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Q:
Send Option in Android Application?
I have a application that has a text field, something like a sample notepad application. I want to have send option where I need to create intent to send the text to all possible applications like gmail, sms, facebook, twitter, etc... and i also want the other way also. I mean when the user clicks on send from other application they need to see my application as a option to receive text .
And In this operation if the application is a mail application for sending text to, example the gmail application, I want to have few files from my sd card attached to the mail.
Please let me how to do this in my application. Thank you for your help and time.
A:
For registering your app as a receiver you have to use an intent as this:
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.SEND" />
<data android:mimeType="text/plain" />
</intent-filter>
About sharing look at the documentation:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/Intent.html
You should wrap it in a chooser (createChooser(Intent, CharSequence))
example:
Intent i=new Intent(android.content.Intent.ACTION_SEND);
i.setType("text/plain");
i.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_SUBJECT, "hi");
i.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_TEXT, "your data");
startActivity(Intent.createChooser(i, "example"));
|
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Week 2 of Ring ka King, TNA Wrestling's Indian company saw Matt Morgan win the tournament to crown the promotion's first Heavyweight Championship, the debut of the Knockouts in India, and a number of faces - both new and familiar - make in-ring appearances. Aao mere yaro (Come, my friends), let's check out what happened.
Episode 3 – Feb 4, 2012
The show started off with Goodwill Ambassador Harbhajan Singh (the cricket star) and Commissioner Jazzy Lahoria giving a pep talk to the Indian stars of the show. They were interrupted by Sir Brutus Magnus, Sonjay Dutt, and Scott Steiner who told the locals that their quest to take over the company for “the boss” will come to fruition. Funny moment where Steiner calls Lahoria “white trash”.
On the way to the ring, Steiner reached over the barricade and started physically assaulting some fans - crazy. Veera got the upper hand early on, actually getting the better of Steiner with some shoulder blocks. But Steiner had the experience edge, and when Veera tried to pull him back into the ring, Steiner snapped his neck on the top rope before taking over. The Indian Superman came back to life, hitting Steiner with some high impact slams and suplexes. But ultimately, Steiner dropped Veera with a face-busting DDT to get the pin and a berth in the finals.
Cash is Luke Gallows/Festus doing a biker gimmick, while Broadway and Hollywood are James "Nunzio/Guido" Maritato and Joey Ryan, respectively. It’s neat to see these guys back in the ring again after not having them on TV in North America for some time. The cruiserweights started off really fast with some dazzling moves. Eventually, Cash and Jackson got tagged in and they just start a-pummelin’ each other. A nice big springboard dive over the top by Rave onto Broadway. Ion escaped a rollup attempt by Hollywood, and then hit the would-be movie star with a big DDT which left him prone for a 450 splash, after which he pinned him. After the match, Cash attacked and laid out all three of his opponents. He warned the entire roster not to mess with him, his bike or his colours. When Hollywood and Broadway tried to celebrate with him, he laid them out as well. This guy is a bad dude.
Winners: Zema Ion, Jimmy Rave, and Roscoe Jackson
Next came a sequence of backstage interviews. Matt Morgan warned everyone on the roster that he was the most dominant force in the company. Elsewhere, a mysterious man named Jwala said he would be debuting soon - the big scar on his face would seem to suggest he's been through some wars. And finally, Chavo Guerrero said he would be calling in a partner with a family pedigree equal to his in order to battle the Sheiks who attacked him last week. According to international reports, there was supposed to be another Adonis Lock challenge sequence in here, but it didn't air.
Dutt started off defensively, rolling away every time Morgan came near him. Not as smart was his attempt to out-muscle Morgan, and soon the giant gained control. Magnus got caught trying to interfere, so the ref sent both him and Steiner back to the locker room. Morgan's aggressiveness cost him, when he tried for a Carbon Footprint in the corner, but Dutt moved out of the way, and the big man jammed his knee. Though Dutt worked on the knee, he couldn't keep Morgan grounded, and he fell victim to an overhead slam, a chokeslam, and a Carbon Footprint, which kept him down for three.
Winner: Matt Morgan
After the match, Steiner came to the ring, and the two tournament finalists stared each other down in the middle of the ring to end the show.
Episode 4 – Feb 5, 2012
Match One: “The Future Legend” Alyssa Flash vs. Mickie James
Great to see Flash (Cheerleader Melissa) back on TV - she's too good to not have a big league contract, hopefully this will pave the way for a return to regular North American TV. This match was far better than most matches that are shown on TV on a weekly basis - partly because they were given enough time to make the match interesting. Flash got the early advantage, but soon James knocked her silly with a running low dropkick to the face. Flash caught Mickie heading to the top, and slammed her down hard to the mat. There, she ramped things up, draping Mickie’s neck over the bottom rope and then stepping on her head to choke her. After that, Flash tied her up with a sweet looking wheelbarrow leglock crab, but Mickie was able to get to the ropes. James fired up, and after a couple of big clotheslines, headed back to the top for a super Thesz Press, but surprisingly only for a two-count. Flash hit a big Samoan Drop for two. She tried for another, but James blocked it, and hit a jumping DDT for the pin. Really good match.
Winner: Mickie James
Next up was the official weigh-ins for tonight’s Heavyweight Championship tournament finals. Steiner was hilarious, boasting about his 24.5 inch biceps throughout. After Morgan's stats were announced, he posed for the crowd, but was shoved hard by Steiner from behind. Referees and judges had to separate the two before things escalated further.
Backstage, the Bollywood Boys said that they were looking forward to dancing to the ring, Bollywood style, when they compete in the Tag Team Championship tournament.
As promised, Chavo’s partner was another member of a famous wrestling family in Hart, who looks bigger and better than he did while in WWE. Hart used his strength to toss around the Sheiks and he nearly got a quick pin in the opening seconds. Chavo fared well too, sending the Sheiks to the floor. There, they got into the faces of the fans, including tearing up the sign held up by a midget who was petitioning to get a tryout with the company. The little guy didn’t take too kindly to this, so he hopped the barricade and ran into the ring to challenge the Sheiks - security finally grabbed him and carried him out of the building. The comic distraction didn't faze the Sheiks, and they went back to punishing Chavo. A huge dropkick by Chavo buys him enough time to tag in Hart who took over in dominant fashion. He hit Abdul with a powerbomb, and Chavo immediately followed that up with a frog splash to get the pin.
Winners: Chavo Guerrero and Bulldog Hart
Backstage, the Pathane Pathe, an Indian tag team – think of two Indian guys who look like Big Bully Busick – said that they will be entering the Tag Team Championship tournament.
The crowd was hot for this one, from Jeremy Borash's in-ring introductions. An early test of strength got broken up when Sonjay Dutt tried to interfere from the outside. To prevent such shenanigans, Commissioner Jazzy Lahoria called out some of the Indian wrestlers on the roster to even things up. Not having to worry about the guys on the floor allowed Morgan to take over, smashing Steiner with a big discus clothesline. A low blow later, though, and Steiner took over once again, landing his pushup elbow and a belly-to-belly suplex. Steiner hit a number of stomps and smashes, but then ate a boot when going for a big clothesline in the corner. Morgan caught his second wind, and avalanched Steiner before hitting a side slam. Another discus clothesline attempt got caught, and Steiner dropped him with a facebuster DDT. He then clamped on the Steiner Recliner, but Morgan’s reach allowed him to grab the ropes to break the hold. Morgan blocked a suplex attempt, bounced off the ropes and hit a huge Carbon Footprint that put Steiner down for the three, earning him the title.
Winner, and new Ring ka King Champion: Matt Morgan
After the match, Morgan thanked the crowd - in Hindi! - and then he and the Indian wrestlers celebrated the title win.
Bob Kapur is suffering from a Super Bowl chicken wing overdose. Send him some Pepto Bismol coupons at bobkapur@hotmail.com.
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Kawaji-Onsen Station
is a railway station in Nikkō, Tochigi, Japan, operated by the Yagan Railway.
Lines
Kawaji-Onsen Station is served by the Yagan Railway Aizu Kinugawa Line and is located 4.8 rail kilometers from end of the line at Shin-Fujiwara Station.
Station layout
The station has a single elevated island platform, with the station building located underneath.
Adjacent stations
History
Kawaji-Onsen Station opened on October 9, 1986.
Surrounding area
Japan National Route 121
Kinugawa River
External links
Yagen Railway Station information
Category:Railway stations in Tochigi Prefecture
Category:Railway stations opened in 1986
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Father God is Sovereign and We were made in Their Image –
The Holy Bible says, “Then God said, “Let us make mankind in our image, in our likeness, so that they may rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky, over the livestock and all the wild animals, and over all the creatures that move along the ground.” So, God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them”” Genesis 1: 26-27.
Tuesday, May 23, 2017
Prayer for Today: Tuesday, May 23, 2017
Prayer for Today:
Tuesday, May 23, 2017
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
My Father God Who Art in Heaven and in Earth
Residing Within, and Around Everyone and Everything Living, Moving, and
Breathing Hallowed is Thy Name as the Most High God. Father
God Today’s Special Prayer is for Everyone Who is Suffering Any Form of Illness
and Disease Mentally, Physically, and Financially Please Assist Them and Heal Them
according to Their Faith With Special Grace and Additional Support in Combination
with the Faith of Other Believers. My Father and Lord Thanks for Providing
Support to Them Via Family, Friends, Medical Facilities, and Any Other Support
System that You have Provided Worldwide; and Thanks Especially for Blessing
Each Person that is involved with Their Care. Father God I Thank You for Giving
All of Us as Believers and *Spiritual Sojourners Another Chance to Honor You with the Gifts that You have made available through Our Personal and Professional Efforts.Thanks for Jesus Christ as Our Special Messiah and Advocate, and Our Special Healer, and Thanks Especially for His Love, and Sacrifice. Prayer is Universal and, I Thank
YouEspecially for Your Holy Spirit as Our
Major Teacher of Your Truth and Supporter as Well as Our Daily Comforter,
Counselor and Guide. O’ Holy Father You
are Our Greatest Blessing, and You are So Worthy of Our Praises, Blessed is
Your Name; I Love You! Yes Thanks for Jesus as the Word and Your Holy
Son, and Your Special Gift of the Holy Spirit, Plus Love, and Life for Us All.
Father God I Thank You for giving All of Us another chance to Honor You with
the Gifts that You have made available through Our Personal and Professional
Efforts; Yes!!! Lord God of the Universe You is Awesome sofor Everyone Who is asking for a Physical,
Mental, Spiritual, or Financial Healing; I Am Touching, and Agreeing with Them
Via Cyberspace Mentally for a Healing By Our Combined Faiths. Finally, Thanks for Your Messages, Gifts
of Love, Hope, and Truth Forever, and Most of All Thanks for Answering All the
Prayers for Forgiveness, Healing, and Prosperity of All Your Children Worldwide
Because All Things, and Peoples are Yours for Thine is the Kingdom, the Power
and the Glory for Ever and Ever, Amen, Amen, Amen and Amen…
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
*We are All Spiritual Sojourners… Yes!!!
Our
Father God is Spirit!!!
You
are A Spiritual Sojourner –
Realize Your Worth!!! You are A Spiritual and
Physical Being Made in God’s Image and You are Wonderfully Made: You Matter!
"Stop living a negative and guilt-ridden life,
complaining daily about what you do not have. Instead of complaining, start to
live a positive, happy, and fulfilled life praising and thanking GOD for what
you have... As a Spiritual Sojourner Realize Your Worth!!! You
are A Spiritual and Physical Being Made in God’s Image and You Matter!!! Live
Like You Do!!! Always Remember that Jesus Christ and God Loves You…You are
Created in God’s Wonderful Image and You are Wonderfully made! Always Remember
the Amazing Image Looking Back in Your Mirror Daily IS You And that Image is
Your Gift from An Incredible God: Your Creator and Your Spiritual Father and He
Loves You!!! Again Jesus Christ and God Loves You… You are a Winner
as a Child of God and Believer so Keep the Faith and Keep Moving as You Embrace
You and Others with Love and Forgiveness as We All Coexist in these Physical
Bodies… We are All Spiritual Sojourners that Matter!!! Keep Your Eyes on the
Prize of an Eternal Life with God!!!! Apostle John notes this: “And I saw
the dead, great, and
The Almighty God is Spirit –“Yet
a time is coming and has now come when the true worshipers will worship the
Father in the Spirit and in truth, for they are the kind of worshipers the
Father seeks. God is spirit, and his worshipers must worship in the Spirit and
in truth.” John 4:24 NIV – Read More Commentary @ http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+4%3A23-24And More Commentary @http://www.godvine.com/bible/john/4-24As a Christian and
Spiritual Believer, You Must Trust GOD! Christianity
is Based on Faith and Father GOD is Our Faith.
Father God Loves You! The Proof is Jesus
Christ and the Holy Spirit! Please Don't Let the Negativity of Others Affect
Your Outlook on Life! A Relationship with Father God, Jesus Christ, and the
Holy Spirit is the Best Thing that Will Ever Happen to You so Embrace it with
Meditation and Prayer... Remember that
your victorious life is via GOD, and not through anything or anyone else.Your
successes are made via Father God’s abilities within you. We are nothing without Him but dust. Sure it seems like we are in control but we
will never be in control. At the drop of
a dime, death comes and we can never stop it.
It is not up to us. According to the word of GOD in the Book of Acts, we
have life and motion and existence in Him. Take a look at this verse:
“Certainly, we live, move, and exist because of him. As some of your poets have
said, 'We are God's children'” Acts 17:28.–More Commentary @http://biblehub.com/acts/17-28.htmPlus More @ http://embraceyourspiritualitylivefree.blogspot.com/And Finally
Even More Here @ http://ibeatmybadhabitandaddiction.blogspot.com/2014/09/exerpt-from-part-one-god-is-spirit-my.html
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About Me
I am Spiritual and I Love Embracing My Spirituality...I Love GOD and JESUS and All Other Living Things...The greatest thing that we will ever learn is to love and be loved in return (Eden Abhez)...My motto is:I love everyone, if you have a problem with me, it's your problem, I love you.Life is too Short to Sweat Stuff that I have Zero Control Over, Meaning You and Your Actions Toward Me.I Trust GOD and JESUS CHRIST, So Please Accept My Faith. I Accept Your Religious Faith, However, My Faith Is Inclusive of a Father God, Jesus Christ as His Holy Son, and the Holy Spirit, Because I Champion THEM as the True Keys to Life, Truth, and Physical Success!!! I Know that Our World is Big Enough for Everyone Within It to Be Successful in All Their Creative Abilities therefore,I Want to Share Your Joy when You are Successful;That is The Best Way to Live!!! So Daily I Pray for Much, Much Love and Positive Success for Everyone in Our World Daily, Negativity is a Bad Thing So...
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The FSB Breaks Left
A second anarchist from the mythical organization Network (Set) has been remanded to police custody at the request of counterintelligence. Viktor Filinkov and Igor Shiskin are suspected of planning an armed insurrection to seize power
Alexander Yermakov
Fontanka.ru
January 27, 2018
The purge of the anarchist movement in Petersburg is due to no more and no less than alleged plans to violently overthrow Vladimir Putin. This is the background the FSB has invoked as it has arrested the young men. They are accused of involvement in a terrorist association about which the courts, the Justice Ministry, and the National Anti-Terrorist Committee have never heard.
Anarchist Igor Shishkin was sent to the pretrial detention center on Shpalernaya Street in Petersburg on the evening of January 27. He was detained two days earlier by FSB officers, taken to their regional headquarters on Liteiny Prospect, and interrogated for nearly twenty-four hours, except for short breaks. His interrogators focused on Shishkin’s involvement in the anarchist movement and alleged plans for violent acts whose objective was overthrowing the current government via an armed insurrection.
As someone suspected of involvement in a terrorist network (Criminal Code Article 205.4 Part 2), the 26-year-old Shishkin was detained only this morning. After Petersburg’s Dzerzhinsky District made its ruling, he joined Viktor Filinkov, a 23-year-old programmer and Kazakhstani national, who had been remanded to police custody a day earlier, in the pretrial detention center.
According to police investigators, Shiskin, Filinkov, and unidentified persons who espoused the anarchist ideology were involved, allegedly, in the so-called Field of Mars (aka Mars) branch of the terrorist organization Network no later than August 2016. Their purpose was to plan crimes and engage in terrorist activists that the Criminal Code defines quite clearly: the violent seizure of power and armed insurrection.
There is no mention of Network (Set) on the web, unless, of course, you do not count the eponymous organization set up by the pro-Kremlin youth organization Nashi. You will also not be able to find Network in official documents. The Unified Federal List of Terrorist Organizations, as established by court rulings, contains twenty-seven organizations, including foreign and international organizations, but you will not find Network on the list, a list that is published, in particular, on the websites of the FSB and the National Anti-Terrorist Committee.
Fontanka.ru has learned that the Petersburg anarchists were detained due to possible links with the failed albeit highly publicized “revolution of November 5, 2017,” as promised by Vyacheslav Maltsev, leader of the banned movement Artillery Barrage (Artpodgotovka).
Residents of Russian cities were urged to engage in mass protests. Most of the oppositionists were detained preventively two days before the event. The day passed peacefully in Petersburg, except for the comic arrest of a pacifist in a car chockablock with weapons, and a small gathering near the Smolny, Petersburg city hall. Five people were given jail time for not complying with lawful orders of the police: they refused to show police officers the contents of their bags.
Maltsev himself lives abroad, where he has been granted political asylum, but a wave of detentions has rolled across Russian cities. Among others, the Petersburg native Arman Sagynbayev was arrested in Penza. According to the human rights website OVD Info, Sagynbayev has also been charged with involvement in a terrorist organization. He has, allegedly, made a full confession.
According to our information, FSB officers asked Shiskin and Filinkov whether they knew Sagynbayev. Attorney Igor Mangilev, who has been representing Shishkin, corroborated that a transcript of Sagynbayev’s interrogation was included in the case file used at his client’s remand hearing. According to other sources, Filinkov and his wife Alexandra, who is currently located in Ukraine, met Sagynbayev around a year ago, in early 2017.
Criminal charges were filed against Filinkov and Shishkin on January 24, 2018. The case file contains testimony from a large number of witnesses, many of whom are classified.
The media have reported that the FSB managed to chat with another supporter of leftist views [sic], Igor Kapustin. Apparently, he was also interrogated and then released. He has told the press about the threats made by investigators.
Documented proof that the FSB used prohibited methods to pressure a suspect or witness in the case is available only with regard to Filinkov. He was detained on the evening of January 23 at Pulkovo Airport, and was identified formally as a suspect in the case around midnight on January 24. For over a day, he was in the hands of the FSB without any outside oversight. Yesterday, January 26, Filinkov was visited in the pretrial detention center by members of the Public Monitoring Commission, who filed a report substantianting numerous recent injuries to Filinkov’s body, including burns on his thigh and chest, produced by a electric cattle prod. Filinkov confirmed in writing that he had been subjected to violence, and that FSB officers had demanded he memorize his testimony and the names of people whom he, allegedly, knew. Attorney Viktor Cherkasov confirmed to Fontanka.ru that his client was forced to confess his involvement with the Field of Mars branch of the terrorist organization Network.
Filinkov and Shiskin have been remanded to police custody until March 23, 2018. In all likelihood, theirs will not be the last names on the list of Petersburg “Networkers.” According to our sources, the FSB has possession of electronic media [sic] that Filinkov tossed in trash containers before heading to Pulkovo Airport.
As for Vyacheslav Maltsev, the criminal case against him has been under investigation since November. He has been named as the organizer of a terrorist network (Criminal Code Article 205.4 Clause 1) and has been accused of pubicly calling for extremist activity (Criminal Code Article 280). Several suspects in his case have been charged with planning a terrorist act.
Translated by the Russian Reader
NB. Although Fontanka.ru has long been Petersburg’s most popular news website (or, at least, it has long claimed to be), the foreign reader should bear in mind that its founders, publishers, and editors have backgrounds in military intelligence and the Soviet and Russian police’s criminal investigative divisions. While this has no doubt come in handy over the years and permitted the website’s reporters to do what the name of its founding organization (AZhUR or Investigative Reporting Agency) suggests, there are other times when it is not clear whether Fontanka.ru believes the mallarkey which Russia’s so-called siloviki are capable of spinning from whole cloth or whether it is mocking their incompetence. In this article, Fontanka.ru seems to want to have its cake and eat it, too. They seem to suggest that the FSB has invented a nonexistent terrorist network from scratch while at the same hinting that the FSB has plenty of evidence the young men so far arrested in the case were actually involved in this nonexistent organization. Even a local reader with average intelligence and a healthy amount of skepticism would find this story and how it is reported by Fontanka.ru perplexing, to say the least. TRR
Call for help arrested activists
DETAILS FOR TRANSACTIONS TO SUPPORT ARRESTED
PayPa l: abc-msk@riseup.net ABC Moscow
In case you want to support a particular prisoner, add a note about that. In case you want to donate to St. Petersburg and Penza case, write a note For "St. Petersburg and Penza". We recommend to send euros or dollars, as other currencies are automatically converted to euro according to PayPal rates.
l: abc-msk@riseup.net ABC Moscow In case you want to support a particular prisoner, add a note about that. In case you want to donate to St. Petersburg and Penza case, write a note For "St. Petersburg and Penza". We recommend to send euros or dollars, as other currencies are automatically converted to euro according to PayPal rates. Yandex-wallet of Anarchist Black Cross St. Petersburg 41001160378989
of Anarchist Black Cross St. Petersburg 41001160378989 Bitcoin
1EKGZT2iMjNKHz8oVt7svXpUdcPAXkRBAH
1EKGZT2iMjNKHz8oVt7svXpUdcPAXkRBAH Litecoin
LNZK1uyER7Kz9nmiL6mbm9AzDM5Z6CNxVu
LNZK1uyER7Kz9nmiL6mbm9AzDM5Z6CNxVu Etherium
0x1deb54058a69fcc443db2bf9562df61f974b16f7
0x1deb54058a69fcc443db2bf9562df61f974b16f7 Monero
4BrL51JCc9NGQ71kWhnYoDRffsDZy7m1HUU7MRU4nUMXAHNFBEJhkTZV9HdaL4gfuNBxLPc3BeMkLGaPbF5vWtANQn4wNWChXhQ8vao8MA
4BrL51JCc9NGQ71kWhnYoDRffsDZy7m1HUU7MRU4nUMXAHNFBEJhkTZV9HdaL4gfuNBxLPc3BeMkLGaPbF5vWtANQn4wNWChXhQ8vao8MA Zcash
t1dX9Rpupi77erqEbdef3T353pvfTp9SAt1
In case you need another option for money transfer, please contact the Anarchist Black Cross of Moscow:
abc-msk@riseup.net
All material on the case can be found on this section:
Case of anti-fascists of St. Petersburg and Penza
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941 A.2d 718 (2007)
J.F., Appellant
v.
D.B., Appellee.
Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
Submitted September 4, 2007.
Filed January 3, 2008.
*719 Melissa H. Shirey, Erie, for appellant. Joseph P. Martone, Erie, for appellee.
BEFORE: MUSMANNO, LALLGREEN and ANTHONY[*], JJ.
OPINION BY ANTHONY, J.:
¶ 1 Appellant, J.F., appeals from the March 27, 2007 order entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Erie County denying his request for the reimbursement of child support payments made to Appellee, D.B., for the care of Appellant's three minor sons. Upon review, we affirm. The relevant facts and procedural history follow.
¶ 2 Appellant and his paramour, E.D., contacted a private surrogacy agency after the couple learned that E.D. could not conceive any additional children. In 2002, the agency matched the couple with Appellee, a married resident of Pennsylvania, and an egg donor, a single woman residing in Texas. In August of 2002, Appellant, Appellee, Appellee's husband, and the egg donor executed a surrogacy contract, which provided, inter alia, that Appellee would serve as the gestational carrier. Pursuant to this agreement, three of egg donor's eggs were fertilized in vitro with Appellant's sperm and were implanted into Appellee. Within four weeks, the parties learned that Appellee was pregnant with triplets.
¶ 3 On November 19, 2003, Appellee gave birth to triplets at Hamot Medical Center after thirty-five weeks of gestation. Due to this early delivery, the babies had minor medical problems, which required their placement into Hamot's neonatal intensive care unit. Over the next several days, Appellee expressed concern about Appellant's infrequent visits to the hospital and concluded that he and his paramour were unfit to parent the children. Appellee decided to take the children home with her, and on November 27, 2003, Hamot discharged the triplets to Appellee and her husband without Appellant's consent.
*720 ¶ 4 When efforts to contact Appellee failed, Appellant filed a Complaint for Custody and a Motion for Emergency Special Relief against Appellee. Promptly thereafter, a consent order was filed awarding temporary legal and physical custody of the triplets to Appellee, granting visitation to Appellant, and preserving Appellant's right to assert that Appellee lacked standing to pursue custody. Appellee filed an answer and counterclaim for custody. Appellant filed preliminary objections to the answer claiming that Appellee lacked standing to seek custody. On. April 2, 2004, after a number of hearings, the trial court determined that Appellee had standing to pursue custody and child support. The trial court held two additional custody hearings, and on January 7, 2005, the trial court entered an order directing the parties to share legal custody and awarding primary physical custody to Appellee. The trial court granted Appellant partial physical custody/visitation and directed Appellant to pay child support.
¶ 5 Appellant filed a timely appeal. Therein, Appellant raised a number of challenges to the trial court's order including: (1) the trial court erred when it determined that Appellee possessed standing to pursue custody; (2) the trial court erred in finding that Appellee had standing to pursue child support; and (3) the trial court erred when it found that awarding custody to Appellee was in the children's best interests. J.F. v. D.B., 897 A.2d 1261 (Pa.Super.2006). Upon review, our Court concluded that the trial court erred when it determined that Appellee had standing to pursue custody. Id. As such, our Court vacated the order of the trial court that awarded primary physical custody and child support to Appellee and directed that the trial court award Appellant full physical and legal custody of his biological children. Id.
¶ 6 On May 24, 2006, Appellant filed a Complaint for Support in which he sought to recover all child support paid to Appellee. The trial court ordered both parties to appear at a support conference, and on July 18, 2006, the support officer remanded the case to the trial court for testimony on this issue. The trial court held a hearing on this complaint on February 27, 2007. On March 27, 2007, the trial court denied the relief requested by Appellant. Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal and a timely concise statement of matters complained of on appeal pursuant to Rule 1925(b) of the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure.
