in adults. Herein, we describe characteristics beneficial to oral administration and compare the in vitro and in vivo activity of SPR859 or SPR994 with IV carbapenems.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
[Relationship between apoptotic effect of Resveratrol on KG-1 cells and expression of bcl-2/bax].
This study was aimed to explore the apoptotic effect of Resveratrol (RES) on KG-1 cells and the expression of bcl-2/bax in vitro, and to clarify the possible mechanism of apoptotic effect of RES on leukemia cells. After treating with different concentrations of RES, the suppressive effect of RES on proliferation of KG-1 cells was analyzed by MTT method. Transmission electron microscope technique were used to detect the apoptosis status of KG-1 cells. The cell cycle and apoptosis percentage of KG-1 cells treated with RES were detected by flow cytometry. The expressions of bcl-2, bax mRNA and protein were assessed by semiquantitative RT-PCR and flow cytometry. The results showed that RES could obviously inhibit proliferation of KG-1 cells (p < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the cell number in S phase of KG-1 cells treated with RES increased (p < 0.05), the apoptosis rate enhanced significantly (p < 0.01) and the expression level was down-regulated, while expression level of bax was obviously up-regulated (p < 0.01). It is concluded that RES significantly induces apoptosis of KG-1 cells in vitro, which is probably related to the down-regulation of bcl-2 expression and up-regulation of bax expression.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Share
In 2019, senior living providers need get over a “me first” mentality and get collaborative. Occupancy will remain stagnant and workforce challenges will grow more complicated, but changes in the U.S. economy and health care system could alleviate some pressures and create business opportunities. However, to take advantage of opportunities, providers might need to “detonate” standard practices.
These are just a few of the predictions for 2019 offered by leading executives at senior living operators from around the country. While these business leaders offer a variety of viewpoints, a common theme is that in spite of immediate and pressing challenges, providers have to grasp and respond to complex and shifting dynamics in markets, policy, technology and other areas to position themselves for the future.
Brenda Bacon, President and CEO, Brandywine Living:2019 will see continued stratification of our product. People are increasingly giving a thumbs down on being defined by their age and their ADLs [activities of daily living], whether it’s our current customers or their 65-year old adult children. The customer of the St. Regis is quite different from the customer of Comfort Suites, not better, but importantly different in what appeals to them. They want more choices in terms of active living, dining and living accommodations. Their families want to see them smile again. They want to entertain their friends. The argument of whether we are hospitality or health care has always baffled me. Why do we have to choose one or the other? We are senior living.
Advertisement
Of course, labor availability and cost are on a runaway train that we are all chasing. Our challenge is and will be to attract and retain the best talent. The concurrent challenge is to absorb the growing cost of labor in the lowest unemployment environment in 49 years while maintaining and improving margins.
All in all, I think 2019 will be a year of great opportunity for people like me who hate to be bored.
Popular Reports
Cindy Baier, CEO, Brookdale Senior Living:In 2019, senior living companies will have to focus on what matters most – their people. We expect the labor market will continue to be quite competitive, so senior living companies will have to maintain a meaningful focus on attracting, engaging, developing, and retaining key talent. And we believe that providing high quality care and personalized service to residents and their family members, making a difference one relationship at a time, will allow senior living providers to earn trust and endorsements from those they serve.
Misty Hansen, CFO, Watermark Retirement Communities:We believe senior living is going to be an integral part of the nation’s health care delivery system of the future. Our current private pay model will be disrupted and we will rely on different sources to ensure our success. At Watermark, we are already forming strategic alliances with hospital systems across the country and determining where our communities and services fit into the continuum of care. As baby boomers age they are looking for a different level of service and amenities than in the past. Those entering the nursing home profession will find customer service and hospitality as a growing area of focus.
Kai Hsiao, CEO, Eclipse Senior Living:Bad news: Trends from 2018 will spill into 2019 — challenged operational performance due to pressure on the topline from stagnant occupancy caused by continued, though mitigated, new supply, plus pressure on the bottom line from a competitive and static labor pool (until we wake up and start to truly expand the labor pool, we’ll see the same faces in different places and wonder why we still get the same results). Additionally, assets will continue to transition due to operators with broken capital structures, or poor performance due to inability to invest back into their operational platform.
Good news: Operators will be forced to address their own self-inflicted wounds, and capital will get both tighter due to rising interest rates and smarter due to more time in the space. Or at least that’s the hope. Happy new year.
Lynne Katzmann, founder and President, Juniper Communities:2019 will be an interesting year, one that continues to bring change to our country, industry and companies. But this year, many changes will force action. That action may be a decision to change mindset or to actively evolve operating strategy, but in any case, it will be unavoidable. For example, the mindset for management must change. We have traditionally thought in a linear fashion: A leads to B and so forth. But now we need to consider second, third and fourth tier impacts. To be successful will mean adopting an ecosystem mindset. With a new mindset, leaders will be sought out for not only their demonstrated expertise but their humanity. The soft skills like ability to communicate effectively and cultivate creativity will matter more to success.
I really resonated with something I recently read that said that we have reached the level of “peak outrage” in our country. This year, the “Me First” attitude many individuals and companies have adopted may need to change to achieve success. We need a broader, more inclusive approach. Just like success in value-based care demands collaboration and integration, the way to build a culture and the people we need for success will mean a broader perspective and an acknowledgement that the work we do at all levels of the organization is interconnected.
Providers will need to focus more on partnership development. The need to integrate care and the means to create value will in large part depend on not only working together but also acknowledging in real business relationships, the interdependencies of our markets (meaning communities of residents) and the services we need to support their quality (and quantity) of life. We will need to identify the right partners and learn how to negotiate for today and for our evolving needs over time.
Beyond the need to continue to focus on leadership and people issues that will work in this new environment, there are several other trends to watch in 2019. Tech is one. Several trends in tech are likely to impact our industry. Invisible tech or artificial intelligence embedded in every system and hence every job will be become normal. Enterprise data systems will come under considerable pressure and may even be disrupted by the move to PHR [personal health record] and blockchain systems. Keep an eye on the big tech names for their movement into our world with PHR. Even Apple, which has rarely, if ever, opened itself up to outside development is building its health app on FHIR’s [Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources] international standards. While things are not likely to tip in 2019, they will within a couple of years and our current data is all on older enterprise based systems.
The redefinition by the government of health care is the most exciting change I see making a difference on our industry in 2019. Let me be more specific: how the government defines care will correspond to what they pay for and will open up a new recognition of the value of services we provide in seniors housing. Large health systems like Geisinger and Kaiser Permanente have declared that “good food is good medicine” and are creating “farmacies” where people with chronic diabetes can get not only nutritional counseling but food without paying for it. [HHS Secretary] Alex Azar recently spoke of the value to society of addressing the social determinants of health and noted that the administration could support a broader definition of health services if the services met the triple aim — proved they produced better results for individuals and the country’s treasury. In addition, we will see a broad array of new benefits offered as part of Medicare Advantage plans under the flexibility permitted by the 2018 Chronic Care Act. The options will explode in time for open enrollment next October. Stay tuned!
Sean Kelly, President and CEO, The Kendal Corporation:The sensibilities of the “next generation” are here! Providers will continue to work toward meeting the “both-and” proposition that the market is demanding: Deliver a community and/or programming that is steeped in a larger mission and born of an engaged, progressive, innovative and wellness-centered culture. At the same time, providers will need to leverage scale, technology and system resources that enable them to thrive in the present and endure into the future. These heightened demands may be cause for greater market differentiation across product types and also may fuel continued consolidation among like organizations, as well as among “health care-related” partners.
Doug Leidig, President and CEO, Asbury Communities Inc.:I am of the view that the continual adoption and evolution of technology is the single most exciting change we are seeing in the senior living industry and one which will have a significant impact on our future business models. Technological advances are allowing us to increase our engagement and connection with both residents and associates (think robotics). Data analytics is allowing us to create predictive algorithms to help prevent falls and identify significant health issues before they happen or at least minimize negative outcomes. Voice technology, health monitoring devices, and other assistive technologies are opening new doors for us in how we can support aging safely at home, whether home is on our campus or the larger community. The merits of telemedicine and workforce technology have been proven. I truly believe that the senior living industry must embrace technology and determine how to best use it to enhance our current service offerings, provide efficiencies and innovate for the future. These are exciting times!
Anja Rogers, CEO, Senior Star:In 2019 and beyond, our response to consumer demand must “detonate” current best practices. “Detonate” is the title word from authors Geoff Tuft and Steven Goldbach’s recent book subtitled, “Why — and how — corporations must blow up best practices (and bring a beginner’s mind) to survive.” A radical shift in leadership, operational and marketing perspectives, viewed through the lens of a newcomer to the industry, is needed to bring all stakeholders the returns expected; from employees and residents to capital partners and stockholders, and everyone in between.
Senior Star will be successful in our ability to “detonate” best practices if we simultaneously unite people with a driving vision, clear mission and uphold our promise to do for each other with love. To me, it’s a love thing!
It means that everybody is striving to provide greater and greater amenities but also to bring more and more clinical skills. Even if all of that has a cost for the operators, this will be a benefit to the residents. In fact, this competition will continue to push the assisted living operators to improve the quality of what they offer in terms of lifestyle and a care delivery model.
The customers will continue to change and expect specific care as in 4-star hotels.
The care will become more and more specific: from peace of mind package in residential care apartment complex, to memory care or hospice care in community based residential facilities. The campuses will continue to provide continuums of care with specific programs including: Activities programs, building layout, staff training and organization, family involvement and outside provider partnerships.
Our first resource is and will be the human resource. The concerning staffing situation will get even more complicated. In effect, to find and retain great staff with the right motivation and skills will be “mission impossible.” There is more competition from other industries who offer a different job, better pay and are more attractive for front line staff as well as for the leaders.
In fact, leadership team retention and support will be key to maintain the stability of each community. Especially, the Director and Director of Nursing will be essential to maintain the necessary relationship with staff, residents, families and partners. However, technology, optimization of the organization and volunteers should continue to be an opportunity for the AL operators to face a growing crisis.
To conclude, operators will have to continue to invest time and money in quality, compliance, amenities, services, technology and workforce. Only the larger operators may be able to support the cost of the assisted living industry changes.
Chris Winkle, CEO, Sunrise Senior Living:Our team members are the foundation of Sunrise, working each and every day to serve residents with the very best in care. In 2019, focus will remain on the team member experience, as demand for a skilled, talented and dedicated workforce continues to grow. This includes providing additional development and growth opportunities, celebrating our lasting company culture, as well as continuing to enhance our operating platform to help team members thrive in their roles and benefit our customers with a high-quality, personalized experience.
Latest Research
The world is smart. Smart watches. Smart phones. Smart homes. Smart consumers. As the smart tech revolution grows, senior living operators are increasingly incorporating this technology on a device-by-device basis to improve specific aspects of the care and living experience.
With increased customer demand and shifting business imperatives, intergenerational senior living is on the rise. Our report goes inside this growing opportunity, examining bold executions defined by six exciting trends.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a mobile terminal and a method of controlling the operation of the mobile terminal, and more particularly, to a mobile terminal capable of making an efficient use of geo-tagged information and a method of controlling the operation of the mobile terminal.
2. Description of the Related Art
Mobile terminals are portable devices, which can provide users with various services such as a voice calling service, a video calling service, an information input/output service, and a data storage service.
As the types of services provided by mobile terminals diversify, an increasing number of mobile terminals have been equipped with various complicated functions such as capturing photos or moving pictures, playing music files or moving image files, providing game programs, receiving broadcast programs and providing wireless internet services and have thus evolved into multimedia players.
Various attempts have been made to realize such complicated functions as hardware devices or software programs. For example, various user interface (UI) environments, in which users are allowed to easily search for and choose desired functions, have been developed. In addition, double-sided liquid crystal displays (LCDs), or full touch screens have been employed in the manufacture of mobile terminals.
Most mobile terminals equipped with global positioning system (GPS) and camera features can add geographical identification information (such as latitude and longitude coordinates) to each image captured by a camera, and this process is referred to as geo-tagging.
In the meantime, there is a restriction in allocating sufficient space for a UI without compromising the mobility and the portability of a mobile terminal even when the mobile terminal is equipped with a full touch screen. Therefore, when a plurality of geo-tagged images are marked on a map, the geo-tagged images may overlap each other due to the limited display size of mobile terminals, and thus, it may be difficult to selectively choose and use one of the geo-tagged images.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Hand made mouth blown beautiful drinking glass. Made with traditional workmanship following the golden ratio.
Platinum There is only 0,005 parts per million of platinum in the Earth’s crust. Since it is an extremely rare metal on our planet people who posses it should be very proud. That is why this flower is good for strengthen self confidence and love towards ourself.
Colour - Platinum, Proud & Rare.
Capacity 0.30 litre / 9 fl .oz each glass. (300ml).
Size approx: H: 4" (100mm) W:3" (75mm)
Production: Each one of these glasses is mouth-blown, and therefore an original item.
Material lead-free glass suitable up to 70°C / 158° F.
Golden Ratio Since antiquity, the underlying proportions of the Golden Ratio have served as the epitome of beauty and aesthetics. Even today, this perfect proportion can be found in art, in architecture, in design – and elsewhere. The Golden Ratio is evident everywhere in nature, which is why we use it as the guiding principle in the design of our products. It arises from the equality of proportions, when the relationship between the larger and the smaller part is the same as that between the whole and the larger part. This ratio, this formula – the Phi number from mathematics – is 1.618. The Fibonacci sequence of numbers is based on this same principle, and describes the characteristics of growth processes which can be found in nature, for instance in the leaf and flower position of plants. This arises, for example, in left and right handed spirals with a ratio of 8 to 13, or 21 to 34 (all numbers in the Fibonacci sequence.) When dividing these numbers the result is always 1.618, which is known as "Phi", or the Golden Ratio. All our glass and porcelain products are carefully conceived in accordance with the Golden Ratio, making every piece genuinely pleasing to the eye and energetically in alignment with the flow of life force energy.
Symbols and affirmations As long as humanity has existed, all cultures on Earth have used symbols. In order to understand the effectiveness of symbols, it is necessary to understand the inherent resonance or vibration which they contain. Sometimes this is conveyed using words (as in «affirmation»), and sometimes using graphic symbols, mathematics or sounds. The Flower-of-Life symbol is believed to contain all the geometry of life as we know it on planet Earth. It is a universal symbol of energy, life and the connection among all things. Water as a medium seems to be able to recognize and retain various kinds of information, vibration, resonance, and to carry this «informational content» with it.
The TC drinking glasses are designed using the same principles as all TC glassware, and have the same effects on what is placed within them. Supports a positive and joyful attitude to life. Recommended for children and people with depressions.
Production Traditional craftsmanship is necessary for the production of TC products. The Flower-Of-Life symbols on the bottom are emblazoned into the glass base at 600 degrees Celsius (approx. 1100 F). The glass used to make TC glassware is approximately 40% silica sand, which is known to be a highly energetic medium. The glass for TC glassware is completely free of lead or any other heavy metals.
These glasses come in four models: one Basic and three different Flower-of-Life designs, just like the Alladin carafes. Material: mouth-blown, lead-free glass.
Quality Matters The water you drink and use comes to you through an involved process, such as pressurization, filtering, sedentary storage, etc., a process which has an effect on the quality of water as it comes out of the tap or bottle. Water's journey through pipes, filters, tanks and other processes we use to insure the essential safety of the water supply also takes out the natural vitality of the water as it is found in nature.
TC energy design glassware re-activates processed water and brings it «back to life» back to the energetic form it is in when it originally comes from nature. The spring: The best water for human health is fresh spring water. The stress: Even the best spring water looses vitality and energy when it is moved through pipes and other forms of water processing. The remedy: The design of TC glassware revitalizes weakened, processed water from any source. Other liquids, such as juices and wine, are also improved in taste and biological vitality when held in TC glassware. Normal tap water is weakened by the unnaturally high pipe pressure and the flow in said pipes. A 3 minutes stay in the TC drinking glass is enough to improve weakened tap water. The survey results come from the laboratory EF Brown, CH-3628 Uttigen, Switzerland.
Flower of Life This « Flower of Life » is one of the standard & most powerful symbols in nature, in the holy geometry. It is an ancient metaphor for the connection of all life in the Universe. In many cultures this symbol has been known ; it is mostly applied for vitalising and stabilising of foods and fluids. Its shape and symbolic powers are transferred and will resonate in fluids. This symbol is always situated on the bottom of all TC drinking glasses and carafes.
WATER Anyone who has ever taken a drink from a mountain creek knows from his own experience the virtues of fresh spring water. At home, the water coming from the tap is no longer as tasty or as energizing. No wonder, when you think of the long distances, the processing, and the environmental pollution that the cool water has been subjected to on its journey to you. In order to document “visually”, how deeply the products alter the structure of water, before-and after photographs are taken of water crystals from all products. Test results come from the E. F. Braun laboratory in Uttingen, Switzerland. All water samples were photographed using the procedure developed by Masuru Emoto. Every sample taken from the products shows highly-positive alterations with very fine, symmetrical crystalline structures. These changes, created and supported by our design components (Golden Ratio, Flower of Life, carefullyselected materials), give the water a fresh, agreeable, unadulterated, and natural flavor – as close to nature as you can get. Before Before Normal tap water is weakened by the unnaturally high pipe pressure and the flow in said pipes. After After A 3 minutes stay in the Water Pitcher Cadus is enough to improve weakened tap water. The survey results come from the laboratory EF Braun, CH-3628 Uttigen, Switzerland Water crystals photographed in accordance with the procedure developed by M. Emoto.
Orders are processed in priority. Orders placed before 11am the same day will get shipped on the relevant chose delivery method. Orders received after this time will be processed and shipped in the following 24 hours.
Processing delays will be notified at the time of order.
Standard Shipping time is 3-5 days unless an alternative method is chosen.
Please note any special delivery instructions need to be notified in the notes section of the shopping basket at the time of order:
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Reproducibility in urine peptidome profiling using MALDI-TOF.
MALDI-TOF profiling of low molecular weight peptides (peptidome) usage is limited due to the lack of reproducibility from the confounding inferences of sample preparation, data acquisition, and processing. We applied MALDI-TOF analysis to profile urine peptidome with the aims to: (i) compare centrifugal ultrafiltration and dialysis pretreatments, (ii) determine whether using signal LOD (sLOD), together with data normalization, may reduce MALDI-TOF variability. We also investigated the influence of peaks detection on reproducibility. Dialysis allowed to obtain better MALDI-TOF spectra than ultrafiltration. Within the 1000-4000 m/z range, we identified 120 and 129 peaks in intra- and interassay studies, respectively. To estimate the sLOD, serial dilution of pooled urines up to 1/256 were analyzed in triplicate. Six data normalization strategies were investigated-the mean, median, internal standard, relative intensity, TIC, and linear rescaling normalization. Normalization methods alone performed poorly in reducing features variability while when combined to sLOD adjustment showed an overall reduction in features CVs. Applying a feedback signal processing approach, after median normalization and sLOD adjustment, CVs were reduced from 103 to 26% and 113 to 25% for the intra- and interassay, respectively, and spectra became more comparable in terms of data dispersion.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
React Native Change Page after 5 seconds
I'm newbie in react native and I don't know how to change page after 5 seconds.
I create an android.index.js file that will navigate to LandingPage.js. What I want to do is, when the LandingPage being loaded, it will wait for 5 seconds and then redirect / navigate to another page.
index.android.js
export default class DefaultProject extends Component {
render() {
return (
<Navigator
renderScene={(route, navigator) =>
<LandingPage/>
}
/>
)
LandingPage.js
export default class LandingPage extends Component {
render() {
return (
<Image source={require('./images/event3.jpeg')}
style={styles.container} />
//How to redirect to another page from here after 5 secs?
);
}
}
A:
You can use a simple setTimeout, as you would in a standard JS setup:
export default class LandingPage extends Component {
componentDidMount(){
// Start counting when the page is loaded
this.timeoutHandle = setTimeout(()=>{
// Add your logic for the transition
}, 5000);
}
componentWillUnmount(){
clearTimeout(this.timeoutHandle); // This is just necessary in the case that the screen is closed before the timeout fires, otherwise it would cause a memory leak that would trigger the transition regardless, breaking the user experience.
}
render() {
return (
<Image source={require('./images/event3.jpeg')}
style={styles.container} />
//How to redirect to another page from here after 5 secs?
);
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Which watch do you own
This is a discussion on Which watch do you own within Shifting gears, part of the Around the Corner category; Bought a Casio Edifice couple of weeks back. Now i notice a time lag after it runs for 3-4 days. ...
Bought a Casio Edifice couple of weeks back. Now i notice a time lag after it runs for 3-4 days. On adjusting the time, it runs again fine for a few more days, after which it starts slowing down again.
I didn't expect this from a Casio, as i have a G Shock which i didn't have to look back for the past 6 years or so.
Wondering what the issue might be ? Where in Bangalore you can find a Casio service center? I see one on MG Road, any other service centers ?
Yup JK I recently brought the watch. The watch is beautiful but these stated calculation needs a microscope as the prints are very small.
check the photo around pg 95.
How much did it cost you and from where did you buy it?
Quote:
Originally Posted by Puneet.S
Thanks! I also like the classic look this watch carries and it fits well on my thin wrists.
It is a Seiko 5 Automatic (Model No. SNX111K1) with see through back. I ordered it from a Hong Kong based online watch store. Cost me Rs.3840 (with free shipping, luckily it sailed through without any customs duty).
Great! Please pm the link if you can
I know what I wanna buy if I have $.
TISSOT LE LOCLE AUTOMATIC CHRONOGRAPH VALJOUX. Its very beautiful. The pix dont do justice. Hope I can atleast I can get the lower priced Le Locle sometime soon.
I know.
Well, Since I made it, I know very well how to read it, but for my family, its a nightmare!
for eg, to set 12 o clock, the battery has to be parallel to the ground, the top is then 12.tried and lost the effort to explain that.
Its more of a "ballpark" time machine, to hustle you towards a regular watch/phone to catch the right time.
Here's a (lower-priced ) Le Locle I picked up a few weeks ago...
It's a Tissot Le Locle Automatic Power Reserve Gent. The Valjoux IMO is a very smart but understated watch.
Not impressed with the customer service from lifestyle. Went there yesterday, as they were not giving any useful info over phone. As expected, they didn't have any updates from factory. Promised to give a call by 11am today, and that deadline has come and gone too.
While I'm very inclined to go with Omega, I see their entry ranges are Quartz and not automatic. I have read people generally recommending to avoid Quartz in high end watches. Is that the case?
I was looking at Ethos online store and in terms of cost, surprisingly, India prices seem to be very competitive compared to US & Europe. I also understand that I can expect at-least 20% discount over MRP which makes th deal even more attractive. Pls let me also what other stores in Bangalore i can check.
While I'm very inclined to go with Omega, I see their entry ranges are Quartz and not automatic. I have read people generally recommending to avoid Quartz in high end watches. Is that the case?
I was looking at Ethos online store and in terms of cost, surprisingly, India prices seem to be very competitive compared to US & Europe. I also understand that I can expect at-least 20% discount over MRP which makes th deal even more attractive. Pls let me also what other stores in Bangalore i can check.
thanks for your time...
Most of the high end watches have mechanical movement, but a few super accurate chronometers are still quartz. In general mechanical movements are preferred buy at this level.
Watch prices in India are generally lower than in Europe, especially when you factor in 10-20% discounts offered by big retailers.
I have no idea of Bangalore, but Delhi most of the muti brand retailers give upto 20%, while company operated single brand, do not.
Most of the high end watches have mechanical movement, but a few super accurate chronometers are still quartz. In general mechanical movements are preferred buy at this level.
Watch prices in India are generally lower than in Europe, especially when you factor in 10-20% discounts offered by big retailers.
I have no idea of Bangalore, but Delhi most of the muti brand retailers give upto 20%, while company operated single brand, do not.
Thank you aroy!
I also am leaning towards a mechanical movement. So I have to give Omega a pass for the time being until the next windfall. Tag has couple options in that space that meets requirement…would like to hear from others as well.
P.s. still saddened by Sam's loss and finding it very difficult to digest the news ever since I learnt it late last evening…
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Как стало известно "Ъ", завершена техническая часть расследования катастрофы Ту-154Б-2 Минобороны, рухнувшего в Черное море 25 декабря 2016 года после взлета из аэропорта Адлера. Из выводов экспертов, по данным источников "Ъ", следует, что самолет вообще не падал, а сел на воду в контролируемом полете под управлением командира экипажа Романа Волкова. Причину столь странного поведения летчика сейчас ищут уже по административной линии: в Минобороны изучают медкарту погибшего пилота и результаты прохождения им психологических тестов, опрашивают инструкторов, учивших майора летать, а также выясняют, правильно ли был организован отдых экипажа перед рейсом.
Отметим, что версия об ошибке экипажа стала доминирующей в расследовании еще в декабре прошлого года после опросов немногочисленных свидетелей ночной авиакатастрофы, заявивших экспертам: следовавший в Сирию Ту-154 не падал и не пикировал после взлета, а как бы приводнился на поверхность моря. Этот маневр оказался роковым для самолета и 92 находившихся на его борту человек: машина от удара развалилась на куски, которые сразу затонули.
Однако доказать высказанные предположения быстро не удалось. Авиаэкспертам пришлось сначала аргументированно опровергнуть все остальные возможные версии аварии, включая внезапно возникшие на борту проблемы технического характера, обстрел самолета с моря и подрыв изнутри, попадание в двигатели птиц и пр. При этом даже после проведения всех необходимых исследований и экспертиз в причастность экипажа к катастрофе верили не все. Убедить скептиков помогли бы объективные данные с параметрического самописца Ту-154 , однако здесь возникли определенные проблемы. Прибор был найден, благополучно извлечен со дна Черного моря и не пострадал при аварии. Но лентопротяжный механизм самописца оказался прилично изношенным — он не обеспечивал постоянную скорость при прокрутке записи, а катушки имели люфт, который давал основания сомневаться в достоверности параметров. В итоге ремонт самописца и его расшифровку военные поручили более опытным гражданским экспертам Межгосударственного авиационного комитета (МАК).
Там параметрический самописец фактически отремонтировали, заменив изношенные детали, получили с него необходимую информацию, а затем синхронизировали параметры полета с переговорами летчиков, которые, в свою очередь, были записаны на речевой магнитофон. Итогом работы МАК стала так называемая 3D-модель последнего полета Ту-154 — видеореконструкция движения машины в пространстве с наложенными на нее цифрами, отражающими высоту полета, скорость, режим работы двигателей и пр., а также с описанием всех произнесенных при этом слов и действий летчиков. Выводы по этим материалам делали уже эксперты военной технической комиссии.
По данным близкого к комиссии источника "Ъ", они оказались без преувеличения шокирующими. Самолет, как показало 3D-моделивание, взлетел в абсолютно штатном режиме. После взлета экипаж тоже не совершил ни одной из традиционных в подобных случаях ошибок — машина не выходила на закритические углы атаки, не теряла скорость, не попадала в штопор и вообще не падала. Примерно через минуту после отрыва от земли Ту-154 набрал высоту около 250 м и скорость порядка 360-370 км/ч, а сразу после этого на борту, как выразился собеседник "Ъ", стала "стремительно развиваться нештатная ситуация". Выразилась она в том, что управляющий пилот — командир экипажа Роман Волков, который должен был дальше набирать высоту,— фактически перевел машину в режим посадки. Ту-154, как показало моделирование, в течение десяти секунд — до самого столкновения с водой — снижался в так называемом контролируемом полете под управлением летчика.
По мнению экспертов, причиной трагедии могла стать дезориентация пилота в пространстве. Набирая высоту в темноте, над морем, пилот не контролировал визуально положение машины, поскольку не видел впереди никаких ориентиров и даже горизонта. Дезориентировать экипаж могли даже звезды, которые одновременно были как сверху, так и снизу — в виде отражений на поверхности воды. В этой сложной обстановке пилотирующий летчик, по словам экспертов, должен был полностью довериться приборам, показания которых командир Волков, видимо, проигнорировал, доверившись своему опыту и физиологическим ощущениям. Так, например, возникшая при ускорении машины перегрузка могла создать у летчика иллюзию набора высоты — в то время как на самом деле самолет снижался.
Сейчас военные специалисты изучают всю профессиональную биографию погибшего пилота и в первую очередь его летную подготовку, в которой, возможно, обнаружатся какие-то пробелы. Однако "списать" катастрофу лишь на возможную ошибку командира Волкова, имеющего, кстати, 4 тыс. часов налета, по мнению собеседников "Ъ", было бы неправильно. Трагедия наверняка произошла из-за рокового сочетания сразу нескольких неблагоприятных факторов. В их числе — усталость экипажа и эмоциональная напряженность летчиков, у которых достаточно обычный полет в Сирию затянулся на целый день. Как уже сообщал "Ъ", экипажу пришлось сначала несколько часов ждать вылета из Москвы, а затем еще и садиться из-за погодных условий в плохо известный ему аэропорт Адлера вместо запланированного Моздока. В итоге рейс из дневного фактически превратился в ночной. Как отреагировал на все эти трудности командир, пока неясно — возможно, задержка рейса спровоцировала обострение у пилота каких-то хронических заболеваний или привела его в стрессовое состояние, с которым летчик не сумел быстро справиться. Сейчас специалисты изъяли в медучреждениях все документы Романа Волкова, а также результаты его психологических тестирований, которые предстоит тщательно изучить.
Проведение "административного" расследования, по мнению источников "Ъ", поможет установить способствующие трагической ошибке военного летчика факторы, а после подведения его итогов командирам Романа Волкова, его летным инструкторам, психологам и врачам, возможно, придется разделить с погибшим ответственность за катастрофу.
Стоит отметить, что в самом Минобороны версию о возможной ошибке экипажа отвергают. Во всех сообщениях ведомства многократно говорилось об опытности и безупречном послужном списке членов разбившегося экипажа. Во время прощания с командиром Волковым главнокомандующий воздушно-космическими силами РФ Виктор Бондарев, в частности, заявил, что подготовка майора Волкова "соответствовала всем требованиям, которые предъявляются нашими законами к выполнению полетного задания".
Сергей Машкин
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
config BR2_PACKAGE_LIBDVDREAD
bool "libdvdread"
select BR2_PACKAGE_LIBDVDCSS
help
libdvdread provides a simple foundation for reading
DVD-Video images.
https://www.videolan.org/developers/libdvdnav.html
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Introduction {#sec1}
============
The achievement of a complete inventory of the earth\'s biota remains an urgent priority for biodiversity conservation. One of the main challenges is exploring the wilder regions of the world where intact habitats of high conservation value remain unknown. Arid areas are a major terrestrial habitat among these environments ([@bibr42]).
In South America, deserts are the largest macro-habitat, covering more than 57.3% of the surface area ([@bibr35]). The dry neotropics support considerable biological diversity, though they have received little attention in comparison with the wet, tropical forests ([@bibr06]). Patagonia is a large xeric biome located in the southern tip of South America, remarkably understudied despite the fact that some of the original components and functions of this arid ecosystem are still preserved. One of the largest conservation units of arid ecosystems in Argentina is the Natural Protected Area Península Valdés, located in the northeastern zone of this biome. Since 1999, this area has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Invertebrates represent an essential part of ecosystems ([@bibr45]) having great abundances and species richness in almost all habitats ([@bibr31]; [@bibr01]; [@bibr14]), occurring at all levels of the food web ([@bibr43]; [@bibr45]; [@bibr01]), and playing vital roles in the structure and fertility of soils, the pollination of flowering plants, nutrient cycling, and in the decomposition of organic material and predation ([@bibr29]; [@bibr03]). Furthermore, arthropods can be used for monitoring environmental changes because of their high species abundances, richness, and habitat fidelity ([@bibr02]). Terrestrial arthropods are even better monitors than vegetation because of their rapid response to habitat changes and the capability of generating a finer environmental classification than vascular plants or vertebrates ([@bibr43]; [@bibr45]; [@bibr01]).
In arid regions, invertebrates are the most abundant animals ([@bibr15]; [@bibr03]). In these habitats, arthropods play key roles (principally in and above the soil) as decomposers, herbivores, granivores, and predators, controlling nutrient and energy flow through trophic levels in the food chain ([@bibr15]; [@bibr42]; [@bibr29]; [@bibr03]). Arthropods fill these important functional roles in deserts because they are less constrained by low water availability and extreme thermal environments than other animals ([@bibr48]; [@bibr01]). The arthropod biomass and species diversity is much greater than all other desert animal biomass and diversity combined ([@bibr42]).
The aim of this work was to give a preliminary description of the composition and structure of the arthropod community of Península Valdés, using species abundance models, diversity analysis and a trophic guild approach, based on a planned and intensive sampling effort. The purpose is to contribute to a currently limited knowledge of the ground-dwelling arthropod fauna of Patagonia ([@bibr18]; [@bibr22]; [@bibr12]; [@bibr17]; [@bibr41]).
Materials and Methods {#sec2}
=====================
Ground-dwelling arthropods were sampled using pitfall traps during the summers of 2005, 2006 and 2007. A total of 648 traps, 12 cm in diameter at the opening and 12 cm deep, were placed (216 traps/year). According to previous optimization studies of the pitfall sampling in the area (Cheli, unpublished observations), each trap was filled with 300 ml of a 30% solution of ethylene glycol used as a preservative, and each trap was opened on-site for two weeks in the middle of February. Traps were located at least 20 m apart from each other, covering the main environmental units of Península Valdés ([Figure 1](#f01){ref-type="fig"}). The two main vegetation units of Península Valdés are: (1) shrub steppe with 67%) of total vegetal cover dominated by *Chuquiraga avellanedae* Lorentz (Asterales: Asteraceae), *Condalia microphylla* Cav. (Rosales: Rhamnaceae), *Paronychia chilensis* DC (Caryophyllales: Caryophyllaceae), *Hoffmanseggia trifoliata* Cav. (Fabales: Fabaceae), *Nassella tenuis* (Phil.) Barkworth (Poales: Poaceae), *Achnatherum speciosa* (Trin, & Rupr.) Barkworth (Poaceae), *Poa ligularis*Nees & Steud. (Poaceae); and (2) shrub-grass steppe with 75%\> of total vegetal cover dominated by *C. avellanedae*, *Hyalis argentea* D. Don ex Hook & Arn (Asteraceae), *H. trifoliata*, *P. chilensis*, *S. tenuis*, *Sporobolus rigens* (Trin.) E. Desv. (Poaceae), *Piptochaetium napostaense* (Speg.) Hack. (Poaceae), *Plantago patagonica* Jacq. (Lamiales: Plantaginaceae) ([@bibr05]).
{#f01}
All specimens were identified to order and family levels. Additionally, in order to have a good estimation of the community structure at the species level, three representative groups with different abundances were chosen: Formicidae (Hymenoptera) (the most abundant taxa), Coleoptera (a medium to high abundance taxon), and Heteroptera (Hemiptera) (low abundance taxa).
In those cases where it was not possible to determine individuals at the species level, the individuals were described as morphospecies for further analysis. Voucher specimens were deposited in the entomological collection of Centro Nacional Patagónico (CENPAT-CONICET), Museo de La Plata and IADIZA (CRICYT-CONICET). Araneae were only analyzed to the order level due to the large numbers of juvenile specimens and of individuals whose small size impeded proper determination. The same level of analysis was used for Psocoptera because of the lack of accurate literature and keys. Finally, flying Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and the suborder Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera) were excluded from analysis because the sampling protocol used for this study was not suited for these groups.
Statistical analysis {#sec2a}
--------------------
Abundance analysis: Abundance distribution models were used to describe the structure of the community. To choose which model best described the community, a Bayesian selection was performed for four models. Those models increased in their evenness as follows: (a) Dominance pre-emption model, (b) Logarithmic Series, (c) Logarithmic Normal Distribution, and (d) MacArthur\'s Broken Stick model ([@bibr47], [@bibr46]; [@bibr33]).
The decision criterion for choosing a model was the lowest value of the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) ([@bibr27]). The estimation of parameters was calculated by means of Markov Chain Montecarlo ([@bibr27]) using the pymc library for Bayesian estimation for the python programming language ([@bibr24]).
Diversity analysis: Diversity was estimated through the Shannon-Wiener index, the Shannon evenness measure, and the richness of families and species ([@bibr39]; [@bibr33]). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was calculated using natural log, and differences between groups were tested by the Hutchenson method (a modification of the t-test, see [@bibr34]) using Bio∼DAP software.
Guild analysis: To indicate the trophic structure of the arthropod community, species were classified into feeding guilds as herbivores, predators, and scavengers (following [@bibr08]; [@bibr40]; [@bibr13]). The relationship among abundance and richness of feeding guilds was analyzed using the *X^2^* test. All α-values for multiple tests were corrected by Bonferroni\'s correction (α\' = α /3 = 0.0167) ([@bibr49]).
Results {#sec3}
=======
A total of 28, 111 arthropods belonging to 18 orders, 52 families and 160 species/morphospecies were collected. At the order level, Hymenoptera (Formicidae and Mutillidae) represented 83.2% of the total catch, thus there were very low relative abundances of other orders.
######
Arthropod orders and families collected through pitfall trapping in Península Valdés.
Among the Hymenoptera, 99.3% were ants (Formicidae). As a consequence of their colonial behavior, they fall in the traps in large numbers; therefore, the percentages of capture were calculated excluding Formicidae to better describe the dominance relationships between the captured groups. This revealed a shared sub-dominance between Araneae and Coleoptera, followed in magnitude by Orthoptera, Collembola, and Solifuga ([Table 1](#t01){ref-type="table"}, [Figure 2](#f02){ref-type="fig"}). At the family level, the analysis showed a sub-dominance of six families (Sminthuridae, Tenebrionidae, Acrididae, Phloeothripidae, Carabidae, and Mummusidae) which represents more than 60% of the total catch. A complete description of the community at the order and family levels is given in [Table 1](#t01){ref-type="table"}.
Among the Formicidae caught, 75.1% belong to the Myrmicinae subfamily with *Pheidole bergi* Mayr and *Solenopsis patagonica* Emery being the most abundant species, representing more than 50% of the total captures ([Figure 3](#f03){ref-type="fig"}). A complete description of the ant assemblage is given in [Table 2](#t02){ref-type="table"}. The most abundant families of beetles were Tenebrionidae and Carabidae, representing more than 75% of the total captures of this group, while the most numerous species were *Blapstinus punctulatus* Solier, *Trirammatus* (Plagioplatys) *vagans* (Dejean) and *Metius malachiticus* Dejean ([Figure 4](#f04){ref-type="fig"}, [Table 3](#t03){ref-type="table"}).
With respect to the true bug assemblage, the most numerous families were Oxicarenidae and Blissidae with more than 54% of the total captures of this group. The most abundant species was *Anomaloptera patagonica* Dellapé & Cheli ([Figure 5](#f05){ref-type="fig"}); also found were *Valdesiana curiosa* Carpintero, Dellapé & Cheli (Miridae). Both taxa were very recently described as new based on specimens collected from this study. A complete description of the true bug community can be found in [Table 4](#t04){ref-type="table"}.
Abundance analysis: The distribution abundance model which best described the abundance data, both at the family and species levels, was the logarithmic series model (AIC fam: 202.231; AIC sp: 134.32). Also, this model best described the species abundances of ants (AIC: 138.551) and beetles (AIC: 134.318). The true bug species were equally well described both by the log series (AIC: 41.318) as well as the log normal series (AIC: 39.72) ([Table 5](#t05){ref-type="table"}).
In addition, excluding ants from the analysis increased the capacity of the logarithmic series model to describe the species abundance distribution of the community (AIC excluding ants: 513.668; AIC including ants: 652.527).
Diversity analysis: There was a significant increase of diversity (Shannon-Wiener index) at both the family and species levels when ants were excluded from the analysis (Hutchenson test: for the family level, t\' = 101.494, p \< 0.0001; for the species level, t\' = 39.928, p \< 0.0001) as well as an increase in the evenness of both taxonomical levels. At the species level, beetles were more diverse than ants (Hutchenson test; t\' = 11.995, p \< 0.0001). True bugs were equally as diverse as beetles (Hutchenson test, t\' = 2.249, p = 0.026) and ants (Hutchenson test, t\' = 1.645, p = 0.103). The Shannon species evenness measure was considerably high and similar among the three groups of species ([Table 6](#t06){ref-type="table"}).
{#f02}
{#f03}
{#f04}
######
Abundance of ant species (Hymenoptera-Formicidae) in Península Valdés.
{#f05}
######
Abundance of beetle species (Coleoptera) in Península Valdés.
######
Abundance of true bugs species (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) in Península Valdés.
######
Fit to species abundances models (*p* values), Diversity (Shannon-Wiener index) and evenness values to family and species levels.
{#f06}
Guild analysis: There was a significant difference among abundances of trophic guilds (*X^2^*~0.05;\ 2~ = 459.75; p \< 0.001). The abundance of predators was greater than herbivores (*X^2^*~0.05;\ 1~ = 458.34; p \< 0.001) and scavengers (*X^2^*~0.05;\ 1~ = 97.81; p \< 0.001), while the abundances of scavengers were greater than herbivores (*X^2^*~0.05;\ 1~ = 139.64; p \< 0.001). Family richness did not differ significantly among trophic guilds (*X^2^*~0.05;\ 2~ = 5.81; p = 0.0548) ([Figure 6](#f06){ref-type="fig"}).
Discussion {#sec4}
==========
This is the first community study based on a planned and intensive sampling effort that describes the composition and structure of the ground-dwelling arthropod community of Península Valdés. The most important orders based on abundance were Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Araneae. The same community pattern was found in other arid areas of Argentina ([@bibr26]; [@bibr38]; [@bibr32]), as well as in other regions of the world ([@bibr09]; [@bibr45]). The three aforementioned orders are the most diverse and abundant in the world, and several authors considered them "hyper-diverse" taxa ([@bibr28]; [@bibr36]; [@bibr32]).
The community was dominated by few abundant taxa at both family and species levels. Also, there were some groups with intermediate abundances and a large proportion of "rare" taxa for which very few individuals were caught. Therefore, the distribution of both species and family abundances were better described by the Logarithmic series model. This model depicts a system where some species could have arrived at an unsaturated habitat at randomly spaced intervals of time in order to occupy the remaining fractions of the niche hyperspace, thus having intermediate levels of niche preferences. Similarly, this model describes systems in which one or a few factors dominate the ecological relationships of the community and in which the intensity of migration between communities is important ([@bibr33]).
######
Diversity values of arthropod assemblages.
It is worth noting that, at the species level, taxa with remarkably different abundance, such as ants, beetles, and true bugs, were equally described by the logs series. Still, in the case of true bugs, which were adequately described both by the log and log normal series, this represents a special case of log normal distribution called "canonical." Such pattern is a consequence of random niche separation every time a new species is incorporated into the assemblage ([@bibr33]). In this sense, these findings increase knowledge on niche segregation in general and on the invertebrate community structure of northeast Patagonia.
Ants are a central component of arthropod abundance in the study area, representing more than 80% of total captures. The contribution of *P. bergi* and *S. patagonica*, both well-known recruiting species, may explain such outstanding numbers. Still, excluding ants from analyses of the assemblages of northeast Patagonia lead to similar findings in terms of abundance patterns. Such consistency likely reflects the robustness of the model and its explanatory factors for the Patagonian arthropods.
In arid Patagonia, as in most deserts, the factors dominating the insect community structure are probably related to plants. Vegetation cover has shown to be correlated with diversity, dominance, and species abundance of ground-dwelling arthropods in other deserts ([@bibr16]; [@bibr45]). Vegetation structure usually provides the habitat template for the assembly of ground-dwelling arthropods in multitrophic communities by offering shelter, food resources, oviposition micro-sites, or refuge against predators ([@bibr20]; [@bibr45]; [@bibr37]). In turn, in northwest Patagonia, where there is a similar habitat to the one examined in this study, plant spatial structure has been shown to influence the activity of ground-dwelling ants and beetles ([@bibr21]; [@bibr23]; [@bibr37]).
In addition, it should be considered that in Península Valdés sheep grazing has occurred since the late 19th century. Sheep grazing appears to have modified the vegetation and accelerated the soil degradation processes ([@bibr04]). These changes are generally referred to as changes in vegetation structure, diminishing their cover and exposing bare soil to erosive effects, which eventually leads to the fragmentation of the preexisting patches into smaller remnant patches ([@bibr07]). Grazing, through its impact on vegetation, could be influencing observed arthropod communities.
From a trophic level approach, studies comparing protected areas versus grazed habitats in other arid areas from Argentina have found that arthropod communities were dominated by scavengers in protected sites and by predators in disturbed areas ([@bibr26]; [@bibr38]; [@bibr32]). In Península Valdés, the ground-dwelling arthropod community was dominated by predators, which suggests that sheep grazing could be one of the main variables modeling the arthropod assemblage structure. Predation could probably act as an important factor driving the distribution and abundances of surface-dwelling arthropods in this habitat (i.e., a top-down effect) and as such could be used as a key element in understanding the above-ground desert community structure.
This study found that the arthropod community of northern Patagonia had similar diversity values to those recorded in other arid areas of Argentina, such as the Chaco ([@bibr26]; [@bibr38]) and the central Monte Desert ([@bibr32]). However, lower arthropod families and coleopteran species richness were found, as was smaller evenness at family and species levels. Reduced richness could be explained because of the lower temperatures present in Patagonia, which could constrain the number of species living there. In turn, a less even assemblage such as that found in this study suggests that the dominance of some species over others is greater than it is in other arid zones in northern Argentina. Species autoecological features coupled with a restrictive climate could explain why the community is dominated by a few species. For example, the most abundant beetle, *B. punctulatus* (Tenebrionidae), has a small body size that could allow them to hide into the soil fissures during extreme environmental periods. These features can also be observed in the true bug assemblage. For instance, *A. patagonica* is also small size and has wings like the elytra of coleoptera that enable it to tolerate extreme environmental conditions.
The adequate description by the same abundance distribution model both at the family and the species level suggests that the former can be a reasonable predictor of the subjacent abundance model in this community. This reduces costs in terms of time dedicated to taxonomic determination and is in accordance with previous work (e.g. [@bibr10]). Using a higher taxonomic category than species level in community analysis has several advantages (see [@bibr25]), but it can be biased if the community has a fauna rich in endemisms ([@bibr44]).
The results obtained in this study could be extended to all of arid Patagonia, due to similar environmental conditions in the area. This work not only improves the knowledge of the composition, taxonomy, and trophic structure of ground-dwelling arthropod communities in arid Patagonian habitats, but also increases the taxonomic knowledge of Hemiptera through the discoveries of new genera and two new species very recently described as new based on material recovered from this survey (see [@bibr19]; [@bibr11]). Additionally, it is necessary to place the results of this study within a conservation context because the richness and composition of a community of ground-dwelling arthropods can be taken as a reflection of the biotic and structural diversity of whole terrestrial ecosystems ([@bibr30]). Because of its abundance, diverse behaviors, and ecological interactions, the development of new lines of research to elucidate the variables controlling the main ecological aspects of grounddwelling arthropods will contribute significantly to the knowledge and functioning of arid Patagonian ecosystems. It also may help to create and assess management and conservation tools for the arid terrestrial ecosystem.
The authors are grateful to those professional taxonomists that generously dedicated their time to species determination: G. Flores, S. Roig-Juñent, S. Claver, P. Dellapé, D. Carpintero, F. Ocampo, A. Lanteri, N. Cabrera, and M. Kun. We would also like to thank F. Grandi, F. Brusa, G. Pazos, V. Rodriguez, D. Galvan, L. Venerus, A. Bisigato and U. Pardiñas for their invaluable collaboration. We thank deeply Centro Nacional Patagónico and its staff for providing facilities and logistic support, and also Mrs. Amos Chess, Vicente Hueche, Jorge Mendioroz, Victor Huentelaf and Pedro "Perico" Ibarra who allowed access to the study areas. Finally thanks to L. Cella, R. Loizaga de Castro for her language assistance, two anonymous reviewers and Dr. Henry Hagedorn for their valuable comments that improved the manuscript. G. Cheli was supported by a PhD fellowship awarded by CONICET. This work was declared of interest by the Administration of the Natural Protected Area Península Valdés.
[^1]: **Associate Editor:** Megha Parajulee was editor of this paper.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
Share this infographic on your site!
Source: BestPsychologyDegrees.com
Hoaxes: We’ve all fallen for them at one time or another.
There have always been hoaxes (even before the Internet):
Classic All-Time Hoaxes
1.The Turk
1770: The Turk was said to be a chess-playing automaton.
The machine consisted of a life-size model of an adult male, dressed in robes and a turban, as well as a cabinet measuring three feet long, two feet wide, and two and a half feet high, on top of the cabinet rested a chessboard.
When activated, the machine would go on to play a game of chess against a human opponent, winning more often than not. Capitalizing on the success of the show at Schönbrunn Palace, the Turk went on a tour of Europe throughout the 1780’s, defeating numerous challengers, including Napoleon Bonaparte and Benjamin Franklin. It was a complete hoax, while one of the front facing doors held all clockwork gears, there was a hidden compartment in which a chess master would sit, playing and controlling the Turk from within.
FACT: This ingenious hoax fooled the world for almost 100 years.
2. The Cardiff Giant
In 1869, tobacconist and atheist George Hull, after an argument regarding the passage in Genesis 6:4 stating that there were giants who once lived on Earth, devised an elaborate scheme which would come to be regarded as one of the most famous hoaxes in American History.
Hull hired masons to cut out a 10 foot block of gypsum which he claimed would be used for a monument to Abraham Lincoln. He transported the ‘giant’ to Cardiff, New York, where he had it buried .
A year later Newell hired men to dig a well at a specific spot on his property, and on October 16, 1869 they found the stone giant. The giant quickly became an attraction, Newell charged 50 cents for each person that wanted to see it. Hull eventually sold his share of the find for the tidy sum of $23,000 (Roughly equivalent to $400,000 in 2013)
FACT: The giant eventually drew the attention of P.T Barnum, who offered to buy it for $50,000.
3. The Surgeon’s Photograph of the Loch Ness Monster
(Search “The Surgeon’s Photograph” for image)
1934: The most famous photograph of the Loch Ness Monster, the Surgeon’s Photograph was supposedly taken in 1934 by a respectable British surgeon, Colonel Robert Wilson. He claimed that while driving past the Loch, he saw something in the water, and just happening to have a camera on hand decided to take some pictures.
FACT: For 60 years people debated over the photograph.
4. War of the Worlds
1938: On Oct. 38, Americans had their regularly scheduled radio broadcast interrupted by breaking news declaring that the Earth was under attack by Martians, many took it to be the truth. Hysteria ensued as thousands panicked, clogging roads, flooding police stations, newspaper offices, and radio stations with calls, or fleeing their homes entirely.
In fact: At the beginning of the show it was stated that the following program would be an adaptation of H.G Wells’ classic, The War of the Worlds, narrated by Orson Welles. Unfortunately, a great many people missed the beginning and only tuned in once the show had begun. So what is arguably the greatest hoax in the history of the world, wasn’t really a hoax at all. Just a case of unfortunate timing.
5. Hitler’s Diaries
1983: Germany’s Stern magazine announced that one of their reporters, Gerd Heidemann, had uncovered possibly the greatest piece of Nazi memorabilia in the world, the diaries of Adolf Hitler.
FACT: Stern paid 9.3 million German marks for the the sixty-two volumes. Within two weeks of Stern’s announcement, the German Federal Archives made an announcement of their own, that the diaries were fakes. Not just fakes, but terrible fakes, printed on modern paper and using modern ink. The editors of Stern resigned within hours.
5 infamous Internet hoaxes
1. Helicopter Shark
2001: This is the first true internet hoax. This image was passed around via email, along with the claim that it was National Geographic’s “Photo of the Year.”
The truth: The image is a composite of two separate images—one of a helicopter performing a training maneuver in front of the Golden Gate Bridge and an image of a great white shark taken in South Africa.
2. Lonely girl 15
2006: a 16-year-old girl began posting video blogs about her everyday life under the YouTube username “lonelygirl15.” The videos began to gain more and more of a following as Bree’s parents supposedly went missing.
The truth: It was outed as fictional four months after it began.
3. How to charge an iPod with an onion
2007: The mostly-joke how-to site Household Hacker hit the big time with their viral video that purportedly demonstrated how to charge an iPod using nothing but an onion and a glass of Gatorade. The got a ton of press and frustrated a lot of people who plugged their electronics into vegetables.
The truth: Busted by the Mythbusters.
4. Bieber goes bald.
2012: A photoshopped image of Entertainment Tonight’s Twitter feed began making rounds on the Internet in fall of 2012. The image showed apparent confirmation that Justin Bieber had been diagnosed with cancer, along with the hashtag #baldforbieber. The hashtag soon appeared with images of fans who had shaved their heads in support.
The truth: Bieber doesn’t have cancer.
5. Taylor Swift and the school for the deaf
2012, “VH1 Storytellers,” Papa John’s, and Chegg launched a competition saying Taylor Swift would perform at the school that received the most votes. Reddit and 4chan jumped at the opportunity to prank another celebrity, and it soon looked like the Horace Mann School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing would win.
The truth: After the overwhelming victory, Taylor Swift and her sponsors disqualified the school.
Why people create hoaxes:
To draw attention to your fraudulent skills. To gain financial benefits through deceit. Sociopathological hoaxers will either put their bait out and see who falls victim or target specific individuals to vilify or discredit, especially those who pose a threat (paranoia). To feed our secret prejudices and beliefs. This is one reason why many forged Old Masters look so ludicrous a generation or two after they were created. It’s fun to fool people.
Sources:
http://web.archive.org/web/ 20061010145636/mywebpages. comcast.net/scottandrewh/cg. htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Cardiff_Giant
http://bibliodyssey.blogspot. com/2007/12/turk-chess- automaton-hoax.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The_Turk#Revealing_the_secrets
http://www.newyorker.com/ online/blogs/books/2013/04/ diary-of-the-hitler-diary- hoax.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Hitler_Diaries#cite_note- McGrane-3
http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/ nessie.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Loch_Ness_Monster
http://news. nationalgeographic.com/news/ 2005/06/0617_050617_warworlds_ 2.html
http://www.howstuffworks.com/ science-vs-myth/everyday- myths/10-crazy-hoaxes.htm# page=1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The_War_of_the_Worlds_(radio_ drama)
http://listverse.com/2013/09/ 06/10-internet-hoaxes-and- pranks/
http://mashable.com/2009/07/ 15/internet-hoaxes/
http://www.paranormalnation. com.au/the_psychology_of_ hoaxing.html
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
The evolutionary impact of androgen levels on prostate cancer in a multi-scale mathematical model
Abstract
Background: Androgens bind to the androgen receptor (AR) in prostate cells and are essential survival factors for healthy prostate epithelium. Most untreated prostate cancers retain some dependence upon the AR and respond, at least transiently, to androgen ablation therapy. However, the relationship between endogenous androgen levels and cancer etiology is unclear. High levels of androgens have traditionally been viewed as driving abnormal proliferation leading to cancer, but it has also been suggested that low levels of androgen could induce selective pressure for abnormal cells. We formulate a mathematical model of androgen regulated prostate growth to study the effects of abnormal androgen levels on selection for pre-malignant phenotypes in early prostate cancer development.Results: We find that cell turnover rate increases with decreasing androgen levels, which may increase the rate of mutation and malignant evolution. We model the evolution of a heterogeneous prostate cell population using a continuous state-transition model. Using this model we study selection for AR expression under different androgen levels and find that low androgen environments, caused either by low serum testosterone or by reduced 5α-reductase activity, select more strongly for elevated AR expression than do normal environments. High androgen actually slightly reduces selective pressure for AR upregulation. Moreover, our results suggest that an aberrant androgen environment may delay progression to a malignant phenotype, but result in a more dangerous cancer should one arise.Conclusions: The model represents a useful initial framework for understanding the role of androgens in prostate cancer etiology, and it suggests that low androgen levels can increase selection for phenotypes resistant to hormonal therapy that may also be more aggressive. Moreover, clinical treatment with 5α-reductase inhibitors such as finasteride may increase the incidence of therapy resistant cancers.Reviewers: This article was reviewed by Ariosto S. Silva (nominated by Marek Kimmel) and Marek Kimmel.
title = "The evolutionary impact of androgen levels on prostate cancer in a multi-scale mathematical model",
abstract = "Background: Androgens bind to the androgen receptor (AR) in prostate cells and are essential survival factors for healthy prostate epithelium. Most untreated prostate cancers retain some dependence upon the AR and respond, at least transiently, to androgen ablation therapy. However, the relationship between endogenous androgen levels and cancer etiology is unclear. High levels of androgens have traditionally been viewed as driving abnormal proliferation leading to cancer, but it has also been suggested that low levels of androgen could induce selective pressure for abnormal cells. We formulate a mathematical model of androgen regulated prostate growth to study the effects of abnormal androgen levels on selection for pre-malignant phenotypes in early prostate cancer development.Results: We find that cell turnover rate increases with decreasing androgen levels, which may increase the rate of mutation and malignant evolution. We model the evolution of a heterogeneous prostate cell population using a continuous state-transition model. Using this model we study selection for AR expression under different androgen levels and find that low androgen environments, caused either by low serum testosterone or by reduced 5α-reductase activity, select more strongly for elevated AR expression than do normal environments. High androgen actually slightly reduces selective pressure for AR upregulation. Moreover, our results suggest that an aberrant androgen environment may delay progression to a malignant phenotype, but result in a more dangerous cancer should one arise.Conclusions: The model represents a useful initial framework for understanding the role of androgens in prostate cancer etiology, and it suggests that low androgen levels can increase selection for phenotypes resistant to hormonal therapy that may also be more aggressive. Moreover, clinical treatment with 5α-reductase inhibitors such as finasteride may increase the incidence of therapy resistant cancers.Reviewers: This article was reviewed by Ariosto S. Silva (nominated by Marek Kimmel) and Marek Kimmel.",
T1 - The evolutionary impact of androgen levels on prostate cancer in a multi-scale mathematical model
AU - Eikenberry, Steffen E.
AU - Nagy, John D.
AU - Kuang, Yang
PY - 2010/4/20
Y1 - 2010/4/20
N2 - Background: Androgens bind to the androgen receptor (AR) in prostate cells and are essential survival factors for healthy prostate epithelium. Most untreated prostate cancers retain some dependence upon the AR and respond, at least transiently, to androgen ablation therapy. However, the relationship between endogenous androgen levels and cancer etiology is unclear. High levels of androgens have traditionally been viewed as driving abnormal proliferation leading to cancer, but it has also been suggested that low levels of androgen could induce selective pressure for abnormal cells. We formulate a mathematical model of androgen regulated prostate growth to study the effects of abnormal androgen levels on selection for pre-malignant phenotypes in early prostate cancer development.Results: We find that cell turnover rate increases with decreasing androgen levels, which may increase the rate of mutation and malignant evolution. We model the evolution of a heterogeneous prostate cell population using a continuous state-transition model. Using this model we study selection for AR expression under different androgen levels and find that low androgen environments, caused either by low serum testosterone or by reduced 5α-reductase activity, select more strongly for elevated AR expression than do normal environments. High androgen actually slightly reduces selective pressure for AR upregulation. Moreover, our results suggest that an aberrant androgen environment may delay progression to a malignant phenotype, but result in a more dangerous cancer should one arise.Conclusions: The model represents a useful initial framework for understanding the role of androgens in prostate cancer etiology, and it suggests that low androgen levels can increase selection for phenotypes resistant to hormonal therapy that may also be more aggressive. Moreover, clinical treatment with 5α-reductase inhibitors such as finasteride may increase the incidence of therapy resistant cancers.Reviewers: This article was reviewed by Ariosto S. Silva (nominated by Marek Kimmel) and Marek Kimmel.
AB - Background: Androgens bind to the androgen receptor (AR) in prostate cells and are essential survival factors for healthy prostate epithelium. Most untreated prostate cancers retain some dependence upon the AR and respond, at least transiently, to androgen ablation therapy. However, the relationship between endogenous androgen levels and cancer etiology is unclear. High levels of androgens have traditionally been viewed as driving abnormal proliferation leading to cancer, but it has also been suggested that low levels of androgen could induce selective pressure for abnormal cells. We formulate a mathematical model of androgen regulated prostate growth to study the effects of abnormal androgen levels on selection for pre-malignant phenotypes in early prostate cancer development.Results: We find that cell turnover rate increases with decreasing androgen levels, which may increase the rate of mutation and malignant evolution. We model the evolution of a heterogeneous prostate cell population using a continuous state-transition model. Using this model we study selection for AR expression under different androgen levels and find that low androgen environments, caused either by low serum testosterone or by reduced 5α-reductase activity, select more strongly for elevated AR expression than do normal environments. High androgen actually slightly reduces selective pressure for AR upregulation. Moreover, our results suggest that an aberrant androgen environment may delay progression to a malignant phenotype, but result in a more dangerous cancer should one arise.Conclusions: The model represents a useful initial framework for understanding the role of androgens in prostate cancer etiology, and it suggests that low androgen levels can increase selection for phenotypes resistant to hormonal therapy that may also be more aggressive. Moreover, clinical treatment with 5α-reductase inhibitors such as finasteride may increase the incidence of therapy resistant cancers.Reviewers: This article was reviewed by Ariosto S. Silva (nominated by Marek Kimmel) and Marek Kimmel.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
INTRODUCTION {#s1}
============
Squat exercise is the most commonly used exercise among various weight training methods because it is easily accessible without using tools[@r1]^)^. Squat exercises strengthen the gluteal, quadriceps, and trunk muscles that are important for running, jumping, and lifting[@r2]^)^. It is a basic exercise that strengthens bone density, ligaments, and tendons, as well as training the lower body. Squat movement, a close kinetic exercise, causes ankle joint flexion, knee joint flexion together with hip joint flexion, and is conducive to joint compression force and co-contraction[@r3]^)^.
Therefore, squat movements are more advantageous than non-weight bearing exercises by moving many joints, mobilizing more muscles, and stimulating proprioceptive more strongly[@r4]^)^. However, the correct posture is important because the effect of squat exercise is influenced by posture, such as the lower extremity joints. In this regard, Tang et al.[@r5]^)^ experimented how muscle activation of the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis by squat-to-stand and stand-to-squat tasks was affected while changing the angle of the knee joint from 0 to 90 degrees in 15° increments. They reported the results of the study demonstrating that the highest muscle activation was observed at 60°. Park et al.[@r6]^)^ showed that the muscle activation of the biceps femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior increased as the knee flexion angle increased by 45°, 60°, and 90° when squatting against the wall.
Since squat movement is also related to maintaining posture, ground conditions can also affect squat movement. In this regard, Lim[@r7]^)^ compared squat movement on air cushions of different air pressures, specifically 0 mbar, 1 mbar, 2 mbar, and on stable ground at a knee flexion angle of 60°. He reported muscle activation of vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, gluteus maximus, and biceps femoris was higher in squatting on the air cushions than on the stable ground. Thus, previous studies have already demonstrated that the angle of the knee flexion and ground conditions affect squat movement.
Nevertheless, no studies have yet been performed that consider different knee flexion angles with ground conditions during squat exercises. Therefore, this study researched the most effective knee flexion angle for strengthening low-extremity muscles. At the same time, this study researched the effects of stable ground and unstable ground regarding for improving lower extremity muscle strength in squat exercise.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS {#s2}
====================
The subjects of this study were 15 female college students who were enrolled in S university in Busan and were able to perform squat movements and did not have surgery experience, orthopedic disease, or musculoskeletal impairment. The purpose of this study and the experimental method were explained to all study subjects. This study complied with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki, and written informed consent was obtained from each participant. The general characteristics of the subjects were mean age 21.5 ± 0.7 years, mean weight 59.4 ± 11.0 kg and average height 160.6 ± 10.6 cm. To measure the knee flexion angle, a goniometer (Professional Goniometer Set, PATTERSON MEDICAL, China) was used. Squats were performed from various poses and postures. Escamilla[@r2]^)^ separated squat movements depending on the angle of the knee, as mini squat (30°), semi squat (40−60°), half squat (70−100°), and deep squat (100°). In addition, Park et al.[@r8]^)^ reported that when the knee flexion angle was above 90°, muscle activation of the rectus femoris, the vastus medialis, and the vastus lateralis decreased.
Therefore, this study was conducted to examine changes of muscle activation of low-extremity muscles at different joint angles of 70°, 90°, and 100°, 70° being the minimum of the knee flexion angle of the half squat; 90° showing decrease of muscle activation, and 100° is the starting range of the deep squat.
The knee flexion angle was measured as the relative angle of the femur to the fibular, as suggested by Lee et al.[@r9]^)^ Electromyography measurements were performed on stable ground and on unstable ground using the surface electromyography (4D-MT & EMD-11, Relive, Korea). The surface of the stable ground was flat with no obstacles and balance pad (Aero Step, TOGU, Germany) was used as unstable ground. Electromyography measurements were performed with the knee flexion angles of 70°, 90°, and 100°, which were maintained for 5 seconds. A total of three measurements were made and a 5 minute break between the measurements was given. The subjects were verbally instructed to keep their arms straight forward, legs at shoulder width, gaze toward the front, and the back straight with knees bent. Measurement was performed at the angle with a paused posture. The joint angle was measured by the goniometer attached to the lateral side of the knee. The sampling rate of the signal of surface electromyography used in this study was 1,000 Hz, and the signals were filtered using 60 Hz analog notch filter and a 20−500 Hz digital band pass filter. The attachment site of the surface electrode was the right leg, the dominant leg of each subject.