¶ 7 In his brief, Appellant raises two issues for our review:
[1.] The trial court erred in finding that, after the Superior Court vacated an order awarding child support to a gestational surrogate upon a finding that the gestational surrogate lacked standing to pursue an action for custody of the children, the biological father cannot recover from the gestational surrogate child support payments he was compelled to make pursuant to the vacated order awarding child support.
[2.] The trial court erred in finding that a gestational surrogate, whom the Superior Court has ruled lacked standing to pursue custody of the children because she obtained physical custody of the children in defiance of the biological father's wishes and the parent/child relationship, nevertheless has standing to pursue an action for and receive child support.
Appellant's Brief, at 3.
¶ 8 Preliminarily, we observe:
When evaluating a support order, this Court may only reverse the trial court's determination where the order cannot be sustained on any valid ground. We will not interfere with the broad discretion *721 afforded the trial court absent an abuse of discretion or insufficient evidence to sustain the support order. An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment; if, in reaching a conclusion, the court overrides or misapplies the law, or the judgment exercised is shown by the record to be either manifestly unreasonable or the product of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, discretion has been abused. In addition, we note that the duty to support one's child is absolute, and the purpose of child support is to promote the child's best interests.
Bulgarelli v. Bulgarelli, 2007 PA Super 295, 115, 934 A.2d 107 (quotations omitted).
¶ 9 In his first issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred when it concluded that Appellant could not recover the child support payments that he made pursuant to the vacated trial court order. Appellant's Brief, at 9. Appellant maintains that the Superior Court's vacation of the order entirely annulled it, thereby requiring the trial court to return the parties to the positions that they would have occupied had the trial court never entered the support order. id. Upon review, we do not find that the trial court committed an error of law:
¶ 10 Initially, we agree with Appellant that "[w]here a judgment is vacated or set aside (or stricken from the record) by valid order or judgment, it is entirely destroyed and the rights of the parties are left as though no such judgment had ever been entered." Fitzpatrick v. Fitzpatrick, 811 A.2d 1043, 1045 (Pa.Super.2002); see also In re Higbee's Estate, 372 Pa. 233, 237, 93 A.2d 467, 469 (1953) (stating "[w]hen the judgment was taken off, the action stood as before judgment was entered . . ."). We disagree, however, with the suggestion that the full repayment of support would place Appellant in the position that he would have been in had the trial court never entered the order.
¶ 11 It is well settled that a parent has an absolute duty to support his children and that this obligation is not dependent upon a person having custody of a child. Reinert v. Reinert, 926 A.2d 539, 542 (Pa.Super.2007); Kauffman v. Truett, 771 A.2d 36, 39 (Pa.Super.2001). Moreover, the right to child support belongs to the children. Kesler v. Weniger, 744 A.2d 794, 796 (Pa.Super.2000). In our view, Appellant's payment of support did not unjustly enrich Appellee.[1] Rather, Appellant fulfilled a financial obligation to his three minor sons that would have existed if the trial court had never awarded physical custody and support to Appellee.
¶ 12 We find the circumstances in Elkin v. Williams, 755 A.2d 695 (Pa.Super.2000) and Cook v. Gill, 663 S.W.2d 789 (Mo.App. 1984) entirely distinguishable. In Elkin, Ms. Williams filed an appeal after the trial court ordered her to pay child support to a family friend who permitted Ms. Williams' eighteen-year-old son to reside with her. Upon review, our Court determined that Ms. Williams' son was not a "child" or a "minor" and, as a consequence, the family friend lacked standing to file a support action. We also noted that Ms. Williams owed no duty of support to her son as he left her home on his own accord. As such, we vacated the order of support, dismissed the support complaint for lack of standing, and directed that Ms. Williams be reimbursed *722 for any monies paid as a result of the support order.
¶ 13 In Cook, Ms. Cook sought full restitution for all child support paid pursuant to a vacated court order. The Missouri Court of Appeals had vacated the child support order because Mr. Gill failed to demonstrate that the children's expenses had increased. See In re Marriage of Cook, 636 S.W.2d 419 (1982). Nevertheless, the trial court denied the request for restitution. On appeal, the Court of Appeals determined that Ms. Cook should receive full restitution from Mr. Gill "of all benefits acquired under the judgment during the pendency of the appeal." Cook, 663 S.W.2d at 790. Unlike the appellants in Elkin and Cook, however, Appellant did not confer any benefit upon his children to which they were not entitled. Therefore, his first issue fails.
¶ 14 In his second issue, Appellant contends that the trial court, erred when it determined that Appellee had standing to pursue an action for child support. Appellant's Brief, at 14. Specifically, Appellant argues that Appellee should not have standing to seek child support where she placed herself in the position of caring for the children against Appellant's wishes. Id. at 16. Upon review, we do not find that the trial court erred.
¶ 15 Pursuant to Section 4341(b) of the Domestic Relations Code, "[a]ny person caring for a child shall have standing to commence or continue an action for support of that child regardless of whether a court order has been issued granting that person custody of the child." 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 4341(b); see also Pa.R.C.P. 1910.3 (stating an action for child support "shall be brought . . . on behalf of a minor child by a person caring for the child regardless of whether a court order has been issued granting that person custody of the child"). In the instant case, Appellant does not dispute that Appellee cared for the children from November 27, 2003 until April 21, 2006. Appellant's Brief, at 16. Instead, Appellant argues that our Court should ignore the plain language of the statute and carve out an exception in those instances where the person caring for the child does so in defiance of a parent's wishes. This we may not do. See 1 Pa. C.S.A. § 1921(b) (stating "[w]hen the words of a statute are clear and free from all ambiguity, the letter of it is not to be disregarded under the pretext of pursuing its spirit").
¶ 16 Additionally, our Court's decision in Seder v. Seder, 841 A.2d 1074 (Pa.Super.2004) does not compel reversal. In that case, our Court considered whether Mr. Seder had standing to pursue child support where the trial court awarded him primary physical custody of his child but his wife kept the child in Jordan in defiance of the court's order. Upon review, our Court concluded that Mr. Seder possessed standing under Rule 1910.3(b) of the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure. Seder did not address the pivotal question in the instant case, namely, whether the party caring for children in defiance of the parent's wishes may pursue support.
¶ 17 Finally, we must address Appellant's concern that any decision to affirm the trial court's order would contravene sound policy. Appellant's Reply Brief, at 4. Specifically, Appellant argues:
To deny [Appellant] . . . the ability to recover the funds, would send the message to individuals in [Appellant's] . position that they should not comply with a child support order pending appeal because they cannot recover the money once it has been paid, despite the child support order being vacated. Individuals such as [Appellant] . . . would be in a better position to not pay the child support pending the appeal because the *723 obligation to pay would be relieved once the order is vacated. Furthermore, it sends the message to other gestational surrogates that if they take action similar to that of [Appellee] . . ., with regards to children to whom they have no legitimate rights, while the custody case winds its way through the legal system, they can collect and retain tens of thousands of dollars in money they were never entitled to receive. This is certainly not the message this Court should send.
Id.
¶ 18 Foremost, we disagree with the proposition that our decision will encourage support payors to avoid their support obligations during the pendency of the appeal. Apart from a parent's moral obligation to support his/her own children, Appellant acknowledges that, if he had acted in defiance of the existing order, "he would have been subjected to numerous enforcement provisions, including attachment of his assets, civil contempt of court proceedings, entry of a judgment that could be enforced against his real or personal property, and incarceration." Appellant's Brief, at 12, citing Pa.R.C.P. 1910.23, 1910.24, 1910.25, 1910.25-5. Furthermore, we reject the contention that our action will persuade gestational carriers to take custody of children so they can collect and retain support money. As discussed supra, this argument is premised on the notion that the gestational carrier is the actual beneficiary of the support dollars. Also, as our Court has clarified that a gestational carrier, who acts in defiance of the parent's wishes, lacks standing to seek custody, see J.F., supra, we suspect that fewer gestational carriers in this Commonwealth will be placed in the position of caring for the children. For all of the foregoing reasons, Appellant's second issue fails.
¶ 19 Order affirmed. Jurisdiction relinquished.
¶ 20 LALLY-GREEN, J., files a Concurring Statement.
CONCURRING STATEMENT BY LALLY-GREEN, J.:
¶ 1 "While the analysis of the esteemed majority is thorough and well-reasoned, I respectfully concur.
¶ 2 This case involves a third party gestational carrier, Appellee, who unilaterally took triplets home from the hospital after their birth in flagrant defiance of the wishes of Appellant, the biological father. Following extensive litigation over custody, the trial court initially ordered shared legal custody of the children, primary physical custody to the gestational carrier, and child support. In an appeal from that order, this Court held that the gestational carrier lacked standing to pursue custody or child support and vacated the orders. J.F. v. D.B., 897 A.2d 1261 (Pa.Super.2006).
¶ 3 Appellant then filed a complaint seeking to recover all child support payments he made to Appellee pursuant to the vacated order. The trial court denied Appellant's motion for restitution. The esteemed majority would affirm because the support payments Appellant made satisfied Appellant's legal and moral duty as a parent to provide financial support for his children. The majority reasoned that, regardless of the void support order, Appellant had a duty to support the triplets and, therefore, he could not recover the support he had paid pursuant to the vacated support order.
¶ 4 Appellant argues that he has no duty to support the children under the void *724 (vacated) support order.[2] I agree. Yet, I also agree with the majority that Appellant has a moral and a statutory duty to reasonably support his children.
¶ 5 Thus, the question becomes what is the reasonable amount of support in unique circumstances such as these when no authority existed for the original support order. Appellant claims he is entitled to a reimbursement of the whole amount he had paid in support to Appellee. He does not argue that he paid an unreasonable amount in support. He does not argue that Appellee improperly used the support monies and should reimburse Appellant for the amount of improper use.
¶ 6 The majority is correct that Appellant is not entitled to a return of the entire amount. On the other hand, a claim of "unreasonableness" or "inappropriate use" should be permitted in circumstances such as these should the facts support such claims. Here, Appellant points to no such facts that would support such claims.
¶ 7 For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully concur.
NOTES
[*] Retired Senior Judge assigned to The Superior Court.
[1] The certified record does not contain any evidence that Appellee and/or her husband misallocated the support payments. Although Appellant mentions that Appellee "provided no accounting, no receipts, [and] no testimony" to demonstrate that she used the money to support the children, see Appellants Brief, at 18, Appellant has not cited any case law in support of his assertion that Appellee bore this burden.
[2] The cases that deal with a parent seeking reimbursement for child support payments made pursuant to a vacated order do not involve an improper taking of the father's children by a surrogate. Here, the surrogate mother took the triplets without parental or legal or judicial authorization. In a sense, she kidnapped them. The court had no authority to issue those orders and, thus, they were void. Thus, the case law that might apply in other vacated support order cases does not apply here:
Likewise, the applicability of the Divorce Code to this situation is in doubt, since Appellant and Appellee were never married and never held themselves out as being married.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
Q:
Cocoa: Scaling a view down for master/detail Keynote-like app
I’m new to Cocoa and am trying to create a very simple keynote clone.
For my slides, in the detail view, I use an NSStackView comprised of Textfields set with NSAttributedString. This part works pretty well.
My master section is where I have problems.
I thought I could clone a “slide” View using archive/unarchive, add all the slides to an NSStaxkView and then somehow scale down the sidebar (master) slides.
Problems I have:
1) for the life of me I can’t figure out how to scale the view down to 10% size.
2) I tried using NSBox to create the “card” effect in the sidebar that keynote uses, but am unable to render the view content inside an NSBox for some reason.
Am I going about the architecture all wrong? Any general guidance? I’m currently reading through https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/CocoaBindings/Tasks/masterdetail.html
A:
As already mentioned in the comments the best way to mirror the detail view to the side bar is by capturing an image of the detail view to present it in the sidebar. Capturing should be triggered any time a change in the detail view has been applied. There are different possibilities to capture an image of a view and one of them is explained here. Get Image from CALayer or NSView (swift 3)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
/*
* Copyright (c) Minh Loi.
*
* This file is part of Ulangi which is released under GPL v3.0.
* See LICENSE or go to https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
*/
import { assertExists } from '@ulangi/assert';
import { loadConfig } from '../../src/setup/loadConfig';
import { resolveEnv } from '../../src/setup/resolveEnv';
import { GoogleTextToSpeechAdapter } from './GoogleTextToSpeechAdapter';
describe('GoogleTextToSpeechAdapterTest', (): void => {
const config = loadConfig();
const env = resolveEnv();
let googleTextToSpeechAdapter: GoogleTextToSpeechAdapter;
beforeEach(
(): void => {
googleTextToSpeechAdapter = new GoogleTextToSpeechAdapter(
assertExists(env.GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT_ID),
assertExists(env.GOOGLE_CLOUD_SERVICE_ACCOUNT)
);
}
);
it(`should synthesizes speech by voiceName successfully`, async (): Promise<
void
> => {
const data = await googleTextToSpeechAdapter.synthesizeSpeechByLanguageCodeAndVoiceName(
'test',
config.googleTextToSpeech.defaultVoices['ja'].languageCode,
config.googleTextToSpeech.defaultVoices['ja'].voiceName
);
expect(data[0].audioContent).toBeDefined();
});
});
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
VictoryRoad_2F_MapScripts:: @ 8160F92
map_script MAP_SCRIPT_ON_LOAD, VictoryRoad_2F_OnLoad
.byte 0
VictoryRoad_2F_OnLoad:: @ 8160F98
compare VAR_MAP_SCENE_VICTORY_ROAD_2F_BOULDER1, 100
call_if_ne VictoryRoad_2F_EventScript_SetRockBarrier1
compare VAR_MAP_SCENE_VICTORY_ROAD_2F_BOULDER2, 100
call_if_ne VictoryRoad_2F_EventScript_SetRockBarrier2
end
VictoryRoad_2F_EventScript_SetRockBarrier1:: @ 8160FAF
setmetatile 13, 10, METATILE_Cave_RockBarrier_Top, 1
setmetatile 13, 11, METATILE_Cave_RockBarrier_Bottom, 1
return
VictoryRoad_2F_EventScript_SetRockBarrier2:: @ 8160FC2
setmetatile 33, 16, METATILE_Cave_RockBarrier_Top, 1
setmetatile 33, 17, METATILE_Cave_RockBarrier_Bottom, 1
return
VictoryRoad_2F_EventScript_FloorSwitch1:: @ 8160FD5
lockall
compare VAR_MAP_SCENE_VICTORY_ROAD_2F_BOULDER1, 100
goto_if_eq VictoryRoad_2F_EventScript_FloorSwitch1AlreadyPressed
setmetatile 13, 10, METATILE_Cave_Floor_Ledge_Top, 0
setmetatile 13, 11, METATILE_Cave_Floor_Ledge_Bottom, 0
playse SE_ICE_BREAK
special DrawWholeMapView
waitse
moveobjectoffscreen 11
setvar VAR_MAP_SCENE_VICTORY_ROAD_2F_BOULDER1, 100
releaseall
end
VictoryRoad_2F_EventScript_FloorSwitch1AlreadyPressed:: @ 8161004
releaseall
end
VictoryRoad_2F_EventScript_FloorSwitch2:: @ 8161006
lockall
compare VAR_MAP_SCENE_VICTORY_ROAD_2F_BOULDER2, 100
goto_if_eq VictoryRoad_2F_EventScript_FloorSwitch2AlreadyPressed
setmetatile 33, 16, METATILE_Cave_Floor_Ledge_Top, 0
setmetatile 33, 17, METATILE_Cave_Floor_Ledge_Bottom, 0
playse SE_ICE_BREAK
special DrawWholeMapView
waitse
moveobjectoffscreen 12
setvar VAR_MAP_SCENE_VICTORY_ROAD_2F_BOULDER2, 100
releaseall
end
VictoryRoad_2F_EventScript_FloorSwitch2AlreadyPressed:: @ 8161035
releaseall
end
VictoryRoad_2F_EventScript_Dawson:: @ 8161037
trainerbattle_single TRAINER_POKEMANIAC_DAWSON, VictoryRoad_2F_Text_DawsonIntro, VictoryRoad_2F_Text_DawsonDefeat
msgbox VictoryRoad_2F_Text_DawsonPostBattle, MSGBOX_AUTOCLOSE
end
VictoryRoad_2F_EventScript_Daisuke:: @ 816104E
trainerbattle_single TRAINER_BLACK_BELT_DAISUKE, VictoryRoad_2F_Text_DaisukeIntro, VictoryRoad_2F_Text_DaisukeDefeat
msgbox VictoryRoad_2F_Text_DaisukePostBattle, MSGBOX_AUTOCLOSE
end
VictoryRoad_2F_EventScript_Nelson:: @ 8161065
trainerbattle_single TRAINER_JUGGLER_NELSON, VictoryRoad_2F_Text_NelsonIntro, VictoryRoad_2F_Text_NelsonDefeat
msgbox VictoryRoad_2F_Text_NelsonPostBattle, MSGBOX_AUTOCLOSE
end
VictoryRoad_2F_EventScript_Gregory:: @ 816107C
trainerbattle_single TRAINER_JUGGLER_GREGORY, VictoryRoad_2F_Text_GregoryIntro, VictoryRoad_2F_Text_GregoryDefeat
msgbox VictoryRoad_2F_Text_GregoryPostBattle, MSGBOX_AUTOCLOSE
end
VictoryRoad_2F_EventScript_Vincent:: @ 8161093
trainerbattle_single TRAINER_TAMER_VINCENT, VictoryRoad_2F_Text_VincentIntro, VictoryRoad_2F_Text_VincentDefeat
msgbox VictoryRoad_2F_Text_VincentPostBattle, MSGBOX_AUTOCLOSE
end
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Monthly Archives: March 2018
Our board director KK had a trip to the JiangXi province of China in February this year. He took the opportunity to visit 華光女子中學 (Wah Kwong Girls High School). VSSE has been sponsoring the meal fees of some Wah Kwong students for a number of years.
KK found that the students were kind and polite, but the school building was in bad condition. Being not a prearranged visit, he was sure that he saw the real conditions of the school.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Maxillofacial trauma and the GDP--specialty recognition and patterns of referral.
To investigate New Zealand GDPs' awareness of maxillofacial trauma and to identify their associated referral patterns. Cross-sectional survey of a random sample of GDPs. A nationwide postal questionnaire survey was sent to GDPs on the New Zealand Dental Register, maintained by the Dental Council of New Zealand. The questionnaire requested socio-demographic details, together with information on the availability of specialist services and their need for continuing professional development in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS). The questionnaire also asked the GDPs to indicate which specialty (plastic surgery, ear nose and throat (ENT) surgery, OMS and Other) they expected to manage--and to which specialty they would refer-seven types of maxillofacial injury. Some 377 GDPs responded (76.6%). The majority of GDPs expected OMS to manage maxillofacial trauma, except for facial lacerations and isolated nasal fractures which were expected to be managed by plastic surgery (83.0%) and ENT surgery (79.7%), respectively. Most GDPs (48.0% to 87.9%) referred maxillofacial trauma to OMS, except for isolated nasal fractures, for which there were similar proportions referred to ENT surgery and OMS (45.8% and 41.4%, respectively). Differences in awareness of and referral patterns for maxillofacial trauma were identified by dentist characteristics. Most GDPs (96.0%) felt there was a need for continuing professional development in OMS, and most (84.1%) preferred this to be in the form of lectures and seminars. The first-ever study of GDP referral patterns for maxillofacial trauma in New Zealand has revealed that most GDPs in New Zealand referred maxillofacial trauma appropriately to OMS.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Guide RNA molecules not engaged in RNA editing form ribonucleoprotein complexes free of mRNA.
Mitochondrial pre-mRNAs in kinetoplastid organisms undergo uridine additions and deletions after transcription, a phenomenon termed kRNA editing. The reaction involves small, mitochondrial DNA transcripts, so called guide RNAs which provide the editing information via base pairing to the pre-mRNAs and furthermore may act as the U-nucleotide donors. Guide RNAs are not maintained as free molecules within the mitochondrial organelle, instead form several high molecular weight ribonucleoprotein complexes. Here we report the identification of two new gRNA containing RNP complexes, 8S and 15S in size, that only assemble with upstream gRNA molecules which require editing of their cognate pre-mRNA before they can base pair. The two complexes do not contain pre-mRNA molecules and the 8S RNP can be assembled in vitro. It contains two polypeptides under these conditions with apparent molecular weights of 90 and 21 kDa that can be cross-linked to the gRNA molecule. Our observation suggests the existence of structurally simple gRNA/protein complexes that might function as building blocks for the assembly of a high molecular weight editing machinery.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Throughout this application, various publications and patents are referred to by an identifying citation. The disclosures of the publications and patents referenced in this application are hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.
Almost any cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to eject blood suffers a progression toward an inexorable deterioration of cardiac structure and function, producing the complex clinical syndrome of heart failure, which is a common medical condition that afflicts approximately 1.5 to 2.0% of the population (4.8 million people in the United States) and which has a risk of death of 5 to 10% annually in patients with mild symptoms and increases to as high as 30 to 40% annually in patients with advanced disease, as, for example, described in 1998 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update by the American Heart Association, Dallas, Tex., 1997; Am. Heart J., Vol. 133, pages 703 to 712 (1997) by Massie et al.; J. Heart Lung Transplant, Vol. 13, pages S107 to S112 (1994) by O'Connell et al.; and Am. Coll. Cardiol., Vol. 22 (Suppl. A.), pages 6A to 13A (1993) by Ho et al. Annual direct expenditures for heart failure in the United States have been estimated at $20 to 40 billion, twice that for all forms of cancer, as described in the above-mentioned references by Massie et al. and O'Connell et al.
The core of the altered cardiac function in heart failure is a depression of cardiac contractility, as, for example, described in Lancet, Vol. 352 (Suppl. I), pages 8 to 14 (1998) by Bristow. Therefore, an adequate assessment of cardiac contractility has important diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Patients with acute heart failure, particularly as a complication of acute myocardial infarction or as an acute exacerbation of a previously compensated chronic heart failure, have a high mortality rate of about 30% within the first 12 months. In this clinical condition, a proper evaluation of cardiac contractility is extremely important for diagnostic purposes to assess the severity of the process and as a guide for the inotropic therapy. Typically, ejecting phase indices are used to evaluate ventricular function with the serious limitations that these parameters have, especially in this clinical setting where frequent and prominent hemodynamic load changes occur, as, for example, described in Arch. Mal. Coeur. Vaiss., Vol. 91, pages 1349 to 1358 (1998) by Bosio et al.; Rev. Prat., Vol. 47, pages 2146 to 2152 (1997) by Garot et al.; and Fortschr. Med., Vol. 115, pages 30 to 34 (1997) by Schwinger et al.
In regards to chronic heart failure, perhaps as many as 20 million individuals in the United States have an asymptomatic impairment of cardiac function and are likely to develop symptoms in the next 1 to 5 years. At this stage of heart failure, a reliable index of cardiac contractility is required for an early identification and appropriate treatment to achieve the greatest impact on individual and public health, as, for example, described in Am. J. Cardiol., Vol. 83, pages 1A to 38A (1999) by Parker et al.
In more advanced stages of heart failure, ventricular function parameters are measured to identify the severity of the cardiac abnormality. In this setting, ejection fraction is widely used. However, it has no good correlation with the physical capacity of the patient, as, for example, described in Circulation, Vol. 87 (Suppl. VI), pages VI-88 to VI-93 (1993) by Smith et al.; and Am. J. Cardiol., Vol. 47, pages 33 to 39 (1981) by Franciosa et al. There is debate about the value of repeated measurement of ejection fraction to evaluate the course, prognosis or therapeutic response, as, for example, described in the above-mentioned reference by Parker et al. It is expected that a more refined assessment of cardiac contractility, together with a better knowledge of the peripheral circulation and the neuro-endocrine axes, will improve the evaluation and treatment of these patients.
In severe valve diseases with striking modifications in cardiac loads, adequate information in relation to cardiac contractility, but different to the typically used ejection phase indices, is most important to choose the proper time for surgical treatment, as, for example, described in Heart Disease, Braunwald (ed.), W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1977, pages 1007 to 1076, by Braunwald.
Contractility or inotropic state of the heart refers to a fundamental property of cardiac tissue and represents the intensity of the active state of the muscle. The level of the inotropic state is given by the interaction of calcium ions and the contractile protein reflecting the level of activation and the formation and cycling of the cross bridges between actin and myosin filaments, as, for example, described in Heart Disease, Brunwald (ed.), W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1977, pages 421 to 444 by Little et al. This interaction is able to be widely modified by multiple and simultaneous factors such as force-frequency relation, circulating catecholamines, sympathetic nerve impulses, anoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis, pharmacologic intervention, etc., as, for example, described in J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., Vol. 26 (Suppl. 1), pages S1 to S9 (1995) by Opie. However, no absolute measure of myocardial contractility exists.
Many indices have been proposed as measures of left ventricular contractile function, analyzing the behavior of changes in pressure and/or volume during the isovolumetric or ejection phase of the left ventricular systole. Some of these indices are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1Indices of Cardiac ContractilityI.Isovolumetric Phase Indices1. Rate of rise of ventricular pressure (dP/dt): a. maximum b. dP/dt/P c. dP/dt DP40 d. VPM (dP/dt/28P)2. VmaxII.Ejection Phase Indices1. Stroke volume or work/diastolic volume2. Ejection fraction (EF)3. Velocity of circumferential shortening (Vcf)4. Mean normalized systolic ejection rate (MNSER)5. FE or Vcf/end-systolic stress
Most of these indices of cardiac contractility, such as maximum rate of rise of dP/dt, EF, and Vcf, are highly sensitive to acute inotropic changes, as, for example, described in From Cardiac Catheterization Data to Hemodynamic Parameters, F. A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, 1988, by Yang et al.; J. Clin. Invest., Vol. 41, page 80 (1962) by Gleason et al.; Am. J. Cardiol., Vol. 31, page 415 (1973) by Krayenbuehl et al.; Circ. Res., Vol. 56, page 808 (1985) by Little; and Circulation, Vol. 76, page 1422, by Kass et al. However, these indices are markedly modified by preload or afterload alterations, as described, for example, in the above-mentioned references by Gleason et al., Little, and Kass et al. To overcome these limitations, some modifications of these indices have been proposed, such as for dP/dt/P, dP/dt/DP, VPM, stroke volume, MNSER, and FE or Vcf/end-systolic stress, which make them less sensitive, though still sensitive, to changes in loads, as, for example, described in Circulation, Vol. 44, page 47 (1971) by Mason et al.; Cardiovasc. Res., Vol. 8, page 299 (1974) by Davidson et al.; Circulation, Vol. 53, page 293 (1976) by Quinones et al.; Am. J. Physiol., Vol. 240, page H80 (1981) by Carabello et al.; Ann. Intern. Med., Vol. 99, page 750 (1983) by Borow et al.; J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., Vol. 4, page 715 (1984) by Colan et al.; Circulation, Vol. 73, page 47 (1986) by Wisenbaugh et al.; Circulation, Vol. 78, page 68 (1988) by Mirsky et al.; Ann. Intern. Med., Vol. 108, page 524 (1988) by Lang et al.; and J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., Vol. 20, page 787 (1992) by Borow et al. Even Vmax, which was originally proposed as being independent of load index of cardiac contractility, has theoretical and practical limitations, and it is no longer used for clinical purposes, as, for example, described in Ann. Rev. Physiol., Vol. 34, page 47 (1972) by Ross et al.