Measured muscles were vastus medialis, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius. The muscle activation was determined by the root mean square (RMS) average value. The average value of the root mean square (RMS) values for three seconds was calculated by linear filtering the values of three measurement data for five seconds and excluding one second for each of the initial and late phases.
Data were analyzed by paired sample t-test to determine the difference of the value which was measured on both unstable ground and stable ground at each knee flexion angle. Then repeated measurement ANOVA test was performed to determine whether there was a difference in muscle activation according to the angle in each ground condition. Post analysis was performed using Bonferroni Correction. The statistical program used in this study was SPSSWIN (ver. 23.0), with a significance level α=0.05.
RESULTS {#s3}
=======
There was a difference in muscle activation of the vastus medialis according to the change of the knee flexion angle with stable ground (p\<0.05). Post analysis showed that muscle activation was greater at 90° and 100° than at 70° of the knee joint, but no difference was demonstrated between 90° and 100°.
On the other hand, on unstable ground, there was no apparent difference in muscle activation according to the angle change of the knee joint. In biceps femoris, there was no difference in muscle activation due to the angle change of the knee joint with both stable ground and unstable ground. In the tibialis anterior muscle, there was a difference in muscle activation according to the angle of the knee joint on stable ground (p\<0.05). Post analysis showed that there was no difference between knee flexion angle 70° and 90°, 90° and 100°, but muscle activation was greater at 100° than at 70°.
However, there was no difference in muscle activation according to the angle change with the unstable ground. In the case of the gastrocnemius, there was no difference in muscle activation according to the angle change of the knee joint with both the stable ground and the unstable ground. In addition, differences in muscle activation measured with the stable ground and the unstable ground at the different knee flexion angles were checked. The data show that there is no difference in muscle activation in the case of the vastus medialis, the biceps femoris, the tibialis anterior and the gastrocnemius according to the ground condition ([Table 1](#tbl_001){ref-type="table"}Table 1.The effect of knee flexion angle and ground condition on the muscle activation in the low-extremity muscle (Unit: mV)MuscleCondition70°90°100°Mean ± SDMean ± SDMean ± SDVastus medialisStable ground\*39.7 ± 12.5^a^48.5 ± 12.148.0 ± 13.6Unstable ground42.9 ± 14.248.0 ± 13.047.3 ± 14.7t−1.4000.3240.448p0.1830.7510.661Biceps femorisStable ground34.9 ± 30.539.0 ± 37.941.7 ± 37.6Unstable ground48.3 ± 34.745.7 ± 30.542.9 ± 22.7t−1.243−0.800−0.281p0.2340.4370.783Tibialis anteriorStable ground\*60.3 ± 22.7^b^68.5 ± 25.274.0 ± 23.9Unstable ground72.5 ± 23.372.3 ± 26.373.9 ± 22.4t−2.071−0.4410.008p0.0570.6660.994GastrocnemiusStable ground41.2 ± 29.743.7 ± 31.243.7 ± 27.6Unstable ground51.6 ± 26.754.2 ± 28.549.5 ± 28.4t−1.785−1.496−0.918p0.0960.1570.374\*p\<0.05 with Repeated ANOVA according to knee flexion angle^a^70°\<90°=100° by using Boneferroni Correction as post analysis^b^70°\<100°, 70°=90°, 90°=100° by using Boneferroni Correction as post analysis).
DISCUSSION {#s4}
==========
In this study, it was confirmed that muscle activation of the vastus medialis measured on stable ground was significantly increased at the knee flexion angles 90° and 100°, compared to 70°. Marchetti et al.[@r10]^)^ studied changes in muscle activation of the vastus medialis at the knee flexion angles 20°, 90°, and 140°. As a result, it reported that muscle activation was the highest at 90 °, which is the same as the result of this study. This result can be explained by the principle of the lever. In general, torque can be described as the amount of force multiplied by the distance from the line of action of the force to the axis of movement. When the knee flexion angle is 90°, the distance from the axis of movement to the line of action is the longest, resulting in maximum torque[@r11]^)^.
Therefore, this study and the study of Marchetti et al.[@r10]^)^ report that the knee flexion angle of 90° is a suitable joint angle for generating the maximum torque during squat movement.
In addition, muscle activation of the Tibialis anterior was increased at the knee flexion angles of 90° and 100° on stable ground. Park et al.[@r6]^)^ reported that muscle activation of the Tibialis anterior at the knee flexion angle 90° was higher than at 45° and 60°. These results show that as the angle of the knee joint increases, the center of gravity (COG) of the subject gradually moves away from the base of support (BOS) and the subject uses more force to maintain the center of gravity within the base of support for a stable pose[@r11]^)^. At this time, the ankle attempts to maintain balance using the ankle joint strategy in response to postural sway[@r12]^)^, and the balance against the alternating sway caused by the ankle joint strategy is dependent on alternating activation of the tibialis anterior and the gastrocnemius medialis[@r13]^)^. For this reason, it is clear from this study that the tibialis anterior is more activated when the center of gravity (COG) of the body moves backward, and this contributes to balance of the body.
In the case of biceps femoris, muscle activation increased as the angle increased, but there was no statistically significant difference. It appears that the quadriceps femoris was more active than biceps femoris because the muscle activation was measured while bending the knee joint for 5 seconds. And the muscle activation of gastrocnemius increased as the angle increased, but it did not show a statistically significant difference. This is because the region of the origin and of the insertion of the gastrocnemius is attached to the calcaneus starting from the back of the tibia and the fibular, so that the angle of the knee joint seems not to affect the gastrocnemius. Hence, in the case of squat movements on stable ground, the knee flexion angle from 90° to 100° is considered to be effective for the exercise of the vastus medialis and tibialis anterior because the knee flexion angle from 90° to 100° has the highest muscle activation in the vastus medialis, and the knee flexion angle of 90° has the highest muscle activation in the tibialis anterior. Checking the difference in muscle activation of the low-extremity muscles according to ground conditions, there was no difference in muscle activation of the vastus medialis, tibialis anterior, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius.
These results suggest that changes in the angle of the knee joint affect the muscle activation of the vastus medialis and tibialis anterior. It was found that as the joint angle increases, the muscle activation increases, while ground conditions do not affect muscle activation.
Therefore, it can be said that a squat posture is helpful to increase the muscle power of the vastus medialis and tibialis anterior. On the other hand, if the subject can safely balance on the balance pad, it is suggested that the he or she can squat at an angle of 70° on unstable ground. However, if the subject is unable to balance on the balance pad due to the lack of balance ability, it is reasonable to suggest he or she perform squat movements at the knee flexion angle 100° on stable ground. But for confirmation these facts various study will be needed more in the future.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
Malay (macrolanguage):
Hai
Ini adalah Atmuman
Hari ini..saya akan membuat ..
Pelanggan: Sila buat Billie untuk video seterusnya
Baiklah Mari buat Billie Eilish bersama
Saya akan menggunakan tanah liat kertas ini lagi
Mengapa saya selalu menggunakan tanah liat ini?
cuz Saya membeli Kotak dari tanah liat ini secara tidak sengaja (Terdapat lebih dari 30ea)
Tanah liat baru harus diuli agar menjadi tanah liat yang lembut
Buat alas berbentuk telur seperti biasa
Belum memikirkan modelnya. Cantikkan saja
Balut benang sehingga tanah liat tidak akan digoncang
pada penyepit kayu
Pada langkah ini, anda perlu memilih ukuran patung ini
Sekiranya anda ingin menjadikan kerja anda lebih besar, anda boleh membuat bentuk telur yang lebih besar
Anda belum perlu membuatnya kelihatan seperti wajah model
Sekiranya anda berusaha terlalu keras pada peringkat ini, anda mungkin akan mudah berhenti pada separuh masa
German:
Hallo
Das ist Atmuman
Heute ... werde ich machen ...
Abonnenten: Bitte machen Sie Billie für das nächste Video
Okay, lass uns Billie Eilish zusammen machen
Ich werde diesen Papierlehm wieder verwenden
Warum benutze ich diesen Ton immer?
Weil ich versehentlich eine Schachtel mit diesem Ton gekauft habe (es gibt mehr als 30ea)
Der neue Ton muss geknetet werden, um ein weicher Ton zu werden
Machen Sie wie gewohnt eine eiförmige Basis
Denken Sie noch nicht an das Modell. Mach es einfach schön
Wickeln Sie den Faden so ein, dass der Ton nicht geschüttelt wird
auf den hölzernen Stäbchen
In diesem Schritt müssen Sie die Größe dieser Skulptur auswählen
Wenn Sie Ihre Arbeit größer machen möchten, können Sie eine größere Eiform machen
Sie müssen noch nicht versuchen, es wie das Gesicht eines Models aussehen zu lassen
Wenn Sie sich zu diesem Zeitpunkt zu sehr anstrengen, können Sie leicht auf halbem Weg aufgeben
Arabic:
مرحبا
هذا Atmuman
اليوم .. سأصنع ..
المشتركون: الرجاء جعل بيلي للفيديو التالي
حسنا دعنا نجعل بيلي ايليش معا
سأستخدم الطين الورقي هذا مرة أخرى
لماذا أستخدم هذا الصلصال دائمًا؟
لأنني اشتريت صندوقًا من هذا الصلصال عن طريق الصدفة (هناك أكثر من 30 لكل وحدة)
يجب عجن الطين الجديد ليصبح طينًا ناعمًا
اصنع قاعدة على شكل بيضة كالمعتاد
لا تفكر في النموذج بعد. فقط اجعلها لطيفة
لف الخيط بحيث لا يهتز الطين
على عيدان خشبية
في هذه الخطوة ، تحتاج إلى اختيار حجم هذا النحت
إذا كنت ترغب في جعل عملك أكبر ، يمكنك جعل شكل بيضة أكبر
لست مضطرًا لمحاولة جعلها تبدو كوجه نموذج بعد
إذا حاولت بشدة في هذه المرحلة ، فقد تستسلم بسهولة في منتصف الطريق
Indonesian:
Hai
Ini Atmuman
Hari ini..Aku akan membuat ..
Pelanggan: Silakan buat Billie untuk video berikutnya
Oke, mari kita buat Billie Eilish bersama
Saya akan menggunakan kertas tanah liat ini lagi
Kenapa saya selalu menggunakan tanah liat ini?
karena saya membeli sekotak tanah liat ini secara tidak sengaja (Ada lebih dari 30ea)
Tanah liat baru harus diuleni agar menjadi tanah liat lunak
Buat alas berbentuk telur seperti biasa
Jangan pikirkan modelnya. Buat itu menyenangkan
Bungkus benang agar tanah liat tidak terguncang
pada sumpit kayu
Pada langkah ini, Anda harus memilih ukuran patung ini
Jika Anda ingin membuat pekerjaan Anda lebih besar, Anda bisa membuat bentuk telur yang lebih besar
Anda tidak perlu mencoba membuatnya terlihat seperti model
Jika Anda berusaha terlalu keras pada tahap ini, Anda mungkin dengan mudah menyerah di tengah jalan
Spanish:
Hola
Este es atmuman
Hoy ... voy a hacer ...
Suscriptores: por favor hagan Billie para el próximo video
Bien, hagamos que Billie Eilish juntos
Voy a usar esta arcilla de papel otra vez
¿Por qué siempre uso esta arcilla?
porque compré una caja de esta arcilla por accidente (hay más de 30ea)
La nueva arcilla tiene que ser amasada para convertirse en una arcilla blanda.
Haga una base en forma de huevo como de costumbre
No pienses en el modelo todavía. Solo hazlo bien
Envuelva el hilo para que la arcilla no se agite
en los palillos de madera
En este paso, debes elegir el tamaño de esta escultura
Si quieres hacer tu trabajo más grande, puedes hacer una forma de huevo más grande
Todavía no tienes que intentar que parezca la cara de una modelo
Si te esfuerzas demasiado en esta etapa, podrías rendirte fácilmente a la mitad
English:
Hi
This is Atmuman
Today..I'm gonna make..
Subscribers : Please make Billie for the next video
Okay Let's make Billie Eilish together
I'm gonna use this paper clay again
Why do I always use this clay?
cuz I bought a Box of this clay by accident (There is more than 30ea)
The new clay has to be kneaded in order to become a soft clay
Make an egg-shaped base as usual
Don't think about the model yet. Just make it nice
Wrap the thread so that the clay won't be shaken
on the wooden chopsticks
In this step, you need to choose the size of this sculpture
If you want to make your work bigger, you can make a bigger egg shape
You don't have to try to make it look like a model's face yet
If you try too hard at this stage, you might easily give up halfway
Italian:
Ciao
Questo è Atmuman
Oggi ... farò ..
Iscritti: crea Billie per il prossimo video
Ok, facciamo Billie Eilish insieme
Userò di nuovo questa argilla di carta
Perché uso sempre questa argilla?
perché ho comprato una scatola di questa argilla per caso (ce ne sono più di 30)
La nuova argilla deve essere impastata per diventare un'argilla morbida
Crea una base a forma di uovo come al solito
Non pensare ancora al modello. Fallo e basta
Avvolgi il filo in modo che l'argilla non venga agitata
sulle bacchette di legno
In questo passaggio, devi scegliere la dimensione di questa scultura
Se vuoi rendere il tuo lavoro più grande, puoi creare una forma di uovo più grande
Non devi ancora provare a farlo sembrare la faccia di una modella
Se ci provi troppo in questa fase, potresti facilmente rinunciare a metà
Turkish:
Selam
Bu Atmuman
Bugün .. Yapacağım ..
Aboneler: Lütfen sonraki video için Billie yapın
Tamam birlikte Billie Eilish yapalım
Bu kağıt kili tekrar kullanacağım
Neden her zaman bu kili kullanıyorum?
çünkü bu kilden bir kutu kazara aldım (30'dan fazla var)
Yumuşak kil olabilmek için yeni kil yoğrulur.
Her zamanki gibi yumurta şekilli bir taban yapın
Henüz modeli düşünmeyin. Sadece güzelleştir
Kil sarılmayacak şekilde ipliği sarın
ahşap çubuk üzerinde
Bu adımda, bu heykelin boyutunu seçmeniz gerekiyor
İşinizi büyütmek istiyorsanız, daha büyük bir yumurta şekli yapabilirsiniz
Henüz bir modelin yüzü gibi görünmeye çalışmanıza gerek yok
Bu aşamada çok fazla uğraşırsanız, kolayca yarı yolda vazgeçebilirsiniz
Thai:
สวัสดี
นี่คืออัตมาน
วันนี้ .. ฉันจะทำ ..
สมาชิก: โปรดสร้าง Billie สำหรับวิดีโอถัดไป
โอเคมาทำให้ Billie Eilish มารวมกัน
ฉันจะใช้ดินกระดาษนี้อีกครั้ง
ทำไมฉันถึงใช้ดินนี้อยู่เสมอ?
เพราะฉันซื้อกล่องดินนี้โดยไม่ตั้งใจ (มีมากกว่า 30ea)
ดินใหม่จะต้องนวดเพื่อให้เป็นดินอ่อน
ทำฐานรูปไข่ตามปกติ
ยังไม่ได้คิดเกี่ยวกับแบบจำลอง แค่ทำให้ดี
พันด้ายเพื่อไม่ให้ดินเหนียวสั่น
บนตะเกียบไม้
ในขั้นตอนนี้คุณต้องเลือกขนาดของรูปปั้นนี้
หากคุณต้องการทำให้งานของคุณใหญ่ขึ้นคุณสามารถสร้างไข่ให้ใหญ่ขึ้นได้
คุณไม่ต้องพยายามทำให้มันดูเป็นแบบอย่าง
หากคุณพยายามอย่างหนักในขั้นตอนนี้คุณอาจเลิกกลางคันได้อย่างง่ายดาย
Russian:
Привет
Это Атмуман
Сегодня .. Я собираюсь сделать ..
Подписчики: Пожалуйста, сделайте Билли для следующего видео
Хорошо, давайте сделаем Билли Эйлиш вместе
Я снова буду использовать эту бумажную глину
Почему я всегда использую эту глину?
Потому что я купил коробку из этой глины случайно (есть более 30ea)
Новая глина должна быть замешена, чтобы стать мягкой глиной
Сделайте яйцевидную основу как обычно
Пока не думай о модели. Просто сделай это красиво
Оберните нить так, чтобы глина не встряхивалась
на деревянных палочках
На этом этапе вам нужно выбрать размер этой скульптуры
Если вы хотите сделать свою работу больше, вы можете сделать яйцо больше
Вы не должны пытаться сделать его похожим на лицо модели.
Если вы слишком сильно постараетесь на этом этапе, вы можете легко сдаться на полпути
Japanese:
こんにちは
これはアトマンです
今日..作るつもり..
チャンネル登録者：次の動画でビリーを作ってください
では、一緒にビリー・アイリッシュを作ろう
またこの紙粘土を使います
なぜ私はいつもこの粘土を使うのですか？
偶然この粘土の箱を購入しました（30ea以上あります）
新しい粘土は、柔らかい粘土になるために混練する必要があります
いつものように卵型のベースを作ります
モデルについてはまだ考えないでください。素敵にして
粘土が揺れないように糸を包みます
木の箸に
このステップでは、この彫刻のサイズを選択する必要があります
作品を大きくしたい場合は、卵の形を大きくすることができます
まだモデルの顔のように見せようとする必要はありません
この段階で頑張ると、途中で簡単に諦めてしまうかもしれません
Portuguese:
Oi
Este é Atmuman
Hoje .. eu vou fazer ..
Inscritos: faça Billie para o próximo vídeo
Ok, vamos fazer Billie Eilish juntos
Vou usar essa argila de papel de novo
Por que eu sempre uso esse barro?
porque eu comprei uma caixa deste barro por acidente (há mais de 30ea)
A nova argila deve ser amassada para se tornar uma argila macia
Faça uma base em forma de ovo, como de costume
Não pense no modelo ainda. Apenas faça bem
Enrole o fio para que o barro não seja abalado
nos pauzinhos de madeira
Nesta etapa, você precisa escolher o tamanho dessa escultura
Se você quiser aumentar o seu trabalho, pode criar uma forma maior de ovo
Você não precisa tentar fazer com que pareça o rosto de uma modelo ainda
Se você se esforçar demais nesse estágio, pode desistir facilmente até a metade
French:
salut
C'est Atmuman
Aujourd'hui .. je vais faire ..
Abonnés: veuillez faire Billie pour la prochaine vidéo
D'accord, faisons ensemble Billie Eilish
Je vais utiliser à nouveau cette pâte à papier
Pourquoi est-ce que j'utilise toujours cette argile?
parce que j'ai acheté une boîte de cette argile par accident (il y en a plus de 30ea)
La nouvelle argile doit être pétrie pour devenir une argile molle
Faire une base en forme d'oeuf comme d'habitude
Ne pensez pas encore au modèle. Rends-le juste sympa
Enveloppez le fil pour que l'argile ne soit pas secouée
sur les baguettes en bois
Dans cette étape, vous devez choisir la taille de cette sculpture
Si vous voulez agrandir votre travail, vous pouvez faire une plus grande forme d'oeuf
Vous n'avez pas encore besoin de faire ressembler le visage d'un mannequin
Si vous essayez trop fort à ce stade, vous pourriez facilement abandonner à mi-chemin
Vietnamese:
Chào
Đây là Atmuman
Hôm nay..tôi sẽ làm ..
Người đăng ký: Vui lòng tạo Billie cho video tiếp theo
Được rồi, hãy cùng Billie Eilish
Tôi sẽ sử dụng đất sét giấy này một lần nữa
Tại sao tôi luôn sử dụng đất sét này?
Vì tôi đã mua một hộp đất sét này một cách tình cờ (Có hơn 30ea)
Đất sét mới phải được nhào để trở thành đất sét mềm
Tạo một cơ sở hình quả trứng như bình thường
Đừng nghĩ về mô hình nào. Chỉ cần làm cho nó tốt đẹp
Quấn sợi chỉ để đất sét không bị rung
trên đũa gỗ
Trong bước này, bạn cần chọn kích thước của tác phẩm điêu khắc này
Nếu bạn muốn làm cho công việc của bạn lớn hơn, bạn có thể làm cho hình dạng quả trứng lớn hơn
Bạn không cần phải cố gắng để làm cho nó trông giống như khuôn mặt của một người mẫu nào
Nếu bạn cố gắng quá sức ở giai đoạn này, bạn có thể dễ dàng bỏ cuộc giữa chừng
French:
Tu sais, parfois dans la vie,
Essayer d'être trop bon et de le gâcher
Rendons ces loisirs plus faciles
Grossièrement,
juste,
faire une sculpture
ajouter des oreilles
Fais-moi aussi un front.
En fait, j'aime la sensation de l'appliquer en douceur
J'utilise de l'argile comme ça, donc tu n'as pas à faire comme moi
Pensez aux caractéristiques de la tête d'un occidental
Désormais, retrouvez les caractéristiques du modèle et réalisez-le.
Quand il est trop mou, il n'est pas facile de réaliser des pièces délicates
J'ai donc essayé de le durcir et de le sculpter.
Il est confortable de creuser et de faire une narine avant de faire un nez.
Turkish:
Bilirsiniz, bazen hayatta,
Çok iyi olmaya çalışıyorum ve berbat et
Bu hobileri daha kolaylaştıralım
Kabaca,
sadece,
heykel yapmak
kulak ekle
Bana da aln ver.
Aslında, düzgün bir şekilde uygulama hissini seviyorum
Kili bu şekilde kullanıyorum, bu yüzden benim gibi yapmak zorunda değilsin
Bir Batılı şefin özelliklerini düşünün
Şu andan itibaren, lütfen modelin özelliklerini bulun ve yapın.
Çok yumuşak olduğunda hassas parçalar yapmak kolay değildir
Bu yüzden onu sertleştirmeye ve oymaya çalıştım.
Bir burun yapmadan önce bir burun deliği kazmak ve yapmak rahattır.
Arabic:
كما تعلم ، أحيانًا في الحياة ،
تحاول أن تكون جيدًا جدًا وتفسد الأمر
دعونا نجعل هذه الهوايات أسهل
بقسوة،
مجرد،
جعل النحت
إضافة آذان
اجعلني جبينًا أيضًا.
في الواقع ، أنا أحب الشعور بتطبيقه بسلاسة
أستخدم الطين مثل هذا ، لذلك لا يجب عليك أن تفعل مثلي
فكر في خصائص رأس الغربي
من الآن فصاعدًا ، يرجى العثور على خصائص النموذج وجعله.
عندما تكون ناعمة للغاية ، ليس من السهل عمل أجزاء دقيقة
لذلك حاولت أن أقويها ونحتها.
من المريح أن تحفر فتحات الأنف وتصنعها قبل صنع الأنف.
Thai:
คุณรู้บางครั้งในชีวิต
การพยายามทำตัวให้ดีเกินไป
มาทำให้งานอดิเรกนี้ง่ายขึ้น
ประมาณ
แค่,
ทำรูปปั้น
เพิ่มหู
ทำให้หน้าผากฉันเหมือนกัน
ที่จริงแล้วฉันชอบความรู้สึกของการใช้มันอย่างราบรื่น
ฉันใช้ดินแบบนี้ดังนั้นคุณไม่ต้องทำเช่นฉัน
คิดเกี่ยวกับลักษณะของหัวหน้าชาวตะวันตก
จากนี้ไปโปรดค้นหาลักษณะของแบบจำลองและสร้างมันขึ้นมา
เมื่อมันอ่อนเกินไปมันไม่ง่ายที่จะสร้างชิ้นส่วนที่บอบบาง
ดังนั้นฉันจึงพยายามทำให้แข็งและแกะสลัก
มันสะดวกสบายในการขุดและสร้างรูจมูกก่อนทำจมูก
Russian:
Знаешь, иногда в жизни,
Пытаться быть слишком хорошим и облажаться
Давайте сделаем это хобби проще
Грубо говоря,
просто,
сделать скульптуру
добавить уши
Сделай мне лоб тоже.
На самом деле, мне нравится ощущение его плавного применения
Я использую глину, как это, поэтому вы не должны делать, как я
Подумайте о характеристиках головы западного человека
Отныне, пожалуйста, найдите характеристики модели и сделайте это.
Когда он слишком мягкий, не легко сделать деликатные детали.
Поэтому я попытался укрепить его и вырезать.
Перед носом удобно копать и делать ноздрю.
Italian:
Sai, a volte nella vita,
Cercare di essere troppo bravo e rovinare tutto
Rendiamo questi hobby più facili
approssimativamente,
appena,
fare una scultura
aggiungi orecchie
Fammi anche una fronte.
In realtà, mi piace la sensazione di applicarlo senza problemi
Uso l'argilla in questo modo, quindi non devi fare come me
Pensa alle caratteristiche del capo di un occidentale
D'ora in poi, trova le caratteristiche del modello e crealo.
Quando è troppo morbido non è facile realizzare parti delicate
Quindi ho cercato di indurirlo e scolpirlo.
È comodo scavare e fare una narice prima di fare un naso.
English:
You know, sometimes in life,
Trying to be too good and screw it up
Let's make this hobbies easier
Roughly,
just,
make a sculpture
add ears
Make me a forehead, too.
Actually, I like the feeling of applying it smoothly
I use clay like this, so you don't have to do like me
Think about the characteristics of the head of a Westerner
From now on, please find the characteristics of the model and make it.
When it is too soft it is not easy to make delicate parts
So I tried to harden it and carved it.
It is comfortable to dig and make a nostril before making a nose.
Vietnamese:
Bạn biết đấy, đôi khi trong cuộc sống,
Cố gắng là quá tốt và làm hỏng nó lên
Hãy làm cho sở thích này dễ dàng hơn
Thô
chỉ,
làm một tác phẩm điêu khắc
thêm tai
Làm cho tôi một cái trán, quá.
Thật ra, tôi thích cảm giác áp dụng nó một cách trơn tru
Tôi sử dụng đất sét như thế này, vì vậy bạn không cần phải làm như tôi
Nghĩ về đặc điểm của người đứng đầu phương Tây
Từ bây giờ, xin vui lòng tìm các đặc điểm của mô hình và làm cho nó.
Khi nó quá mềm không dễ để tạo ra những bộ phận mỏng manh
Vì vậy, tôi đã cố gắng để làm cứng nó và khắc nó.
Thật thoải mái khi đào và làm một lỗ mũi trước khi làm mũi.
Spanish:
Ya sabes, a veces en la vida,
Tratando de ser demasiado bueno y arruinarlo
Hagamos que estos pasatiempos sean más fáciles
Aproximadamente,
sólo,
hacer una escultura
agregar orejas
Hazme una frente también.
En realidad, me gusta la sensación de aplicarlo suavemente
Yo uso arcilla así, así que no tienes que hacer como yo
Piensa en las características de la cabeza de un occidental
De ahora en adelante, encuentre las características del modelo y hágalo.
Cuando es demasiado suave, no es fácil hacer partes delicadas
Así que traté de endurecerlo y lo tallé.
Es cómodo cavar y hacer una nariz antes de hacer una nariz.
German:
Weißt du, manchmal im Leben,
Ich versuche zu gut zu sein und es zu vermasseln
Lassen Sie uns diese Hobbys einfacher machen
Grob,
gerade,
mache eine Skulptur
Ohren hinzufügen
Mach mir auch eine Stirn.
Eigentlich mag ich das Gefühl, es reibungslos anzuwenden
Ich benutze Ton wie diesen, also musst du mich nicht mögen
Denken Sie an die Eigenschaften des Kopfes eines Westlers
Finden Sie von nun an die Eigenschaften des Modells und machen Sie es.
Wenn es zu weich ist, ist es nicht einfach, empfindliche Teile herzustellen
Also habe ich versucht, es zu härten und zu schnitzen.
Es ist bequem zu graben und ein Nasenloch zu machen, bevor man eine Nase macht.
Japanese:
ご存知のように、時には人生の中で、
良くなりすぎてそれを台無しにしよう
この趣味を簡単にしましょう
だいたい
ただ、
彫刻を作る
耳を追加
私もおでこにします。
実は、スムーズに塗る感覚が好き
私はこのように粘土を使うので、私のようにする必要はありません
西洋人の頭の特徴を考える
これからモデルの特徴を見つけて作ってください。
柔らかすぎると繊細なパーツを作るのが難しい
だから固めてみました。
鼻を作る前に鼻孔を掘って作るのは快適です。
Portuguese:
Você sabe, às vezes na vida,
Tentando ser bom demais e estragar tudo
Vamos facilitar esses hobbies
Aproximadamente,
somente,
faça uma escultura
adicione ouvidos
Faça-me uma testa também.
Na verdade, eu gosto da sensação de aplicá-lo sem problemas
Eu uso argila assim, então você não precisa fazer como eu
Pense nas características da cabeça de um ocidental
A partir de agora, encontre as características do modelo e faça-o.
Quando é muito macio, não é fácil fazer peças delicadas
Então eu tentei endurecê-lo e esculpir.
É confortável cavar e fazer uma narina antes de fazer o nariz.
Malay (macrolanguage):
Anda tahu, kadang-kadang dalam hidup,
Berusaha terlalu baik dan kacau
Mari buat hobi ini lebih mudah
Secara kasar,
hanya,
membuat patung
tambah telinga
Jadikan saya dahi juga.
Sebenarnya, saya suka perasaan menerapkannya dengan lancar
Saya menggunakan tanah liat seperti ini, jadi anda tidak perlu melakukan seperti saya
Fikirkan tentang ciri-ciri ketua orang Barat
Mulai sekarang, cari ciri-ciri model dan membuatnya.
Apabila terlalu lembut tidak mudah membuat bahagian yang halus
Oleh itu, saya berusaha mengerasnya dan mengukirnya.
Adalah selesa untuk menggali dan membuat lubang hidung sebelum membuat hidung.
Indonesian:
Anda tahu, terkadang dalam hidup,
Berusaha menjadi terlalu baik dan mengacaukannya
Ayo buat hobi ini lebih mudah
Kurang lebih,
hanya,
membuat patung
tambahkan telinga
Buatkan aku dahi juga.
Sebenarnya, saya suka perasaan menerapkannya dengan lancar
Saya menggunakan tanah liat seperti ini, jadi Anda tidak harus seperti saya
Pikirkan tentang karakteristik kepala orang Barat
Mulai sekarang, silakan temukan karakteristik model dan buatlah.
Ketika terlalu lunak itu tidak mudah untuk membuat bagian-bagian yang halus
Jadi saya mencoba mengeraskannya dan mengukirnya.
Sangat nyaman untuk menggali dan membuat lubang hidung sebelum membuat hidung.
Turkish:
Pürüzlü yüzeyleri temizlemek ve bir iskelet oluşturmak için zımpara kağıdı kullanın.
ow, modelin genel yüzünü yapmak için gözler, burun ve ağız odaklanmak.
Bazı aboneler bazen soru soruyor.
(Ama neden başaramayacağımızı bilmesine rağmen neden nasıl yapılacağını açıklıyor?)
Tabii ki, benim gibi yapmak biraz zor olabilir,
Beni takip etmeye devam edersen, kendini tatmin edebilirsin.
Sert kile su uygularsanız tekrar yumuşar.
Bu yüzden yüzeyi düzeltmek için fırçaya su uyguladım.
Sert bir göz, burun ve ağız pozisyonunuz varsa, bunu açıklığa kavuşturmanın zamanı geldi.
Bu aşamada, modeli gözlemlemeye odaklanmanız gerekir.
Dudaklara biraz daha hacim ekledim.
Bu işi yapmak iki hafta sürdü.
English:
Use sandpaper to clean up rough surfaces and form a skeleton.
ow, focus on the eyes, nose, and mouth to make the overall face of the model.
Some of the subscribers ask questions sometimes.
(But why does he explain how to make it even though he knows we can't make it?)
Of course, it may be a little hard to make like me,
If you keep following me, you'll be able to make yourself satisfied.
If you apply water to the hard clay, it becomes soft again.
So I applied water to the brush to smooth the surface.
If you've got a rough eye, nose and mouth position, it's time to make it clear.
At this stage, you need to focus on observing the model.
I added a little more volume to the lips.
It took two weeks to make this work.
German:
Verwenden Sie Sandpapier, um raue Oberflächen zu reinigen und ein Skelett zu bilden.
Konzentrieren Sie sich nun auf Augen, Nase und Mund, um das gesamte Gesicht des Modells zu erhalten.
Einige Abonnenten stellen manchmal Fragen.
(Aber warum erklärt er, wie man es macht, obwohl er weiß, dass wir es nicht schaffen können?)
Natürlich kann es ein bisschen schwierig sein, wie ich zu machen,
Wenn Sie mir weiterhin folgen, können Sie sich zufrieden stellen.
Wenn Sie Wasser auf den harten Ton auftragen, wird er wieder weich.
Also habe ich Wasser auf den Pinsel aufgetragen, um die Oberfläche zu glätten.
Wenn Sie eine raue Augen-, Nasen- und Mundposition haben, ist es Zeit, dies klar zu machen.
In dieser Phase müssen Sie sich auf die Beobachtung des Modells konzentrieren.
Ich fügte den Lippen etwas mehr Volumen hinzu.
Es dauerte zwei Wochen, um diese Arbeit zu machen.
Italian:
Usa la carta vetrata per pulire le superfici ruvide e formare uno scheletro.
ow, concentrati su occhi, naso e bocca per creare il volto complessivo del modello.
Alcuni abbonati fanno domande a volte.
(Ma perché spiega come farlo anche se sa che non possiamo farcela?)
Certo, potrebbe essere un po 'difficile fare come me,
Se continui a seguirmi, sarai in grado di renderti soddisfatto.
Se applichi acqua all'argilla dura, questa diventa di nuovo morbida.
Quindi ho applicato dell'acqua sul pennello per levigare la superficie.
Se hai una posizione approssimativa di occhi, naso e bocca, è tempo di chiarire.
In questa fase, è necessario concentrarsi sull'osservazione del modello.
Ho aggiunto un po 'più di volume alle labbra.
Ci sono volute due settimane per farlo funzionare.
Japanese:
サンドペーパーを使用して、粗い表面をきれいにし、スケルトンを形成します。
それでは、モデルの顔全体を作るために、目、鼻、口に焦点を当てます。
一部の加入者は時々質問をします。
（しかし、私たちが作成できないことを知っているにもかかわらず、なぜ彼はそれを作成する方法を説明するのですか？
もちろん、私のように作るのは少し難しいかもしれませんが、
私をフォローし続けると、自分を満足させることができます。
固い粘土に水をかけると、やわらかくなります。
そこで、ブラシに水を塗って表面を滑らかにしました。
目、鼻、口の位置が粗い場合は、それを明確にする時です。
この段階では、モデルの観察に集中する必要があります。
唇にもう少しボリュームを加えました。
この作業に2週間かかりました。
Thai:
ใช้กระดาษทรายเพื่อทำความสะอาดพื้นผิวที่ขรุขระและสร้างโครงกระดูก
โอ๊ยให้ความสำคัญกับดวงตาจมูกและปากเพื่อทำให้ใบหน้าโดยรวมของโมเดล
สมาชิกบางคนถามคำถามบางครั้ง
(แต่ทำไมเขาอธิบายถึงวิธีการทำแม้ว่าเขาจะรู้ว่าเราไม่สามารถทำได้)
แน่นอนว่ามันอาจจะยากนิดหน่อยที่จะทำให้เหมือนฉัน
หากคุณติดตามฉันต่อไปคุณจะสามารถทำให้ตัวเองพอใจ
หากคุณใช้น้ำกับดินเหนียวมันจะนุ่มอีกครั้ง
ดังนั้นฉันจึงใช้น้ำกับแปรงเพื่อทำให้ผิวเรียบ
หากคุณมีตาที่หยาบกร้านจมูกและปากก็ถึงเวลาที่ต้องทำให้ชัดเจน
ในขั้นตอนนี้คุณจะต้องมุ่งเน้นไปที่การสังเกตแบบจำลอง
ฉันเพิ่มปริมาณเล็กน้อยบนริมฝีปาก
ใช้เวลาสองสัปดาห์ในการทำงานนี้
Malay (macrolanguage):
Gunakan kertas pasir untuk membersihkan permukaan kasar dan membentuk kerangka.
hai, fokus pada mata, hidung, dan mulut untuk menjadikan wajah keseluruhan model.
Sebilangan pelanggan kadang-kadang bertanya.
(Tetapi mengapa dia menjelaskan bagaimana membuatnya walaupun dia tahu kita tidak dapat membuatnya?)
Sudah tentu, agak sukar untuk dibuat seperti saya,
Sekiranya anda terus mengikuti saya, anda akan dapat membuat diri anda berpuas hati.
Sekiranya anda menggunakan air ke tanah liat keras, ia menjadi lembut kembali.
Oleh itu, saya menggunakan air ke berus untuk melicinkan permukaannya.
Sekiranya anda mempunyai kedudukan mata, hidung dan mulut yang kasar, inilah masanya untuk membuatnya jelas.
Pada peringkat ini, anda perlu fokus memerhatikan model tersebut.
Saya menambah sedikit kelantangan ke bibir.
Perlu dua minggu untuk membuat kerja ini.
Vietnamese:
Sử dụng giấy nhám để làm sạch các bề mặt gồ ghề và tạo thành bộ xương.
ow, tập trung vào mắt, mũi và miệng để làm cho khuôn mặt tổng thể của người mẫu.
Một số người đăng ký đôi khi đặt câu hỏi.
(Nhưng tại sao anh ta giải thích cách tạo ra nó mặc dù anh ta biết chúng ta không thể làm được?)
Tất nhiên, có thể hơi khó để làm như tôi,
Nếu bạn tiếp tục theo dõi tôi, bạn sẽ có thể khiến mình hài lòng.
Nếu bạn áp dụng nước vào đất sét cứng, nó sẽ trở nên mềm trở lại.
Vì vậy, tôi áp dụng nước vào bàn chải để làm mịn bề mặt.
Nếu bạn có một vị trí mắt, mũi và miệng thô ráp, đã đến lúc làm cho nó rõ ràng.
Ở giai đoạn này, bạn cần tập trung vào việc quan sát mô hình.
Tôi thêm một chút âm lượng cho đôi môi.
Phải mất hai tuần để thực hiện công việc này.
Spanish:
Use papel de lija para limpiar superficies rugosas y formar un esqueleto.
Ahora, concéntrese en los ojos, la nariz y la boca para hacer la cara general de la modelo.
Algunos de los suscriptores hacen preguntas a veces.
(¿Pero por qué explica cómo hacerlo aunque sepa que no podemos hacerlo?)
Por supuesto, puede ser un poco difícil de hacer como yo,
Si sigues siguiéndome, podrás satisfacerte.
Si aplica agua a la arcilla dura, se vuelve suave nuevamente.
Así que apliqué agua al pincel para alisar la superficie.
Si tiene una posición áspera en los ojos, la nariz y la boca, es hora de aclararlo.
En esta etapa, debe concentrarse en observar el modelo.
Agregué un poco más de volumen a los labios.
Me llevó dos semanas hacer que esto funcionara.
Arabic:
استخدم ورق الصنفرة لتنظيف الأسطح الخشنة وتشكيل هيكل عظمي.
التركيز على العين والأنف والفم لجعل الوجه العام للنموذج.
يسأل بعض المشتركين في بعض الأحيان أسئلة.
(لكن لماذا يشرح كيف يصنعها على الرغم من أنه يعلم أننا لا نستطيع فعلها؟)
بالطبع ، قد يكون من الصعب قليلاً صنع مثلي ،
إذا واصلت متابعتي ، فستكون قادرًا على إرضاء نفسك.
إذا قمت بتطبيق الماء على الطين الصلب ، فإنه يصبح طريًا مرة أخرى.
لذلك قمت بتطبيق الماء على الفرشاة لتنعيم السطح.
إذا كان لديك عين خشنة وأنف وفم ، فقد حان الوقت لتوضيح الأمر.
في هذه المرحلة ، تحتاج إلى التركيز على مراقبة النموذج.
أضفت المزيد من الحجم إلى الشفاه.
استغرق الأمر أسبوعين لجعل هذا العمل.
Portuguese:
Use uma lixa para limpar superfícies ásperas e formar um esqueleto.
Agora, foque nos olhos, nariz e boca para criar a face geral do modelo.
Alguns dos assinantes fazem perguntas às vezes.
(Mas por que ele explica como fazer isso, mesmo sabendo que não podemos fazê-lo?)
Claro, pode ser um pouco difícil de fazer como eu,
Se você continuar me seguindo, poderá ficar satisfeito.
Se você aplicar água à argila dura, ela ficará macia novamente.
Então eu apliquei água no pincel para suavizar a superfície.
Se você tem uma posição áspera nos olhos, nariz e boca, é hora de deixar isso claro.
Nesta fase, você precisa se concentrar em observar o modelo.
Eu adicionei um pouco mais de volume aos lábios.
Demorou duas semanas para fazer isso funcionar.
French:
Utilisez du papier de verre pour nettoyer les surfaces rugueuses et former un squelette.
ow, concentrez-vous sur les yeux, le nez et la bouche pour faire le visage global du modèle.
Certains abonnés posent parfois des questions.
(Mais pourquoi explique-t-il comment le faire même s'il sait que nous ne pouvons pas le faire?)
Bien sûr, ça peut être un peu difficile de faire comme moi,
Si vous continuez à me suivre, vous pourrez vous satisfaire.
Si vous appliquez de l'eau sur l'argile dure, elle redevient douce.
J'ai donc appliqué de l'eau sur le pinceau pour lisser la surface.
Si vous avez les yeux, le nez et la bouche rugueux, il est temps de le préciser.
À ce stade, vous devez vous concentrer sur l'observation du modèle.
J'ai ajouté un peu plus de volume aux lèvres.
Il a fallu deux semaines pour que cela fonctionne.
Indonesian:
Gunakan amplas untuk membersihkan permukaan kasar dan membentuk kerangka.
ow, fokus pada mata, hidung, dan mulut untuk membuat wajah keseluruhan model.
Beberapa pelanggan terkadang mengajukan pertanyaan.
(Tapi mengapa dia menjelaskan bagaimana membuatnya meskipun dia tahu kita tidak bisa membuatnya?)
Tentu saja, mungkin agak sulit untuk membuat seperti saya,
Jika Anda terus mengikuti saya, Anda akan dapat membuat diri Anda puas.
Jika Anda menerapkan air ke tanah liat yang keras, itu menjadi lunak lagi.
Jadi saya mengoleskan air ke sikat untuk menghaluskan permukaan.
Jika Anda memiliki posisi mata, hidung, dan mulut yang kasar, inilah saatnya untuk membuatnya jelas.
Pada tahap ini, Anda perlu fokus mengamati model.
Saya menambahkan sedikit volume ke bibir.
Butuh dua minggu untuk membuat ini bekerja.
Russian:
Используйте наждачную бумагу для очистки шероховатой поверхности и формирования каркаса.
Теперь сфокусируйтесь на глазах, носу и рте, чтобы создать общее лицо модели.
Некоторые из подписчиков иногда задают вопросы.
(Но почему он объясняет, как это сделать, хотя знает, что мы не можем это сделать?)
Конечно, это может быть немного трудно сделать, как я,
Если вы будете продолжать следовать за мной, вы сможете быть довольны собой.
Если вы нанесете воду на твердую глину, она снова станет мягкой.
Поэтому я применил воду к кисти, чтобы сгладить поверхность.
Если у вас плохое положение глаз, носа и рта, пришло время прояснить это.
На этом этапе вам необходимо сосредоточиться на наблюдении за моделью.
Я добавил немного больше объема к губам.
Потребовалось две недели, чтобы сделать эту работу.
Italian:
Penso che mi ci sia voluto più di una settimana per risolverlo in questa fase.
Nella descrizione dettagliata, la qualità degli occhi, del naso e della bocca è notevolmente aumentata per sembrare più realistica
Se organizzi i bordi o le linee,
È un aspetto molto più completo
Applicare argilla e spazzolare immediatamente per mantenere una superficie liscia
La superficie deve essere liscia per creare la forma esatta
Quando la forma delle labbra è completa, crea delle rughe sulle labbra
Ho anche chiarito le palpebre
Turkish:
Sanırım bu aşamada düzeltmem bir haftadan fazla sürdü.
Ayrıntılı açıklamada, daha gerçekçi görünmek için gözlerin, burnun ve ağzın kalitesi büyük ölçüde artırıldı
Kenarları veya çizgileri düzenlerseniz,
Çok daha eksiksiz bir görünüm
Pürüzsüz yüzeyi korumak için derhal kil ve fırça uygulayın
Kesin şekli oluşturmak için yüzeyin pürüzsüz olması gerekir
Dudakların şekli tamamlandığında, dudaklarda kırışıklıklar yapın
Ben de göz kapaklarını temizledim
Malay (macrolanguage):
Saya fikir saya memerlukan lebih dari seminggu untuk memperbaikinya pada tahap ini.
Dalam keterangan terperinci, kualiti mata, hidung, dan mulut sangat meningkat untuk kelihatan lebih realistik
Sekiranya anda mengatur bahagian tepi atau garis,
Ia adalah penampilan yang lebih lengkap
Sapukan tanah liat dan sikat segera untuk mengekalkan permukaan licin
Permukaannya perlu licin untuk membuat bentuk yang tepat
Apabila bentuk bibir lengkap, buat kerutan di bibir
Saya juga menjadikan kelopak mata jelas
Japanese:
この段階で修正するのに1週間以上かかったと思います。
詳細な説明では、目、鼻、口の質が大幅に向上し、よりリアルに見えます
エッジやラインを整理すると
それははるかに完全な外観です
粘土を塗ってすぐにブラシをかけ、滑らかな表面を維持します
正確な形状を作成するには、表面を滑らかにする必要があります
唇の形が完成したら、唇にしわを寄せます
まぶたも綺麗にしました
Vietnamese:
Tôi nghĩ rằng tôi đã mất hơn một tuần để sửa nó ở giai đoạn này.
Trong phần mô tả chi tiết, độ tinh xảo của mắt, mũi và miệng được tăng lên rất nhiều để trông thật hơn
Nếu bạn tổ chức các cạnh hoặc các dòng,
Đó là một cái nhìn đầy đủ hơn nhiều
Áp dụng đất sét và bàn chải ngay lập tức để duy trì bề mặt mịn
Bề mặt cần phải nhẵn để tạo hình chính xác
Khi hình dạng của đôi môi hoàn chỉnh, tạo nếp nhăn trên môi
Tôi cũng làm cho mí mắt rõ ràng
Thai:
ฉันคิดว่าใช้เวลานานกว่าหนึ่งสัปดาห์ในการแก้ไขในขั้นตอนนี้
ในรายละเอียดคำอธิบายคุณภาพของดวงตาจมูกและปากนั้นเพิ่มขึ้นอย่างมากเพื่อให้ดูสมจริงยิ่งขึ้น
หากคุณจัดระเบียบขอบหรือเส้น
มันดูสมบูรณ์มากขึ้น
ใช้ดินและแปรงทันทีเพื่อรักษาพื้นผิวเรียบ
พื้นผิวจะต้องเรียบเพื่อสร้างรูปร่างที่แน่นอน
เมื่อริมฝีปากมีรูปร่างที่สมบูรณ์แล้วทำให้เกิดริ้วรอยบนริมฝีปาก
ฉันยังทำให้เปลือกตาชัดเจน
Spanish:
Creo que me llevó más de una semana arreglarlo en esta etapa.
En la descripción detallada, la calidad de los ojos, la nariz y la boca aumenta considerablemente para parecer más realista.
Si organiza los bordes o las líneas,
Es un aspecto mucho más completo.
Aplique arcilla y cepille inmediatamente para mantener la superficie lisa.
La superficie debe ser lisa para crear la forma exacta.
Cuando la forma de los labios esté completa, haga arrugas en los labios.
También dejé los párpados claros
Indonesian:
Saya pikir butuh lebih dari seminggu untuk memperbaikinya pada tahap ini.
Dalam uraian terperinci, kualitas pelayanan mata, hidung, dan mulut sangat meningkat agar terlihat lebih realistis
Jika Anda mengatur tepi atau garis,
Tampilannya jauh lebih lengkap
Oleskan tanah liat dan sikat segera untuk menjaga permukaan halus
Permukaan harus halus untuk membuat bentuk yang tepat
Saat bentuk bibir sudah selesai, buat keriput di bibir
Saya juga membuat kelopak mata jelas
Russian:
Я думаю, что мне потребовалось больше недели, чтобы исправить это на этом этапе.
В подробном описании качество глаз, носа и рта значительно увеличено, чтобы выглядеть более реалистично
Если вы организуете края или линии,
Это гораздо более полный вид
Нанесите глину и кисть немедленно, чтобы сохранить гладкую поверхность
Поверхность должна быть гладкой, чтобы создать точную форму
Когда форма губ будет завершена, сделайте морщины на губах
Я также прояснил веки
French:
Je pense qu'il m'a fallu plus d'une semaine pour le réparer à ce stade.
Dans la description détaillée, la qualité des yeux, du nez et de la bouche est considérablement augmentée pour paraître plus réaliste
Si vous organisez les bords ou les lignes,
C'est un look beaucoup plus complet
Appliquer l'argile et brosser immédiatement pour maintenir une surface lisse
La surface doit être lisse pour créer la forme exacte
Lorsque la forme des lèvres est terminée, faites des rides sur les lèvres
J'ai aussi clarifié les paupières
Arabic:
أعتقد أن الأمر استغرق مني أكثر من أسبوع لإصلاحه في هذه المرحلة.
في الوصف التفصيلي ، يتم زيادة كوليتي العيون والأنف والفم بشكل كبير لتبدو أكثر واقعية
إذا قمت بتنظيم الحواف أو الخطوط ،
إنها نظرة أكثر اكتمالاً
ضعي الطين والفرشاة على الفور للحفاظ على سطح أملس
يجب أن يكون السطح سلسًا لإنشاء الشكل الدقيق
عندما يكتمل شكل الشفاه ، قم بعمل تجاعيد على الشفاه
أنا أيضا جعلت الجفون واضحة
German:
Ich glaube, ich habe mehr als eine Woche gebraucht, um das Problem zu beheben.
In der detaillierten Beschreibung wird die Qualität von Augen, Nase und Mund stark erhöht, um realistischer auszusehen
Wenn Sie die Kanten oder Linien organisieren,
Es sieht viel vollständiger aus
Tragen Sie Ton auf und bürsten Sie sofort, um eine glatte Oberfläche zu erhalten
Die Oberfläche muss glatt sein, um die genaue Form zu erhalten
Wenn die Form der Lippen vollständig ist, machen Sie Falten auf den Lippen
Ich habe auch die Augenlider klar gemacht
Portuguese:
Eu acho que demorei mais de uma semana para consertar isso nesta fase.
Na descrição detalhada, a qualidade dos olhos, nariz e boca aumenta bastante para parecer mais realista
Se você organizar as arestas ou as linhas,
É uma aparência muito mais completa
Aplique argila e pincele imediatamente para manter a superfície lisa
A superfície precisa ser lisa para criar a forma exata
Quando o formato dos lábios estiver completo, faça rugas nos lábios
Eu também deixei as pálpebras claras
English:
I think it took me more than a week to fix it at this stage.
In the detailed description, the qulity of the eyes, nose, and mouth is greatly increased to look more realistic
If you organize the edges or the lines,
It's a much more complete look
Apply clay and brush immediately to maintain smooth surface
The surface needs to be smooth to create the exact shape
When the shape of the lips is complete, make wrinkles on the lips
I also made the eyelids clear
Italian:
È naturale quando fai ogni sopracciglio
La direzione in cui crescono le sopracciglia può anche influenzare l'immagine del modello
È un po 'tardi, ma proverò a fare orecchie.
L'orecchio sembra facile, ma in realtà è difficile da realizzare
Non avere fretta e fallo lentamente
I principianti possono fare un solo orecchio per tutta la settimana.
Ora vado a farmi i capelli
È facile fare schizzi prima di applicare l'argilla
Questa volta, farò acconciatura legata
Nelle prime fasi, è necessario concentrarsi su grandi fronzoli
Ora vado a fare il collo e una spalla.
Pensa alla postura del modello quando fai parte del collo
Thai:
มันเป็นเรื่องธรรมชาติเมื่อคุณทำคิ้วแต่ละข้าง
ทิศทางที่ขนคิ้วโตขึ้นสามารถส่งผลกระทบต่อภาพลักษณ์ของนางแบบได้เช่นกัน
มันสายไปหน่อย แต่ฉันจะพยายามทำหู
หูดูง่าย แต่จริงๆแล้วมันยากที่จะทำ
อย่ารีบร้อนและทำให้ช้าลง
ผู้เริ่มต้นสามารถทำหูเดียวตลอดทั้งสัปดาห์
ตอนนี้ฉันจะทำให้ผมของมัน
ง่ายต่อการร่างก่อนที่จะใช้ดินเหนียว
คราวนี้ฉันจะทำทรงผมผูก
ในระยะแรกคุณต้องมุ่งเน้นไปที่ความใหญ่โต
ตอนนี้ฉันจะทำคอและไหล่
คิดถึงท่าทางของนางแบบเมื่อคุณทำส่วนคอ
Indonesian:
Wajar jika Anda membuat setiap alis
Arah pertumbuhan alis juga dapat memengaruhi citra model
Ini sedikit terlambat, tetapi saya akan mencoba membuat telinga.
Telinga terlihat mudah, tetapi sebenarnya sulit dibuat
Jangan terburu-buru dan lakukan perlahan
Pemula dapat membuat satu telinga sepanjang minggu.
Sekarang saya akan membuat rambutnya
Sangat mudah untuk membuat sketsa sebelum menerapkan tanah liat
Kali ini, saya akan membuat gaya rambut yang diikat
Pada tahap awal, Anda harus fokus pada embel-embel besar
Sekarang saya akan membuat leher dan bahu.
Pikirkan tentang postur model ketika Anda membuat bagian leher
Spanish:
Es natural cuando haces cada ceja
La dirección en la que crecen las cejas también puede afectar la imagen del modelo.
Es un poco tarde, pero intentaré hacer orejas.
El oído se ve fácil, pero en realidad es difícil de hacer
No tengas prisa y hazlo lentamente
Los principiantes pueden hacer una sola oreja durante toda la semana.
Ahora me voy a hacer el pelo
Es fácil dibujar antes de aplicar arcilla
Esta vez, voy a hacer un peinado atado
En las primeras etapas, debes concentrarte en los grandes volantes
Ahora voy a hacer un cuello y un hombro.
Piensa en la postura de la modelo cuando hagas parte del cuello
Malay (macrolanguage):
Adalah wajar apabila anda membuat setiap alis
Arah di mana alis tumbuh juga dapat mempengaruhi imej model
Ia agak lewat, tetapi saya akan cuba membuat telinga.
Telinga kelihatan mudah, tetapi sebenarnya sukar dibuat
Jangan terburu-buru dan buat perlahan-lahan
Pemula boleh membuat telinga tunggal sepanjang minggu.
Sekarang saya akan membuat rambutnya
Sangat mudah untuk membuat lakaran sebelum menggunakan tanah liat
Kali ini, saya akan membuat gaya rambut yang diikat
Pada peringkat awal, anda perlu menumpukan perhatian pada perbelanjaan besar
Sekarang saya akan membuat leher dan bahu.
Fikirkan tentang postur model ketika anda membuat bahagian leher
Portuguese:
É natural quando você faz cada sobrancelha
A direção na qual as sobrancelhas crescem também pode afetar a imagem do modelo
É um pouco tarde, mas vou tentar fazer ouvidos.
O ouvido parece fácil, mas é realmente difícil de fazer
Não tenha pressa e vá devagar
Iniciantes podem fazer uma única orelha durante toda a semana.
Agora eu vou fazer o cabelo
É fácil esboçar antes de aplicar argila
Desta vez, eu vou fazer penteado amarrado
Nos estágios iniciais, você precisa se concentrar nos grandes babados
Agora eu vou fazer pescoço e ombro.
Pense na postura do modelo ao fazer parte do pescoço
Russian:
Это естественно, когда вы делаете каждую бровь
Направление, в котором растут брови, также может влиять на изображение модели.
Уже немного поздно, но я постараюсь сделать уши.
Ухо выглядит легко, но на самом деле это трудно сделать
Не спешите и делайте это медленно
Начинающие могут делать одно ухо всю неделю.
Теперь я собираюсь сделать свою прическу
Это легко сделать эскиз перед применением глины
На этот раз я собираюсь сделать прическу
На ранних этапах вам нужно сосредоточиться на больших изысках
Теперь я собираюсь сделать шею и плечо.
Подумайте о позе модели, когда вы делаете шею частью
French:
C'est naturel quand on fait chaque sourcil
La direction dans laquelle les sourcils grandissent peut également affecter l'image du modèle
Il est un peu tard, mais je vais essayer de faire des oreilles.
L'oreille a l'air facile, mais c'est en fait difficile à faire
Ne soyez pas pressé et faites-le lentement
Les débutants peuvent faire une seule oreille toute la semaine.
Maintenant je vais faire ses cheveux
Il est facile de dessiner avant d'appliquer de l'argile
Cette fois, je vais faire un style de cheveux attachés
Dans les premiers stades, vous devez vous concentrer sur les gros fioritures
Maintenant, je vais faire un cou et une épaule.
Pensez à la posture du modèle lorsque vous faites une partie du cou
Turkish:
Her kaş yaptığınızda doğal
Kaşların büyüdüğü yön modelin görüntüsünü de etkileyebilir
Biraz geç oldu, ama kulak yapmaya çalışacağım.
Kulak kolay görünüyor, ama aslında zor
Acele etme ve yavaşça yapma
Yeni başlayanlar hafta boyunca tek bir kulak yapabilir.
Şimdi saçını yapacağım
Kil uygulamadan önce eskiz yapmak kolaydır
Bu sefer, bağlı saç stili yapacağım
Erken aşamalarda, büyük fırfırlara odaklanmanız gerekir
Şimdi boyun ve omuz yapacağım.
Boyun kısmı yaptığınızda modelin duruşunu düşünün
Vietnamese:
Thật tự nhiên khi bạn thực hiện mỗi lông mày
Hướng mà lông mày mọc cũng có thể ảnh hưởng đến hình ảnh của người mẫu
Hơi muộn một chút, nhưng tôi sẽ thử làm tai.
Tai có vẻ dễ dàng, nhưng thực sự rất khó để thực hiện
Đừng vội vàng và làm cho nó chậm
Người mới bắt đầu có thể làm một tai duy nhất trong cả tuần.
Bây giờ tôi sẽ làm tóc của nó
Thật dễ dàng để phác thảo trước khi áp dụng đất sét
Lần này, tôi sẽ tạo kiểu tóc buộc
Trong giai đoạn đầu, bạn cần tập trung vào các diềm lớn
Bây giờ tôi sẽ làm cổ và vai.
Hãy suy nghĩ về tư thế của người mẫu khi bạn làm phần cổ
German:
Es ist natürlich, wenn Sie jede Augenbraue machen
Die Richtung, in die die Augenbrauen wachsen, kann auch das Bild des Modells beeinflussen
Es ist etwas spät, aber ich werde versuchen, Ohren zu machen.
Das Ohr sieht einfach aus, ist aber eigentlich schwer zu machen
Beeilen Sie sich nicht und machen Sie es langsam
Anfänger können die ganze Woche über ein Ohr machen.
Jetzt werde ich seine Haare machen
Es ist einfach zu skizzieren, bevor Ton aufgetragen wird
Dieses Mal werde ich gebundene Frisur machen
In der Anfangsphase müssen Sie sich auf die großen Schnickschnack konzentrieren
Jetzt mache ich Hals und Schulter.
Denken Sie an die Haltung des Modells, wenn Sie das Nackenteil herstellen
Arabic:
من الطبيعي عند رسم كل حاجب
يمكن أن يؤثر الاتجاه الذي ينمو فيه الحاجبين أيضًا على صورة النموذج
لقد تأخر الوقت قليلاً ، لكنني سأحاول جعل الأذنين.
تبدو الأذن سهلة ، ولكن يصعب صنعها في الواقع
لا تتعجل واجعله ببطء
يمكن للمبتدئين صنع أذن واحدة طوال الأسبوع.
الآن سأقوم بعمل شعرها
من السهل أن ترسم قبل تطبيق الطين
هذه المرة ، سأقوم بعمل أسلوب شعر مقيد
في المراحل المبكرة ، تحتاج إلى التركيز على الرتوش الكبيرة
الآن سأقوم بعمل الرقبة والكتف.
فكر في وضع النموذج عند عمل جزء من الرقبة
English:
It's natural when you make each eyebrow
The direction in which the eyebrows grow can also affect the image of the model
It's a little late, but I'll try making ears.
The ear looks easy, but it's actually hard to make
Don't be in a hurry and make it slowly
Beginners can make a single ear all week long.
Now I'm going to make its hair
It's easy to sketch before applying clay
This time, I'm going to make tied hair style
In the early stages, you need to focus on the big frills
Now I'm going to make neck and a shoulder.
Think about the posture of the model when you make neck part
Japanese:
眉毛ひとつひとつ作るのは当たり前
眉が伸びる方向もモデルのイメージに影響を与える可能性があります
少し遅いですが、耳を作ってみます。
耳は簡単に見えますが、実際には作るのは難しいです
急がずにゆっくりと作ってください
初心者は一週間中片耳を作ることができます。
これから髪を作ります
粘土を塗る前にスケッチするのは簡単です
今回は結んだ髪型にします
初期段階では、大きなフリルに集中する必要があります
これから首と肩を作ります。
首部分を作るときのモデルの姿勢を考える
Turkish:
Aynı şekilde, yüzeyi temizlemek için zımpara kağıdı kullanılır
Saç stilini değiştirdim çünkü bağlı bir saçı ifade etmek zordu
Kulaklarım gitti
(Kesinlikle kulaklarımı yaptım ...)
Şimdi, lütfen her saç yapmak
Saç kalıcılık ve sabırla yapılacaktır.
Lütfen bir fırça ile bitirin.
Şimdi bir heykel inşa etmek için bir sütun yapacağım
Elektrikli matkap olmadan yeterli yapabilir
Matkaplar daha kolay ve daha hızlı hale getirir
Yumuşak kil ile şekil verin
Sertleştiğinde, zımpara kağıdı ile hassas bir eğri yapın
Son olarak, su uygulayın ve pürüzsüz bir şekilde bitirin
O kadar zor değil, değil mi?
Indonesian:
Demikian juga, amplas digunakan untuk membersihkan permukaan
Saya mengubah gaya rambut karena sulit untuk mengekspresikan rambut yang diikat
Telingaku hilang
(Aku pasti membuat telingaku ...)
Sekarang, tolong buat setiap rambut
Rambut akan dilakukan dengan membuatnya dengan ketekunan dan kesabaran
Silakan selesaikan dengan kuas.
Sekarang saya akan membuat pilar untuk membangun patung
Itu bisa menghasilkan cukup tanpa bor listrik
Latihan membuatnya lebih mudah dan lebih cepat
Buat bentuk dengan tanah liat lunak
Saat mengeras, buat kurva halus dengan amplas
Terakhir, oleskan air dan selesaikan dengan lancar
Tidak sesulit itu, kan?
English:
Likewise, sandpaper is used to clean up the surface
I changed the hairstyle because it was hard to express a tied hair
My ears are gone
(I definitely made my ears...)
Now, please make the each hair
Hair will be done by making it with persistence and patience
Please finish with a brush.
Now I'm going to make a pillar to build a sculpture
It can make enough without an electric drill
Drills make it easier and faster
Make a shape with soft clay
When it hardened, make a delicate curve with sandpaper
Lastly, apply water and finish smoothly
It's not that hard, is it?
Portuguese:
Da mesma forma, a lixa é usada para limpar a superfície
Eu mudei o penteado porque era difícil expressar um cabelo amarrado
Meus ouvidos se foram
(Eu definitivamente fiz meus ouvidos ...)
Agora, por favor, faça cada cabelo
O cabelo será feito com persistência e paciência
Por favor termine com um pincel.
Agora eu vou fazer um pilar para construir uma escultura
Pode fazer o suficiente sem uma furadeira elétrica
As brocas tornam mais fácil e rápido
Faça uma forma com argila macia
Quando endurecer, faça uma curva delicada com lixa
Por fim, aplique água e finalize suavemente
Não é tão difícil, é?
Vietnamese:
Tương tự như vậy, giấy nhám được sử dụng để làm sạch bề mặt
Tôi đã thay đổi kiểu tóc vì rất khó để thể hiện một mái tóc buộc
Tai tôi đã biến mất
(Tôi chắc chắn đã làm cho tai của tôi ...)
Bây giờ, hãy làm cho từng sợi tóc
Tóc sẽ được thực hiện bằng cách làm cho nó với sự kiên trì và kiên nhẫn
Hãy hoàn thành với một bàn chải.
Bây giờ tôi sẽ làm một trụ cột để xây dựng một tác phẩm điêu khắc
Nó có thể làm đủ mà không cần khoan điện
Mũi khoan làm cho nó dễ dàng hơn và nhanh hơn
Tạo hình bằng đất sét mềm
Khi nó cứng lại, tạo một đường cong tinh tế bằng giấy nhám
Cuối cùng, áp dụng nước và kết thúc thuận lợi
Nó không khó lắm phải không?
Japanese:
同様に、紙やすりは表面をきれいにするのに使用されています
結んだ髪が表現しづらかったので髪型を変えました
耳がなくなった
（私は間違いなく耳を作りました...）
さあ、それぞれの髪を作ってください
髪は粘り強さと忍耐力で作ることによって行われます
ブラシで仕上げてください。
今から柱を作って彫刻を作ります
電気ドリルがなくても十分に作れます
ドリルで簡単かつ高速に
やわらかい粘土で形を作る
固まったらサンドペーパーで微妙なカーブを描く
最後に水を塗ってスムーズに仕上げます
それほど難しいことではありませんか？
Spanish:
Asimismo, se usa papel de lija para limpiar la superficie.
Cambié el peinado porque era difícil expresar un cabello atado
Mis orejas se han ido
(Definitivamente hice mis oídos ...)
Ahora, por favor haz que cada cabello
El cabello se hará al hacerlo con persistencia y paciencia.
Por favor termina con un pincel.
Ahora voy a hacer un pilar para construir una escultura.
Puede hacer lo suficiente sin un taladro eléctrico
Los taladros lo hacen más fácil y rápido
Haz una forma con arcilla blanda
Cuando se endurezca, haga una curva delicada con papel de lija
Por último, aplique agua y termine suavemente
No es tan difícil, ¿verdad?
Malay (macrolanguage):
Begitu juga, kertas pasir digunakan untuk membersihkan permukaan
Saya mengubah gaya rambut kerana sukar untuk mengekspresikan rambut yang diikat
Telinga saya hilang
(Saya pasti membuat telinga ...)
Sekarang, sila buat setiap rambut
Rambut akan dilakukan dengan membuatnya dengan gigih dan sabar
Sila selesaikan dengan berus.
Sekarang saya akan membuat tiang untuk membina patung
Ia dapat membuat cukup tanpa gerudi elektrik
Latihan menjadikannya lebih mudah dan pantas
Buat bentuk dengan tanah liat lembut
Apabila mengeras, buat lekukan halus dengan kertas pasir
Akhir sekali, sapukan air dan selesaikan dengan lancar
Ia tidak begitu sukar, bukan?
Italian:
Allo stesso modo, la carta vetrata viene utilizzata per pulire la superficie
Ho cambiato l'acconciatura perché era difficile esprimere un capello legato
Le mie orecchie sono sparite
(Ho sicuramente fatto le mie orecchie ...)
Ora, per favore, prepara i capelli
I capelli saranno fatti rendendoli con persistenza e pazienza
Per favore, finisci con un pennello.
Ora farò un pilastro per costruire una scultura
Può fare abbastanza senza un trapano elettrico
I trapani lo rendono più facile e veloce
Crea una forma con argilla morbida
Quando indurito, fai una curva delicata con carta vetrata
Infine, applicare acqua e finire senza problemi
Non è così difficile, vero?
Thai:
ในทำนองเดียวกันกระดาษทรายจะใช้ในการทำความสะอาดพื้นผิว
ฉันเปลี่ยนทรงผมเพราะมันยากที่จะแสดงให้เห็นถึงการผูกผม
หูของฉันหายไปแล้ว
(ฉันทำหูของฉันแน่นอน ... )
ตอนนี้โปรดทำให้ผมแต่ละคน
ผมจะทำโดยการทำมันด้วยความเพียรและความอดทน
กรุณาจบด้วยแปรง
ตอนนี้ฉันจะสร้างเสาเพื่อสร้างประติมากรรม
มันสามารถทำให้เพียงพอโดยไม่ต้องใช้สว่านไฟฟ้า
การฝึกซ้อมทำให้ง่ายขึ้นและเร็วขึ้น
ทำรูปร่างด้วยดินเหนียวอ่อน
เมื่อแข็งแล้วให้ทำเส้นโค้งที่ละเอียดอ่อนด้วยกระดาษทราย
สุดท้ายใช้น้ำและเสร็จอย่างราบรื่น
มันไม่ยากใช่ไหม?
French:
De même, du papier de verre est utilisé pour nettoyer la surface
J'ai changé de coiffure car il était difficile d'exprimer un cheveu attaché
Mes oreilles sont parties
(J'ai définitivement fait mes oreilles ...)
Maintenant, veuillez faire les cheveux
Les cheveux seront faits en les faisant avec persévérance et patience
Veuillez terminer avec un pinceau.
Maintenant, je vais faire un pilier pour construire une sculpture
Il peut en faire assez sans perceuse électrique
Les exercices facilitent et accélèrent
Faites une forme avec de l'argile molle
Quand il a durci, faites une courbe délicate avec du papier de verre
Enfin, appliquez de l'eau et finissez en douceur
Ce n'est pas si difficile, non?
German:
Ebenso wird Sandpapier verwendet, um die Oberfläche zu reinigen
Ich habe die Frisur geändert, weil es schwierig war, ein gebundenes Haar auszudrücken
Meine Ohren sind weg
(Ich habe definitiv meine Ohren gemacht ...)
Nun machen Sie bitte jedes Haar
Das Haar wird mit Ausdauer und Geduld gemacht
Bitte beenden Sie mit einem Pinsel.
Jetzt werde ich eine Säule bauen, um eine Skulptur zu bauen
Ohne Bohrmaschine kann es genug machen
Bohrer machen es einfacher und schneller
Machen Sie eine Form mit weichem Ton
Wenn es ausgehärtet ist, machen Sie mit Sandpapier eine zarte Kurve
Zuletzt Wasser auftragen und glatt abschließen
Es ist nicht so schwer, oder?
Arabic:
وبالمثل ، يتم استخدام ورق الصنفرة لتنظيف السطح
لقد غيرت تصفيفة الشعر لأنه كان من الصعب التعبير عن شعر مربوط
ذهبت أذني
(لقد جعلت أذني بالتأكيد ...)
الآن ، يرجى جعل كل شعرة
سوف يتم الشعر بجعله بإصرار وصبر
يرجى الانتهاء بفرشاة.
الآن سأقوم بعمل عمود لبناء النحت
يمكنها صنع ما يكفي بدون مثقاب كهربائي
التدريبات تجعلها أسهل وأسرع
اصنع شكل مع الطين الطري
عندما تصلب ، قم بعمل منحنى دقيق باستخدام ورق الصنفرة
أخيرًا ، ضع الماء وانتهي بسلاسة
ليس الأمر صعبًا ، أليس كذلك؟
Russian:
Кроме того, наждачная бумага используется для очистки поверхности
Я изменил прическу, потому что было трудно выразить прическу
Мои уши исчезли
(Я определенно сделал мои уши ...)
Теперь, пожалуйста, сделайте каждый волос
Волосы будут сделаны, делая это с настойчивостью и терпением
Пожалуйста, закончите с кистью.
Теперь я собираюсь сделать столб для создания скульптуры
Это может сделать достаточно без электрической дрели
Тренировки делают это проще и быстрее
Сделай форму с мягкой глиной
Когда она затвердеет, сделайте тонкий изгиб наждачной бумагой
Наконец, примените воду и закончите гладко
Это не так сложно, не так ли?
Arabic:
الآن ستقوم بتوصيل العمود بالرأس
املأ الحفرة بالطين
جعل الباقي في الطين
يرجى تنعيم السطح بورق الصنفرة
تم الانتهاء من النحت أخيرا
سأقوم بتلوينها الآن
يرجى إعداد الطلاء قبل التلوين
الآن سأقوم بتلوينها بألوان أساسية
إذا كنت نموذجًا يقوم عادة بعمل مكياج ، فإنه يحتاج إلى طلاء لون المكياج
Indonesian:
Sekarang akan menghubungkan pilar ke kepala
Isi lubang dengan tanah liat
Buat sisanya menjadi tanah liat
Silakan menghaluskan permukaan dengan amplas
Patung itu akhirnya selesai
Saya akan mewarnai sekarang
Silakan siapkan cat sebelum mewarnai
Sekarang saya akan mewarnainya dalam warna dasar
Jika Anda seorang model yang biasanya melakukan riasan, perlu melukis warna riasan
Italian:
Ora collegherà il pilastro alla testa
Riempi il buco con l'argilla
Trasforma il resto in argilla
Si prega di lisciare la superficie con carta vetrata
La scultura è finalmente completata
Adesso lo colorerò
Si prega di preparare la vernice prima di colorare
Ora lo colorerò con colori di base
Se sei una modella che di solito fa il trucco, deve dipingere il colore del trucco
Japanese:
次に、柱を頭に接続します
穴を粘土で埋めます
残りを粘土にします
サンドペーパーで表面を滑らかにしてください
いよいよ彫刻が完成
今から色付けします
着色する前に塗料を準備してください
ベーシックカラーで塗ります
普段メイクをしているモデルならメイク色を塗る
French:
Maintenant, il va connecter le pilier à la tête
Remplissez le trou avec de l'argile
Transformez le reste en argile
Veuillez lisser la surface avec du papier de verre
La sculpture est enfin terminée
Je vais le colorier maintenant
Veuillez préparer la peinture avant la coloration
Maintenant, je vais le colorier dans des couleurs de base
Si vous êtes un mannequin qui maquille habituellement, il doit peindre la couleur du maquillage
Turkish:
Şimdi direği kafasına bağlayacak
Deliği kil ile doldurun
Geri kalanını kil haline getirin
Lütfen yüzeyi zımpara kağıdı ile düzeltin
Heykel sonunda tamamlandı
Şimdi renklendireceğim
Lütfen boyamadan önce boyayı hazırlayın
Şimdi onu temel renklerde boyayacağım
Genellikle makyaj yapan bir modelseniz, makyaj rengini boyaması gerekir
Thai:
ตอนนี้มันจะเชื่อมต่อเสากับหัว
เติมหลุมด้วยดิน
ทำให้ส่วนที่เหลือของมันเป็นดินเหนียว
กรุณาทำให้พื้นผิวเรียบด้วยกระดาษทราย
ประติมากรรมเสร็จสมบูรณ์ในที่สุด
ตอนนี้ฉันจะลงสีแล้ว
โปรดเตรียมสีก่อนทาสี
ตอนนี้ฉันจะระบายสีด้วยสีพื้นฐาน
หากคุณเป็นนางแบบที่มักแต่งหน้าก็ต้องใช้สีในการแต่งหน้า
Spanish:
Ahora va a conectar el pilar a la cabeza.
Llenar el hoyo con la arcilla
Convertir el resto en arcilla
Por favor, alise la superficie con papel de lija
La escultura finalmente se completa.
Voy a colorearlo ahora
Por favor prepare la pintura antes de colorear
Ahora voy a colorearlo en colores básicos.
Si eres una modelo que generalmente se maquilla, necesita pintar el color del maquillaje
English:
Now it's going to connect the pillar to the head
Fill the hole with the clay
Make the rest of it into clay
Please smooth the surface with sandpaper
The sculpture is finally completed
I'm going to color it right now
Please prepare the paint before coloring
Now I'm going to color it in basic colors
If you are a model who usually does makeup, it needs to paint makeup color
German:
Jetzt wird es die Säule mit dem Kopf verbinden
Füllen Sie das Loch mit dem Ton
Machen Sie den Rest daraus zu Ton
Bitte glätten Sie die Oberfläche mit Sandpapier
Die Skulptur ist endlich fertig
Ich werde es jetzt färben
Bitte bereiten Sie die Farbe vor dem Färben vor
Jetzt werde ich es in Grundfarben färben
Wenn Sie ein Model sind, das normalerweise Make-up macht, muss es Make-up-Farbe malen
Malay (macrolanguage):
Sekarang ia akan menghubungkan tiang ke kepala
Isi lubang dengan tanah liat
Jadikan selebihnya menjadi tanah liat
Sila ratakan permukaan dengan kertas pasir
Arca akhirnya siap
Saya akan mewarnainya sekarang
Sila sediakan cat sebelum mewarnakan
Sekarang saya akan mewarnainya dengan warna asas
Sekiranya anda seorang model yang biasanya melakukan solek, ia perlu melukis warna solek
Russian:
Теперь он собирается соединить столб с головой
Заполните отверстие глиной
Превратить остальное в глину
Пожалуйста, сгладьте поверхность наждачной бумагой
Скульптура наконец завершена
Я собираюсь покрасить это прямо сейчас
Пожалуйста, подготовьте краску перед окраской
Теперь я собираюсь раскрасить его в основные цвета
Если вы модель, которая обычно делает макияж, она должна раскрасить цвет макияжа
Vietnamese:
Bây giờ nó sẽ kết nối trụ với đầu
Đổ đất vào lỗ
Biến phần còn lại của nó thành đất sét
Hãy làm phẳng bề mặt bằng giấy nhám
Tác phẩm điêu khắc cuối cùng đã hoàn thành
Tôi sẽ tô màu nó ngay bây giờ
Vui lòng chuẩn bị sơn trước khi tô màu
Bây giờ tôi sẽ tô màu nó bằng các màu cơ bản
Nếu bạn là người mẫu thường trang điểm thì cần tô màu trang điểm.
Portuguese:
Agora vai conectar o pilar na cabeça
Encha o buraco com a argila
Transforme o restante em argila
Por favor, alise a superfície com uma lixa
A escultura está finalmente concluída
Eu vou colorir agora
Por favor, prepare a tinta antes de colorir
Agora vou colorir em cores básicas
Se você é um modelo que geralmente faz maquiagem, ele precisa pintar a cor da maquiagem
Vietnamese:
Tôi sơn chân tóc màu đen nhẹ để trông tự nhiên
Airbrushes giúp dễ dàng hơn để sơn ánh sáng và bóng râm
Tôi sẽ vẽ mái tóc màu xanh lá cây đặc trưng của Billie
Tôi vẽ phần đen thêm một lần nữa
Đó là một màu sơn đỏ trong suốt thể hiện màu đỏ
Nó có màu nâu nhạt để tạo hiệu ứng ba chiều
Vẽ mắt bằng sơn trắng
Portuguese:
Pintei as raízes do meu cabelo levemente de preto para torná-lo natural
Os aerógrafos facilitam a pintura da luz e da sombra
Eu vou pintar o cabelo verde da Billie
Eu pintei a parte preta mais uma vez
É uma tinta vermelha transparente que expressa a vermelhidão
É marrom claro para dar um efeito tridimensional
Pinte os olhos com tinta branca
Spanish:
Pinté las raíces de mi cabello ligeramente negro para que se vea natural
Los aerógrafos facilitan la pintura de luces y sombras
Pintaré el característico cabello verde de Billie
Pinté la parte negra una vez más
Es una pintura roja transparente que expresa el enrojecimiento.
Es de color marrón claro para darle un efecto tridimensional.
Pintar los ojos con pintura blanca.
German:
Ich habe die Haarwurzeln leicht schwarz gestrichen, damit sie natürlich aussehen
Airbrushes erleichtern das Malen von Licht und Schatten
Ich werde Billies charakteristisches grünes Haar malen
Ich habe noch einmal einen schwarzen Teil gemalt
Es ist eine transparente rote Farbe, die die Rötung ausdrückt
Es ist hellbraun, um einen dreidimensionalen Effekt zu erzielen
Malen Sie die Augen mit weißer Farbe
Malay (macrolanguage):
Saya mengecat akar rambut saya dengan warna hitam sehingga kelihatan semula jadi
Berus udara menjadikannya lebih mudah untuk melukis cahaya dan bayangan
Saya akan cat rambut hijau khas Billie
Saya melukis bahagian hitam sekali lagi
Ini cat merah lutsinar yang menyatakan kemerahan
Ia berwarna coklat muda untuk memberikan kesan tiga dimensi
Warnakan mata dengan cat putih
English:
I painted the roots of my hair lightly black to make it look natural
Airbrushes make it easier to paint light and shade
I'll paint Billie's signature green hair
I painted black part one more time
It's a transparent red paint that expresses the redness
It's light brown to give it a three-dimensional effect
Paint the eyes with white paint
French:
J'ai peint les racines de mes cheveux légèrement noirs pour les rendre naturels
Les aérographes facilitent la peinture de la lumière et de l'ombre
Je peindrai les cheveux verts de Billie
J'ai peint la partie noire une fois de plus
C'est une peinture rouge transparente qui exprime la rougeur
Il est marron clair pour lui donner un effet tridimensionnel
Peignez les yeux avec de la peinture blanche
Italian:
Ho dipinto le radici dei miei capelli leggermente nere per renderle naturali
Gli aerografi facilitano la verniciatura di luci e ombre
Dipingerò i capelli verdi distintivi di Billie
Ho dipinto la parte nera ancora una volta
È una vernice rossa trasparente che esprime il rossore
È marrone chiaro per dargli un effetto tridimensionale
Dipingi gli occhi con vernice bianca
Arabic:
لقد رسمت جذور شعري باللون الأسود الفاتح لجعله يبدو طبيعيًا
البخاخات تجعل من السهل طلاء الضوء والظل
سوف أرسم شعر بيلي الأخضر المميز
رسمت جزء أسود مرة أخرى
إنه طلاء أحمر شفاف يعبر عن الاحمرار
لونها بني فاتح لإعطائها تأثير ثلاثي الأبعاد
ترسم العينين بطلاء أبيض
Russian:
Я слегка покрасил корни моих волос, чтобы они выглядели естественно
Аэрографы облегчают рисование света и тени
Я нарисую фирменные зеленые волосы Билли
Я нарисовал черную часть еще раз
Это прозрачная красная краска, которая выражает покраснение
Это светло-коричневый, чтобы придать ему трехмерный эффект
Покрась глаза белой краской
Japanese:
髪の毛の根元を軽く黒く塗って、自然に見えるようにしました
エアブラシを使用すると、明暗を簡単にペイントできます
ビリーの署名の緑の髪を塗る
黒い部分をもう一度塗った
赤みを表現した透明な赤いペンキです
ライトブラウンで立体感を出す
目を白いペンキで塗ります
Turkish:
Doğal görünmesi için saçlarımın köklerini hafifçe siyah boyadım
Airbrushlar ışık ve gölge boyamayı kolaylaştırır
Bilardo imzalı yeşil saçları boyayacağım
Siyah kısmı bir kez daha boyadım
Kızarıklığı ifade eden şeffaf kırmızı bir boyadır.
Üç boyutlu bir etki vermek için açık kahverengi
Gözleri beyaz boya ile boya
Indonesian:
Saya mengecat akar rambut saya dengan warna hitam muda agar terlihat alami
Airbrush memudahkan untuk mengecat cahaya dan bayangan
Saya akan melukis rambut hijau khas Billie
Saya melukis bagian hitam sekali lagi
Ini adalah cat merah transparan yang mengekspresikan warna merah
Warnanya cokelat muda untuk memberikan efek tiga dimensi
Warnai mata dengan cat putih
Thai:
ฉันทาสีรากผมของฉันเป็นสีดำเบา ๆ เพื่อให้ดูเป็นธรรมชาติ
พู่กันทำให้การวาดแสงและเงาง่ายขึ้น
ฉันจะวาดผมสีเขียวของ Billie
ฉันทาสีส่วนสีดำอีกครั้ง
มันเป็นสีแดงโปร่งใสที่แสดงออกถึงรอยแดง
มันเป็นสีน้ำตาลอ่อนเพื่อให้เอฟเฟกต์สามมิติ
วาดดวงตาด้วยสีขาว
Turkish:
Lütfen dudaklarınızı da boyayın
Bu sefer gerçek kozmetiklerle renklendirdim
Daha önce hiç denemedim. İyiydi
Parçacıklar toplandı ve hassas çalışmalar mümkün oldu
Ayrıca gözlerinin mukoza zarını boyadım
Bu benim gerçek saçım
Bunu pamuklu çubukla sararım ve kıvrılırım
Yaylı bir kıvrılma
Lütfen uygun boyutlarda kesin ve hazırlayın
Her birini tek tek koymak için anında yapıştırıcı kullandım
Çok ince kirpikler çizmek için fırça kullandım
Italian:
Per favore, dipingi anche le labbra
Questa volta l'ho colorato con veri cosmetici
Non l'ho mai provato prima. È stato bello
Sono state raccolte particelle ed è stato possibile un lavoro delicato
Ho anche dipinto la mucosa dei suoi occhi
Questi sono i miei veri capelli
Lo avvolgo attorno a un batuffolo di cotone e faccio un ricciolo
È un ricciolo elastico
Si prega di tagliarlo in dimensioni appropriate e prepararlo
Ho usato la colla istantanea per mettere ciascuno per uno
Ho usato un pennello per disegnare ciglia troppo sottili
German:
Bitte malen Sie auch die Lippen
Diesmal habe ich es mit echter Kosmetik gefärbt
Ich habe es noch nie versucht. Es war gut
Partikel wurden gesammelt und heikle Arbeiten waren möglich
Ich habe auch die Schleimhaut seiner Augen gemalt
Das ist mein echtes Haar
Ich werde dies um ein Wattestäbchen wickeln und eine Locke machen
Es ist eine federnde Locke
Bitte schneiden Sie es in geeignete Größen und bereiten Sie es vor
Ich habe Sofortkleber verwendet, um jeden nach dem anderen zu setzen
Ich habe mit einem Pinsel zu dünne Wimpern gezeichnet
Russian:
Пожалуйста, покрасьте губы тоже
На этот раз я покрасил его настоящей косметикой
Я никогда не пробовал это раньше. Это было хорошо
Частицы были собраны и возможна деликатная работа
Я также нарисовал слизистую оболочку глаз
Это мои настоящие волосы
Я оберну это вокруг ватного тампона и сделаю завиток
Это упругий локон
Пожалуйста, нарежьте его на соответствующие размеры и подготовьте
Я использовал мгновенный клей, чтобы положить каждый по одному
Я использовал кисть, чтобы нарисовать слишком тонкие ресницы
English:
Please paint lips, too
I colored it with real cosmetics this time
I've never tried it before. It was good
Particles were collected and delicate work was possible
I also painted the mucous membrane of its eyes
This is my real hair
I'll wrap this around a cotton swab and make a curl
It's a springy curl
Please cut it into appropriate sizes and prepare it
I used instant glue to put each one by one
I used a brush to draw too thin eyelashes
French:
Veuillez aussi peindre les lèvres
Je l'ai colorée avec de vrais cosmétiques cette fois
Je ne l'ai jamais essayé auparavant. C'était bon
Des particules ont été collectées et un travail délicat a été possible
J'ai aussi peint la muqueuse de ses yeux
Ce sont mes vrais cheveux
Je vais l'enrouler autour d'un coton-tige et faire une boucle
C'est une boucle élastique
Veuillez le couper dans les tailles appropriées et le préparer
J'ai utilisé de la colle instantanée pour les mettre un par un
J'ai utilisé une brosse pour dessiner des cils trop fins
Portuguese:
Por favor, pinte os lábios também
Eu pintei com cosméticos reais desta vez
Eu nunca tentei isso antes. Foi bom
Foram coletadas partículas e foi possível um trabalho delicado
Eu também pintei a mucosa dos olhos
Este é o meu cabelo de verdade
Vou enrolá-lo em um cotonete e fazer um cacho
É um cacho elástico
Por favor, corte-o em tamanhos adequados e prepare-o
Eu usei cola instantânea para colocar cada um por um
Usei um pincel para desenhar cílios muito finos
Japanese:
唇も塗ってください
今回は本物の化粧品で着色しました
これまでに試したことはありません。良かったです
粒子を集めて繊細な作業が可能でした
目の粘膜も塗ってみました
これは私の本当の髪です
これを綿棒で包んでカールさせます
弾力のあるカールです
適当な大きさに切ってご用意ください
瞬間接着剤を使用して、1つずつ貼り付けました
ブラシを使って、まつ毛が薄すぎた
Malay (macrolanguage):
Tolong cat juga bibir
Saya mewarnainya dengan kosmetik sebenar kali ini
Saya tidak pernah mencubanya sebelum ini. Ia adalah baik
Zarah-zarah dikumpulkan dan kerja-kerja halus mungkin
Saya juga melukis membran mukus matanya
Ini rambut saya yang sebenar
Saya akan membalut kain kapas dan membuat ikal
Ia adalah curl springy
Sila potong dengan saiz yang sesuai dan sediakannya
Saya menggunakan gam segera untuk meletakkan setiap satu demi satu
Saya menggunakan berus untuk menarik bulu mata yang terlalu nipis
Arabic:
يرجى طلاء الشفاه أيضا
لقد قمت بتلوينها بمستحضرات التجميل الحقيقية هذه المرة
لم أجربه من قبل. كانت جيدة
تم جمع الجسيمات وكان من الممكن عمل دقيق
رسمت أيضًا الغشاء المخاطي لعينيه
هذا شعري الحقيقي
سألف هذا حول قطعة قطن وأقوم بتجعيد الشعر
إنه تجعيد نابض
يرجى تقطيعه إلى أحجام مناسبة وإعداده
استخدمت الغراء الفوري لوضع كل واحد على حدة
استخدمت فرشاة لرسم رموش رفيعة جدًا
Vietnamese:
Hãy vẽ môi nữa
Tôi đã tô màu nó bằng mỹ phẩm thực sự lần này
Tôi chưa bao giờ thử nó trước đây. Nó đã tốt
Các hạt đã được thu thập và công việc tinh tế là có thể
Tôi cũng vẽ màng nhầy của mắt nó
Đây là tóc thật của tôi
Tôi sẽ quấn cái này quanh một miếng bông gòn và uốn xoăn
Đó là một cuộn tròn mùa xuân
Vui lòng cắt nó thành các kích cỡ phù hợp và chuẩn bị nó
Tôi đã sử dụng keo ngay lập tức để đặt từng cái một
Tôi đã sử dụng một bàn chải để vẽ lông mi quá mỏng
Thai:
กรุณาทาสีริมฝีปากด้วย
ตอนนี้ฉันวาดภาพด้วยเครื่องสำอางจริง
ฉันไม่เคยลองมาก่อน มันดีนะ
มีการรวบรวมอนุภาคและทำงานได้ละเอียดอ่อน
ฉันยังทาสีเยื่อเมือกของดวงตา
นี่คือผมที่แท้จริงของฉัน
ฉันจะพันคันสำลีก้อนนี้แล้วม้วนงอ
มันเป็นขดสปริง
กรุณาตัดเป็นขนาดที่เหมาะสมและเตรียมมัน
ฉันใช้กาวทันทีเพื่อใส่ทีละตัว
ฉันใช้แปรงวาดขนตาบางเกินไป
Spanish:
Por favor pinta los labios también
Esta vez lo coloreé con cosméticos reales
Nunca lo he probado antes. Estuvo bien
Se recogieron partículas y fue posible realizar trabajos delicados.
También pinté la membrana mucosa de sus ojos.
Este es mi cabello real
Lo envolveré con un hisopo de algodón y haré un rizo
Es un rizo elástico
Córtalo en tamaños apropiados y prepáralo
Usé pegamento instantáneo para poner cada uno por uno
Usé un pincel para dibujar pestañas muy finas
Indonesian:
Tolong cat juga
Saya mewarnainya dengan kosmetik asli saat ini
Saya belum pernah mencobanya sebelumnya. Itu bagus
Partikel dikumpulkan dan pekerjaan yang sulit dimungkinkan
Saya juga mengecat selaput lendir matanya
Ini rambut asli saya
Saya akan membungkus ini dengan kapas dan membuat keriting
Ini ikal yang kenyal
Harap potong menjadi ukuran yang sesuai dan persiapkan
Saya menggunakan lem instan untuk meletakkan masing-masing satu per satu
Saya menggunakan kuas untuk menggambar bulu mata terlalu tipis
German:
Bitte zeichnen Sie die Augen als letzten Schliff
Ich zeichnete die Pupillen auf eine himmelblaue Basis
Die Skulptur von Billie Eilish ist also vollständig
Ich denke, die Eigenschaften des Modells kommen in dieser Arbeit gut zum Ausdruck
Ich mag die Farbe, weil sie so natürlich ist
Besonders mag ich flexible Wimpern
So läuft der gesamte Produktionsprozess ab
Wenn Sie im nächsten Video etwas sehen möchten,
Bitte empfehlen Sie es in den Kommentaren
Wir sehen uns im nächsten Video
Tschüss
Russian:
Пожалуйста, нарисуйте глаза как последний штрих
Я нарисовал учеников на небесно-голубом основании
Итак, скульптура Билли Эйлиша завершена
Я думаю, что характеристики модели хорошо выражены в этой работе
Мне нравится цвет, потому что это так естественно
Особенно мне нравятся эластичные ресницы
Так делается весь производственный процесс
Если есть что-то, что вы хотели бы увидеть в следующем видео,
Пожалуйста, порекомендуйте его в комментариях
Увидимся в следующем видео
пока-пока
Vietnamese:
Hãy vẽ đôi mắt như một sự hoàn thiện
Tôi vẽ những con ngươi trên nền trời xanh
Vậy là, điêu khắc Billie Eilish đã hoàn thành
Tôi nghĩ rằng các đặc điểm của mô hình được thể hiện tốt trong công việc này
Tôi thích màu sắc vì nó rất tự nhiên
Đặc biệt tôi thích lông mi linh hoạt
Đây là cách toàn bộ quá trình sản xuất được thực hiện
Nếu có bất cứ điều gì bạn muốn xem trong video tiếp theo,
Xin vui lòng giới thiệu nó trong các ý kiến
Hẹn gặp lại trong video tiếp theo
tạm biệt
Japanese:
仕上げとして目を描いてください
水色のベースに生徒を描いた
これで、ビリー・アイリッシュの彫刻が完成しました
この作品はモデルの特徴がよく表現されていると思います
自然な色なので好きです
特にまつ毛が好き
これは、全体の生産プロセスが行われる方法です
次の動画で見たいものがあれば、
コメントでそれをお勧めしてください
次のビデオでお会いしましょう
バイバイ
Indonesian:
Tolong gambar mata sebagai sentuhan akhir
Saya menggambar murid di dasar langit biru
Jadi, patung Billie Eilish lengkap
Saya pikir karakteristik model ini diekspresikan dengan baik dalam karya ini
Saya suka warnanya karena sangat alami
Terutama saya suka bulu mata yang fleksibel
Ini adalah bagaimana seluruh proses produksi dilakukan
Jika ada sesuatu yang ingin Anda lihat di video berikutnya,
Mohon rekomendasikan dalam komentar
Sampai jumpa di video berikutnya
sampai jumpa
English:
Please draw the eyes as a finishing touch
I drew the pupils on a sky blue base
So, Billie Eilish sculpture is complete
I think the characteristics of the model are well expressed in this work
I like the color because it's so natural
Especially I like flexible eyelashes
This is how the whole production process is done
If there's anything you'd like to see in the next video,
Please recommend it in the comments
See you in the next video
byebye
French:
Veuillez dessiner les yeux comme touche finale
J'ai dessiné les pupilles sur une base bleu ciel
Donc, la sculpture de Billie Eilish est terminée
Je pense que les caractéristiques du modèle sont bien exprimées dans ce travail
J'aime la couleur car c'est tellement naturel
Surtout j'aime les cils souples
Voici comment se déroule l'ensemble du processus de production
S'il y a quelque chose que vous aimeriez voir dans la vidéo suivante,
Veuillez le recommander dans les commentaires
Rendez-vous dans la prochaine vidéo
Bye Bye
Italian:
Per favore, disegna gli occhi come un tocco finale
Ho disegnato le pupille su una base blu cielo
Quindi, la scultura di Billie Eilish è completa
Penso che le caratteristiche del modello siano ben espresse in questo lavoro
Mi piace il colore perché è così naturale
Soprattutto mi piacciono le ciglia flessibili
Ecco come viene eseguito l'intero processo di produzione
Se c'è qualcosa che vorresti vedere nel prossimo video,
Si prega di raccomandarlo nei commenti
Ci vediamo nel prossimo video
Ciao ciao
Thai:
กรุณาวาดตาเป็นสัมผัสการตกแต่ง
ฉันวาดรูม่านตาบนฐานสีน้ำเงิน
ดังนั้นรูปปั้น Billie Eilish เสร็จสมบูรณ์
ฉันคิดว่าคุณสมบัติของแบบจำลองนั้นแสดงออกมาได้ดีในงานนี้
ฉันชอบสีเพราะมันเป็นธรรมชาติมาก
โดยเฉพาะฉันชอบขนตาที่ยืดหยุ่น
นี่คือวิธีการทำกระบวนการผลิตทั้งหมด
หากมีสิ่งใดที่คุณต้องการเห็นในวิดีโอถัดไป
กรุณาแนะนำมันในความคิดเห็น
พบกันในวิดีโอหน้า
ลาก่อน
Malay (macrolanguage):
Tolong tarik mata sebagai sentuhan penamat
Saya menarik murid-murid di dasar biru langit
Jadi, patung Billie Eilish sudah lengkap
Saya fikir ciri-ciri model dinyatakan dengan baik dalam karya ini
Saya suka warnanya kerana ia sangat semula jadi
Terutama saya suka bulu mata yang fleksibel
Ini adalah bagaimana keseluruhan proses pengeluaran dilakukan
Sekiranya ada yang ingin anda lihat dalam video seterusnya,
Sila sarankan dalam komen
Jumpa di video seterusnya
selamat tinggal
Portuguese:
Por favor, desenhe os olhos como um toque final
Eu desenhei as pupilas em uma base azul celeste
Então, a escultura de Billie Eilish está completa
Eu acho que as características do modelo estão bem expressas neste trabalho
Eu gosto da cor porque é tão natural
Gosto especialmente de cílios flexíveis
É assim que todo o processo de produção é realizado
Se houver algo que você gostaria de ver no próximo vídeo,
Por favor, recomende nos comentários
Vejo você no próximo vídeo
tchau tchau
Spanish:
Por favor dibuja los ojos como un toque final
Dibujé las pupilas sobre una base azul cielo
Entonces, la escultura de Billie Eilish está completa
Creo que las características del modelo están bien expresadas en este trabajo.
Me gusta el color porque es muy natural.
Especialmente me gustan las pestañas flexibles
Así es como se hace todo el proceso de producción.
Si hay algo que le gustaría ver en el próximo video,
Recomiéndalo en los comentarios
Nos vemos en el próximo video
adiós
Turkish:
Lütfen gözleri son dokunuş olarak çizin
Öğrencileri gök mavisi temeline çizdim
Yani, Billie Eilish heykeli tamamlandı
Bu çalışmada modelin özelliklerinin iyi ifade edildiğini düşünüyorum
Rengi seviyorum çünkü çok doğal
Özellikle esnek kirpikleri severim
Tüm üretim süreci bu şekilde yapılır
Bir sonraki videoda görmek istediğiniz bir şey varsa,
Lütfen yorumlarda önerin
Bir sonraki videoda görüşmek üzere
güle güle
Arabic:
يرجى رسم العينين بلمسة نهائية
وجهت التلاميذ على قاعدة السماء الزرقاء
لذلك ، اكتمل نحت بيلي إيليش
أعتقد أن خصائص النموذج تم التعبير عنها جيدًا في هذا العمل
يعجبني اللون لأنه طبيعي جدًا
خاصة أنني أحب الرموش المرنة
هذه هي الطريقة التي تتم بها عملية الإنتاج بأكملها
إذا كان هناك أي شيء تريد رؤيته في الفيديو التالي ،
يرجى التوصية به في التعليقات
أراك في الفيديو التالي
مع السلامة
|
{
"pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles"
}
|
Einstein and Buddhism
I have begun suspecting that Einstein had either studdied Buddhism, or independantly arrived at many Buddhist conclusions on his own, or most probably both (like me).
The following quotes of his tend to lead me to believe this:
A human being is part of the whole, called by us 'Universe'; a part limited in time and space. He experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings as something separated from the rest--a kind of optical delusion of his consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and affection for a few persons nearest us. Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circle of compasion to embrace all living creatures and the whole nature in its beauty. Nobody is able to achieve this completely but striving for such achievement is, in itself, a part of the liberation and a foundation for inner security.
This is almost exactly the foundation of Buddhist thought.
And of course:
The religion of the future will be a cosmic religion. The religion which is based on experience, which refuses dogmatism. If there's any religion that would cope the scientific needs it will be Buddhism�
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Globally, one in nine people do not have access to clean and safe water. San Antonio is in a unique position to change that. Not by sharing our water, but sharing our knowledge of conservation. Around the world, San Antonio is considered a model for water conservation, according to Laura Huffman, Texas Director of The Nature Conservancy.
Most San Antonians know that most of our water comes from the Edwards Aquifer, and most are aware of how vital it is to our quality of life. In a poll conducted in January of this year by the Conservancy, nearly 95% of San Antonians said that protecting drinking water was very important. The understanding in our community about the importance of the Edwards Aquifer means that we are willing to take the necessary measures to continue to protect it. In the same poll, 80% said they’d likely vote in favor of the ballot measure renewing an existing sales tax to fund watershed protection, and a proposition to fund continuing expansion of the city’s creekway hike and bike trails.
Voters are at the polls now: Early voting continues through May 5. The Edwards Aquifer Protection Venue Project is Proposition No. 1, and extension of the Howard Peak Greenway Trails System is Proposition 2. Election Day is May 9. Click here for voting details.
The strategy for conservation in Texas has three pillars: first, securing fresh water; second, coastal resilience because with more frequent storms and drought, the need to maintain the health of fresh water inflows is critical; third, the improvement of air quality. Ultimately, the strategy is simple: invest in nature to sustain a supply of clean water, clean oceans, and clean air, and use scientific evidence to support the practices, said Dr. Peter Kareiva, chief scientist for the The nature Conservancy.
Kareiva and Huffman spoke during the 2015 San Antonio Conservation Luncheon at the Pearl Stable on Thursday. Huffman said the cheapest, most effective way to provide clean drinking water is to focus on conservation. That is, protecting what we already have is the most cost-effective option. While there has been much talk of desalination – 20 years ago Californians were talking about it to escape a severe drought – and that is a technology being pursued, it’s extremely expensive and requires expending energy resources we may not have. While it’s a long-term possibility, in the meantime, conserving the water we do have will be the key to continued access to safe water.
The Nature Conservancy Chief Scientist Peter Kareiva and Texas Director Laura Huffman at the Pearl Stable on Thursday evening. Photo by Elisabel Balderrama.
Despite the potential to politicize the environmental movement, the desire to protect the environment is non-partisan. Indeed, Texas voters have approved $27 million over the last 20 years for the state water plan. And while the Greenpeace-type activists of the world create the emotional energy which prompts many to respond, we also need organizations like The Nature Conservancy who can “inhabit the space” where the marriage of evidence-based practices of conservation and business strategies occurs. Among the many partners with whom the Conservancy collaborates throughout the world are corporations like Dow Chemical, for which they have been criticized. But Kareiva said that ultimately big corporations don’t want to harm the environment – even if their goals are profit, they need to protect it as well. Collaboration, communication, and education are keys to The Nature Conservancy’s long-term success.
In Texas, property rights reign supreme. Yet, the Nature Conservancy has relied on conservation easements to preserve critical natural spaces. An easement places a restriction on the property, which means that the landowner agrees to sell or donate the property and its use is limited based on those restrictions. It’s not a stretch to imagine that property owners wouldn’t take kindly to easements. So how does The Nature Conservancy convince landowners to do this? Again, they use science to educate the population on the importance of protection. Coming up with the money is a critical component as well.
For example, The Nature Conservancy recently teamed up with Bat Conservation International, the City of San Antonio, and other entities to raise $20.5 million to purchase land over the Edwards Aquifer recharge zone and under the Hill Country flight path of Bracken Cave’s 15-20 million bats. The purchase prevented the Crescent Hills development of 4,500-unit housing project and protected the world’s largest colony of Mexican free-tailed bats.
(Read More: City Acts to Protect Bracken Cave’s Bat Colony)
This slideshow requires JavaScript.
The Edwards Aquifer is critical to maintaining the water supply of this extremely fast growing population. By relying on scientific studies, the Conservancy can determine which areas are most critical and focus their attention there, while allowing development in other areas. For the most part, this collaborative and cooperative effort means that the landowners have a stake in the conservation efforts and are willing to support it.
Again, this is why San Antonio has been a global model for water conservation in this drought stricken land. Driving up Highway 281, it’s easy for nature lovers to wonder about the “damage to the watershed,” but Hoffman assured that, as far as it concerns the Edwards Aquifer, development has occurred in a balanced, cautious manner. San Antonio is one of the fastest growing communities in Texas and the nation. There will always be a need to balance growth with sustainability.
Community support is critical, so apart from landowners in the watershed regions, getting people to understand the importance of conservation is a key to success. In San Antonio, election results in two weeks will finalize the story, but so far, residents are supportive of aquifer protections. Education programs in schools have helped to create a new generation of conservationists: my third grader can tell you all about our water resources.
In other states, The Nature Conservancy has established the LEAF program, which hires student interns, mostly of lower socio-economic status, from inner city high schools to work for The Nature Conservancy. These kids learn the science of conservation, but they also learn how to apply it to practice. More than one-third of these students go on to major in science in college and become life-long conservationists. Significantly, not only did the program change the lives of these urban teens, but it changed the attitudes of the Conservancy’s staff; they began to realize that conservation wasn’t “just about elephants on the Serengeti but about experiencing nature in the city,” Kareiva said.
A room with a view, in the city.
From my desk in my urban Southtown home, I could look out a window at mature pecan trees, assorted flowers, birds, squirrels and other creatures. But recently I moved my desk to an interior hallway against a wall. Since then, I’ve had difficulty working at my desk and keep moving to other places near a window. I couldn’t explain it, but Dr. Kareiva did: we humans need nature.
In a study conducted by Greg Bratman at Stanford University, researchers found that when participants took a walk in a nature preserve, their cognitive abilities improved dramatically compared to a similar walk in an urban setting. Trees, greenery, and birds all had an impact on their creativity, increased memory, and even their ability to solve math problems. San Antonio’s Museum and Mission reaches of the San Antonio River and the many greenway trails provide such an environment.
Considering an earlier study showing a relationship between green spaces and test outcomes, Heather Tallis of The Nature Conservancy is piloting a study in California schools to determine whether greenspaces have an impact on learning. Students in Texas have just finished their STAAR exams, and perhaps schools need to re-consider nature in their design plans and incorporate The Nature Conservancy into their classrooms.
*Featured/top image: (From left) Texas Director of The Nature Conservancy Laura Huffman, Councilmember Ron Nirenberg (D8), and Bat Conservation International Bracken Cave Preserve Director Fran Hutchins pose for a photo at the mouth of the cave. Photo by Jonathan Alonzo, courtesy of The Nature Conservancy.
Related Stories:
City Acts to Protect Bracken Cave’s Bat Colony
Commentary: Charter Amendment Derails San Antonio’s Transportation Future
Vote Early, Help Make History
Voters, Your District’s Leadership is Contested
Commentary: Sensible Pay for SA Brings City Into 21st Century
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes" ?>
<T3DataStructure>
<meta>
<langDisable>1</langDisable>
</meta>
<sheets>
<sDEF>
<ROOT>
<TCEforms>
<sheetTitle>LLL:EXT:bootstrap_package/Resources/Private/Language/Backend.xlf:settings</sheetTitle>
</TCEforms>
<type>array</type>
<el>
<default_element>
<TCEforms>
<label>LLL:EXT:bootstrap_package/Resources/Private/Language/Backend.xlf:accordion.default_element
</label>
<config>
<type>select</type>
<renderType>selectSingle</renderType>
<foreign_table>tx_bootstrappackage_accordion_item</foreign_table>
<foreign_table_where>AND tx_bootstrappackage_accordion_item.tt_content = ###THIS_UID###</foreign_table_where>
<items type="array">
<numIndex index="0" type="array">
<numIndex index="0">None</numIndex>
<numIndex index="1">0</numIndex>
</numIndex>
</items>
</config>
</TCEforms>
</default_element>
</el>
</ROOT>
</sDEF>
</sheets>
</T3DataStructure>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Here's some advice from John Malkovich from the movie Conair for punks who get horny when up in the air:
IMPORTANT NOTICE: No media files are hosted on these forums. By clicking the link below you agree to view content from an external website. We can not be held responsible for the suitability or legality of this material. If the video does not play, wait a minute or try again later.
After living in this country for a few decades here's what I would tell these desi that arrive here with a hardon. America is a country where you can get laid and fuck around like rabbits but you need to understand time and place. The girls are not lying around naked for you to screw.
Time
No one in your office is going to fuck you it does not matter how much she talks to you . She may slap your back , give you hug , talk about her sex life , discuss her problems with you but she will not sleep with you when all this happens in office time.
People is coffe shop , airport , on plane in day time while travelling will not sleep with you.
The time when girls are looking for sex is evening after work..... Period .
Place
As mentioned above any work place, public place , bus , train , plane , conference , meeting not a place.
BAr, Night Club , Hook Up Joints and nwadays Tinder or on line is the place.
So go to gym. Ante up your game . Learn to talk about sports, some funny stories , dance moves, art of conversation , get a great body and then hit the night club. Show some dance moves . Walk up to a girl , start with hey how's it going . If she in intrested she will talk to you . Chat with her , buy her a drink, ask her for a dance , dance with her , crack some jokes. Make her laught and a bit drunk and then say how about we carry the party over to my house.
Keep condom in you pocket and then screw her like no other tomorrow. Bbut moment she says no. Back off , talk a bit more and if nothing works jerk off in bathroom ( After she leaves , not while she is using it )
It's so simple.
Now why is a bar and night club a safe place ? Because girls come there to get laid and they are over 21 .
Anything else you are looking for trouble.
Now I know this very well because I have seen lots of my single friends do this and I have always advised them to a great success. As I don't indulge in any of those activities being married they confide in me and take my advise. and I get free drinks .
Let me know if anyone has any questions. I can make your life free of KLPDsBaba Chodmani
__________________
Fair use is a limitation and exception to the exclusive right granted by copyright law to the author of a creative work. In United States copyright law, fair use is a doctrine that permits limited use of copyrighted material without acquiring permission from the rights holders. Examples of fair use include commentary, criticism, news reporting, research, teaching, library archiving and scholarship. It provides for the legal, unlicensed citation or incorporation of copyrighted material in another author's work under a four-factor balancing test.
Does this apply to 45+ guys too? Anyway, to add to the advice, if it does not work out in the club, Dil pe mat le haath me le.
Yes but with a little difference . 45+ guys need to drop some more cash and talk about how you are either a successful doctor or a some hot shot business men or inventor.
You have just gotten out of an ugly divorce and are back in market. You are so successful that you don;t have time to hook up.
So 40+ women will suck it up and let you stick it in her or there might some 20+ girls that like mature and older men. But I stick with 40+ women . Younger women are mostly looking for money.
__________________
Fair use is a limitation and exception to the exclusive right granted by copyright law to the author of a creative work. In United States copyright law, fair use is a doctrine that permits limited use of copyrighted material without acquiring permission from the rights holders. Examples of fair use include commentary, criticism, news reporting, research, teaching, library archiving and scholarship. It provides for the legal, unlicensed citation or incorporation of copyrighted material in another author's work under a four-factor balancing test.
Yes but with a little difference . 45+ guys need to drop some more cash and talk about how you are either a successful doctor or a some hot shot business men or inventor.
You have just gotten out of an ugly divorce and are back in market. You are so successful that you don;t have time to hook up.
So 40+ women will suck it up and let you stick it in her or there might some 20+ girls that like mature and older men. But I stick with 40+ women . Younger women are mostly looking for money.
If you want to say you are a computer programmer than you own a secret start up that is going to change the world. Talk about meeting with Musk and throw some more know IT wizards. Don't talk about zuckerberg. That's too obvious.
__________________
Fair use is a limitation and exception to the exclusive right granted by copyright law to the author of a creative work. In United States copyright law, fair use is a doctrine that permits limited use of copyrighted material without acquiring permission from the rights holders. Examples of fair use include commentary, criticism, news reporting, research, teaching, library archiving and scholarship. It provides for the legal, unlicensed citation or incorporation of copyrighted material in another author's work under a four-factor balancing test.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
//
// rt5682.c -- RT5682 ALSA SoC audio component driver
//
// Copyright 2018 Realtek Semiconductor Corp.
// Author: Bard Liao <bardliao@realtek.com>
//
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/moduleparam.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/pm.h>
#include <linux/pm_runtime.h>
#include <linux/platform_device.h>
#include <linux/spi/spi.h>
#include <linux/acpi.h>
#include <linux/gpio.h>
#include <linux/of_gpio.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>
#include <sound/core.h>
#include <sound/pcm.h>
#include <sound/pcm_params.h>
#include <sound/jack.h>
#include <sound/soc.h>
#include <sound/soc-dapm.h>
#include <sound/initval.h>
#include <sound/tlv.h>
#include <sound/rt5682.h>
#include "rl6231.h"
#include "rt5682.h"
const char *rt5682_supply_names[RT5682_NUM_SUPPLIES] = {
"AVDD",
"MICVDD",
"VBAT",
};
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rt5682_supply_names);
static const struct reg_sequence patch_list[] = {
{RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_19, 0x1000},
{RT5682_DAC_ADC_DIG_VOL1, 0xa020},
{RT5682_I2C_CTRL, 0x000f},
{RT5682_PLL2_INTERNAL, 0x8266},
};
void rt5682_apply_patch_list(struct rt5682_priv *rt5682, struct device *dev)
{
int ret;
ret = regmap_multi_reg_write(rt5682->regmap, patch_list,
ARRAY_SIZE(patch_list));
if (ret)
dev_warn(dev, "Failed to apply regmap patch: %d\n", ret);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rt5682_apply_patch_list);
const struct reg_default rt5682_reg[RT5682_REG_NUM] = {
{0x0002, 0x8080},
{0x0003, 0x8000},
{0x0005, 0x0000},
{0x0006, 0x0000},
{0x0008, 0x800f},
{0x000b, 0x0000},
{0x0010, 0x4040},
{0x0011, 0x0000},
{0x0012, 0x1404},
{0x0013, 0x1000},
{0x0014, 0xa00a},
{0x0015, 0x0404},
{0x0016, 0x0404},
{0x0019, 0xafaf},
{0x001c, 0x2f2f},
{0x001f, 0x0000},
{0x0022, 0x5757},
{0x0023, 0x0039},
{0x0024, 0x000b},
{0x0026, 0xc0c4},
{0x0029, 0x8080},
{0x002a, 0xa0a0},
{0x002b, 0x0300},
{0x0030, 0x0000},
{0x003c, 0x0080},
{0x0044, 0x0c0c},
{0x0049, 0x0000},
{0x0061, 0x0000},
{0x0062, 0x0000},
{0x0063, 0x003f},
{0x0064, 0x0000},
{0x0065, 0x0000},
{0x0066, 0x0030},
{0x0067, 0x0000},
{0x006b, 0x0000},
{0x006c, 0x0000},
{0x006d, 0x2200},
{0x006e, 0x0a10},
{0x0070, 0x8000},
{0x0071, 0x8000},
{0x0073, 0x0000},
{0x0074, 0x0000},
{0x0075, 0x0002},
{0x0076, 0x0001},
{0x0079, 0x0000},
{0x007a, 0x0000},
{0x007b, 0x0000},
{0x007c, 0x0100},
{0x007e, 0x0000},
{0x0080, 0x0000},
{0x0081, 0x0000},
{0x0082, 0x0000},
{0x0083, 0x0000},
{0x0084, 0x0000},
{0x0085, 0x0000},
{0x0086, 0x0005},
{0x0087, 0x0000},
{0x0088, 0x0000},
{0x008c, 0x0003},
{0x008d, 0x0000},
{0x008e, 0x0060},
{0x008f, 0x1000},
{0x0091, 0x0c26},
{0x0092, 0x0073},
{0x0093, 0x0000},
{0x0094, 0x0080},
{0x0098, 0x0000},
{0x009a, 0x0000},
{0x009b, 0x0000},
{0x009c, 0x0000},
{0x009d, 0x0000},
{0x009e, 0x100c},
{0x009f, 0x0000},
{0x00a0, 0x0000},
{0x00a3, 0x0002},
{0x00a4, 0x0001},
{0x00ae, 0x2040},
{0x00af, 0x0000},
{0x00b6, 0x0000},
{0x00b7, 0x0000},
{0x00b8, 0x0000},
{0x00b9, 0x0002},
{0x00be, 0x0000},
{0x00c0, 0x0160},
{0x00c1, 0x82a0},
{0x00c2, 0x0000},
{0x00d0, 0x0000},
{0x00d1, 0x2244},
{0x00d2, 0x3300},
{0x00d3, 0x2200},
{0x00d4, 0x0000},
{0x00d9, 0x0009},
{0x00da, 0x0000},
{0x00db, 0x0000},
{0x00dc, 0x00c0},
{0x00dd, 0x2220},
{0x00de, 0x3131},
{0x00df, 0x3131},
{0x00e0, 0x3131},
{0x00e2, 0x0000},
{0x00e3, 0x4000},
{0x00e4, 0x0aa0},
{0x00e5, 0x3131},
{0x00e6, 0x3131},
{0x00e7, 0x3131},
{0x00e8, 0x3131},
{0x00ea, 0xb320},
{0x00eb, 0x0000},
{0x00f0, 0x0000},
{0x00f1, 0x00d0},
{0x00f2, 0x00d0},
{0x00f6, 0x0000},
{0x00fa, 0x0000},
{0x00fb, 0x0000},
{0x00fc, 0x0000},
{0x00fd, 0x0000},
{0x00fe, 0x10ec},
{0x00ff, 0x6530},
{0x0100, 0xa0a0},
{0x010b, 0x0000},
{0x010c, 0xae00},
{0x010d, 0xaaa0},
{0x010e, 0x8aa2},
{0x010f, 0x02a2},
{0x0110, 0xc000},
{0x0111, 0x04a2},
{0x0112, 0x2800},
{0x0113, 0x0000},
{0x0117, 0x0100},
{0x0125, 0x0410},
{0x0132, 0x6026},
{0x0136, 0x5555},
{0x0138, 0x3700},
{0x013a, 0x2000},
{0x013b, 0x2000},
{0x013c, 0x2005},
{0x013f, 0x0000},
{0x0142, 0x0000},
{0x0145, 0x0002},
{0x0146, 0x0000},
{0x0147, 0x0000},
{0x0148, 0x0000},
{0x0149, 0x0000},
{0x0150, 0x79a1},
{0x0156, 0xaaaa},
{0x0160, 0x4ec0},
{0x0161, 0x0080},
{0x0162, 0x0200},
{0x0163, 0x0800},
{0x0164, 0x0000},
{0x0165, 0x0000},
{0x0166, 0x0000},
{0x0167, 0x000f},
{0x0168, 0x000f},
{0x0169, 0x0021},
{0x0190, 0x413d},
{0x0194, 0x0000},
{0x0195, 0x0000},
{0x0197, 0x0022},
{0x0198, 0x0000},
{0x0199, 0x0000},
{0x01af, 0x0000},
{0x01b0, 0x0400},
{0x01b1, 0x0000},
{0x01b2, 0x0000},
{0x01b3, 0x0000},
{0x01b4, 0x0000},
{0x01b5, 0x0000},
{0x01b6, 0x01c3},
{0x01b7, 0x02a0},
{0x01b8, 0x03e9},
{0x01b9, 0x1389},
{0x01ba, 0xc351},
{0x01bb, 0x0009},
{0x01bc, 0x0018},
{0x01bd, 0x002a},
{0x01be, 0x004c},
{0x01bf, 0x0097},
{0x01c0, 0x433d},
{0x01c2, 0x0000},
{0x01c3, 0x0000},
{0x01c4, 0x0000},
{0x01c5, 0x0000},
{0x01c6, 0x0000},
{0x01c7, 0x0000},
{0x01c8, 0x40af},
{0x01c9, 0x0702},
{0x01ca, 0x0000},
{0x01cb, 0x0000},
{0x01cc, 0x5757},
{0x01cd, 0x5757},
{0x01ce, 0x5757},
{0x01cf, 0x5757},
{0x01d0, 0x5757},
{0x01d1, 0x5757},
{0x01d2, 0x5757},
{0x01d3, 0x5757},
{0x01d4, 0x5757},
{0x01d5, 0x5757},
{0x01d6, 0x0000},
{0x01d7, 0x0008},
{0x01d8, 0x0029},
{0x01d9, 0x3333},
{0x01da, 0x0000},
{0x01db, 0x0004},
{0x01dc, 0x0000},
{0x01de, 0x7c00},
{0x01df, 0x0320},
{0x01e0, 0x06a1},
{0x01e1, 0x0000},
{0x01e2, 0x0000},
{0x01e3, 0x0000},
{0x01e4, 0x0000},
{0x01e6, 0x0001},
{0x01e7, 0x0000},
{0x01e8, 0x0000},
{0x01ea, 0x0000},
{0x01eb, 0x0000},
{0x01ec, 0x0000},
{0x01ed, 0x0000},
{0x01ee, 0x0000},
{0x01ef, 0x0000},
{0x01f0, 0x0000},
{0x01f1, 0x0000},
{0x01f2, 0x0000},
{0x01f3, 0x0000},
{0x01f4, 0x0000},
{0x0210, 0x6297},
{0x0211, 0xa005},
{0x0212, 0x824c},
{0x0213, 0xf7ff},
{0x0214, 0xf24c},
{0x0215, 0x0102},
{0x0216, 0x00a3},
{0x0217, 0x0048},
{0x0218, 0xa2c0},
{0x0219, 0x0400},
{0x021a, 0x00c8},
{0x021b, 0x00c0},
{0x021c, 0x0000},
{0x0250, 0x4500},
{0x0251, 0x40b3},
{0x0252, 0x0000},
{0x0253, 0x0000},
{0x0254, 0x0000},
{0x0255, 0x0000},
{0x0256, 0x0000},
{0x0257, 0x0000},
{0x0258, 0x0000},
{0x0259, 0x0000},
{0x025a, 0x0005},
{0x0270, 0x0000},
{0x02ff, 0x0110},
{0x0300, 0x001f},
{0x0301, 0x032c},
{0x0302, 0x5f21},
{0x0303, 0x4000},
{0x0304, 0x4000},
{0x0305, 0x06d5},
{0x0306, 0x8000},
{0x0307, 0x0700},
{0x0310, 0x4560},
{0x0311, 0xa4a8},
{0x0312, 0x7418},
{0x0313, 0x0000},
{0x0314, 0x0006},
{0x0315, 0xffff},
{0x0316, 0xc400},
{0x0317, 0x0000},
{0x03c0, 0x7e00},
{0x03c1, 0x8000},
{0x03c2, 0x8000},
{0x03c3, 0x8000},
{0x03c4, 0x8000},
{0x03c5, 0x8000},
{0x03c6, 0x8000},
{0x03c7, 0x8000},
{0x03c8, 0x8000},
{0x03c9, 0x8000},
{0x03ca, 0x8000},
{0x03cb, 0x8000},
{0x03cc, 0x8000},
{0x03d0, 0x0000},
{0x03d1, 0x0000},
{0x03d2, 0x0000},
{0x03d3, 0x0000},
{0x03d4, 0x2000},
{0x03d5, 0x2000},
{0x03d6, 0x0000},
{0x03d7, 0x0000},
{0x03d8, 0x2000},
{0x03d9, 0x2000},
{0x03da, 0x2000},
{0x03db, 0x2000},
{0x03dc, 0x0000},
{0x03dd, 0x0000},
{0x03de, 0x0000},
{0x03df, 0x2000},
{0x03e0, 0x0000},
{0x03e1, 0x0000},
{0x03e2, 0x0000},
{0x03e3, 0x0000},
{0x03e4, 0x0000},
{0x03e5, 0x0000},
{0x03e6, 0x0000},
{0x03e7, 0x0000},
{0x03e8, 0x0000},
{0x03e9, 0x0000},
{0x03ea, 0x0000},
{0x03eb, 0x0000},
{0x03ec, 0x0000},
{0x03ed, 0x0000},
{0x03ee, 0x0000},
{0x03ef, 0x0000},
{0x03f0, 0x0800},
{0x03f1, 0x0800},
{0x03f2, 0x0800},
{0x03f3, 0x0800},
};
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rt5682_reg);
bool rt5682_volatile_register(struct device *dev, unsigned int reg)
{
switch (reg) {
case RT5682_RESET:
case RT5682_CBJ_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_INT_ST_1:
case RT5682_4BTN_IL_CMD_1:
case RT5682_AJD1_CTRL:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_DEVICE_ID:
case RT5682_I2C_MODE:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_CTRL_10:
case RT5682_EFUSE_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_JD_TOP_VC_VTRL:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_19:
case RT5682_IL_CMD_1:
case RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_2:
case RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_4:
case RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_10:
case RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_11:
case RT5682_EFUSE_CTRL_6...RT5682_EFUSE_CTRL_11:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_STA_1...RT5682_HP_CALIB_STA_11:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rt5682_volatile_register);
bool rt5682_readable_register(struct device *dev, unsigned int reg)
{
switch (reg) {
case RT5682_RESET:
case RT5682_VERSION_ID:
case RT5682_VENDOR_ID:
case RT5682_DEVICE_ID:
case RT5682_HP_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_HP_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_HPL_GAIN:
case RT5682_HPR_GAIN:
case RT5682_I2C_CTRL:
case RT5682_CBJ_BST_CTRL:
case RT5682_CBJ_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_CBJ_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_CBJ_CTRL_3:
case RT5682_CBJ_CTRL_4:
case RT5682_CBJ_CTRL_5:
case RT5682_CBJ_CTRL_6:
case RT5682_CBJ_CTRL_7:
case RT5682_DAC1_DIG_VOL:
case RT5682_STO1_ADC_DIG_VOL:
case RT5682_STO1_ADC_BOOST:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_GAIN_1:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_GAIN_2:
case RT5682_SIDETONE_CTRL:
case RT5682_STO1_ADC_MIXER:
case RT5682_AD_DA_MIXER:
case RT5682_STO1_DAC_MIXER:
case RT5682_A_DAC1_MUX:
case RT5682_DIG_INF2_DATA:
case RT5682_REC_MIXER:
case RT5682_CAL_REC:
case RT5682_ALC_BACK_GAIN:
case RT5682_PWR_DIG_1:
case RT5682_PWR_DIG_2:
case RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1:
case RT5682_PWR_ANLG_2:
case RT5682_PWR_ANLG_3:
case RT5682_PWR_MIXER:
case RT5682_PWR_VOL:
case RT5682_CLK_DET:
case RT5682_RESET_LPF_CTRL:
case RT5682_RESET_HPF_CTRL:
case RT5682_DMIC_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_I2S1_SDP:
case RT5682_I2S2_SDP:
case RT5682_ADDA_CLK_1:
case RT5682_ADDA_CLK_2:
case RT5682_I2S1_F_DIV_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_I2S1_F_DIV_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_TDM_CTRL:
case RT5682_TDM_ADDA_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_TDM_ADDA_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_DATA_SEL_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_TDM_TCON_CTRL:
case RT5682_GLB_CLK:
case RT5682_PLL_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_PLL_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_PLL_TRACK_1:
case RT5682_PLL_TRACK_2:
case RT5682_PLL_TRACK_3:
case RT5682_PLL_TRACK_4:
case RT5682_PLL_TRACK_5:
case RT5682_PLL_TRACK_6:
case RT5682_PLL_TRACK_11:
case RT5682_SDW_REF_CLK:
case RT5682_DEPOP_1:
case RT5682_DEPOP_2:
case RT5682_HP_CHARGE_PUMP_1:
case RT5682_HP_CHARGE_PUMP_2:
case RT5682_MICBIAS_1:
case RT5682_MICBIAS_2:
case RT5682_PLL_TRACK_12:
case RT5682_PLL_TRACK_14:
case RT5682_PLL2_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_PLL2_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_PLL2_CTRL_3:
case RT5682_PLL2_CTRL_4:
case RT5682_RC_CLK_CTRL:
case RT5682_I2S_M_CLK_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_I2S2_F_DIV_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_I2S2_F_DIV_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_EQ_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_EQ_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_IRQ_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_IRQ_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_IRQ_CTRL_3:
case RT5682_IRQ_CTRL_4:
case RT5682_INT_ST_1:
case RT5682_GPIO_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_GPIO_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_GPIO_CTRL_3:
case RT5682_HP_AMP_DET_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_HP_AMP_DET_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_MID_HP_AMP_DET:
case RT5682_LOW_HP_AMP_DET:
case RT5682_DELAY_BUF_CTRL:
case RT5682_SV_ZCD_1:
case RT5682_SV_ZCD_2:
case RT5682_IL_CMD_1:
case RT5682_IL_CMD_2:
case RT5682_IL_CMD_3:
case RT5682_IL_CMD_4:
case RT5682_IL_CMD_5:
case RT5682_IL_CMD_6:
case RT5682_4BTN_IL_CMD_1:
case RT5682_4BTN_IL_CMD_2:
case RT5682_4BTN_IL_CMD_3:
case RT5682_4BTN_IL_CMD_4:
case RT5682_4BTN_IL_CMD_5:
case RT5682_4BTN_IL_CMD_6:
case RT5682_4BTN_IL_CMD_7:
case RT5682_ADC_STO1_HP_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_ADC_STO1_HP_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_AJD1_CTRL:
case RT5682_JD1_THD:
case RT5682_JD2_THD:
case RT5682_JD_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_DUMMY_1:
case RT5682_DUMMY_2:
case RT5682_DUMMY_3:
case RT5682_DAC_ADC_DIG_VOL1:
case RT5682_BIAS_CUR_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_BIAS_CUR_CTRL_3:
case RT5682_BIAS_CUR_CTRL_4:
case RT5682_BIAS_CUR_CTRL_5:
case RT5682_BIAS_CUR_CTRL_6:
case RT5682_BIAS_CUR_CTRL_7:
case RT5682_BIAS_CUR_CTRL_8:
case RT5682_BIAS_CUR_CTRL_9:
case RT5682_BIAS_CUR_CTRL_10:
case RT5682_VREF_REC_OP_FB_CAP_CTRL:
case RT5682_CHARGE_PUMP_1:
case RT5682_DIG_IN_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_PAD_DRIVING_CTRL:
case RT5682_SOFT_RAMP_DEPOP:
case RT5682_CHOP_DAC:
case RT5682_CHOP_ADC:
case RT5682_CALIB_ADC_CTRL:
case RT5682_VOL_TEST:
case RT5682_SPKVDD_DET_STA:
case RT5682_TEST_MODE_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_TEST_MODE_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_TEST_MODE_CTRL_3:
case RT5682_TEST_MODE_CTRL_4:
case RT5682_TEST_MODE_CTRL_5:
case RT5682_PLL1_INTERNAL:
case RT5682_PLL2_INTERNAL:
case RT5682_STO_NG2_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_STO_NG2_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_STO_NG2_CTRL_3:
case RT5682_STO_NG2_CTRL_4:
case RT5682_STO_NG2_CTRL_5:
case RT5682_STO_NG2_CTRL_6:
case RT5682_STO_NG2_CTRL_7:
case RT5682_STO_NG2_CTRL_8:
case RT5682_STO_NG2_CTRL_9:
case RT5682_STO_NG2_CTRL_10:
case RT5682_STO1_DAC_SIL_DET:
case RT5682_SIL_PSV_CTRL1:
case RT5682_SIL_PSV_CTRL2:
case RT5682_SIL_PSV_CTRL3:
case RT5682_SIL_PSV_CTRL4:
case RT5682_SIL_PSV_CTRL5:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_01:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_02:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_03:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_04:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_05:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_06:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_07:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_08:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_09:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_10:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_11:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_12:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_13:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_14:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_15:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_16:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_17:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_18:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_19:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_20:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_21:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_22:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_23:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_24:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_25:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_26:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_27:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_28:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_29:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_30:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_31:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_32:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_33:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_34:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_35:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_36:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_37:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_38:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_39:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_40:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_41:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_42:
case RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_43:
case RT5682_HP_LOGIC_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_HP_LOGIC_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_HP_LOGIC_CTRL_3:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_CTRL_3:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_CTRL_4:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_CTRL_5:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_CTRL_6:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_CTRL_7:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_CTRL_9:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_CTRL_10:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_CTRL_11:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_STA_1:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_STA_2:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_STA_3:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_STA_4:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_STA_5:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_STA_6:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_STA_7:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_STA_8:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_STA_9:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_STA_10:
case RT5682_HP_CALIB_STA_11:
case RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_1:
case RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_2:
case RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_3:
case RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_4:
case RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_5:
case RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_6:
case RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_7:
case RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_8:
case RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_9:
case RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_10:
case RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_11:
case RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_12:
case RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_13:
case RT5682_EFUSE_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_EFUSE_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_EFUSE_CTRL_3:
case RT5682_EFUSE_CTRL_4:
case RT5682_EFUSE_CTRL_5:
case RT5682_EFUSE_CTRL_6:
case RT5682_EFUSE_CTRL_7:
case RT5682_EFUSE_CTRL_8:
case RT5682_EFUSE_CTRL_9:
case RT5682_EFUSE_CTRL_10:
case RT5682_EFUSE_CTRL_11:
case RT5682_JD_TOP_VC_VTRL:
case RT5682_DRC1_CTRL_0:
case RT5682_DRC1_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_DRC1_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_DRC1_CTRL_3:
case RT5682_DRC1_CTRL_4:
case RT5682_DRC1_CTRL_5:
case RT5682_DRC1_CTRL_6:
case RT5682_DRC1_HARD_LMT_CTRL_1:
case RT5682_DRC1_HARD_LMT_CTRL_2:
case RT5682_DRC1_PRIV_1:
case RT5682_DRC1_PRIV_2:
case RT5682_DRC1_PRIV_3:
case RT5682_DRC1_PRIV_4:
case RT5682_DRC1_PRIV_5:
case RT5682_DRC1_PRIV_6:
case RT5682_DRC1_PRIV_7:
case RT5682_DRC1_PRIV_8:
case RT5682_EQ_AUTO_RCV_CTRL1:
case RT5682_EQ_AUTO_RCV_CTRL2:
case RT5682_EQ_AUTO_RCV_CTRL3:
case RT5682_EQ_AUTO_RCV_CTRL4:
case RT5682_EQ_AUTO_RCV_CTRL5:
case RT5682_EQ_AUTO_RCV_CTRL6:
case RT5682_EQ_AUTO_RCV_CTRL7:
case RT5682_EQ_AUTO_RCV_CTRL8:
case RT5682_EQ_AUTO_RCV_CTRL9:
case RT5682_EQ_AUTO_RCV_CTRL10:
case RT5682_EQ_AUTO_RCV_CTRL11:
case RT5682_EQ_AUTO_RCV_CTRL12:
case RT5682_EQ_AUTO_RCV_CTRL13:
case RT5682_ADC_L_EQ_LPF1_A1:
case RT5682_R_EQ_LPF1_A1:
case RT5682_L_EQ_LPF1_H0:
case RT5682_R_EQ_LPF1_H0:
case RT5682_L_EQ_BPF1_A1:
case RT5682_R_EQ_BPF1_A1:
case RT5682_L_EQ_BPF1_A2:
case RT5682_R_EQ_BPF1_A2:
case RT5682_L_EQ_BPF1_H0:
case RT5682_R_EQ_BPF1_H0:
case RT5682_L_EQ_BPF2_A1:
case RT5682_R_EQ_BPF2_A1:
case RT5682_L_EQ_BPF2_A2:
case RT5682_R_EQ_BPF2_A2:
case RT5682_L_EQ_BPF2_H0:
case RT5682_R_EQ_BPF2_H0:
case RT5682_L_EQ_BPF3_A1:
case RT5682_R_EQ_BPF3_A1:
case RT5682_L_EQ_BPF3_A2:
case RT5682_R_EQ_BPF3_A2:
case RT5682_L_EQ_BPF3_H0:
case RT5682_R_EQ_BPF3_H0:
case RT5682_L_EQ_BPF4_A1:
case RT5682_R_EQ_BPF4_A1:
case RT5682_L_EQ_BPF4_A2:
case RT5682_R_EQ_BPF4_A2:
case RT5682_L_EQ_BPF4_H0:
case RT5682_R_EQ_BPF4_H0:
case RT5682_L_EQ_HPF1_A1:
case RT5682_R_EQ_HPF1_A1:
case RT5682_L_EQ_HPF1_H0:
case RT5682_R_EQ_HPF1_H0:
case RT5682_L_EQ_PRE_VOL:
case RT5682_R_EQ_PRE_VOL:
case RT5682_L_EQ_POST_VOL:
case RT5682_R_EQ_POST_VOL:
case RT5682_I2C_MODE:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rt5682_readable_register);
static const DECLARE_TLV_DB_SCALE(dac_vol_tlv, -6525, 75, 0);
static const DECLARE_TLV_DB_SCALE(adc_vol_tlv, -1725, 75, 0);
static const DECLARE_TLV_DB_SCALE(adc_bst_tlv, 0, 1200, 0);
/* {0, +20, +24, +30, +35, +40, +44, +50, +52} dB */
static const DECLARE_TLV_DB_RANGE(bst_tlv,
0, 0, TLV_DB_SCALE_ITEM(0, 0, 0),
1, 1, TLV_DB_SCALE_ITEM(2000, 0, 0),
2, 2, TLV_DB_SCALE_ITEM(2400, 0, 0),
3, 5, TLV_DB_SCALE_ITEM(3000, 500, 0),
6, 6, TLV_DB_SCALE_ITEM(4400, 0, 0),
7, 7, TLV_DB_SCALE_ITEM(5000, 0, 0),
8, 8, TLV_DB_SCALE_ITEM(5200, 0, 0)
);
/* Interface data select */
static const char * const rt5682_data_select[] = {
"L/R", "R/L", "L/L", "R/R"
};
static SOC_ENUM_SINGLE_DECL(rt5682_if2_adc_enum,
RT5682_DIG_INF2_DATA, RT5682_IF2_ADC_SEL_SFT, rt5682_data_select);
static SOC_ENUM_SINGLE_DECL(rt5682_if1_01_adc_enum,
RT5682_TDM_ADDA_CTRL_1, RT5682_IF1_ADC1_SEL_SFT, rt5682_data_select);
static SOC_ENUM_SINGLE_DECL(rt5682_if1_23_adc_enum,
RT5682_TDM_ADDA_CTRL_1, RT5682_IF1_ADC2_SEL_SFT, rt5682_data_select);
static SOC_ENUM_SINGLE_DECL(rt5682_if1_45_adc_enum,
RT5682_TDM_ADDA_CTRL_1, RT5682_IF1_ADC3_SEL_SFT, rt5682_data_select);
static SOC_ENUM_SINGLE_DECL(rt5682_if1_67_adc_enum,
RT5682_TDM_ADDA_CTRL_1, RT5682_IF1_ADC4_SEL_SFT, rt5682_data_select);
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_if2_adc_swap_mux =
SOC_DAPM_ENUM("IF2 ADC Swap Mux", rt5682_if2_adc_enum);
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_if1_01_adc_swap_mux =
SOC_DAPM_ENUM("IF1 01 ADC Swap Mux", rt5682_if1_01_adc_enum);
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_if1_23_adc_swap_mux =
SOC_DAPM_ENUM("IF1 23 ADC Swap Mux", rt5682_if1_23_adc_enum);
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_if1_45_adc_swap_mux =
SOC_DAPM_ENUM("IF1 45 ADC Swap Mux", rt5682_if1_45_adc_enum);
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_if1_67_adc_swap_mux =
SOC_DAPM_ENUM("IF1 67 ADC Swap Mux", rt5682_if1_67_adc_enum);
static const char * const rt5682_dac_select[] = {
"IF1", "SOUND"
};
static SOC_ENUM_SINGLE_DECL(rt5682_dacl_enum,
RT5682_AD_DA_MIXER, RT5682_DAC1_L_SEL_SFT, rt5682_dac_select);
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_dac_l_mux =
SOC_DAPM_ENUM("DAC L Mux", rt5682_dacl_enum);
static SOC_ENUM_SINGLE_DECL(rt5682_dacr_enum,
RT5682_AD_DA_MIXER, RT5682_DAC1_R_SEL_SFT, rt5682_dac_select);
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_dac_r_mux =
SOC_DAPM_ENUM("DAC R Mux", rt5682_dacr_enum);
void rt5682_reset(struct rt5682_priv *rt5682)
{
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_RESET, 0);
if (!rt5682->is_sdw)
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_I2C_MODE, 1);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rt5682_reset);
/**
* rt5682_sel_asrc_clk_src - select ASRC clock source for a set of filters
* @component: SoC audio component device.