Another way to assess cardiac contractility is by analyzing the end-systolic pressure/volume relation (ESPVR or ESP/ESV). The generation of variably afterloaded beats allows determination of several relationships. The slope of this line, usually known as Ecs or Emax, denotes the maximum stiffness or elastance of the left ventricle, as, for example, described in Circ. Res., Vol. 35, pages 117 to 126 (1974) by Suga et al.; and Circulation, Vol. 69, pages 1058 to 1064 (1984) by Carabello et al. The slope and/or position of the ESPVR respond to changes in myocardial contractile state, as for example, described in Circulation, Vol. 69, pages 1058 to 1064 (1984) by Carabello et al.; and Cardiovasc. Res., Vol. 9, pages 447 to 455 (1975) by Mahler et al. This index is independent of preload, and afterload is the controlled variable, as, for example, described in the above-mentioned reference by Suga et al. However, it is not possible to know the resting value of the relationship since alterations in the afterload are required to obtain the slope of the ESPVR. This slope behaves as a straight line for only part of the range of the physiologic values of afterload, as, for example, described in Am. J. Physiol., Vol. 252, pages H1218 to H1227 (1987) by Burkhoff et al.; and Circulation, Vol. 79, pages 167 to 178 (1989) by Kass et al. Additionally, no normal value of this slope has been established, and this technique is less sensitive than the isovolumetric and ejection phase indices to assess changes in the inotropic state of the heart, as, for example, described in Circulation, Vol. 76, pages 1115 to 1126 (1987) by Crottogini et al.; and Circulation, Vol. 76, pages 1422 to 1436 (1987) by Kass et al.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,400,793 to Wesseling describes a method of determining the stroke volume and cardiac output of the human heart from a pulse-type blood-stream pressure signal. U.S. Pat. No. 5,265,615 to Frank et al. describes a method and apparatus for continuous measurement of cardiac output by analyzing the blood pressure signal. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,535,753 and 5,647,369, both to Petrucelli et al., describe apparatus and methods for non-invasively measuring cardiovascular system parameters involving sensing a time varying arterial pressure pulse waveform.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,584,298 to Kabal describes a noninvasive method for calculating stroke volume and cardiac output of a human heart using computerized algorithms. U.S. Pat. No. 5,758,652 to Nikolic describes a system and method for measuring the heart condition of a patient by utilizing blood pressure signals. U.S. Pat. No. 5,836,884 to Chio describes a method for determining the cardiovascular condition of a patient by determining peripheral resistance and diastolic flow velocity of the patient.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,390,679 and 5,797,395, both to Martin, relate to a cardiac output determining device and method which senses an arterial pressure waveform and compares the sensed waveform to a plurality of stored waveforms representative of known states. U.S. Pat. No. 5,913,826 to Blank describes an apparatus and method for assessing the cardiovascular status of a mammal by utilizing arterial pressure waveforms and systolic and diastolic pressures.
In summary, there are no simple and reliable indices of cardiac contractility, since they are not load independent. The most precise indices (dP/dt, Vmax, or Ees) require invasive and/or sophisticated techniques and usually no normal values have been defined. These indices have been more useful in assessing directional changes in cardiac contractility during acute interventions.
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Q:
gmail api oauth two accounts possible issue
I have been working on a grails demo site which covers various methods of using gmail api mail plugin to send emails using standard,multiple To recipients, html emails, inline image(s).
As well as a method to override or use different gmail accounts. This can all be found here
Whilst doing the tests I noticed a strange behaviour with oauth, it is explained on the bottom of the README on that provided link
Unsure about this bit a little confusing as to how it works. lets say
I generated client_secret.json under gmail account username Bob When
for the very first email that needs to be confirmed via this site on a
given account a one off process. During that 1 off process if i log in
to gmail with another account of Bill The key is verified and emails
then appear to come from bill@gmail.com Even though I had not visited
/ configured Bill's account to use the client_secret.json file.
So in short if I generate a secret.json file from account1, when sending the very first email from that account. If I happen to be logged in from account2. The storedCredentials file generated by google (there on) the 'me' account becomes my 2nd account. Even though everything to generate the key etc was done on account1.
Does it make sense is this normal behaviour or a bug ?
A:
The client_secret.json file only needs to be generated once per application. It is how the application identifies itself to Google, and generating it does not grant any API access to any accounts. The same client secrets file is used to perform the OAuth flow for all the users that want to grant the application access to their data.
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A Blog about all things Star Trek, Doctor Who, Game of Thrones, Outlander and a lot more sci-fi
Sunday, June 20, 2010
More News on Being Human Series 3!
Right from Being Human's creator Toby Whithouse himself, comes more news from the upcoming series 3 of the BBC Three hit supernatural drama.
Coming from SFX Magazine again, here is what Whithouse revealed about series - or season - 3:
“Season 3. Firstly I approve of our adoption of the American term ’season’ for what we used to call a ’series’. Even though in the States, as series really does last the the length of a season. Whereas over here our series’ are much shorter. I mean how many seasons in Britain last just 6 to 8 weeks?! Apart from summer, obviously. Anyway, usually I hate the way English has become so wantonly Americanised, but this I like. So carry on.
“So. Season 3.
“First I should say thank you to all of the fans and BH bloggers for sending us all those lovely goodwill messages. I notice I have started being referred to as Lord Toby. Again, this is something I approve of as I’ve been trying to get my family to call me that for years with little success.
“But thanks to the fans for their messages. They were distributed amongst the cast and crew before the first readthrough and it was a genuinely lovely way to start proceedings.
“Actually the readthrough was terrific. We’ve got our familiar much loved cast back, as well as some jaw-droppingly pant-wettingly exciting casting for a couple of guest characters. Proof of the success of the show became apparent in the casting sessions, when well-known actors – the level of actor way out of our league on series 1 and even series 2 – would come in and say ‘I’ve never seen the show, but my teenage son is a huge fan and he’d think this would be so cool if I was in it.’ That should be our motto. ‘Being Human: we make middle aged men look cool.’
“So we’ve started filming. I’m currently writing ep 8 (It was all a dream! Who knew!) and looking at he rushes of each day’s filming. It looks amazing. We’re using a new type of camera, you see, that gives each and every frame the most extraordinary depth and texture and colour. Producer-Phil likes to tell me all about it – the technology behind it, the practicalities of filming with it and so on – but as I keep telling him, I am WAY too artistic and pretty to understand or care.
“But what can I tell you about season 3? You know me well enough to know that it won’t be anything useful.
“There are some new werewolves. There are some new vampires. And there’s a something else. For years I’ve had people saying to me “You should put a witch/zombie/demon/banshee/warlock /goblin/fairy/pixie/angel in your show.” I think they’ve got Being Human mixed up with Dungeons and f**king Dragons. Anyway. I’ve always secretly planned to pop one of them in to an episode, and it finally happens in season 3.
“We discover that the vampires have been doing something secret and staggeringly cruel to werewolves for decades.
“Three have become four now, and in the next season they briefly become five.
“And as I might have said before: in season one, the threat was supernatural. In season two, the threat was human. In season three, the threat comes from within.
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Comparative Cluster Analysis Of Social Areas.
Three demographic dimensions previously isolated by cluster analysis procedures (using BC TRY System computer analyses) were compared in different metropolitan areas for their stability over time and place. Also, the social areas discovered within the communities were studied for their stability over time and place. The three demographic dimensions (socio-economic independence, family life, and assimilation) accounted for the generality of 33 census tract (1940) characteristics in two communities. It was also shown that the three basic dimensions were essentially unchanged during the decade which included World War 11. The stability of these dimensions was retained even though there was considerable change in residents in each metropolitan area during the decade. The validity of cluster-search procedures is demonstrated by the stability of the three demographic dimensions.
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Q:
Hardware to do i/o to and from external devices
I've got a potential client who wants a database driven app, either in Java or Python driving MySQL or PostgreSQL, but we need to get input from an external machine, such that every time this external machine closes a microswitch, a value in the database gets decremented and it shows up on the app.
Also, when that value in the database reaches zero, we want to turn on a light on the external machine until the operator does something in the GUI, and then we want to turn off the light.
My client's proposed solution is to wire the microswitch into one of the keys on the keyboard and just avoid using that key for anything else (he suggested the F12 button), and to control the light by playing a sound file through the left channel to start it, and the right channel to stop it.
That seems a little cheesy to me, especially the wires going into the keyboard - and not just cheesy, but also a potential source of hardware problems if the operator accidentally pulls out a wire. I'd much rather something that either went into the USB port or possibly an internal card, just to keep the wiring around the back and away from the operator. But since the client hopes to sell a lot of these, he wants to keep the price down.
I realize this isn't strictly "programming", but it's to solve a problem in a program I'm writing. So I'm asking you: is there a cheap hardware device that would do what I want?
A:
Cheap hardware device: Arduino
It's small, cheap, programmable, and very easy to learn how to program for (pretty much C++). It can interface with either USB or Serial depending on the board you get. It's the hardware hacker's wet dream when it comes to tinkering around with wierd projects that need to interface with a computer somehow. You could even wire up an LED for notifying the technician directly to the arduino.
Pros: Very little hardware knowledge needed to complete your project. All the wiring for reading a switch and lighting an LED are on the arduino project's site.
Cons: Learning how to interface your software with the Arduino Library might take a little bit of time.
A:
To expand on Marcelo's answer, in case you want to prototype this quickly, FTDI does make a standalone board, the UB232R, which is about US$20 in single quantities. You could use the CTS pin as an input (with an appropriate pullup, e.g. 10K) from your device to the PC.
All you need besides one of these is a USB cable and a way to connect the board to your microswitch. (not sure whether a solderless breadboard would be appropriate / robust enough, but it's a quick & dirty solution since the UB232R has a DIP8 footprint) No external power supplies, no need to make a custom PC board, no need to program anything other than your PC, no need to learn any hardware drivers beyond the basic communication port services, assuming your PC's communication libraries include features to read the CTS pin status.
edit: for an output, you can use the RTS pin. If you have more inputs and outputs than this, you'll want to think a little more carefully....
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The use of multiple computing devices having differing capabilities together in a collaborative manner by a single person has become commonplace. Specifically, it has become commonplace for one person to make use of such a group of computing devices as a work computer system, a home computer system, a smartphone, a tablet computer and a computer system in their car together, along with ancillary computing devices such as a digital wireless communications headset and/or wrist-worn device displaying textual information. It has become expected that information (e.g., emails, appointments, contact information, document, music audio files, maps, digital photos, etc.) associated with that one person will be automatically synchronized and made available among multiple computing devices in such a group such that the one person is able to access and make use of that information using any of them.
An integral part of such collaborative use of a group of computing devices is arranging secure network communications (usually via wireless networks) among them. Each of these computing devices must in some way be configured to share information associated with that one person only with other computing devices of that group. Stated differently, each of those computing devices must be configured to enable relatively seamless sharing of information among them while avoiding sharing that information with other computing devices that are not part of that group.
The most widely accepted and used approach to configuring computing devices to operate in this manner is commonly referred to as “pairing” where that one person brings one of the computing devices that has already been configured for such secure collaborative use in that group into close proximity with another computing device that they wish to add to that group as a new “member.” In current incarnations of pairing, wireless signals are exchanged between those two devices over a relatively short range form of wireless communications to convey information from the one computing device that is already a member of that group to the other computing device that is being added. The short range of those wireless communications is often relied upon to ensure security by precluding the possibility of unauthorized devices intercepting those signals. However, this approach does necessitate having possession of at least one of the computing devices that is already a member of that group available to bring into that close proximity to that other computing device to be added as a new member. It is with respect to these and other considerations that the embodiments described herein are needed.
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Homeowners to Save $16 Million with Rejection of FAIR Plan’s Home Insurance Rate Increase
BOSTON – After arguing that the FAIR Plan’s proposed home insurance rate increases for more than 150,000 Massachusetts families were excessive, Attorney General Martha Coakley announced that the Division of Insurance (DOI) rejected the rate request in a decision issued today. The decision saves homeowners from having to pay an additional $16 million in policy premiums.
“Homeowners should not be required to pour their money right into the pockets of insurers,” AG Coakley said. “This is real money that can stay in homeowners’ pockets. We are pleased that the DOI recognized that the insurers’ proposal was excessive and would significantly harm Massachusetts ratepayers.”
Jointly run by the state’s property insurance companies, the Massachusetts Property Insurance Underwriters Association (FAIR Plan), is a residual market designed to provide coverage at reasonable rates to homeowners who cannot obtain it in the open marketplace. This includes about 50,000 of families in urban areas, and 80,000 families on Cape Cod and other coastal communities, where insurance companies frequently decline to issue home insurance policies. The law requires that rates through the FAIR Plan are approved by the Commissioner of Insurance and are not excessive.
The insurance industry sought the Commissioner’s permission to raise rates for the FAIR Plan by an average of 6.8 percent across the state, and by over 9 percent in the communities of New Bedford, the Cape and Islands, Lynn Worcester Springfield parts of Boston and parts of Suffolk and Hampshire counties.
Despite its request for rate increases, the FAIR Plan has been steadily making money, which is uncommon for a residual market. During the six-year period from fiscal year 2007 through fiscal year 2012, the FAIR Plan profits amounted to over $250 million, or more than $40 million a year on average. In this proposal, the FAIR Plan requested its rate include a new ‘underwriting profit provision’ which would generate an additional $16 million in additional annual profit for the FAIR plan. Eliminating this additional profit request in the FAIR Plan’s proposal would eliminate the projected increase.
After conducting extensive discovery, cross examining industry witnesses, utilizing its own experts, and working in conjunction with the Massachusetts State Rating Bureau (SRB), the AG’s Office formally asked the Commissioner to reject the FAIR Plan’s proposed rate hikes on Nov. 4, 2013.
In addition to noting the FAIR Plan’s request for additional profits as improper, AG Coakley also argued that the rates should be rejected and reduced based on the insurer’s use of a hurricane model that has not been approved or tested for use in Massachusetts and on its use of flawed Massachusetts Property Insurance Underwriting Association (MPIUA) projections of future claim payments. AG Coakley also argued that the rates should be rejected because of the FAIR Plan’s excessive reinsurance expenses.
In today’s decision the Commissioner of Insurance agreed with the AG’s arguments, noting that “the MPIUA has continued to utilize a hurricane model that has not been shown to produce results that meaningfully reflect the frequency and severity of storms that are correctly classified as hurricanes in Massachusetts, develop measures of vulnerability that are specific to Massachusetts, and quantify other factors…”
In 2012, the AG’s Office successfully advocated to prevent two unprecedented rate increases sought by the FAIR Plan and the workers’ compensation insurance industry that saved both Massachusetts homeowners and employers more than $187 million.
The case is being handled by Deputy Division Chief Monica Brookman, Assistant Attorneys General Peter Leight and Lydia French, as well as Mathematician Burt Feinberg and paralegal Erica Harmon, of Attorney General Martha Coakley’s Insurance and Financial Services Division.
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INTRODUCTION {#sec1-1}
============
Vascular malformations of spinal cord are rare clinical entities.\[[@ref6][@ref8][@ref15]\] Traditionally, they are classified into three categories depending upon the arterial supply and anatomic characteristics.\[[@ref7]\] Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) constitutes 70--80% of all spinal vascular malformations with an annual incidence of 5-10 cases per million.\[[@ref1]\] The vascular nidus is located on the dural sheath of a spinal nerve root and is supplied by a dural artery, usually a branch of radicular or intercostal artery\[[@ref3]\] \[[Figure 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}\]. Intradural arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and cavernous angiomas are less common types of vascular malformations of spinal cord.
{#F1}
SDAVF are generally thought to be acquired lesions and usually present in mid to late adulthood.\[[@ref20]\] The pathophysiology is thought to be congestion of the spinal cord medullary venous plexus with edema and neuronal ischemia.\[[@ref3]\] The clinical features include radicular or axial back pain, gait imbalance, weakness, numbness, and bladder or bowel disturbances. Aminoff and Logue in their seminal observations described the clinical features and postulated a disability score to classify the severity of SDAVF\[[@ref3][@ref9]\] (Aminoff and Logue Scale, ALS) \[[Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}\].
######
Aminoff and logue scale score of disability
Traditionally, there are two therapeutic options: (1) Surgical approach of laminectomies and ligation of the vascular nidus \[[Figure 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}\] and (2) An endovascular approach with focus on embolization of feeding vessel/s. \[[Figure 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}\]\[[@ref1][@ref2][@ref3]\] There is little data on superiority of one approach over the other.\[[@ref3][@ref4][@ref5][@ref6][@ref7]\] We present our single center experience of 27 patients including clinical features, imaging findings, and response to various modalities of treatment, including complication and recurrence rates.
{#F2}
{#F3}
MATERIALS AND METHODS {#sec1-2}
=====================
This was a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with SDAVF who underwent evaluation and treatment at Duke University Medical Center. Duke Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved the research protocol for this study.
Study population {#sec2-1}
----------------
All adult patients (age more than 18 years at the time of presentation) who were diagnosed with SDAVF and who underwent evaluation and treatment between January 1, 1993 to December 31, 2012 were identified using the appropriate current procedural terminology (CPT) codes and inclusion characteristics using special software database program DEDUCE. DEDUCE is a comprehensive search database of all patients who underwent evaluation at the medical center over past 10 years. The list of patients was further checked manually by a team of health professionals using electronic records (eBrowser™). Patients were excluded from the study if the diagnosis was doubtful or if the feeding vessel for SDAVF was branch of one of the extracranial arteries. A total of 27 patients met inclusion criteria. Clinical details prior to intervention and following intervention at discharge and follow up were used to calculate ALS \[[Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}\]. Demographic details, intervention details, follow up, and complication-recurrence details were obtained from electronic medical records (eBrowser™) and from the Duke Decision Support Repository (DSR). DSR is a quality assured custom-built data warehouse containing integrated clinical and financial data of all patients admitted to the Duke Health Care System.
Statistical analysis {#sec2-2}
--------------------
Mann--Whitney U test or Chi-square tests were used for intergroup comparisons as appropriate. Data was reported as median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and count (percentage, %) for categorical variables. Statistical significance was defined as a *P* \< 0.05. All analysis was done using SPSS Inc. software version 20, Chicago, IL, USA.
RESULTS {#sec1-3}
=======
Baseline characteristics {#sec2-3}
------------------------
A total of 27 patients were diagnosed with SDAVF; 20 (74%) were male and the majority (22, 88%) patients were older than 50 years at the time of diagnosis. Majority of patients presented with back pain (93%) and lower extremity weakness (85%). Almost half the patients had sensory disturbances. A significant number of patients reported bladder difficulties (59%) while none of the patients in our study reported impotence or sexual dysfunction. All patients underwent conventional digital subtraction spinal angiogram (DSA) for accurate diagnosis and/or intervention. In addition, all patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as part of pretreatment evaluation. MRI scan showed T2 signal hyper intensity involving spinal cord in 24 (89%) patients. In addition, seven (26%) patients underwent magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), which was diagnostic of SDADF in four patients and was suggestive in three patients. The median ALS was 4 at preintervention and 3 at postintervention. Demographic and clinical details of all patients are summarized in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}.
######
Demographic details of study population
Treatment details and outcome measures {#sec2-4}
--------------------------------------
All patients underwent DSA for diagnosis and localization of fistula. After endovascular or surgical correction, a repeat DSA was performed to assess the closure of fistula or any residual feeding vessels. All patients were followed up clinically and a repeat DSA was performed if there was suspicion of recurrence during course of follow up (worsening of residual symptoms or appearance of new symptoms or both). Out of the 27 patients in the study, 10 patients underwent endovascular embolization as the first line therapy, whereas the remaining 17 patients underwent surgical ligation as initial therapeutic modality. The decision to treatment was based on individual fistula characteristics and associated comorbidities. For example, a common segmental artery origin of the artery of Adamkiewicz and the SDAVF feeding vessel was considered a contraindication for endovascular embolization and felt suitable for surgical ligation. Onyx (ethylene vinyl alcohol) was used as an embolization material in five patients and N-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) was used in the remaining five patients. Patients in surgical group underwent removal of vertebral lamina at involved levels in addition to ligation-resection of the fistula. Preoperative steroids were used in one patient in embolization group as compared with four patients in surgical group. Preoperative steroids were used to reduce cord edema.
Patients in endovascular group were slightly older (mean age 65 years) as compared with those in surgical group (mean age 57 years). There was no significant difference in the demographic characteristics and clinical features in both these groups \[[Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}\]. The average ALS prior to procedure for both these groups were comparable (4.5 in embolization group and 4 in surgical group). The average duration of postprocedure inpatient hospital stay was 3 days in patients who underwent embolization, as compared with 4 days in patients who underwent surgical ligation and resection. The average ALS at discharge improved in both groups by one point (from 4.5 to 3.5 in the embolization group and from 4 to 3 in the surgical group). One patient in embolization group had spinal cord infarction in immediate postprocedure period. None of the patients in embolization group had evidence of local or systemic infection (pneumonia, urine tract infection within 4 weeks of procedure). Two patients in surgical group presented to the hospital within a month of discharge with local wound infection, requiring repeat inpatient admission, intravenous antibiotics, and local wound care. None of the patients in surgical group had postprocedure recurrence on follow up as compared with three patients in embolization group who presented with recurrence. All of the three patients with recurrence required surgical ligation of fistula and none of them had repeat recurrence of fistula. These results are summarized in [Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"}.
######
Comparison of patients undergoing embolization and surgical treatment
DISCUSSION {#sec1-4}
==========
SDAVF is a rare disorder with annual incidence rate of 5-10 per million. It is thought to be an acquired disease, and men are more commonly affected than women, as seen in our patient cohort.\[[@ref7][@ref8]\] The presentation is usually insidious and subacute. The underlying pathophysiology is thought to be medullary venous hypertension secondary to a direct abnormal communication between arterial supply and venous drainage.\[[@ref2][@ref8][@ref9]\] The increased venous pressure leads to venous congestion, dilation, and tortuous medullary veins. This results in compression and edema of spinal cord, which is often visualized as T2 signal hyper intensity on MRI scan\[[@ref10]\] \[[Figure 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}\]. It is thought that increased venous pressure could contribute to decreased tissue perfusion and hypoxia. Frank infarction or hemorrhage in the substance of spinal cord is extremely rare in cases of SDAVF.\[[@ref4]\] Almost all the patients present with varying degrees of radicular and back pain. In addition, compressive myelopathy due to edema and tissue hypoxia leads to lower extremity weakness, sensory disturbances, as well as bladder symptoms.\[[@ref7][@ref10]\] ALS is widely used for assessing clinical severity of SDAVF.
Advances in neuroimaging have led to better diagnostic modalities for SDAVF.\[[@ref11][@ref12][@ref13]\] As seen from our observations, all the patients underwent MRI scan of spine to evaluate for cause of myelopathy. All of the patients had abnormal cord signal change and a significant proportion of patients (24 out of 27, 88%) had abnormal T2 signal hyper intensity suggestive of cord edema. However, these changes are nonspecific in nature and can be seen in wide variety of spinal cord pathologies such as tumors, demyelinating lesions, or infectious etiologies.\[[@ref2]\] One of the patients was wrongly diagnosed as having demyelinating pathology before being diagnosed as SDAVF in our study. Interestingly, seven patients underwent MRA for diagnostic evaluation. MRA was suggestive of SDAVF in all the patients but was able to localize the site of fistula in only three patients. Thus, we suggest that a combination of MRI plus MRA could be a first line set of investigations in a patient suspected to have SDAVF.\[[@ref2]\] These tests have high sensitivity and are noninvasive, without radiation exposure or theoretical risk of contrast induced kidney damage, as compared with conventional digital subtraction angiogram.\[[@ref2][@ref5][@ref21]\]
The primary principle in management of SDAVF is obliteration or removal of abnormal communicating vessel/s and to relieve spinal cord edema. Traditionally, surgical laminectomy and ligation of fistula is used as definitive treatment strategy. It is an open spinal surgical procedure with inherent complications of general anesthesia, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak and risk of postoperative wound infection.\[[@ref1][@ref23][@ref6]\] There is an increasing interest in use of minimally invasive endovascular embolization techniques in past few years.\[[@ref4][@ref6]\] This treatment modality consists of advancing a micro catheter in the offending radicular artery and embolizing that artery using various materials. The most commonly used embolization particles are NBCA or onyx.\[[@ref4][@ref7][@ref14]\] The major complications of endovascular approach are recurrence or incomplete embolization and accidental damage to medullary spinal vessels leading to spinal cord infarction.\[[@ref7][@ref15]\] As seen from our data, the endovascular arm has higher incidence of recurrence rates. Recent advances in neuroanesthesia techniques such as awake procedures and close neuromonitering may help to reduce complication rates of both endovascular and surgical procedures.\[[@ref16]\] There is emerging data to support use of neuromonitering and provocative testing to minimize the complication rates.\[[@ref17][@ref18]\]
In our observational study, we have compared the functional outcomes and complications following each of the treatment modalities. There is not much data about head to head comparison of these two modalities. The patient population in both groups is comparable in clinical severity (ALS scores) as well as other demographic characteristics \[[Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"}\]. Both of the treatment modalities are effective in immediate post-operative period for symptomatic as well as functional benefit. (ALS score improved by about one point in each group.) There appears to be some correlation between the duration of symptoms before diagnosis and degree of improvement after surgical or endovascular treatment. As noted in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}, patients with longer duration of symptoms before being treated were unlikely to show significant change in ALS score after intervention. This underscores the importance of timely diagnosis and urgent intervention to treat the fistula. There was no significant difference in length of postprocedure hospital stay in patients who underwent embolization (3 days) as compared with those who underwent surgical ligation (4 days) \[[Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"}\].