* @filter_mask: mask of filters.
* @clk_src: clock source
*
* The ASRC function is for asynchronous MCLK and LRCK. Also, since RT5682 can
* only support standard 32fs or 64fs i2s format, ASRC should be enabled to
* support special i2s clock format such as Intel's 100fs(100 * sampling rate).
* ASRC function will track i2s clock and generate a corresponding system clock
* for codec. This function provides an API to select the clock source for a
* set of filters specified by the mask. And the component driver will turn on
* ASRC for these filters if ASRC is selected as their clock source.
*/
int rt5682_sel_asrc_clk_src(struct snd_soc_component *component,
unsigned int filter_mask, unsigned int clk_src)
{
switch (clk_src) {
case RT5682_CLK_SEL_SYS:
case RT5682_CLK_SEL_I2S1_ASRC:
case RT5682_CLK_SEL_I2S2_ASRC:
break;
default:
return -EINVAL;
}
if (filter_mask & RT5682_DA_STEREO1_FILTER) {
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_PLL_TRACK_2,
RT5682_FILTER_CLK_SEL_MASK,
clk_src << RT5682_FILTER_CLK_SEL_SFT);
}
if (filter_mask & RT5682_AD_STEREO1_FILTER) {
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_PLL_TRACK_3,
RT5682_FILTER_CLK_SEL_MASK,
clk_src << RT5682_FILTER_CLK_SEL_SFT);
}
return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rt5682_sel_asrc_clk_src);
static int rt5682_button_detect(struct snd_soc_component *component)
{
int btn_type, val;
val = snd_soc_component_read(component, RT5682_4BTN_IL_CMD_1);
btn_type = val & 0xfff0;
snd_soc_component_write(component, RT5682_4BTN_IL_CMD_1, val);
dev_dbg(component->dev, "%s btn_type=%x\n", __func__, btn_type);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_2, 0x10, 0x10);
return btn_type;
}
static void rt5682_enable_push_button_irq(struct snd_soc_component *component,
bool enable)
{
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 = snd_soc_component_get_drvdata(component);
if (enable) {
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_1,
RT5682_SAR_BUTT_DET_MASK, RT5682_SAR_BUTT_DET_EN);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_13,
RT5682_SAR_SOUR_MASK, RT5682_SAR_SOUR_BTN);
snd_soc_component_write(component, RT5682_IL_CMD_1, 0x0040);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_4BTN_IL_CMD_2,
RT5682_4BTN_IL_MASK | RT5682_4BTN_IL_RST_MASK,
RT5682_4BTN_IL_EN | RT5682_4BTN_IL_NOR);
if (rt5682->is_sdw)
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_IRQ_CTRL_3,
RT5682_IL_IRQ_MASK | RT5682_IL_IRQ_TYPE_MASK,
RT5682_IL_IRQ_EN | RT5682_IL_IRQ_PUL);
else
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_IRQ_CTRL_3, RT5682_IL_IRQ_MASK,
RT5682_IL_IRQ_EN);
} else {
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_IRQ_CTRL_3,
RT5682_IL_IRQ_MASK, RT5682_IL_IRQ_DIS);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_1,
RT5682_SAR_BUTT_DET_MASK, RT5682_SAR_BUTT_DET_DIS);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_4BTN_IL_CMD_2,
RT5682_4BTN_IL_MASK, RT5682_4BTN_IL_DIS);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_4BTN_IL_CMD_2,
RT5682_4BTN_IL_RST_MASK, RT5682_4BTN_IL_RST);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_13,
RT5682_SAR_SOUR_MASK, RT5682_SAR_SOUR_TYPE);
}
}
/**
* rt5682_headset_detect - Detect headset.
* @component: SoC audio component device.
* @jack_insert: Jack insert or not.
*
* Detect whether is headset or not when jack inserted.
*
* Returns detect status.
*/
int rt5682_headset_detect(struct snd_soc_component *component, int jack_insert)
{
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 = snd_soc_component_get_drvdata(component);
struct snd_soc_dapm_context *dapm = &component->dapm;
unsigned int val, count;
if (jack_insert) {
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1,
RT5682_PWR_VREF2 | RT5682_PWR_MB,
RT5682_PWR_VREF2 | RT5682_PWR_MB);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1, RT5682_PWR_FV2, 0);
usleep_range(15000, 20000);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1, RT5682_PWR_FV2, RT5682_PWR_FV2);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_PWR_ANLG_3,
RT5682_PWR_CBJ, RT5682_PWR_CBJ);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_HP_CHARGE_PUMP_1,
RT5682_OSW_L_MASK | RT5682_OSW_R_MASK, 0);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_CBJ_CTRL_1,
RT5682_TRIG_JD_MASK, RT5682_TRIG_JD_HIGH);
count = 0;
val = snd_soc_component_read(component, RT5682_CBJ_CTRL_2)
& RT5682_JACK_TYPE_MASK;
while (val == 0 && count < 50) {
usleep_range(10000, 15000);
val = snd_soc_component_read(component,
RT5682_CBJ_CTRL_2) & RT5682_JACK_TYPE_MASK;
count++;
}
switch (val) {
case 0x1:
case 0x2:
rt5682->jack_type = SND_JACK_HEADSET;
rt5682_enable_push_button_irq(component, true);
break;
default:
rt5682->jack_type = SND_JACK_HEADPHONE;
break;
}
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_HP_CHARGE_PUMP_1,
RT5682_OSW_L_MASK | RT5682_OSW_R_MASK,
RT5682_OSW_L_EN | RT5682_OSW_R_EN);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_MICBIAS_2,
RT5682_PWR_CLK25M_MASK | RT5682_PWR_CLK1M_MASK,
RT5682_PWR_CLK25M_PU | RT5682_PWR_CLK1M_PU);
} else {
rt5682_enable_push_button_irq(component, false);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_CBJ_CTRL_1,
RT5682_TRIG_JD_MASK, RT5682_TRIG_JD_LOW);
if (!snd_soc_dapm_get_pin_status(dapm, "MICBIAS"))
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1, RT5682_PWR_MB, 0);
if (!snd_soc_dapm_get_pin_status(dapm, "Vref2"))
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1, RT5682_PWR_VREF2, 0);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_PWR_ANLG_3,
RT5682_PWR_CBJ, 0);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_MICBIAS_2,
RT5682_PWR_CLK25M_MASK | RT5682_PWR_CLK1M_MASK,
RT5682_PWR_CLK25M_PD | RT5682_PWR_CLK1M_PD);
rt5682->jack_type = 0;
}
dev_dbg(component->dev, "jack_type = %d\n", rt5682->jack_type);
return rt5682->jack_type;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rt5682_headset_detect);
static int rt5682_set_jack_detect(struct snd_soc_component *component,
struct snd_soc_jack *hs_jack, void *data)
{
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 = snd_soc_component_get_drvdata(component);
rt5682->hs_jack = hs_jack;
if (!hs_jack) {
regmap_update_bits(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_IRQ_CTRL_2,
RT5682_JD1_EN_MASK, RT5682_JD1_DIS);
regmap_update_bits(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_RC_CLK_CTRL,
RT5682_POW_JDH | RT5682_POW_JDL, 0);
cancel_delayed_work_sync(&rt5682->jack_detect_work);
return 0;
}
if (!rt5682->is_sdw) {
switch (rt5682->pdata.jd_src) {
case RT5682_JD1:
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_CBJ_CTRL_2, RT5682_EXT_JD_SRC,
RT5682_EXT_JD_SRC_MANUAL);
snd_soc_component_write(component, RT5682_CBJ_CTRL_1,
0xd042);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_CBJ_CTRL_3, RT5682_CBJ_IN_BUF_EN,
RT5682_CBJ_IN_BUF_EN);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_1, RT5682_SAR_POW_MASK,
RT5682_SAR_POW_EN);
regmap_update_bits(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_GPIO_CTRL_1,
RT5682_GP1_PIN_MASK, RT5682_GP1_PIN_IRQ);
regmap_update_bits(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_RC_CLK_CTRL,
RT5682_POW_IRQ | RT5682_POW_JDH |
RT5682_POW_ANA, RT5682_POW_IRQ |
RT5682_POW_JDH | RT5682_POW_ANA);
regmap_update_bits(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_PWR_ANLG_2,
RT5682_PWR_JDH, RT5682_PWR_JDH);
regmap_update_bits(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_IRQ_CTRL_2,
RT5682_JD1_EN_MASK | RT5682_JD1_POL_MASK,
RT5682_JD1_EN | RT5682_JD1_POL_NOR);
regmap_update_bits(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_4BTN_IL_CMD_4,
0x7f7f, (rt5682->pdata.btndet_delay << 8 |
rt5682->pdata.btndet_delay));
regmap_update_bits(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_4BTN_IL_CMD_5,
0x7f7f, (rt5682->pdata.btndet_delay << 8 |
rt5682->pdata.btndet_delay));
regmap_update_bits(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_4BTN_IL_CMD_6,
0x7f7f, (rt5682->pdata.btndet_delay << 8 |
rt5682->pdata.btndet_delay));
regmap_update_bits(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_4BTN_IL_CMD_7,
0x7f7f, (rt5682->pdata.btndet_delay << 8 |
rt5682->pdata.btndet_delay));
mod_delayed_work(system_power_efficient_wq,
&rt5682->jack_detect_work,
msecs_to_jiffies(250));
break;
case RT5682_JD_NULL:
regmap_update_bits(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_IRQ_CTRL_2,
RT5682_JD1_EN_MASK, RT5682_JD1_DIS);
regmap_update_bits(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_RC_CLK_CTRL,
RT5682_POW_JDH | RT5682_POW_JDL, 0);
break;
default:
dev_warn(component->dev, "Wrong JD source\n");
break;
}
}
return 0;
}
void rt5682_jack_detect_handler(struct work_struct *work)
{
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 =
container_of(work, struct rt5682_priv, jack_detect_work.work);
int val, btn_type;
while (!rt5682->component)
usleep_range(10000, 15000);
while (!rt5682->component->card->instantiated)
usleep_range(10000, 15000);
mutex_lock(&rt5682->calibrate_mutex);
val = snd_soc_component_read(rt5682->component, RT5682_AJD1_CTRL)
& RT5682_JDH_RS_MASK;
if (!val) {
/* jack in */
if (rt5682->jack_type == 0) {
/* jack was out, report jack type */
rt5682->jack_type =
rt5682_headset_detect(rt5682->component, 1);
} else if ((rt5682->jack_type & SND_JACK_HEADSET) ==
SND_JACK_HEADSET) {
/* jack is already in, report button event */
rt5682->jack_type = SND_JACK_HEADSET;
btn_type = rt5682_button_detect(rt5682->component);
/**
* rt5682 can report three kinds of button behavior,
* one click, double click and hold. However,
* currently we will report button pressed/released
* event. So all the three button behaviors are
* treated as button pressed.
*/
switch (btn_type) {
case 0x8000:
case 0x4000:
case 0x2000:
rt5682->jack_type |= SND_JACK_BTN_0;
break;
case 0x1000:
case 0x0800:
case 0x0400:
rt5682->jack_type |= SND_JACK_BTN_1;
break;
case 0x0200:
case 0x0100:
case 0x0080:
rt5682->jack_type |= SND_JACK_BTN_2;
break;
case 0x0040:
case 0x0020:
case 0x0010:
rt5682->jack_type |= SND_JACK_BTN_3;
break;
case 0x0000: /* unpressed */
break;
default:
dev_err(rt5682->component->dev,
"Unexpected button code 0x%04x\n",
btn_type);
break;
}
}
} else {
/* jack out */
rt5682->jack_type = rt5682_headset_detect(rt5682->component, 0);
}
snd_soc_jack_report(rt5682->hs_jack, rt5682->jack_type,
SND_JACK_HEADSET |
SND_JACK_BTN_0 | SND_JACK_BTN_1 |
SND_JACK_BTN_2 | SND_JACK_BTN_3);
if (!rt5682->is_sdw) {
if (rt5682->jack_type & (SND_JACK_BTN_0 | SND_JACK_BTN_1 |
SND_JACK_BTN_2 | SND_JACK_BTN_3))
schedule_delayed_work(&rt5682->jd_check_work, 0);
else
cancel_delayed_work_sync(&rt5682->jd_check_work);
}
mutex_unlock(&rt5682->calibrate_mutex);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rt5682_jack_detect_handler);
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_snd_controls[] = {
/* DAC Digital Volume */
SOC_DOUBLE_TLV("DAC1 Playback Volume", RT5682_DAC1_DIG_VOL,
RT5682_L_VOL_SFT + 1, RT5682_R_VOL_SFT + 1, 87, 0, dac_vol_tlv),
/* IN Boost Volume */
SOC_SINGLE_TLV("CBJ Boost Volume", RT5682_CBJ_BST_CTRL,
RT5682_BST_CBJ_SFT, 8, 0, bst_tlv),
/* ADC Digital Volume Control */
SOC_DOUBLE("STO1 ADC Capture Switch", RT5682_STO1_ADC_DIG_VOL,
RT5682_L_MUTE_SFT, RT5682_R_MUTE_SFT, 1, 1),
SOC_DOUBLE_TLV("STO1 ADC Capture Volume", RT5682_STO1_ADC_DIG_VOL,
RT5682_L_VOL_SFT + 1, RT5682_R_VOL_SFT + 1, 63, 0, adc_vol_tlv),
/* ADC Boost Volume Control */
SOC_DOUBLE_TLV("STO1 ADC Boost Gain Volume", RT5682_STO1_ADC_BOOST,
RT5682_STO1_ADC_L_BST_SFT, RT5682_STO1_ADC_R_BST_SFT,
3, 0, adc_bst_tlv),
};
static int rt5682_div_sel(struct rt5682_priv *rt5682,
int target, const int div[], int size)
{
int i;
if (rt5682->sysclk < target) {
dev_err(rt5682->component->dev,
"sysclk rate %d is too low\n", rt5682->sysclk);
return 0;
}
for (i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {
dev_dbg(rt5682->component->dev, "div[%d]=%d\n", i, div[i]);
if (target * div[i] == rt5682->sysclk)
return i;
if (target * div[i + 1] > rt5682->sysclk) {
dev_dbg(rt5682->component->dev,
"can't find div for sysclk %d\n",
rt5682->sysclk);
return i;
}
}
if (target * div[i] < rt5682->sysclk)
dev_err(rt5682->component->dev,
"sysclk rate %d is too high\n", rt5682->sysclk);
return size - 1;
}
/**
* set_dmic_clk - Set parameter of dmic.
*
* @w: DAPM widget.
* @kcontrol: The kcontrol of this widget.
* @event: Event id.
*
* Choose dmic clock between 1MHz and 3MHz.
* It is better for clock to approximate 3MHz.
*/
static int set_dmic_clk(struct snd_soc_dapm_widget *w,
struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, int event)
{
struct snd_soc_component *component =
snd_soc_dapm_to_component(w->dapm);
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 = snd_soc_component_get_drvdata(component);
int idx = -EINVAL, dmic_clk_rate = 3072000;
static const int div[] = {2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64, 96, 128};
if (rt5682->pdata.dmic_clk_rate)
dmic_clk_rate = rt5682->pdata.dmic_clk_rate;
idx = rt5682_div_sel(rt5682, dmic_clk_rate, div, ARRAY_SIZE(div));
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_DMIC_CTRL_1,
RT5682_DMIC_CLK_MASK, idx << RT5682_DMIC_CLK_SFT);
return 0;
}
static int set_filter_clk(struct snd_soc_dapm_widget *w,
struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, int event)
{
struct snd_soc_component *component =
snd_soc_dapm_to_component(w->dapm);
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 = snd_soc_component_get_drvdata(component);
int ref, val, reg, idx = -EINVAL;
static const int div_f[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48};
static const int div_o[] = {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48};
if (rt5682->is_sdw)
return 0;
val = snd_soc_component_read(component, RT5682_GPIO_CTRL_1) &
RT5682_GP4_PIN_MASK;
if (w->shift == RT5682_PWR_ADC_S1F_BIT &&
val == RT5682_GP4_PIN_ADCDAT2)
ref = 256 * rt5682->lrck[RT5682_AIF2];
else
ref = 256 * rt5682->lrck[RT5682_AIF1];
idx = rt5682_div_sel(rt5682, ref, div_f, ARRAY_SIZE(div_f));
if (w->shift == RT5682_PWR_ADC_S1F_BIT)
reg = RT5682_PLL_TRACK_3;
else
reg = RT5682_PLL_TRACK_2;
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, reg,
RT5682_FILTER_CLK_DIV_MASK, idx << RT5682_FILTER_CLK_DIV_SFT);
/* select over sample rate */
for (idx = 0; idx < ARRAY_SIZE(div_o); idx++) {
if (rt5682->sysclk <= 12288000 * div_o[idx])
break;
}
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_ADDA_CLK_1,
RT5682_ADC_OSR_MASK | RT5682_DAC_OSR_MASK,
(idx << RT5682_ADC_OSR_SFT) | (idx << RT5682_DAC_OSR_SFT));
return 0;
}
static int is_sys_clk_from_pll1(struct snd_soc_dapm_widget *w,
struct snd_soc_dapm_widget *sink)
{
unsigned int val;
struct snd_soc_component *component =
snd_soc_dapm_to_component(w->dapm);
val = snd_soc_component_read(component, RT5682_GLB_CLK);
val &= RT5682_SCLK_SRC_MASK;
if (val == RT5682_SCLK_SRC_PLL1)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
static int is_sys_clk_from_pll2(struct snd_soc_dapm_widget *w,
struct snd_soc_dapm_widget *sink)
{
unsigned int val;
struct snd_soc_component *component =
snd_soc_dapm_to_component(w->dapm);
val = snd_soc_component_read(component, RT5682_GLB_CLK);
val &= RT5682_SCLK_SRC_MASK;
if (val == RT5682_SCLK_SRC_PLL2)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
static int is_using_asrc(struct snd_soc_dapm_widget *w,
struct snd_soc_dapm_widget *sink)
{
unsigned int reg, shift, val;
struct snd_soc_component *component =
snd_soc_dapm_to_component(w->dapm);
switch (w->shift) {
case RT5682_ADC_STO1_ASRC_SFT:
reg = RT5682_PLL_TRACK_3;
shift = RT5682_FILTER_CLK_SEL_SFT;
break;
case RT5682_DAC_STO1_ASRC_SFT:
reg = RT5682_PLL_TRACK_2;
shift = RT5682_FILTER_CLK_SEL_SFT;
break;
default:
return 0;
}
val = (snd_soc_component_read(component, reg) >> shift) & 0xf;
switch (val) {
case RT5682_CLK_SEL_I2S1_ASRC:
case RT5682_CLK_SEL_I2S2_ASRC:
return 1;
default:
return 0;
}
}
/* Digital Mixer */
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_sto1_adc_l_mix[] = {
SOC_DAPM_SINGLE("ADC1 Switch", RT5682_STO1_ADC_MIXER,
RT5682_M_STO1_ADC_L1_SFT, 1, 1),
SOC_DAPM_SINGLE("ADC2 Switch", RT5682_STO1_ADC_MIXER,
RT5682_M_STO1_ADC_L2_SFT, 1, 1),
};
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_sto1_adc_r_mix[] = {
SOC_DAPM_SINGLE("ADC1 Switch", RT5682_STO1_ADC_MIXER,
RT5682_M_STO1_ADC_R1_SFT, 1, 1),
SOC_DAPM_SINGLE("ADC2 Switch", RT5682_STO1_ADC_MIXER,
RT5682_M_STO1_ADC_R2_SFT, 1, 1),
};
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_dac_l_mix[] = {
SOC_DAPM_SINGLE("Stereo ADC Switch", RT5682_AD_DA_MIXER,
RT5682_M_ADCMIX_L_SFT, 1, 1),
SOC_DAPM_SINGLE("DAC1 Switch", RT5682_AD_DA_MIXER,
RT5682_M_DAC1_L_SFT, 1, 1),
};
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_dac_r_mix[] = {
SOC_DAPM_SINGLE("Stereo ADC Switch", RT5682_AD_DA_MIXER,
RT5682_M_ADCMIX_R_SFT, 1, 1),
SOC_DAPM_SINGLE("DAC1 Switch", RT5682_AD_DA_MIXER,
RT5682_M_DAC1_R_SFT, 1, 1),
};
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_sto1_dac_l_mix[] = {
SOC_DAPM_SINGLE("DAC L1 Switch", RT5682_STO1_DAC_MIXER,
RT5682_M_DAC_L1_STO_L_SFT, 1, 1),
SOC_DAPM_SINGLE("DAC R1 Switch", RT5682_STO1_DAC_MIXER,
RT5682_M_DAC_R1_STO_L_SFT, 1, 1),
};
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_sto1_dac_r_mix[] = {
SOC_DAPM_SINGLE("DAC L1 Switch", RT5682_STO1_DAC_MIXER,
RT5682_M_DAC_L1_STO_R_SFT, 1, 1),
SOC_DAPM_SINGLE("DAC R1 Switch", RT5682_STO1_DAC_MIXER,
RT5682_M_DAC_R1_STO_R_SFT, 1, 1),
};
/* Analog Input Mixer */
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_rec1_l_mix[] = {
SOC_DAPM_SINGLE("CBJ Switch", RT5682_REC_MIXER,
RT5682_M_CBJ_RM1_L_SFT, 1, 1),
};
/* STO1 ADC1 Source */
/* MX-26 [13] [5] */
static const char * const rt5682_sto1_adc1_src[] = {
"DAC MIX", "ADC"
};
static SOC_ENUM_SINGLE_DECL(
rt5682_sto1_adc1l_enum, RT5682_STO1_ADC_MIXER,
RT5682_STO1_ADC1L_SRC_SFT, rt5682_sto1_adc1_src);
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_sto1_adc1l_mux =
SOC_DAPM_ENUM("Stereo1 ADC1L Source", rt5682_sto1_adc1l_enum);
static SOC_ENUM_SINGLE_DECL(
rt5682_sto1_adc1r_enum, RT5682_STO1_ADC_MIXER,
RT5682_STO1_ADC1R_SRC_SFT, rt5682_sto1_adc1_src);
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_sto1_adc1r_mux =
SOC_DAPM_ENUM("Stereo1 ADC1L Source", rt5682_sto1_adc1r_enum);
/* STO1 ADC Source */
/* MX-26 [11:10] [3:2] */
static const char * const rt5682_sto1_adc_src[] = {
"ADC1 L", "ADC1 R"
};
static SOC_ENUM_SINGLE_DECL(
rt5682_sto1_adcl_enum, RT5682_STO1_ADC_MIXER,
RT5682_STO1_ADCL_SRC_SFT, rt5682_sto1_adc_src);
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_sto1_adcl_mux =
SOC_DAPM_ENUM("Stereo1 ADCL Source", rt5682_sto1_adcl_enum);
static SOC_ENUM_SINGLE_DECL(
rt5682_sto1_adcr_enum, RT5682_STO1_ADC_MIXER,
RT5682_STO1_ADCR_SRC_SFT, rt5682_sto1_adc_src);
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_sto1_adcr_mux =
SOC_DAPM_ENUM("Stereo1 ADCR Source", rt5682_sto1_adcr_enum);
/* STO1 ADC2 Source */
/* MX-26 [12] [4] */
static const char * const rt5682_sto1_adc2_src[] = {
"DAC MIX", "DMIC"
};
static SOC_ENUM_SINGLE_DECL(
rt5682_sto1_adc2l_enum, RT5682_STO1_ADC_MIXER,
RT5682_STO1_ADC2L_SRC_SFT, rt5682_sto1_adc2_src);
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_sto1_adc2l_mux =
SOC_DAPM_ENUM("Stereo1 ADC2L Source", rt5682_sto1_adc2l_enum);
static SOC_ENUM_SINGLE_DECL(
rt5682_sto1_adc2r_enum, RT5682_STO1_ADC_MIXER,
RT5682_STO1_ADC2R_SRC_SFT, rt5682_sto1_adc2_src);
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_sto1_adc2r_mux =
SOC_DAPM_ENUM("Stereo1 ADC2R Source", rt5682_sto1_adc2r_enum);
/* MX-79 [6:4] I2S1 ADC data location */
static const unsigned int rt5682_if1_adc_slot_values[] = {
0,
2,
4,
6,
};
static const char * const rt5682_if1_adc_slot_src[] = {
"Slot 0", "Slot 2", "Slot 4", "Slot 6"
};
static SOC_VALUE_ENUM_SINGLE_DECL(rt5682_if1_adc_slot_enum,
RT5682_TDM_CTRL, RT5682_TDM_ADC_LCA_SFT, RT5682_TDM_ADC_LCA_MASK,
rt5682_if1_adc_slot_src, rt5682_if1_adc_slot_values);
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_if1_adc_slot_mux =
SOC_DAPM_ENUM("IF1 ADC Slot location", rt5682_if1_adc_slot_enum);
/* Analog DAC L1 Source, Analog DAC R1 Source*/
/* MX-2B [4], MX-2B [0]*/
static const char * const rt5682_alg_dac1_src[] = {
"Stereo1 DAC Mixer", "DAC1"
};
static SOC_ENUM_SINGLE_DECL(
rt5682_alg_dac_l1_enum, RT5682_A_DAC1_MUX,
RT5682_A_DACL1_SFT, rt5682_alg_dac1_src);
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_alg_dac_l1_mux =
SOC_DAPM_ENUM("Analog DAC L1 Source", rt5682_alg_dac_l1_enum);
static SOC_ENUM_SINGLE_DECL(
rt5682_alg_dac_r1_enum, RT5682_A_DAC1_MUX,
RT5682_A_DACR1_SFT, rt5682_alg_dac1_src);
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_alg_dac_r1_mux =
SOC_DAPM_ENUM("Analog DAC R1 Source", rt5682_alg_dac_r1_enum);
/* Out Switch */
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new hpol_switch =
SOC_DAPM_SINGLE_AUTODISABLE("Switch", RT5682_HP_CTRL_1,
RT5682_L_MUTE_SFT, 1, 1);
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new hpor_switch =
SOC_DAPM_SINGLE_AUTODISABLE("Switch", RT5682_HP_CTRL_1,
RT5682_R_MUTE_SFT, 1, 1);
static int rt5682_hp_event(struct snd_soc_dapm_widget *w,
struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, int event)
{
struct snd_soc_component *component =
snd_soc_dapm_to_component(w->dapm);
switch (event) {
case SND_SOC_DAPM_PRE_PMU:
snd_soc_component_write(component,
RT5682_HP_LOGIC_CTRL_2, 0x0012);
snd_soc_component_write(component,
RT5682_HP_CTRL_2, 0x6000);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_DEPOP_1, 0x60, 0x60);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_DAC_ADC_DIG_VOL1, 0x00c0, 0x0080);
break;
case SND_SOC_DAPM_POST_PMD:
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_DEPOP_1, 0x60, 0x0);
snd_soc_component_write(component,
RT5682_HP_CTRL_2, 0x0000);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_DAC_ADC_DIG_VOL1, 0x00c0, 0x0000);
break;
}
return 0;
}
static int set_dmic_power(struct snd_soc_dapm_widget *w,
struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, int event)
{
struct snd_soc_component *component =
snd_soc_dapm_to_component(w->dapm);
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 = snd_soc_component_get_drvdata(component);
unsigned int delay = 50;
if (rt5682->pdata.dmic_delay)
delay = rt5682->pdata.dmic_delay;
switch (event) {
case SND_SOC_DAPM_POST_PMU:
/*Add delay to avoid pop noise*/
msleep(delay);
break;
}
return 0;
}
static int rt5682_set_verf(struct snd_soc_dapm_widget *w,
struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, int event)
{
struct snd_soc_component *component =
snd_soc_dapm_to_component(w->dapm);
switch (event) {
case SND_SOC_DAPM_PRE_PMU:
switch (w->shift) {
case RT5682_PWR_VREF1_BIT:
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1, RT5682_PWR_FV1, 0);
break;
case RT5682_PWR_VREF2_BIT:
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1, RT5682_PWR_FV2, 0);
break;
}
break;
case SND_SOC_DAPM_POST_PMU:
usleep_range(15000, 20000);
switch (w->shift) {
case RT5682_PWR_VREF1_BIT:
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1, RT5682_PWR_FV1,
RT5682_PWR_FV1);
break;
case RT5682_PWR_VREF2_BIT:
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1, RT5682_PWR_FV2,
RT5682_PWR_FV2);
break;
}
break;
}
return 0;
}
static const unsigned int rt5682_adcdat_pin_values[] = {
1,
3,
};
static const char * const rt5682_adcdat_pin_select[] = {
"ADCDAT1",
"ADCDAT2",
};
static SOC_VALUE_ENUM_SINGLE_DECL(rt5682_adcdat_pin_enum,
RT5682_GPIO_CTRL_1, RT5682_GP4_PIN_SFT, RT5682_GP4_PIN_MASK,
rt5682_adcdat_pin_select, rt5682_adcdat_pin_values);
static const struct snd_kcontrol_new rt5682_adcdat_pin_ctrl =
SOC_DAPM_ENUM("ADCDAT", rt5682_adcdat_pin_enum);
static const struct snd_soc_dapm_widget rt5682_dapm_widgets[] = {
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("LDO2", RT5682_PWR_ANLG_3, RT5682_PWR_LDO2_BIT,
0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("PLL1", RT5682_PWR_ANLG_3, RT5682_PWR_PLL_BIT,
0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("PLL2B", RT5682_PWR_ANLG_3, RT5682_PWR_PLL2B_BIT,
0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("PLL2F", RT5682_PWR_ANLG_3, RT5682_PWR_PLL2F_BIT,
0, set_filter_clk, SND_SOC_DAPM_PRE_PMU),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("Vref1", RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1, RT5682_PWR_VREF1_BIT, 0,
rt5682_set_verf, SND_SOC_DAPM_PRE_PMU | SND_SOC_DAPM_POST_PMU),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("Vref2", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("MICBIAS", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0, NULL, 0),
/* ASRC */
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY_S("DAC STO1 ASRC", 1, RT5682_PLL_TRACK_1,
RT5682_DAC_STO1_ASRC_SFT, 0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY_S("ADC STO1 ASRC", 1, RT5682_PLL_TRACK_1,
RT5682_ADC_STO1_ASRC_SFT, 0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY_S("AD ASRC", 1, RT5682_PLL_TRACK_1,
RT5682_AD_ASRC_SFT, 0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY_S("DA ASRC", 1, RT5682_PLL_TRACK_1,
RT5682_DA_ASRC_SFT, 0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY_S("DMIC ASRC", 1, RT5682_PLL_TRACK_1,
RT5682_DMIC_ASRC_SFT, 0, NULL, 0),
/* Input Side */
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("MICBIAS1", RT5682_PWR_ANLG_2, RT5682_PWR_MB1_BIT,
0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("MICBIAS2", RT5682_PWR_ANLG_2, RT5682_PWR_MB2_BIT,
0, NULL, 0),
/* Input Lines */
SND_SOC_DAPM_INPUT("DMIC L1"),
SND_SOC_DAPM_INPUT("DMIC R1"),
SND_SOC_DAPM_INPUT("IN1P"),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("DMIC CLK", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
set_dmic_clk, SND_SOC_DAPM_PRE_PMU),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("DMIC1 Power", RT5682_DMIC_CTRL_1,
RT5682_DMIC_1_EN_SFT, 0, set_dmic_power, SND_SOC_DAPM_POST_PMU),
/* Boost */
SND_SOC_DAPM_PGA("BST1 CBJ", SND_SOC_NOPM,
0, 0, NULL, 0),
/* REC Mixer */
SND_SOC_DAPM_MIXER("RECMIX1L", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0, rt5682_rec1_l_mix,
ARRAY_SIZE(rt5682_rec1_l_mix)),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("RECMIX1L Power", RT5682_PWR_ANLG_2,
RT5682_PWR_RM1_L_BIT, 0, NULL, 0),
/* ADCs */
SND_SOC_DAPM_ADC("ADC1 L", NULL, SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_ADC("ADC1 R", NULL, SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("ADC1 L Power", RT5682_PWR_DIG_1,
RT5682_PWR_ADC_L1_BIT, 0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("ADC1 R Power", RT5682_PWR_DIG_1,
RT5682_PWR_ADC_R1_BIT, 0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("ADC1 clock", RT5682_CHOP_ADC,
RT5682_CKGEN_ADC1_SFT, 0, NULL, 0),
/* ADC Mux */
SND_SOC_DAPM_MUX("Stereo1 ADC L1 Mux", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
&rt5682_sto1_adc1l_mux),
SND_SOC_DAPM_MUX("Stereo1 ADC R1 Mux", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
&rt5682_sto1_adc1r_mux),
SND_SOC_DAPM_MUX("Stereo1 ADC L2 Mux", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
&rt5682_sto1_adc2l_mux),
SND_SOC_DAPM_MUX("Stereo1 ADC R2 Mux", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
&rt5682_sto1_adc2r_mux),
SND_SOC_DAPM_MUX("Stereo1 ADC L Mux", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
&rt5682_sto1_adcl_mux),
SND_SOC_DAPM_MUX("Stereo1 ADC R Mux", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
&rt5682_sto1_adcr_mux),
SND_SOC_DAPM_MUX("IF1_ADC Mux", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
&rt5682_if1_adc_slot_mux),
/* ADC Mixer */
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("ADC Stereo1 Filter", RT5682_PWR_DIG_2,
RT5682_PWR_ADC_S1F_BIT, 0, set_filter_clk,
SND_SOC_DAPM_PRE_PMU),
SND_SOC_DAPM_MIXER("Stereo1 ADC MIXL", RT5682_STO1_ADC_DIG_VOL,
RT5682_L_MUTE_SFT, 1, rt5682_sto1_adc_l_mix,
ARRAY_SIZE(rt5682_sto1_adc_l_mix)),
SND_SOC_DAPM_MIXER("Stereo1 ADC MIXR", RT5682_STO1_ADC_DIG_VOL,
RT5682_R_MUTE_SFT, 1, rt5682_sto1_adc_r_mix,
ARRAY_SIZE(rt5682_sto1_adc_r_mix)),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("BTN Detection Mode", RT5682_SAR_IL_CMD_1,
14, 1, NULL, 0),
/* ADC PGA */
SND_SOC_DAPM_PGA("Stereo1 ADC MIX", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0, NULL, 0),
/* Digital Interface */
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("I2S1", RT5682_PWR_DIG_1, RT5682_PWR_I2S1_BIT,
0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("I2S2", RT5682_PWR_DIG_1, RT5682_PWR_I2S2_BIT,
0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_PGA("IF1 DAC1", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_PGA("IF1 DAC1 L", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_PGA("IF1 DAC1 R", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_PGA("SOUND DAC L", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_PGA("SOUND DAC R", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0, NULL, 0),
/* Digital Interface Select */
SND_SOC_DAPM_MUX("IF1 01 ADC Swap Mux", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
&rt5682_if1_01_adc_swap_mux),
SND_SOC_DAPM_MUX("IF1 23 ADC Swap Mux", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
&rt5682_if1_23_adc_swap_mux),
SND_SOC_DAPM_MUX("IF1 45 ADC Swap Mux", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
&rt5682_if1_45_adc_swap_mux),
SND_SOC_DAPM_MUX("IF1 67 ADC Swap Mux", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
&rt5682_if1_67_adc_swap_mux),
SND_SOC_DAPM_MUX("IF2 ADC Swap Mux", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
&rt5682_if2_adc_swap_mux),
SND_SOC_DAPM_MUX("ADCDAT Mux", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
&rt5682_adcdat_pin_ctrl),
SND_SOC_DAPM_MUX("DAC L Mux", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
&rt5682_dac_l_mux),
SND_SOC_DAPM_MUX("DAC R Mux", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
&rt5682_dac_r_mux),
/* Audio Interface */
SND_SOC_DAPM_AIF_OUT("AIF1TX", "AIF1 Capture", 0,
RT5682_I2S1_SDP, RT5682_SEL_ADCDAT_SFT, 1),
SND_SOC_DAPM_AIF_OUT("AIF2TX", "AIF2 Capture", 0,
RT5682_I2S2_SDP, RT5682_I2S2_PIN_CFG_SFT, 1),
SND_SOC_DAPM_AIF_IN("AIF1RX", "AIF1 Playback", 0, SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_AIF_IN("SDWRX", "SDW Playback", 0, SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_AIF_OUT("SDWTX", "SDW Capture", 0, SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0),
/* Output Side */
/* DAC mixer before sound effect */
SND_SOC_DAPM_MIXER("DAC1 MIXL", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
rt5682_dac_l_mix, ARRAY_SIZE(rt5682_dac_l_mix)),
SND_SOC_DAPM_MIXER("DAC1 MIXR", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
rt5682_dac_r_mix, ARRAY_SIZE(rt5682_dac_r_mix)),
/* DAC channel Mux */
SND_SOC_DAPM_MUX("DAC L1 Source", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
&rt5682_alg_dac_l1_mux),
SND_SOC_DAPM_MUX("DAC R1 Source", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
&rt5682_alg_dac_r1_mux),
/* DAC Mixer */
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("DAC Stereo1 Filter", RT5682_PWR_DIG_2,
RT5682_PWR_DAC_S1F_BIT, 0, set_filter_clk,
SND_SOC_DAPM_PRE_PMU),
SND_SOC_DAPM_MIXER("Stereo1 DAC MIXL", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
rt5682_sto1_dac_l_mix, ARRAY_SIZE(rt5682_sto1_dac_l_mix)),
SND_SOC_DAPM_MIXER("Stereo1 DAC MIXR", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
rt5682_sto1_dac_r_mix, ARRAY_SIZE(rt5682_sto1_dac_r_mix)),
/* DACs */
SND_SOC_DAPM_DAC("DAC L1", NULL, RT5682_PWR_DIG_1,
RT5682_PWR_DAC_L1_BIT, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_DAC("DAC R1", NULL, RT5682_PWR_DIG_1,
RT5682_PWR_DAC_R1_BIT, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY_S("DAC 1 Clock", 3, RT5682_CHOP_DAC,
RT5682_CKGEN_DAC1_SFT, 0, NULL, 0),
/* HPO */
SND_SOC_DAPM_PGA_S("HP Amp", 1, SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0, rt5682_hp_event,
SND_SOC_DAPM_POST_PMD | SND_SOC_DAPM_PRE_PMU),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("HP Amp L", RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1,
RT5682_PWR_HA_L_BIT, 0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("HP Amp R", RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1,
RT5682_PWR_HA_R_BIT, 0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY_S("Charge Pump", 1, RT5682_DEPOP_1,
RT5682_PUMP_EN_SFT, 0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY_S("Capless", 2, RT5682_DEPOP_1,
RT5682_CAPLESS_EN_SFT, 0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SWITCH("HPOL Playback", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
&hpol_switch),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SWITCH("HPOR Playback", SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0,
&hpor_switch),
/* CLK DET */
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("CLKDET SYS", RT5682_CLK_DET,
RT5682_SYS_CLK_DET_SFT, 0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("CLKDET PLL1", RT5682_CLK_DET,
RT5682_PLL1_CLK_DET_SFT, 0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("CLKDET PLL2", RT5682_CLK_DET,
RT5682_PLL2_CLK_DET_SFT, 0, NULL, 0),
SND_SOC_DAPM_SUPPLY("CLKDET", RT5682_CLK_DET,
RT5682_POW_CLK_DET_SFT, 0, NULL, 0),
/* Output Lines */
SND_SOC_DAPM_OUTPUT("HPOL"),
SND_SOC_DAPM_OUTPUT("HPOR"),
};
static const struct snd_soc_dapm_route rt5682_dapm_routes[] = {
/*PLL*/
{"ADC Stereo1 Filter", NULL, "PLL1", is_sys_clk_from_pll1},
{"ADC Stereo1 Filter", NULL, "PLL2B", is_sys_clk_from_pll2},
{"ADC Stereo1 Filter", NULL, "PLL2F", is_sys_clk_from_pll2},
{"DAC Stereo1 Filter", NULL, "PLL1", is_sys_clk_from_pll1},
{"DAC Stereo1 Filter", NULL, "PLL2B", is_sys_clk_from_pll2},
{"DAC Stereo1 Filter", NULL, "PLL2F", is_sys_clk_from_pll2},
/*ASRC*/
{"ADC Stereo1 Filter", NULL, "ADC STO1 ASRC", is_using_asrc},
{"DAC Stereo1 Filter", NULL, "DAC STO1 ASRC", is_using_asrc},
{"ADC STO1 ASRC", NULL, "AD ASRC"},
{"ADC STO1 ASRC", NULL, "DA ASRC"},
{"ADC STO1 ASRC", NULL, "CLKDET"},
{"DAC STO1 ASRC", NULL, "AD ASRC"},
{"DAC STO1 ASRC", NULL, "DA ASRC"},
{"DAC STO1 ASRC", NULL, "CLKDET"},
/*Vref*/
{"MICBIAS1", NULL, "Vref1"},
{"MICBIAS2", NULL, "Vref1"},
{"CLKDET SYS", NULL, "CLKDET"},
{"IN1P", NULL, "LDO2"},
{"BST1 CBJ", NULL, "IN1P"},
{"RECMIX1L", "CBJ Switch", "BST1 CBJ"},
{"RECMIX1L", NULL, "RECMIX1L Power"},
{"ADC1 L", NULL, "RECMIX1L"},
{"ADC1 L", NULL, "ADC1 L Power"},
{"ADC1 L", NULL, "ADC1 clock"},
{"DMIC L1", NULL, "DMIC CLK"},
{"DMIC L1", NULL, "DMIC1 Power"},
{"DMIC R1", NULL, "DMIC CLK"},
{"DMIC R1", NULL, "DMIC1 Power"},
{"DMIC CLK", NULL, "DMIC ASRC"},
{"Stereo1 ADC L Mux", "ADC1 L", "ADC1 L"},
{"Stereo1 ADC L Mux", "ADC1 R", "ADC1 R"},
{"Stereo1 ADC R Mux", "ADC1 L", "ADC1 L"},
{"Stereo1 ADC R Mux", "ADC1 R", "ADC1 R"},
{"Stereo1 ADC L1 Mux", "ADC", "Stereo1 ADC L Mux"},
{"Stereo1 ADC L1 Mux", "DAC MIX", "Stereo1 DAC MIXL"},
{"Stereo1 ADC L2 Mux", "DMIC", "DMIC L1"},
{"Stereo1 ADC L2 Mux", "DAC MIX", "Stereo1 DAC MIXL"},
{"Stereo1 ADC R1 Mux", "ADC", "Stereo1 ADC R Mux"},
{"Stereo1 ADC R1 Mux", "DAC MIX", "Stereo1 DAC MIXR"},
{"Stereo1 ADC R2 Mux", "DMIC", "DMIC R1"},
{"Stereo1 ADC R2 Mux", "DAC MIX", "Stereo1 DAC MIXR"},
{"Stereo1 ADC MIXL", "ADC1 Switch", "Stereo1 ADC L1 Mux"},
{"Stereo1 ADC MIXL", "ADC2 Switch", "Stereo1 ADC L2 Mux"},
{"Stereo1 ADC MIXL", NULL, "ADC Stereo1 Filter"},
{"Stereo1 ADC MIXR", "ADC1 Switch", "Stereo1 ADC R1 Mux"},
{"Stereo1 ADC MIXR", "ADC2 Switch", "Stereo1 ADC R2 Mux"},
{"Stereo1 ADC MIXR", NULL, "ADC Stereo1 Filter"},
{"ADC Stereo1 Filter", NULL, "BTN Detection Mode"},
{"Stereo1 ADC MIX", NULL, "Stereo1 ADC MIXL"},
{"Stereo1 ADC MIX", NULL, "Stereo1 ADC MIXR"},
{"IF1 01 ADC Swap Mux", "L/R", "Stereo1 ADC MIX"},
{"IF1 01 ADC Swap Mux", "L/L", "Stereo1 ADC MIX"},
{"IF1 01 ADC Swap Mux", "R/L", "Stereo1 ADC MIX"},
{"IF1 01 ADC Swap Mux", "R/R", "Stereo1 ADC MIX"},
{"IF1 23 ADC Swap Mux", "L/R", "Stereo1 ADC MIX"},
{"IF1 23 ADC Swap Mux", "R/L", "Stereo1 ADC MIX"},
{"IF1 23 ADC Swap Mux", "L/L", "Stereo1 ADC MIX"},
{"IF1 23 ADC Swap Mux", "R/R", "Stereo1 ADC MIX"},
{"IF1 45 ADC Swap Mux", "L/R", "Stereo1 ADC MIX"},
{"IF1 45 ADC Swap Mux", "R/L", "Stereo1 ADC MIX"},
{"IF1 45 ADC Swap Mux", "L/L", "Stereo1 ADC MIX"},
{"IF1 45 ADC Swap Mux", "R/R", "Stereo1 ADC MIX"},
{"IF1 67 ADC Swap Mux", "L/R", "Stereo1 ADC MIX"},
{"IF1 67 ADC Swap Mux", "R/L", "Stereo1 ADC MIX"},
{"IF1 67 ADC Swap Mux", "L/L", "Stereo1 ADC MIX"},
{"IF1 67 ADC Swap Mux", "R/R", "Stereo1 ADC MIX"},
{"IF1_ADC Mux", "Slot 0", "IF1 01 ADC Swap Mux"},
{"IF1_ADC Mux", "Slot 2", "IF1 23 ADC Swap Mux"},
{"IF1_ADC Mux", "Slot 4", "IF1 45 ADC Swap Mux"},
{"IF1_ADC Mux", "Slot 6", "IF1 67 ADC Swap Mux"},
{"ADCDAT Mux", "ADCDAT1", "IF1_ADC Mux"},
{"AIF1TX", NULL, "I2S1"},
{"AIF1TX", NULL, "ADCDAT Mux"},
{"IF2 ADC Swap Mux", "L/R", "Stereo1 ADC MIX"},
{"IF2 ADC Swap Mux", "R/L", "Stereo1 ADC MIX"},
{"IF2 ADC Swap Mux", "L/L", "Stereo1 ADC MIX"},
{"IF2 ADC Swap Mux", "R/R", "Stereo1 ADC MIX"},
{"ADCDAT Mux", "ADCDAT2", "IF2 ADC Swap Mux"},
{"AIF2TX", NULL, "ADCDAT Mux"},
{"SDWTX", NULL, "PLL2B"},
{"SDWTX", NULL, "PLL2F"},
{"SDWTX", NULL, "ADCDAT Mux"},
{"IF1 DAC1 L", NULL, "AIF1RX"},
{"IF1 DAC1 L", NULL, "I2S1"},
{"IF1 DAC1 L", NULL, "DAC Stereo1 Filter"},
{"IF1 DAC1 R", NULL, "AIF1RX"},
{"IF1 DAC1 R", NULL, "I2S1"},
{"IF1 DAC1 R", NULL, "DAC Stereo1 Filter"},
{"SOUND DAC L", NULL, "SDWRX"},
{"SOUND DAC L", NULL, "DAC Stereo1 Filter"},
{"SOUND DAC L", NULL, "PLL2B"},
{"SOUND DAC L", NULL, "PLL2F"},
{"SOUND DAC R", NULL, "SDWRX"},
{"SOUND DAC R", NULL, "DAC Stereo1 Filter"},
{"SOUND DAC R", NULL, "PLL2B"},
{"SOUND DAC R", NULL, "PLL2F"},
{"DAC L Mux", "IF1", "IF1 DAC1 L"},
{"DAC L Mux", "SOUND", "SOUND DAC L"},
{"DAC R Mux", "IF1", "IF1 DAC1 R"},
{"DAC R Mux", "SOUND", "SOUND DAC R"},
{"DAC1 MIXL", "Stereo ADC Switch", "Stereo1 ADC MIXL"},
{"DAC1 MIXL", "DAC1 Switch", "DAC L Mux"},
{"DAC1 MIXR", "Stereo ADC Switch", "Stereo1 ADC MIXR"},
{"DAC1 MIXR", "DAC1 Switch", "DAC R Mux"},
{"Stereo1 DAC MIXL", "DAC L1 Switch", "DAC1 MIXL"},
{"Stereo1 DAC MIXL", "DAC R1 Switch", "DAC1 MIXR"},
{"Stereo1 DAC MIXR", "DAC R1 Switch", "DAC1 MIXR"},
{"Stereo1 DAC MIXR", "DAC L1 Switch", "DAC1 MIXL"},
{"DAC L1 Source", "DAC1", "DAC1 MIXL"},
{"DAC L1 Source", "Stereo1 DAC Mixer", "Stereo1 DAC MIXL"},
{"DAC R1 Source", "DAC1", "DAC1 MIXR"},
{"DAC R1 Source", "Stereo1 DAC Mixer", "Stereo1 DAC MIXR"},
{"DAC L1", NULL, "DAC L1 Source"},
{"DAC R1", NULL, "DAC R1 Source"},
{"DAC L1", NULL, "DAC 1 Clock"},
{"DAC R1", NULL, "DAC 1 Clock"},
{"HP Amp", NULL, "DAC L1"},
{"HP Amp", NULL, "DAC R1"},
{"HP Amp", NULL, "HP Amp L"},
{"HP Amp", NULL, "HP Amp R"},
{"HP Amp", NULL, "Capless"},
{"HP Amp", NULL, "Charge Pump"},
{"HP Amp", NULL, "CLKDET SYS"},
{"HP Amp", NULL, "Vref1"},
{"HPOL Playback", "Switch", "HP Amp"},
{"HPOR Playback", "Switch", "HP Amp"},
{"HPOL", NULL, "HPOL Playback"},
{"HPOR", NULL, "HPOR Playback"},
};
static int rt5682_set_tdm_slot(struct snd_soc_dai *dai, unsigned int tx_mask,
unsigned int rx_mask, int slots, int slot_width)
{
struct snd_soc_component *component = dai->component;
unsigned int cl, val = 0;
if (tx_mask || rx_mask)
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_TDM_ADDA_CTRL_2,
RT5682_TDM_EN, RT5682_TDM_EN);
else
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_TDM_ADDA_CTRL_2,
RT5682_TDM_EN, 0);
switch (slots) {
case 4:
val |= RT5682_TDM_TX_CH_4;
val |= RT5682_TDM_RX_CH_4;
break;
case 6:
val |= RT5682_TDM_TX_CH_6;
val |= RT5682_TDM_RX_CH_6;
break;
case 8:
val |= RT5682_TDM_TX_CH_8;
val |= RT5682_TDM_RX_CH_8;
break;
case 2:
break;
default:
return -EINVAL;
}
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_TDM_CTRL,
RT5682_TDM_TX_CH_MASK | RT5682_TDM_RX_CH_MASK, val);
switch (slot_width) {
case 8:
if (tx_mask || rx_mask)
return -EINVAL;
cl = RT5682_I2S1_TX_CHL_8 | RT5682_I2S1_RX_CHL_8;
break;
case 16:
val = RT5682_TDM_CL_16;
cl = RT5682_I2S1_TX_CHL_16 | RT5682_I2S1_RX_CHL_16;
break;
case 20:
val = RT5682_TDM_CL_20;
cl = RT5682_I2S1_TX_CHL_20 | RT5682_I2S1_RX_CHL_20;
break;
case 24:
val = RT5682_TDM_CL_24;
cl = RT5682_I2S1_TX_CHL_24 | RT5682_I2S1_RX_CHL_24;
break;
case 32:
val = RT5682_TDM_CL_32;
cl = RT5682_I2S1_TX_CHL_32 | RT5682_I2S1_RX_CHL_32;
break;
default:
return -EINVAL;
}
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_TDM_TCON_CTRL,
RT5682_TDM_CL_MASK, val);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_I2S1_SDP,
RT5682_I2S1_TX_CHL_MASK | RT5682_I2S1_RX_CHL_MASK, cl);
return 0;
}
static int rt5682_hw_params(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
struct snd_pcm_hw_params *params, struct snd_soc_dai *dai)
{
struct snd_soc_component *component = dai->component;
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 = snd_soc_component_get_drvdata(component);
unsigned int len_1 = 0, len_2 = 0;
int pre_div, frame_size;
rt5682->lrck[dai->id] = params_rate(params);
pre_div = rl6231_get_clk_info(rt5682->sysclk, rt5682->lrck[dai->id]);
frame_size = snd_soc_params_to_frame_size(params);
if (frame_size < 0) {
dev_err(component->dev, "Unsupported frame size: %d\n",
frame_size);
return -EINVAL;
}
dev_dbg(dai->dev, "lrck is %dHz and pre_div is %d for iis %d\n",
rt5682->lrck[dai->id], pre_div, dai->id);
switch (params_width(params)) {
case 16:
break;
case 20:
len_1 |= RT5682_I2S1_DL_20;
len_2 |= RT5682_I2S2_DL_20;
break;
case 24:
len_1 |= RT5682_I2S1_DL_24;
len_2 |= RT5682_I2S2_DL_24;
break;
case 32:
len_1 |= RT5682_I2S1_DL_32;
len_2 |= RT5682_I2S2_DL_24;
break;
case 8:
len_1 |= RT5682_I2S2_DL_8;
len_2 |= RT5682_I2S2_DL_8;
break;
default:
return -EINVAL;
}
switch (dai->id) {
case RT5682_AIF1:
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_I2S1_SDP,
RT5682_I2S1_DL_MASK, len_1);
if (rt5682->master[RT5682_AIF1]) {
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_ADDA_CLK_1, RT5682_I2S_M_DIV_MASK |
RT5682_I2S_CLK_SRC_MASK,
pre_div << RT5682_I2S_M_DIV_SFT |
(rt5682->sysclk_src) << RT5682_I2S_CLK_SRC_SFT);
}
if (params_channels(params) == 1) /* mono mode */
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_I2S1_SDP, RT5682_I2S1_MONO_MASK,
RT5682_I2S1_MONO_EN);
else
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_I2S1_SDP, RT5682_I2S1_MONO_MASK,
RT5682_I2S1_MONO_DIS);
break;
case RT5682_AIF2:
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_I2S2_SDP,
RT5682_I2S2_DL_MASK, len_2);
if (rt5682->master[RT5682_AIF2]) {
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_I2S_M_CLK_CTRL_1, RT5682_I2S2_M_PD_MASK,
pre_div << RT5682_I2S2_M_PD_SFT);
}
if (params_channels(params) == 1) /* mono mode */
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_I2S2_SDP, RT5682_I2S2_MONO_MASK,
RT5682_I2S2_MONO_EN);
else
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_I2S2_SDP, RT5682_I2S2_MONO_MASK,
RT5682_I2S2_MONO_DIS);
break;
default:
dev_err(component->dev, "Invalid dai->id: %d\n", dai->id);
return -EINVAL;
}
return 0;
}
static int rt5682_set_dai_fmt(struct snd_soc_dai *dai, unsigned int fmt)
{
struct snd_soc_component *component = dai->component;
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 = snd_soc_component_get_drvdata(component);
unsigned int reg_val = 0, tdm_ctrl = 0;
switch (fmt & SND_SOC_DAIFMT_MASTER_MASK) {
case SND_SOC_DAIFMT_CBM_CFM:
rt5682->master[dai->id] = 1;
break;
case SND_SOC_DAIFMT_CBS_CFS:
rt5682->master[dai->id] = 0;
break;
default:
return -EINVAL;
}
switch (fmt & SND_SOC_DAIFMT_INV_MASK) {
case SND_SOC_DAIFMT_NB_NF:
break;
case SND_SOC_DAIFMT_IB_NF:
reg_val |= RT5682_I2S_BP_INV;
tdm_ctrl |= RT5682_TDM_S_BP_INV;
break;
case SND_SOC_DAIFMT_NB_IF:
if (dai->id == RT5682_AIF1)
tdm_ctrl |= RT5682_TDM_S_LP_INV | RT5682_TDM_M_BP_INV;
else
return -EINVAL;
break;
case SND_SOC_DAIFMT_IB_IF:
if (dai->id == RT5682_AIF1)
tdm_ctrl |= RT5682_TDM_S_BP_INV | RT5682_TDM_S_LP_INV |
RT5682_TDM_M_BP_INV | RT5682_TDM_M_LP_INV;
else
return -EINVAL;
break;
default:
return -EINVAL;
}
switch (fmt & SND_SOC_DAIFMT_FORMAT_MASK) {
case SND_SOC_DAIFMT_I2S:
break;
case SND_SOC_DAIFMT_LEFT_J:
reg_val |= RT5682_I2S_DF_LEFT;
tdm_ctrl |= RT5682_TDM_DF_LEFT;
break;
case SND_SOC_DAIFMT_DSP_A:
reg_val |= RT5682_I2S_DF_PCM_A;
tdm_ctrl |= RT5682_TDM_DF_PCM_A;
break;
case SND_SOC_DAIFMT_DSP_B:
reg_val |= RT5682_I2S_DF_PCM_B;
tdm_ctrl |= RT5682_TDM_DF_PCM_B;
break;
default:
return -EINVAL;
}
switch (dai->id) {
case RT5682_AIF1:
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_I2S1_SDP,
RT5682_I2S_DF_MASK, reg_val);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_TDM_TCON_CTRL,
RT5682_TDM_MS_MASK | RT5682_TDM_S_BP_MASK |
RT5682_TDM_DF_MASK | RT5682_TDM_M_BP_MASK |
RT5682_TDM_M_LP_MASK | RT5682_TDM_S_LP_MASK,
tdm_ctrl | rt5682->master[dai->id]);
break;
case RT5682_AIF2:
if (rt5682->master[dai->id] == 0)
reg_val |= RT5682_I2S2_MS_S;
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_I2S2_SDP,
RT5682_I2S2_MS_MASK | RT5682_I2S_BP_MASK |
RT5682_I2S_DF_MASK, reg_val);
break;
default:
dev_err(component->dev, "Invalid dai->id: %d\n", dai->id);
return -EINVAL;
}
return 0;
}
static int rt5682_set_component_sysclk(struct snd_soc_component *component,
int clk_id, int source, unsigned int freq, int dir)
{
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 = snd_soc_component_get_drvdata(component);
unsigned int reg_val = 0, src = 0;
if (freq == rt5682->sysclk && clk_id == rt5682->sysclk_src)
return 0;
switch (clk_id) {
case RT5682_SCLK_S_MCLK:
reg_val |= RT5682_SCLK_SRC_MCLK;
src = RT5682_CLK_SRC_MCLK;
break;
case RT5682_SCLK_S_PLL1:
reg_val |= RT5682_SCLK_SRC_PLL1;
src = RT5682_CLK_SRC_PLL1;
break;
case RT5682_SCLK_S_PLL2:
reg_val |= RT5682_SCLK_SRC_PLL2;
src = RT5682_CLK_SRC_PLL2;
break;
case RT5682_SCLK_S_RCCLK:
reg_val |= RT5682_SCLK_SRC_RCCLK;
src = RT5682_CLK_SRC_RCCLK;
break;
default:
dev_err(component->dev, "Invalid clock id (%d)\n", clk_id);
return -EINVAL;
}
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_GLB_CLK,
RT5682_SCLK_SRC_MASK, reg_val);
if (rt5682->master[RT5682_AIF2]) {
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_I2S_M_CLK_CTRL_1, RT5682_I2S2_SRC_MASK,
src << RT5682_I2S2_SRC_SFT);
}
rt5682->sysclk = freq;
rt5682->sysclk_src = clk_id;
dev_dbg(component->dev, "Sysclk is %dHz and clock id is %d\n",
freq, clk_id);
return 0;
}
static int rt5682_set_component_pll(struct snd_soc_component *component,
int pll_id, int source, unsigned int freq_in,
unsigned int freq_out)
{
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 = snd_soc_component_get_drvdata(component);
struct rl6231_pll_code pll_code, pll2f_code, pll2b_code;
unsigned int pll2_fout1, pll2_ps_val;
int ret;
if (source == rt5682->pll_src[pll_id] &&
freq_in == rt5682->pll_in[pll_id] &&
freq_out == rt5682->pll_out[pll_id])
return 0;
if (!freq_in || !freq_out) {
dev_dbg(component->dev, "PLL disabled\n");
rt5682->pll_in[pll_id] = 0;
rt5682->pll_out[pll_id] = 0;
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_GLB_CLK,
RT5682_SCLK_SRC_MASK, RT5682_SCLK_SRC_MCLK);
return 0;
}
if (pll_id == RT5682_PLL2) {
switch (source) {
case RT5682_PLL2_S_MCLK:
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_GLB_CLK, RT5682_PLL2_SRC_MASK,
RT5682_PLL2_SRC_MCLK);
break;
default:
dev_err(component->dev, "Unknown PLL2 Source %d\n",
source);
return -EINVAL;
}
/**
* PLL2 concatenates 2 PLL units.