None of the patients in the surgical group had recurrence of fistula during the follow up period. Three patients (30%) in the embolization group had recurrence of fistula during follow up (at 1, 4, and 26 months after initial embolization). All of these patients underwent successful surgical ligation of fistula without any further recurrence. We tried to compare the recurrence rates with different embolization materials. Five patients underwent embolization with onyx and five with NBCA. Two patients in onyx group (40%) had recurrence of fistula, as compared with one patient in NBCA group (20%). While choice of embolization material (NBCA/onyx) may affect recurrence rates, the number of patients in our study is small and hence no definitive conclusions can be made. Further the choice of embolization material depends upon advances in endovascular materials, which may act as a confounder in predicting the complication rates. Regarding postprocedure complications, one patient in the embolization group had accidental embolization of medullar artery resulting in spinal cord infarction. None of the patients in surgical group had demonstrable ischemia of cord. Regarding postprocedure infections, two patients (12%) in surgical group developed local wound infections necessitating repeat inpatient admission. Patients in both groups were followed up for several months after procedure and showed sustained improvement in ALS even at follow up. Many patients, however, remained with neurological deficits and these results are summarized in [Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"}.
CONCLUSIONS {#sec1-5}
===========
SDAVF is a rare acquired disorder of spinal cord. A combination of MRI plus MRA may offer a sensitive screening test in patients suspected to have SDAVF. DSA still remains the gold standard for diagnosis.\[[@ref1]\] Endovascular embolization and surgical ligation are effective treatment strategies and offer immediate improvement in clinical status, which is sustained at several months' follow up. Timely diagnosis and treatment is essential to maximize the chances for recovery. Our data shows that surgical ligation may offer permanent cure without any recurrence. Endovascular approach is associated with higher incidence of recurrence and has potential to cause catastrophic injury such as spinal cord infarct. We believe that further advances in micro catheter techniques and embolization materials may reduce the recurrence rates. Our findings underscore the fact that despite modern and surgical and interventional therapy that cured the fistula, many patients were left with residual neurological deficits.
Available FREE in open access from: <http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/text.asp?2014/5/1/7/125628>
Commentary: Surgery or embolization for spinal dural fistula?
Burrows
Anthony M.
1
Lanzino
Giuseppe
1
2
Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Foundation, Rochester MN, USA
Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Foundation, Rochester MN, USA E-mail:
lanzino.giuseppe\@mayo.edu
Surgical ligation of Type I spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs) remains the gold standard in the treatment of these lesions. However, with advances in endovascular techniques, several authors have proposed embolization as a valid alternative. Embolization has the main advantage of being a less invasive procedure, which is particularly appealing in patients with SDAVFs who often have significant disability by the time they are correctly diagnosed. In this issue of *Surgical Neurology International*, a retrospective observational study of patients presenting with spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVF) and seen at Duke University Hospital between 1993 and 2012 is presented. Primary outcome measures included Aminoff--Logue scores (ALS), complications rates, and recurrence rates. Comparison is made between open surgical and compared with endovascular treatment groups, though the authors point out that the small numbers of patients in the series preclude meaningful statistical comparison. Using a standardized outcome measurement for SDAVF treatment, the ALS, functional outcomes improved in both treatment arms, from 4.5 to 3.5 in the surgical cohort and from 4 to 3 in the endovascular cohort. Significant complications included a spinal cord infarction in the endovascular group and two wound infections requiring readmission in the surgical group. Recurrence was higher in the endovascular group with 3/10 patients requiring subsequent open surgical treatment while none of the open surgical arm required retreatment.
This thoughtful analysis attempts to directly compare surgical and endovascular treatment of SDAVF by experienced microsurgical and endovascular practitioners, although it appears that the authors have used the two techniques in a complementary fashion and attempted embolization as first choice in older patients (mean age 65 years in the embolization group versus 57 years in the surgical group). Despite the obvious appeal, embolization for the treatment of SDAVFs has significant limitations. Akin to intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas, the *sine qua non* condition to be fulfilled for the successful and permanent obliteration of the fistula is adequate penetration in the proximal portion of the draining vein and its complete obliteration. This is not always easy to achieve given the small size of the feeding pedicles involved, which preclude distal catheterization close to the fistulous connection. Moreover, because of the small size of the vessels involved, apparent immediate angiographic obliteration may not necessarily result in complete obliteration of the fistula as micro fistulous connections may persist while not being evident any longer on catheter angiography. This is a major limitation of embolization for SDAVFs as many of these patients are already neurologically impaired and need immediate complete and permanent obliteration of the fistula. In series presented, Onyx™(ev3, Irivne CA) was utilized in 5 of the 10 patients treated with embolization first while the remaining ones were treated (probably before Onyx™ introduction in practice) with n-Butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA). Although some groups have reported good success with Onyx™ embolization for SDAVFs, there are major limitations associated with the use of Onyx for SDAVFs.\[[@ref2a]\] First, this agent may not achieve good enough penetration to assure complete obliteration of the proximal venous drainage.\[[@ref1a]\] Second, Onyx™ penetration into very small critical arterial pedicles, which may participate in the vascularization of the spinal cord, may not be immediately evident during the embolization (and this may have played a role in the major complication observed in this series).
Overall, despite the appeal and definitive less invasiveness, embolization for SDAVFs continues to have important limitations, which make surgical ligation a more effective procedure in a significant portion of patients with these lesions.
|
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Q:
How to pass params to one component with routerLink?
I ran into impossibility to pass/get params with routerLink.
I have app.component.ts/html:
<header></header>
<router-outlet></router-outlet>
<footer class="flux-container">
...
<a routerLink="/info/1" routerLinkActive="active">Privacy Policy</a>
<a routerLink="/info/2" routerLinkActive="active">Terms & Conditions</a>
...
</footer>
and info.component.ts:
import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';
import { ActivatedRoute } from '@angular/router';
@Component({
selector: 'app-info',
templateUrl: './info.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./info.component.css']
})
export class InfoComponent implements OnInit {
order : number;
constructor(private activatedRoute: ActivatedRoute) { }
ngOnInit() {
this.order = this.activatedRoute.snapshot.params.id;
console.log('this.activatedRoute.snapshot.params ', this.activatedRoute.snapshot.params);
}
}
routing.ts
{
path : 'info/:id',
canActivate : [AccountGuard, AppEnter],
pathMatch : 'full',
component : InfoComponent
},
by cliking /info/1 or /info/2
i can't get this.activatedRoute.snapshot.params.id and use it, only by refresh page. Just simple move.
help please
A:
order$: Observable<string>;
this.order$ = this.activatedRoute.paramMap.pipe(map(resp => resp.get("id")));
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
rom {p: 6, d: 5, c: 3, b: 1}. Give prob of picking 2 d.
2/21
What is prob of picking 1 v and 2 y when three letters picked without replacement from vvyyyyyyyyvvvyyy?
55/112
Calculate prob of picking 2 d when two letters picked without replacement from dxdxxddddddddddxdx.
26/51
Three letters picked without replacement from jwwjjjwwjw. What is prob of picking 2 j and 1 w?
5/12
Four letters picked without replacement from {y: 3, e: 9, v: 7}. Give prob of picking 1 v, 2 y, and 1 e.
63/1292
What is prob of picking 2 z and 1 g when three letters picked without replacement from {z: 5, g: 2}?
4/7
Three letters picked without replacement from {k: 1, u: 3, x: 3, r: 2, w: 10}. Give prob of picking 1 u, 1 x, and 1 r.
6/323
Calculate prob of picking 1 y, 1 p, and 1 z when three letters picked without replacement from pwyzpwzwwzwwwpwwpww.
4/323
Two letters picked without replacement from uvvvuvvuvvvvukkv. What is prob of picking 1 u and 1 v?
1/3
Three letters picked without replacement from {w: 2, e: 2, h: 1, j: 3, o: 4}. What is prob of picking 1 o and 2 w?
1/55
What is prob of picking 2 d when two letters picked without replacement from {d: 2, j: 1, h: 5, a: 1, x: 1}?
1/45
What is prob of picking 1 p and 2 h when three letters picked without replacement from hqhqhqqqqhqqhqpqhq?
5/272
Calculate prob of picking 2 i and 1 p when three letters picked without replacement from wiirbpninrrnww.
3/364
What is prob of picking 2 c and 2 s when four letters picked without replacement from hcdccihchhcccccdshcs?
3/323
Calculate prob of picking 2 n when two letters picked without replacement from {n: 17, m: 2}.
136/171
What is prob of picking 1 b and 2 t when three letters picked without replacement from tbbtttttttttt?
5/13
Two letters picked without replacement from {u: 9, r: 4, m: 1, j: 2}. Give prob of picking 2 j.
1/120
Two letters picked without replacement from emeicll. What is prob of picking 1 c and 1 e?
2/21
Four letters picked without replacement from {i: 1, u: 2, d: 1, l: 1, o: 1, x: 2}. Give prob of picking 1 u, 1 l, 1 x, and 1 i.
2/35
Calculate prob of picking 1 u and 2 z when three letters picked without replacement from {a: 1, t: 1, z: 5, u: 2}.
5/21
Calculate prob of picking 1 s and 1 e when two letters picked without replacement from euszdsess.
2/9
Calculate prob of picking 1 o, 1 a, and 1 k when three letters picked without replacement from {k: 2, c: 1, s: 3, o: 2, e: 1, a: 3}.
3/55
Four letters picked without replacement from bggbgb. What is prob of picking 2 b and 2 g?
3/5
Calculate prob of picking 1 s and 1 t when two letters picked without replacement from {i: 3, t: 2, s: 4, y: 1}.
8/45
What is prob of picking 2 m when two letters picked without replacement from mpppmmmpppmpp?
5/39
Calculate prob of picking 1 h, 1 b, and 1 t when three letters picked without replacement from {b: 11, t: 2, h: 2}.
44/455
Calculate prob of picking 2 f when two letters picked without replacement from eeuqefef.
1/28
What is prob of picking 2 z when two letters picked without replacement from zzzz?
1
Two letters picked without replacement from ecccmcem. What is prob of picking 1 e and 1 c?
2/7
Calculate prob of picking 1 j and 1 q when two letters picked without replacement from {w: 2, j: 7, q: 6}.
2/5
Calculate prob of picking 1 x and 1 t when two letters picked without replacement from xdatda.
1/15
Calculate prob of picking 1 l and 1 o when two letters picked without replacement from {h: 1, o: 1, b: 2, l: 1}.
1/10
What is prob of picking 2 i and 1 k when three letters picked without replacement from kpsiiwks?
1/28
Four letters picked without replacement from tttjjjjjjttjjtjtjtt. What is prob of picking 1 j and 3 t?
70/323
What is prob of picking 2 b when two letters picked without replacement from {u: 3, b: 2}?
1/10
Calculate prob of picking 1 z and 1 s when two letters picked without replacement from vvvqzqsqquqvvvqvvvv.
1/171
Calculate prob of picking 2 p when two letters picked without replacement from {a: 1, b: 6, p: 4}.
6/55
Calculate prob of picking 2 f when two letters picked without replacement from yqqqcqqfffyyfyqycqq.
2/57
What is prob of picking 1 a and 3 d when four letters picked without replacement from aaaddaaadd?
4/35
What is prob of picking 3 j when three letters picked without replacement from {w: 2, j: 3}?
1/10
What is prob of picking 2 q and 1 y when three letters picked without replacement from qyyyyyyqyyyyyyqy?
39/560
Three letters picked without replacement from {a: 4, k: 2, v: 2}. What is prob of picking 2 v and 1 k?
1/28
Four letters picked without replacement from rffffrf. What is prob of picking 4 f?
1/7
Four letters picked without replacement from xxooxggogxo. What is prob of picking 1 x, 1 g, and 2 o?
12/55
Three letters picked without replacement from {a: 2, l: 4, o: 2, f: 4}. Give prob of picking 3 l.
1/55
What is prob of picking 1 i and 1 u when two letters picked without replacement from kimue?
1/10
Four letters picked without replacement from jjjjjj. Give prob of picking 4 j.
1
Calculate prob of picking 1 g and 2 v when three letters picked without replacement from ggvv.
1/2
Two letters picked without replacement from ggmmgmjhmtm. Give prob of picking 1 j and 1 t.
1/55
Calculate prob of picking 1 x and 1 b when two letters picked without replacement from {y: 1, b: 1, w: 1, x: 9}.
3/22
Calculate prob of picking 1 m and 1 u when two letters picked without replacement from {m: 3, u: 9}.
9/22
What is prob of picking 1 a, 1 r, and 1 v when three letters picked without replacement from rvvaqrrarvrarrrrrqrr?
9/95
What is prob of picking 1 x and 2 n when three letters picked without replacement from xnwnzgd?
1/35
What is prob of picking 1 u and 2 h when three letters picked without replacement from ughghgghuhhhuh?
9/52
Two letters picked without replacement from {v: 2, n: 3, l: 4, m: 9}. What is prob of picking 1 m and 1 n?
3/17
What is prob of picking 1 r, 1 e, and 1 f when three letters picked without replacement from uluuluflpeuefurlue?
1/136
What is prob of picking 1 b and 1 n when two letters picked without replacement from bnbnbnnbnn?
8/15
What is prob of picking 2 r and 1 w when three letters picked without replacement from {w: 5, p: 1, r: 8, k: 5, c: 1}?
7/57
What is prob of picking 2 v and 1 i when three letters picked without replacement from {v: 8, n: 6, i: 3}?
21/170
Three letters picked without replacement from rrmrddmrrmmdrrmqm. What is prob of picking 2 d and 1 r?
21/680
Four letters picked without replacement from {w: 1, k: 1, o: 1, n: 1, q: 1}. Give prob of picking 1 q, 1 o, 1 w, and 1 n.
1/5
What is prob of picking 1 y and 1 z when two letters picked without replacement from {y: 6, z: 4, g: 2}?
4/11
What is prob of picking 2 g and 1 j when three letters picked without replacement from {g: 2, n: 3, j: 2, y: 8}?
2/455
Four letters picked without replacement from {u: 7, q: 2, c: 7, p: 1, k: 1}. Give prob of picking 1 q, 2 u, and 1 k.
7/510
Three letters picked without replacement from {s: 3, a: 4, f: 4}. What is prob of picking 1 s and 2 f?
6/55
What is prob of picking 2 c when two letters picked without replacement from xxcxxcxc?
3/28
Calculate prob of picking 1 d, 1 r, and 1 c when three letters picked without replacement from {z: 1, d: 1, r: 2, h: 1, q: 1, c: 1}.
2/35
What is prob of picking 2 c and 2 m when four letters picked without replacement from mmcmmc?
2/5
Three letters picked without replacement from avavvaaaaa. What is prob of picking 3 a?
7/24
Calculate prob of picking 1 r and 1 o when two letters picked without replacement from {h: 2, o: 1, r: 2, j: 1}.
2/15
Calculate prob of picking 1 c and 1 l when two letters picked without replacement from {c: 4, r: 4, i: 1, l: 3, z: 1}.
2/13
Two letters picked without replacement from {b: 1, p: 1, g: 2, w: 2, n: 1, f: 1}. Give prob of picking 1 w and 1 n.
1/14
Calculate prob of picking 3 r when three letters picked without replacement from rlldrctlrdqc.
1/220
Three letters picked without replacement from awwwawawaapappwwap. Give prob of picking 1 w and 2 a.
49/272
Three letters picked without replacement from {h: 3, y: 4, g: 1, c: 2}. Give prob of picking 1 y, 1 h, and 1 g.
1/10
Two letters picked without replacement from {s: 7, p: 2}. What is prob of picking 2 p?
1/36
W
|
{
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
}
|
Concordance levels of PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry, mRNA in situ hybridization, and outcome in lung carcinomas.
Targeted inhibition of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) has emerged as first-line therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Although patients with high PD-L1 expression have improved outcomes with anti-PD-1/PD-L1-directed therapies, use as a predictive biomarker is complicated by robust responses in some patients with low-level expression. Furthermore, reported PD-L1 levels in lung cancers vary widely, and discrepancies exist with different antibodies. PD-L1 expression was thus compared by immunohistochemistry (IHC) versus RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) in 112 lung cancers by tissue microarray: 51 adenocarcinoma, 42 squamous cell carcinoma, 9 adenosquamous carcinoma, 5 carcinoid, 3 undifferentiated large cell carcinoma, 1 large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and 1 small cell carcinoma. At least 1% tumor cell staining was considered positive in each modality. A positive concordance of only 60% (67/112) was found between IHC and ISH. Fifty percent (56/112) were positive by IHC and 50% (56/112) by ISH; however, 20% (22/112) were ISH positive but IHC negative. Conversely, 21% (23/112) were IHC positive but ISH negative. There was no significant stratification of PD-L1 positivity by histologic subtype. A trend of more PD-L1-positive stage I cancers identified by ISH versus IHC was observed but was not statistically significant (50% [27/54] by IHC and 64% [35/55] by ISH, P = .18). No significant difference in survival was identified, with an average of 5.3 months in IHC versus 5.2 months in ISH-positive cases. The results demonstrate discordance between PD-L1 RNA levels and protein expression in non-small cell lung cancers, warranting comparison as predictive biomarkers.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Quantitative and ultrastructural study of ascending projections to the medial mammillary nucleus in the rat.
We analyzed the termination pattern of axons from the superior central nucleus and the ventral tegmental nucleus of Gudden within the medial mammillary nucleus (MM) in the rat. The neuropil of the MM consists of two classes of terminals, that is, terminals containing round synaptic vesicles and forming asymmetric synaptic contact, and terminals containing pleomorphic synaptic vesicles and forming symmetric synaptic contact. The number of axodendritic terminals with round vesicles is almost equal to that of terminals with pleomorphic vesicles. Almost all axosomatic terminals contain pleomorphic vesicles with symmetric synaptic contact. Injection of WGA-HRP into the central part of the superior central nucleus permitted ultrastructural recognition of many anterogradely labeled terminals within the median region of MM. The labeled terminals contacted mainly intermediate (1-2 microns diameter) and proximal dendrites (more than 2 microns diameter) as well as the neuronal somata. Serial ultrathin sections of neurons of the median region of the MM revealed that 37% of the axosomatic terminals were labeled anterogradely. The pars compacta of the superior central nucleus had reciprocal connections with the median region of MM. The axon terminals from this nucleus occupied 53% of axosomatic terminals, and contacted mainly intermediate dendrites. Following injection of WGA-HRP into the ventral tegmental nucleus, many labeled terminals were found in the medial and lateral regions of MM. They contacted mainly intermediate dendrites as well as neuronal somata. In the medial region, 78% of axosomatic terminals contacting retrogradely labeled neurons were labeled anterogradely. All labeled terminals from these nuclei contained pleomorphic vesicles, and made symmetric synaptic contact.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Chile, one of only six countries that still refuse abortions under any circumstances, is one step closer to allowing them.
A law introduced two years ago by President Michelle Bachelet herself is ready for a full-Senate vote after a constitutional commission narrowly agreed to advance it.
The Senate panel passed the measure Monday with a 3-2 vote.
The new law would decriminalize abortion until up to 12 weeks if the mother's health is at risk, if the fetus would not survive the pregnancy and if the pregnancy is the result of a rape.
Also, the 12-week limit would extend to 18 weeks in cases when the mother is 14 or younger.
Although Chile’s 1931 health code legalized abortion in limited circumstances, a law passed in 1989 banned it under all circumstances. In addition to Chile, the procedure continues to be fully banned in El Salvador, Malta, the Vatican, the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua.
Pro-choice advocates point out that nearly 200,000 unsafe abortions occur each year in Chile. In 2008, according to the Chilean Ministry of Health, more than 33,000 women were hospitalized due to abortion complications.
However, many right-leaning politicians and interest groups in Chile continue to oppose a change in the legislation and last year Chile's Catholic Church released an 18-page statement against decriminalized abortion. It warned that by approving the bill the country would be fostering a "culture of death."
The controversial bill was approved by the lower chamber in March 2016 and again in September 2016 by the Senate Health Commission.
Since 1990, 15 abortion-related bills have been submitted by legislators to Congress.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
A lithographic apparatus is a machine that applies a desired pattern onto a substrate, usually onto a target portion of the substrate. A lithographic apparatus can be used, for example, in the manufacture of integrated circuits (ICs). In that instance, a patterning device, which is alternatively referred to as a mask or a reticle, may be used to generate a circuit pattern to be formed on an individual layer of the IC. This pattern can be transferred onto a target portion (e.g. comprising part of, one, or several dies) on a substrate (e.g. a silicon wafer). Transfer of the pattern is typically via imaging onto a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist) provided on the substrate. In general, a single substrate will contain a network of adjacent target portions that are successively patterned. Known lithographic apparatus include so-called steppers, in which each target portion is irradiated by exposing an entire pattern onto the target portion at one time, and so-called scanners, in which each target portion is irradiated by scanning the pattern through a radiation beam in a given direction (the “scanning”-direction) while synchronously scanning the substrate parallel or anti parallel to this direction. It is also possible to transfer the pattern from the patterning device to the substrate by imprinting the pattern onto the substrate.
It is well-known in the art of lithography that the image of a mask pattern can be improved, and process windows enlarged, by appropriate choice of the angles at which the mask pattern is illuminated. In an apparatus having a Koehler illumination arrangement, the angular distribution of light illuminating the mask is determined by the intensity distribution in a pupil plane of the illumination system, which can be regarded as a secondary source. Illumination modes are commonly described by reference to the shape of the intensity distribution in the pupil plane. Conventional illumination, i.e. even illumination from all angles from 0 to a certain maximum angle, requires a uniform disk-shaped intensity distribution in the pupil plane. Other commonly-used intensity distributions are: annular, in which the intensity distribution in the pupil plane is in the shape of an annulus; dipole illumination, in which there are two poles in the pupil plane; and quadrupole illumination, in which there are four poles in the pupil plane. To create these illumination schemes, various methods have been proposed. For example, a zoom-axicon, that is a combination of a zoom lens and an axicon, can be used to create annular illumination with controllable inner and outer radii (σinner and σouter) of the annulus. To create dipole and quadrupole type illumination modes, it has been proposed to use spatial filters, that is opaque plates with apertures where the poles are desired as well as arrangements using moveable bundles of optical fibers. Using spatial filters may be undesirable because the resulting loss of light reduces the throughput of the apparatus and hence increases its cost of ownership. Arrangements with bundles of optical fibers may be complex and inflexible. It has therefore been proposed to use a diffractive optical element (DOE) to form the desired intensity distribution in the pupil plane. The diffractive optical elements are made by etching different patterns into different parts of the surface of a quartz or CaF2 substrate.
The choice of materials from which lenses useable with deep ultraviolet radiation (DUV), e.g. at 248 nm, 193 nm, 157 nm or 126 nm, can be made is quite limited and even the best materials have significant coefficients of absorption of this radiation. This means that the lenses in the projection system absorb energy during exposures and heat up, leading to changes in their shape, separation and refractive index which introduce aberrations into the projected image. Therefore, many lens systems are provided with one or more actuated lens elements whose shape, position and/or orientation in one or more degrees of freedom can be adjusted during or between exposures to compensate for lens heating effects.
If an illumination mode, such as dipole, in which the energy of the beam is strongly localized in a pupil plane of the illumination system is used, then the energy of the beam will also be strongly localized in and near the pupil plane(s) of the projection system. Lens heating effects are more severe when such localized illumination modes are used because the temperature gradients in the lens elements affected are greater, leading to localized changes in shape and/or refractive index which cause large phase gradients in the beam. These effects are often not correctable by existing actuated lens elements, which generally effect corrections described by only lower order Zernike polynomials e.g. up to Z5 or Z6. Similar effects can be caused by the use of a slit-shaped illumination field, as is common in a scanning lithographic apparatus, but these effects are generally of lower order, and more easily correctable.
Past attempts to deal with the problem of non-uniform lens heating include the provision of additional light sources, e.g. infra-red, to heat the “cold” part, i.e. the part not traversed by the intense part of the beam, of elements of the projection system. See, e.g., Japanese patent application publication JP-A-08-221261, which addresses non-uniform heating caused by zonal or modified illumination. The provision of such additional light sources and guides to conduct the additional heat radiation to the correct place increases the complexity of the apparatus and the increased heat load in the projection system necessitates the provision of a cooling system of higher capacity.
Another proposal to deal with non-uniform heating caused by a slit-shaped illumination field is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,603,530, which describes a special “lens illumination mark” provided in the reticle stage outside of the reticle area which diverges radiation so that the illumination of the lens elements in the projection system is rotationally symmetric. The lens elements are thermally saturated by illumination through the special mark before production exposures so that the non-rotationally symmetric heating caused by a slit-shaped illumination system does not cause non-rotationally symmetric aberrations.
The problem of non-uniform lens heating caused by localized illumination modes is addressed in WO 2004/051716. In one proposal described in this document, “dummy irradiation” is performed during wafer exchange to heat the cold parts of the lens elements affected by non-uniform heating in production exposures. During the dummy irradiation, the illumination mode is set, using a diffractive optical element or an adjustable diaphragm, to be the inverse of the illumination mode used for production exposures so that the heating effects of the dummy irradiation are the inverse of the heating effects of production exposures and the net heating is more uniform. Another proposal of this document is to use additional infra-red radiation to locally heat selected lens elements.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Striatal dopamine in Parkinson disease: A meta-analysis of imaging studies.