* We suggest the Fout of the front PLL is 3.84MHz.
*/
pll2_fout1 = 3840000;
ret = rl6231_pll_calc(freq_in, pll2_fout1, &pll2f_code);
if (ret < 0) {
dev_err(component->dev, "Unsupport input clock %d\n",
freq_in);
return ret;
}
dev_dbg(component->dev, "PLL2F: fin=%d fout=%d bypass=%d m=%d n=%d k=%d\n",
freq_in, pll2_fout1,
pll2f_code.m_bp,
(pll2f_code.m_bp ? 0 : pll2f_code.m_code),
pll2f_code.n_code, pll2f_code.k_code);
ret = rl6231_pll_calc(pll2_fout1, freq_out, &pll2b_code);
if (ret < 0) {
dev_err(component->dev, "Unsupport input clock %d\n",
pll2_fout1);
return ret;
}
dev_dbg(component->dev, "PLL2B: fin=%d fout=%d bypass=%d m=%d n=%d k=%d\n",
pll2_fout1, freq_out,
pll2b_code.m_bp,
(pll2b_code.m_bp ? 0 : pll2b_code.m_code),
pll2b_code.n_code, pll2b_code.k_code);
snd_soc_component_write(component, RT5682_PLL2_CTRL_1,
pll2f_code.k_code << RT5682_PLL2F_K_SFT |
pll2b_code.k_code << RT5682_PLL2B_K_SFT |
pll2b_code.m_code);
snd_soc_component_write(component, RT5682_PLL2_CTRL_2,
pll2f_code.m_code << RT5682_PLL2F_M_SFT |
pll2b_code.n_code);
snd_soc_component_write(component, RT5682_PLL2_CTRL_3,
pll2f_code.n_code << RT5682_PLL2F_N_SFT);
if (freq_out == 22579200)
pll2_ps_val = 1 << RT5682_PLL2B_SEL_PS_SFT;
else
pll2_ps_val = 1 << RT5682_PLL2B_PS_BYP_SFT;
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_PLL2_CTRL_4,
RT5682_PLL2B_SEL_PS_MASK | RT5682_PLL2B_PS_BYP_MASK |
RT5682_PLL2B_M_BP_MASK | RT5682_PLL2F_M_BP_MASK | 0xf,
pll2_ps_val |
(pll2b_code.m_bp ? 1 : 0) << RT5682_PLL2B_M_BP_SFT |
(pll2f_code.m_bp ? 1 : 0) << RT5682_PLL2F_M_BP_SFT |
0xf);
} else {
switch (source) {
case RT5682_PLL1_S_MCLK:
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_GLB_CLK, RT5682_PLL1_SRC_MASK,
RT5682_PLL1_SRC_MCLK);
break;
case RT5682_PLL1_S_BCLK1:
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component,
RT5682_GLB_CLK, RT5682_PLL1_SRC_MASK,
RT5682_PLL1_SRC_BCLK1);
break;
default:
dev_err(component->dev, "Unknown PLL1 Source %d\n",
source);
return -EINVAL;
}
ret = rl6231_pll_calc(freq_in, freq_out, &pll_code);
if (ret < 0) {
dev_err(component->dev, "Unsupport input clock %d\n",
freq_in);
return ret;
}
dev_dbg(component->dev, "bypass=%d m=%d n=%d k=%d\n",
pll_code.m_bp, (pll_code.m_bp ? 0 : pll_code.m_code),
pll_code.n_code, pll_code.k_code);
snd_soc_component_write(component, RT5682_PLL_CTRL_1,
pll_code.n_code << RT5682_PLL_N_SFT | pll_code.k_code);
snd_soc_component_write(component, RT5682_PLL_CTRL_2,
(pll_code.m_bp ? 0 : pll_code.m_code) << RT5682_PLL_M_SFT |
pll_code.m_bp << RT5682_PLL_M_BP_SFT | RT5682_PLL_RST);
}
rt5682->pll_in[pll_id] = freq_in;
rt5682->pll_out[pll_id] = freq_out;
rt5682->pll_src[pll_id] = source;
return 0;
}
static int rt5682_set_bclk1_ratio(struct snd_soc_dai *dai, unsigned int ratio)
{
struct snd_soc_component *component = dai->component;
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 = snd_soc_component_get_drvdata(component);
rt5682->bclk[dai->id] = ratio;
switch (ratio) {
case 256:
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_TDM_TCON_CTRL,
RT5682_TDM_BCLK_MS1_MASK, RT5682_TDM_BCLK_MS1_256);
break;
case 128:
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_TDM_TCON_CTRL,
RT5682_TDM_BCLK_MS1_MASK, RT5682_TDM_BCLK_MS1_128);
break;
case 64:
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_TDM_TCON_CTRL,
RT5682_TDM_BCLK_MS1_MASK, RT5682_TDM_BCLK_MS1_64);
break;
case 32:
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_TDM_TCON_CTRL,
RT5682_TDM_BCLK_MS1_MASK, RT5682_TDM_BCLK_MS1_32);
break;
default:
dev_err(dai->dev, "Invalid bclk1 ratio %d\n", ratio);
return -EINVAL;
}
return 0;
}
static int rt5682_set_bclk2_ratio(struct snd_soc_dai *dai, unsigned int ratio)
{
struct snd_soc_component *component = dai->component;
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 = snd_soc_component_get_drvdata(component);
rt5682->bclk[dai->id] = ratio;
switch (ratio) {
case 64:
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_ADDA_CLK_2,
RT5682_I2S2_BCLK_MS2_MASK,
RT5682_I2S2_BCLK_MS2_64);
break;
case 32:
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_ADDA_CLK_2,
RT5682_I2S2_BCLK_MS2_MASK,
RT5682_I2S2_BCLK_MS2_32);
break;
default:
dev_err(dai->dev, "Invalid bclk2 ratio %d\n", ratio);
return -EINVAL;
}
return 0;
}
static int rt5682_set_bias_level(struct snd_soc_component *component,
enum snd_soc_bias_level level)
{
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 = snd_soc_component_get_drvdata(component);
switch (level) {
case SND_SOC_BIAS_PREPARE:
regmap_update_bits(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1,
RT5682_PWR_BG, RT5682_PWR_BG);
regmap_update_bits(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_PWR_DIG_1,
RT5682_DIG_GATE_CTRL | RT5682_PWR_LDO,
RT5682_DIG_GATE_CTRL | RT5682_PWR_LDO);
break;
case SND_SOC_BIAS_STANDBY:
regmap_update_bits(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_PWR_DIG_1,
RT5682_DIG_GATE_CTRL, RT5682_DIG_GATE_CTRL);
break;
case SND_SOC_BIAS_OFF:
regmap_update_bits(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_PWR_DIG_1,
RT5682_DIG_GATE_CTRL | RT5682_PWR_LDO, 0);
regmap_update_bits(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1,
RT5682_PWR_BG, 0);
break;
case SND_SOC_BIAS_ON:
break;
}
return 0;
}
#ifdef CONFIG_COMMON_CLK
#define CLK_PLL2_FIN 48000000
#define CLK_48 48000
#define CLK_44 44100
static bool rt5682_clk_check(struct rt5682_priv *rt5682)
{
if (!rt5682->master[RT5682_AIF1]) {
dev_err(rt5682->component->dev, "sysclk/dai not set correctly\n");
return false;
}
return true;
}
static int rt5682_wclk_prepare(struct clk_hw *hw)
{
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 =
container_of(hw, struct rt5682_priv,
dai_clks_hw[RT5682_DAI_WCLK_IDX]);
struct snd_soc_component *component = rt5682->component;
struct snd_soc_dapm_context *dapm =
snd_soc_component_get_dapm(component);
if (!rt5682_clk_check(rt5682))
return -EINVAL;
snd_soc_dapm_mutex_lock(dapm);
snd_soc_dapm_force_enable_pin_unlocked(dapm, "MICBIAS");
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1,
RT5682_PWR_MB, RT5682_PWR_MB);
snd_soc_dapm_force_enable_pin_unlocked(dapm, "Vref2");
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1,
RT5682_PWR_VREF2 | RT5682_PWR_FV2,
RT5682_PWR_VREF2);
usleep_range(55000, 60000);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1,
RT5682_PWR_FV2, RT5682_PWR_FV2);
snd_soc_dapm_force_enable_pin_unlocked(dapm, "I2S1");
snd_soc_dapm_force_enable_pin_unlocked(dapm, "PLL2F");
snd_soc_dapm_force_enable_pin_unlocked(dapm, "PLL2B");
snd_soc_dapm_sync_unlocked(dapm);
snd_soc_dapm_mutex_unlock(dapm);
return 0;
}
static void rt5682_wclk_unprepare(struct clk_hw *hw)
{
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 =
container_of(hw, struct rt5682_priv,
dai_clks_hw[RT5682_DAI_WCLK_IDX]);
struct snd_soc_component *component = rt5682->component;
struct snd_soc_dapm_context *dapm =
snd_soc_component_get_dapm(component);
if (!rt5682_clk_check(rt5682))
return;
snd_soc_dapm_mutex_lock(dapm);
snd_soc_dapm_disable_pin_unlocked(dapm, "MICBIAS");
snd_soc_dapm_disable_pin_unlocked(dapm, "Vref2");
if (!rt5682->jack_type)
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1,
RT5682_PWR_VREF2 | RT5682_PWR_FV2 |
RT5682_PWR_MB, 0);
snd_soc_dapm_disable_pin_unlocked(dapm, "I2S1");
snd_soc_dapm_disable_pin_unlocked(dapm, "PLL2F");
snd_soc_dapm_disable_pin_unlocked(dapm, "PLL2B");
snd_soc_dapm_sync_unlocked(dapm);
snd_soc_dapm_mutex_unlock(dapm);
}
static unsigned long rt5682_wclk_recalc_rate(struct clk_hw *hw,
unsigned long parent_rate)
{
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 =
container_of(hw, struct rt5682_priv,
dai_clks_hw[RT5682_DAI_WCLK_IDX]);
struct snd_soc_component *component = rt5682->component;
const char * const clk_name = __clk_get_name(hw->clk);
if (!rt5682_clk_check(rt5682))
return 0;
/*
* Only accept to set wclk rate to 44.1k or 48kHz.
*/
if (rt5682->lrck[RT5682_AIF1] != CLK_48 &&
rt5682->lrck[RT5682_AIF1] != CLK_44) {
dev_warn(component->dev, "%s: clk %s only support %d or %d Hz output\n",
__func__, clk_name, CLK_44, CLK_48);
return 0;
}
return rt5682->lrck[RT5682_AIF1];
}
static long rt5682_wclk_round_rate(struct clk_hw *hw, unsigned long rate,
unsigned long *parent_rate)
{
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 =
container_of(hw, struct rt5682_priv,
dai_clks_hw[RT5682_DAI_WCLK_IDX]);
struct snd_soc_component *component = rt5682->component;
const char * const clk_name = __clk_get_name(hw->clk);
if (!rt5682_clk_check(rt5682))
return -EINVAL;
/*
* Only accept to set wclk rate to 44.1k or 48kHz.
* It will force to 48kHz if not both.
*/
if (rate != CLK_48 && rate != CLK_44) {
dev_warn(component->dev, "%s: clk %s only support %d or %d Hz output\n",
__func__, clk_name, CLK_44, CLK_48);
rate = CLK_48;
}
return rate;
}
static int rt5682_wclk_set_rate(struct clk_hw *hw, unsigned long rate,
unsigned long parent_rate)
{
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 =
container_of(hw, struct rt5682_priv,
dai_clks_hw[RT5682_DAI_WCLK_IDX]);
struct snd_soc_component *component = rt5682->component;
struct clk *parent_clk;
const char * const clk_name = __clk_get_name(hw->clk);
int pre_div;
unsigned int clk_pll2_out;
if (!rt5682_clk_check(rt5682))
return -EINVAL;
/*
* Whether the wclk's parent clk (mclk) exists or not, please ensure
* it is fixed or set to 48MHz before setting wclk rate. It's a
* temporary limitation. Only accept 48MHz clk as the clk provider.
*
* It will set the codec anyway by assuming mclk is 48MHz.
*/
parent_clk = clk_get_parent(hw->clk);
if (!parent_clk)
dev_warn(component->dev,
"Parent mclk of wclk not acquired in driver. Please ensure mclk was provided as %d Hz.\n",
CLK_PLL2_FIN);
if (parent_rate != CLK_PLL2_FIN)
dev_warn(component->dev, "clk %s only support %d Hz input\n",
clk_name, CLK_PLL2_FIN);
/*
* To achieve the rate conversion from 48MHz to 44.1k or 48kHz,
* PLL2 is needed.
*/
clk_pll2_out = rate * 512;
rt5682_set_component_pll(component, RT5682_PLL2, RT5682_PLL2_S_MCLK,
CLK_PLL2_FIN, clk_pll2_out);
rt5682_set_component_sysclk(component, RT5682_SCLK_S_PLL2, 0,
clk_pll2_out, SND_SOC_CLOCK_IN);
rt5682->lrck[RT5682_AIF1] = rate;
pre_div = rl6231_get_clk_info(rt5682->sysclk, rate);
snd_soc_component_update_bits(component, RT5682_ADDA_CLK_1,
RT5682_I2S_M_DIV_MASK | RT5682_I2S_CLK_SRC_MASK,
pre_div << RT5682_I2S_M_DIV_SFT |
(rt5682->sysclk_src) << RT5682_I2S_CLK_SRC_SFT);
return 0;
}
static unsigned long rt5682_bclk_recalc_rate(struct clk_hw *hw,
unsigned long parent_rate)
{
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 =
container_of(hw, struct rt5682_priv,
dai_clks_hw[RT5682_DAI_BCLK_IDX]);
struct snd_soc_component *component = rt5682->component;
unsigned int bclks_per_wclk;
bclks_per_wclk = snd_soc_component_read(component, RT5682_TDM_TCON_CTRL);
switch (bclks_per_wclk & RT5682_TDM_BCLK_MS1_MASK) {
case RT5682_TDM_BCLK_MS1_256:
return parent_rate * 256;
case RT5682_TDM_BCLK_MS1_128:
return parent_rate * 128;
case RT5682_TDM_BCLK_MS1_64:
return parent_rate * 64;
case RT5682_TDM_BCLK_MS1_32:
return parent_rate * 32;
default:
return 0;
}
}
static unsigned long rt5682_bclk_get_factor(unsigned long rate,
unsigned long parent_rate)
{
unsigned long factor;
factor = rate / parent_rate;
if (factor < 64)
return 32;
else if (factor < 128)
return 64;
else if (factor < 256)
return 128;
else
return 256;
}
static long rt5682_bclk_round_rate(struct clk_hw *hw, unsigned long rate,
unsigned long *parent_rate)
{
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 =
container_of(hw, struct rt5682_priv,
dai_clks_hw[RT5682_DAI_BCLK_IDX]);
unsigned long factor;
if (!*parent_rate || !rt5682_clk_check(rt5682))
return -EINVAL;
/*
* BCLK rates are set as a multiplier of WCLK in HW.
* We don't allow changing the parent WCLK. We just do
* some rounding down based on the parent WCLK rate
* and find the appropriate multiplier of BCLK to
* get the rounded down BCLK value.
*/
factor = rt5682_bclk_get_factor(rate, *parent_rate);
return *parent_rate * factor;
}
static int rt5682_bclk_set_rate(struct clk_hw *hw, unsigned long rate,
unsigned long parent_rate)
{
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 =
container_of(hw, struct rt5682_priv,
dai_clks_hw[RT5682_DAI_BCLK_IDX]);
struct snd_soc_component *component = rt5682->component;
struct snd_soc_dai *dai = NULL;
unsigned long factor;
if (!rt5682_clk_check(rt5682))
return -EINVAL;
factor = rt5682_bclk_get_factor(rate, parent_rate);
for_each_component_dais(component, dai)
if (dai->id == RT5682_AIF1)
break;
if (!dai) {
dev_err(component->dev, "dai %d not found in component\n",
RT5682_AIF1);
return -ENODEV;
}
return rt5682_set_bclk1_ratio(dai, factor);
}
static const struct clk_ops rt5682_dai_clk_ops[RT5682_DAI_NUM_CLKS] = {
[RT5682_DAI_WCLK_IDX] = {
.prepare = rt5682_wclk_prepare,
.unprepare = rt5682_wclk_unprepare,
.recalc_rate = rt5682_wclk_recalc_rate,
.round_rate = rt5682_wclk_round_rate,
.set_rate = rt5682_wclk_set_rate,
},
[RT5682_DAI_BCLK_IDX] = {
.recalc_rate = rt5682_bclk_recalc_rate,
.round_rate = rt5682_bclk_round_rate,
.set_rate = rt5682_bclk_set_rate,
},
};
static int rt5682_register_dai_clks(struct snd_soc_component *component)
{
struct device *dev = component->dev;
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 = snd_soc_component_get_drvdata(component);
struct rt5682_platform_data *pdata = &rt5682->pdata;
struct clk_init_data init;
struct clk *dai_clk;
struct clk_lookup *dai_clk_lookup;
struct clk_hw *dai_clk_hw;
const char *parent_name;
int i, ret;
for (i = 0; i < RT5682_DAI_NUM_CLKS; ++i) {
dai_clk_hw = &rt5682->dai_clks_hw[i];
switch (i) {
case RT5682_DAI_WCLK_IDX:
/* Make MCLK the parent of WCLK */
if (rt5682->mclk) {
parent_name = __clk_get_name(rt5682->mclk);
init.parent_names = &parent_name;
init.num_parents = 1;
} else {
init.parent_names = NULL;
init.num_parents = 0;
}
break;
case RT5682_DAI_BCLK_IDX:
/* Make WCLK the parent of BCLK */
parent_name = __clk_get_name(
rt5682->dai_clks[RT5682_DAI_WCLK_IDX]);
init.parent_names = &parent_name;
init.num_parents = 1;
break;
default:
dev_err(dev, "Invalid clock index\n");
ret = -EINVAL;
goto err;
}
init.name = pdata->dai_clk_names[i];
init.ops = &rt5682_dai_clk_ops[i];
init.flags = CLK_GET_RATE_NOCACHE | CLK_SET_RATE_GATE;
dai_clk_hw->init = &init;
dai_clk = devm_clk_register(dev, dai_clk_hw);
if (IS_ERR(dai_clk)) {
dev_warn(dev, "Failed to register %s: %ld\n",
init.name, PTR_ERR(dai_clk));
ret = PTR_ERR(dai_clk);
goto err;
}
rt5682->dai_clks[i] = dai_clk;
if (dev->of_node) {
devm_of_clk_add_hw_provider(dev, of_clk_hw_simple_get,
dai_clk_hw);
} else {
dai_clk_lookup = clkdev_create(dai_clk, init.name,
"%s", dev_name(dev));
if (!dai_clk_lookup) {
ret = -ENOMEM;
goto err;
} else {
rt5682->dai_clks_lookup[i] = dai_clk_lookup;
}
}
}
return 0;
err:
do {
if (rt5682->dai_clks_lookup[i])
clkdev_drop(rt5682->dai_clks_lookup[i]);
} while (i-- > 0);
return ret;
}
#endif /* CONFIG_COMMON_CLK */
static int rt5682_probe(struct snd_soc_component *component)
{
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 = snd_soc_component_get_drvdata(component);
struct sdw_slave *slave;
unsigned long time;
struct snd_soc_dapm_context *dapm = &component->dapm;
#ifdef CONFIG_COMMON_CLK
int ret;
#endif
rt5682->component = component;
if (rt5682->is_sdw) {
slave = rt5682->slave;
time = wait_for_completion_timeout(
&slave->initialization_complete,
msecs_to_jiffies(RT5682_PROBE_TIMEOUT));
if (!time) {
dev_err(&slave->dev, "Initialization not complete, timed out\n");
return -ETIMEDOUT;
}
} else {
#ifdef CONFIG_COMMON_CLK
/* Check if MCLK provided */
rt5682->mclk = devm_clk_get(component->dev, "mclk");
if (IS_ERR(rt5682->mclk)) {
if (PTR_ERR(rt5682->mclk) != -ENOENT) {
ret = PTR_ERR(rt5682->mclk);
return ret;
}
rt5682->mclk = NULL;
}
/* Register CCF DAI clock control */
ret = rt5682_register_dai_clks(component);
if (ret)
return ret;
/* Initial setup for CCF */
rt5682->lrck[RT5682_AIF1] = CLK_48;
#endif
}
snd_soc_dapm_disable_pin(dapm, "MICBIAS");
snd_soc_dapm_disable_pin(dapm, "Vref2");
snd_soc_dapm_sync(dapm);
return 0;
}
static void rt5682_remove(struct snd_soc_component *component)
{
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 = snd_soc_component_get_drvdata(component);
#ifdef CONFIG_COMMON_CLK
int i;
for (i = RT5682_DAI_NUM_CLKS - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
if (rt5682->dai_clks_lookup[i])
clkdev_drop(rt5682->dai_clks_lookup[i]);
}
#endif
rt5682_reset(rt5682);
}
#ifdef CONFIG_PM
static int rt5682_suspend(struct snd_soc_component *component)
{
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 = snd_soc_component_get_drvdata(component);
regcache_cache_only(rt5682->regmap, true);
regcache_mark_dirty(rt5682->regmap);
return 0;
}
static int rt5682_resume(struct snd_soc_component *component)
{
struct rt5682_priv *rt5682 = snd_soc_component_get_drvdata(component);
regcache_cache_only(rt5682->regmap, false);
regcache_sync(rt5682->regmap);
mod_delayed_work(system_power_efficient_wq,
&rt5682->jack_detect_work, msecs_to_jiffies(250));
return 0;
}
#else
#define rt5682_suspend NULL
#define rt5682_resume NULL
#endif
const struct snd_soc_dai_ops rt5682_aif1_dai_ops = {
.hw_params = rt5682_hw_params,
.set_fmt = rt5682_set_dai_fmt,
.set_tdm_slot = rt5682_set_tdm_slot,
.set_bclk_ratio = rt5682_set_bclk1_ratio,
};
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rt5682_aif1_dai_ops);
const struct snd_soc_dai_ops rt5682_aif2_dai_ops = {
.hw_params = rt5682_hw_params,
.set_fmt = rt5682_set_dai_fmt,
.set_bclk_ratio = rt5682_set_bclk2_ratio,
};
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rt5682_aif2_dai_ops);
const struct snd_soc_component_driver rt5682_soc_component_dev = {
.probe = rt5682_probe,
.remove = rt5682_remove,
.suspend = rt5682_suspend,
.resume = rt5682_resume,
.set_bias_level = rt5682_set_bias_level,
.controls = rt5682_snd_controls,
.num_controls = ARRAY_SIZE(rt5682_snd_controls),
.dapm_widgets = rt5682_dapm_widgets,
.num_dapm_widgets = ARRAY_SIZE(rt5682_dapm_widgets),
.dapm_routes = rt5682_dapm_routes,
.num_dapm_routes = ARRAY_SIZE(rt5682_dapm_routes),
.set_sysclk = rt5682_set_component_sysclk,
.set_pll = rt5682_set_component_pll,
.set_jack = rt5682_set_jack_detect,
.use_pmdown_time = 1,
.endianness = 1,
.non_legacy_dai_naming = 1,
};
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rt5682_soc_component_dev);
int rt5682_parse_dt(struct rt5682_priv *rt5682, struct device *dev)
{
device_property_read_u32(dev, "realtek,dmic1-data-pin",
&rt5682->pdata.dmic1_data_pin);
device_property_read_u32(dev, "realtek,dmic1-clk-pin",
&rt5682->pdata.dmic1_clk_pin);
device_property_read_u32(dev, "realtek,jd-src",
&rt5682->pdata.jd_src);
device_property_read_u32(dev, "realtek,btndet-delay",
&rt5682->pdata.btndet_delay);
device_property_read_u32(dev, "realtek,dmic-clk-rate-hz",
&rt5682->pdata.dmic_clk_rate);
device_property_read_u32(dev, "realtek,dmic-delay-ms",
&rt5682->pdata.dmic_delay);
rt5682->pdata.ldo1_en = of_get_named_gpio(dev->of_node,
"realtek,ldo1-en-gpios", 0);
if (device_property_read_string_array(dev, "clock-output-names",
rt5682->pdata.dai_clk_names,
RT5682_DAI_NUM_CLKS) < 0)
dev_warn(dev, "Using default DAI clk names: %s, %s\n",
rt5682->pdata.dai_clk_names[RT5682_DAI_WCLK_IDX],
rt5682->pdata.dai_clk_names[RT5682_DAI_BCLK_IDX]);
return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rt5682_parse_dt);
void rt5682_calibrate(struct rt5682_priv *rt5682)
{
int value, count;
mutex_lock(&rt5682->calibrate_mutex);
rt5682_reset(rt5682);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_I2C_CTRL, 0x000f);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1, 0xa2af);
usleep_range(15000, 20000);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1, 0xf2af);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_MICBIAS_2, 0x0300);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_GLB_CLK, 0x8000);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_PWR_DIG_1, 0x0100);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_HP_IMP_SENS_CTRL_19, 0x3800);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_CHOP_DAC, 0x3000);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_CALIB_ADC_CTRL, 0x7005);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_STO1_ADC_MIXER, 0x686c);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_CAL_REC, 0x0d0d);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_HP_CALIB_CTRL_2, 0x0321);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_HP_LOGIC_CTRL_2, 0x0004);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_HP_CALIB_CTRL_1, 0x7c00);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_HP_CALIB_CTRL_3, 0x06a1);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_A_DAC1_MUX, 0x0311);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_HP_CALIB_CTRL_1, 0x7c00);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_HP_CALIB_CTRL_1, 0xfc00);
for (count = 0; count < 60; count++) {
regmap_read(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_HP_CALIB_STA_1, &value);
if (!(value & 0x8000))
break;
usleep_range(10000, 10005);
}
if (count >= 60)
dev_err(rt5682->component->dev, "HP Calibration Failure\n");
/* restore settings */
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_PWR_ANLG_1, 0x002f);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_MICBIAS_2, 0x0080);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_GLB_CLK, 0x0000);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_PWR_DIG_1, 0x0000);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_CHOP_DAC, 0x2000);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_CALIB_ADC_CTRL, 0x2005);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_STO1_ADC_MIXER, 0xc0c4);
regmap_write(rt5682->regmap, RT5682_CAL_REC, 0x0c0c);
mutex_unlock(&rt5682->calibrate_mutex);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rt5682_calibrate);
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("ASoC RT5682 driver");
MODULE_AUTHOR("Bard Liao <bardliao@realtek.com>");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL v2");
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
echo "." until command finishes executing
I am currently trying to figure out how to make bash draw a series of dots across the screen (kind of like a progress indicator) until a command finishes executing. For example, say I want to draw dots for a wget download:
wget -s http://url.tar.gz
until "above command has finished executing"; do
echo -n "."
sleep 0.05s
done
Can I use "$!" or "$?" to help solve this?
Thank you for the help!
A:
This will print dots until wget completes:
while sleep 0.1; do printf "."; done &
wget -q http://url.tar.gz
kill $!
echo "Finished"
wget has its own progress indicator. The above uses -q to turn that off.
$! expands to the PID of the last process executed in the background which, in this case, is the while loop that prints the dots. Thus, kill $! stops the loop, ending the printing of dots.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Laparoscopic-assisted upper pole ureterocalicostomy using renal inversion and autotransplantation.
Despite various described methods of reconstruction after upper ureteral injury, many cases are complex and remain a surgical challenge. Careful preoperative evaluation and planning are crucial in the selection of the appropriate procedure, particularly in patients in whom preservation of the renal mass is imperative. We report a case of severe upper ureteral injury and subsequent fibrosis, with no usable renal pelvis and focal upper pole dilation, that was managed with renal inversion and upper pole ureterocalicostomy. The option of autotransplantation was provided by laparoscopic nephrectomy and ex vivo reconstruction, minimizing patient morbidity and maximizing a successful outcome. This case illustrates the expansion of laparoscopy from the mere extirpative to a role in complex reconstruction. To our knowledge, this reconstructive strategy has never been previously reported and may be applicable in a limited number of situations.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Curcumin attenuates inflammatory responses by suppressing TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis in mice.
Curcumin, the main constituent of the spice turmeric, has been reported to have potent anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of curcumin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mice mastitis has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether curcumin could ameliorate the inflammation response in LPS-induced mice mastitis and to clarify the possible mechanism. The mouse model of mastitis was induced by injection of LPS through the duct of the mammary gland. Curcumin was applied 1h before and 12h after LPS treatment. The results showed that curcumin attenuated the infiltration of inflammatory cells, the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO), and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, Western blotting results showed that curcumin inhibited the phosphorylation of IκB-α and NF-κB p65 and the expression of TLR4. These results indicated that curcumin has protective effect on mice mastitis and the anti-inflammatory mechanism of curcumin on LPS-induced mastitis in mice may be due to its ability to inhibit TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling pathways. Curcumin may be a potential therapeutic agent against mastitis.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
Parse an URL in JavaScript
How do I parse an URL with JavaScript (also with jQuery)?
For instance I have this in my string,
url = "http://example.com/form_image_edit.php?img_id=33"
I want to get the value of img_id
I know I can do this easily with PHP with parse_url(), but I want to know how it is possible with JavaScript.
A:
You can use a trick of creating an a-element, add the url to it, and then use its Location object.
function parseUrl( url ) {
var a = document.createElement('a');
a.href = url;
return a;
}
parseUrl('http://example.com/form_image_edit.php?img_id=33').search
Which will output: ?img_id=33
You could also use php.js to get the parse_url function in JavaScript.
Update (2012-07-05)
I would recommend using the excellent URI.js library if you need to do anything more than super simple URL handling.
A:
If your string is called s then
var id = s.match(/img_id=([^&]+)/)[1]
will give it to you.
A:
Try this:
var url = window.location;
var urlAux = url.split('=');
var img_id = urlAux[1]
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
Getting __init__ variable
class first(object):
def __init__(self, room, speed):
self.position = room
self.speed = 20
direction = random.randint(0,359)
class second(first):
def __init__(self)
self.way = first.direction
self.now = first.self.position
I am getting an error, how to get variable from __init__ of another class?
A:
You cannot. direction is a local variable of the __init__ function, and an such not available outside of that function.
The variable is not used at all even; it could be removed from the function and nothing would change.
The __init__ method is intended to set attributes on the newly created instance, but your second class seems to want to find the attributes on the first class instead. You cannot do that either, as those attributes you want to access are only set in __init__. You can only find position on instances of first, not on the first class itself.
Perhaps you wanted to initialize the parent class first, and actually store position on self:
class first(object):
def __init__(self, room, speed):
self.position = room
self.speed = 20
self.direction = random.randint(0,359)
class second(first):
def __init__(self, room, speed)
super(second, self).__init__(room, speed)
self.way = self.direction
self.now = self.position
Now self has the direction and position attributes defined and your second.__init__ function can access those there.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Advocating for the right of consenting adults to share and enjoy love, sex, residence, and marriage without limits on the gender, number, or relation of participants. Full marriage equality is a basic human right.
Translate
Wednesday, October 31, 2012
Emily Daniel has a blog called "I like Chocolate, He Likes Vanilla." It is the "trials and tribulations of a
polyamorous kinky lady happily married to a monogamous vanilla man,
while occasionally writing erotica." In this entry, she wrote about her personal polyamory manifesto.
The
point of being poly is, for me, freedom to be able to follow my heart
and, to an extent, explore my kinks in a safe space. It is not about
deliberately finding sexual partners or deliberately looking for someone
else, but about being able to embrace possibilities and be myself.
She lists these ground rules...
Be honest to yourself
Be honest to everyone involved
Communicate, Communicate, Communicate
My husband and I will continue to live together and share our love, lives, and finances
Going out with others will be planned and scheduled
I don't want to know the details of a sexual experience, but I would want to know if one occurred, I would give the same respect
Practice safer sex
If
a relationship ends it is not to be because it has been “vetoed.” If a
relationship ends it should be because the relationship has run its
natural course
Be aware of and cautious of New Relationship Energy, do not make hasty judgments based on it
Not bad at all.
These kinds of "mixed" marriages can work if the spouses agree that it is OK for their spouse do be different than them, to have different personal boundaries, different needs, different wants, different interests, etc. Readers, have you been in a "mixed" relationship?
Fans of EastEnders will
no doubt be aware that the soap is about to tackle the taboo subject of
incest as cousins Lauren and Joey Branning embark on an affair after
both realize – and act upon – the powerful sexual attraction between
them that’s been simmering for weeks.
Just like any other relationship, right?
When asked, “Does Joey think it’s wrong
to kiss his cousin?” David replied, “No. He’s in love and he’s thinking,
‘How can it be wrong to feel this way?’
That's a good thing.
And of what could be the possible fall out for the Branning family over the affair, David said, “It could tear the family apart…
“Lauren and Joey both know that so they’re being really careful about how they behave together when they’re in public.
“[But]
they’re not doing anything wrong. It’s not illegal to have a
relationship with your cousin and they haven’t known one another for
long.
“They didn’t grow up together.”
Cousin relationships, including marriages, are an everyday thing in much of the world.
If they really want to be edgy, television show creators will respectfully depict a passionate, happy relationship between first-degree relatives, such as full or half-blood siblings, with biggest problem for the relationship being the prejudice of others. There is no shortage of real world examples, including right here on this blog. See here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, and here.
Monday, October 29, 2012
In what appears to be a more pressing matter of child support, a politician in Zimbabwe is making headlines for having consanguinamorous relationships. Of course, the headlines focus on "incest." From zimdiaspora.com...
A
ZIMBABWEAN politician Fidelis Mhashu, whose wife left for the United
Kingdom in 2003 and never came back, says he ended up in an incestuous
relationship with his two nieces due to loneliness.
Both cases resulted in the birth of four children.
Mr
Mhashu who is also Chitungwiza North legislator and former Minister of
National Housing and Social Amenities is now facing charges of engaging
in incestuous relationship under Zimbabwe traditional court system in
his home area of Mhondoro.
Polyamory isn’t an alternative to cheating, it’s an alternative to
monogamy.
He goes on to explain...
You know what the alternative to cheating is? Honesty, communication,
and abiding by your agreements. No matter what relationship works for
you, no matter how many partners you have at any given time, the
alternative to cheating is being honest with yourself and with your
partner(s), and doing what you say you will.
I get that if you’re unhappy in an ostensibly monogamous relationship
or if your needs aren’t being met, there can be a temptation to seek
someone outside those boundaries. And you know what? People in open
relationships sometimes do the same thing. After all, just because your
relationship is open doesn’t necessarily mean you feel comfortable
telling your partner(s) what you want, and sometimes, people cheat.
Cheating is breaking the rules, whichever rules you choose.
The only sense in which polyamory is ever "an alternative to cheating" is when someone who has tried to be monogamous, who has promised to be monogamous, but has ended up cheating, is honest with himself or herself and partner and admits monogamy isn't for them, and that they are polyamorous.... if that is indeed the case. There is a difference between a polyamorous person who has tried and failed to be monogamous and someone who is hostile or destructive to their partner, and that has expressed itself in cheating. This difference must be determined or the cheater will likely cheat even in a polyamorous relationship.
All of these issues can be dealt with better if polyamorous people are protected against discrimination. Punishing people for being polyamorous makes things worse for all, including pressuring polyamorists into make promises of monogamy.
As my regular readers know, I would support them if they were, indeed, biological siblings. Whatever the case, we are talking about consenting adults here. That someone else finds their relationship strange should have no influence over their happiness. If they want to be together, nobody else should be able to stop them.
TECHNICAL ISSUE: Is there some reason why a YouTube video would get automatically removed from a Blogger posting? It's all Google, so I don't understand why the HTML coding for this video disappeared from here and I get to go get it again. Anyone know?
Wednesday, October 24, 2012
Discussions pop up everywhere about topics like polyamory and open relationships. (As a reminder, "open relationships" and "polyamory" are not synonyms.) Discussions tend to help, as the more people talk, the more we see there is a diversity of needs when it comes to relationships and sexuality, and that polyamorous people or people in open relationships are not bad people or people nobody knows. They are quite often great people, gay, lesbian, bisexual, or heterosexual, who live next door in harmony with monogamists. An example is this poll and discussion at baby-gaga.com initiated by Abbey & Ethan. Here are some highlights...
Tuesday, October 23, 2012
“Justher” is an attractive, 30ish homemaker whose four grandparents came to the US from Ireland. She’s from a comfortable middle-class background, raised in North Carolina but now living in Pennsylvania. She’s also a mother, via legal guardianship, to one child, and lives with her brother, who is a manufacturing management professional. Justher enjoys playing tennis, and it helps to keep her in great shape.
She was generous enough with her time and privacy to be interviewed.
*****
FULL MARRIAGE EQUALITY: Is your brother your full blood brother? Is he younger than you, and if so, by how much? Do you have any other siblings?
Justher: Yes, my brother is my full blood brother. He’s a year and four months younger than me, and we have no other siblings.
FME: Describe your relationship with your brother. Do you live as though you are spouses? Does that include lovemaking?
Yes, my brother and I live as husband and wife, and it does include lovemaking, I see him as both my brother and lover. Those two roles are inseparable; at times he needs his sister, at other times he needs his lover and/or wife, so I fulfill both those roles in his life, just as he does the same in my life. It’s a bit hard to explain, but yes he’s my soul mate.
Monday, October 22, 2012
Just responding to that title, I want to know what is meant by "promoting?" In so far as relationships and family are discussed at school, it would be negligent of academia to deny that polyamory exists, and that some people find polyamorous relationships to be the ones in which they function best. It is destructive for schools to ignore polyamory or any other consensual adult relationships. Some students are polyamorous, even if they aren't in any relationship at all.
Friday, October 19, 2012
When someone asks why consanguinamory (consensual incest or consanguineous sex) is taboo, someone will usually provide an explanation like this one...
The reason we mate up with persons not of our own blood is to build genetic diversity and, whether we accept it or not, attempt to create more superior humans.
While I think genetic diversity is usually a good thing as long as it doesn't suppress a genetic advantage, if humans were naturally inclined to seek genetic diversity, I think we would not have seen so much segregation based on skin color and ethnicity over the years, or a taboo against interracial marriages. Even in the most progressive communites, people still often segregate themselves on the basis of skin color. Furthermore, studies have shown and experience with Genetic Sexual Attraction has shown that people are often strongly attracted to those genetically similar to them. It is prepubescent ultrafamiliarity in socialization and externally imposed taboos that often squelch such attraction.
I think it is likely that humans in the past were not aware of, or concerned with, genetic diversity because they didn't know about genes. They could see that offspring often resembled their parents, but for all they knew, that was the will of the gods or the fates.
Taboos against consanguineous sex were more likely imposed because parents, especially fathers, used the sexuality of their children to form partnerships and gain power. In patriarchal societies, daughters were traded away via arranged marriage into other families to buy favor, and sons were expected to marry for dowries and alliances and such. It was more difficult for this to happen, especially in cultures that demanded a bride marry with her virginity and have only her husband as a sexual partner, if the siblings were having sex with each other or a parent.
It was probably more about power and control, and marriage bans and laws against consensual sex are still about those things. We see that happening now, and so we have good reason to believe it happened in the past. What do you think?
Thursday, October 18, 2012
Thanks in no small part to the Browns and their TLC television show, "Sister Wives," awareness of consensual polygamy (especially plural marriages) is increasing. The same goes for the Showtime's Polyamory show. Both shows and related media and discussion will contribute to relationship rights for poly people, including the freedom to marry and, ultimately, full marriage equality.
Kody Brown, center, is flanked by two of his four ‘Sister Wives,” Christine, at left, and Meri, at right.
There are more than 850 societies
around the world that practice polygamy, and an estimated 30,000 or more
plural families living in the United States, Blumer said. However,
because of a negative cultural stigma and legal concerns, most plural
families live largely in secrecy.
When the Brown family came out
to their monogamous friends relatives some 20 years ago, it strained
relationships and broke some bonds.
The Browns also suffered
repercussions when their family made national headlines after "Sister
Wives" first aired. Meri lost her job, Kody lost a couple of advertising
clients and Robyn had a difficult time finding work.
Wednesday, October 17, 2012
Lately, it seems that I can't let a week go by without posting something from Kindred Spirits, which I consider the best forum to discuss consanguinamory. If there is a better one, I'm not aware of it.
Here is something a woman in her 20s. I have edited the typing errors. She wrote about her relationship with her brother, which didn't involve sex until they were adults, the trouble she got from one of their siblings who has some suspicions, and finding the forum...
Most psychologists say that it’s the genetic thing or mental illness or like a girl I know that’s gone back to sharing a house (as she said) with her dad when her marriage broke up after 5 years. But what we had wasn’t that. On one of the sites there were a few postings that sounded a bit like us... normal. In a few cases there was a posting about a sister and brother who loved each other. Other posters tried to get her to talk about times, places, who did what. Etc.... but all she kept posting was that she loved him (brother) in one of her postings there was the name of this site. I still don’t fully understand most of my feelings. And don’t talk about it with anyone... esp. not friends.
It's great that there is a place for siblings, parents and their adult children, aunts, uncles, nieces, and nephews, and even cousins to talk about their romantic, sexual, or spousal relationships among friends, supporters, and people who know what they are going through. If you sign up for the forum, be sure to read and follow the rules or you won't last very long.
Have you noticed, folks? Incest is all the rage on the television
these days. It’s been a major plot point in shows like “The Borgias,”
“Game of Thrones,” “Boardwalk Empire,” and even the last season of a
comedy, “Bored to Death.” It came out of left field at the end of last
season’s “Dexter,” and it’s still bubbling beneath the surface of Dexter
and Debra’s current television relationship. Will they, or won’t they?
Many adopted siblings, stepsiblings, half-siblings, and full-blood siblings (long lost or raised together) explore and experiment, or have lifelong spousal relationships, or having something between. Why shouldn't television reflect that reality?
One couple on the list?
Dean and Sam Winchester (I can only imagine the amount of fan fic already devoted to this)
I don't know about that. There is a lot!
Because of lingering prejudices and discrimination, including in the laws of many places, it can be handy plot device.
Saturday, October 13, 2012
Discussions about youthful consanguineous experimentation and consanguinamory pop up in discussion forums of every sort. At escapistmagazine.com, chinangelkicks off the thread with...
I have a question for The Escapist: what's your opinion on incest, and would you ever engage in it?
I am imagining this is going to turn into a flame war at some point, so hey! Let's add some fuel for that fire!
I personally have no problem with incest, whatsoever. I have a
brother who I kind of crushed on when I was younger and
did...stuff...with when I was younger and curious. So I really have no
issues with it at all, and really can't understand what makes it
'squicky' to some.
Bobbi "Krissy" Kristina Brown, 19, daughter of the late pop legend diva, Whitney Houston,
has announced that she is going to marry the person she calls her
"adopted brother." The news was purposely leaked on Thursday to promote a
new reality television series The Houstons: On Our Own about Bobbi Kristina's life after the death of her infamous, legendary mother. The Houstons: On Our Own is set to premiere later in October on Lifetime.
Krissy's fiancé, Nick Gordon, 23, was taken in by Houston when Gordon
was only 12. Houston was Gordon's godmother. Although Houston never
legally adopted Gordon, Houston raised him as her own and he grew up as
Krissy's older brother. Gordon's mother was allegedly forced to give him
up because she could no longer care for him.
They know each other well, probably, and perhaps there is nobody else in the world better suited for each other. That they spent time in the same home does not, and should not, hinder their romance.
“I’m in love with him,” says Bobbi.
“They wanna see us fail,” she says to the camera. “I got one thing to say — you won’t.”
I hope not. Reality shows don't seem to have a great effect on relationships. May they have a blissful marriage full of joy and love. Extending the ridiculous bigotry against consanguineous relationships, which is bad enough, to relationships like this one shows just how irrational and arbitrary taboos against consensual adult relationships can be.
Thursday, October 11, 2012
Students at Harvard are using the "I" word metaphorically and it is causing the "incest = rape" folks and the sex-negative types to wail and gnash their teeth. Obviously, it isn't really incest to have sex with someone in the same dorm as you... unless they also happen to be close relatives. See this opinion from Samantha Berstler at thecrimson.com...
I get it. In the idiom of current college students,
“incest” has come to mean romance among hall-mates or house-mates.
Kirkland House’s annual dance, IncestFest, is a catchy name designed to
celebrate a saccharinely close-knit house. It’s easy to become
habituated to the name, lulled into prioritizing the slang meaning of
“incest” over its formal definition.
But let’s talk about incest for a minute. Actual incest.
Good idea.
But then she goes into abuse/assault of children, citing a statistic that 34.2 percent of the abused children are attacked by a family member. And here's where the problem is with calling both abuse/assault of children and consensual sex between adults "incest," and why I call the latter consanguinamory.
Life can be tough for someone whose identity and orientation doesn’t
fit in to a little heterosexual, monogamous, "traditional"-gender-role
box or whose relationship doesn’t meet the local sex police’s approved
standards. Sometimes, a person or the people in a relationship want to
come out of the closet. Sometimes they need to come out. For some
of these people, it is a little less difficult if they do so as part of
a communal event, such as National Coming Out Day.
National Coming Out Day is TODAY, Thursday, October 11.Here’s the official website, at least for the US. There is much helpful information there, regardless of where you live.
The
more people that come out, the more the others around them will realize
they do know and appreciate people who are LGBT, or polyamorous, or
consanguinamorous, and that such people and relationships deserve equality. So coming out helps progress.
On
the other hand, it is understandable that any given person, couple,
triad, or quad decides to stay in the closet for now. There’s still so
much hate, so much prejudice and persecution, and even unjust laws that
hinder the life and love of people who are good citizens and just want
to be themselves. I support the decision of anyone who believes they
need to be reserved for now for the sake of their safety and family.
The decision to come out is yours.
Do you want to come out, and to whom? Your friends? Your family? Your
coworkers? Your classmates? Your neighbors? Your crush? The whole world?
Also, if someone comes out to you, the decision to be an ally is yours.
If your classmate, coworker, neighbor, friend, parent, child, or
sibling comes to you and says they are gay, lesbian, bisexual,
transgendered, polyamorous, or in a consanguinamorous relationship, what
will you do? Will you choose love and acceptance?
Even if you are heterosexual, monogamous, and nonconsanguinamorous, you may want to come out as an ally for full marriage equality. That alone can take courage, but it helps.
If you are planning to come out, or you do come out, please feel free to share your experience here by commenting.
Wednesday, October 10, 2012
It appears that, like so many other times through history, someone's sex life and the incest stigma are once again being used by political opponents.
We're rapidly approaching an election here in the US (actually, early voting is underway in some places), and in addition to the Presidential race and all of the Senate and House of Representative races, there are many, many other state and local offices subject to the election. It can get overwhelming and I especially feel sorry for people here who are not allowed to vote but have to endure so much noise.
My initial response: So what??? If an adult sends nude pictures to another adult, why is that anyone else's business, unless we're talking about criminal harassment? In addition, it should make no difference that the recipient was her cousin.
Tuesday, October 9, 2012
Almost on a weekly basis, I find something at the Kindred Spirits forum I want to quote here. Kindred Spirits is my favorite forum for discussing consanguinamory, consanguineous relationships, and consensual sex (incest) between close relatives. The moderators run a tight ship, but it's a pleasure cruise if you stick to the rules and are interested in the subject matter (or a participant.) This is a place where pleasant, friendly people get together to talk about their lives, relationships, and partners, and in doing so, they demonstrate that they are the people you meet every day. They could be your neighbors. They are not some emotionally dysfunctional hermits; they are intelligent, warm, and quite often attractive, and many of them have a love and bond with their partners for which most people strive.
It is a travesty that most of them have to hide their love... hide from those who would demand their prosecution, from those who would fire them, from those who would disown them.
As one brother wrote...
my sister and I were left alone a lot because of my parents jobs. Mom
worked 2nd shift at a hospital and dad was an over-the-road trucker.
From the moment my sister was born, all I ever heard was "take care of [sister]". As she got older all she ever heard was "take care of brother".
Needless to say we grew up being very close. Ours was a natural
transition from siblings to lovers. Cherish your relationship. Embrace
it. Enjoy it! Sissy and I have NO regrets and to this day, 40 years
later, we are closer than any siblings I know.
In the same discussion, a woman I've quoted on this blog before added...
Our
relationship was a bit different, even though i was the older of the two
of us by a year and a few months, my brother always looked out for and
took care of me, so as we grew older i naturally gravitated toward him,
and started to see him as more than a brother and more as the man in my
life, and wanted him to see me as the woman in his life, well we were
hardly a man and woman, just teens, but i wanted/needed him to look at
me as a woman, his woman, and his alone, going from siblings to lovers
came pretty naturally to us, with a little from me of course
Some people can't stand their siblings. Some people hate their siblings, fight with their siblings their whole lives. Other people get along on some level with their siblings. And some people have a consanguinamorous, even spousal relationship with their siblings. In so many places in the world, it is perfectly legal to hate your sibling, shun your sibling, and never see your sibling, but in many places, it is still illegal to love your sibling in the way you both want, even though you are consenting adults. We need to change that sooner rather than later. Adults should not have to hide their love for each other.
Please note: If you sign up at Kindred Spirits, read and follow the rules or they'll kick you right out.
Monday, October 8, 2012
Rebecca commented about the prevalence of incest
in the Amish community. When questioned, she explained that she was
talking about marrying first and second cousins, supposedly a common
practice in her community.
There are some countries and a little over half of US states where the bigotry against marriage equality extends to preventing heterosexual first cousins from marrying, but there are many places where heterosexual marriage between first cousins is legal and common. There are a few places in the US where same-gender first cousins can marry. I'm not aware of any place where second cousins (if they are heterosexual) are denied marriage. Smearing marriages between first cousins and between second cousins is ignorant.
The article notes...
In light of the alleged evidence that appears to support that the show “Breaking Amish” is fake, viewers must weigh the truth of any statements made by the cast, including their accounts of the sexual lives of the Amish.
Everything on television, including "reality" shows, should not be simply assumed to be true. Participants on shows may say things that aren't true, or embellish. It is something to keep in mind about television in general.
Sunday, October 7, 2012
My wife is secretive and reserved. We got
married three years ago. We have no children but she has had three
miscarriages. When we were in college, my wife’s older brother used to
send her love messages almost every night and this caused a lot of
conflict between us.
She said her brother only wanted to ruin
our relationship. The trend continued until I reported the issue to
their mother, other brothers, and sister, after which he changed to late
night calls.
What is surprising is that four years ago,
my wife had a child with the brother who used to send her romantic
messages. She only told me about the child in March of this year, but
claimed that the boy’s father had died shortly after he was born
What should I do because her niece, who
lives with us, has confirmed to me that the boy was fathered by my
wife’s brother? The child is currently living with us and I am very
stressed.
Maybe it's a cultural thing, but tf the letter-writer had a problem with how his wife-to-be was handling the situation with her brother, the letter-writer should have broken it off with her, rather than complaining to everyone else in the family. That being said, it appears the woman involved married the letter-writer under false pretenses. Since others knew, the truth as bound to come out. Either the relationship between brother and sister was over, or it continues.
If it was over, she should have explained that and said that her brother was having a difficult time moving on. The letter-writer could either accept her past or move on. If he couldn't accept her past, it would be better if he did move on so that she could find someone who could accept her.
If it continues, as implied by the ongoing secrecy, the ideal thing would be to explain that it was still going on, and the letter-writer could have either accepted that he was going to be legally married to a woman whose heart would first belong to someone else, or moved on.
The problem is, the circumstances are not ideal. People face discrimination, bullying, even prosecution for being in consanguinamorous relationships. As a result, most people keep those relationships a secret from everyone or all but a handful of people, and sometimes other people are unknowingly used as "beards," as could be happening to this letter-writer. This also still happens with gays and lesbians living in places where they can't be open about their sexual orientation. If we simply supported the rights of an adult, regardless of gender or sexual orientation, to share love, sex, residence, and marriage with any consenting adults, everyone would be better off.
So, while she married under false pretenses one way or another, I do not judge her because ridiculous prejudices and bigotries put her in a very difficult position.
Thankfully, the columnist did not tell the letter-writer to rat them out to law enforcement.
Saturday, October 6, 2012
Alas. It is not to be, because what takes over our
quirky coming-of-age drama is a dramatic story of pyromania and some
sort of quest for our two teenagers to experience life through pushing
boundaries (lighting fires, enjoying nearly getting burned alive). Kurt
(Rupert Simonian) transforms from spotty, petulant teenage boy into
crazed burner of buildings, sweeping his corruptible sister with him. There’s a gleefully hilarious incest story which derives its comedy from
its very serious presentation about a frankly (we hope) ridiculous
scenario where brother and sister explore sexuality a bit too closely
together.
I can't speak to the specific scenario presented the play, but some siblings do experiment in life, and there's nothing wrong with that in and of itself, and nothing ridiculous about it. Any parent who thinks rationally about it instead of letting prejudices rule their mind would find pyromania in their teenagers much more concerning than those teenagers exploring their sexuality in a safe, known environment with someone they know and love.
Thursday, October 4, 2012
Discussions about consanguinamory (consensual incest) pop up everywhere, which I think is good. The more people talk about it, the more people will see that there is no good reason for continued criminalization and discrimination, and the more people will find out that it is common enough that they know someone who is, or has been, involved.
Many people offered qualified support of freedom for consenting adults. Thenevilstebunny added... .
Exactly, in some cultures a bare ankle is considered taboo yet I know
two gay brothers who regularly have sex with each other in threesomes.
People should stop worrying about what others do and focus on their own
ugly issues.
Wednesday, October 3, 2012
Consanguinamory (consensual incest) has been a topic of discussion in New Zealand media lately. At canta.co.nz, the Official Magazine of the University of Canterbury Students' Association, there was a written "pro" and "con." On the side of decriminalizing consanguinamory was Tim Bain...
Let's start with choice. Relationships are about the
worst possible place for the government to get involved. Governments are
terrible at knowing what makes people happy and what they need in terms
of their sex life. It's a pretty basic tenet of our society that unless
we're hurting someone else, or hurting ourselves badly, we should be
able to do what we like.
Katrina Yates was heartbroken
when she discovered that her daughter Nicola had embarked on an affair
with Katrina's ex-husband and Nicola's biological father after tracing
him in secret almost eight years ago.
Katrina picked Andrew to marry, have sex with, and have children with. He was attractive to her. They have long since divorced. Why is it a problem that another woman is attracted to him? Nicola was placed in this situation, in part, by Katrina. Nicola did not choose her parents or the circumstances of their relationship. Nicola and Andrew are experiencing Genetic Sexual Attraction, which is a normal reaction to the circumstances. Law enforcement officials, and Katrina, should stay out of the situation. Andrew and Nicola are adults who should be free love each other as they want.
Nicola
and her father Andrew Butler spent years living together as boyfriend
and girlfriend and have been to court twice charged with having sex with
an adult relative after Katrina reported their inappropriate
relationship.
Last year
Andrew was finally jailed, but after her mother wrote a pleading letter
to the judge Nicola was given a suspended sentence and her and her
family started the painful process of trying to rebuild their
relationship.
Nicola moved in with her younger sister Natalie and things were going well.
But
in January this year Andrew was released and Nicola suddenly
disappeared, cancelling her phone number, deleting her Facebook contacts
and cutting off all contact with her family.
It wouldn't have to be that way if they were supportive of the relationship, rather than hostile.
Today Katrina and her younger daughter Natalie appeared onThis Morning to discuss Nicola's betrayal and why they fear that she has gone on the run with her father again.
Her betrayal? I don't see Nicola going on television to talk about Natalie's love life or Katrina's love life.
Every time an article like this is printed, the finger-waggers comment to judge people for being in love with each other. Makes me wonder what kind of sex life (if any) they have, and what other people would say about their sex lives if they knew about them. Consenting adults should be free to share love, sex, residence, and marriage. Don't like it? Then don't do it.
Tuesday, October 2, 2012
I get comments here on the blog and via email from people who thank me for getting them to see the issues a new way, or expressing in words what they were seeing in their minds, or letting them know that they are not alone in their love.
In the US, four states will have votes on the limited same-gender freedom to marry on November 6. If you are eligible and a resident of Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, or Washington, make sure you are registered to vote (especially if you've moved since the last time you voted) and make sure you do vote. None of these votes are about full marriage equality, but more freedom to marry is better than less.
Also, make sure you support candidates who are more friendly to relationship rights for all consenting adults.
Full Marriage Equality
About This Blog
I argue for marriage equality. By that I mean that society and all local, state, federal, and international laws, institutions, and programs should recognize any marriage registered by any persons without restrictions on the basis of race, color, creed, ancestry, national origin, sex, gender, sexual orientation, or religion.
The global definition of marriage should be as follows: "The uniting of consenting individuals in a witnessed ceremony."
We believe everyone has the right to share love, sex, residence, and marriage with any and all consenting adult(s) of their choice, regardless of birth or sexual orientation.
The Fine Print
The focus of this blog is consenting adults. This blog does not advocate anyone engage in activity that is currently illegal in their jurisdiction; it does advocate changing or repealing any law that prevents the freedom of association, love, and full marriage equality for adults. This blog condemns rape, sexual assault, and child molestation, and frowns in the general direction of cheating. This blog exists mainly to evaluate information and direct others to information about current events; it does not provide medical, therapeutic, legal, financial, or cooking advice. This blog links to other sites for informational purposes; it does not necessarily support everything at those links.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Asyncio imap fetch mails python3
I'm testing with the asyncio module, however I need a hint / suggesstion how to fetch large emails in an async way.
I have a list with usernames and passwords for the mail accounts.
data = [
{'usern': 'foo@bar.de', 'passw': 'x'},
{'usern': 'foo2@bar.de', 'passw': 'y'},
{'usern': 'foo3@bar.de', 'passw': 'z'} (...)
]
I thought about:
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait([get_attachment(d) for d in data]))
loop.close()
However, the long part is to download the email attachments.
Email:
@asyncio.coroutine
def get_attachment(d):
username = d['usern']
password = d['passw']
connection = imaplib.IMAP4_SSL('imap.bar.de')
connection.login(username, password)
connection.select()
# list all available mails
typ, data = connection.search(None, 'ALL')
for num in data[0].split():
# fetching each mail
typ, data = connection.fetch(num, '(RFC822)')
raw_string = data[0][1].decode('utf-8')
msg = email.message_from_string(raw_string)
for part in msg.walk():
if part.get_content_maintype() == 'multipart':
continue
if part.get('Content-Disposition') is None:
continue
if part.get_filename():
body = part.get_payload(decode=True)
# do something with the body, async?
connection.close()
connection.logout()
How could I process all (downloading attachments) mails in an async way?
A:
If you don't have an asynchronous I/O-based imap library, you can just use a concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor to do the I/O in threads. Python will release the GIL during the I/O, so you'll get true concurrency:
def init_connection(d):
username = d['usern']
password = d['passw']
connection = imaplib.IMAP4_SSL('imap.bar.de')
connection.login(username, password)
connection.select()
return connection
local = threading.local() # We use this to get a different connection per thread
def do_fetch(num, d, rfc):
try:
connection = local.connection
except AttributeError:
connnection = local.connection = init_connection(d)
return connnection.fetch(num, rfc)
@asyncio.coroutine
def get_attachment(d, pool):
connection = init_connection(d)
# list all available mails
typ, data = connection.search(None, 'ALL')
# Kick off asynchronous tasks for all the fetches
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
futs = [asyncio.async(loop.run_in_executor(pool, do_fetch, num, d, '(RFC822)'))
for num in data[0].split()]
# Process each fetch as it completes
for fut in asyncio.as_completed(futs):
typ, data = yield from fut
raw_string = data[0][1].decode('utf-8')
msg = email.message_from_string(raw_string)
for part in msg.walk():
if part.get_content_maintype() == 'multipart':
continue
if part.get('Content-Disposition') is None:
continue
if part.get_filename():
body = part.get_payload(decode=True)
# do something with the body, async?
connection.close()
connection.logout()
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=5) # You can probably increase max_workers, because the threads are almost exclusively doing I/O.
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait([get_attachment(d, pool) for d in data]))
loop.close()
This isn't quite as nice as a truly asynchronous I/O-based solution, because you've still got the overhead of creating the threads, which limits scalability and adds extra memory overhead. You also do get some GIL slowdown because of all the code wrapping the actual I/O calls. Still, if you're dealing with less than thousands of mails, it should still perform ok.
We use run_in_executor to use the ThreadPoolExecutor as part of the asyncio event loop, asyncio.async to wrap the coroutine object returned in a asyncio.Future, and as_completed to iterate through the futures in the order they complete.
Edit:
It seems imaplib is not thread-safe. I've edited my answer to use thread-local storage via threading.local, which allows us to create one connection object per-thread, which can be re-used for the entire life of the thread (meaning you create num_workers connection objects only, rather than a new connection for every fetch).
A:
I had the same needs : fetching emails with python 3 fully async. If others here are interested I pushed an asyncio IMAP lib here : https://github.com/bamthomas/aioimaplib
You can use it like this :
import asyncio
from aioimaplib import aioimaplib
@asyncio.coroutine
def wait_for_new_message(host, user, password):
imap_client = aioimaplib.IMAP4(host=host)
yield from imap_client.wait_hello_from_server()
yield from imap_client.login(user, password)
yield from imap_client.select()
asyncio.async(imap_client.idle())
id = 0
while True:
msg = yield from imap_client.wait_server_push()
print('--> received from server: %s' % msg)
if 'EXISTS' in msg:
id = msg.split()[0]
imap_client.idle_done()
break
result, data = yield from imap_client.fetch(id, '(RFC822)')
email_message = email.message_from_bytes(data[0])
attachments = []
body = ''
for part in email_message.walk():
if part.get_content_maintype() == 'multipart':
continue
if part.get_content_maintype() == 'text' and 'attachment' not in part.get('Content-Disposition', ''):
body = part.get_payload(decode=True).decode(part.get_param('charset', 'ascii')).strip()
else:
attachments.append(
{'type': part.get_content_type(), 'filename': part.get_filename(), 'size': len(part.as_bytes())})
print('attachments : %s' % attachments)
print('body : %s' % body)
yield from imap_client.logout()
if __name__ == '__main__':
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(wait_for_new_message('my.imap.server', 'user', 'pass'))
Large emails with attachments are also downloaded with asyncio.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Crock-Pot® Blog
Easy Breakfasts: Tater Tot Egg and French Toast Casseroles
Wake up to a delicious slow-cooked breakfast that's ready to serve! All you need to do is a little prep before you go to sleep and you'll be digging into a home-cooked breakfast in the morning. Try out these two recipes for a tater tot breakfast casserole and slow-cooked French toast. Both recipes are ideally prepared using a 6-quart slow cooker, such as the Crock-Pot® 6-Quart Programmable Cook & Carry™ Slow Cooker. With a locking lid, this style slow cooker makes it easy to take breakfast on the road! It's travel-friendly design means you can bring a casserole to potluck brunches, school functions, team parties before or after the game or over to mom's house for a family visit.
Bacon and Tater Tot Breakfast Casserole
Wholesome and warm, this cheesy egg casserole is complemented by the crunch of potato tater tots and the savory Canadian bacon. With a little bit of everything, this easy breakfast bake will satisfy all.
Ingredients:
1/2 pound Canadian bacon, diced
1 pound frozen tater tots
6 eggs
1/2 cup whole milk
2 tablespoons flour
Salt and pepper, to taste
1/2 teaspoon dried thyme
1/2 teaspoon garlic powder
1 onion, chopped
1 green bell pepper, chopped
1 1/2 cups shredded cheddar cheese
1/4 cup grated Parmesan cheese
Directions
In a skillet over medium-high heat, cook bacon until browned on all sides.
French Toast Casserole
For a sweet breakfast treat with a fruity and nutty filling, try out this French toast delight. For those who prefer, you can swap out the bananas in this recipe for diced apples.
Place six triangles of bread on the bottom of slow cooker to form one layer.
Add 1/4 of filling mixture.
Repeat with bread and filling until there are three layers.
Pour egg mixture over all ingredients.
Cover and cook on high for 2 to 2 1/2 hours or on low for 4 hours.
Serve with butter and maple syrup.
Instead of bananas, you can add apples to your French toast casserole.
Due to the slow ramp up, and even heating of a slow cooker, recipes featured on this site can be cooked in a range of slow cooker sizes. Recipes can be increased or decreased by one quart size per the cooking instructions. For smaller sauces and dips that call for 3 quarts or less, it is not recommended to alter the unit size. Crock-Pot® is a registered trademark and should not be used generically when referring to a 'slow cooker' within the recipes.
Sunbeam Products, Inc. d/b/a Jarden Consumer Solutions has not tested these recipes and is not responsible for the outcome of any recipe. You may not achieve the results desired due to variations in ingredients, cooking temperatures, cooking times, typos, errors, omissions, or individual cooking abilities. Please always use your best judgment when cooking with raw ingredients such as eggs, chicken or fish.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Cheney Odd Fellows Hall
The Cheney Odd Fellows Hall in Cheney, Washington is a historic building that was built in 1904.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
It was deemed "historically significant for its association with the community's leading fraternal organization in the early 20th century, and is the best preserved example of vernacular commercial architecture from the period." Its NRHP nomination describes it as having been "the venue of the community's most important social events and civic meetings. Today the building is a rare reminder of Cheney's public life during its formative years."
References
Category:Buildings and structures in Spokane County, Washington
Category:Victorian architecture in Washington (state)
Category:Odd Fellows buildings in Washington (state)
Category:Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Spokane County, Washington
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Microtubules are hollow, cylindrical polymers of αβ-tubulin that display dynamic instability, the apparently random switching between phases of growing and shrinking. The dynamic instability of microtubules is essential for formation of the mitotic spindle that organizes chromosome segregation, and for numerous other processes in cell physiology. In this issue, McIntosh et al. use electron tomography to provide 3D snapshots of growing microtubule ends in cells and in vitro. They report that the structures of growing and shrinking microtubule ends are very similar to each other, challenging the current understanding of microtubule dynamics and regulation by contradicting a long-held view in the field (see [Fig. 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}).
Microtubule growing and shrinking occurs by the net addition or loss of αβ-tubulins to or from the end of the polymer. Catastrophe, the switch from growing to shrinking, results from the GTPase activity of αβ-tubulins in the polymer. Dynamic instability can be reconstituted in vitro using pure αβ-tubulin and GTP. However, this compositional simplicity belies a sneaky structural complexity: αβ-tubulin subunits adopt a different conformation outside the polymer than they do inside the polymer, and they adopt multiple conformations in the polymer, only three of which are known in atomic detail ([@bib10]). These different conformations of αβ-tubulin contribute to dynamic instability by modulating tubulin--tubulin interactions (reviewed in [@bib3]).
The question [@bib8] addressed sounds like a simple one: What does a growing microtubule end look like? It's an important question because distinctive microtubule end structures can selectively recruit different regulatory factors (reviewed in [@bib1]), transitions between different end structures may contribute to force production by microtubules ([@bib6]; [@bib5]), and knowledge of the end structure informs and constrains mechanistic models for microtubule dynamics. If we understood the biochemistry of the αβ-tubulin conformational cycle, we could predict end structure. Conversely, if we knew the end structure, we could infer the biochemistry. But we lack confidence about both the biochemistry and the end structure.
It has been known for some time that growing microtubule ends are structurally heterogeneous and characterized by extensions that curve away from the long axis of the microtubule. However, we lack an atomic resolution view of microtubule ends: their structural features are too small to image by light microscopy and too idiosyncratic for the averaging approaches that have allowed cryoEM to deliver high-resolution structures of αβ-tubulin ([@bib10]) in the more regular, lattice-like body of the microtubule.
Electron tomography, the technique used by [@bib8], is ideally suited for one-of-a-kind objects like microtubule ends that cannot be averaged together. Electron tomography produces a 3D image of a sample by combining many (2D) transmission electron micrographs in which the same sample is "viewed" from different angles; the different views are obtained by tilting the specimen to different degrees relative to the electron beam. Exposure to the electron beam damages the sample, so the maximum tolerated exposure must be spread among the multiple images required for tomography. As a result of the attendant low signal-to-noise ratio in individual images, and/or because of other cellular components, electron tomograms are often rather noisy, especially when considering "wispy" structures like individual microtubule protofilaments.
[@bib8] obtained tomograms of growing microtubules in cells from six different species, frozen and/or fixed for tomography in a variety of ways. They also obtained tomograms from samples of microtubules in vitro that were plunge-frozen to trap them in the act of growing. The authors then applied "rotary sectioning" ([Fig. 1 A](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}) to characterize the structures of individual microtubule ends: they examined "sagittal" sections (parallel to the long axis; [Fig. 1 A](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}) at various angles, through hundreds of microtubules. Their approach is admirably rigorous, and the paper has a wonderfully "old school" feel---considerable attention is devoted to the minute workings of the sample preparation and to considering, testing, and excluding possible sources of experimental artifact.
{#fig1}
Both in cells and in vitro, [@bib8] observed short, curved extensions on the ends of growing microtubules ([Fig. 1 B](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}, right). Manually tracing these extensions using rotary sectioning identified about as many curved extensions as protofilaments, and the extensions were evenly spaced around the microtubule. [@bib8] conclude that the extensions are in fact curled protofilaments growing independently of one another. The curvature observed was highly variable, which was taken to indicate that the curled protofilaments are flexible in the plane of curvature. The average curvature was comparable in magnitude to that seen in head-to-tail assemblies modeled from atomic structures of unpolymerized αβ-tubulin, so it likely reflects the intrinsic curvature of unpolymerized, GTP-bound αβ-tubulin.
That growing and shrinking microtubule ends have markedly different structures is practically axiomatic in the current understanding of microtubule dynamics ([Fig. 1, B and C](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). But in cells and in vitro, [@bib8] describe remarkably similar structures for growing and shrinking ends. Their results are therefore quite provocative, contradicting a long-held belief and challenging models built on that belief. Their work has potential implications for how we think about the molecular mechanisms of microtubule dynamics and regulation and for understanding processes like kinetochore--microtubule attachment, where assumptions about different end structures figure prominently ([@bib9]).
The poor signal-to-noise ratio of tomographic reconstructions makes robust annotation of fine features challenging. The long-held belief that growing and shrinking microtubule ends have very different structures is itself based on a landmark cryoEM study ([@bib4]) that revealed tapered and partially curved sheet-like structures at growing microtubule ends that were obviously distinct from the more curled, independent protofilaments on shrinking ends. Two recent tomography studies also show curved and partially curved extensions at the growing end ([@bib7]; [@bib2]). However, this other work (in which rotary sectioning was not applied) was interpreted as showing that many of the curved protofilaments make lateral contacts to another protofilament (as in a sheet), contrary to the independent protofilaments described by [@bib8].
The McIntosh team has set a new standard in the quest to define the molecular features of the growing microtubule end. In doing so, they introduce a dissenting view about what the growing end looks like and about how and where curved αβ-tubulins are added to the microtubule end. The conflict revolves around whether the curved extensions are laterally connected, and whether "pioneer" elongation from a subset of protofilaments occurs. These different scenarios, which might in principle coexist on the same microtubule end, have implications for our understanding of the biochemistry of microtubule growth: Do curved tubulins interact tightly enough with individual protofilament ends for the protofilaments to elongate independently, or is simultaneous interaction with more than one protofilament (sheet-like growth) required for efficient elongation? A definitive resolution to this conflict has implications for microtubule regulation and for how growing and shrinking ends are recognized, and will likely come in the not too distant future as ongoing developments in the hardware and software for cryoEM and tomography are expected to improve the signal-to-noise ratio achievable. A clearer view of growing microtubule end structure looks to be around the curve!
L.M. Rice is the Thomas O. Hicks Scholar in Medical Research. Work in his laboratory is supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01-GM098543), the National Science Foundation (MCB-1615938), and the Robert A. Welch Foundation (I-1908).
The author declares no competing financial interests.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
Q:
Grid spacing, iterations used in the 1978 first published rendering of the Mandelbrot set?
This question is not profound, but I can't figure this out myself and thought I'd ask here. Although the paper is of great historical importance, I don't think History of Science and Mathematics Stackexchange is appropriate.
Is there any historical information about the grid size used in the first rendering of the Mandelbrot set shown in The Dynamics of 2-Generator Subgroups of PSL(2, C), Robert Brooks and J. Peter Matelski, 1978? I'm just trying to reproduce this pattern and while I can get close, I can't quite nail it.
Since this is from about 40 years ago, computing time was several orders of magnitude slower (laptops are GigaFlops), so I understand I may need to play with the number of iterations. Also I haven't switched to higher precision yet (I'm just using python's float). But before I get too involved in that, I'd at least like to know I'm using the same grid points as they are.
EDIT: Ideally the answer would be the actual numbers known to be used by the authors when generating this historic image. But it seems more fun to deduce them, so either way is allowed.
Stopping at 1000 iterations, points with markers maintaned $\vert z \vert< 2$, just for example:
$\hskip3.3cm$
A:
I wrote a small Haskell program using the Diagrams library:
import Diagrams.Prelude hiding (aspect)
import Diagrams.Backend.SVG.CmdLine (B, defaultMain)
import Data.Complex
main :: IO ()
main = defaultMain (diagram # centerXY # bg white # lw thin)
diagram :: Diagram B
diagram = vcat . map hcat $
[ [ if mandelbrot (x :+ y) then asterisk else space
| i <- [-36 .. 33], let x = spacing * i - 0.75
]
| j <- [-16 .. 16], let y = spacing * j * aspect
]
aspect :: Double
aspect = 1.66
spacing :: Double
spacing = 0.035
iterations :: Int
iterations = 200
mandelbrot :: Complex Double -> Bool
mandelbrot c
= null
. dropWhile (<= 2)
. map magnitude
. take iterations
. iterate (\z -> z^2 + c)
$ 0
asterisk :: Diagram B
asterisk = withEnvelope space $ mconcat
[ p2 (-2, -2) ~~ p2 (2, 2)
, p2 (-2, 2) ~~ p2 (2, -2)
, p2 ( 0, -3) ~~ p2 (0, 3)
]
space :: Diagram B
space = phantom' (rect 6 10)
phantom' :: Diagram B -> Diagram B
phantom' = phantom
Here is the output:
I found the important magic values aspect, spacing and iterations by trial and improvement: I used the spacing from dot counting, and first an aspect of $\frac{10}{6}$, but that was a little too high to get the right shape at the top and bottom so I reduced it a little bit by bit (9.99/6, 9.98/6, ...). Finally I tuned the iterations using binary search to get the remaining pixels the same as the image in the question (and I initially made a mistake, thanks for the correction in the comments).
A:
I can confirm that the programming constants used were indeed $\Delta x = .035$ , $\Delta y = 1.66 * \Delta x$ . The grid center is $(-.75 , 0)$ which is a boundary point by the way: it is exactly represented in floating point. The original iteration cap was 250.
The run date was 8 Jan 1979. It was my first computer $M$ image using the now standard program. There has been lots of criticism of it, but it is clearly fine.
The font Lucida-console regular has aspect ratio very close to 1.66 Take Notepad or WinVi with this font and you have an effective previewer and printer in imitation of the lineprinter at Stony Brook in 1978.
Note: the UNIVAC mainframe had 36 bit single and 72 bit double precision. Of course, I ran both varieties. The modern choices are 32, 64, or 80 bit. Using 32 bit is problematic.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
INTRODUCTION {#s1}
============
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease that is caused by a novel bunyavirus named SFTS virus (SFTSV) in the *Bunyaviridae* family. Since its discovery in 2009 in the middle east of China, SFTSV infection has been documented in 19 provinces, leading to at least 2047 reported cases nationally in 2011 and 2012 \[[@R1]\]. Recently SFTSV infected cases were also reported from South Korea and Japan, indicating the imminent public health impact of this emerging infectious disease \[[@R2]-[@R4]\]. The SFTSV infected patients had wide clinical spectrum, with some experiencing self-limiting clinical course, while approximately 12% might develop fatal disease. The iceberg phenomenon of SFTS is obvious that a seroprevalence of 0.84-6.37% was found among the healthy population residing in endemic areas \[[@R5], [@R6]\]. Although with large amount of individuals who had been exposed to the virus, only a small proportion developed symptomatic disease, suggesting the role of host susceptibility in determining the clinical outcome. Research on person to person transmission events disclosed a higher tendency of having clinical disease and severe disease outcome in the inheritable related individuals, providing further evidence that human genetic background might play roles in the disease development and modulation of disease severity \[[@R7], [@R8]\].
The pathogenesis of SFTS has been partially explicated, indicating remarkable virus replication and a dyregulated immune response after infection contributing to disease progression \[[@R9], [@R10]\]. Among all the immune dyregulation, the cytokine mediated inflammatory response, characterized by cytokine/chemokine production imbalance, was found to be responsible for SFTSV infection and disease progression \[[@R9]-[@R11]\]. It makes sense to hypothesize that some genetic determinants might reside in those immune system genes polymorphisms that regulate host immune responses, in particular cytokine gene polymorphisms. Up to the current stage, although a handful of cytokine/chemokine has been evaluated in SFTS patients, most of the results have been inconsistent \[[@R9]-[@R11]\]. The only one exception was platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), which had been independently and consistently observed to be decreased in the SFTS patients than controls, regardless of the sample size or sampling time in different studies \[[@R10], [@R12]\]. PDGF is a family of cationic homo- and heterodimers of disulfide-bonded A- and B- polypeptide chains, acting as the major growth factor in health and disease. The BB isoform of PDGF (PDGF-BB) is a key regulatory molecule in various physiological processes such as bone homeostasis, repair and regeneration \[[@R13]\]. The effects of PDGF family on endothelial cells have been demonstrated in various studies \[[@R14], [@R15]\]. Since SFTSV can infect vascular endothelial \[[@R16]\], it\'s highly possible that PDGF might play a role in the pathogenesis of the SFTSV infections.
For the *PDGF-B* gene, the population based association studies have been focused on two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs1800818 located in the 5b 2-UTR and rs1800817 in first intron \[[@R17]-[@R21]\]. The rs1800818, a isoleucine (Ile) to valine (Val) substitution, was found to affect receptor affinity and cell activation \[[@R17]\]. The rs1800818 and rs1800817 polymorphisms have been demonstrated to alter the individual risk to cardiac allograft vasculopathy \[[@R18]\]. It has been shown that the rs1800818 polymorphism was the leading SNP that predicted 3-year overall survival in patientas with resected colorectal liver metastases who receive bevacizumab-based chemotherapy \[[@R19]\]. An association between the *PDGF-B* rs1800817 polymorphism and severe recurrent HCV infection after liver transplantation was also observed \[[@R21]\]. The role of the *PDGF-B* polymorphisms in SFTS, however, has never been investigated. In the present study, we examined whether these two important *PDGF-B* polymorphisms has any bearing on the risk or severity of SFTS in Chinese populations.
RESULTS {#s2}
=======
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of study subjects {#s2_1}
---------------------------------------------------------
A total of 1020 virologically confirmed SFTS patients and 1353 controls were recruited for the study. By checking the medical records and by interviewing the participants, we determined that all cases and controls were genetically unrelated Han Chinese. The selected characteristics of subjects are shown in Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}. Compared with the controls, the SFTS patients had significantly older age (*P* \< 0.001), higher frequency of female (*P* \< 0.001) and more presence of underlying conditions (*P* = 0.013).
###### Selected characteristic of patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and controls
Variables Patients Controls (n= 1353) *P* value[^b^](#tfn_002){ref-type="table-fn"}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- -------------------- ----------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- ------------ ---------- ---------- ----------
Age, year
Mean (SD) 60.7 (12.0) 59.8 (12.1) 62.7 (11.7) 59.8 (12.0) 67.5 (10.4) 47.8(19.2) \< 0.001 \< 0.001 \< 0.001
≤ 60, n. (%) 473 (46.4) 361 (49.5) 112 (38.6) 453 (49.7) 20 (18.5) 972 (71.8) \< 0.001 0.002 \< 0.001
Male, n (%) 428 (42.0) 280 (38.4) 148 (51.0) 373 (40.9) 55 (50.9) 694 (51.3) \< 0.001 \< 0.001 0.046
Underlying medical conditions[^a^](#tfn_001){ref-type="table-fn"}, n (%) 278 (27.3) 171 (23.4) 107 (36.9) 234 (25.7) 44 (40.6) 309 (22.8) 0.013 \< 0.001 0.001
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation.
The underlying medical conditions were defined as patients presenting with one of the following: hypertension, diabetes, cancer, active hepatitis, cerebral infarction, et al.
*χ*^2^ test for categorical variables and the Mann Whitney U test for continuous variable
*PDGF-B* rs1800818 *G* allele conferred increased susceptibility to SFTS disease {#s2_2}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The initial small-scale association study was performed in the first cohort of 250 SFTS patients and 250 controls. The genotyping results were presented in [Supplementary Table S2](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. The observed genotype frequencies of the rs1800818 and rs1800817 polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in both patients and controls groups (all *P* \> 0.05, data not shown). By using multivariate logistic regression model to adjust for the effect from age, sex, and underlying disease, significant associations with SFTS were observed for the *PDGF-B* rs1800818. The association between rs1800818 and SFTS remained after multiple corrections ([Supplementary Table S2](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). There was no association between rs1800817 polymorphism and SFTS ([Supplementary Table S2](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Therefore we focused on rs1800818 for further study. With DNA samples from more patients available over time, we genotyped rs1800818 from additional 770 SFTS patients and 1103 controls by PCR-direct sequencing, which results were combined with those obtained from initial small-scale association study for analysis. In all of the 1020 SFTS patients and 1353 controls, rs1800818 G allele was significantly overrepresented in SFTS patients than controls (9% vs. 5.6%, *P* \< 0.001). After adjustment for age, sex, and underlying medical conditions, the genotypes containing G allele (AG + GG genotypes) were significantly associated with increased susceptibility to SFTS (OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.28-2.16; *P* \< 0.001; Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}, Figure [1a](#F1){ref-type="fig"}).
###### Association of *PDGF-B* rs1800818 polymorphism with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
Genotypes Patients (n = 1020) Controls (n = 1353) Model OR (95% CI)[^a^](#tfn_003){ref-type="table-fn"} *P* value[^a^](#tfn_003){ref-type="table-fn"}
----------- --------------------- --------------------- -------------- ------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------
AA 799 (83.1) 1115 (82.4) Reference
AG 151 (15.7) 135 (10.0) Codominant 1.57 (1.20-2.05) \< 0.001
GG 11 (1.1) 3 (0.2) 6.18 (1.59-23.98)
AG + GG 162 (16.9) 138 (10.2) Dominant 1.66 (1.28-2.16) \< 0.001
Recessive 5.80 (1.50-22.48) 0.005
Overdominant 1.55 (1.18-2.03) 0.001
Log-additive 1.68 (1.31-2.15) \< 0.001
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval;
The ORs and *P* values were adjusted for age, sex, and underlying medical conditions.
{#F1}
PDGF-BB was persistently reduced in SFTSV-infected C57BL/6J mice {#s2_3}
----------------------------------------------------------------
Altogether 50 mice were successfully infected with SFTSV; the viral loads of the serum samples were shown to be maintained at detectable level throughout the whole observation, indicating an effective infection with SFTSV. Post infection, the reduction of PDGF-BB levels was observed at first observation on 3 DPI, which kept decreasing in the serially collected serum samples on 14 and 21 DPI, till the last observation of 28 DPI (*P* \< 0.001, Figure [1b](#F1){ref-type="fig"}).
Effects of the rs1800818 polymorphism on PDGF-BB expression in SFTS patients and controls {#s2_4}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For eight rs1800818 heterozygous (GA genotype) patients who had paired PBMC estimated, at the acute phase, three had mono-allelic (A allele) *PDGF-BB* expression, however, G allele related *PDGF-BB* expression was undetectable for all patient. Furthermore, PDGF-B messenger RNA was increased at the convalescent phase and we observed that bi-allelic *PDGF-B* expression related to rs1800818 polymorphism in the PBMCs from the convalescent phase of all eight patients (Figure [1c](#F1){ref-type="fig"}).
Altogether 44 SFTS patients and 27 controls were evaluated for the serum PDGF-BB level. The serum PDGF-BB levels from SFTS patients at acute phase were significantly lower than that obtained from controls (*P* \< 0.001, Figure [1d](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, the PDGF-BB levels from the recovered SFTS patients were significantly increased to comparable level with controls at 6 moths (*P* = 0.219) and 12 month (*P* = 0.577) after disease. Among the 44 SFTS patients, those carrying the rs1800818 AG+GG genotype (n=26) had significantly lower PDGF-BB level than the AA genotype carriers at acute phase (n=18) (*P* = 0.015, Figure [1f](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). However, no such difference was observed among either controls or recovered SFTS patients at 6 and 12 months after disease (Figure [1e](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). At acute phase, PDGF-BB levels were also negatively correlated with SFTSV loads (*P* = 0.020, Figure [1f](#F1){ref-type="fig"}).
*PDGF-B* rs1800818 conferred no susceptibility to severe outcome in SFTS patients {#s2_5}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Among the 1020 SFTS patients, 290 developed severe disease outcome, comprising 108 fatal cases. Compared with mild patients, significantly older age, more male gender and presence of underlying medical conditions were found in severe patients (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Similar results were found when comparison was made between fatal and nonfatal patients (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Comparison between severe patients vs. mild patients (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.59-1.29; *P* = 0.48; Figure [2a](#F2){ref-type="fig"} and [Supplementary Table S3](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) and fatal patients vs. nonfatal patients (OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.51-1.62; *P* = 0.75; Figure [2b](#F2){ref-type="fig"} and [Supplementary Table S4](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) displayed no significant difference of the genotype frequencies for *PDGF-B* rs1800818 polymorphism after adjusting the effect from age, gender and underlying medical conditions by applying multivariate regression analysis. The PDGF-BB levels that were measured at acute infection in severe cases were comparable with mild cases (*P* = 0.45; Figure [2c](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). The PDGF-BB levels that were measured at acute infection in fatal cases were comparable with non-fatal cases as well (*P* = 0.96, Figure [2d](#F2){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F2}
*PDGF-B* rs1800818 exerted minor effect on clinical recovery in SFTS patients {#s2_6}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
We also analyzed the effect of rs1800818 polymorphism on clinical recovery of SFTS patients, with important laboratory parameters that were serially evaluated as dependent variables, i.e, PLT (platelets), WBC (white blood cell), ALT (alanine transaminase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) and viral load ([Supplementary figure S1](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). As we have displayed for all patients, serial LDH and viral loads demonstrated significantly differential pattern for the genotypes containing G allele (AG + GG genotypes) compared with the AA genotype ([Supplementary Figure S1a and S1d](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Both evaluations were kept at comparable level between two groups of patients at early phase of infection, however on 7-9 days after disease when patients entered into convalescent phase, patients who carried AG + GG genotypes demonstrated more rapid viral clearance (*P* = 0.009) and recovery of LDH to normal level (*P* = 0.03). No significant difference was observed for other laboratory parameters regarding the rs1800818 genotypes ([Supplementary Figure S1b, S1c, S1e and S1f](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
DISCUSSION {#s3}
==========
It is well-known that host genetic immunity might determine the outcome of infectious diseases. In this study, we found that PDGF-BB secretion was significantly reduced at acute phase of SFTS patients and *PDGF-B* rs1800818 polymorphism was significantly associated with host susceptibility to SFTS. Genotypes containing G allele confer increased risk of SFTS disease than the AA genotype. The G allele-specific *PDGF-B* RNA expression and PDGF-BB serum levels were significantly lower than those derived from A allele or AA genotype. In mice model, the SFTSV infected mice demonstrated a consistently decreased expression of PDGF-BB. Taken this together, we provided evidence that PDGF-BB might be associated with SFTS disease at both the genetic and serum levels. It\'s suggested that the ability of individuals to respond properly to SFTSV infection may be impaired by SNPs within *PDGF-B* gene, resulting in decreased transcription and secretion of PDGF-BB, eventually leading to an increased susceptibility to SFTS development.
The observed genetic association is plausible from a biological perspective. Platelet is the fundamental component of primary hemostasis, which is also known to release many growth factors when aggregated and activated, including PDGF, transforming growth factor-beta, vascular endothelial growth factor and epidermal growth factor. The PDGF released from platelets, on the other hand, serves an autocrine feedback role in control of platelet aggregation. Thrombocytopenia is the major clinical hallmark symptom of SFTSV infection, the underlying pathogenic mechanism is suggested to be clearance of circulating virus-bound platelets by splenic macrophages, as displayed in C57/BL6 mouse model \[[@R9]\]. In case of SFTSV infection, SFTSV adherence on platelets resulted in enhanced release of PDGF from platelets, exerting feedback control effects on platelet aggregation. This further lead to decreased deposition of platelets in tissues and increased platelets in circulation, facilitating the enhanced clearance of virus-bound platelets promoted by splenic macrophages. This process represents the host response of limiting and clearing SFTSV in asymptomatic individuals. In contrast, incapability of PDGF-BB express and release in individuals who carried the rs1800818 *G* allele might be associated with suppressed PDGF-BB regulation on SFTSV clearance, which ultimately lead to active viral replication and thrombocytopenia, manifesting as the SFTS (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). This could be evidenced by depressed PDGF-BB expression from both human specimens and infected mice in the current study. The significant inverse correlation between PDGF-BB and SFTSV viral loads provided further evidence. As the disease progress into convalescence phase, when the virus began to be cleared by activated immunity, the genotype specific effect from SFTSV was suggested to decline, finally eliciting a rapid recovery of PDGF-BB level, as well as a more rapid clinical recovery of these patients. This genotype specific effect on PDGF-BB expression was not observed in healthy control or the recovered patients, which supported our hypothesis that the transcriptional regulation of PDGF-BB might take place at SFTSV viral exposure and early than the development of the thrombocytopenia. Although with this biologically based priori hypothesis, it remained obscure how the regulation of PDGF-BB induction on virus binding occurred at the transcriptional level. The mechanism underlying the potential autocrine feedback effect of the PDGF-BB in control of platelet aggregation remained to be further investigated.
{#F3}
On the other hand, we failed to find association between rs1800818 polymorphism and severe outcome in SFTS patients, from either genetic level or serum level, indicating minor role of PDGF-BB in determining severe outcome in SFTS patients. As have been indicated in mouse model, virus replication and over exuberant immune responses contribute to the progressive organ damage resembling human SFTS \[[@R9]\]. The effect of PDGF-BB on severe outcome in SFTS patients, if there is any, might be masked by other uninvestigated host immune related factors. On the other hand, the small sample size of fatal case has hindered our efforts in identifying potential associations between genetic factor and disease outcome, which need further investigation on another case cohort.
The current study has the advantage of bearing desirable features that are considered as components of an ideal genetic association study. These characteristics include rigorous case selection, associations that make biological sense and allele that affect the gene product in a physiologically meaningful way. An extraordinary advantage of this study is the minimal interference from the recall bias that is inherent to the traditional case control study. As is known, SFTS is an emerging infectious disease that had become endemic since 2010, which had attracted intense attention in local residence due to the high case fatality rate. Therefore the previous medical history that resembled the SFTS is unlikely to be missed by the recalling information of questionnaire interview. The positive IgG detection in endemic region is highly indicative that patients never had the clinical disease after exposure to SFTSV.
In conclusion, our data provide strong evidence that the *PDGF-B* rs1800818 secretion regulated by genetic polymorphism may affect the occurrence of SFTS in Chinese population. The screen of this risk allele in SFTS endemic region might help to identify individuals with high-risk of becoming ill after exposure to SFTSV, for strengthened prevention measures to be taken. From clinical perspective, the specifically depressed PDGF-BB in SFTS has been suggested in our study, supporting its potential application as clinical diagnosis marker. Until recently, no specific therapy is available to treat this infection with high morbidity. The current finding, if confirmed in other cohorts, might offer perspective of applying PDGF-BB as a valuable therapeutic target. Moreover, these findings could shed light on the pathogenesis of SFTS, if PDGF-BB and its signaling pathway involvement could be further explored. Although with this advantage, our initial findings should be independently verified in populations of different ancestry, in case of adequate patients sample is accessible.
MATERIALS AND METHODS {#s4}
=====================
Study subjects and information collection {#s4_1}
-----------------------------------------
The study was performed in the SFTS designated hospital (The PLA 154 Hospital and The Shangcheng People\'s Hospital) in Xinyang administrative district of Henan Province between 2014 and 2015. On admission, all clinical diagnosed SFTS patients had sera samples collected and subjected to SFTSV RNA test by a molecular method as described previously (detailed in [supplemental material and methods](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) \[[@R22]\]. Totally 1020 patients with a positive result were invited to participate in the study. Severe cases were defined by the presence of hemorrhagic manifestations (epistaxis, hematemesis, and melena), or presence of one or more organ failure or encephalitis development \[[@R23]\].
Altogether 1353 controls were randomly selected from healthy subjects who underwent routine physical examination in the same region during the same period that the cases were recruited. At recruitment, informed consent was obtained from all participants, and personal information on demographic factors and medical history were collected via structured questionnaire. The study was performed with the approval of the Ethical Committee of Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology and conducted according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki.
Genotyping of rs1800818 and rs1800817 polymorphisms {#s4_2}
---------------------------------------------------
Two SNPs of *PDGF-B* (rs1800818 and rs1800817) that either have reputed functional significance or been reported to affect disease susceptibility were evaluated in the present study \[[@R18], [@R21]\]. The initial small-scale case-control study involving the determination of rs1800818 and rs1800817 polymorphisms in 250 SFTS patients and 250 controls were analyzed by the MassArray System (Sequenom) with primers (see [Supplementary Materials, Supplementary Table S1](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) as described previously \[[@R24]\]. Additional 1873 DNA samples were genotyped for only rs1800818 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) direct sequencing (detailed in [supplemental material and methods](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Genotyping was done in a blind manner that the performers did not know the subjects\' case and control status. For quality control, a 15% masked, random sample of cases and controls was tested twice by different people and all results were 100% concordance. In addition, genotypes identified by the MassArray System were confirmed by DNA sequencing.
PDGF-BB expression in SFTSV-infected C57BL/6J mice {#s4_3}
--------------------------------------------------
To evaluate the expression of PDGF-BB after SFTSV infection, C57BL/6J mice of 3- to 4-week-old were challenged by intraperitoneal injection with 3×10^7^ focus forming unit (FFU) of SFTSV. Every 6-7 mice were bleeded on day 3, 14, 21 and 28 post infection (DPI) (detailed in [supplemental material and methods](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The PDGF-BB level at each time point was detected by ELISA Kit (R&D Systems Inc., USA). All measurements were performed in duplicate. All experimental procedures with animals were in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences.
*PDGF-B* messenger RNA expression in SFTS patients {#s4_4}
--------------------------------------------------
The rs1800818 polymorphism lies in the 5b 2-UTR of the *PDGF-B* gene. This allowed us to determine allele-specific gene expression of *PDGF-B* messenger RNA in rs1800818 heterozygous (GA genotype) individuals. Paired acute and convalescent peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from 8 SFTS patients and measured for the *PDGF-B* messenger RNA using real-time quantitative PCR with G allele-specific probe and *A* allele-specific probe, respectively (detailed in [Supplementary Materials](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
PDGF-BB expression in serum samples of SFTS patients and controls {#s4_5}
-----------------------------------------------------------------
To compare the expression patterns of PDGF-BB, acute SFTS patients and age matched controls were selected to measure the PDGF-BB levels by using PDGF-BB ELISA assay (GenWay Biotech, USA). The SFTS patients who were successfully followed up and sampled during the convalescence were also tested for the PDGF-BB evaluation. All measurements were performed in duplicate.
Statistical analysis {#s4_6}
--------------------
Genotype and allele frequencies for polymorphisms were determined by gene counting. The fitness to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested using the *χ*^2^ test. Associations between polymorphisms and risk of SFTS were estimated by use of logistic regression analyses. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to measure the strength of association. In view of the multiple comparisons, the correction factor n (m--1) (n loci with m alleles each) was applied to correct the significance level. The PDGF-BB concentrations were log transformed, and tested for differences between different groups by two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum test. These analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 17.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).
SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE AND TABLES {#s5}
===============================
We thank all the tested individuals, their families, and collaborating clinicians for their participation.
**CONFLICTS OF INTEREST**
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
**FINANCIAL SUPPORT**
This work was supported in part by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation (No. 81222037, 81473023), China Mega-Project on Infectious Disease Prevention (No. 2013ZX10004202) and the Special Fund for Quarantine-Scientific Research in the Public Interest (201310076).
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
Alive v1.0 – Live Programming for C# - Permit
http://blog.comealive.io/Alive-Version-1.0
======
muraiki
It's really nice to see a tool like this come out for a statically typed
language. When I started learning programming 2 years ago, tools like Light
Table and the live editing capabilities of Seaside for Smalltalk were not only
a huge help but are something I've come to miss in other languages.
I think that live coding tools for the big 2 languages (C# and Java) could be
a great boon to students learning programming in college, where at least in my
area statically typed languages seem to be the norm.
~~~
pjmlp
Xerox PARC already had it for Mesa/Cedar in the early 80's, which was the
inspiration Niklaus Wirth had for his Oberon system.
Which was a statically typed systems programming language with RC and local
GC.
[http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/input-
output/14/34...](http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/input-
output/14/347/1860)
[https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_xeroxparcteCedarProgra...](https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_xeroxparcteCedarProgrammingEnvironmentAMidtermRepo_13518000)
The progress we have lost with mainstream ignoring Xerox PARC research in
programming environments.
Those workstations already had something like IPython and Swift Playgrounds
available.
~~~
iheartmemcache
PARC/Cedar looks real, real cool. I've heard them in passing but the earliest
machines I got to use were the mid 90s Sun/SGI era and AS/400s.
Local GC as in, as soon as you go out of scope you free? Or is it doing
something more complicated than that. I love all these old/research
languages/environments, so many cool ideas. Thanks for the archive.org PDF.
PS: If you're interested in PARC, you might be interested in Brian Beckman, et
al's (of MSR) "TimeWarp"
[http://www.cs.nyu.edu/srg/talks/timewarp.pdf](http://www.cs.nyu.edu/srg/talks/timewarp.pdf).
It ran into resource scarcity issues at the time but that's no longer an
issue. Old PoC's are really interesting to revisit now that our main issue
isn't space but latency.
(Fun fact: A CPU -> Northbridge RAM fetch is only ~5x (~60 ms[1]) as fast as a
prosumer eMLC SATA3 fetch (~200ns) . Data segmentation matters guys, if you
are going to have a cache miss. Sequential data matters and predictable
prefetching matters, and isn't "pre-optimization" if you're dealing with low-
latency stuff!")
(1):
[https://software.intel.com/sites/products/collateral/hpc/vtu...](https://software.intel.com/sites/products/collateral/hpc/vtune/performance_analysis_guide.pdf)
~~~
pjmlp
The local GC was a cycle collector.
So traditional RC with GC for the cycles, if any.
Thanks for the link.
------
luisrudge
I find the `for` example really bad. Mainly because 99% of the apps (I totally
made up that number) are NOTHING like that.
You usually are using DI, so you'll have an interface that you need to resolve
and do stuff.
How is alive going to deal with that?
~~~
mattmanser
Do a lot of people use DI?
I thought that was all a bit of a fad like factories. Lots of extra code for
little benefit. Especially in a statically typed language like C# where it
gets rid of so many of the benefits of using it as a language.
~~~
briHass
How does it remove anything beneficial?
I look at DI, or really the dependency inversion pattern, as a guard that
encourages better/more maintainable code. Can you write good code without it,
sure, and you can write bad code with it, but it's much more likely that code
written with it is easier to trace and maintain. Not to mention much easier to
test.
The configuration based, hot-swapping of dependencies...that I've never seen
much need for even in larger projects.
------
baconner
Alive looks super cool, but the $99 price for individual devs feels pretty
steep to me. It's basically just a different way to interact with the debugger
during test right? So im not doing so much pause, edit, continue activity? Or
am I am missing something?
~~~
jaytaylor
If it saves you even an hour of time over the course of months or years then
why wouldn't it be worth it?
With that being said, if it's not yet "stable" then I agree, a hundred bucks
is quite pricey for an unfinished dev tool.
~~~
slg
You can't spread the cost out of "years" because the individual license is
only good for a year. I won't complain about the price because that is a value
judgement that everyone will have to make on their own. However, it is always
disappointing to see tools like this that an individual can't simply _buy_.
Instead you have enter into a yearly licensing deal in which you have no idea
what this software will cost in 12 months or even whether the company behind
it will continue to be in business. These type of yearly licensing deals are
the norm in enterprise environments, but they are harder to justify as an
individual developer.
~~~
nightski
Agreed, Jetbrains is moving to this model and it is disgusting.
~~~
mgkimsal
They backpedaled mostly and offer perpetual licenses.
I just wish they'd simply added subscription options in the first place vs
going through all the hullabaloo. Perhaps it was a smokescreen, but that just
feels very conspiratorial.
~~~
HerpDerpLerp
mostly but not completely. After your year you have to downgrade to the
version as it was when you originally bought. Removing bug fixes and new
features you have got used to over your year of use.
Mental.
~~~
mgkimsal
That's what my 'mostly' meant. You can simply pay a 12 month fee and buy it
'in advance' and just use what you get, vs thinking about it as "I'm losing
bug fixes". I'm still using PHPStorm 7.1 from a couple years ago, and it still
works. Same concept would apply going forward, but... I still think they
handled this wrong.
------
itgoon
That looks very cool. Is it going to crush my processor? I'll give it a shot
after I'm done with my work.
~~~
amadeusw
No, all the processing is asynchronous.
Depending on size of your project and complexity of the code, we can update
within <100ms to a few seconds after your keystroke.
~~~
DougWebb
_Is it going to crush my processor?_
_No, all the processing is asynchronous._
That's not an answer to the question. If every keystroke kicks off a compile-
execute-report cycle, then the processor (and drive) are definitely going to
be taking on a lot of additional load. It doesn't matter that it's
asynchronous; all that does is prevent latency between keystrokes so long as
your machine can keep up with the additional load.
I use ReSharper, with pretty much default options because it's too much of a
pain to figure out the magic combination of hundreds of options that will
improve performance without disabling the features I like to use. ReSharper
does its work on a background thread, but that doesn't stop it from making VS
crawl when I open up a large solution after doing a scripted (external)
rebuild. Async != Free Work.
~~~
eterm
Yup, I was gonna say this. We use ReSharper, but even on our modern dev
machines visual studio can really crawl after building.
------
DanielBMarkham
I like it!
There's a ton of stuff you can do in this space: lint-type tips, RT TDD, code
"explaining", path identification, etc.
Keep up the good work! Would love to see more of this as it comes along.
------
Too
This should be combined with Code Digger, it's a tool for C# that can detect
all the possible ranges of input to a function by working in reverse from all
the possible outcomes. If a function might throw an Exception somewhere it
will show you the input that leads to that code path.
------
ragebol
For just running tests, I found
[http://www.ncrunch.net/](http://www.ncrunch.net/) to be very handy. It puts a
green/red/black dot before each line of code to indicate how it does in your
unittests.
------
guiomie
Pretty cool. Would it play nice if my code uses Dapper or Linq2SQL?
~~~
Permit
It should! Fair warning, if you're not using mocks in your tests, it will be
making network calls on every valid compilation.
If anything isn't working you can report it on our public issue tracker:
[http://github.com/CodeConnect/AliveFeedback/](http://github.com/CodeConnect/AliveFeedback/)
------
HerpDerpLerp
How is this different to [http://www.ncrunch.net/](http://www.ncrunch.net/)
which runs tests as you type, so you know if tests are passing before you even
save the file!
Edit: Well that looks creepy :) I don't know ragebol and apart from being a
happy user I don't have a relationship with the nCrunch dude!
~~~
iheartmemcache
I'm not the developer of either product, but it seems like Alive has Roslyn
based which offers direct access to every step of the compiler. Right now it
doesn't look like much difference (in fact I bet NCrunch is more stable and
has better integration with NUnit and the rest of the ecosystem), but I bet
(purely speculating) that Alive intends on expanding their feature set into
something more extensive.
Performance wise, assuming the Alive developers use Roslyn efficiently (which
admittedly is difficult), they could offer a lot more semantic/syntax analysis
at a way faster rate (i.e., think about solutions with 10s of projects and
hundreds/thousands of classes, while having a dynamic dependency graph
available-- unit tests, invariants, and even property-based QuickCheck-esque
testing could easily at type-time [as in after the keydown event] or a few
hundred ms after).
These are all capabilities inherent of being Roslyn based though, nothing too
special about Alive, just a benefit it has over NCrunch should they choose to
go down that road.
------
ps4fanboy
This is great, I wish more people where into live programming, it is the
future.
------
tabulatouch
Woah! Make it work with Unity3D and in general with graphic libraries.
~~~
amadeusw
Are there any libraries in particular that you're interested in?
|
{
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
}
|
Two African Antelope (Impala - Aepyceros melampus) running away. Note: these are not captive animals in a zoo or theme park - they are wild and filmed on location in Africa without any interference from our film crew.0:06
An African Antelope called a Klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus) jumping down rocks in the late afternoon. Note: this is not a captive animal in a zoo or theme park - this was filmed on location in Africa without any interference from our film crew.0:12
An African antelope called a Steenbok (Raphicerus campestris) eating grass on the Savanna, close to Lions. Note: this is not a captive animal in a zoo or theme park - this was filmed on location in Africa without any interference from our film crew.0:15
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Developing care in the community: GPs and the HIV epidemic.
Services for HIV infection and AIDS in Parkside DHA have been largely hospital based with little active involvement of local GPs. In response to the wishes of those with HIV/AIDS and predicted increases in the number of patients the DHA is now developing an AIDS strategy which identifies the development of primary and community care as a major objective. A postal survey of all 263 GPs within the DHA was undertaken in order to ascertain their views about the role of primary care in the management of HIV infection/AIDS. Replies were received from 75% (196). The responses to the survey indicated both the potential of general practice and willingness of GPs to be involved in the care of this client group. However, two key issues in developing this strategy were identified. These were information exchange and confidentiality. It is suggested that both hospitals and general practice must develop rigorous confidentiality policies to overcome these difficulties.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Going to California
"Going to California" is a ballad written and performed by the English rock band Led Zeppelin. It was released from the band's untitled fourth album in 1971.
In 2012, Rolling Stone ranked "Going to California" number 11 on their list of the 40 greatest Led Zeppelin songs of all time.
Overview
The song's folk-style sound, with Robert Plant on lead vocals, acoustic guitar by Jimmy Page and mandolin by John Paul Jones, contrasts with the heavy electric-amplified rock on five of the album's other tracks. Page's guitar is in the D–A–D–G–B–D tuning.
The song started out as a song about Californian earthquakes and when Jimmy Page, audio engineer Andy Johns and band manager Peter Grant travelled to Los Angeles to mix Led Zeppelin IV, they coincidentally experienced a minor earthquake. At this point it was known as "Guide to California". In an interview he gave to Spin magazine in 2002, Plant stated that the song "might be a bit embarrassing at times lyrically, but it did sum up a period of my life when I was 22."
At Led Zeppelin concerts the band performed this song during their acoustic sets, first playing it on their Spring 1971 tour of the United Kingdom. One live version, from Led Zeppelin's performance at Earls Court in 1975, is featured on disc 2 of the Led Zeppelin DVD and again on the Mothership DVD. The song was also performed at all shows on Led Zeppelin's mammoth 1977 US tour.
It was performed on Plant's solo tours during 1988/1989 and at the Knebworth Silver Clef show in 1990. He played it again on his Mighty ReArranger tour, with additions of a double bass and a synthesizer.
Other versions
A different version of this song is featured on the second disc of the remastered 2CD deluxe edition of Led Zeppelin IV. This version, known as "Going to California (Mandolin/Guitar Mix)," is an instrumental recorded on January 29, 1971, with the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio at Headley Grange with engineer Andy Johns. This mix runs 3:34, while the original version runs 3:32.
Cover versions
References
External links
"Going to California" at ledzeppelin.com
Category:1971 songs
Category:Led Zeppelin songs
Category:Songs about California
Category:Songs written by Jimmy Page
Category:Songs written by Robert Plant
Category:Song recordings produced by Jimmy Page
Category:British folk songs
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Various types of tires, including solid tires, are well known in the art. A method for preparing solid tires which consists in making a continuous strip of tire stock, severing the strip and then placing the severed section around a rim to splice the cut edges to form a tire body is well known in the art, as described in prior U.S. Pat. No. 1,622,546 granted to G. W. Seiberling on Mar. 29, 1927. The method of U.S. Pat. No. 1,622,546 comprises the use of uncured tire stock. The uncured tire thus formed is then delivered to a mold and then vulcanized to form it into a finished tire. This may be done either off the wheel or on the wheel.
It is an object of this invention to provide a flat-less tire, made from a length cut from an indeterminate strip of tire body material, to be complete and ready for application to a wheel or rim. It is a further object of this invention to provide such a tire provided with an inner space for a conventional tire inner tube. A further object is to make such a tire in tubeless form as well as in solid and semi-solid form, and in a form comprising an inner core of soft foam material.
It is a further object to manufacture such a tire body strip of indeterminate length by means of an extrusion or molding process for extruding or molding the tire body strip out of plastic in finished form (including the threads). It is a further object of this invention to provide such an extruded plastic tire body which can be stored in reels and kept in a service station or bicycle shop or other retail outlet so that a vehicle such as a bicycle, motorcycle, automobile or the like, can be provided with a new or replacement tire from the continuous strip of material on the retail premises without the necessity of obtaining a completed tire from a factory or other distributor source.
Another object of the invention is to provide a tire body for a retail premises from which a number of wheel and rim sizes can be accommodated.
Further objects and advantages will appear in the specification hereinbelow .
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Q:
Multiple 'if' statements into one outputStream
import java.io.*;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FilenameFilter;
public class YDSearch{
public void listFiles(String dir) throws IOException{
File directory = new File(dir);
if (!directory.isDirectory()) {
System.out.println("No directory provided");
return;
}
//create a FilenameFilter and override its accept-method
FilenameFilter filefilter = new FilenameFilter() {
public boolean accept(File dir, String name) {
//if the file extension is .mp3 return true, else false
return name.endsWith(".mp3")||name.endsWith(".mp4")||name.endsWith(".3gp")
||name.endsWith(".mov")||name.endsWith(".avi")||name.endsWith(".wmv");
}
};
String[] filenames = directory.list(filefilter);
DataOutputStream output = new DataOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("C:/Users/Jonathan/Desktop/YouDetect/SearchByFileType/AllMediaFiles.dat"));
for (String name : filenames) {
output.writeUTF(dir + name);
}
output.close();
DataInputStream input = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream("C:/Users/Jonathan/Desktop/YouDetect/SearchByFileType/AllMediaFiles.dat"));
DataOutputStream output2 = new DataOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("C:/Users/Jonathan/Desktop/ReadyForAnalysis.dat"));
for (String name : filenames) {
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(input.readUTF());
int byteCounter = 0;
int rowCounter = 0;
long bufferCounter = 0;
if(name.endsWith(".mp3")){
byte[] b = new byte[36];
int read = in.read(b, 0, 36);
if (byteCounter != 1000){
if (rowCounter == 1){
System.out.println("\n");
rowCounter = 0;
}
output2.writeUTF(org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Hex.encodeHexString(b)+ " " + dir + name);
bufferCounter ++;
rowCounter ++;
}else{
byteCounter = 0;
try{
Thread.sleep(200);
}catch(InterruptedException e) {
}
}
}
else if(name.endsWith(".mp4")){
byte[] b = new byte[29];
int read = in.read(b, 0, 29);
if (byteCounter != 1000){
if (rowCounter == 1){
System.out.println("\n");
rowCounter = 0;
}
output2.writeUTF(org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Hex.encodeHexString(b)+ " " + dir + name);
bufferCounter ++;
rowCounter ++;
}else{
byteCounter = 0;
try{
Thread.sleep(200);
}catch(InterruptedException e) {
}
}
}
//System.out.println("====================");
}
output2.close();
input.close();
DataInputStream input2 = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream("C:/Users/Jonathan/Desktop/ReadyForAnalysis.dat"));
for (String name : filenames) {
System.out.println(input2.readUTF()+"\n");
}
}
public void checkHeaderSC(String allFiles)throws IOException{
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
YDSearch YDSearch = new YDSearch();
YDSearch.listFiles("C:/Users/Jonathan/Desktop/YD Tests/1) High Quality/");
YDSearch.listFiles("C:/Users/Jonathan/Desktop/YD Tests/2) Medium Quality/");
YDSearch.listFiles("C:/Users/Jonathan/Desktop/YD Tests/3) Low Quality/");
YDSearch.checkHeaderSC("C:/Users/Jonathan/Desktop/YouDetect/SearchByFileType/ReadyForAnalysis.dat");
}
}
Hey there, having a little issue with the above coding and hoped someone here might be able to help. This is sort of a partial version of the code as the real one has 4 more if/else if statements involved.
The program compiles and begins to run fine. It produces several results back from the file that is being read into/then out of again in input2 but then stops, produces no more results and gives the error:
Exception in thread "main" java.io.EOFException
at java.io.DataInputStream.readUnsignedShort(DataInputStream.java:323)
at java.io.DataInputStream.readUTF(DataInputStream.java:572)
at java.io.DataInputStream.readUTF(DataInputStream.java:547)
at YDSearch.listFiles(YDSearch.java:85)
at YDSearch.main(YDSearch.java:93)
Anybody know why this might be happening and have a solution they could share?
I've also tried making the variable 'b' to be inside of an if statement but that doesn't work because of scope. If b was defined by if's then there would only need to be one if statement to output to the file
Please let me know if you've got any ideas, I'd really appreciate it :)
A:
As far as I can see, you don't always put out an output record for every name, only for when the name matches one of your patterns. However, you do try to read an input record for every name.
Ergo, if you have any filenames that don't match the patterns you try to read more than you write, and you will get the EOF.
EDIT:
In more detail, the problem is that you get a list of all the files that end with "mp3", "mp4", "3gp", "mov", "avi or "wmv". You then process that list, and write out something into C:/Users/Jonathan/Desktop/ReadyForAnalysis.dat for each "mp3" and "mp4" file. You then assume that for each entry in your list of files, that you will have an entry in ReadyForAnalysis.dat. However, if there are any files ending in "3gp", "mov", "avi or "wmv" then this will not hold true.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Coding of procedures in interventional nephrology: overview of changes in the 2010 revision.
A new educational document titled "Coding Procedures in Interventional Nephrology 2010" has been published by ASDIN for 2010. The purpose of this communication is to present a review of these new regulations issued by CMS to take effect January 1, 2010, and how they will affect the coding of interventional procedures used in vascular access maintenance.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Like President George W. Bush before him, President Obama warned against linking all followers of Islam to terrorists. “Al Qaeda’s cause is not Islam it is a gross distortion of Islam,” he rightly said. It is our tolerance of others, he said, “that quintessentially American creed,” that stands in contrast to the nihilism of those who attacked us on Sept. 11, 2001.
We wish he hadn’t diluted the message the next day, telling reporters that he wasn’t commenting on “the wisdom of making the decision to put a mosque there. I was commenting very specifically on the right people have that dates back to our founding.”
He would have done better if he had explained the wisdom of going ahead with the project, which developers said is intended to bring Muslims and non-Muslims together. In addition to a place of worship, it would have a pool and performing arts center. They also have said they want the board to include members from other faiths a promise they should take care to keep.
Too many Republican leaders are determined to whip up as much false controversy and anguish as they can, right through November. Some Democrats will cave. We were disturbed on Monday when a spokesman for the Senate majority leader, Harry Reid, said that Mr. Reid “thinks that the mosque should be built someplace else.”
Mr. Obama and all people of conscience need to push back hard. Defending all Americans’ right to worship and their right to build places to worship is fundamental to who we are.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Review of oxaliplatin: an active platinum agent in colorectal cancer.
Oxaliplatin is a novel platinum analogue which has wide spectrum anti-cancer activity in in vitro systems. It has distinct biochemical, pharmacological and cytotoxic properties which are different from those of cisplatin and carboplatin. Importantly, it appears to have distinct mechanisms of resistance such that traditionally platinum insensitive tumour types may be susceptible to oxaliplatin. Most notable in this regard is the activity of this agent which has been demonstrated in colorectal cancer. This review concentrates on this aspect of oxaliplatin. Oxaliplatin has modest activity as a single agent in advanced colorectal cancer compared with other novel agents in this disease. However, there appears to be a powerful synergy between oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil. Thus, when given together, response rates of over 50% are consistently observed. The combination has now been extensively tested in this disease and has recently led to the regulatory approval for marketing of oxaliplatin in this condition.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Reaction between Chromium(III) and EDTA Ions: an Overlooked Mechanism of Case Study Reaction of Chemical Kinetics.
Widely cited and accepted explanation of reaction mechanism of the case study reaction of chemical kinetics between Cr(III) ions and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) contradicts modern chromium(III) coordination chemistry data. Absorption UV and visible light spectra were recorded during the reaction between aqueous solution of Cr(NO(3))(3) and EDTA in order to obtain new information about this reaction. Analysis of the spectra showed that only very small fraction of intermediates may be present in solution during the course of the reaction. The reaction scheme was established and according to it calculations based on a simplified model were carried out. Literature data for constants were used if known, otherwise, adjusted values of their sound estimates were applied. Reasonable agreement of the model calculations with the experimental data was obtained for pH values 3.8 and 4.5 but the model failed to reproduce measured rate of reaction at pH 5.5, probably due to the use of the oversimplified model.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Dyspessa argaeensis
Dyspessa argaeensis is a species of moth of the family Cossidae. It is found in Turkey.
References
Category:Moths described in 1905
Category:Dyspessa
Category:Moths of Turkey
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
450 F.2d 257
MISCO LEASING, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant,v.James H. VAUGHN et al., Defendants-Appellee.
No. 71-1142.
United States Court of Appeals,Tenth Circuit.
Oct. 26, 1971.
Richard W. Stavely, Wichita, Kan., for plaintiff-appellant.
Timothy E. McKee, Wichita, Kan. (Jochems, Sargent & Blaes, Wichita, Kan., on the brief), for defendants-appellee.
Before LEWIS, Chief Judge, and HOLLOWAY and DOYLE, Circuit Judges.
WILLIAM E. DOYLE, Circuit Judge.
1
The question presented is whether Kansas process under its long arm statute is valid against an Oklahoma resident who executed a guaranty of payment contract in Oklahoma in connection with payments which were to have been made by an Oklahoma lessee of equipment leased by a Kansas lessor.
2
The complaint was filed by plaintiff-appellant, Misco Leasing, Inc.1 , on December 6, 1967. It sought judgment against the named defendants herein, the two Vaughns and Keller, upon their written guaranty of rental payments under a separate lease for three ice machines. Mr. Ice, Inc., an Oklahoma concern, was the intermediary in placing the business with Oklahoma Resorts, Inc., which was the lessee. Defendant Keller and the Vaughns were shareholders of Mr. Ice, Inc. Because of this connection they guaranteed the payments. The allegation in the complaint was that both the lease agreement and the written guaranty connected with it were made and delivered within Kansas and were Kansas contracts and, thus, that valid personal service could be made on the defendants under the Kansas long arm statute on the basis that they had transacted business within Kansas.
3
The service on the defendant-appellee, Keller, was in Oklahoma City on December 20, 1967, by a deputy U.S. Marshal. Keller did not file any responsive pleading, and so on February 1, 1968, judgment was entered against him for the full amount of the demand. Subsequently, an effort was made to execute on the judgment in Oklahoma and supplemental proceedings were carried out there. Keller appeared in the Oklahoma court and conceded that he had signed the guaranty and had offered to settle the obligation. Finally, on August 5, 1970, Keller filed the present motion to vacate the judgment for lack of personal jurisdiction. This motion was granted on November 3, 1970.
4
The lease agreement called for delivery of three ice vending machines to Oklahoma Resorts, Inc. of Checotah, Oklahoma. Rental payments were to be made under this lease by Oklahoma Resorts directly to plaintiff, Misco, in Wichita and the lease was by its terms to be governed by the law of Kansas. The lease was signed by Oklahoma Resorts on July 6, 1966, in Oklahoma. The trial court found that it was "executed and accepted in the state of Oklahoma by the lessee, Oklahoma Resorts, Inc." The guaranty agreement was signed in Oklahoma City, but stated on its face that it was dated at Wichita, Kansas.
5
The trial court found that the plaintiff prepared the guaranty agreement in its office in Wichita and forwarded the same to a Mr. Hugh Farr in Oklahoma City with instructions that he obtain the signatures of the guarantors. Farr went to the office of Mr. Ice, Inc. and obtained the signatures in accordance with his instructions. Appellant considers Farr an independent contractor authorized only to solicit and submit proposals to Misco. The trial court found that while Farr was not an employee of plaintiff he nevertheless acted for the plaintiff's predecessor and that he was not the agent of appellee, Keller, and also found that Keller was never present in Kansas in connection with the guaranty in suit. The court gave little weight to the fact that the guaranty stated that it was executed by the guarantors in Kansas since they had actually signed it in Oklahoma City.
6
The trial court concluded that defendant had not been shown to have transacted any business in Kansas within the meaning of Rule 4(e), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure as applied to the Kansas long arm statute, K.S.A. Sec. 60-308,2 and as construed by the Kansas Supreme Court in Woodring v. Hall, 200 Kan. 597, 438 P.2d 135 (1968); Tilley v. Keller Truck & Implement Corp., 200 Kan. 641, 438 P.2d 128 (1968); and White v. Goldthwaite, 204 Kan. 83, 460 P.2d 578 (1969).3 Criteria for resolving this issue are set forth in Goldthwaite:
7
*****
8
* * *
9
*****
10
* * *
11
*****
12
* * *
13
* * * (1) the nonresident must purposefully do some act or consummate some transaction in the forum state; (2) the claim for relief must arise from, or be connected with, such act or transaction; and (3) the assumption of jurisdiction by the forum state must not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice, consideration being given to the quality, nature and extent of the activity in the forum state, the relative convenience of the parties, the benefits and protection of the laws of the forum state afforded the respective parties, and the basic equities of the situation. * * * (Emphasis supplied.)4 460 P.2d at 582.
14
Since Keller had no physical contact with Kansas, and since there was no contact through an agent, jurisdiction is wholly dependent on his execution of the guaranty contract in Oklahoma. This is insufficient basis for holding that he transacted business so as to be subject to the operation of the long arm statute.
15
The provision that the basic lease was to be governed by Kansas law does not constitute a personal submission to Kansas jurisdiction on the part of Keller.5 The fact that the lease rentals were payable in Kansas also fails to furnish a contact whereby it can be said that Keller has submitted to the jurisdiction of Kansas.6
16
Appellant advances the following additional points:
17
1. That the defendant is barred from relief under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) (4) because he did not move to vacate the judgment within a reasonable time after its entry.