A meta-analysis of 142 positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography studies that have investigated striatal presynaptic dopamine function in Parkinson disease (PD) was performed. Subregional estimates of striatal dopamine metabolism are presented. The aromatic L-amino-acid decarboxylase (AADC) defect appears to be consistently smaller than the dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 defects, suggesting upregulation of AADC function in PD. The correlation between disease severity and dopamine loss appears linear, but the majority of longitudinal studies point to a negative exponential progression pattern of dopamine loss in PD. Ann Neurol 2017;82:873-882.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
/*
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| HipHop for PHP |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Copyright (c) 2010-present Facebook, Inc. (http://www.facebook.com) |
| Copyright (c) 1997-2010 The PHP Group |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| This source file is subject to version 3.01 of the PHP license, |
| that is bundled with this package in the file LICENSE, and is |
| available through the world-wide-web at the following url: |
| http://www.php.net/license/3_01.txt |
| If you did not receive a copy of the PHP license and are unable to |
| obtain it through the world-wide-web, please send a note to |
| license@php.net so we can mail you a copy immediately. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
*/
#include "hphp/runtime/base/array-init.h"
#include "hphp/runtime/ext/icu/ext_icu_calendar.h"
#include "hphp/runtime/ext/icu/ext_icu_timezone.h"
#include "hphp/runtime/ext/icu/ext_icu_iterator.h"
namespace HPHP { namespace Intl {
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
const StaticString
s_IntlCalendar("IntlCalendar"),
s_IntlGregorianCalendar("IntlGregorianCalendar");
Class* IntlCalendar::c_IntlCalendar = nullptr;
const icu::Calendar*
IntlCalendar::ParseArg(const Variant& cal, const icu::Locale &locale,
const String &funcname, IntlError* err,
int64_t &calType, bool &calOwned) {
icu::Calendar *ret = nullptr;
UErrorCode error = U_ZERO_ERROR;
if (cal.isNull()) {
ret = new icu::GregorianCalendar(locale, error);
calType = UCAL_GREGORIAN;
calOwned = true;
} else if (cal.isInteger()) {
calType = cal.toInt64();
if (calType != UCAL_GREGORIAN && calType != UCAL_TRADITIONAL) {
err->setError(U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR,
"%s: invalid value for calendar type; it must be "
"one of IntlDateFormatter::TRADITIONAL (locale's default "
"calendar) or IntlDateFormatter::GREGORIAN. "
"Alternatively, it can be an IntlCalendar object",
funcname.c_str());
return nullptr;
}
ret = (calType == UCAL_TRADITIONAL)
? (icu::Calendar::createInstance(locale, error))
: (new icu::GregorianCalendar(locale, error));
calOwned = true;
} else if (cal.isObject()) {
auto IntlCalendar_Class = Class::lookup(s_IntlCalendar.get());
auto obj = cal.toObject();
auto cls = obj->getVMClass();
if (!IntlCalendar_Class ||
((cls != IntlCalendar_Class) && !cls->classof(IntlCalendar_Class))) {
goto bad_argument;
}
auto data = IntlCalendar::Get(obj.get());
if (!data) {
// ::Get raises errors
return nullptr;
}
calOwned = false;
return data->calendar();
} else {
bad_argument:
err->setError(U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR,
"%s: Invalid calendar argument; should be an integer "
"or an IntlCalendar instance", funcname.c_str());
return nullptr;
}
if (ret) {
if (U_SUCCESS(error)) {
return ret;
}
delete ret;
}
if (!U_FAILURE(error)) {
error = U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
}
err->setError(error, "%s: Failure instantiating calendar", funcname.c_str());
return nullptr;
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Methods
#define CAL_FETCH(dest, src, def) \
auto dest = IntlCalendar::Get(src); \
if (!dest) { \
return def; \
}
#define CAL_CHECK_FIELD(field, func) \
if ((field < 0) || (field > UCAL_FIELD_COUNT)) { \
data->setError(U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR, \
"%s: invalid field", func); \
return false; \
}
#define GCAL_FETCH(dest, src, def) \
auto dest = IntlCalendar::Get(src); \
if (!dest || !dest->gcal()) { \
return def; \
}
static bool HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, add, int64_t field, int64_t amount) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
CAL_CHECK_FIELD(field, "intlcal_add");
if ((amount < INT32_MIN) || (amount > INT32_MAX)) {
data->setError(U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR,
"intlcal_add: amount out of bounds");
return false;
}
UErrorCode error = U_ZERO_ERROR;
data->calendar()->add((UCalendarDateFields)field, (int32_t)amount, error);
if (U_FAILURE(error)) {
data->setError(error, "intlcal_add: Call to underlying method failed");
return false;
}
return true;
}
static bool intlcal_compare(ObjectData* this_, const Object& that_,
UBool (icu::Calendar::*func)(const icu::Calendar&, UErrorCode&) const) {
CAL_FETCH(obj1, this_, false);
CAL_FETCH(obj2, that_.get(), false);
UErrorCode error = U_ZERO_ERROR;
UBool res = (obj1->calendar()->*func)(*obj2->calendar(), error);
if (U_FAILURE(error)) {
obj1->setError(error, "intlcal_before/after: Error calling ICU method");
return false;
}
return res;
}
static bool HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, after, const Object& other) {
return intlcal_compare(this_, other, &icu::Calendar::after);
}
static bool HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, before, const Object& other) {
return intlcal_compare(this_, other, &icu::Calendar::before);
}
static bool HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, clear, const Variant& field) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
if (field.isNull()) {
data->calendar()->clear();
} else {
data->calendar()->clear((UCalendarDateFields)field.toInt64());
}
return true;
}
static Object HHVM_STATIC_METHOD(IntlCalendar, createInstance,
const Variant& timeZone, const String& locale) {
icu::TimeZone *tz =
IntlTimeZone::ParseArg(timeZone, "intlcal_create_instance",
s_intl_error.get());
if (!tz) {
return Object();
}
String loc = localeOrDefault(locale);
UErrorCode error = U_ZERO_ERROR;
icu::Calendar *cal =
icu::Calendar::createInstance(tz, icu::Locale::createFromName(loc.c_str()),
error);
if (!cal) {
delete tz;
s_intl_error->setError(error, "Error creating ICU Calendar object");
return Object();
}
return IntlCalendar::newInstance(cal);
}
static bool HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, equals, const Object& other) {
return intlcal_compare(this_, other, &icu::Calendar::equals);
}
static Variant HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, fieldDifference,
const Variant& when, int64_t field) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
CAL_CHECK_FIELD(field, "intlcal_field_difference");
UErrorCode error = U_ZERO_ERROR;
int64_t ret = data->calendar()->fieldDifference(
(UDate)when.toDouble(), (UCalendarDateFields)field, error);
if (U_FAILURE(error)) {
data->setError(error, "intlcal_field_difference: "
"Call to ICU method has failed");
return false;
}
return ret;
}
static Variant intlcal_field_method(const Object& obj, int64_t field,
int32_t (icu::Calendar::*func)(UCalendarDateFields, UErrorCode&) const,
const char *method_name) {
CAL_FETCH(data, obj.get(), false);
CAL_CHECK_FIELD(field, method_name);
UErrorCode error = U_ZERO_ERROR;
int64_t ret = (data->calendar()->*func)((UCalendarDateFields)field, error);
if (U_FAILURE(error)) {
data->setError(error, "Call to ICU method has failed");
return false;
}
return ret;
}
static Variant intlcal_field_method(const Object& obj, int64_t field,
int32_t (icu::Calendar::*func)(UCalendarDateFields) const,
const char *method_name) {
CAL_FETCH(data, obj.get(), false);
CAL_CHECK_FIELD(field, method_name);
return (data->calendar()->*func)((UCalendarDateFields)field);
}
static Variant HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, get, int64_t field) {
return intlcal_field_method(Object{this_}, field,
&icu::Calendar::get, "intlcal_get");
}
static Variant HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, getActualMaximum, int64_t field) {
return intlcal_field_method(Object{this_}, field,
&icu::Calendar::getActualMaximum,
"intlcal_get_actual_maximum");
}
static Variant HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, getActualMinimum, int64_t field) {
return intlcal_field_method(Object{this_}, field,
&icu::Calendar::getActualMinimum,
"intlcal_get_actual_minimum");
}
static Array HHVM_STATIC_METHOD(IntlCalendar, getAvailableLocales) {
int32_t count;
const icu::Locale *availLocales = icu::Calendar::getAvailableLocales(count);
VArrayInit ret(count);
for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
ret.append(String(availLocales[i].getName(), CopyString));
}
return ret.toArray();
}
static int64_t HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, getErrorCode) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, 0);
return data->getErrorCode();
}
static String HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, getErrorMessage) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, String());
return data->getErrorMessage();
}
static Variant HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, getFirstDayOfWeek) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
UErrorCode error = U_ZERO_ERROR;
int64_t ret = data->calendar()->getFirstDayOfWeek(error);
if (U_FAILURE(error)) {
data->setError(error, "Call to ICU method has failed");
return false;
}
return ret;
}
static Variant HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, getGreatestMinimum, int64_t field) {
return intlcal_field_method(Object{this_}, field,
&icu::Calendar::getGreatestMinimum,
"intlcal_get_greatest_minimum");
}
static Variant HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, getLeastMaximum, int64_t field) {
return intlcal_field_method(Object{this_}, field,
&icu::Calendar::getLeastMaximum,
"intlcal_get_least_maximum");
}
static Variant HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, getLocale, int64_t localeType) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
if (localeType != ULOC_ACTUAL_LOCALE && localeType != ULOC_VALID_LOCALE) {
data->setError(U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR,
"intlcal_get_locale: invalid locale type");
return false;
}
UErrorCode error = U_ZERO_ERROR;
icu::Locale locale =
data->calendar()->getLocale((ULocDataLocaleType)localeType, error);
if (U_FAILURE(error)) {
data->setError(error,
"intlcal_get_locale: Call to ICU method has failed");
return false;
}
return String(locale.getName(), CopyString);
}
static Variant HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, getMaximum, int64_t field) {
return intlcal_field_method(Object{this_}, field,
&icu::Calendar::getMaximum,
"intlcal_get_maximum");
}
static Variant HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
uint64_t ret = data->calendar()->getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek();
return ret;
}
static Variant HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, getMinimum, int64_t field) {
return intlcal_field_method(Object{this_}, field,
&icu::Calendar::getMinimum,
"intlcal_get_maximum");
}
static double HHVM_STATIC_METHOD(IntlCalendar, getNow) {
return icu::Calendar::getNow();
}
static Variant HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, getTime) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
UErrorCode error = U_ZERO_ERROR;
UDate ret = data->calendar()->getTime(error);
if (U_FAILURE(error)) {
data->setError(error, "intlcal_get_time: error calling "
"ICU Calendar::getTime");
return false;
}
return (double)ret;
}
static Object HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, getTimeZone) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, Object());
return IntlTimeZone::newInstance(
data->calendar()->getTimeZone().clone());
}
static Variant HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, getType) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
return String(data->calendar()->getType(), CopyString);
}
static bool HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, inDaylightTime) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
UErrorCode error = U_ZERO_ERROR;
UBool ret = data->calendar()->inDaylightTime(error);
if (U_FAILURE(error)) {
data->setError(error, "intlcal_in_daylight_time: "
"Error calling ICU method");
return false;
}
return ret;
}
static bool HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, isEquivalentTo, const Object& other) {
CAL_FETCH(obj1, this_, false);
CAL_FETCH(obj2, other.get(), false);
return obj1->calendar()->isEquivalentTo(*obj2->calendar());
}
static bool HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, isLenient) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
return data->calendar()->isLenient();
}
static bool HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, isSet, int64_t field) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
CAL_CHECK_FIELD(field, "intlcal_is_set");
return data->calendar()->isSet((UCalendarDateFields)field);
}
static bool HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, roll, int64_t field, const Variant& value) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
CAL_CHECK_FIELD(field, "intlcal_roll");
UErrorCode error = U_ZERO_ERROR;
if (value.isBoolean()) {
data->calendar()->roll((UCalendarDateFields)field,
(UBool)value.toBoolean(), error);
} else {
data->calendar()->roll((UCalendarDateFields)field,
(int32_t)value.toInt64(), error);
}
if (U_FAILURE(error)) {
data->setError(error, "intlcal_roll: Error calling ICU Calendar::roll");
return false;
}
return true;
}
static bool HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, set, int64_t yearOrField,
int64_t monthOrValue, const Variant& dayOfMonth,
const Variant& hour, const Variant& minute,
const Variant& second) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
if (dayOfMonth.isNull()) {
// we only got 2 args, so the first 2 args are a field and a value
CAL_CHECK_FIELD(yearOrField, "intcal_set");
data->calendar()->set((UCalendarDateFields)yearOrField,
(int32_t)monthOrValue);
return true;
}
auto outofrange = [&]() {
data->setError(U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR,
"intlcal_set: at least one of the arguments has an "
"absolute value that is too large");
return false;
};
if ((yearOrField < INT32_MIN) || (yearOrField > INT32_MAX)) {
return outofrange();
}
auto y = (int32_t)yearOrField;
if ((monthOrValue < INT32_MIN) || (monthOrValue > INT32_MAX)) {
return outofrange();
}
auto m = (int32_t)monthOrValue;
assertx(dayOfMonth.isInteger());
if ((dayOfMonth.asInt64Val() < INT32_MIN) ||
(dayOfMonth.asInt64Val() > INT32_MAX)) {
return outofrange();
}
auto d = (int32_t)dayOfMonth.asInt64Val();
if (hour.isNull()) {
data->calendar()->set(y, m, d);
return true;
}
assertx(hour.isInteger());
if ((hour.asInt64Val() < INT32_MIN) || (hour.asInt64Val() > INT32_MAX)) {
return outofrange();
}
auto h = (int32_t)hour.asInt64Val();
if (minute.isNull()) {
data->setError(U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "intlcal_set: bad arguments");
return false;
}
assertx(minute.isInteger());
if ((minute.asInt64Val() < INT32_MIN) || (minute.asInt64Val() > INT32_MAX)) {
return outofrange();
}
auto i = (int32_t)minute.asInt64Val();
if (second.isNull()) {
data->calendar()->set(y, m, d, h, i);
return true;
}
assertx(second.isInteger());
if ((second.asInt64Val() < INT32_MIN) || (second.asInt64Val() > INT32_MAX)) {
return outofrange();
}
auto s = (int32_t)second.asInt64Val();
data->calendar()->set(y, m, d, h, i, s);
return true;
}
static bool HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, setFirstDayOfWeek, int64_t dow) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
if ((dow < UCAL_SUNDAY) || (dow > UCAL_SATURDAY)) {
data->setError(U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR,
"intlcal_set_first_day_of_week: invalid day of week");
return false;
}
data->calendar()->setFirstDayOfWeek((UCalendarDaysOfWeek)dow);
return true;
}
static bool HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, setLenient, bool isLenient) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
data->calendar()->setLenient((UBool)isLenient);
return true;
}
static bool HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, setMinimalDaysInFirstWeek,
int64_t days) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
if ((days < 1) || (days > 7)) {
data->setError(U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR,
"intlcal_set_minimal_days_in_first_week: "
"invalid number of days; must be between 1 and 7");
return false;
}
data->calendar()->setMinimalDaysInFirstWeek((uint8_t)days);
return true;
}
static bool HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, setTime, const Variant& date) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
UErrorCode error = U_ZERO_ERROR;
data->calendar()->setTime((UDate)date.toDouble(), error);
if (U_FAILURE(error)) {
data->setError(error, "Call to underlying method failed");
return false;
}
return true;
}
static bool HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, setTimeZone, const Variant& timeZone) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
auto tz = IntlTimeZone::ParseArg(timeZone, "intlcal_set_time_zone",
data);
if (!tz) {
// error already set
return false;
}
data->calendar()->adoptTimeZone(tz);
return true;
}
#if ((U_ICU_VERSION_MAJOR_NUM * 100) + U_ICU_VERSION_MINOR_NUM) >= 402
static Variant HHVM_STATIC_METHOD(IntlCalendar, getKeywordValuesForLocale,
const String& key, const String& locale,
bool common) {
UErrorCode error = U_ZERO_ERROR;
UEnumeration *uenum = ucal_getKeywordValuesForLocale(key.c_str(),
localeOrDefault(locale).c_str(),
common, &error);
if (U_FAILURE(error)) {
if (uenum) { uenum_close(uenum); }
s_intl_error->setError(error, "intlcal_get_keyword_values_for_locale: "
"error calling underlying method");
return false;
}
return IntlIterator::newInstance(new BugStringCharEnumeration(uenum));
}
#endif // ICU 4.2
#if ((U_ICU_VERSION_MAJOR_NUM * 100) + U_ICU_VERSION_MINOR_NUM) >= 404
static Variant HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, getDayOfWeekType, int64_t dow) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
if ((dow < UCAL_SUNDAY) || (dow > UCAL_SATURDAY)) {
data->setError(U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR,
"intlcal_get_day_of_week_type: invalid day of week");
return false;
}
UErrorCode error = U_ZERO_ERROR;
int64_t ret = data->calendar()->getDayOfWeekType(
(UCalendarDaysOfWeek)dow, error);
if (U_FAILURE(error)) {
data->setError(error, "intlcal_get_day_of_week_type: "
"Call to ICU method has failed");
return false;
}
return ret;
}
static Variant HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, getWeekendTransition,
int64_t dow) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
if ((dow < UCAL_SUNDAY) || (dow > UCAL_SATURDAY)) {
data->setError(U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR,
"intlcal_get_weekend_transition: "
"invalid day of week");
return false;
}
UErrorCode error = U_ZERO_ERROR;
int64_t ret =
data->calendar()->getWeekendTransition((UCalendarDaysOfWeek)dow, error);
if (U_FAILURE(error)) {
data->setError(error, "intlcal_get_weekend_transition: "
"Error calling ICU method");
return false;
}
return ret;
}
static bool HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, isWeekend, const Variant& date) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
if (date.isNull()) {
return data->calendar()->isWeekend();
}
UErrorCode error = U_ZERO_ERROR;
bool ret = data->calendar()->isWeekend((UDate)date.toDouble(), error);
if (U_FAILURE(error)) {
data->setError(error, "intlcal_is_weekend: Error calling ICU method");
return false;
}
return ret;
}
#endif // ICU 4.4
#if ((U_ICU_VERSION_MAJOR_NUM * 100) + U_ICU_VERSION_MINOR_NUM) >= 409
static int64_t HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, getRepeatedWallTimeOption) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, 0);
return (int64_t)data->calendar()->getRepeatedWallTimeOption();
}
static int64_t HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, getSkippedWallTimeOption) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, 0);
return (int64_t)data->calendar()->getSkippedWallTimeOption();
}
static bool HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, setRepeatedWallTimeOption,
int64_t option) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
if ((option != UCAL_WALLTIME_FIRST) && (option != UCAL_WALLTIME_LAST)) {
data->setError(U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR,
"intlcal_set_repeated_wall_time_option: invalid option");
return false;
}
data->calendar()->setRepeatedWallTimeOption((UCalendarWallTimeOption)option);
return true;
}
static bool HHVM_METHOD(IntlCalendar, setSkippedWallTimeOption,
int64_t option) {
CAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
if ((option != UCAL_WALLTIME_FIRST) && (option != UCAL_WALLTIME_LAST)) {
data->setError(U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR,
"intlcal_set_repeated_wall_time_option: invalid option");
return false;
}
data->calendar()->setSkippedWallTimeOption((UCalendarWallTimeOption)option);
return true;
}
#endif // ICU 4.9
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// IntlGregorianCalendar
static void HHVM_METHOD(IntlGregorianCalendar, __construct,
const Variant& yearOrTz, const Variant& monthOrLocale,
const Variant& day, const Variant& hour,
const Variant& minute, const Variant& second) {
icu::GregorianCalendar *gcal = nullptr;
SCOPE_EXIT { if (gcal) { delete gcal; } };
icu::TimeZone *tz = nullptr;
SCOPE_EXIT { if (tz) { delete tz; } };
auto success = [&]() {
assertx(gcal);
// tz should be owned by gcal, so we should have cleared our local copy
assertx(!tz);
Native::data<IntlCalendar>(this_)->setCalendar(gcal);
gcal = nullptr;
};
if (day.isNull()) {
// we have 2 args, tz and locale
tz = IntlTimeZone::ParseArg(yearOrTz, "intlgregcal_create_instance",
s_intl_error.get());
auto error = U_ZERO_ERROR;
gcal = new icu::GregorianCalendar(
tz,
icu::Locale::createFromName(
localeOrDefault(monthOrLocale.toString()).c_str()
),
error
);
if (gcal) tz = nullptr; // gcal owns tz now
if (U_FAILURE(error)) {
s_intl_error->setError(error, "intlgregcal_create_instance: error "
"creating ICU GregorianCalendar from time zone "
"and locale");
return;
}
return success();
}
auto arg_ok = true;
auto coerce_arg = [&](const Variant& v) {
int64_t arg = v.toInt64();
if ((arg < INT32_MIN) || (arg > INT32_MAX)) {
s_intl_error->setError(U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR,
"intlgregcal_create_instance: at least one of "
"the arguments has an absolute value that is "
"too large");
arg_ok = false;
return 0;
}
return (int32_t)arg;
};
auto y = coerce_arg(yearOrTz);
if (!arg_ok) return;
auto m = coerce_arg(monthOrLocale);
if (!arg_ok) return;
auto d = coerce_arg(day);
if (!arg_ok) return;
auto error = U_ZERO_ERROR;
auto finish = [&]() {
if (U_FAILURE(error)) {
s_intl_error->setError(error, "intlgregcal_create_instance: error "
"creating ICU GregorianCalendar from date");
return;
}
assertx(gcal);
tz = IntlTimeZone::ParseArg(uninit_null(), "intlgregcal_create_instance",
s_intl_error.get());
if (!tz) {
// error already set
return;
}
gcal->adoptTimeZone(tz);
tz = nullptr; // gcal owns tz now
return success();
};
if (hour.isNull()) {
gcal = new icu::GregorianCalendar(y, m, d, error);
return finish();
}
auto h = coerce_arg(hour);
if (!arg_ok) return;
if (minute.isNull()) {
s_intl_error->setError(U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR,
"intlgregcal_create_instance: no variant with "
"4 arguments (excluding trailing NULLs)");
return;
}
auto i = coerce_arg(minute);
if (!arg_ok) return;
if (second.isNull()) {
gcal = new icu::GregorianCalendar(y, m, d, h, i, error);
return finish();
}
auto s = coerce_arg(second);
if (!arg_ok) return;
gcal = new icu::GregorianCalendar(y, m, d, h, i, s, error);
return finish();
}
static bool HHVM_METHOD(IntlGregorianCalendar, isLeapYear, int64_t year) {
GCAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
if ((year < INT32_MIN) || (year > INT32_MAX)) {
data->setError(U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR,
"intlgregcal_is_leap_year: year out of bounds");
return false;
}
return (bool)data->gcal()->isLeapYear((int32_t)year);
}
static double HHVM_METHOD(IntlGregorianCalendar, getGregorianChange) {
GCAL_FETCH(data, this_, 0.0);
return (double)data->gcal()->getGregorianChange();
}
static bool HHVM_METHOD(IntlGregorianCalendar, setGregorianChange,
double change) {
GCAL_FETCH(data, this_, false);
UErrorCode error = U_ZERO_ERROR;
data->gcal()->setGregorianChange(change, error);
if (U_FAILURE(error)) {
data->setError(error, "intlgregcal_set_gregorian_change: error "
"calling ICU method");
return false;
}
return true;
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Extension
void IntlExtension::initCalendar() {
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_ERA, UCAL_ERA);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_YEAR, UCAL_YEAR);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_MONTH, UCAL_MONTH);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_WEEK_OF_YEAR, UCAL_WEEK_OF_YEAR);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_WEEK_OF_MONTH, UCAL_WEEK_OF_MONTH);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_DATE, UCAL_DATE);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_DAY_OF_YEAR, UCAL_DAY_OF_YEAR);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_DAY_OF_WEEK, UCAL_DAY_OF_WEEK);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH,
UCAL_DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_AM_PM, UCAL_AM_PM);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_HOUR, UCAL_HOUR);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_HOUR_OF_DAY, UCAL_HOUR_OF_DAY);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_MINUTE, UCAL_MINUTE);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_SECOND, UCAL_SECOND);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_MILLISECOND, UCAL_MILLISECOND);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_ZONE_OFFSET, UCAL_ZONE_OFFSET);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_DST_OFFSET, UCAL_DST_OFFSET);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_YEAR_WOY, UCAL_YEAR_WOY);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_DOW_LOCAL, UCAL_DOW_LOCAL);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_EXTENDED_YEAR, UCAL_EXTENDED_YEAR);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_JULIAN_DAY, UCAL_JULIAN_DAY);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY,
UCAL_MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_IS_LEAP_MONTH, UCAL_IS_LEAP_MONTH);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_FIELD_COUNT, UCAL_FIELD_COUNT);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, FIELD_DAY_OF_MONTH, UCAL_DAY_OF_MONTH);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, DOW_SUNDAY, UCAL_SUNDAY);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, DOW_MONDAY, UCAL_MONDAY);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, DOW_TUESDAY, UCAL_TUESDAY);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, DOW_WEDNESDAY, UCAL_WEDNESDAY);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, DOW_THURSDAY, UCAL_THURSDAY);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, DOW_FRIDAY, UCAL_FRIDAY);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, DOW_SATURDAY, UCAL_SATURDAY);
#if ((U_ICU_VERSION_MAJOR_NUM * 100) + U_ICU_VERSION_MINOR_NUM) >= 404
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, DOW_TYPE_WEEKDAY, UCAL_WEEKDAY);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, DOW_TYPE_WEEKEND, UCAL_WEEKEND);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, DOW_TYPE_WEEKEND_CEASE, UCAL_WEEKEND_CEASE);
// Not a typo: Zend defines OFFSET as ONSET
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, DOW_TYPE_WEEKEND_OFFSET, UCAL_WEEKEND_ONSET);
#endif
#if ((U_ICU_VERSION_MAJOR_NUM * 100) + U_ICU_VERSION_MINOR_NUM) >= 409
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, WALLTIME_FIRST, UCAL_WALLTIME_FIRST);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, WALLTIME_LAST, UCAL_WALLTIME_LAST);
HHVM_RCC_INT(IntlCalendar, WALLTIME_NEXT_VALID, UCAL_WALLTIME_NEXT_VALID);
#endif
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, add);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, after);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, before);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, clear);
HHVM_STATIC_ME(IntlCalendar, createInstance);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, equals);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, fieldDifference);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, get);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, getActualMaximum);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, getActualMinimum);
HHVM_STATIC_ME(IntlCalendar, getAvailableLocales);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, getErrorCode);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, getErrorMessage);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, getFirstDayOfWeek);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, getGreatestMinimum);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, getLeastMaximum);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, getLocale);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, getMaximum);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, getMinimum);
HHVM_STATIC_ME(IntlCalendar, getNow);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, getTime);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, getTimeZone);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, getType);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, inDaylightTime);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, isEquivalentTo);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, isLenient);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, isSet);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, roll);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, set);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, setFirstDayOfWeek);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, setLenient);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, setMinimalDaysInFirstWeek);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, setTime);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, setTimeZone);
#if ((U_ICU_VERSION_MAJOR_NUM * 100) + U_ICU_VERSION_MINOR_NUM) >= 402
HHVM_STATIC_ME(IntlCalendar, getKeywordValuesForLocale);
#endif
#if ((U_ICU_VERSION_MAJOR_NUM * 100) + U_ICU_VERSION_MINOR_NUM) >= 404
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, getDayOfWeekType);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, getWeekendTransition);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, isWeekend);
#endif
#if ((U_ICU_VERSION_MAJOR_NUM * 100) + U_ICU_VERSION_MINOR_NUM) >= 409
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, getRepeatedWallTimeOption);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, getSkippedWallTimeOption);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, setRepeatedWallTimeOption);
HHVM_ME(IntlCalendar, setSkippedWallTimeOption);
#endif
HHVM_ME(IntlGregorianCalendar, __construct);
HHVM_ME(IntlGregorianCalendar, isLeapYear);
HHVM_ME(IntlGregorianCalendar, getGregorianChange);
HHVM_ME(IntlGregorianCalendar, setGregorianChange);
Native::registerNativeDataInfo<IntlCalendar>(s_IntlCalendar.get());
loadSystemlib("icu_calendar");
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
}} // namespace HPHP::Intl
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
How to boot with customized image without the text to Console Autologin
I want to customize the Raspbian OS in such a way that when boots no text is displayed on the screen but a custom image instead.