18
2. That he ratified the judgment by indicating his desire to settle.
19
3. That he is barred or estopped from raising jurisdictional defects which the trial court resolved against his codefendants.
20
As to point 1, it does not appear that the motion under Rule 60(b) must be filed within any particular time limit if the judgment is indeed a nullity due to a complete lack of personal jurisdiction over the defendant. The cases say that a void judgment acquires no validity as the result of laches on the part of the adverse party.7 We are not asked to consider whether under any particular circumstances a movant under Rule 60(b) may be estopped or precluded from filing such a motion.
21
We disagree that there was a ratification arising from an effort of the defendant to settle the claim for a percentage of its value. An admission against interest does not serve to confer jurisdiction. See Land Manufacturing, Inc. v. Highland Park State Bank, 205 Kan. 526, 470 P.2d 782, 784 (1970).
22
Appellant's final point that defendant is barred or estopped because judgments were entered against his codefendants needs slight comment. The short answer is that defendant is not bound by that determination because the facts and circumstances were different and, secondly, he was not before the court.
23
The judgment is affirmed.
1
Successor of Intercontinental Leasing, Inc
2
(b) Any person, whether or not a citizen or resident of this state, who in person or through an agent or instrumentality does any of the acts hereinafter enumerated, thereby submits said person, and, if an individual, his personal representative, to the jurisdiction of the courts of this state as to any cause of action arising from the doing of any of said acts:
(1) The transaction of any business within this state;
(4) Contracting to insure any person, property or risk located within this state at the time of contracting;
3
In Woodring v. Hall, supra, process was served on a Texas resident based upon loans made to him in Kansas by a Kansas resident for the purpose of meeting his expenses at the University of Kansas College of Medicine. In sustaining jurisdiction the Kansas court emphasized the repeated contacts with Kansas
In Tilley, an effort was made to obtain jurisdiction over a Lafayette, Colorado truck dealer following the collapse of a wheel in Kansas. The court held that the defendant had not transacted any business in Kansas justifying assertion of jurisdiction.
White v. Goldthwaite, supra, is similar to the case at bar. Here process was served on an Oklahoma resident based upon her agreement to repay a loan by a Kansas resident for the purchase price on a stock option. Defendant had initiated her contacts with the plaintiff at his office in Oklahoma City, notwithstanding that the defendant's agent had gone to Wichita in connection with the payment of a related loan. It was held that the contact was legally insufficient.
4
In concluding that Keller was not within these criteria the court (Judge Brown) reasoned that:
"In the instant case, the Court has found that the lease agreement which was guaranteed involved equipment which was delivered and accepted by the lessee in the State of Oklahoma; that the lease agreement itself was delivered, executed and accepted by the lessee in Oklahoma; and that the guaranty agreement in question was delivered, accepted, and executed by Keller in the State of Oklahoma, by and through the solicitation and activities of Hugh Farr, acting for the plaintiff. The Court is unable to find that Keller had any 'substantial connection' with the State of Kansas simply because rental payments under the lease were to be mailed to Kansas, and there is a total absence of any evidence that Keller 'purposely' did any act or consummated any transaction in Kansas which would subject him to jurisdiction under K.S.A. Sec. 60-308."
5
White v. Goldthwaite, supra; Agrashell, Inc. v. Bernard Sirotta Company, 344 F.2d 583, 588 (2d Cir. 1965)
6
Fourth Northwestern National Bank of Minneapolis v. Hilson Industries, 264 Minn. 110, 117 N.W.2d 732, 736 (1962); see also Conn v. Whitmore, 9 Utah 2d 250, 342 P.2d 871 (1959)
7
Taft v. Donellan Jerome, Inc., 407 F.2d 807, 808 (7th Cir. 1969); Austin v. Smith, 114 U.S.App.D.C. 97, 312 F.2d 337, 343 (D.C.Cir. 1962); Marquette Corporation v. Priester, 234 F.Supp. 799, 802 (E.D.S.C.1964)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
Saillant
Saillant is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.
See also
Communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department
References
INSEE commune file
Category:Communes of Puy-de-Dôme
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
OIFTEXA~
Hon. Joe U. Lovelaae Opinion RO. v-844.
County Attorney
Cam County Re: The legality of possess-
Linden, Texas ing not more than one
quart of liquor In Texas
without papent of Texas
tax.
Dear sir:
Your letter and brief requesting an opfnlon
Ia set out, In part, a8 follows:
“In Deoeaber o? 1948 the defendant use
legally arrested and was found to have in his
porsersion one full pint and one partial pint
of whiskey whlah bore no Texas atamp and no
valid evldenoe was affixed thereto whloh ahow-
ed that the stamp had been paid. The evidence
showed that the whimkey was bought la Arkan-
sas, in compllanoerlth their laws, and was
brought into Texas for the personal use of the
defendant.
“Is there a conflict between &Male 666-
23a, Sea. 4 (P.C,) and Article 666-17, Sec. 12
P.C. on the one aide, and Artiale 666-17
t18) tP.C.) on the other side?
“If there Is a oonfllct between the Stat-
utes enumerated In the above paragraph, did
Articles 666-17, Sea. 18, P.C., repeal, bg lb
plloation, Article 666-23a, Sea. 4, P.C.?
To arrive at a proper determinationof these
questions It must always be remembered that the Texas
Liquor Control Aat as a whole presents a broad plan for
the regulation of liquor.
ArtSale 666-17, paragraph (18), V.P .C*, Is
quoted as follows:
Bon. Joe W. Lovelaoe, page 2 (v-844)
"It shall be,unlawfuYfor'any person to
Import, or to transport Into thfs Sty&e from
any plaoe outslde~theStsrte~any~llquer, In
exoews of,one (1) quart, in containersto
whioh have not been affixed proper staiktax
: .;$m;gd,F&sana;nte;d
P
located wlthzn,'thestate boun&ar$es,un-
ens the same shall be~oonslgned~t the hold-
er of a Wholesaler'sPermit authorkag the
sale of such liquor and at his plaoe of busi-
ness.*
Article 666-23a, paragraph 4, V.P.C. provides:
"It Is provided that any person may
bring Into this State not more than one quart
the required State tax atamps."
It is apparent that the above quoted sect$ona
of the Texas Liquor Control Act apply to different faot
situations. Paragraph (18) of Artlole 666-17 applies to
a pereon importing or transportinginto this State any
Uzuo$ in excess of one quart, while paragraph 4, Artl-
-23a, applies to any person bringing into this
State not more than one quart of liquor for his own per-
mmal use. Therefore, the two seotionn are not in con-
ill t Sinae there Is no confllot, Article 666-17 (18)
doe; iot repeal paragraph 4, Art&e 666~23a.
In Role8 v. State, 132 S.W.2d 881, (Tex. Crln.
1939) the Court aft1 d the judgment of the trial court
by which Roles was ozicted for having possession of
Wh;h:t; in a pint container to which no stamp tax was
This case specificallydistinguishesthe hold-
ing In iorton v. State, 105 S.W.2d 669, (Tex. Crla.
1937) which stood for the pro$obitlonthat a person
could bring a tax-exempt quart or less Into the State.
In the Roles decision, Judge Rawklas said:
*It appears that appellant was trans-
porting the liquor from Louisiana Into Texas.
Our State's attorney ealla attention to Hor-
ton v. State, 132 Tex. Cr. R. 488, 105 S.W.
2d 669, suggestingthat our holding there
might be regarded as against eustalnlng the
Hon. Joe Ii.Lovelaae, page 3 (v-844)
oonvlctlonhere unless a change In the stat-
ute be mentioned. The holding in Horton's
case was based on a provlslon In Seotion 4 of
Ar;;rgt* V$q~;~s 2?:xi6FjC. (Ads 44th Leg-
. The provlslon
was omItted fr&'~ald Section 4 under the
Aots of the 45th Legislature. . . . Attention
la called to the ohange In the 'Texas Liquor
Control Aat’ so any apparent oonfllet with
the holding here and in Horton*8 case, supra,
may be dispelled."
The facts in the Boles case are slmllar to the
fat&B set out In your requexnaacly, that the defend-t
possessed one pint of liquor for hls personal use aad
without the payment of tax. Therefore, under this au-
thority, while a person may bring into this State not
more than one quart of liquor for his own personal use,
if sueh person falls to pay the requlred tax, he has vl-
olated the Texas Liquor Control Aot; to tit, possesslng
lllloit beverage.
There Is no conflict between Artiole
666-17 (18) V.P.C. and Artlole 666-238 (4)
V.P.C. inasmuch as Article 666-17 (18) ap-
plies only when the amount of liquor im-
ported into this State Is In excess of one
quart and Article 666~23a (4) applies only
where the amount Is one quart or less and Is
being used for personal use. A person who
brings into this State one qu& of liquor
or less for his own personal use, and does
not pay the required tax, violates the Texas
Liquor Control Act, to wit: possessing il-
licit beverage. Roles v. State, 132 S.Y.2d
881 (Tex. Crlm. 1939).
Yours very truly,
ATTORIVRY QRHRRAL OF TEXAS
ATl’ORItRY QRNERAL
John Reeves
JR:lg:bh AfiiBistanf
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
Ultracraft Cabinets Destiny Line Dealer Showroom in Scottsdale AZ
Ultracraft Cabinets Destiny Line Dealer Showroom in Scottsdale AZ
Posted by Tony Thomas on July 23, 2017
Scottsdale, AZ Ultracraft Destiny Cabinet Line Dealer Showroom
Light neutrals used together create a feeling of spaciousness. Subtle patterns in counters and back splashes can spice up the room’s personality and here, under-cabinet lighting adds a flicker of life.
If you or someone you know is looking to do some kitchen remodeling, stop in our showroom located at 14224 N. Scottsdale Rd, Suite 175 Scottsdale, AZ 85254. You can call us at 1-480-588-2213 or visit our website at http://kitchen.cabinetandstone.com
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Dr. James Levine’s work on Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis, or NEAT for short, sheds light on how modern offices are taking our bodies to their limits. Sitting for over 13 hours a day, sleeping for 8 more, and moving for just 3 isn’t exactly healthy or in your best interest as an individual. All the sitting we do is the cause of severe health conditions like obesity and increased blood pressure. Not to mention the fact that in the long-term these ailments and the time needed to treat them will adversely affect your productivity. So, employers need to be very concerned about this loss of productivity and perhaps swap out those comfy chairs and make room for a healthier and more productive alternative, standing desks.
Why Employers Should Stand-up and Take Notice?
A small group of employees working at the Draugiem Group decided to test the productivity theory for themselves. They invested in standing desks and measured how their performance improved by tracking time and productivity. The group tested both sitting vs. standing. The results were astounding. According to the figures, their productivity increased by 10% when standing.
How is a 10% increase in productivity even possible by just switching sitting for standing?
Well for starters when employees feel as though their employer cares about them, there is an estimated 38% engagement with working and producing results. Though there are other factors that also need to be considered, three of the most prominent are:
Higher Energy levels: Those who worked while standing at a standing desk reported that their energy levels stabilized. What that did was allow for them to work for longer without experiencing afternoon sluggishness.
Improvement in morale: Companies that provided standing work desks like Twitter, Facebook and Google reported having improved employee health and much better workplace productivity. Obviously healthy employees are more energetic and have high morale.
Laser focus: When people stand they tend to avoid trying to multi-task. That, in turn, improves their concentration and there is an underlying sense of urgency to get things done. When employees sit, they are often and easily distracted by social media websites, checking their text messages or sending emails.
American Society of Interior Designers Foundation’s Study
Another study conducted by the American Society of Interior Designers Foundation, or ASIDF, with the objective of finding the impacts of using adjustable workstations on employee wellness, health and productivity, found a direct correlation between standing desks and higher productivity after a year.
After just 12 months of implementing standing desks in an office, 88% of the participants reported that these were convenient. 65% said that it led to higher productivity and 65% indicated that it had a positive effect on their health. Participants also reported having better concentration when using standing or adjustable desks.
Conclusion
Productivity depends a great deal on an employee’s health and morale. So, any business that’s able to raise both moral and health standards will obviously benefit from higher productivity across the board making standing desk converters or electric standing desks a must have for any business.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Wally Sizer, Mathematics, had a paper “Period two solutions to some systems of rational difference equations” published in the book “Differential and Difference Equations with Applications,” edited by Sandra Pinelas, Michel Chipot, and Zuzana Dusla, and published by Springer Verlag.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
If your looking for someone to go ALL IN on your music to make it the best possible quality, then Hit Me Up.
I have over a decade of Audio Experience from Engineering and Mixing in Studios from Philadelphia to Los Angeles. Ive been blessed also to have produced from so many of the most talented artist from around the world.
Peace & Blessings to YOU
Harvest Media Company produces, mixes & masters remotely in all major genres. In addition, we clean up vocals, and tighten up arrangements. If you have an idea, but are unsure as to which direction you need to go, we have you covered. (query about our custom tracks, album cover design, sample clearance and distribution services).
I am a Musician and Audio Engineer. I've been writing, producing music and mixing/mastering music for over 5 years. I began engineering for other artists a couple years ago. I'm a good guy and want the work I do to be professional, standard, and the best quality it can be. I would love to work with you and make your music sound fantastic.
From overdub recording his own music as a child using two ghetto blasters with built-in mics, to mixing bands with dozens of inputs through line array PA systems and everything in between, Caley's 20+ years of passion in music and sound are an asset to all projects he works on.
The Anarchy House is a full service music and entertainment collective founded in Los Angeles, CA. Our staff have worked with the likes of Britney Spears, Bruno Mars, Ke$ha, Lil' Wayne, Tyga, Bone Thugz N Harmony, Game, and many more. We have done work for labels such as Capitol Records, Universal Republic, RCA, Warner Bros.
Using the latest technologies, we can offer our experience to every author, song writer and performer.
We offer a variety of services starting from a simple "Studio Experience day" to a full blown production with access to internationally acclaimed producer and musicians.
We also offer freelance Live Sound engineering and recordings on location.
Received technical degree from the Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences. Currently am working as an Audio Visual Specialist for Tropicana Entertainment in live sound for some of the hottest entertainers on the casino circuit.
HELLO MY NAME IS JOE NASH IM THE ENGINEER FOR OUR LABEL CERTIFIED AND AUTHORIZED RECORDS.IF YOU LOOKING FOR THAT BETTER SOUND CONTACT ME HERE THANKS AND GOD BLESS.TEAM 101 CHECK US OUT AND LIKE OUR FAN PAGE AT http://www.facebook.com/CertifiedandAuthorizedRecords
Hey guys! My name is Jesse Bergeron and I have been in the recording industry for over 10 years. I have worked with over 85 bands/musicians. I want to bring the best out of you and capture memorable moments.
My name is Xenontix, I have been working with music production for a while now and have been producing music for myself but also for other labels and artists. I'm using AbletonLive and will create a track for you. It can be any genre in EDM. I can create something from scratch, if you have a acapella or just a chord progression.
The mix & mastering in the box is our terrain.
Our passion is audio, and our goal is to offer our customers the best quality / price ratio, putting at your disposal years of experience in music and audio, as well as the latest and most revolutionary technologies available in the market. Everything to take your productions to the highest possible.
As a professional songwriter, producer and sound engineer I worked for many famous artists. I have more than 17 years experience into the musical industry and big record labels such as Sony or Universal music have released many singles created by myself. No matter the style, pop, pop-rock, latin, ballads,..I´m very versatile and I can adapt to you.
Hi, my name is Lomar, I'm a "One Stop Shop" for all of your Music production needs. Let's create something magical together. I have several years of experience in vocal demoing, producing, mixing and mastering. I have been involved with several music projects from start to finish. I know the process you're going through, let me make things easier.
One-stop service if you'd like an ethnic/world instrument in your music. I'm a producer based in Singapore and have an access to any ethnic/world music instrument. Other than being able to record & produce any instrument for you, I'm also able to arrange and write scores for the instrumentalist.
The Lunchbox Studio is a recording/mixing and production facility located at the slopes of Majella mountain, central Italy.
The small village position makes the workflow pacific and relaxing.
Focused on electronic, pop, rock and hip hop productions and mixes.
You and beauty of your music expression is interesting for me. To adjust to modify and improve your creation for best, is what i'm going to do with your tracks. So if you are looking for making a really crazy deep stuff, contact studio@bliznochi.com
I'm a Nashville bass player and producer. I play weekly on WSM Radio's Nashville Cowboy Church, hosted by Dr. Harry Yates and his wife Joanne Cash Yates (Johnny Cash's sister). I also produce tracks in my home studio, do sessions, play live in bands and as a single, and write songs.
I've been in the music biz forever, making records, recording bands, producing, engineering, writing & playing in bands. I've learned from the best of the NW, LA and Nashville. Have innovated a few things and am now utilizing my newest 'The PJ stereo mic array' (mono approach to stereo) where everything is recorded in a stereo field & sounds real
Wismandrace is a 17 years old mix/ Mastering engineer And is capable of making any tracks go from dry to wet, which means he does his best to make sure you get what you are looking for in a perfect mixing. Wismandrace/ Huncho work with many local rappers in his area such as " soulja creep, koly p, Tommy Gun , Mary B. , smoke purpp and many more".
I am professional music producer specializing in producing, mixing and mastering hip hop and trap music genres. With over 9 years of experience I have had the honor of collaborating with many well known names in the hip hop and rap industry and it would be my pleasure to work on your music project and make it a SUCCESS!
I am a freelance audio engineer specializing in Production, Composition, Recording, Editing, and Mixing.
I studied at SAE Adelaide where I completed a Diploma in Sound Production.
Owner Manager at THA.
A dedicated professional with over 13 years combined experience in sound engineering and music production, with a proven track record as Producer/Composer and Sound Engineer, specializing in electronic music. Clients include Caracol, Netflix, Canon.
I am a keyboardist, programmer, music director who tours the world and loves to create amazing music with others. I am the MD for John Legend and many others. credits including KanYe West, Snoop Dogg, Wiz Khalifa, Teddy Riley and more.
Over 10 years of experience in audio production with a B.S. in audio production and course directors’ awards in mixing from Full Sail University. I own and operate a certified Pro Tools recording studio here in Kansas City Missouri and have mixed songs for popular artist such as Lil Scrappy, Mozzy, and many others.
carlos (CA) is an award-nominated producer and programmer who's work has been featured in commercials, podcasts, films and much more. With heavy influences in Urban, R&B and Gospel, his style is quickly being known as one with a unique sound. CA is promised to be a chart-topping, multiplatinum-selling producer with catchy melodies, memorable b
Songwriter, session musician, engineer, and producer working out of Florida working both live and studio gigs. Worked on everything from trap to pop to heavy metal to CCM. Fast work turnaround, quick and open communication on projects, quality guarantee. All music posted was played, produced, and engineered by me.
I'm a Session Piano/Keys player and Music Producer. I've published 16 records of my own, and participated on more than 30 music records. I'm available as a Professional Session Musician, covering a wide variety of instruments and genres.
Lazy Keys (aka Matthew Shaffner) is a vocalist, multi-instrumentalist, songwriter and engineer with a background in a wide array of genres including Indie/Alternative Rock, Hip Hop, RnB, Funk, Disco, and more. His vocal style is very powerful and was derived from such inspirations as Muse, Coldplay, New Politics, Cold War Kids, and Mutemath.
I'm a musician/engineer in the Philadelphia area with an ear that is always pressed to the ground, looking for new artists to create with. Please check out some of my stuff and hit me up to talk about making music in the studio or on the stage, it's all the same to me!! More details to follow....
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
How to print together elements from two different MySQL tables
Okay, so I have these two tables in MySQL. One is called 'History' and one is called 'Annotated'.
The 'History' table is full of random YouTube video id's that can be repeated. The 'Annotated' table contains a unique copy of each video id along with a description of that id. Looks something like this:
History Annotated
videoid videoid description
videoid_1 videoid_1 descript_1
videoid_1 videoid_2 descript_2
videoid_3 videoid_3 descript_3
videoid_2 etc. etc.
videoid_3
videoid_1
etc.
I'm trying to print out a specific set of video id's from the History table, duplicates and all. That is quite simple. The problem is I need to print their description beside them.
So I have an array of the History video id's I want to print and I'm trying to write a MySQL command that will print the corresponding descriptions beside them but it's not working properly. Here's what I have so far:
$implodedIdVideo = the array of specific history video id's, imploded for MySQL
SELECT History.videoid, Annotated.description
FROM History, Annotated
WHERE History.videoid = Annotated.videoid
AND History.videoid IN ($implodedIdVideo)
ORDER BY History.videoid DESC";
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($query)){
echo $row['videoid']. " : ". $row['description'];
echo "<br />";
}
This above MySQL command works but its supposed to give me like 10 results but I'm getting like 50 and I have no idea why. I'm hoping if someone understands what I'm trying to do, they'll be able to recognize what I'm doing wrong?
A:
That's because you have duplicates in your History table, so the server return a description for each one. Try adding GROUP BY History.videoid before the ORDER.
Complete query should look like this:
SELECT
History.videoid, Annotated.description
FROM
History, Annotated
WHERE
History.videoid = Annotated.videoid
AND
History.videoid IN ($implodedIdVideo)
GROUP BY
History.videoid
ORDER BY
History.videoid DESC";
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Development of a vaccine strategy against human and bovine schistosomiasis. Background and update.
Two specific characteristics of schistosome infection are of primordial importance to the development of a vaccine: schistosomes do not multiply within the tissues of their definitive hosts (unlike protozoan parasites) and a partial non-sterilizing immunity can have a marked effect on the incidence of pathology and on disease transmission. Since viable eggs are the cause of disease pathology, a reduction in worm fecundity whether or not accompanied by a reduction in parasite burden is a sufficient goal for vaccine induced immunity. We originally showed that IgE antibodies played in experimental models a pivotal role for the development of protective immunity. These laboratory findings have now been confirmed in human populations. Following the molecular cloning and expression of a 28 kDa protein of Schistosoma mansoni and its identification as a glutathione-S-transferase, immunization experiments have been undertaken in several animal species (rats, mice, baboons). Together with a significant reduction in parasite burden, vaccination with Sm28 GST was recently shown to reduce significantly parasite fecundity and egg viability leading to a decrease in liver pathology. Whereas IgE antibodies were shown to be correlated with protection against infection, IgA antibodies have been identified as one of the factors affecting egg laying and viability. In human populations, a close association was found between IgA antibody production to Sm28 GST and the decrease of egg output. The use of appropriate monoclonal antibody probes made it possible to demonstrate that the inhibition of parasite fecundity following immunization was related to the inhibition of enzymatic activity of the molecule.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Epilepsy in a boy with a developmental venous anomaly--case-based update.
Developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) are the most common intracranial vascular malformations of the brain. They are most commonly asymptomatic and often diagnosed incidentally. We present a rare case of a 9-year-old boy with seizures caused by a subcortically located DVA posterior to the postcentral gyrus of the left brain hemisphere. MRI also showed an enlarged, microcystically altered pineal gland and an extracranial cavernous hemangioma. EEG showed left fronto-centro-parietal spikes that corresponded with the location of the DVA. The spikes were occasionally secondary generalized. The boy responded well to oxcarbazepine treatment, and no surgical intervention was required. Control MRI scans showed no progression of the DVA. Epilepsy may be caused by DVA. The treatment starts with anticonvulsants. The surgical treatment is the therapeutic choice only if seizures are resistant to conservative therapy because surgery might result in serious ischemic or hemorrhagic complications because DVAs are considered to be variations of normal transmedullary veins that are necessary for the drainage of white and gray matter.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
See related research by Meyer *et al*., <http://arthritis-research.com/content/15/6/R210> and related letter by Toussirot, <http://arthritis-research.com/content/16/2/407>
We thank Dr Toussirot for his interest \[[@B1]\] in our work demonstrating that serum-level adiponectin is associated with subsequent radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) \[[@B2]\]. We would like to respond to each comment.
First, our objective was not to determine whether the serum adipokine level might reflect RA disease activity cross-sectionally, but was to find surrogate markers able to predict structural radiographic progression. We performed such an analysis and found no correlation between any serum adipokine levels and the disease activity score in 28 joints (data not shown).
Concerning the second and third points, the association we found between the total adiponectin concentration and radiographic progression does not provide any direct indications about any functional roles of this adipokine in RA. Despite an anti-inflammatory role of adiponectin, adiponectin isoforms are proinflammatory on RA synovial cells, in accordance with our results \[[@B3]\]. Moreover, although adiponectin may be protective in collagen-induced arthritis, its proinflammatory effect is well known in other inflammation models \[[@B4]\].
Concerning the fourth point about potential discrepancies between a recently published cross-sectional study \[[@B5]\] and our own work, the comparison is challenging since we have not assessed the high molecular weight (HMW) isoform and have not investigated healthy control subjects. Moreover, Toussirot and colleagues did not study the structural progression. Finally, they investigated treated patients with established RA, while we focused on untreated patients with early RA. Furthermore, the use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for HMW assessment and a radioimmunoassay for total adiponectin assessment may explain the absence of correlation between both measurements. Recently, a high correlation between both isoforms using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for both measurements has been reported in RA \[[@B6]\].
Finally, we fully agree on discrepancies between published studies investigating the serum adiponectin level in RA as noted in the fifth point by Toussirot \[[@B1]\]. Although this can be due to the need to assess HMW rather than total adiponectin, the high correlation using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay does not support such a hypothesis. The demographic characteristics, the adjustment for confounding factors, and the sample size of the population may explain these divergences. Of note, our study involved the largest group of early RA adipokine measurements to date with multiple adjustments.
In conclusion, while our study has emphasized the usefulness of serum total adiponectin measurement as an accurate biomarker predicting radiographic progression, additional studies are necessary to establish whether the serum HMW adiponectin measurement may be more useful for such a purpose.
Abbreviations
=============
HMW: High molecular weight; RA: Rheumatoid arthritis.
Competing interests
===================
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Author's contributions
======================
JS and FB wrote the letter. JC, J-PB and SF gave their advice about adiponectin isoforms and their assessment. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
The Doctor and Leela respond to an alien distress call beamed direct from Victorian England. Fourth Doctor adventure starring Tom Baker and Louise Jameson. From May 2015.
After saying their goodbyes to Professor Litefoot and Henry Gordon Jago, the Doctor and Leela respond to an alien distress call beamed direct from Victorian England. It's the beginning of a journey that will take them to the newly built Space Dock Nerva... where a long overdue homecoming is expected. A homecoming that could bring about the end of the human race.
Tom Baker is the Fourth Doctor, with his ancient warrior companion, Leela, played by Louise Jameson.
Written and directed by Nicholas Briggs.
A Big Finish production.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Electromagnetic-guided neuronavigation for safe placement of intraventricular catheters in pediatric neurosurgery.
Ventricular catheter shunt malfunction is the most common reason for shunt revision. Optimal ventricular catheter placement can be exceedingly difficult in patients with small ventricles or abnormal ventricular anatomy. Particularly in children and in premature infants with small head size, satisfactory positioning of the ventricular catheter can be a challenge. Navigation with electromagnetic tracking technology is an attractive and innovative therapeutic option. In this study, the authors demonstrate the advantages of using this technology for shunt placement in children. Twenty-six children ranging in age from 4 days to 14 years (mean 3.8 years) with hydrocephalus and difficult ventricular anatomy or slit ventricles underwent electromagnetic-guided neuronavigated intraventricular catheter placement in a total of 29 procedures. The single-coil technology allows one to use flexible instruments, in this case the ventricular catheter stylet, to be tracked at the tip. Head movement during the operative procedure is possible without loss of navigation precision. The intraoperative catheter placement documented by screenshots correlated exactly with the position on the postoperative CT scan. There was no need for repeated ventricular punctures. There were no operative complications. Postoperatively, all children had accurate shunt placement. The overall shunt failure rate in our group was 15%, including 3 shunt infections (after 1 month, 5 months, and 10 months) requiring operative revision and 1 distal shunt failure. There were no proximal shunt malfunctions during follow-up (mean 23.5 months). The electromagnetic-guided neuronavigation system enables safe and optimal catheter placement, especially in children and premature infants, alleviating the need for repeated cannulation attempts for ventricular puncture. In contrast to stereotactic techniques and conventional neuronavigation, there is no need for sharp head fixation using a Mayfield clamp. This technique may present the possibility of reducing proximal shunt failure rates and costs for hydrocephalus treatment in this age cohort.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
//{{NO_DEPENDENCIES}}
// Microsoft Developer Studio generated include file.
// Used by winquake.rc
//
#define IDS_STRING1 1
#define IDI_ICON1 1
#define IDB_BITMAP1 1
#define IDB_BITMAP2 128
#define IDC_CURSOR1 129
// Next default values for new objects
//
#ifdef APSTUDIO_INVOKED
#ifndef APSTUDIO_READONLY_SYMBOLS
#define _APS_NO_MFC 1
#define _APS_NEXT_RESOURCE_VALUE 130
#define _APS_NEXT_COMMAND_VALUE 40001
#define _APS_NEXT_CONTROL_VALUE 1005
#define _APS_NEXT_SYMED_VALUE 101
#endif
#endif
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
More Like This
Preview
Most Staphylococcus aureus infections are endogenously acquired, and treatment of nasal carriage is one potential strategy for prevention. We critically appraised the published evidence regarding the efficacy of intranasal mupirocin for eradication of S. aureus nasal carriage and for prophylaxis of infection. Sixteen randomized, controlled trials were appraised; 9 trials assessed eradication of colonization as a primary outcome measure, and 7 assessed the reduction in the rate of infection. Mupirocin was generally highly effective for eradication of nasal carriage in the short term....
Most Staphylococcus aureus infections are endogenously acquired, and treatment of nasal carriage is one potential strategy for prevention. We critically appraised the published evidence regarding the efficacy of intranasal mupirocin for eradication of S. aureus nasal carriage and for prophylaxis of infection. Sixteen randomized, controlled trials were appraised; 9 trials assessed eradication of colonization as a primary outcome measure, and 7 assessed the reduction in the rate of infection. Mupirocin was generally highly effective for eradication of nasal carriage in the short term. Prophylactic treatment of patients with intranasal mupirocin in large trials did not lead to a significant reduction in the overall rate of infections. However, subgroup analyses and several small studies revealed lower rates of S. aureus infection among selected populations of patients with nasal carriage treated with mupirocin. Although mupirocin is effective at reducing nasal carriage, routine use of topical intranasal mupirocin for infection prophylaxis is not supported by the currently available evidence.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Volatile compounds of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
Volatile compounds of uncooked dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars representing three market classes (black, dark red kidney and pinto) grown in 2005 were isolated with headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and analyzed with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 62 volatiles consisting of aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alkanes, alcohols and ketones represented on average 62, 38, 21, 12, and 9 x 10(6) total area counts, respectively. Bean cultivars differed in abundance and profile of volatiles. The combination of 18 compounds comprising a common profile explained 79% of the variance among cultivars based on principal component analysis (PCA). The SPME technique proved to be a rapid and effective method for routine evaluation of dry bean volatile profile.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Association of Hyperchloremia With Unfavorable Clinical Outcomes in Adults With Diabetic Ketoacidosis.
Hyperchloremia is associated with worsened outcomes in various clinical situations; however, data are limited in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hyperchloremia on time to DKA resolution. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult patients admitted with incident DKA from January 2013 through October 2017 and stratified by the development of hyperchloremia versus maintaining normochloremia. The primary outcome was time to final DKA resolution. Secondary outcomes included time to initial DKA resolution, incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) on admission, in-hospital development of AKI, and hospital length of stay (LOS). Of the 102 patients included, 52 developed hyperchloremia. Patients with hyperchloremia had longer times to final DKA resolution compared to those with normochloremia (median 22.3 [interquartile range, IQR, 15.2-36.9] vs 14.2 [IQR 8.8-21.1] hours; P = .001). Time to initial DKA resolution was also longer in patients who developed hyperchloremia compared to those who did not (median 16.3 vs 10.9 hours; P = .024). More patients with hyperchloremia developed in-hospital AKI (26.9% vs 8.0%; P = .01). Median hospital LOS was significantly longer in the hyperchloremia cohort (P < .001). On Cox regression analysis, time to DKA resolution was significantly longer with each 1 mmol/L increase in serum chloride (HR 0.951; P < .001). The presence of hyperchloremia in patients with DKA was associated with increased time to DKA resolution, risk of in-hospital AKI, and hospital LOS. Further evaluation of the avoidance or treatment of hyperchloremia in DKA is needed.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Leflunomide with low-dose everolimus for treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma in a renal allograft recipient.
Current treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma is reduction of immunosuppression with or without addition of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi). Akt signalling plays a central role in oncogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma. We describe a case of multifocal Kaposi's sarcoma in a renal allograft recipient, which showed unsatisfactory early response to immunosuppression reduction along with everolimus therapy but completely resolved after adding leflunomide. mTORi impair Kaposi's sarcoma oncogenesis by inhibiting mTOR downstream from the Akt signalling. Leflunomide inhibits Akt phosphorylation. This synergistic effect may be beneficial in treatment of Kaposi sarcoma and needs to be explored in trials.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Dr. Oz is America’s trusted television doctor. Though his expertise is cardiac surgery, the Dr. Oz Show covers myriad subjects and tops ratings, with millions tuning in daily to heed his advice. The man has charisma on his side; his demographic is composed largely of adoring women and young mothers. Though mainstream media has slammed him for espousing anti-science views, Oz continues to promote non evidence-based health advice. He’s truly earned the “Snake Oil Salesman” title, and continues to uphold the quackery that led to the label. Indeed, a recent study found that about half of the medical advice on the Dr. Oz show is baseless or downright wrong.
In addition to baseless medical advice, Oz instills fear of genetically-engineered foods, though the world’s leading scientific organizations agree that GE techniques are inherently safe.
On his March 10th episode, Dr. Oz aired a segment on the Arctic Apple. The United States Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration recently approved and deregulated the genetically engineered apple after years of field testing. Engineered with an enzyme “off-switch” using a technique called “RNA interference,” Arctic Apples don’t brown or bruise when cut, bitten, or bumped. The television doctor treated the topic with his usual anti-GE sentiment. I’m a 32-year-old mom of two, and I fit solidly into Dr. Oz’s target audience. But I’m not biting when it comes to his take on Arctic Apples, or most of his drivel in general.
I took one for the team and watched that episode, titled ““The Non-Browning GMO Apple: Is It Safe?” I then co-authored a piece on the episode for Slate (check out the comments, lots of positive ones as well as a few typical cases of Shill Accusation Syndrome.) Following the relative success of our article, “Low-Hanging Fruit: Dr. Oz sows seeds of mistrust on genetic engineering” my co-author Dr. Henry Miller coordinated a letter from himself and fellow esteemed physicians to the dean of the medical school at Columbia University. Dr. Mehmet Oz holds a senior appointment there in the Department of Surgery.
The letter reads as follows:
Lee Goldman, M.D.
Dean of the Faculties of Health Sciences and Medicine
Columbia University Dear Dr. Goldman: I am writing to you on behalf of myself and the undersigned colleagues below, all of whom are distinguished physicians. We are surprised and dismayed that Columbia University’s College of Physicians and Surgeons would permit Dr. Mehmet Oz to occupy a faculty appointment, let alone a senior administrative position in the Department of Surgery. As described here and here, as well as in other publications, Dr. Oz has repeatedly shown disdain for science and for evidence-based medicine, as well as baseless and relentless opposition to the genetic engineering of food crops. Worst of all, he has manifested an egregious lack of integrity by promoting quack treatments and cures in the interest of personal financial gain. Thus, Dr. Oz is guilty of either outrageous conflicts of interest or flawed judgements about what constitutes appropriate medical treatments, or both. Whatever the nature of his pathology, members of the public are being misled and endangered, which makes Dr. Oz’s presence on the faculty of a prestigious medical institution unacceptable. Sincerely yours, Henry I. Miller, M.D.
Robert Wesson Fellow in Scientific Philosophy
& Public Policy
Hoover Institution
Stanford University
Stanford, CA Scott W. Atlas, M.D.
David and Joan Traitel Senior Fellow
Hoover Institution
Stanford University
Stanford, CA Jack Fisher, M.D.
Professor of Surgery (emeritus)
University of California, San Diego
La Jolla, CA Shelley Fleet, M.D.
Anesthesiologist
Longwood, FL Gordon N. Gill, M.D.
Dean (emeritus) of Translational Medicine
University of California, San Diego
La Jolla, CA Michael H. Mellon, M.D.
Pediatric Allergist
San Diego, CA Gilbert Ross, M.D.
President (Acting) and Executive Director
American Council on Science and Health
New York, NY Samuel Schneider, M.D.
Psychiatrist
Princeton, NJ Glenn Swogger Jr. M.D.
Director of the Will Menninger Center for Applied Behavioral Sciences (retired)
The Menninger Foundation
Topeka, KS Joel E. Tepper, M.D.
Hector MacLean Distinguished Professor of Cancer Research
Dept of Radiation Oncology
University of North Carolina School of Medicine
Chapel Hill, NC
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Nikola Nikić
Nikola Nikić (, ; born 7 January 1956) is a Bosnian Serb former footballer and current head coach of NK Bratstvo Gračanica in the First League of FBiH.
Playing career
Nikić, born to father Ilija and mother Radojka (née Tadić), started his career in the lower leagues with FK Modriča and NK Zvijezda Gradačac before joining FK Željezničar Sarajevo. Although he was an excellent winger, he became famous for his funny character and truthful nature. Maybe he is not one of the all-time best FK Željezničar players, but surely one of the most popular ones. He is often a guest on various TV and radio shows because of his stories about himself being silly in all kind of strange situations.
His biggest playing success was being the member of the famous FK Željezničar squad which under the guidance of Ivica Osim reached UEFA Cup semifinals in the 1984–85 season. But Nikić didn't play the semifinal match against Videoton because in December 1984 he moved to Greece where he stayed for four seasons. In the 1984–85 season, he played for Egaleo F.C. making 19 appearances scoring 3 goals. During 1985–86 and 1986–87 seasons he played for Aris Thessaloniki F.C. and scored 12 goals in 53 league matches. At the end of the 1986–87 season he moved to Aris' fierce rival PAOK and played only 9 league matches in season 1987–88 without scoring any goals. After that season, he came back to FK Željezničar in 1988 where he stayed until the middle of the 1990–91 season when he moved to NK Čelik Zenica. He stayed at Čelik until 1992 when he moved to FK Borac Banja Luka. In 1993 he ended his playing career after leaving Borac.
Managerial career
After he ended his career as a professional footballer, he became a coach. He was the head coach at FK Modriča, FK Kolubara Lazarevac, NK Žepče, Thermaikos FC, NK TOŠK Tešanj and FK Borac Šamac.
Since June 2018, Nikolić has been the head coach of First League FBiH club NK Bratstvo Gračanica.
His biggest success was when he led FK Modriča to a place in the 2003–04 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina after he won with Modriča the 2002–03 First League of the Republika Srpska.
He was also the manager of the Bosnia-Herzegovina U19 team and the Bosnia-Herzegovina U21 team.
He was for a moment the head coach of the Republika Srpska official team (league selection) in September 2013.
Personal life
His son Branislav is also a professional player in Greece.
Honours
Manager
Modriča
First League of the Republika Srpska: 2002–03
References
External links
Nikola Nikić at Sofascore
Category:1956 births
Category:Living people
Category:Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Category:Yugoslav footballers
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina footballers
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina football managers
Category:Yugoslav First League players
Category:Superleague Greece players
Category:FK Modriča players
Category:NK Zvijezda Gradačac players
Category:FK Željezničar players
Category:Egaleo F.C. players
Category:Aris Thessaloniki F.C. players
Category:PAOK FC players
Category:NK Čelik Zenica players
Category:FK Borac Banja Luka players
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Greece
Category:Association football midfielders
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
President Trump spent Christmas Eve touting tax reform and bashing “Fake News” — while U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders sounded off from the left in a holiday Twitter fight.
“The Tax Cut/Reform Bill, including Massive Alaska Drilling and the Repeal of the highly unpopular Individual Mandate, brought it all together as to what an incredible year we had. Don’t let the Fake News convince you otherwise … and our insider Polls are strong!” Trump tweeted yesterday afternoon.
Earlier, the president grumbled, “The Fake News refuses to talk about how Big and how Strong our BASE is. They show Fake Polls just like they report Fake News. Despite only negative reporting, we are doing well – nobody is going to beat us. MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN!”
He also got in a dig at a favorite target, the deputy FBI director.
“@FoxNews-FBI’s Andrew McCabe, ‘in addition to his wife getting all of this money from M (Clinton Puppet), he was using, allegedly, his FBI Official Email Account to promote her campaign. You obviously cannot do this. These were the people who were investigating Hillary Clinton.’ ”
Sanders, in a reference to the tax reform bill passed by Congress last week, sniped on Twitter:
“What we could do with $1.5 trillion:
-Make college tuition-free
-Provide universal preschool
-Repair our crumbling infrastructure
-Fund CHIP for 107 years
-Rebuild Puerto Rico
What Republicans did:
-Give tax breaks to the wealthy and corporations.”
Earlier, Sanders snarked, “At least Trump is finally telling the truth about his tax bill,” retweeting a CBS report, “ ‘You all just got a lot richer,’ President Trump told friends dining at Mar-a-Lago Friday night, hours after signing tax overhaul into law.”
And Sanders added, referring to the upcoming midterm elections, “If I were the Republicans, I would worry very much about 2018.”
Trump had tweeted Saturday, “Remember, the Republicans are 5-0 in Congressional races this year. In Senate, I said Roy M would lose in Alabama and supported Big Luther Strange – and Roy lost. Virginia candidate was not a ‘Trumper,’ and he lost. Good Republican candidates will win BIG!”
Earlier, Trump crowed, “The Stock Market is setting record after record and unemployment is at a 17 year low. So many things accomplished by the Trump Administration, perhaps more than any other President in first year. Sadly, will never be reported correctly by the Fake News Media!”
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Toronto's public schools are in rough shape, according to a recent report from the Toronto District School Board.
The report — which was provided to school trustees late last month — says most of the TDSB's 550 operational schools are in need of immediate repair.
The report assigned a percentage score to each building, using an industry standard which gives higher scores to those in greater need of repair. The scores are based on each school’s condition in 2012.
Some schools scored far over 100 per cent, putting them well into what the report considers "critical" condition. The poorest-scored schools include the Seneca School in Etobicoke (170 per cent), the Metropolitan School for the Deaf (169 per cent), Oakwood Collegiate Institute (143 per cent) and Highcastle Public School (142 per cent).
Only 114 schools scored "good" or "fair." The six best-scored schools were Carleton Village Public School, Givins/Shaw Junior Public School, North Toronto Collegiate Institute, the Claude Watson School for the Arts, Brookside Public School and the Thomas L. Wells Public School, all of which scored 0.
School trustee Shelley Laskin has 15 schools in her ward that are in poor or critical condition. She wants to see a separate budget set up for maintenance.
"We don’t have that money to do the regular maintenance. So we can’t inspect the roof. We have the cost of repairing the holes in the roof and that just escalates," Laskin told CBC News.
So far this winter, the head of TDSB's facilities says there have been 66 schools with leaking roofs. Two were repaired at about $400,000. Seven boilers were replaced at about $1 million each.
The report is included below.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
How the doc should (not) talk: when breaking bad news with negations influences patients' immediate responses and medical adherence intentions.
We investigate the role of specific formulations in a doctor's bad news delivery. We focus on the effects of negations and message framing on patients' immediate responses to the message and the doctor, and long-term consequences including quality of life and medical adherence intentions. Two lab experiments with 2 (language use: negations vs. affirmations)×2 (framing: positive vs. negative) between-subjects designs. After reading a transcription (experiment 1) or seeing a film clip (experiment 2), participants rated their evaluation of the message and the doctor, expected quality of life, and medical adherence intentions. Positively framed bad news with negations score more negative on these dependent variables than positively framed affirmations (both experiments). For negatively framed negations, these results are reversed (experiment 2). Furthermore, the evaluations of the message (experiment 1) and the doctor (both experiments) mediate the interaction of framing and language use on medical adherence intentions. Small linguistic variations (i.e., negations vs. affirmations) in breaking bad news can have a significant impact on the health message, doctor evaluation and medical adherence intentions. Doctors should refrain from using negations to break positively framed news, and employ negations when breaking negatively framed news.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Characterisation of molecular defects in X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta (AIH1).
Amelogenins are an heterogenous family of proteins produced by ameloblasts of the enamel organ during tooth development. Disturbances of enamel formation occur in amelogenesis imperfecta, a clinically heterogenous group of inherited disorders characterised by defective enamel biomineralisation. An amelogenin gene, AMGX, has been mapped to the short of the X chromosome (Xp22.1-p22.3) and has been implicated in the molecular pathology of X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta (AIH1). We have identified three families exhibiting AIH1 and screened the AMGX gene for mutations using single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing. Three novel mutations were identified: a C-T substitution in exon 5, and a G-T substitution and single cytosine deletion in exon 6, confirming the existence of extensive allelic heterogeneity in this condition. The identification of family-specific mutations will enable early identification of affected individuals and correlation of clinical phenotype with genotype will facilitate an objective system of disease classification.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Synthesis and intramitochondrial levels of valproyl-coenzyme A metabolites.
A number of valproate adverse reactions are due to its interference with several metabolic pathways, including that of fatty acid oxidation. In order to resolve which mitochondrial enzymes of fatty acid oxidation are inhibited by which VPA intermediates we have developed methods to synthesize their CoA ester forms. This paper describes the synthesis of VPA acyl-CoA ester metabolites as well as data on the fate of VPA in rat liver mitochondria. Valproyl-CoA, Delta2-valproyl-CoA, and 3-OH-valproyl-CoA were obtained through chemical synthesis. 3-Keto-valproyl-CoA was prepared by a novel enzymatic procedure followed by a combination of solid-phase extraction and preparative HPLC purification. This approach proved to be efficient in obtaining all the beta-oxidation intermediates of valproyl-CoA. The synthetic standards were used for the determination of intramitochondrial concentrations of valproyl-CoA, Delta2-valproyl-CoA, 3-OH-valproyl-CoA, and 3-keto-valproyl-CoA by HPLC. These levels were determined after incubation of intact rat liver mitochondria with VPA under conditions of state 3 and state 4 respiration. The results show that valproyl-CoA and to a much lesser extent 3-keto-valproyl-CoA are the main metabolites of VPA in mitochondria. This information will be of great use in resolving the mechanisms involved in the inhibition of mitochondrial processes like fatty acid oxidation by VPA.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
FIFA will not replace Saudi World Cup ref banned for match-fixing
[5/30/2018 5:43:10 PM]
AMMONNEWS - The World Cup referee given a life ban in his homeland Saudi Arabia earlier this month for a match-fixing attempt will not be replaced at the tournament in Russia, global soccer body FIFA said on Wednesday.
The Saudi Arabia Football Federation said two weeks ago that it had barred referee Fahad Al Mirdasi after he confessed to offering to fix the final of his country's domestic cup competition.
FIFA confirmed in a statement to Reuters that Al Mirdasi’s World Cup selection had been “withdrawn with immediate effect.”
“The FIFA Referees Committee has taken the decision not to directly replace Al Mirdasi,” it said, adding that the two assistant referees in his team, Mohammed Al Abakry and Abdulah Alshalwai, had also been dropped.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Comparing $\int_{0}^{1}f(t)^2 dt$ to $\int_{0}^{1}f'(t)^{2} dt$ when $f(0)=0$
This is from an MCQ contest.
Let $f: [0,1]\to \mathbb{R}$ be a function of class $C^{1}$ with $f(0)=0$.
Which inequality is true?
$1]$ ${\displaystyle \int_{0}^{1}\bigl[f(t)\bigr]^{2} dt \leq \dfrac{1}{4}\int_{0}^{1}\bigl[f'(t)\bigr]^{2} dt }$
$2]$ ${\displaystyle \int_{0}^{1}\bigl[f(t)\bigr]^{2} dt \leq \dfrac{1}{3}\int_{0}^{1}\bigl[f'(t)\bigr]^{2} dt }$
$3]$ ${\displaystyle \int_{0}^{1}\bigl[f(t)\bigr]^{2} dt \leq \dfrac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{1}\bigl[f'(t)\bigr]^{2} dt }$
$4]$ ${\displaystyle \int_{0}^{1}\bigl[f(t)\bigr]^{2} dt \geq \int_{0}^{1}\bigl[f'(t)\bigr]^{2} dt }$
My Thoughts
note that ${\displaystyle f(t)^2 =\left( \int_{0}^t f'(s)ds\right)^2 }$
$$\int_0^1 |f(t)|^2dt = \int_0^1 \left( \int_{0}^t f'(s)ds \right)^2dt $$
With Cauchy Schwarz:
$$ \int_0^1 f'(s)^2 $$
Since this was taken from math-Contest MCQ I'm interested to know the fastest way to solve it
A:
By the fundamental theorem of calculus, since $f(0)=0$,
$$
f(t)=\int_0^tf'(s)\,ds.
$$
Hence, by Cauchy-Scwarz inequality, and domain monotonicity of integrals of non-negative functions,
$$
\begin{aligned}
\int_0^1 (f(t))^2\,dt&=\int_0^1\biggl[\int_0^t 1\cdot f'(s)\,ds\biggr]^2\,dt\\
&\leq \int_0^1\biggl[\int_0^t1^2\,ds\int_0^t (f'(s))^2\,ds\biggr]\\
&\leq \int_0^1 t \,dt\int_0^1 (f'(s))^2\,ds\\
&=\frac{1}{2}\int_0^1 (f'(s))^2\,ds.
\end{aligned}
$$
This implies that 3] is true. As far as discussed in the comments, the other ones are not.
PS If I'm not mistaken, the $1/2$ in this inequality could be improved (using the minimization characterization of eigenvalues of $-D^2$) to be one divided by the minimum of the function
$$
\lambda\mapsto \frac{4\lambda^{3/2}}{2\sqrt{\lambda}-\sin(2\sqrt{\lambda})}-\lambda
$$
which is something like $2.467$, i.e. the $1/2$ can be replaced by $1/2.467\approx 0.4053$
Edit Explanation of the quotient. The quotient
$$
\frac{\int_0^1(f'(t))^2\,dt}{\int_0^1 (f(t))^2\,dt}
$$
is the Rayleigh quotient for the operator $-D^2$ on the interval $[0,1]$. So, if we assume that we have a self-adjoint realization of $-D^2$ then the minimum of this quotient will correspond to the lowest eigenvalue of that operator, when minimized over the right domain. Now, solving
$$
-D^2u=\lambda u,\quad u(0)=0
$$
gives
$$
u=C\sin(\sqrt{\lambda}t).
$$
Calculating the Rayleigh quotient of this function, one gets the quotient I mentioned in the PS. Now we need more conditions for the operator to be self-adjoint (typically one at $t=1$). But minimizing the quotient we find a certain $\lambda$, and that $\lambda$ gives a condition at $t=1$. With that condition we have (choosing domains correctly) a self-adjoint realization. Probably a bit more hand-waving is needed if one wants to be completely rigorous, but this is at least an explanation of how one could get that quotient.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Rapid detection of CFH (p.Y402H) and ARMS2 (p.A69S) polymorphisms in age-related macular degeneration using high-resolution melting analysis.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex disorder causing irreversible central vision loss. Complement Factor H (CFH) and age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) are now widely accepted as important AMD susceptibility genes. In particular, two specific variants, CFH p.Y402H and ARMS2 p.A69S, have been reported as strongly AMD associated. In order to perform the genetic screening of these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we describe a high resolution melting analysis (HRM) as a rapid closed tube mutation scanning assay. To validate HRM genotyping, 94 DNA samples from AMD patients (previously genotyped by sequence analysis) were analyzed. PCR amplification and melting curve analysis were performed in the LightCycler 480 Real-Time PCR System. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the HRM assay, we performed a blinded study of 20 unknown independent samples. We correctly genotyped all samples. In fact, all samples corresponded to the previous genotype assignments. Early identification of individuals with genetic risk variants CFH p.Y402H and ARMS2 p.A69S is clinically important for the definition of AMD status. High-resolution DNA melting is homogenous, accurate and rapid method for CFH and ARMS2 genotyping.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
TypeError: () got an unexpected keyword argument 'axis' when using an apply followed by a groupby
Am trying to extract values from a pandas Dataframe which are split by an ID. However when I feed the apply groupby, it wont let me provide an axis argument to apply the function row wise
raw_data = {"id":{"0":"mergedshape_route_0009","1":"mergedshape_route_0009","2":"mergedshape_route_0009","3":"mergedshape_route_0009","4":"mergedshape_route_0009","5":"mergedshape_route_0009","6":"mergedshape_route_0009","7":"mergedshape_route_0009","8":"mergedshape_route_0009","9":"mergedshape_route_0009"},"shape_pt_lat":{"0":-6.8196991355,"1":-6.8194035167,"2":-6.8192916609,"3":-6.8192597021,"4":-6.8193262829,"5":-6.819395527,"6":-6.8194451,"7":-6.8192582,"8":-6.8184049,"9":-6.8177623},"shape_pt_lon":{"0":39.2987716198,"1":39.2989432812,"2":39.299055934,"3":39.29918468,"4":39.2993053794,"5":39.2993938923,"6":39.2994472,"7":39.2995691,"8":39.2999065,"9":39.2986298},"shape_pt_sequence":{"0":0,"1":1,"2":2,"3":3,"4":4,"5":5,"6":6,"7":7,"8":8,"9":9},"shape_dist_traveled":{"0":0,"1":0,"2":0,"3":0,"4":0,"5":0,"6":0,"7":0,"8":0,"9":0}}
df = pd.DataFrame(raw_data).groupby("id").apply(lambda row: row.shape_pt_lat, axis = 1)
and I am getting this error
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
~\Miniconda3\envs\data_analysis\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\groupby\groupby.py in apply(self, func, *args, **kwargs)
917 try:
--> 918 result = self._python_apply_general(f)
919 except Exception:
~\Miniconda3\envs\data_analysis\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\groupby\groupby.py in _python_apply_general(self, f)
935 keys, values, mutated = self.grouper.apply(f, self._selected_obj,
--> 936 self.axis)
937
~\Miniconda3\envs\data_analysis\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\groupby\groupby.py in apply(self, f, data, axis)
2272 group_axes = _get_axes(group)
-> 2273 res = f(group)
2274 if not _is_indexed_like(res, group_axes):
~\Miniconda3\envs\data_analysis\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\groupby\groupby.py in f(g)
907 with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
--> 908 return func(g, *args, **kwargs)
909 else:
TypeError: <lambda>() got an unexpected keyword argument 'axis'
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-323-9499f329157a> in <module>()
----> 1 df = pd.DataFrame(raw_data).groupby("id").apply(lambda row: row.shape_pt_lat, axis = 1)
~\Miniconda3\envs\data_analysis\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\groupby\groupby.py in apply(self, func, *args, **kwargs)
928
929 with _group_selection_context(self):
--> 930 return self._python_apply_general(f)
931
932 return result
~\Miniconda3\envs\data_analysis\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\groupby\groupby.py in _python_apply_general(self, f)
934 def _python_apply_general(self, f):
935 keys, values, mutated = self.grouper.apply(f, self._selected_obj,
--> 936 self.axis)
937
938 return self._wrap_applied_output(
~\Miniconda3\envs\data_analysis\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\groupby\groupby.py in apply(self, f, data, axis)
2271 # group might be modified
2272 group_axes = _get_axes(group)
-> 2273 res = f(group)
2274 if not _is_indexed_like(res, group_axes):
2275 mutated = True
~\Miniconda3\envs\data_analysis\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\groupby\groupby.py in f(g)
906 def f(g):
907 with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
--> 908 return func(g, *args, **kwargs)
909 else:
910 raise ValueError('func must be a callable if args or '
TypeError: <lambda>() got an unexpected keyword argument 'axis'
I able to get to work if I split the data frame by Id and store it in a list, then loop through each dataframe to extract the values - but I want a way to do it directly using groupby and apply?
Any guidance here would be appreciated?
Thanks!
A:
I had a similar error. I found that the apply function of a GroupBy object does not behave the same as the apply function of a Pandas DataFrame. More information on the apply function of the GroupBy object can be found here.
The function you provide in your apply function should get dataframe as an argument. It also returns a dataframe. The function thus modifies a dataframe whereas the function you provided modifies a row.
It gives the error <lambda>() got an unexpected keyword argument 'axis' as the apply function here only accepts a function which modifies a dataframe and args kwargs which are fed to your function.
It tries to feed your lambda function the axis parameter (which it thinks is an argument for your function) and since your lambda function does not demand this parameter, it displays this error.
The solution for your end would be to change the lambda function to a correct function as described above.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Job State
Job is very simple, you have just to write the name of restaurant in the font as in sample, and you will get $10. Do not bid if budget does not suit your highness.
Check font here. [login to view URL] or attached. You will be given Logo.
start your proposal with GURU, or your big will be deleted.
I'm looking for a custom font for my game and my website, plus a few other vector images for parameter button, loading image, etc, all in a same industrial/factory/war style.
Please add an example on what you can do in order for me to make my choice.
I'm looking for good work and people that I could recontact in the future if I'm happy with the
So we are already satisfied with the overall logo. What we need is the Black American piece of the logo to be redone for it to look better on clothing. So focus on...are already satisfied with the overall logo. What we need is the Black American piece of the logo to be redone for it to look better on clothing. So focus on Black American font only.
...L with one vest sized to specific measurements, and finally make them. Included are photos of the vest we want to base this off of. This will be a small but likely ongoing project if it works out, the goal is to have these made at a reasonable cost to us so as to be able to offer them for sale at a fair cost. If this interests you please reach out to
MeiSUN's missoion is to make people never get bored of their clothes. The principle of the company is to make each pieces wisely. We create variety different styles by using limited pieces. We do multi-functional women’s clothing boutique that priorty eco-friendly items.
We are now creating our new collection, and need a fantastic pattern maker, who can work out Muti-fuctional pattern...
We are a soon to be fashion brand, based in West Sussex. Who are in need of ...designer to complete our almost finished Brand logo. The final tweaks to our design consist of
- reducing the size of the space between.
- completing a smooth arc that our font has. It had been slightly adjusted before and has become out of symmetric line a little bit.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Usefulness of cardiorespiratory fitness as a predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men with systemic hypertension.
There is an inverse gradient of mortality across levels of cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy adults; however, the association of fitness to mortality in persons with comorbidities such as hypertension is not fully understood. This study quantifies the relation of cardiorespiratory fitness to all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in hypertensive men. In this observational cohort study, we calculated death rates for low, moderate, and high fitness categories in normotensive (n = 15,726) and hypertensive (n = 3,184) men, and in men without a history of hypertension but with elevated blood pressure (BP) (systolic BP > or = 140 or diastolic BP > or = 90 mm Hg) at baseline (n = 3,257). The participants were 22,167 men (average age 42.6 +/- 9.2 years [mean +/- SD]) who underwent a medical examination that included a maximal exercise test during 1970 to 1993, with mortality follow-up to December 31, 1994. We identified 628 deaths (188 from CVD) during 224,173 man-years of observation. There was an inverse linear trend across fitness groups for all-cause and CVD mortality. The relative risk (95% confidence interval [CI]), using the low fitness group as reference, for all-cause mortality in hypertensive men was 0.45 (95% CI 0.31 to 0.65) and 0.42 (95% CI 0.27 to 0.66) for moderate and high fitness groups, respectively, and in men with elevated BP, 0.49 (95% CI 0.34 to 0.70) and 0.44 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.68) for moderate and high fitness groups, respectively. The pattern of results was similar for CVD mortality. There was an inverse linear relation between fitness and death rate for all-cause mortality in both the uncontrolled and controlled hypertensive groups. This study provides evidence that moderate to high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness provide protection against all-cause and CVD mortality in hypertensive men and men without a history of hypertension but with elevated BP at examination.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
One intersection in Denver has had 15 crashes this year.
COLORADO, USA — In 2017, 939 people were killed in crashes where the driver ran a red light, according to new data by the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety.
Of those killed, AAA said 20 were from Colorado. The state has the sixth-highest rate per capita in the country, according to the AAA Foundation.
Denver Police said the worst intersection drivers run red lights in the city is at Quebec and East 36th, where more than 5,000 tickets were issued to drivers through red-light cameras since January. That's an average of nearly 24 tickets a day. According to DPD, the same intersection had 15 crashes this year, making it one of the highest collision locations in the city.
Skyler McKinney of AAA Colorado said drivers are not getting the message.
“Not everyone fully intends to run a red. But they might see a green and be shuttling along at 35 or 45, but expect that green light to go stale," McKinney said. "You need to be cognizant of that, you also need to tap your breaks to alert other drivers behind you. So you don’t get pushed into traffic when you stop.”
In the same study, AAA Colorado said 85% of drivers believe running a red light is "very dangerous" – yet one in three said they blew through a red light within the past month-- when they could have stopped.
"While the fatality rate has dropped, we're seeing it start to go back up again for the first time in a generation. That’s largely the result of distraction and speeding and bad behavior," McKinney said.
According to Denver Police, these are intersections, equipped with red-light cameras, that have had the most violations between January 1 and July 31.
36th & Quebec: 5,015 violations
6th & Lincoln: 3,748 violations
6th & Kalamath: 1,496 violations
8th & Speer: 509 violations
"In 65% of the fatalities related to red-light running it's not the driver who dies," McKinney said. "It’s a passenger or a bicyclist or pedestrian, so you’re putting other peoples lives on the line when you do this. And you simply don’t have to."
SUGGESTED VIDEOS | Local stories from 9NEWS
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Mega Sale! Save 26% on the Religious Obsession Gold Filled Baby Badge with St. Victor of Marseilles Charm and Badge Pin with Cross by Religious Obsession at Wow In The Details. MPN: Jewels-9223GF/0731GF. Hurry! Limited time offer. Offer valid only while supplies last. We take great care in creating superior detail in our die-struck medals. This is a gold filled 2004 charm
Product Description
We take great care in creating superior detail in our die-struck medals. This is a gold filled 2004 charm pendant.
Features & Highlights
30 Day Money Back Guarantee
Gold Filled Baby Badge with St. Victor of Marseilles Charm and Badge Pin with Cross
Have questions about this item, or would like to inquire about a custom or bulk order?
If you have any questions about this product by Religious Obsession, contact us by completing and submitting the form below. If you are looking for a specif part number, please include it with your message.
We take great care in creating superior detail in our die-struck medals. This is a gold filled 2004 charm pendant.30 Day Money Back Guarantee. Gold Filled Baby Badge with St. John Bosco Charm and Angel with Wings Badge Pin. Baby Badge. 1 1/8 X 1 1/8....
Julia is a Latin name which means "gentle" or "youthful".
The same meaning applies to other forms of Julia such as Julie, Julianne, Juliet and Jules.Length: 4.25" - Width: 3". Reverse side of cross reads: "To A Very Special Child!" and From: (Mu...
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Why did port 3000 suddenly start getting used by PPP? How to disable?
I run a rails development environment, which runs a server I can access at localhost:3000. I was doing this again today, and went to restart the webserver and it started timing out.
After some time I ran nmap localhost, and realised that 'ppp' is running on port 3000:
3000/tcp open ppp
I've never used PPP, and it's stopping me getting my work done. I tried service pppd-dns stop, which appears to have no effect. I even tried sudo apt-get remove ppp, but the port is still open, and I still can't start my rails server.
A:
Well, @whiskers75 answer seemed to work at first, but I've now witnessed the behaviour again and ppp was still not installed - it must have been the reboot that did the trick before.
I used netstat -tulpn to check which processes where listening to which ports, and it turns out that nmap was giving misleading information - it wasn't ppp, but ruby. A rogue ruby process had been left over by a dead rails instance and was still listening to port 3000.
killall ruby did the trick, the port was freed and I could restart my rails server.
A:
Try sudo apt-get purge ppp then reboot.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
Storing IPv6 ranges in PostgreSQL
In 9.2, new range functionality was added.
How do I create a table with IPv6 ranges fields?
Do I need to create new type?
An example / link will be appreciated.
A:
PostgreSQL already supports type CIDR, which can store ranges for both IPv4 and IPv6. The only catch that these ranges cannot be like 1.2.3.1-1.2.3.10 for IPv4 or ::5:1-::5-10, but only like 1.2.3/28 or 2001:0:0:5::0/64 - typical for classless subnet declaration.
If you want more flexibility than CIDR, and want to have true arbitrary INET ranges, there is ip4r extension what offers these ready to use. It is included by default in some Ubuntu versions (for example it is included in Ubuntu 12.10).
Don't be fooled by ip4r name: it supports both IPv4 and IPv6 since version 2.0. It also supports typical range operations that you would expect, like BETWEEN, <<= to check if IP belongs to range and some others. Read more here: README.ip4r.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
San Francisco’s bi-annual Homeless Point-In-Time Count and Survey vastly underrepresents the scope of family homelessness in the city, according to data gathered by Compass SF, an organization dedicated to providing family services for the homeless.