What I have is web based application and I start it with chromium in kiosk mode.
The raspberry boot to the console and starts x from ~/.bashrc (startx).
Then the chromium runs in kiosk mode when X starts.
I found a solution to this but it is not sufficient for my needs. By editing /boot/cmdline.txt some text can be pointed to console=tty3. However this is not only text that appears. When X server starts and when automatically loging to the console as user pi I also get some text displayed on the screen (1-2 sec). Also I get some texts when I use reboot or shutdown (when X stops). By using asplashscreen I can display customized image/video, but is not in the same way as default image when it is incorporated in the kernel.
Thanks in advance!
A:
I resolved the problem in half. In order to display an image on the framebuffer console when raspberry pi boots you need to compile the kernel with your image. The default image is located at:
~/linux/drivers/video/logo/logo_linux_clut224.ppm
You need to have your image in jpeg/png etc. then you need to use netpbm to convert the image to ppm. Use the following commands:
convert logo.jpg logo.png
pngtopnm /path/to/logo.png | ppmquant -fs 223 | pnmtoplainpnm > logo_linux_clut224.ppm
Copy the new logo:
cp /path/to/logo_linux_clut224.ppm ~/linux/drivers/video/logo/logo_linux_clut224.ppm
Then compile the kernel.
That will replace the default logo.
However when the logo is on full screen then the text on boot will appear on top of it. I have managed to disable the kernel messages when the system boots in /boot/cmdline.txt. Anyway there is still little text that can appear on the screen when shutting down or booting to the console(starting x session).
I'm looking to complete solution which will disable all text to the framebuffer console. If anyone has a solution to that please share!
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Trinity Episcopal Church will host a Low Country Boil and Oyster Roast on Friday, Feb. 1. Appetizers at 5:30 p.m. and dinner at 6 p.m.
Annual event sponsored by the Endowment Board.
Tickets are $20 each and $35 per couple.
Availabe at the church, Country Club Road at the Bypass.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
The Latest George Soros
George Soros has made another prediction on the overall economy. According to this Bloomberg article, George Soros says that the market conditions right now are very similar to 2008. This is a cause for fear for many people simply because George Soros was right the last time he made this prediction. He was one of the only people at that time before the crash of 2008 to say that the economy was starting to contract. Here are several reasons why 2016 is really similar to 2008 and some ways it is different.
Stronger Jobs Market
Perhaps the biggest difference between 2016 and 2008 is the fact that the job market is much stronger now. During that time, there were tens of thousands of jobs being lost every week. However, today the unemployment rate is one of the lowest we have seen in quite some time. This is an essential aspect of looking at the overall economy. Anyone who is looking to make an impact on the economy needs to look at the jobs market in general. There are many people who have been able to improve their economic position by landing a better job. However, there are also many people who say the jobs being created are low paying jobs. It will be interesting to see if the relative strength in the jobs market continues over the next couple of years.
More National Debt
The national debt of nations around the world is higher than it was just a couple of years ago. Almost without exception, nations around the world continue to borrow money at exceedingly higher rates. Anyone who is looking for reasons to be worried about the future of the economy can look to this as a cause for concern. No matter what happens in the economy, one day this debt will have to be paid back. The nations who have an extremely high debt load relative to GDP will be hard pressed to see this growth continue.
The Prediction
George Soros has been known over the years to make predictions on Bloomberg about the economy. He has many decades of experience in looking at financial markets and being able to see through all of the variables that impact the economy. Over the long term, George Soros has proven that he has a solid track record of success when it comes to predicting economic events. Anyone who wants to follow his impact can see various examples in history. If you are someone who is worried about another major economic event, it is vital for you to understand where he is coming from. George Soros sees the current economic environment as one that is really similar to 2008. There were few people who were saying that a major economic event was coming in 2008 much like now. Although this is no reason to panic, there has been a lot of relative weakness in places like China. Only time will tell if George Soros is correct in his prediction.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Immune- and stress-related transcriptomic responses of Solea senegalensis stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and copper sulphate using heterologous cDNA microarrays.
The sole, Solea senegalensis, is a common flatfish of Atlantic and Mediterranean waters with a high potential for aquaculture. However, its cultivation is hampered by high sensitivity to different stresses and several infectious diseases. Improving protection from pathogens and stressors is thus a key step in reaching a standardized production. Fish were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a mimetic of bacterial infections, and copper sulphate (CuSO(4)), used in aquaculture to control algae and outbreaks of infectious diseases. We employed a European flounder cDNA microarray to determine the transcriptomic responses of Senegalese sole to these exposures. Microarray analyses showed that many genes were altered in expression following both LPS and copper treatments in comparison to vehicle controls. Gene ontology analysis highlighted copper-specific induction of genes related to cellular adhesion and cell signalling, LPS-specific induction of genes related to the immune response, and a common induction of genes related to unfolded protein binding, intracellular transport/secretion and proteasome. Additionally transcripts for glutathione-S-transferases were down-regulated by LPS, and those for digestive enzymes were down-regulated by both treatments. We selected nine changing genes for absolute quantification of transcript copy numbers by real-time RT-PCR to validate microarray differential expression and to assess inter-individual variability in individual fishes. The quantitative RT-PCR data correlated highly with the microarray results. Overall, data reported provide novel insights into the molecular pathways that could mediate the immune and heavy metal stress responses in Senegalese sole and thus might have biotechnological applications in the culture of this important fish species.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
El presidente venezolano, Nicolás Maduro, salió en defensa de su ministro Tareck El Aissami, al señalar que Estados Unidos y "traidores" a su gobierno pretenden involucrarlo con el movimiento chiita libanés Hezbolá.
Durante un acto al que asistió El Aissami, ministro de Industria, Maduro dijo que el gobierno de Estados Unidos "se la pasa atacando al funcionario porque es hijo de un matrimonio árabe y lo quieren vincular a Hezbolá, cuando nunca ha tenido contacto con nadie de esa organización".
"Todos los días el Departamento de Estado y los traidores que se han ido para allá a ponerse al servicio del imperio gringo lo atacan porque es un hombre valiente, que no tiene precio, es un verdadero patriota, revolucionario", recalcó Maduro.
Además, Maduro subrayó que el movimiento libanés es un partido político legal, auqnue Estados Unidos lo considera una organización paramilitar. Hezbolá, aliado de Irán, también se encuentra en la lista de 'organizaciones terroristas' de Estados Unidos, que a su vez lidera la presión internacional para sacar a Maduro del poder.
Maduro ha salido en defensa de El Aissami, de 44 años, desde febrero del año pasado cuando fue incluido por Estados Unidos en su lista de narcotraficantes. Además, dos semanas después de que Guaidó se declarara presidente interino tras considerar un "fraude" la reelección de Maduro, el jefe de la diplomacia de Estados Unidos, Mike Pompeo, sostuvo que Hezbolá estaba activo en Venezuela.
Para Maduro, las acusaciones son una forma de manchar el nombre de su gobierno y de relacionar a todos los opositores de Estados Unidos con narcotráfico y terrorismo. Mientras que Estados Unidos considera al gobierno de Maduro como una dictadura corrupta. En todo caso, hasta ahora ningún funcionario estadounidense ha afirmado públicamente que El Aissami tiene vínculos con Hezbolá.
*Con información de AFP
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Patients with Helicobacter pylori negative gastric marginal zone b-cell lymphoma (MZBCL) of MALT have a good prognosis.
In current guidelines H. pylori eradication is recommended as first-line therapy in patients with gastric MALT lymphoma irrespective of stage and H. pylori status. However, data on treatment and clinical course of patients with H. pylori negative MALT lymphoma are rare. To evaluate therapeutical results in patients with H. pylori negative gastric MALT lymphoma. 21 patients (13 male and 8 female; 63.9 years, range 43 - 80) with gastric MALT lymphoma were analysed retrospectively on the basis of medical reports in all cases and repeated outpatient visits at our center in 17 cases. H. pylori infection was excluded by negative histology, rapid urease test, or C13 urease breath test, and serology in all cases. Follow-up was 56.4 (5 - 142) months. Ten of 21 patients were treated with H. pylori eradication, and four of them received no further therapy. The other six patients underwent surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, after eradication therapy. Those eleven patients without H. pylori eradication received radiation (n = 3), chemotherapy (n = 1), PPIs (n = 2), no treatment (n = 4) as first-line and radiation (n = 2) as second-line therapy while initial therapy remained unknown in one case. 13 patients (61.9 %) reached complete remission of lymphoma, and seven patients (33.3 %) showed minimal histological residuals. Overall and disease-free survival was found in 95 % and 90 %, respectively. Patients with H. pylori negative gastric MALT lymphoma have a good prognosis. We favor initial H. pylori eradication therapy and a watch-and-wait strategy in case of minimal histological residuals of MALT lymphoma. Non-responders to eradication therapy can be successfully treated by radiation and chemotherapy.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Gregory Hood, American Renaissance, July 17, 2018
Under the Soviets, you could be punished for dissenting from the ruling ideology, even in private. Yet it’s hard to imagine being punished for expressing agreement. That level of tyranny had to wait for 2018 in America.
“Papa” John Schnatter, founder of Papa John’s pizza, has resigned as Chairman of the Board of the company he founded. He stepped down immediately after the appearance of a July 11 report in Forbes that he used the “N-word” during a conference call in May. He also resigned from the board of trustees of the University of Louisville, which quickly removed the Papa John name from its football stadium. The John H. Schnatter Center for Free Enterprise at the Louisville College of Business also promises to change its name. Philanthropy can take a man only so far these days. The Miami Marlins baseball team terminated a promotional relationship with Papa John’s.
After the scandal had percolated for a few days, the company’s board kicked Mr. Schnatter out of his office at its Louisville headquarters, ordered him not to speak to the media, and said it would no longer use his image in advertising. The board also announced an “audit” of the company’s “culture” to make sure it is practicing “diversity and inclusion” with sufficient zeal. Perhaps the next step will be to rename the company Nelson Mandela’s Pizza.
Reporter Noah Kirsch bragged about the scalp he had claimed.
BREAKING: John Schnatter has resigned as chair of Papa John’s in light of our story — Noah Kirsch (@Noah_Kirsch) July 12, 2018
The story seems absurd on its face. Every white American knows saying anything that might offend a non-white or member of any other privileged class will bring on the media and nationwide hysteria. The idea that a CEO would call someone the N-word or refer to blacks that way on a conference call is absurd. It’s especially ludicrous because Mr. Schnatter was accused of racism in late 2017 when he criticize NFL players who refused to stand for the National Anthem. He apologized for that, which suggests he had learned his lesson.
It appears that Mr. Schnatter pronounced the forbidden word during an on-the-phone training session with a PR company called Laundry Service. The purpose of the training was to teach Mr. Schnatter how to avoid controversy. During the call, Mr. Schatter reportedly downplayed his earlier remarks about the NFL protests and noted that “Colonel Sanders called blacks n***ers” without getting in trouble.
As soon as the Forbes story appeared — three months after the conference call — Mr. Schnatter confirmed that “reports attributing the use of inappropriate and hurtful language to me during a media training session regarding race are true . . . .Regardless of the context, I apologize. Simply stated, racism has no place in our society.”
Now that the axe has fallen, Mr. Schnatter has changed his story. He says that Laundry Services pushed him to use the word: “They were promoting that kind of vocabulary.” He even claims someone at the PR company than tried to blackmail him, saying that unless he paid them $6 million they would report his use of the word to the media: “They tried to extort us and we held firm and they took what I said and ran to Forbes . . . .”
Obviously, we don’t know the full story. However, it’s clear that Mr. Schnatter was not expressing hatred of blacks. He was giving an example of something he thought people should not do. What’s more, even if he did this in a clumsy or offensive way, that was why he was getting media training.
The real implication is that the “N-word” — a word I’m not even typing here lest search engines and “safety” applications begin blocking this site — has a magical power all its own. The NFL, the NAACP, and the New York City Council have all tried to ban the word, but blacks use it all the time. You can hear it in virtually any convenience store or fast food joint in a “vibrant” part of town. But if a white person uses it, even in private conversation, it’s a national scandal. Every so often some hapless young white is caught on video using the word and the sky falls. It is now increasingly common to suggest that if a non-black calls a black person the forbidden word it certainly justifies violence and maybe even murder.
The rich and famous are particularly vulnerable. After he was caught on video using the word, “Hulk Hogan,” arguably the most famous professional wrestler in history, had his very name wiped from the history of World Wrestling Entertainment, the company he put on the map. The wrestler’s career-ending video came to public attention only because the website Gawker published a sex tape of him. The tape with the racial slur emerged because of the Hulkster’s lawsuit, bankrolled by Peter Thiel, to punish Gawker.
Mr. Schnatter’s case is even more shocking. No one’s private conversation should be aired publicly, but Hulk Hogan did use the word to refer to blacks. In a normal society, this wouldn’t be news, but we don’t live in a normal society. Mr. Schnatter not only had his privacy violated but has become a non-person — just like Hulk Hogan — simply for pronouncing the word out loud. Apparently, whites have the power to work terrible evil simply by vocalizing two forbidden syllables.
In his book Multiculturalism and the Politics of Guilt, Paul Gottfried calls the system emerging in the West a “secular theocracy,” and the reaction to Mr. Schnatter’s faux pas suggests he committed blasphemy. His apology and declaration of faith (“racism has no place in our society”) hasn’t saved him any more than prayers would save a man who cursed God in pre-Enlightenment Europe.
Yet faith in an absurd egalitarian creed does not fully explain what happened to Mr. Schnatter. Many people are no doubt sincere in their “anti-racism.” Yet the doctrine of equality can also be used as a powerful weapon in the competition for status. In ages past, it was possible to destroy a competitor in the battle for prestige by producing evidence of (or simply charging him with) heretical beliefs or sexual foibles. Today, a verbal slip that can be construed as “racism” serves the same purpose. Defining a competitor’s speech or behavior as “racist” is a source of great power. The rules of proper behavior change so quickly and have become so arcane that sophisticated “anti-racists” can convict practically anyone of this modern heresy.
As Mr. Schnatter has learned, “racism” is not meant to be eradicated — even as he, himself, was actively trying to eradicate it. The careers, self-conception, and moral purpose of millions depend on its eternal survival. Victory can never be declared in the war against “racism” lest anti-racists undermine their own priestly authority. John Schnatter — even while engaging in one of the religion’s tired rituals, even while reciting its sacred dogmas — uttered a forbidden word and was swiftly excommunicated.
Mr. Schnatter’s pleas for forgiveness and professions of unshaken faith served no purpose. The people he tried to buy indulgences from with his lavish donations have already denounced him. In liberalism’s church without salvation, even martyrdom serves no purpose — except as evidence of the power of dogma.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Pinterest Inc. has confidentially filed paperwork with the Securities and Exchange Commission for an initial public offering, according to people familiar with the matter, as the online-image search company joins a parade of highly valued technology startups planning to list their shares in 2019.
The company and its underwriters, led by Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and JPMorgan Chase & Co., are eyeing a late-June listing, some of the people said. They warned that, as always with IPOs and unpredictable markets, the timing could shift.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Q:
Is single float assignment an atomic operation on the iPhone?
I assume that on a 32-bit device like the iPhone, assigning a short float is an atomic, thread-safe operation. I want to make sure it is. I have a C function that I want to call from an Objective-C thread, and I don't want to acquire a lock before calling it:
void setFloatValue(float value) {
globalFloat = value;
}
A:
In 32-bit ARM, the function above will be compiled to
ldr r2, [pc, #0x??] ; to retrieve the address of globalFloat
str r0, [r2] ; store value into globalFloat
As there are 2 instructions, and the CPU is free to perform anything between them, but only the second instruction str r0, [r2] affects memory. Unless globalFloat is unaligned, the CPU can perform single-copy atomic write to it.
The assignment can be non-atomic when the global pointer is unaligned. It is also non-atomic if you are writing to a larger structure e.g. CGRect.
Being atomic is not enough for thread safety. Due to caching and instruction reordering, your change may not be visible to other CPU cores. You may need to insert an OSMemoryBarrier() to "publish" the change.
Atomic operations are usually interesting when it involves compound operations (e.g. globalFloat += value). You may want to check out the built-in OSAtomic library for it.
A:
Yes, it will be atomic. On a 32-bit architecture, any store operation on a primitive datatype that is 32-bits or smaller (char, short, int, long, float, etc.) will be atomic.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
ABOUT THE ART
Inspired by the recent announcement trailer of "Prometheus", the revival of the once great Alien franchise. This piece is my interpretation of the alien world on which the exploring team lands. I decided to depict a quiet scene prior to the discovery or action that will ultimately take place. My favorite part of the first film and the new trailer is the feeling of unknown; this opens a whole slew of questions without any answers. I find this to be the most exciting part of movies - anticipation. With that said, I leave you with further questions that hopefully add to the anticipation.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Secret CIO Enterprise IT departments have been reduced to personal shoppers at best and checkout clerks at worst.
You want extra lock-in on those chips, sir?
I say this because IT departments just don’t make anything anymore. When was the last time you were required to actually make a new thing as part of an IT project? As the application development world continues to commoditise, why do enterprise IT departments still live by the “buy it off the shelf” mantra?
Lack of skills is the main reason. There are no longer enough enterprise IT people who understand enough about how applications are built to know that when a vendor offers them comfortable memory gel knee rests, a barrel and some brightly coloured silk scarves that they're about to sign a lock-in contract for a set of proprietary technology.
This unintentionally complicit behaviour leads to a great many “we can’t do that because of our contract with (insert service provider's name here)” conversations, followed by “the nerve of (insert service provider's name here) eh?”, tut-tutting and finally some fist-waving along the lines of “just wait till their contract comes up for renewal”.
None of which has any effect: The next contract with the next service provider is equally debilitating (“but this one has the grape flavoured astro glide”).
Of course technology vendors don’t help, they're the ones standing behind the CIO limbering up, stroking his hair and whispering “this means we can truly be together now, it won’t hurt a bit”.
Lock-in, which prevents the realisation of benefits from the commoditisation of technology, is the single biggest threat to the relevance of IT departments today and it is the one the least effort is put into combatting.
Too many CIOs use lock in as a reason why they can’t adopt public cloud but then once they are finished they zip back up the mouthpiece of their latex suit and climb back into the gimp box with (insert service provider's name here) on it.
There is not enough discussion on the extensibility of data. How many RFP’s have a section with “please provide documentation on all API’s available for us to use, for our own purposes, with this product”? The knowledge gap is gone. IT no longer has the “technical” badge all to themselves and this is a good thing as, sheesh, didn’t they go on about it!
We are seeing a tipping point where demands from the business are more technical than the retained IT function can handle.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
A review on the preparation of chitosan oligosaccharides and application to human health, animal husbandry and agricultural production.
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) are the degraded products of chitin or chitosan prepared by chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis. As compared to chitosan, COS not only exhibit some specific physicochemical properties such as excellent water solubility, biodegradability and biocompatibility, but also have a variety of functionally biological activities including anti-inflammation, anti-bacteria, immunomodulation, neuroprotection and so on. This review aims to summarize the preparation and structural characterization methods of COS, and will discuss the application of COS or their derivatives to human health, animal husbandry and agricultural production. COS have been demonstrated to prevent the occurrence of human health-related diseases, enhance the resistance to diseases of livestock and poultry, and improve the growth and quality of crops in plant cultivation. Overall, COS have presented a broad developmental potential and application prospect in the healthy field that deserves further exploration.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Is The Color of Hockey Changing?
The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia are right around the corner. And among the many sports that we'll be watching is ice hockey. Historically, the sport of ice hockey has been dominated by white athletes. But players of minority backgrounds are increasingly thriving on the ice, and fans of all kinds of ethnic and racial backgrounds are showing up to hockey arenas as fans. William Douglas has created a blog in which he writes about minorities in hockey. The blog is called "The Color of Hockey." Bill joins me here in Washington, D.C. Welcome to the program.
WILLIAM DOUGLAS: Thank you for having me.
HEADLEE: So you've been playing hockey for a very long time. How long have you been playing?
DOUGLAS: Since I was about 13, and I'm 55 now. So a good chunk of change.
HEADLEE: Long time.
DOUGLAS: Long time.
HEADLEE: And for most of that time - your time on the ice - you were one of, if not the only, person of color.
DOUGLAS: Usually the only or one of two or one of three. I played two years of Junior B hockey in Philadelphia and actually had a black teammate for one season. And then the rest of the time - a league that covered like four states - I was normally the only player of color.
HEADLEE: You must have the same experience of - one of my friends is a paraglider and he's African-American - you must have the same experience where people - his black friends all the time saying what are you doing - that's not a black sport?
DOUGLAS: Yes. It's interesting the responses that you get from within the black community - less so now than in the past - but it's sort of like, you know, why are you doing this? Or, you know, it's a white sport, why are you doing this?
HEADLEE: Yeah.
DOUGLAS: And from white people it's more often than not, wow, that's really interesting.
HEADLEE: How'd you get into that?
DOUGLAS: Exactly, exactly. Or you go to the rink and people are very nice to you and they're watching you get dressed to make sure you put the equipment on properly.
HEADLEE: Oh, wow.
DOUGLAS: But, you know, it's less of that now.
HEADLEE: Well, so let's talk about how it's less of that. Why do you think now more people of color are getting interested in both watching and playing hockey?
DOUGLAS: Well, I think a couple things have happened. I think part of it is you have more minorities becoming more affluent and moving out the suburbs. And kids are getting interested in hockey because they're assimilating. They're taking up the sport with their friends.
HEADLEE: And it's offered at the schools, yeah.
DOUGLAS: Their friends are playing. They'll go hang out at the local rink with their friends. And they just want to be part of a crowd and they pick that up. The other thing that's happening is throughout the U.S. and Canada, you have more and more programs that are - that have been formed to cater or to help direct minority kids or urban youth into hockey. Here, you have the Fort Dupont program in Washington, in the Anacostia section. It's been in existence for 35 years. And its mission has been to get more kids of color into hockey. And you do this by alleviating the obstacles. The obstacles being expense.
HEADLEE: It's very expensive.
DOUGLAS: It is very, very expensive. It's very expensive for ice time. The equipment can cost anywhere from $300 to several thousand dollars to dress a kid for hockey.
HEADLEE: And don't forget all the travel. Many times when you're on a team, you're traveling long-distances.
DOUGLAS: Correct. So these programs help lift the burden of that cost. And you've got - in the U.S. you've got almost 32 of these programs, and several more in Canada.
HEADLEE: So what's the purpose of your blog? Is it just an outpouring of your passion for the sport? Or is there a deeper purpose?
DOUGLAS: Both actually. You know, I love hockey. I've talked people's ears off about it over the years. My friends and my family have been very patient. Thank you, I love you all. But also the fact that it sort of hit me in 2012 that when Joel Ward of the Washington Capitals scored - he scored an overtime goal in Game 7 of a Stanley Cup playoff match against the Boston Bruins - you know, it was a very important goal.
It was a pivotal moment. It knocked the Bruins out of the series. It let the Capitals advance. Almost seconds after he scored the goal, there were just deluges of really hateful tweets and e-mails from Bruins fans. Some of it was just really awful. It was bad enough that the Boston Bruins organization, Commissioner Gary Bettman of the National Hockey League had to put out a statement basically admonishing the fans.
HEADLEE: We should say Ward is African-American.
DOUGLAS: Correct. No, African-Canadian.
HEADLEE: That's correct.
DOUGLAS: That's the other thing about this - a lot of people sort of talk - well, there aren't African-Americans in hockey. There are a few African-Americans in hockey, most are Afro-Canadian. You have a few who are Afro-Swedish - from various parts of the world. So it's not just African-American.
HEADLEE: All right, so for the hockey neophyte, what are we watching for?
DOUGLAS: It's an interesting tournament that's going to happen because there's a lot of pressure on Russia because they're the home team.
HEADLEE: Of course, and they've always had great players.
DOUGLAS: They've had great players but they haven't been able to really put it together the last couple of Olympics. You have to watch Canada. There's a lot of pressure on Canada. The Canadians are sort of in a state of mourning because they had a major junior world championship tournament in Malmo, Sweden that was played in late December - early January. And the Canadians failed to win a medal in that competition, which was very, very stressful for the Canadian psyche. So they're looking at the Olympics for redemption. There's pressure on the United States as well. The U.S. did very well in the Vancouver games in 2010. They finished with a silver medal. They came very, very close to winning a gold, and they would very much like to do that. There is also pressure on the U.S...
HEADLEE: We should mention, who won gold in 2010?
DOUGLAS: That would be Canada.
HEADLEE: Yeah.
DOUGLAS: But there's also pressure on the U.S. and Canada because the Olympics are being held outside of North America. And they've never ever done well outside North America in international tournaments - largely because the ice surface is larger. So the U.S. and Canada have formed their Olympic teams, specifically, to address the issue of playing on a larger surface.
HEADLEE: I almost feel as though the U.S. Olympic hockey team will be better off when people forget the miracle on ice. It's almost as though nothing will ever be as good as the miracle on ice.
DOUGLAS: Well, that's a special moment. And that moment helped catapult U.S. hockey. So you can't really forget that moment because that moment made hockey a prime time entity in this country. That galvanized a country. It made people who maybe didn't look at the sport before look at it. So you can never forget that. The idea is to sort of get beyond it.
HEADLEE: Right.
DOUGLAS: You know, recognize it, but also, you know, use that as a springboard. And they've done that. One of the things that USA hockey is pleased about for this Olympics and for 2010 - the selection process for them was very, very difficult. They have a talented pool of players in the National Hockey League. There have a very talented pool of players coming up through the college ranks, through major junior hockey. Maybe two, three or four Olympics ago, you know, they could just automatically pick the Olympic team because there were so few good American players that were talented enough to compete.
HEADLEE: Now they have a good problem.
DOUGLAS: Now they have a wonderful problem.
HEADLEE: All right, so we're going to be checking in with you as Sochi begins but any predictions? Is the U.S. going to medal this year?
DOUGLAS: Good question. I think they will medal, I'm not quite sure it will be a gold medal. I think there might be a surprise. You know, we're so focused on the U.S. and Canada and Russia...
HEADLEE: Yeah.
DOUGLAS: But Finland and Sweden are very, very talented teams as well that could surprise. There's nothing that the Finns and the Swedes would like better than to win a gold medal on Russian soil. They have some history there...
HEADLEE: Good point.
DOUGLAS: ...That they would like to extract a little revenge on.
HEADLEE: I don't know what you're talking about.
DOUGLAS: So it's - the U.S. will likely medal, I'm not sure it will be gold.
HEADLEE: William Douglas, creator of the blog "The Color of Hockey." Thanks for joining us. We'll touch base with you again.
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{
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kingcast955@icloud.com -- In the Civil Rights Justice system there are two sets of people: Those who are haters and those who fight back. These are their stories. Blink-Blink.
Movies: KingCast.net and KingCast65 YouTube -- A NENPA member news and information journal.
06 February 2011
KingCast says on Superbowl Sunday, "Happy Birthday Bob Marley!"
If Bob Marley were alive today he would be much more concerned about the abusive government of New Hampshire and how a rogue cop named Bruce McKay violated the Civil Rights of Liko Kenney and other Franconia residents than the results of Superbowl XLV. Here are the KingCast Bob Marley files and this is my favorite Bob Marley song of All Time, dig this rehearsal version as the cancer advanced :(
Every man gotta right to decide his own destiny,And in this judgement there is no partiality.So arm in arms, with arms, we'll fight this little struggle,'Cause that's the only way we can overcome our little trouble....Set it up in-a Zimbabwe (Zimbabwe);Africans a-liberate Zimbabwe (Zimbabwe);Every man got a right to decide his own destiny.
And here is the history of Kelly Ayotte's "hero" Bruce McKay violating Liko Kenney's Civil Rights on Superbowl Sunday, 2003. Be sure to watch the supplemental videos I forgot to put in the movie.
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{
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The pulmonary involvement in disorders of immune or inflammatory regulation can range from a primary manifestation such as with sarcoidosis or a relatively minor manifestations such as seen with the Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Disease immune deficiencies. While both of these can be associated with granulomatous inflammation in the lung, the clinical pulmonary manifestations are quite different as are the management strategies. The Pulmonary Clinical Medicine Section (PCMS) has sought to capitalize on the close collaboration with the Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases and other branches within the NIAID and NIAMS focused on these disorder to describe the pulmonary manifestations of known and emerging immune and inflammatory diseases. This has included characterizing the lung manifestations of newly described immune dysregulatory syndromes associated with mutations in such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)and well known and characterized disorders such as chronic granulomatous disease. The PCMS has been actively involved in characterizing the protean lung manifestations of GATA Binding Protein 2 (GATA2) deficiency have provided unique insight into the role of alveolar macrophage dysfunction in development of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and intracellular control of mycobacteria and fungi in the lung. Ongoing work in this area include characterization of lung manifestations of Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS) and Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy, Candidiasis, and Ectodermal Dystrophy (APECED) Syndrome.
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{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
}
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re-presenting representation through political portraiture
Matthew Ivan Cherry – Cesar Conde – Patrick Earl Hammie
February 2 – March 5, 2017
Artist's Reception: Thursday, February 7, 6:00 – 8:00 pm
Can a portrait provide a sense of universal truth to a viewer in order to promote health or well-being or to the degree of saving a life? Can a painting promote a sense of community, a presence of fraternity and sisterhood or general camaraderie while challenging systematic or cultural injustices? Can art serve as a bastion of safety while acting as a civil “call to arms” or by simply alarming the general public to stand and take a stance? Impolite-ic Politics – is an exhibition of large-scale portrait paintings which bring to the forefront relevant political topics; such as police brutality, LGBTQ rights and religion, ethnic stereotypes, and gender role biases that polarize and plague our culture today.
Impolite-ic Politics presents the work of three fine artists using portraiture as a genre to address global, social, political, and controversial issues to address heated topics regarding identity, diversity of ethnicity, sexuality, gender, racial profiling and police brutality, and the gender roles we attach to people of various races. The work is intended to push the envelope and dialogue on issues that continue to challenge people in today’s culture, – while still attempting to elevate and humanize the individuals depicted.
Each artist has been independently producing a body of work with its own scope, measure, title and theme. For “Impolite-ic” Politics” the artwork from these artists have been united to bring awareness to a broader audience certain injustices while also elevating portraiture, painting, and narrative issues that each artist handles uniquely.
(This exhibition will be accompanied by a student exhibition of various work selected from College of Art and Design students who similarly are using portraiture as a genre to form a dialogue around politically charged content relevant to student interests and issues.)
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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8PM
THE ARCHITECTS – PETER FONDA
COWBOY INDIAN BEAR – DOES ANYBODY SEE YOU OUT?
THE GET UP KIDS – MASS PIKE
TOWERS – GREY GRAVES
THE NOISE FM – KEEP ME IN THE DARK
SCRUFFY AND THE JANITORS – SHAKE IT OFF
ANTENNAS UP – COMING ON
BEAR FACE - PRODIGAL SONS
MATT PRYOR – KIND OF GO TO PIECES
ANTENNAS UP – PRETENDERS
MIME GAME – YOU DO YOU
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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Total RecallTotal Recall is a look back at the history of video games through their characters, franchises, developers and trends.
There was a PC game released in 1994 called Escstatica. It's notable for two things: it was scary, but it was also a technological marvel.
It doesn't matter that the technology in question never really went anywhere. It was cool for the time, and this feature is all about looking back in time!
Ecstatica was a third-person horror/action game in the vein of similar titles like Alone in the Dark and, though it came later, Resident Evil. Think pre-determined camera angles, cheap scares and inventory restrictions.
Riding into a town in the dead of night, the player soon finds the place overrun by evil creatures. As you would, you spend the rest of the game clearing these beasts out, mostly by running around the place hitting them with a sword.
Of course, it wasn't actually that scary; like more contemporary survival horror games, the tension is built mainly through increasing the player's vulnerability to attack and limiting their ability to carry things, not by any great feat of character design or writing.
It was, however, saucy. There were punching monks. A minotaur ties you up at one point, and things get a little weird. Oh, and at one point, you see dangly little ellipsoid cocks.
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It was also, like many of these pioneering 3D games, clumsy to control, with obstructive camera angles and sluggish animation response times making you feel like you were playing the game underwater.
But Ecstatica is remembered more for its graphics than anything else, as it was part of a spirited, if short-lived movement in the mid-90s towards "ellipsoid" graphics. If you don't know what they are, you can see them in action in the clip to the left; rather than animate basic sprites or generate memory-consuming 3D polygons, ellipsoid technology generated "blobs", which were used to build character models.
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They may not look like much in static images, but at the time they were thought to be revolutionary, allowing for incredibly fluid animation. And, for the time, they certainly were!
The reason you didn't see many other games copy the style, though, was precisely because of the time the game was released. A few years earlier and the technology wasn't around. A few years later and PC performance, aided by the first generation of graphics cards, could handle proper polygons, which looked far more realistic.
So it exists as a quirk of its era. A historical dead-end, never to be repeated. Ellipsoid technology was the zeppelin of the video games world.
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Actually, that's slightly incorrect. The game was repeated, once, as in 1997 a sequel was released, which improved the graphics but not much else, the game evolving into more of an action title than something we'd now call survival horror.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Embryotoxic activity and differential binding of plant-derived carbohydrate-recognizing proteins towards the sea urchin embryo cells.
The embryotoxic activity and differential binding of plant-derived carbohydrate-recognizing proteins on sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) embryo cells was investigated. IC50 doses for toxicity on larvae development varied from 0.6 up to 96.3 microg ml(-1) and these effects were largely reversed by previously heating the proteins. Changes in the glycoconjungate status of the cell surface were assessed by time-course binding of the proteins during embryogenesis according to their carbohydrate-binding specificity. Glucose/mannose binding-proteins bound embryo cells at the same stage of development, at a similar stage to the N-acetylglucosamine/N-acetylneuraminic acid binding-protein (WGA) and earlier than galactose specific ones. FITC-conjugates of these proteins confirmed the above results and revealed the presence of specific and differential receptors for them. Inhibition assays using inhibitory glycoproteins significantly diminished the labelled patterns of FITC-conjugates. In conclusion, the assayed proteins exhibited embryotoxicity and their binding requirements were useful for following changes in the pattern of cell surface glycoconjugates on embryo cells of sea urchin. This property could be useful in analyzing other cell types.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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It is known to use in-line measuring devices containing a magneto-inductive, measurement pickup for measuring the flow velocity and/or volume flow, e.g. volume flow rate, of an electrically conductive fluid flowing in a stream direction through a measuring tube of the measurement pickup. For this, the magnetically inductive sensor uses, mostly, diametrically facing, field coils of a magnetic circuit arrangement electrically connected to an exciter electronics of the in-line measuring device, to produce a magnetic field, which passes through the fluid within a given measuring volume at least sectionally perpendicularly to the direction of flow and which closes on itself essentially externally of the fluid. The measuring tube is composed, for such purpose, usually of non-ferromagnetic material, so that the magnetic field is not unfavorably affected. Due to the movement of the free charge carriers of the fluid in the magnetic field, an electrical field is produced in the measuring volume that runs perpendicularly to the magnetic field and perpendicularly to the direction of flow of the liquid, according to the magneto-hydrodynamic principle. An electrical voltage induced in the fluid is therefore measurable by means of at least two measurement electrodes spaced from each other in the direction of the electrical field, and by means of an evaluation electronics of the in-line measuring device connected to these electrodes. The induced voltage is, in turn, a measure for the volume flow rate. Serving for sensing the induced voltage can be, for instance, fluid-contacting, galvanic, or fluid-non-contacting, capacitive measurement electrodes. For conveying and coupling the magnetic field into the measurement volume, the magnetic circuit arrangement generally includes coil cores surrounded by the field coils. The coil cores are separated from each other, especially diametrically, along a periphery of the measuring tube, and are arranged with, in each case, a free end face located especially at positions where each is, in effect, a mirror image of the another. In operation, the magnetic field created by the field coils connected to the exciter-electronics is so coupled via the coil cores into the measurement tube, that it passes through the fluid flowing between the two end faces at least sectionally perpendicularly to the stream direction. Because of their high measuring accuracy, on the one hand, and the versatile applicability on the other hand, especially also in almost all usual nominal diameters, in-line measuring devices with such measurement pickups have become established over decades in almost all domains of industrial measurement technology. In-line measuring devices that measure flow velocities, and/or volume flow rates, of flowing fluids acoustically by means of ultrasonics, are often used as an alternative to such in-line measuring devices with magneto-inductive measurement pickups, at least in the case of non-conductive media.
Due to the required high mechanical stability demanded for measuring tubes used in such measurement pickups, the former—both for magneto-inductively, as well as for acoustically, measuring, measurement pickups—comprise most often an outer, especially metal, support tube of predetermined strength and diameter, coated internally with an electrically non-conductive, insulating material of predetermined thickness, the so-called liner. For example, the magneto-inductive measurement pickups described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,595,069, U.S. Pat. No. 5,664,315, U.S. Pat. No. 5,280,727, U.S. Pat. No. 4,679,442, U.S. Pat. No. 4,253,340, U.S. Pat. No. 3,213,685 or JP-Y 53-51 181 comprise, in each case, a measuring tube insertable fluid-tightly into a pipeline, and having a first, inlet end and a second, outlet end. The measuring tube, in each case, is comprised of a non-ferromagnetic support tube, as an outer casing of the measuring tube, and a tubular liner, accommodated in a lumen of the support tube and made of an insulating material, for conveying a flowing liquid isolated from the support tube
The liner, which is usually made of a thermoplastic, thermosetting or elastomeric plastic, or synthetic material, serves to chemically isolate the support tube from the fluid. In the case of magneto-inductive measurement pickups, wherein the support tube has a high electrical conductivity, for example through the use of metal support tubes, the liner serves also as electrical isolation, or insulation, between the support tube and the fluid, in order to prevent a short circuiting of the electrical field through the support tube. By a suitable design of the support tube, it is thus possible to adapt the strength of the measuring tube to the mechanical loads in particular application cases, while an adaptation of the measuring tube to the chemical and/or biological requirements of particular applications can be realized by means of the liner.
Because of its good workability, on the one hand, and its good chemical and mechanical properties, on the other hand, polyurethane in particular has become established as a material for liners of in-line measuring devices, in particular those with magneto-inductive measurement pickups. This is in addition to hard rubber or fluorine-containing plastics such as PTFE or PFA. Furthermore, liners of polyurethane have mostly good biological properties, in particular also in bacteriological regard, and are, as a result, also suitable for application in the case of aqueous fluids.
The polyurethanes used for the production of liners of the described kind are mostly elastomeric plastics, that are made on the basis of a flowable, especially liquid, multi-component system formed, directly before the processing, of reactive starting components. After the mixing, the obtained, multi-component system is applied onto the inner wall of the support tube pretreated with adhesive agent and left there to harden, or cure, to the liner within a predetermined reaction time. It is well known that polyurethanes are made by the polyaddition method from di- and poly-isocyanates and di- or poly-valent alcohols, for example butanediol. In such case, prepolymers, developed from aliphatic and/or aromatic ether- and/or ester-groups, as well as glycol- and isocyanate groups, can, for example, serve as a primary components that can react with the di- or poly-valent alcohol, supplied as a further primary component. As required, color-giving fillers, especially powdery or pasty ones, for example soot, pigments or reactive dyes can be added.
Used for the manufacture of liners of polyurethane is a so-called ribbon flow method, in which the previously prepared, flowable, multi-component system is evenly distributed on the appropriately moved, inner wall of the support tube by a corresponding pour, or spray, head of an application device, for example a low pressure or high pressure metering/mixing/pouring device. The necessary reaction time for the subsequent solidifying and hardening of the multi-component system can be set by the dosage of the starting components, and also, to a large extent, by a suitable controlling of the processing temperature. However, short reaction times of less than a minute, which are necessary for cost-effective production of the liner with a processing temperature of about room temperature, are obtained usually only through addition of a suitable catalyst, usually one containing heavy metal and/or amine, to the multi-component system. Here, in particular, tertiary amines and/or mercury are used as catalysts.
Considering that the catalyst itself remains essentially unchanged in the finished polyurethane, the latter has, as a result, inevitably also toxic, or at least physiologically not completely harmless, characteristics. Numerous investigations have also shown that especially such catalysts can, to a significant degree, be dissolved out of the liner, at least in the presence of water. As a result, the polyurethanes prepared with such catalysts used at present in in-line measuring devices are only suitable conditionally for applications with high hygienic requirements, e.g. for measurements in the field of drinking water, since high requirements for the chemical resistance of the fluid-touching components in the drinking water field and the physiological compatibility can, without more, no longer be fulfilled. Special attention in the drinking water field is placed on, among other things, meeting the maximal tolerable rate of migration (Mmax, TOC) regarding a total organic carbon content (TOC) and/or the specific migration limit values (SML) defined for toxicologically critical substances. Equally strict are the requirements regarding the effect of the liner on the external properties of drinking water, especially regarding the taste-, color-, turbidity- and/or smell-neutrality of the liner in the presence of water, as well as regarding the maximally tolerable chlorine demand rates (Mmax,Cl). Fortunately, beyond that, the possibility exists, as for example suggested in the not before-published German patent application DE 102005005195.2, to use as catalysts metal-organic compounds such as e.g. di(n-octyl)tin dilaurate. This has, among other things, the advantage that the polyurethane manufactured therewith has good physiological, organo-leptic and bacteriological characteristics and can thus also be quite suitable for applications in the drinking water field.
Because of the short reaction time set by means of the catalyst, the final blending of all the components used for the production of the multi-component system can thus however inevitably take place only immediately before the application of the multi-component system onto the support tube, for example through the use of in-line mixers. Considering, however that the catalyst, based on the entire multi-component system, generally constitutes only a very small volume, or mass, fraction of less than one percent, in the fabrication of such polyurethane liners, in an intermediate step of the manufacturing process, generally the catalyst, which, at least as regards quantity, serves as a secondary component, is mixed into the alcohol in concentration figured on the basis of the entire multi-component system, whereby a catalyst-alcohol mixture serving practically as an intermediate component of the multi-component system is formed from the two starting components alcohol and catalyst. The mixture, composed, at least, of the alcohol and the catalyst, formed in this way, is placed for subsequent use, in an appropriate storage container of the application apparatus specified above and held there in an amount, for example 20-50 liters, sufficient for the actual manufacturing of a series of liners.
In the production of the described measurement pickups in small and medium numbers, the output rate can lie for example in an order of magnitude of approximately 50-100 pieces per day, from which would result, depending on nominal width of the measuring tube, approximately 0.5-3 kg of the multi-component system per measurement pickup, a daily requirement for such catalyst-alcohol-mixtures between approximately 0.5 kg and about 2 kg. Due to the stored mixture of alcohol and catalyst, it is thus achieved that also the catalyst, especially also in the case of application of only very small amounts of the multi-component system, can be precisely measured in the final blending of all components with defendable technical complexity. Further, the multi-component system can in this way be mixed using a reduced number of storage containers compared to the total number of nominally used starting and/or intermediate components and by means of less branched, and, as a result, more simply built in-line mixers.
It has, however, been found that, in the use of such catalyst-alcohol-mixtures manufactured in advance, depending on composition, the case can arise that these can be quite highly reactive, and, as a result, chemically unstable, especially when using organo-metallic catalysts. This can especially be attributed to alcoholysis and/or solvolysis reactions occurring in such mixtures, as elaborated, for instance, in the article “Solvolytic Degeneration of Aliphatic Polyesteroligomers: Poly(Tetramethylene Adipate) Diol”, Mormann W., Wagner J., Laboratorium für Makromolekulare Chemie der Universität-GH Siegen (Laboratory for Macromolecular Chemistry, Siegen University-institute), FB (Faculty Branch) Aug. 8, 1987. Thus, for example, corresponding decay times of less than two days were experimentally determined for catalyst-alcohol-mixtures based on butanediol and di(n-octyl)tin dilaurate. Therefore, charges of such catalyst-alcohol-mixtures correspondingly mixed in advance for the production of polyurethane cannot always be kept over longer timeframes of preferably more than two weeks, technologically meaningful for the manufacturing process of liners. Inversely, the recurring daily requirement of such catalyst-alcohol-mixtures, for example in the production of the initially mentioned magneto-inductive measurement pickup, can be estimated only very inaccurately. This in particular also, because, for example, measurement pickups of the described kind are essentially manufactured “just-in-time” and thus the respective production process, especially also the manufacturing of the liner, is often done in the realm of short deadlines. Consequently, the production rate of measurement pickups per day and thus also the quantity of multicomponent system to be processed each day can vary to a significant extent, wherein the spread can, by all means, lie in the range of 100% or more. Thus, it can be a problem with the production and processing of multicomponent systems of the described kind using catalyst-alcohol-mixtures to have, on the one hand, always a charge of a sufficient quantity of the utilized catalyst-alcohol-mixture for the started production is always available, and, on the other hand, however, to consume this charge within a few days, in order, surely, to be able to avoid a decomposition while in the application apparatus and to prevent a rejected production otherwise caused thereby.
In view of the fact that the production process for such measurement pickups must be flexible to a high degree and consequently the daily requirement for the multicomponent system can be exactly assessed in advance only on a short timeframe, a disadvantage of catalyst-alcohol-mixtures of the described kind is to be seen in the fact that the available charge is measured almost inevitably either too large, wherein the surplus resulting from it is very complex and accordingly expensive to ultimately dispose of as hazardous waste, or as a result of insufficiently measured charge size an increasing need of measurement pickups in a short timeframe cannot be covered without special effort. Furthermore, a further disadvantage of such catalyst-alcohol-mixtures consists also of the fact that the application apparatus is to be cleaned unavoidably before each filling with a new charge, and thus is to be cleaned with much effort practically every day, in order to avoid an influencing of its chemical characteristics by possible residue of the expired catalyst-alcohol-mixture.
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{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
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Dioxygen Sensitivity of [Fe]-Hydrogenase in the Presence of Reducing Substrates.
Mono-iron hydrogenase ([Fe]-hydrogenase) reversibly catalyzes the transfer of a hydride ion from H2 to methenyltetrahydromethanopterin (methenyl-H4 MPT+ ) to form methylene-H4 MPT. Its iron guanylylpyridinol (FeGP) cofactor plays a key role in H2 activation. Evidence is presented for O2 sensitivity of [Fe]-hydrogenase under turnover conditions in the presence of reducing substrates, methylene-H4 MPT or methenyl-H4 MPT+ /H2 . Only then, H2 O2 is generated, which decomposes the FeGP cofactor; as demonstrated by spectroscopic analyses and the crystal structure of the deactivated enzyme. O2 reduction to H2 O2 requires a reductant, which can be a catalytic intermediate transiently formed during the [Fe]-hydrogenase reaction. The most probable candidate is an iron hydride species; its presence has already been predicted by theoretical studies of the catalytic reaction. The findings support predictions because the same type of reduction reaction is described for ruthenium hydride complexes that hydrogenate polar compounds.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Microsoft and Facebook Join Google in Begging the US to Slacken Data Transparency Rules
Microsoft and Facebook have joined Google in complaining about the US government's privacy restrictions, asking US authorities to let them tell the public how many data requests they receive from security agencies. So we might be a bit less suspicious of them.
Currently, Google, Microsoft, Facebook and the rest can't even tell the public how many requests for information they receive from government sources due to "nondisclosure obligations" put in place, leading to the rather suspicious sort of headlines we've seen of late.
Microsoft, similarly to Google, has commented on the issue, saying: "Permitting greater transparency on the aggregate volume and scope of national security requests, including Fisa orders, would help the community understand and debate these important issues."
And Facebook noted its dislike of the situation too, with a statement saying: "We would welcome the opportunity to provide a transparency report that allows us to share with those who use Facebook around the world a complete picture of the government requests we receive, and how we respond." [BBC, Reuters]
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Q:
does not name a type
Possible Duplicate:
Resolve circular dependencies in c++
What is forward declaration in c++?
I have two classes A and B. I need to have a field in each which is a pointer to an object of the other class. I get "does not name a type" since the definition of the class is yet to appear. For example:
class A{
B* b;
}
class B{
A* a;
}
gets me "B "does not name a type" at the second line.
A:
Use forward declarations:
class B;
class A {
B* b;
};
class B {
A* a;
};
This way you're telling the compiler that B is going to be declared later on and that it should not worry. See this for more info: Forward declaration
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Sukkhipur
Sukkhipur is a village in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
References
Category:Villages in Jaunpur district
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
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---
abstract: 'High redshift blazars are among the most powerful objects in the Universe. Although they represent a significant fraction of the extragalactic hard X-ray sky, they are not commonly detected in $\gamma$-rays. High redshift (z$>$2) objects represent $<$10% of the AGN population observed by [*Fermi*]{} so far, and $\gamma$-ray flaring activity from these sources is even more uncommon. The characterization of the radio-to-$\gamma$-ray properties of high redshift blazars represent a powerful tool for the study of both the energetics of such extreme objects and the Extragalactic Background Light. We present results of a multi-band campaign on TXS0536+145, which is the highest redshift flaring $\gamma$-ray blazar detected so far. At the peak of the flare the source reached an apparent isotropic $\gamma$-ray luminosity of 6.6$\times$10$^{49}$ erg/s, which is comparable with the luminosity observed from the most powerful blazars. The physical properties derived from the multi-wavelength observations are then compared with those shown by the high redshift population. In addition preliminary results from the high redshift flaring blazar PKS2149-306 will be discussed.'
author:
- 'M. Orienti, F. D’Ammando, M. Giroletti, D. Dallacasa, T. Venturi'
- 'J. Finke'
- 'M. Ajello'
title: 'Flaring $\gamma$-ray emission from high redshift blazars'
---
Introduction
============
The population of high redshift ($z>2$) blazars represents a small fraction ($<$10%) of the extragalactic $\gamma$-ray sky. They are mainly associated with flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQ), although a few BL Lacs with $z>2$ are present in the third catalog of active galactic nuclei detected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the [*Fermi*]{} satellite after the first four years of scientific observations [@ackermann15]. The number counts drop when higher energies are considered. In the first LAT catalog of $\gamma$-ray sources above 10 GeV (1FHL) only seven objects with $z>2$ are detected [@ackermann13].\
Although the detection of high redshift blazars during a $\gamma$-ray flare is even more uncommon, the characterization of the radio-to-$\gamma$-ray properties of high redshift blazars represent a powerful tool for the study of both the energetics of such extreme objects and the Extragalactic Background Light (EBL). During $\gamma$-ray flaring episodes the spectra of FSRQ sometimes show a moderate hardening [@pacciani14], allowing us to explore energies that are usually strongly attenuated due to the intrinsic source spectrum.\
So far, 10 blazars at $z > 2$ have been detected during $\gamma$-ray flaring activity. Among these objects there are TXS0536+145 at $z=2.69$, and PKS2149-306 at $z=2.34$. TXS0536+145 was not part of the [*Fermi*]{}-LAT first (1FGL) and second source (2FGL) catalogs [@abdo10b; @nolan12], indicating its low activity state during the first two years of [*Fermi*]{}-LAT observations. On 2012 March 22 it underwent a $\gamma$-ray flare, becoming the $\gamma$-ray flaring object at the highest redshift observed so far [@orienti14].\
PKS2149-306 was detected by [*Fermi*]{}-LAT in a flaring state on 2013 January 4 [@dammando13], with a daily $\gamma$-ray flux about 25 times higher than the average source flux reported in the 2FGL catalog [@nolan12].\
The high activity states observed in both sources triggered multiwavelength monitoring observations aimed at characterizing the variability in the various bands of the electromagnetic spectrum and at determining the spectral energy distribution of these extreme objects.\
TXS0536+145
===========
[*Fermi*]{}-LAT data
--------------------
We analyzed [*Fermi*]{}-LAT data collected during the first five years of scientific observations, from 2008 August 4 (MJD 54682) to 2013 August 4 (MJD 56508). We considered an energy range between 0.1 and 100 GeV, and we followed the standard LAT analysis procedures (for more details see [@orienti14]).\
TXS0536+145 was not detected during the first two years of observations. The 2$\sigma$ upper limit estimated over this period is 10$^{-8}$ ph cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. During the third and fourth years of observations, the source was detected with a flux of (4.2 $\pm$ 0.6)$\times$10$^{-8}$ ph cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ and a photon index $\Gamma=2.37 \pm 0.09$. On 2012 March 22 the source was observed during a $\gamma$-ray flare, when it reached a flux of (1.0 $\pm$ 0.3)$\times$10$^{-6}$ ph cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ and a photon index $\Gamma=2.05 \pm 0.08$, indicating a hardening of the spectrum. This flux corresponds to an apparent isotropic luminosity of 6.6$\times$10$^{49}$ erg/s. Before this flare, the source was first detected in $\gamma$-rays on 2012 January showing an enhancement of its high-energy activity, but without reaching a similar peak flux (Fig. \[fermi\_0536\]).\
The analysis of the [*Fermi*]{}-LAT data with E $>$ 10 GeV collected between 2011 August and 2013 August could not detect the source at such high energies. We evaluated the 2$\sigma$ upper limit as 9.3$\times$10$^{-11}$ ph cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ (assuming $\Gamma=2.37$).