“I can tell you without a doubt that the count for homeless families is often hugely under-represented,” Compass Program Director Kristin Keller said.
After a count of people on the streets and in shelters, conducted one night in January, and a follow-up survey, the city report found just nine families, or a total of 26 individuals in families who are homeless. Moreover, 87 percent of them live in some sort of shelter.
But between January and May, Compass recorded 319 homeless families — more than 35 times the number cited in the city’s report. And even that, Keller suggested, might be low.
At Catholic Charities, an organization with a number of programs aimed specifically at ending family homelessness, demand for their family resources remains high, according to Director of Communications and Marketing Cailan Franz.
“There has always been a need and waitlist for family shelter beds,” Franz wrote in an email.
Compass recorded the number 319 over the course of five months, which might explain some of the discrepancy between its numbers and the numbers collected in the report’s single night sweep of the city.
Another reason is that the Homeless Point-In-Time Count and Survey report is obligated to use a narrower definition of homelessness than Compass’s definition. That definition – living either in a supervised homeless shelter or in a public place – keeps its survey consistent with national surveys on homelessness. Families in these situations make up about 30 percent of the people in Compass’s data.
What is also striking, though, is the disparity between their reports of how many families are living on the street, in tents, or in other places not meant as dwellings.
The majority of the families in the Homeless Point-In-Time Count and Survey report are sheltered, and according to the report, those numbers have improved in recent years because of rapid re-housing programs, which subsidize rent for homeless families.
But Compass said they saw a huge increase in the number of families living on the streets from 2016 to 2017.
They found almost 94 families living in “places not meant for habitation,” which includes people living on the streets or in cars. This is an increase from 33 families in 2016. At the same time, they counted fewer homeless families overall.
According to Compass Program Director Kristin Keller, it is hard to accurately capture the number of homeless families for two reasons.
First, many homeless families “double up” in someone else’s home, couch surfing or otherwise moving quickly between temporary homes, so they will not be reflected in data collected on the streets.
Second, Keller noted, because of safety concerns, families with young children living on the street are likely to stay hidden for safety reasons and so might be difficult to find and count. This is why the number of unsheltered individuals is likely underrepresented in the city’s data.
Franz from Catholic Charities said that it has become increasingly difficult for families to find permanent housing and noted that in the last year, families have been taking longer to exit their shelters.
When they do find housing, it is almost always outside of San Francisco. In the past year, only three of the 29 families they have served at St Joseph’s Family Center, at Guerrero and 21st, have found housing in San Francisco.
The Point-In-Count Report states that the city will add 30 additional shelter units for families this year in order to provide resources to a larger population.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Story highlights Trump described Hillary Clinton's 2008 election defeat to then-Sen. Barack Obama in R-rated terms: "She was favored to win and she got schlonged, she lost, I mean she lost"
Grand Rapids, Michigan (CNN) Donald Trump attacked Hillary Clinton in vulgar terms Monday night, saying that her bathroom break during the last Democratic debate was just too "disgusting" to talk about and then stating she "got schlonged" by Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential race.
"Even a race to Obama, she was gonna beat Obama. I don't know who would be worse, I don't know, how could it be worse? But she was going to beat -- she was favored to win -- and she got schlonged, she lost, I mean she lost," Trump said, using a vulgar Yiddish word for a man's penis.
Photos: Democratic debate in New Hampshire Photos: Democratic debate in New Hampshire Democratic presidential candidates Bernie Sanders, Hillary Clinton and Martin O'Malley debate at Saint Anselm College in Manchester, New Hampshire, on Saturday, December 19. The candidates met for their third debate. Hide Caption 1 of 8 Photos: Democratic debate in New Hampshire Sanders speaks as Clinton looks on during the debate. Sanders, at the start of the debate, apologized to Clinton for his staff's exploitation of a Democratic National Committee computer vendor's glitch to access her campaign's proprietary voter files. Hide Caption 2 of 8 Photos: Democratic debate in New Hampshire O'Malley speaks during the debate as Clinton looks on. Hide Caption 3 of 8 Photos: Democratic debate in New Hampshire Clinton speaks during the debate. Hide Caption 4 of 8 Photos: Democratic debate in New Hampshire Sanders speaks during the debate. Hide Caption 5 of 8 Photos: Democratic debate in New Hampshire O'Malley speaks during the debate. Hide Caption 6 of 8 Photos: Democratic debate in New Hampshire Sanders takes the stage. Hide Caption 7 of 8 Photos: Democratic debate in New Hampshire Clinton waves to a member of the crowd as she arrives on stage. Hide Caption 8 of 8
Earlier, Trump started to criticize Clinton for not returning to the ABC News debate stage on Saturday night in time, but then said he didn't want to talk more about it because it was "disgusting."
"I know where she went, it's disgusting, I don't want to talk about it," Trump said. "No, it's too disgusting. Don't say it, it's disgusting, let's not talk, we want to be very, very straight up."
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Antisigma Factors
In eubacteria, the core RNA polymerase is composed of .alpha., .beta., and .beta.' subunits in the ratio 2:1:1. To direct RNA polymerase to promoters of specific genes to be transcribed, bacteria produce a variety of proteins, known as sigma (.sigma.) factors, which interact with RNA polymerase to form an active holoenzyme. The resulting complexes are able to recognize and attach to selected nucleotide sequences in promoters.
Antisigma (Asi) proteins, i.e. proteins which inhibit the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase, are known in the art. A gene called asiA, coding for the 10 kDa anti-sigma.sup.70 factor of bacteriophage T4 (hereinafter referred to as AsiA), has been identified by Orsini et al. (1993) J. Bacteriol. 175, 85-93. The open reading frame encoded a 90 amino acid protein having the deduced sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 1.
The asiA-encoded protein was overproduced in a phage T7 expression system and partially purified. It showed a strong inhibitory activity towards sigma.sup.70 -directed transcription by RNA polymerase holoenzyme. The nucleotide sequence of gene asiA has been deposited in the GenBank data base under accession no. M99441.
Examples of proteins regulating the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase are known from other systems such as Salmonella typhimurium (Ohnishi et al. (1992) Mol. Microbiol. 6, 3149-3157) and Bacillus subtilis (Duncan & Losick (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sd. U.S.A. 90, 2325-2329; Benson & Haldenwang (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 2330-2334). The nucleotide sequences of these antisigma factors do not show any gross similarity with the asiA sequence disclosed by Orsini et al. Therefore, although the different antisigma factors are functionally similar, it is not possible to anticipate that an antisigma factor from E. coli will neutralize a RNA polymerase sigma subunit from another bacterial species.
Selection Vectors
Recombinant DNA technology has led to the development of a variety of vectors that enable cloning and expression of heterologous genes. Generally, the heterologous genes are engineered in such a way that a known marker gene is either interrupted or replaced by the gene. Correct recombinants are selected by screening transformants for the loss of the said marker. This requires screening several hundreds of colonies for the loss of the marker gene. In addition, several of the selected clones generally turn out to be false positives for a variety of reasons.
In order to overcome these disadvantages, researchers have developed vectors that enable a direct positive selection of correct recombinants. Generally, such vectors harbor a gene wherein the encoded product on expression is toxic to the host. This toxicity could be lethal to the host thereby killing the organism or render the host cells to be sick. When a heterologous gene interrupts or replaces the toxic gene, the resulting recombinant grows normally in solid media.
Positive selection vectors, useful for direct selection of colonies harboring recombinant plasmids, are thus known in the art, e.g. from:
U.S. Pat. No. 5,300,431; PA0 Burns and Beacham, Gene 27 (1984) 323-325; PA0 Kuhn et al., Gene 42 (1986) 253-263; PA0 Heinrich and Plapp, Gene 42 (1986) 345-349; PA0 Gay et al., J. Bacteriol. (1985) 918-921; PA0 Cheng and Modrich, J. Bacteriol. (1983) 1005-1008; PA0 Dean, Gene 15 (1981) 99-102; PA0 Hagan and Warren, Gene 19 (1982) 147-151; PA0 Hennecke et al., Gene 19 (1982) 231-234; PA0 Honigman & Oppenheim, Gene 13 (1981) 289-298; PA0 Ozaki et al., Gene 8 (1980) 801-314; PA0 Roberts et al., Gene 12 (1980) 123-127; PA0 Schumann, Molec. gen. Genet 174 (1979) 221-224
However, the use of an antisigma gene in a positive selection vector has not previously been described.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
NYPD spies on liberals
After revealing that NYPD has been spying on New York Muslims for years since 9/11, the Associated Press reports that the Big Apple Police force has also been doing the same with the city's liberals.
Undercover cops were sent to collect information at meetings of peaceful liberal activists and created a database on certain leaders who planned protests across America.
This is according to NYPD documents obtained by the AP that show how lawful activities were at the center of law enforcement's counter-terrorism efforts.
The NYPD is no stranger to using controversial tactics to start profiling individuals and the extensive history of penetrating political groups repeats the happenings of a case in 2004.
Eight years ago, law enforcement spied on religious groups, environmental activists and anti-war organizations across the country leading up to the Republican National Convention.
These procedures were kept secret until they were later revealed in a New York Times article three years later. The notorious practices sparked an ongoing federal civil rights lawsuit over how the police behaved toward convention activists.
According to the police, the spying was essential in preparing for the massive crowds that were expected in the Big Apple.
In a document recently obtained by the Associated Press, the spying continued way past the Republican Convention.
The report includes cities such as Los Angeles, San Francisco and New Orleans as some of the places members of the police squad visited to gather intelligence.
"There was no political surveillance," said David Cohen, the NYPD’s top intelligence officer to the AP.
Cohen’s testimony is part of the ongoing lawsuit over NYPD's handling of protesters at the Republican Convention.
"This was a program designed to determine in advance the likelihood of unlawful activity or acts of violence," Cohen added.
One such individual who was caught up in Cohen’s task force was Jordan Flaherty.
Flaherty’s name appeared in one of the police reports which were obtained by the AP.
Flaherty, a writer for The Huffington Post, attended the People’s Summit in New Orleans back in 2008. The summit is known as a convention for liberal groups who oppose America’s stance on economic policy and the effect trade agreements have on the US, Mexico and Canada to come together.
As Flaherty introduced a film, he was unaware that an undercover NYPD officer was in the crowd observing his every move and listening to every word.
"One workshop was led by Jordan Flaherty, former member of the International Solidarity Movement Chapter in New York City," officers wrote in April 25, 2008.
"Mr. Flaherty is an editor and journalist of the Left Turn Magazine and was one of the main organizers of the conference. Mr. Flaherty held a discussion calling for the increase of the divestment campaign of Israel and mentioned two events related to Palestine,” the report stated.
According to Flaherty, the event in the report was a film festival in New Orleans that same week, but the journalist said the film he presented wasn’t related to the summit and believes that law enforcement isn’t being straight forward about the reach of their spying task force.
"The only threat was the threat of ideas," Flaherty said.
NYPD has been under fire recently for spying on Muslims students. In 2009 three NYPD officers went to speak to local authorities to investigate the students who were attending the University at Buffalo.
According to the police, their mission was “to develop assets jointly in the Buffalo area, to act as listening posts within the ethnic Somali community.”
NYPD in the past has defended its work, claiming the threat of terrorism means police cannot wait for a crime to happen in order for officers to open an investigation. Under the department's policy officers are allowed to go anywhere the public goes and can prepare reports for "operational planning."
The NYPD’s tactics have been compared to the "pre-crime" unit in the film Minority Report, where people are arrested for crimes that they have not yet committed, but are expected to – which results in many people fearing their practices.
"I think this idea of secret police following you around is terrifying. It really has an effect of spreading fear and quashing dissent."
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
################################################################################
# Wrapper for 32 bit machines #
################################################################################
--source include/have_32bit.inc
--source suite/sys_vars/inc/binlog_stmt_cache_size_basic.inc
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Sex reversal in the mouse (Mus musculus) is caused by a recurrent nonreciprocal crossover involving the x and an aberrant y chromosome.
Satellite DNA (Bkm) from the W sex-determining chromosome of snakes, which is related to sequences on the mouse Y chromosome, has been used to analyze the DNA and chromosomes of sex-reversed (Sxr) XXSxr male mice. Such mice exhibit a male-specific Southern blot Bkm hybridization pattern, consistent with the presence of Y-chromosome DNA. In situ hybridization of Bkm to chromosomes of XXSxr mice shows an aberrant concentration of related sequences on the distal terminus of a large mouse chromosome. The XYSxr carrier male, however, shows a pair of small chromosomes, which are presumed to be aberrant Y derivatives. Meiosis in the XYSxr mouse involves transfer of chromatin rich in Bkm-related DNA from the Y-Y1 complex to the X distal terminus. We suggest that this event is responsible for the transmission of the Sxr trait.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
require('../../modules/es6.string.from-code-point');
require('../../modules/es6.string.raw');
require('../../modules/es6.string.trim');
require('../../modules/es6.string.iterator');
require('../../modules/es6.string.code-point-at');
require('../../modules/es6.string.ends-with');
require('../../modules/es6.string.includes');
require('../../modules/es6.string.repeat');
require('../../modules/es6.string.starts-with');
require('../../modules/es6.regexp.match');
require('../../modules/es6.regexp.replace');
require('../../modules/es6.regexp.search');
require('../../modules/es6.regexp.split');
require('../../modules/es6.string.anchor');
require('../../modules/es6.string.big');
require('../../modules/es6.string.blink');
require('../../modules/es6.string.bold');
require('../../modules/es6.string.fixed');
require('../../modules/es6.string.fontcolor');
require('../../modules/es6.string.fontsize');
require('../../modules/es6.string.italics');
require('../../modules/es6.string.link');
require('../../modules/es6.string.small');
require('../../modules/es6.string.strike');
require('../../modules/es6.string.sub');
require('../../modules/es6.string.sup');
require('../../modules/es7.string.at');
require('../../modules/es7.string.pad-start');
require('../../modules/es7.string.pad-end');
require('../../modules/es7.string.trim-left');
require('../../modules/es7.string.trim-right');
require('../../modules/es7.string.match-all');
require('../../modules/core.string.escape-html');
require('../../modules/core.string.unescape-html');
module.exports = require('../../modules/_core').String;
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
This application claims priority from Federal Republic of Germany application 200 20 655.9, and the entire contents of same are incorporated herein by reference.
The invention relates to a two-stroke motor with a fresh-gas supply, preferably with oil-in-gasoline lubrication. The invention relates to a two-stroke motor with a fresh-gas supply (preferably with oil-in-gasoline lubrication), with a motor housing in which a crank chamber with an inlet opening and a cylinder chamber with an outlet opening are formed, with a crank drive in the crank chamber and with a piston in the cylinder chamber that are connected to one another by a connecting rod, with at least one overflow conduit, with a carburetor comprising a carburetor chamber with a fresh-air entrance opening, a fuel entrance opening and a mixture exit opening as well as comprising a throttle flap that can move in a regulatable manner, with an inlet conduit in order to connect the mixed outlet opening of the carburetor chamber to the inlet opening of the crank chamber, and with a fresh-gas conduit that empties through an opening into the overflow conduit in order to supply fresh gas to the overflow conduit. The invention also entails a flange for a two-stroke motor with fresh-gas supply, especially for a two-stroke motor with oil-in-gasoline lubrication.
Two-stroke motors are known. The operating principle of a two-stroke motor with a fresh-air supply is described in the MTZ Motortechnischen Zeitschrift 74 (1972) 12, p. 475. The fresh-air supply causes the loss of the noxious air-fuel mixture through the outlet opening of the cylinder chamber, which in turn causes the hydrocarbon emissions of the two-stroke motor to be low. Since only a small part of the air-fuel mixture is expelled unburned out of the cylinder chamber, the two-stroke motor with the fresh-air supply is not only environmentally friendly but saves fuel at the same time. However, the realization of the fresh-air supply has the disadvantage that the design of the two-stroke motor with a fresh-air supply is expensive. Furthermore, the fresh air supplied adversely affects the synchronization property of the two-stroke motor, especially at low speeds.
EP 0 997 623 A1 discloses a two-stroke motor with mixed scavenging and with a suction device that comprises a carburetor and by means of which suction device cold fresh gas from the carburetor is placed at a slight interval from a mouth of an overflow conduit into a cylinder chamber. The fresh gas serves to cool the inner cylinder wall and the piston bottom. The disclosed two-stroke motor has the significant disadvantage that the placed fresh gas comprises an air-fuel mixture. The two-stroke motor therefore puts hydrocarbon compounds into the environment.
EP 0 997 621 A1 discloses a two-stroke motor with mixed scavenging in which a carburetor is arranged between an air filter and an inlet conduit to a crank chamber. A mixture conduit and a fresh-air conduit are formed in the carburetor that is connected to the inlet conduit and to an overflow conduit. A first throttle flap for controlling the mixture volume flowing through is fixed in the mixture conduit; a second throttle flap for controlling the volume of fresh air flowing through is fixed in the fresh-air conduit. The mixture volume flowing through and the fresh-air volume flowing through are controlled independently of one another in the disclosed two-stroke motor. However, the design of the carburetor of the two-stroke motor requires many components and is very expensive; furthermore, the control of the mixture volume flowing through and the control of the fresh-air volume flowing through must be coordinated with one another, which necessitates an additional operating expense.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,101,991 discloses a two-stroke motor with mixed scavenging and with a cylinder chamber and a crankcase. The two-stroke motor comprises an inlet conduit in order to supply an air-fuel mixture to the crankcase. A throttle flap is provided in order to throttle the air flow through the inlet conduit and a carburetor is provided for delivering fuel into the inlet conduit. The interior of the crankcase is subdivided into at least two crankcase volumes separate from one another: A rich volume and a lean volume. Each crankcase volume communicates with the cylinder chamber through an associated opening in the cylinder wall. Furthermore, a lateral opening between an outlet opening and a rear overflow opening is formed in the cylinder wall in such a manner that it is freed before the outlet opening is closed. This lateral opening communicates with the lean volume by means of a lateral overflow conduit. The rear opening communicates with the rich volume. A section of the inlet conduit is subdivided into two inlet lines: A rich line and a lean line that communicate with the rich volume and the lean volume. The carburetor and the throttle flap are designed and arranged in such a manner that upon a high load substantially the entire fuel delivered from the carburetor passes into the rich line. Upon a small load the fuel delivered by from the carburetor passes into both lines, into the rich line as well as into the lean line. This known two-stroke motor has the disadvantage that in the crankcase the separation of the rich volume from the lean volume can only be achieved in an expensive and incomplete manner if, e.g., only a disk-shaped flywheel functions as a separating wall. The flywheel increases the weight of the two-stroke motor and as a result of the device into which the two-stroke motor is installed. Furthermore, the flywheel causes an especially large angular momentum whose change of adjustment requires an especially large amount of force upon a corresponding movement of the two-stroke motor. If a hand-held device is involved, the operating of the hand-held device therefore becomes particularly difficult.
EP 1 006 267 A1 discloses a two-stroke motor with mixed scavenging that comprises overflow conduits, each of which communicates with a fresh-air conduit. The mouths of the overflow conduits into the cylinder chamber are arranged in such a manner that the reduction of pressure in the crank chamber after an upward movement of a piston makes it possible to draw air out of the lateral fresh-air conduits into the overflow conduit. If the piston is at top dead center the mouths are located below the piston in free communication with the crank chamber. This construction prevents mixture from being located in the mouth area of the overflow conduits at the start of a scavenging process which mixture is expelled through the outlet opening. However, this construction also has the disadvantage that the fresh air is not supplied in a manner independent of the speed.
The invention has the task of creating a two-stroke motor of the initially described type that avoids the cited disadvantages, in particular has the simplest possible design and emits as few pollutants as possible during operation.
The invention solves this problem with a two-stroke motor with a fresh-gas supply, especially with a two-stroke motor with oil-in-gasoline lubrication, with a motor housing in which a crank chamber with an inlet opening and a cylinder chamber with an outlet opening are formed, with a crank drive in the crank chamber and with a piston in the cylinder chamber that are connected to one another by a connecting rod, with at least one overflow conduit, with a carburetor comprising a carburetor chamber with a fresh-air entrance opening, a fuel entrance opening and a mixture exit opening as well as comprising a throttle flap that can move in a regulatable manner, with an inlet conduit in order to connect the mixed outlet opening of the carburetor chamber to the inlet opening of the crank chamber, and with a fresh-gas conduit that empties through an opening into the overflow conduit in order to supply fresh gas directly to the overflow conduit, characterized in that the fresh-gas conduit and the carburetor chamber communicate with one another in such a manner that the throttle flap acts in a regulatable manner on the direct supply of fresh gas to the overflow conduit.
The invention creates a two-stroke motor with a regulatable fresh-gas supply with an especially simple design. In particular, a fuel component of the fresh-gas supply can be regulated. In the two-stroke motor of the invention the regulating of the fresh-gas supply takes place in a speed-dependent manner. In this way the performance of the two-stroke motor can be optimized as a function of the speed. The fuel consumption and the emitting of pollutants of the two-stroke motor with optimized performance are particularly low. The two-stroke motor of the invention can be operated in an especially environmentally friendly manner.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
72
4577664 divided by -393
-11648
-13 divided by -3400
13/3400
Calculate 22050 divided by 175.
126
-38 divided by -1433
38/1433
What is 216000 divided by -540?
-400
Divide 19716 by 4.
4929
-2651230 divided by 530246
-5
What is 2494 divided by 2367?
2494/2367
Calculate 15872 divided by 3.
15872/3
-6 divided by -8935
6/8935
What is 5 divided by 81438?
5/81438
What is 23667 divided by -21?
-1127
Divide 1140 by 10.
114
Divide -993 by 53.
-993/53
Divide 2 by -104061.
-2/104061
What is -630 divided by -32?
315/16
What is 33172665 divided by 5?
6634533
-385236 divided by -3
128412
Divide 1417934 by 708967.
2
Calculate -37538 divided by -137.
274
Calculate 6095 divided by -5.
-1219
Divide 36 by 780.
3/65
Divide -56005 by -11201.
5
What is 2 divided by -1961?
-2/1961
What is -714 divided by 35?
-102/5
What is -1046 divided by 759?
-1046/759
Divide 13 by 70254.
13/70254
What is -179120 divided by -40?
4478
Calculate 272128 divided by 2.
136064
359268 divided by 28
12831
-426465 divided by -10935
39
Calculate 2575066 divided by -1.
-2575066
7014 divided by -6
-1169
What is 1264860 divided by 2?
632430
What is -64480 divided by 26?
-2480
Divide 65610 by -1458.
-45
Calculate -27300 divided by 273.
-100
Divide 14012 by 452.
31
Calculate 778408 divided by 2.
389204
Divide -486 by 9.
-54
What is -1 divided by 10706?
-1/10706
What is 832240 divided by -16?
-52015
Divide 2217 by 23.
2217/23
Calculate 67498 divided by -33749.
-2
Calculate 92615 divided by -92615.
-1
Calculate 19217 divided by 3.
19217/3
64 divided by 11835
64/11835
What is 40 divided by 51?
40/51
Divide -75826 by 1.
-75826
Calculate -5 divided by 11816.
-5/11816
-2691 divided by 5
-2691/5
-1 divided by 3406
-1/3406
Divide 1010862 by -5679.
-178
Divide 562 by 888.
281/444
What is 1833396 divided by 6?
305566
Calculate -24619 divided by -1.
24619
Divide -126196 by -7.
18028
57707 divided by 1
57707
What is 213 divided by -2?
-213/2
Divide 3 by -41345.
-3/41345
What is 3485 divided by -33?
-3485/33
-129234 divided by 3
-43078
Divide 140840 by -28.
-5030
Divide -2550 by -2.
1275
-593 divided by -436
593/436
What is 67032 divided by -56?
-1197
Calculate 64090 divided by 442.
145
260128 divided by 8
32516
Divide 96965 by -4.
-96965/4
134777 divided by 1
134777
What is 12 divided by -3390?
-2/565
Calculate -399156 divided by -2.
199578
Divide 2397 by 2020.
2397/2020
What is 120 divided by -5028?
-10/419
What is -68096 divided by -152?
448
Divide 20410 by -5.
-4082
Divide 38 by 1135.
38/1135
-58630 divided by -29315
2
Divide -1044 by 20.
-261/5
-2 divided by -1323
2/1323
Divide 25588 by 2.
12794
-98364 divided by -7026
14
Calculate -58 divided by 1298.
-29/649
What is -3144640 divided by 2536?
-1240
Divide -12 by -1282.
6/641
Calculate -10 divided by 12841.
-10/12841
Calculate -2329825 divided by 1025.
-2273
-239961 divided by 1
-239961
426660 divided by -10
-42666
Divide 155913 by 3.
51971
Calculate -1777 divided by 13.
-1777/13
Calculate -52 divided by -4868.
13/1217
What is -116436 divided by 6?
-19406
What is -3990780 divided by 22171?
-180
Divide 95278 by -4.
-47639/2
-45568 divided by -712
64
What is -4 divided by 11467?
-4/11467
Divide -628364 by -14281.
44
Calculate 60 divided by 11.
60/11
-1359522 divided by -2
679761
Calculate 3795 divided by 23.
165
What is 4 divided by -8380?
-1/2095
Divide 2839440 by 4.
709860
-13163 divided by -12
13163/12
9019 divided by -9019
-1
What is 17759 divided by -6?
-17759/6
111 divided by 5032
3/136
Calculate -673 divided by -4199.
673/4199
What is 461089 divided by -3?
-461089/3
What is -4 divided by -3018?
2/1509
176200 divided by -88100
-2
-4 divided by 860230
-2/430115
What is -778370 divided by 10?
-77837
2262204 divided by -126
-17954
21909 divided by -7303
-3
-2163 divided by 3
-721
Divide 122287 by -1.
-122287
Calculate -261995 divided by 52399.
-5
Divide 46056 by -23028.
-2
-516258 divided by 129
-4002
Divide -21294 by -10647.
2
Calculate 69173 divided by 26.
5321/2
69209 divided by 9887
7
Divide -11068734 by 6.
-1844789
Calculate -67575 divided by 5.
-13515
Divide 1412 by -86.
-706/43
Divide -5 by -27140.
1/5428
What is 8 divided by 82474?
4/41237
Divide 117893 by 6.
117893/6
-74172 divided by 2
-37086
What is 690048 divided by -57504?
-12
What is -547956 divided by 1?
-547956
Divide 492360 by -98472.
-5
Calculate 970 divided by 51.
970/51
Divide 40896 by 13632.
3
Divide 29212 by -4.
-7303
Divide -562 by 1370.
-281/685
Divide 88752 by -172.
-516
Calculate 26687 divided by -10.
-26687/10
Divide 3 by 892813.
3/892813
Divide 8 by -3611.
-8/3611
-6046 divided by -18
3023/9
192775 divided by 5
38555
Calculate -226120 divided by 10.
-22612
Divide 31 by 342.
31/342
-76393 divided by 79
-967
Calculate 7 divided by -9461.
-7/9461
What is 572460 divided by -329?
-1740
-569184 divided by 142296
-4
Divide -8 by -1243.
8/1243
What is -54048 divided by -6?
9008
38617 divided by 3
38617/3
513012 divided by -6
-85502
Divide 1 by -52983.
-1/52983
What is 1 divided by 1745?
1/1745
What is 311400 divided by -150?
-2076
What is -183657 divided by 87?
-2111
Calculate -607235 divided by -121447.
5
Calculate -316415 divided by -11.
28765
Calculate 2190 divided by -14.
-1095/7
Divide -147760 by -2.
73880
Calculate -223746 divided by 15.
-74582/5
Divide -942795 by 2583.
-365
292 divided by 36
73/9
Divide -3 by 313520.
-3/313520
-14 divided by 2211
-14/2211
Calculate -90 divided by -2554.
45/1277
What is 1313010 divided by -9?
-145890
What is 315216 divided by 6?
52536
Divide -2 by 304.
-1/152
Divide 0 by 165457.
0
Divide 33720 by 9.
11240/3
Calculate 597268 divided by 83.
7196
-5441 divided by 838
-5441/838
Calculate -3 divided by -2875.
3/2875
What is -76335 divided by -15267?
5
Divide 280904 by 140452.
2
What is 179276 divided by 4?
44819
-22 divided by 2279
-22/2279
What is 5 divided by 10576?
5/10576
Calculate 4112 divided by 759.
4112/759
Divide 93016 by -8456.
-11
Divide 12390 by 5.
2478
8330 divided by -85
-98
Divide -5 by -417.
5/417
What is -41 divided by 8477?
-41/8477
-4719077 divided by 1
-4719077
What is 9 divided by 43595?
9/43595
Divide -574854 by -2.
287427
Divide -7035 by -335.
21
Calculate -1521232 divided by -4.
380308
What is -257 divided by -2201?
257/2201
-5 divided by 5288
-5/5288
-3440773 divided by 7
-491539
What is 195 divided by -38?
-195/38
Calculate 18869 divided by -2.
-18869/2
304505 divided by 5
60901
Calculate 36 divided by 11931.
12/3977
860841 divided by 1
860841
Calculate 11 divided by -3891.
-11/3891
-31 divided by 2075
-31/2075
-929401 divided by 4
-929401/4
Divide -177 by -1276.
177/1276
-5 divided by 240676
-5/240676
Divide -35712 by 17856.
-2
Divide -974354 by 5.
-974354/5
What is 621 divided by -455?
-621/455
-2 divided by -97086
1/48543
Divide 529792 by -4.
-132448
Calculate 590337 divided by 979.
603
What is 27 divided by -108123?
-9/36041
Divide -5993 by -8.
5993/8
What is -587 divided by -61?
587/61
Divide -26036 by -6509.
4
168720 divided by 95
1776
Divide 10 by -5439.
-10/5439
-588012 divided by 196004
-3
Divide 675270 by 45.
15006
What is 22 divided by 7055?
22/7055
Divide -407926 by 1.
-407926
What is -61 divided by 49707?
-61/49707
Calculate -4427 divided by 12.
-4427/12
Divide 13 by -3545.
-13/3545
Divide 1152785 by -4.
-1152785/4
Divide 0 by 6823.
0
Calculate 4 divided by 87836.
1/21959
33321 divided by 3
11107
Calculate -193 divided by -2097.
193/2097
Calculate 18339 divided by -6113.
-3
Divide 2297 by -5.
-2297/5
Divide -69 by -69.
1
-545857 divided by 41989
-13
Divide 13095 by 291.
45
Divide -175570 by -10.
17557
What is 284380 divided by 71095?
4
78120 divided by -210
-372
Divide 2 by 57609.
2/57609
Calculate -4 divided by 4153.
-4/4153
Divide -65185 by 6.
-65185/6
1798560 divided by 4
449640
Calculate -451872 divided by -4707.
96
Divide 1013610 by 14690.
69
What is 81871 divided by -19?
-4309
-220780 divided by -11039
20
Divide 0 by 125933.
0
Divide 272928 by -3.
-90976
25186 divided by 3598
7
34155 divided by 23
1485
Divide 173 by -320.
-173/320
Divide 2345 by -335.
-7
Divide -121968 by -168.
726
-15628 divided by -30
7814/15
What is -5 divided by -23770?
1/4754
Calculate 19454 divided by -9727.
-2
-6735 divided by -1
6735
Calculate 143436 divided by -143436.
-1
Calculate 16012 divided by -8006.
-2
Divide 19 by 15
|
{
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
}
|
White House rejects Boehner's claim Obama wants to control the Internet
An administration official slammed House Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio) on Thursday after he claimed President Obama wants to "control the Internet."
"The administration wants the U.S. government to have less access to information not an unlimited amount as the House Republican leadership and backers of [the Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act] propose," the official said in an emailed statement.
CISPA, which passed the House on Thursday evening, would remove legal barriers that prevent companies from sharing information about cyber threats, but the White House has threatened to veto the bill.
ADVERTISEMENT
The administration said CISPA lacks adequate privacy protections and would encourage companies to hand over people's personal information to military spy agencies. They also criticized the measure for not including mandatory security standards for critical infrastructure systems, such as electrical grids, banks or chemical plants.
But House Republicans argue that mandatory standards would impose unnecessary and burdensome regulations on businesses.
“The White House believes the government ought to control the Internet, government ought to set standards and government ought to take care of everything that’s needed for cybersecurity," Boehner said during his weekly press conference Thursday.
He said CISPA and other cybersecurity bills the House will vote on this week are "commonsense steps that will allow people to communicate with each other, to work together, to build the walls that are necessary in order to prevent cyber terrorism from occurring."
But the administration official said, "CISPA would trample the privacy and consumer rights of our citizens while leaving our critical infrastructure vulnerable."
"We need Congress to address this critical national and economic security challenge while respecting the values of freedom, privacy, openness, and innovation so fundamental to our nation," the official said.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
package com.liato.bankdroid.banking.banks;
import com.liato.bankdroid.Helpers;
import com.liato.bankdroid.banking.Account;
import com.liato.bankdroid.banking.Bank;
import com.liato.bankdroid.banking.exceptions.BankChoiceException;
import com.liato.bankdroid.banking.exceptions.BankException;
import com.liato.bankdroid.banking.exceptions.LoginException;
import com.liato.bankdroid.legacy.R;
import com.liato.bankdroid.provider.IBankTypes;
import org.apache.http.NameValuePair;
import org.apache.http.message.BasicNameValuePair;
import android.content.Context;
import android.text.Html;
import android.text.InputType;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
import eu.nullbyte.android.urllib.Urllib;
public class Chalmrest extends Bank {
private static final String NAME = "Chalmrest";
private static final int BANKTYPE_ID = IBankTypes.CHALMREST;
private Pattern reViewState = Pattern.compile("__VIEWSTATE\"\\s+value=\"([^\"]+)\"");
private Pattern reEventValidation = Pattern.compile("__EVENTVALIDATION\"\\s+value=\"([^\"]+)\"");
private Pattern reAccount = Pattern
.compile("<span id=\"txtPTMCardName\">(.*?)</span>",
Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE | Pattern.MULTILINE | Pattern.DOTALL);
private Pattern reBalance = Pattern.compile(
"<span id=\"txtPTMCardValue\">(.*?)</span>",
Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE | Pattern.MULTILINE | Pattern.DOTALL);
private String response = null;
public Chalmrest(Context context) {
super(context, R.drawable.logo_chalmrest);
super.inputTitletextUsername = R.string.card_number;
super.inputHintUsername = "XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX";
super.inputTypeUsername = InputType.TYPE_CLASS_NUMBER;
super.inputHiddenPassword = true;
}
@Override
public int getBanktypeId() {
return BANKTYPE_ID;
}
@Override
public String getName() {
return NAME;
}
public Chalmrest(String username, String password, Context context) throws BankException,
LoginException, BankChoiceException, IOException {
this(context);
this.update(username, password);
}
@Override
protected LoginPackage preLogin() throws BankException, IOException {
urlopen = new Urllib(context);
response = urlopen.open("http://kortladdning3.chalmerskonferens.se/Default.aspx");
Matcher matcherView = reViewState.matcher(response);
if (!matcherView.find()) {
throw new BankException(
res.getText(R.string.unable_to_find).toString() + " ViewState.");
}
String strViewState = matcherView.group(1);
Matcher matcherEvent = reEventValidation.matcher(response);
if (!matcherEvent.find()) {
throw new BankException(
res.getText(R.string.unable_to_find).toString() + " EventValidation.");
}
String strEvent = matcherEvent.group(1);
List<NameValuePair> postData = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
postData.add(new BasicNameValuePair("__VIEWSTATE", strViewState));
postData.add(new BasicNameValuePair("__EVENTVALIDATION", strEvent));
postData.add(new BasicNameValuePair("txtCardNumber", getUsername()));
postData.add(new BasicNameValuePair("btnNext", "Nästa"));
postData.add(new BasicNameValuePair("hiddenIsMobile", "desktop"));
return new LoginPackage(urlopen, postData, response,
"http://kortladdning3.chalmerskonferens.se/Default.aspx");
}
@Override
public Urllib login() throws LoginException, BankException, IOException {
LoginPackage lp = preLogin();
response = urlopen.open(lp.getLoginTarget(), lp.getPostData());
if (!response.contains("Logga ut")) {
throw new LoginException(res.getText(R.string.invalid_username_password).toString());
}
return urlopen;
}
@Override
public void update() throws BankException, LoginException, BankChoiceException, IOException {
super.update();
if (getUsername().isEmpty()) {
throw new LoginException(res.getText(R.string.invalid_username_password).toString());
}
urlopen = login();
response = urlopen.open("http://kortladdning3.chalmerskonferens.se/CardLoad_Order.aspx");
Matcher accountMatcher;
Matcher balanceMatcher;
accountMatcher = reAccount.matcher(response);
if (accountMatcher.find()) {
/*
* Capture groups:
* GROUP EXAMPLE DATA
* 1: Name Kalle Karlsson
*/
balanceMatcher = reBalance.matcher(response);
if (balanceMatcher.find()) {
/*
* Capture groups:
* GROUP EXAMPLE DATA
* 1: Balance 118 kr
*/
String balanceString = balanceMatcher.group(1).replaceAll("\\<a[^>]*>", "")
.replaceAll("\\<[^>]*>", "").trim();
accounts.add(new Account(Html.fromHtml(accountMatcher.group(1)).toString().trim(),
Helpers.parseBalance(balanceString), accountMatcher.group(1)));
balance = balance.add(Helpers.parseBalance(balanceString));
}
}
if (accounts.isEmpty()) {
throw new BankException(res.getText(R.string.no_accounts_found).toString());
}
super.updateComplete();
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Introduction
============
Caustic soda is an alkaline-based substance. Tissue contact with alkaline pH leads to liquefactive necrosis. Distal esophageal injury is more likely after ingestion of liquids, rather than solids, as they travel further.[@b1-tcrm-12-129] The immediate injury consists of acute necrosis, hyperemia, and edema of the aerodigestive tract, leading to vascular thrombosis. In all, 2--4 days post injury, the superficial layer of necrotic mucosa will be sloughed. First, this may lead to either perforations or scarring and, second, contractures due to fibroblast regeneration and production of collagen. Some patients develop long-term problems, principally oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal strictures. Treatment schemes for caustic injuries vary, and no consensus exists. Multiple protocols were formulated based on documented success in preventing impending complications, although a paucity of randomized trials have assessed any of these interventions.[@b2-tcrm-12-129] These patients develop malnutrition if they do not follow a personalized nutritional support, but no guidelines are available. A key point is the fitting choice of a main nutritional support via percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy/percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy (PEJ) or nasogastric tube. Another aspect to consider is the use of specific formulas to integrate the fitting nutritional needs for each patient. Hence, the monitoring must be considered to determine the transition from enteral to oral nutrition and the route of administration of the food more adequately.
Given this background, this paper reports the nutritional management of an elderly man who swallowed caustic soda in a suicidal attempt, causing the development of strong esophageal and gastric necrosis with subsequent gastrectomy and digiunostomy.
Case report
===========
A 70-year-old man was hospitalized in the Institute of Geriatric Rehabilitation Santa Margherita, Pavia, on August 1, 2013, with this admission diagnosis: patient with PEJ from April 2013, esophageal and gastric necrosis from caustic soda ingestion with results of gastrectomy and jejunostomy. In conjunction with a clinical evaluation based on patient history, it was take into account a depressive syndrome, total esophagectomy, pharyngolaryngectomy, pharyngeal-colon-ileal anastomosis, bearer of tracheostomy, and with an history of previous cholecystectomy and appendectomy. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient as well as this case report was performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by Institute of Geriatric Rehabilitation Santa Margherita institutional review board.
First stage of nutritional intervention
---------------------------------------
At the initial nutritional assessment on admission, the patient was categorized as "patient with a severe malnutrition", with serum albumin of 3.15 mg/dL, body mass index (BMI) of 17.3 kg/m^2^ (50 kg for 1.70 m), Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) equal to 10 points, and weight loss of \~5.2% in the previous 6 months. The score of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) was 2 points, which showed that nutritional difficulties restricted the ability to perform self-care activities. In particular, the patient was not able to maintain an independent life, such as needs help in bathing and in moving from bed to chair. Other parameters, at baseline and in the time progression, are shown in [Table 1](#t1-tcrm-12-129){ref-type="table"}.
The nutrition support team recommended to continue the use of the PEJ; therefore, the patient received a polymer and high-caloric formula, with an elevated content of soluble fibers from partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) (500 mL ×2, 1.5 kcal/mL, 6.0 g proteins/100 mL, 18.3 g carbohydrates/100 mL, 5.9 g lipids/100 mL, and 2.2 g PHGG/100 mL), indicated for patients with a sole source of nutrition on medical grounds (eg, short bowel syndrome), following total gastrectomy and disease-related malnutrition. Other nutritional characteristics of this formula are listed in [Table 2](#t2-tcrm-12-129){ref-type="table"}. The elected speed of the enteral nutrition (EN) was 80 mL/h, because the patient was already under artificial nutrition from April 2013. The formula was well tolerated during hospitalization (2 months), there were no episodes of diarrhea or vomiting, and the weight remained stable.
Second stage of nutritional intervention
----------------------------------------
The patient was again hospitalized on November 5, 2013, for a medium-/long-term complication, which was local infection, pain, diarrhea, and malnutrition. At the nutritional assessment, the following parameters were detected: serum albumin of 3.76 mg/dL, BMI of 17.3 kg/m^2^ (50 kg for 1.70 m, weight stable), and MNA equal to 13 points. There was no weight loss between the two admissions; then the nutrition support team recommended to continue the use of the polymer and high-caloric formula, with an elevated content of soluble fiber, PHGG (500 mL ×2). The elected speed of the EN was 60 mL/h (initially decreased due to diarrhea) and was recommended to increase the speed of 20 mL/h up to 120 mL/h, given the good tolerance of the patient to the formula in the previous admission. The patient responded well and continued this formula, by increasing the speed for 1 month.
Third stage of nutritional intervention
---------------------------------------
On December 10, 2013, a computed tomography was performed to exclude the presence of adhesions and the regular passage of the bolus.
Hence, the medical team removed the PEJ, and the patient switched from EN to oral nutrition. At the nutritional assessment, the serum albumin was 3.34 g/dL, the BMI was 17.3 kg/m^2^ (50 kg for 1.70 m, weight stable), and the MNA was equal to 16 points. Other parameters are shown in [Table 1](#t1-tcrm-12-129){ref-type="table"}. The patient reported that he began to do breakfast with a cup of milk and rusks, eating fruits and vegetables two times a day, and meat and fish every day.
Generally, the risk of decline in ADL increases markedly in this stage, then, the nutrition support team decided to introduce two oral high-caloric supplements: an energy supplement in powder, based on maltodextrin, immediately soluble in foods, hot/cold drinks, and sweet/savory drinks (six servings a day with the measuring cup; 5 g for three measuring cups in the first course at lunch and three measuring cups in the first course at dinner, 120 kcal) and a liquid energy--protein supplement (a formula with high energy, protein, and enriched with arginine, vitamin C, zinc, and antioxidants).
After 1 month, on January 15, 2014, the patient was discharged from the institute and was able to eat a regular meal instead of artificial nutrition. The ADL score of 5 points showed that the patient was able to undertake self-care.
In summary, the progression in time of the nutritional intervention from artificial to oral nutrition is shown in [Table 3](#t3-tcrm-12-129){ref-type="table"}.
Discussion
==========
The ingestion of corrosive industrial chemical agents, such as caustic soda, that are mostly used for household cleaning, usually occurs accidentally or sometimes for suicidal purposes. Nutritional interventions in these situations may be important for life expectancy. At the first stage, nutritional management must be set up on EN. In a patient with esophageal and gastric necrosis, the use of a high-protein-specific formula with a similar caloric percentage of fat and carbohydrates brings about an improvement in both nutritional status and biochemical parameters.
This formula should bring about at least 150% of recommended daily amount (RDA) intake in vitamin C (systemic inflammation and damage attenuations both in vivo and in vitro);[@b3-tcrm-12-129] 100% of RDA intake in vitamin D (effects on the biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial activation \[high sensitivity C-reactive protein and endothelin-1\] and flow-mediated dilation);[@b4-tcrm-12-129] and 150% of RDA of folate, vitamins B1, B2, and B12. As shown in a recent study, these vitamins decrease the marked inflammation and apoptosis, despite activation of repair machinery.[@b5-tcrm-12-129] In addition, the intake of minerals, zinc in particular, might suppress the generation of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species damage.[@b6-tcrm-12-129] The advantage of this approach is its safety in terms of infection. For the first 3 months, the EN infusion speed should be stable at \~80 mL/h. In this case report, the best improvements are highlighted 3 months later, when the infusion speed was set up to 120 mL/h, in the absence of diarrhea. Most previous works concerning the characteristics and the EN infusion speed have concentrated on the risk of infectious of diarrhea, due to either the enteral feeding equipment or the sterility of the formula.[@b7-tcrm-12-129]
In our study, after 4 months, we removed the PEJ and we decided to introduce two oral, high-caloric daily supplements: an energy supplement in powder, based on maltodextrin, immediately soluble in foods (or in hot/cold drinks) and a high-energy and protein drink, enriched with arginine, vitamin C, zinc, and antioxidant. Previous to our experience and considering the literature, absorption of glucose and fat from the maltodextrin diet was significantly greater than that from the glucose diet, whereas absorption of protein was only slightly enhanced.[@b8-tcrm-12-129] In addition, introducing different antioxidants such as α-, β-, γ-carotene, lycopene, luteina, and zeaxantina may improve tissue repairing process.[@b9-tcrm-12-129]
Initially, we considered a supplementation of omega 3, following The American Dietetic Association Guidelines that recommend consuming 500 mg/d of a combination of EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid).[@b10-tcrm-12-129] However, this procedure caused side effects, including upset stomach, loose stools, and belching. In addition to this, oral administration was well tolerated, thanks to consuming of homogenized fish (four times per week), poultry meal (three times per week), and fruits and vegetables every day, all diluted in water. In scientific literature, there are no guidelines for the nutritional support of patients with gastric and esophageal necrosis due to ingestion of corrosive industrial chemical agents for suicidal purpose. The correct choice of the most appropriate nutritional support varies from patient to patient, and many factors are determined. By using a personalized formula, through PEJ, the weight loss could reduce for some patients, preventing the transition to cachexia. Moreover, the choice of specific nutrients allows to repair tissues with necrosis and to decrease the inflammatory state. In all patients with no adhesions and the regular passage of the bolus, the removal of the PEJ is indicated, with the combination of homogenized meal and dietary supplements.
Conclusion
==========
In conclusion, this is the first case of a nutritional approach to follow patients with esophageal and gastric necrosis; it allows reducing the risks of malnutrition or infection, which can lead to negative outcome of the patient.
**Disclosure**
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
######
Progression of clinical and laboratory parameters of the patient
Parameters First stage -- August 2013 Second stage -- November 2013 Third stage -- December 2013 Reference standard values
---------------------- ---------------------------- ------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------
Body weight, kg 50 50 50 53.5--72
BMI, kg/m^2^ 17.3 17.3 17.3 18.5--24.9
Total protein, g 6.1 6.9 6.1 6.0--8.2
Serum albumin, g/dL 3.15 3.76 3.34 3.5--4.8
Cholesterol, mg/dL 136 156 144 \<200
Lymphocyte, 10^3^/μL 1.95 1.72 1.93 0.8--3.6
Glycemia, mg/dL 111 93 78 70--110
MNA score 10 13 16 \>23.5
ADL score 2 -- 5 0--6
**Abbreviations:** BMI, body mass index; MNA, Mini Nutritional Assessment; ADL, activities of daily living.
######
Nutritional info concerning enteral nutrition formula
Typical values Per 100 mL Per 500 mL
------------------------------ ------------ ------------
General
Energy, kJ/kcal 649/155 3,245/775
Protein (16% kcal), g 6 30
Carbohydrates (47% kcal), g 18.3 91.5
Sugars, g 1.6 8.0
Lactose, g \<0.05 \<0.25
Fat (34% kcal), g 5.9 29.5
Saturates, g 1.9 9.5
MCT, g 1.4 7
Monounsaturates, g 2.5 12.5
Polyunsaturates, g 1.1 5.5
Fiber (3% kcal), g 2.2 11
Soluble, g 2.2 11
Vitamins
A, μg 160 800
β-carotene, μg 38 190
D, μg 2.2 11
K, μg 11 55
C, mg 16 80
B1 (thiamin), mg 0.22 1.1
B2 (riboflavin), mg 0.26 1.3
B6, mg 0.27 1.35
Niacin, mg 3 15
Folic acid, μg 45 225
B12, mg 0.58 2.9
Pantothenic acid, mg 0.92 4.6
Biotin, μg 7 35
E, mg 2.9 14.5
Minerals
Sodium, mg/mmol 120/5.22 600/26.1
Chloride, mg/mmol 150/4.23 750/21.15
Potassium, mg/mmol 135/3.46 675/17.3
Calcium, mg/mmol 80/2 400/10
Phosphorus, mg/mmol 75/2.42 375/12.10
Magnesium, mg/mmol 30/1.25 150/6.25
Iron, mg 1.6 8
Zinc, mg 1.8 9
Copper, μg 240 1,200
Iodine, μg 22 110
Selenium, μg 10 50
Manganese, mg 0.36 1.8
Chromium, μg 15 75
Molybdenum, μg 20 100
Fluoride, mg 0.16 0.8
Other nutrients
Choline, mg 57 285
Water, g 76 --
Osmolarity, mOsm/L 389 --
Osmolarity, mOsm/kg 440 --
**Abbreviation:** MCT, medium chain triglyceride.
######
Progression of nutritional support of the patient
Hospital stay Clinical aspects Oral diet Enteral feeding/ONS
--------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
August 2013 No episodes of diarrhea or vomiting; weight remained stable -- Jejunal feeding: polymeric, high-caloric formula with an elevated content of soluble fiber partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) with a speed of 80 mL/h
November 2013 No episodes of diarrhea or vomiting; weight remained stable -- Jejunal feeding: polymeric, high-caloric formula with an elevated content of soluble fiber PHGG with an initial speed of 60 mL/h and up to 120 mL/h
December 2013 Subjective well-being Regular meal: through the consume of homogenized fish (four times per week), poultry meal (three times per week), and fruits and vegetables Two high-caloric supplements: an energy supplement in powder based on maltodextrin and a high-energy and protein drink, enriched with arginine, vitamin C, zinc, and antioxidants
**Abbreviation:** ONS, oral nutritional supplements.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
103 Ga. App. 739 (1961)
120 S.E.2d 673
CLARKE
v.
THE STATE.
38791.
Court of Appeals of Georgia.
Decided May 24, 1961.
Frank A. Bowers, for plaintiff in error.
Paul Webb, Solicitor-General, Thomas R. Luck, Jr., Eugene L. Tiller, Assistant Solicitors-General, contra.
JORDAN, Judge.
The defendant was tried and convicted in the Superior Court of Fulton County for the offense of receiving stolen goods under Code §§ 26-2621. His motion for new trial on the general and special grounds was denied and he excepts to that judgment. Held:
1. Before a conviction can be had for the offense of receiving stolen goods under Code §§ 26-2620 and 26-2621, every fact essential to the conviction of the principal thief, whether he be known or unknown, must be proved, as well as that the party on trial received the stolen goods with knowledge that they were stolen. Ford v. State, 162 Ga. 422 (3) (134 S. E. 95); Stripland v. State, 114 Ga. 843 (2) (40 S. E. 993); Ford v. State, 35 Ga. App. 655 (134 S. E. 353); Belton v. State, 21 Ga. App. 792 (95 S. E. 299); Wright v. State, 1 Ga. App. 158 (2) (57 S. E. 1050).
2. Before one can be convicted of receiving stolen goods it must appear from the evidence that he knew the property was stolen at the time he received it. This knowledge may generally be inferred from circumstances which would excite the suspicions of an ordinarily prudent man. Licette v. *740 State, 75 Ga. 253; Cobb v. State, 76 Ga. 664; Von Sprecken v. State, 70 Ga. App. 222 (28 S. E. 2d 341).
3. However, the mere fact that, recently after the commission of the offense, the stolen goods are found in the possession of the defendant does not authorize the jury to infer that the accused was guilty of receiving said stolen goods knowingly. "Upon proof alone of recent possession of stolen goods, the law does not put the burden upon the possessor of stolen goods of proving that he was not guilty of receiving the goods knowingly . . . . This rule . . . would only apply to the sufficiency of the evidence which would authorize the jury to infer the guilt of the principal thief . . . but would not apply to the sufficiency of the proof which would authorize an inference of the guilt of . . . the person alleged to have knowingly received the stolen goods." Bird v. State, 72 Ga. App. 843, 844 (4) (35 S. E. 2d 483). See also Suggs v. State, 59 Ga. App. 394 (1 S. E. 2d 39); Chambers v. State, 94 Ga. App. 531 (95 S. E. 2d 326).
4. Assuming but not deciding that the evidence was sufficient to show that the goods in the instant case were stolen as alleged in the indictment, the evidence as to the guilt of the defendant for the offense of receiving said stolen goods authorized a finding of nothing more than the fact that the defendant had possession of part of the goods shortly after the commission of the alleged offense. While this may be sufficient to raise an inference that the defendant did receive the goods, it is not sufficient under the authorities cited in division 3 of this opinion to authorize the finding that the defendant was guilty of receiving stolen goods knowingly. Accordingly, the evidence neither showing guilty knowledge on the part of the defendant nor any circumstances from which the jury could do more than surmise the existence of such guilty knowledge on his part, the verdict was without evidence to support it and contrary to law; and the trial court erred in denying the motion for new trial on the general grounds.
5. Since the error complained of in special ground 4 (failure to prove venue) is not likely to recur on the subsequent trial of this case, that ground will not be passed upon. The remaining special grounds were not argued and are therefore considered abandoned.
*741 Judgment reversed. Townsend, P. J., and Frankum, J., concur.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
Q:
Solving Log equation using master theorem
I`m studying Master Theorem, and I got stuck in the case 3. The example is :
T(n) = 3T(n/4) + nlogn.
I have no idea how my teacher got the final value, c = 3/4, based on the equation below :
3*[n/4 * log(n/4)] <= c * nlogn.
On the internet, I found the same example but with no real explanation on the resolution : (slide 26)
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~ds142/wiki.files/Presentation02[2].pdf
Can someone explain me step by step ?
Thanks
A:
There is another closely related recurrence that admits an exact
solution. Suppose we have $T(0)=0$ and $T(1)=T(2)=T(3)=1$ and for
$n\ge 4$
$$T(n) = 3 T(\lfloor n/4 \rfloor) + n \lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor.$$
It seems reasonable to use integer values here as the running time of
an algorithm is a function of discrete quantities.
Furthermore let the base four representation of $n$ be
$$n = \sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor} d_k 4^k.$$
Then we can unroll the recurrence to obtain the following exact
formula for $n\ge 4$
$$T(n) = 3^{\lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor}
+ \sum_{j=0}^{\lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor -1}
3^j \times (\lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor - j) \times
\sum_{k=j}^{\lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor} d_k 4^{k-j}.$$
Now to get an upper bound consider a string of value three digits to
obtain
$$T(n) \le 3^{\lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor}
+ \sum_{j=0}^{\lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor -1}
3^j \times (\lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor - j) \times
\sum_{k=j}^{\lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor} 3 \times 4^{k-j}.$$
This simplifies to
$$(16 \lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor - 48) \times
4^{\lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor}
+ \frac{193}{4} \times 3^{\lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor}
+ \frac{1}{2} \lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor + \frac{3}{4}.$$
This bound is actually attained and cannot be improved upon, just like
the lower bound, which occurs with a one digit followed by zeroes to
give
$$T(n) \ge 3^{\lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor}
+ \sum_{j=0}^{\lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor -1}
3^j \times (\lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor - j) \times
4^{\lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor-j}.$$
This simplifies to
$$ (4 \lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor - 12) \times 4^{\lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor}
+ 13 \times 3^{\lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor}.$$
Joining the dominant terms of the upper and the lower bound we obtain
the asymptotics
$$\lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor \times
4^{\lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor}
\in \Theta\left(\log_4 n \times 4^{\log_4 n}\right)
= \Theta\left(\log n \times n\right).$$
Observe that there is a lower order term
$$3^{\lfloor \log_4 n \rfloor}
\in \Theta\left(4^{\log_4 3 \times \log_4 n}\right)
= \Theta\left(n^{\log_4 3}\right).$$
This term represents the asymptotics being generated by the recursive
term in the recurrence.
These are both in agreement with what the Master theorem would produce.
This MSE link I may be relevant as may be this MSE link II.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Related Stories
Topics:
Israeli and Palestinian officials over the weekend again signaled how very far they are from reaching a compromise peace agreement, just days after Western leaders who apparently have their eyes tightly shut and their fingers firmly planted in their ears declared that the peace process was picking up pace.
Israel and the Palestinian Authority "have been engaged now in 13 meetings - serious meetings," US Secretary of State John Kerry stated last week. "All the core issues are on the table. And they have been meeting with increased intensity."
That assessment was echoed just days later by UN Under Secretary-General Jeffrey Feltman, who optimistically announced that the Israeli-Palestinian peace process was "picking up pace."
But a Palestinian official who spoke to Israel's Channel 2 News over the weekend revealed that the two sides remain as far apart as ever in their respective positions.
The Palestinians are now insisting that any land swaps with Israel amount to a maximum of 1.9 percent of the so-called "West Bank," less than half the amount of land needed to incorporate all of the major Jewish settlement blocs inside Israel's recognized borders.
The Palestinians also continue to demand control over half of Jerusalem, freedom for all jailed Palestinian terrorists, and the right for millions of "Palestinian refugees" to take up residence inside the Jewish state.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu responded to the leaked demands at Sunday's cabinet meeting, explaining that Israel places great importance on the unity of Jerusalem under Israeli sovereignty, and will never allow its own demographic destruction by opening its gates to the bulk of Palestinian refugees.
Want more news from Israel?Click Here to sign up for our FREE daily email updates
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
La partición del ministerio de Economía y los cambios ocurridos a principios de enero tras la salida de Alfonso Prat Gay derivaron en la conversión del exsecretario Luis Caputo en ministro de Finanzas. Apenas 28 días después de su nombramiento, Nación, provincias y privados habían anunciado nueva deuda por u$s 11.142 millones, la cual a fines de febrero ascendía a u$s 24.141 millones. El monto es superior si se toma en cuenta las últimas colocaciones en marzo y abril, donde se encuentran u$s 4.260 millones en Letras y Bonos.
Los números se desprenden de un preliminar del informe que esta semana publicará el Observatorio de la Deuda Externa. Arnaldo Bocco, director del organismo dependiente de la Universidad Metropolitana para la Educación y el Trabajo, en diálogo con ámbito.com sostuvo que "el total de deuda en 14 meses asciende a u$s 80 mil millones y actualmente está superando los u$s 260 mil millones en total, por lo que representa más de la mitad del PBI", incluyendo lo emitido para el pago a los "fondos buitres".
"Es una cifra más que apreciable", aclaró Bocco, "pero a corto plazo es administrable y así lo ven los acreedores externos". El problema es la evolución analizada en el corto plazo ya que "hubo un crecimiento muy acelerado en muy poco tiempo y en apenas 14 meses el país se endeudó lo mismo que la dictadura entre el ´76 y el ´83", agregó.
Para Andrés Asiain, economista y director del Centro de Estudios Económicos y Sociales Scalabrini Ortiz (CESO), se trata de una "política deliberada cuyo objetivo a corto plazo, coyuntural, económico y electoral, es sostener el valor del dólar y generar un descenso relativo de la inflación".
Sin embargo, remarcó que "a mediano plazo apunta a facilitar la apertura importadora para presionar a los sectores productivos, sindicales y políticos hacia una agenda de reducción estructural de los costos internos, laborales, impositivos, de seguridad social y empresariales".
Además, el analista evaluó a la política económica de Cambiemos como "insustentable" ya que no genera capacidad de repago al relegar la importancia de la producción: "A muy largo plazo condicionará la agenda económica de cualquier futuro gobierno y lo dejará a merced de las imposiciones de los acreedores externos para obtener refinanciamiento y evitar crisis".
La palabra crisis rememora inevitablemente al período 2001-2002. Sin embargo, el contexto actual está lejos de aquella época, cuando al finalizar la convertibilidad la deuda pasó del 53% al 147% del PBI y había dependencia de organismos internacionales. "Estamos muy por debajo de los 90 o el 2001", explicó Bocco, "pero va a tener un impacto en el gasto fiscal muy importante y en 2018-2019 estaremos cercanos al 10% del gasto público para el servicio de la deuda".
La posibilidad de reactivar la economía mediante inversión y deuda está lejos de representar una salida real. A propósito, Bocco señaló que "la economía en 100 años solamente se expandió cuando creció el consumo y apenas en el ´59-´60 la inversión traccionó el crecimiento productivo por la gran entrada de capital extranjero, el cual hoy va netamente a la esfera especulativa".
En cuanto a que el Gobierno recurra al FMI, para Asiain es poco probable a corto plazo "a menos que haya un escenario fortuito para Cambiemos en las elecciones de medio término". Bocco, sin embargo, consideró que la administración Macri actuará este año "para preparar la economía y poder el año que viene lanzarse a financiar con el Fondo".
• Situación de la deuda externa en la región
La condición de los países regionales con respecto a la deuda con prestadores externos y su capacidad para hacerle frente muestra realidades diversas. En algunos casos, el sector privado compone la mayor parte del total emitido, relegando al Estado a una mínima porción.
En Chile, por ejemplo, la deuda externa representa el 65,4% del PBI. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de las colocaciones corresponden a entidades privadas: u$s 68.364 millones de los u$s 163.789 millones totales, mientras que u$s 55.822 millones corresponden a inversión extranjera directa, u$s 24.232 a Bancos y u$s 11.159 al Ejecutivo nacional. En apenas cinco años, la deuda creció 60%.
En el caso de Colombia, desde 2011 tanto el sector público como el privado crearon un ambiente que permitió el crecimiento de 58,7% de la deuda total. Actualmente, de los u$s 120.010 millones, u$s 48.702 millones son de privados y u$s 71.308 millones corresponden a la parte pública. Además, el nivel de deuda creció 20 puntos porcentuales y hoy representa el 41% de los u$s 282.376 millones que componen el PBI.
En una condición extrema se encuentra Perú, donde la deuda externa alcanzó los u$s 184.774 millones representando el 90% del PBI: u$s 91.480 millones corresponden a inversión directa, el sector privado acumula u$s 40.328 millones mientras que el público u$s 29.683 millones.
Brasil, la mayor economía de América Latina y una de las más grandes del mundo, posee una deuda externa cercana a u$s 315 mil millones, mientras que su PBI, en caída desde 2014, alcanzó los u$s 1.7 billones en 2016. Pese a la crisis política y económica actual y los recortes realizados por Gobierno, el financiamiento externo mostró un descenso desde diciembre de 2016 a febrero de 2017 de u$s 6 mil millones.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Q:
why is notify not getting called in my java code
Here's my code:
public class ProducerConsumer
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ProduceCosumeData p = new ProduceCosumeData();
ProducerT pt= new ProducerT(p); // with p obj i am creating thread
ConsumerT ct=new ConsumerT(p); // with same p obj i am creating thread
pt.start();
ct.start(); //i am starting 2 threads
}
}
class ProduceCosumeData
{
boolean flag;
public synchronized void printStringP(int n)
{
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
try{
if(flag) //for frist time flag is flase so, wait will skip
wait();
else
flag=true; //for next time onwards wait() will get call
System.out.print("Pay");
notify();//after this why my wait() not canceling in inprintStringC()
}catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.print(e);
}
}
}
public synchronized void printStringC(int n)
{
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
try{
wait(); // why it is not out of this after notify()
System.out.print("Tm");
notify();
}catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.print(e);
}
}
}
}
class ProducerT extends Thread
{
ProduceCosumeData p;
ProducerT(ProduceCosumeData p)
{
this.p=p; // i am saving the same obj for both threads
}
public void run()
{
p.printStringP(10); //it will print 10 times pay
}
}
class ConsumerT extends Thread
{
ProduceCosumeData p;
ConsumerT(ProduceCosumeData p)
{
this.p=p; // i am saving the same obj for both threads
}
public void run()
{
p.printStringC(10); //it will print 10 times tm
}
}
I am expecting the following output:
PayTm
PayTm
PayTm
... 10 times
but what I'm getting output is this:
Pay..
This is followed by a long wait.
The above two functions are in same object.
Why is the notify not releasing the wait() function? Even when I use notifyAll(), the output remains the same.
A:
In you code, one of your threads is calling notify and the other is still not waiting. This produces a deadlock with both threads waiting.
You need to fix your use of the synchronization flag, don't call wait if it is not needed. Also, checking the locking condition is still available after the wait() is a good practice.
This is your ProduceConsumeData class with the use of the flag fixed:
class ProduceCosumeData
{
boolean flag;
public synchronized void printStringP(int n)
{
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
try{
while (flag == true) {
wait();
}
flag=true;
System.out.print("Pay");
notify();
}catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.print(e);
}
}
}
public synchronized void printStringC(int n)
{
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
try{
while(flag == false) {
wait();
}
System.out.print("Tm");
flag = false;
notify();
}catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.print(e);
}
}
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.