Radio properties
----------------
Monitoring campaigns of TXS0536+145 with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) at 8.4, 15, and 24 GHz, and with the European VLBI Network (EVN) at 22 GHz were triggered by the $\gamma$-ray flare with the aim of studying changes in the parsec-scale structure and the flux density variability related to the central region of the source. The observations were performed between 2012 April and 2013 October. The source has a core-jet structure (Fig. \[morpho\]). The radio emission is dominated by the compact bright core component, which accounts for about 90 per cent of the total flux density at 8.4 GHz, and about 95 per cent at 15 and 24 GHz. The jet emerges from the main component with a position angle of about 180$^{\circ}$, then at $\sim$ 1.5 mas (i.e. $\sim$ 12 pc) it slightly changes orientation to about 160$^{\circ}$ and extends to $\sim$ 6 mas (i.e. $\sim$ 48 pc).\
The flux density variability is ascribed to the core region, while the jet is not variable. The radio light curves show a flux density increase about 2-3 months after the $\gamma$-ray flare, with longer delay occurring at lower frequencies. The spectral index of the core computed between 8.4 and 15 GHz shows a softening of the spectrum from $\alpha \sim -1.0$ just after the flare, to $\alpha \sim 0.1$[^1] a few months later (upper panel of Fig. \[radio\]). The light curve at 15 GHz shows a possible double hump similar to that observed in $\gamma$-ray light curve (bottom panel of Fig. \[radio\]).\
No new superluminal component was observed after the flare. This may be related to the high redshift of the target. In fact, only superluminal components with a speed higher than 35$c$ would have been picked up during the 16-month monitoring campaign.\
[*Swift*]{} data and SED
------------------------
Triggered by the flaring activity, [*Swift*]{} observed TXS0536+145 a few days after the 2012 March $\gamma$-ray flare, and the source was found in a high state in X-rays. The X-ray flux decreases of a factor of two a couple of weeks after the peak. An additional observation was carried out a few months later, when the source was in a similar low activity state. In the past, the source was not detected by the ROSAT all-sky survey. Therefore, this is the first detection of TXS0535+145 in X-rays.\
Due to severe Galactic absorption and the short exposures, the source was not detected by UVOT in any filter.\
The hard X-ray flux of this source turned out to be below the sensitivity of the BAT instrument for such short exposures, and therefore the source was not detected. The source was not present in the [*Swift*]{} BAT 70-month hard X-ray catalogue [@baumgartner13].\
The spectral energy distribution (SED) of TXS0536+145 in flaring activity is well fitted by a synchrotron/external Compton model where the seed photons upscattered to high energies may be those from the dusty torus (see e.g., [@orienti14]). Due to the rather poor optical coverage, the model parameter are not well constrained.\
PKS2149-306
===========
The FSRQ PKS2149-306 was observed by [*Fermi*]{}-LAT during a flaring episode on 2013 January 4 and preliminary results were reported in [@dammando13]. This source was part of the 2LAC [@ackermann11], indicating on average a higher level of $\gamma$-ray activity with respect to TXS0536+145.\
We analyzed [*Fermi*]{}-LAT data collected during the first six years of scientific observations, from 2008 August 4 (MJD 54682) to 2014 August 4 (MJD 56873). As in the case of TXS0536+145, we considered an energy range between 0.1 and 100 GeV, and we followed the standard LAT analysis procedures.\
The source was clearly detected by [*Fermi*]{}-LAT for most of the period with one-month integration time (Fig. \[fermi\_2149\]). A first significant increase of activity was observed in 2011 February. During the strong flaring activity observed in 2013 January, the source reached a daily peak flux of (3.0$\pm$0.4)$\times$10$^{-6}$ ph cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, and showed a hardening of the spectrum. This value corresponds to an apparent peak luminosity of 1.5$\times$10$^{50}$ erg/s. A dedicated multiwavelength analysis of PKS2149-306 is ongoing aiming at studying the high-energy SED, also in perspective of the next generation of high-energy telescopes.\
Discussion and conclusions
==========================
High redshift flaring blazars are among the most luminous objects in the Universe. The high redshift FSRQ TXS0536+145 and PKS2149-306 underwent a huge $\gamma$-ray flare, reaching an apparent isotropic luminosity (0.1-100 GeV) of 6.6$\times$10$^{49}$ erg/s and 1.5$\times$10$^{50}$ erg/s, respectively. Such values are comparable to the luminosity observed in the high-redshift gravitationally lensed blazar PKS1830-211 detected during a flare ($L_{\gamma} \sim 3\times
10^{49}$ erg/s; [@abdo15]), as well as in the brightest flaring blazars, like 3C454.3 ($L_{\gamma} \sim 2\times 10^{50}$ erg/s; [@abdo11]), PKS1510-089 ($L_{\gamma} \sim 4\times 10^{48}$ erg/s; [@orienti13]), and PKS1622-297 ($L_{\gamma} \sim 4\times 10^{48}$ erg/s; [@mattox97]).\
We compared the $\gamma$-ray properties of TXS0536+145 and PKS2149-306 with those shown by the population of high redshift ($z>2$) $\gamma$-ray sources from the 2LAC [@ackermann11]. The photon index and the luminosity in the low activity state of the targets are in agreement with those of the other high-z objects. During the flaring state both sources showed a hardening of the spectrum. A similar behaviour was observed in the high-z flaring blazar 4C+71.07 [@akyuz13].\
Despite the harder spectrum, no significant emission above 10 GeV is observed for TXS0536+145. Although this value is consistent with current EBL models (e.g. [@finke10]), the low statistics do not allow us to attribute the spectral curvature to this effect [@orienti14]. The improved sensitivity of the LAT at a few GeV with Pass 8 data will be important for characterizing in more detail the $\gamma$-ray spectrum of the high-redshift blazar population.
The *Fermi* LAT Collaboration acknowledges generous ongoing support from a number of agencies and institutes that have supported both the development and the operation of the LAT as well as scientific data analysis. These include the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Energy in the United States, the Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique / Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules in France, the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in Italy, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in Japan, and the K. A. Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council and the Swedish National Space Board in Sweden. Additional support for science analysis during the operations phase is gratefully acknowledged from the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica in Italy and the Centre National d’Études Spatiales in France. The VLBA is operated by the US National Radio Astronomy Observatory which is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under a cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. The European VLBI Network is a joint facility of European, Chinese, South African, and other radio astronomy institutes funded by their national research councils.
[99]{} Abdo, A.A., et al. 2010b, ApJS, 188, 405
Abdo, A.A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 733, 26
Abdo, A.A., et al. 2015, ApJ, 799, 143
Ackermann, M., et al. 2011, ApJ, 743, 171
Ackermann, M., et al. 2013, ApJS, 209, 34
Ackermann, M., et al. 2015, ApJS submitted (arXiv:1501.06054)
Akyuz, A., et al. 2013, A&A, 556, 71
Baumgartner W.H., et al. 2013, ApJS, 207, 19
D’Ammando, F., Orienti, M. 2013, ATel, 4706
D’Ammando, F., et al. 2015, MNRAS, in preparation
Finke, J.D., Dermer C.D., Böttcher, M. 2008, ApJ, 686, 181
Finke, J.D., Razzaque, S., Dermer C.D. 2010, ApJ, 712, 238
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Nolan, P., et al. 2012, ApJS, 199, 31
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[^1]: The radio spectral index is defined as $S_{\nu} \propto \nu^{-
\alpha}$
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I rattle off phrases all of the time without knowing where they really come from. Lots of times you can decipher their origins pretty easily - muffin top, for example, doesn't take a whole lot of brain power to figure out. But I could have never guessed the origins of some of these phrases, which I now know thanks to Barbara Ann Kipfer's Phraseology book. I've written about this book before - it's endlessly fascinating.
1. "At the drop of a hat" comes from the days of gunfights on the frontier, when the drop of a hat was the signal for the shootout to begin.
2. "Beat the tar out of" is thought to have come from sheep farmers, who would slather tar on a sheep's cut when it got nicked from shearing. Later, they would have to beat the tar out.
3. "Buckle down to work" originally meant a knight buckling down all of his armor before a battle.
4. "As fit as a fiddle" used to be "as fit as a fiddler," because a fiddler jumped and danced around so much while playing, he had to be in good shape.
5. "To skin a cat" doesn't actually mean a feline. It means a catfish "“ the skins of catfish are notoriously tough and hard to remove for cooking.
6. I always thought "start from scratch" referred to baking, but I suppose even the baking reference had to come from somewhere. It came from handicapping competitors during races: a line is scratched in the dirt; the person who starts there gets no special advantage.
7. "Under the weather" is a sea-faring term which means you're at sea when the weather changes for the worse.
8. "Paddywagon" is really a not-very P.C. term "“ it refers to the old stereotype that Irish people ("Paddy" being a common Irish name/nickname) tend to get arrested the most because of their hot tempers.
9. "Kick the bucket" comes from slaughterhouses, where, after slaughter, hogs would be hung up by a pulley with a weight called a bucket. I wonder if this goes back even further "“ perhaps a bucket was actually used for the weight once upon a time.
10. "Eating humble pie" came from "umble pie," a meat dish made of entrails and other animal leftovers. Women and children, AKA "umbles," had to eat these parts because all of the best cuts of meat went to the man of the house.
If there's a particular phrase that has you stymied, let me know in the comments - I'll try to find its origins (whether it's in Phraseology or not) and feature it in a future post. I can't promise anything, but I'll try!
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99) + 4)) + 1) + 1*(sqrt(2299) + 1 + sqrt(2299) + 5)*-6)**2.
12320*sqrt(19) + 452204
Simplify (1*sqrt(784))/(sqrt(21)/sqrt(3)*3) + (sqrt(63) - (sqrt(63) + (sqrt(63) + sqrt(1575))*-6)) + sqrt(63) + sqrt(63) + 4.
4 + 346*sqrt(7)/3
Simplify 4*(1*(3 + -3*sqrt(3)) + 4)*-5 + 0.
-140 + 60*sqrt(3)
Simplify 1 + sqrt(55)/(sqrt(176) + sqrt(11)) + 4 - (sqrt(405) + 2 + -3 + -2 + 5).
-44*sqrt(5)/5 + 3
Simplify ((-5 + -5 + 1*2*sqrt(605))*3 + 5)**2 + 4.
-3300*sqrt(5) + 22409
Simplify (0 + 2*sqrt(405) - (3 + sqrt(405) + 1*sqrt(405) - sqrt(405)) - -1*-3*sqrt(405)*1)**2 + -5.
108*sqrt(5) + 1624
Simplify (sqrt(60) - sqrt(960)*2 - (sqrt(60) + -2*sqrt(960)))/(-4*2*(sqrt(108) + (sqrt(108) - (sqrt(108)*2 + sqrt(108))))) + -3.
-3
Simplify 5 + (4*sqrt(225)*-2)/(-6*(sqrt(75)*2 + sqrt(75)) + sqrt(75) + sqrt(75)).
sqrt(3)/2 + 5
Simplify (-6*(-5 + 2 + sqrt(2) + (sqrt(32) - sqrt(32)*-2) + -3))**2 + 1 + 1.
-5616*sqrt(2) + 13466
Simplify ((4*sqrt(72) - sqrt(8)) + sqrt(1152)*2)/(-4*sqrt(400)*2 + sqrt(400) - ((-6*(sqrt(400) - 1*sqrt(400)) + sqrt(400) - sqrt(400)) + sqrt(400))).
-7*sqrt(2)/16
Simplify -2*(1 + sqrt(243)*-3 + 0 + (sqrt(243) + -1*sqrt(243) + -5)**2).
-52 + 54*sqrt(3)
Simplify (sqrt(51)/(2*sqrt(48)) - (sqrt(17)*-2 + 1 - (sqrt(17) - sqrt(34)/sqrt(2))*-2)) + (-4 + -1*sqrt(2448) + 2*-3*sqrt(2448))**2.
5393*sqrt(17)/8 + 119967
Simplify ((-3*sqrt(104)*-2 + (sqrt(104) - (3*sqrt(104) + sqrt(104))*3) + sqrt(104))/(sqrt(56)/(sqrt(7) + 1*sqrt(7)) - (sqrt(16)*1)/sqrt(2)))**2.
832
Simplify (-2 + (sqrt(539) - (sqrt(539) + 2)**2))*-4 + -2 + 5 + 5*((sqrt(539) + -1 + sqrt(539))*2)**2.
-476*sqrt(11) + 45323
Simplify 4*(-3*(sqrt(136) + -2*(sqrt(136) - 2*sqrt(136))))/(-6*(sqrt(8) - sqrt(72)/(3*sqrt(9))))*-2.
-18*sqrt(17)
Simplify ((sqrt(209) - (-3*sqrt(209) - sqrt(209)))*6 - 1*(sqrt(209)*3 + sqrt(209)))/(6*(1*sqrt(110))/sqrt(10)*-2).
-13*sqrt(19)/6
Simplify (-3*sqrt(475))**2 + -1 - -1*(2*sqrt(475) + sqrt(475)) - (2 + (sqrt(304)*4 - (sqrt(304) + 5)) + -3)**2.
159*sqrt(19) + 1502
Simplify (1*sqrt(19) + -2 - (1*sqrt(1539) + sqrt(1539)) - (sqrt(152) + sqrt(152)*2*-4 - sqrt(152))/(sqrt(40)/(sqrt(5)*-2)))**2.
132*sqrt(19) + 20695
Simplify -1*((sqrt(5) + (sqrt(80)/sqrt(2))/sqrt(8) - sqrt(5)) + sqrt(180) + sqrt(180)*4 + (sqrt(60) + sqrt(240)*-2)/(sqrt(300)*2 - sqrt(300))).
-152*sqrt(5)/5
Simplify (((sqrt(240) - 2*sqrt(240)) + sqrt(240))/(sqrt(540)/sqrt(12)))**2 + (2*sqrt(72)/sqrt(3))/(sqrt(8) + (sqrt(8) - (sqrt(128) + sqrt(8)))*6).
-2*sqrt(3)/23
Simplify ((1*-1*sqrt(84) - (-1*(-2*sqrt(84) - sqrt(84)) + sqrt(84)))*1)/(-3*-3*sqrt(96)/sqrt(8)*-2).
5*sqrt(7)/18
Simplify ((sqrt(54)/((sqrt(864) + sqrt(24))/sqrt(4)))/(1*sqrt(300)*1 + sqrt(300))*-6)**2.
27/4900
Simplify ((-1 + (sqrt(84)*-2*1 - sqrt(84))/(sqrt(60)/(-1*sqrt(5))))*5 + 1)**2.
-120*sqrt(7) + 1591
Simplify -5 + ((-1*1*sqrt(68) - sqrt(68)) + 6*-2*sqrt(68) + sqrt(68) + sqrt(68))**2 - (-5*4*((-2*sqrt(204))/sqrt(12))**2 + -5).
11152
Simplify -3 + ((sqrt(4)/sqrt(2) + 1 - (-2 + sqrt(8)/sqrt(4)))**2*4 - ((sqrt(128)*-2)**2 + 5 - -5*1*sqrt(128))).
-484 - 40*sqrt(2)
Simplify (-2 + (4*-2*sqrt(242))**2 - (sqrt(18)/(sqrt(36)/sqrt(4)) - sqrt(10)/(-1*sqrt(5)))) + 2.
-2*sqrt(2) + 15488
Simplify (-6*(3 + -3*sqrt(704)) + -2)**2 + ((sqrt(55)/(2*sqrt(5)) + -2*sqrt(1584))**2 + -3)*-3.
-5760*sqrt(11) + 841123/4
Simplify (((sqrt(76) - sqrt(76)*-2 - sqrt(76))*-6 + sqrt(76))*5)/((sqrt(400)*3)/sqrt(4))*-1.
11*sqrt(19)/3
Simplify -4*(-6*(sqrt(1573) + 3) + sqrt(1573)) + 4 + (3*(sqrt(1573) + -2) + 2)**2*-4.
-56616 + 1276*sqrt(13)
Simplify (((sqrt(208)/sqrt(4))/sqrt(2) - sqrt(26))*3*1)/(sqrt(288) - (sqrt(288) + -2*sqrt(288)*2) - -2*(1*sqrt(288) + sqrt(288) - sqrt(288))).
0
Simplify (sqrt(704) - (sqrt(704) + -3 + 2) - -4*sqrt(704)*4) + (-4 + -1 + sqrt(704) + sqrt(704) - ((sqrt(704)*-2*-4 - sqrt(704))**2 - sqrt(704))).
-34500 + 152*sqrt(11)
Simplify (-3*(sqrt(91) + sqrt(91)*-1) + (sqrt(91) - (sqrt(91) - (-1*3*sqrt(91) + sqrt(91) - sqrt(91)) - sqrt(91))))/((-1*sqrt(2401))/sqrt(7)*1).
2*sqrt(13)/7
Simplify (-4*-4*(-3*2*sqrt(405) + -1)*-5*-1)**2.
691200*sqrt(5) + 93318400
Simplify -1*(-1*-6*sqrt(400)*-2)/((sqrt(128) - (sqrt(128) - 2*sqrt(128)))*-6 - sqrt(128)).
-15*sqrt(2)/13
Simplify -2 + (-4*(3*(sqrt(612) + 0 + sqrt(612)) - 4*(0 + sqrt(612)))*3)**2 + -5.
352505
Simplify (5*sqrt(128)*2 + 0)**2 + 2 + 3*((sqrt(128) - (0 + sqrt(128)))*5 + -1 + sqrt(128) + -3 + sqrt(128))**2 + -2.
-384*sqrt(2) + 14384
Simplify (-5 + (sqrt(500) - (sqrt(500)*1 - sqrt(500)) - sqrt(500))*6)*-6 - (3 + (0 + sqrt(500) + 5)**2 + -1).
-497 - 100*sqrt(5)
Simplify (sqrt(500)/(sqrt(1280)/sqrt(2) - sqrt(10)) + sqrt(300)/(sqrt(54)/sqrt(324)))**2.
92450/49
Simplify 5 + (3*(sqrt(143) - (sqrt(143) + 1*sqrt(143) + sqrt(143))) - sqrt(143))/((-1*sqrt(1331) - sqrt(1331)) + sqrt(11)) + 4 + (-1 + 2*sqrt(208))**2.
-47*sqrt(13)/3 + 842
Simplify 0 + (sqrt(216) + (sqrt(216) + (sqrt(216) + (sqrt(216) - sqrt(216)*2) + sqrt(216))*-2 - sqrt(216)) - sqrt(216))/(sqrt(48)/(sqrt(36)/sqrt(54)))*5.
-10*sqrt(3)
Simplify 0 + (sqrt(153)*2 + -4 + (4 + sqrt(833))*-1)**2*-6.
-486 - 96*sqrt(17)
Simplify -1*4*(sqrt(4608) + -1 + 1 - (-3 + -1 + sqrt(4608)) - (5 + sqrt(4608)*2)**2*-4).
-295328 - 15360*sqrt(2)
Simplify 4*((sqrt(49) - (-5*(sqrt(49) + sqrt(49)*-1 - sqrt(49)) - sqrt(49))) + sqrt(49)*-2*-6)/(sqrt(77)/(1*sqrt(11)) + sqrt(175)*1)*-4.
-24*sqrt(7)
Simplify 5 + (-2*4*(sqrt(2299) + 0) + (5*(sqrt(2299) + 1) - sqrt(2299)) + -2*sqrt(2299)*3 + sqrt(2299) + -3)**2.
-396*sqrt(19) + 186228
Simplify (6*(sqrt(847) + 0 + (1*sqrt(84))/sqrt(12)) + (sqrt(84)/(sqrt(20)/sqrt(5)))/(sqrt(12)/sqrt(16)))**2.
38332
Simplify ((sqrt(171)/(sqrt(9)*2) - (-4*(sqrt(19) + 2 + sqrt(19)) + sqrt(19))) + (0 + sqrt(304) - (2 + sqrt(19) + -3)) + 5)*-4.
-42*sqrt(19) - 56
Simplify 2 + 4*(sqrt(396) - (sqrt(396) - sqrt(396)*4 - sqrt(396) - sqrt(396)) - sqrt(44))/((-3*sqrt(48))/sqrt(12) + sqrt(4))*2 + -1.
-68*sqrt(11) + 1
Simplify (2*sqrt(567) + (sqrt(35)/sqrt(5) + 1 - sqrt(7)) - (sqrt(28)/sqrt(4) + -4 + 4)*-2)**2.
40*sqrt(7) + 2801
Simplify (5*(-1*sqrt(304)*-2 - (3 + 0 + sqrt(304)) - (1*sqrt(304) + 1)*-6))**2.
4200*sqrt(19) + 372625
Simplify (6*1*(sqrt(136) - 2*sqrt(136)*2)*-5)/(2*5*(sqrt(512)*-2 + (sqrt(8) - -1*sqrt(392)))).
-9*sqrt(17)/8
Simplify -4 + ((2*sqrt(320) + 4 - (-1 + sqrt(320) + -1)) + 2 + (sqrt(320) + sqrt(320) + 0 + 1)*6)**2.
2912*sqrt(5) + 54272
Simplify (((sqrt(392) + sqrt(392)*-1)*3)/(sqrt(112)/sqrt(4) + sqrt(28)))/((-6*sqrt(72)*2 - sqrt(72) - sqrt(72))/(sqrt(18)/(sqrt(4)/sqrt(2))))*-6.
0
Simplify ((-3*(sqrt(171) - 1*sqrt(171)))/(sqrt(27)/(sqrt(15)/sqrt(5))) + ((sqrt(95)*1 - sqrt(95) - sqrt(95))*5 + sqrt(95))/sqrt(5)*-3)*5.
60*sqrt(19)
Simplify -1*(1 + (-4 + (sqrt(612) - sqrt(612)*-1) + 1)**2)*-6 + 3.
-432*sqrt(17) + 14751
Simplify ((4*sqrt(63))**2 + 0 + -4 + sqrt(7)*-3 + 3)*-2.
-2014 + 6*sqrt(7)
Simplify ((6*(-2*sqrt(200) + 5) + -4*(sqrt(200) + sqrt(200) + sqrt(200) + 6*(sqrt(200) - (sqrt(200) + 3))))**2 + 2)*-2.
-251212 + 97920*sqrt(2)
Simplify (3 + 1*sqrt(112)*2*1)**2 - 3*((sqrt(126)/sqrt(2))/sqrt(9) + sqrt(7) - (sqrt(77)*-1)/sqrt(11)).
39*sqrt(7) + 457
Simplify (((sqrt(160) - 1*sqrt(160))/(sqrt(4)*2*-4))/((sqrt(5) + sqrt(320)*-1 - sqrt(45)*-2)*1))**2.
0
Simplify ((sqrt(484) + -6*((1*sqrt(484) - sqrt(484)) + sqrt(484)) + sqrt(484))/(sqrt(44)/(sqrt(24)/sqrt(6))))/(((sqrt(5184)*-1 - sqrt(5184)) + sqrt(5184))*4*5).
sqrt(11)/180
Simplify 4 + 0 + (sqrt(396) - (sqrt(396) + (sqrt(396)*-2)**2)*-4 - (0 + sqrt(396) + 1))*-5.
-31671 - 120*sqrt(11)
Simplify (3 + (sqrt(156)/(-2*sqrt(75)))/((sqrt(484)*-2 - sqrt(4)) + -1*sqrt(64)))**2 + 3.
sqrt(13)/45 + 874813/72900
Simplify (-2*(-4 + (sqrt(1080)/sqrt(6) - sqrt(5))*1 + 5 + sqrt(5)*-4 + -5 + 1))**2.
-24*sqrt(5) + 56
Simplify ((sqrt(42)/sqrt(6)*-4 + ((2*sqrt(14))/sqrt(2) - sqrt(7)))*-2 + -6*(-3 + (sqrt(1008) + 1 - sqrt(1008))) + -1)**2.
132*sqrt(7) + 373
Simplify (-1*-2*sqrt(208) - sqrt(208) - (sqrt(208) - (sqrt(208) + 1*sqrt(208) + sqrt(208)))*6)/((sqrt(384)/sqrt(8))/sqrt(12)*-2).
-13*sqrt(13)
Simplify (1 + 1 + (3*(sqrt(768) + 1))**2)*-6 + 0.
-41538 - 1728*sqrt(3)
Simplify (-1*(sqrt(75)/(-2*sqrt(5) + sqrt(5)))/(3*sqrt(20)/sqrt(4)))**2 + (5*(sqrt(81) - sqrt(9)) - sqrt(9))/(-2*sqrt(192)).
-9*sqrt(3)/16 + 1/3
Simplify (-2*(-5 + 1 + sqrt(512) + 1 + -5 + 5))**2.
-384*sqrt(2) + 2084
Simplify (-5*((-6*sqrt(3600) + sqrt
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The star studded cast including Jack Black as Jesus Christ, Doogie Howser (I don't know his real name) and John C. Reilly come together to bring us this very funny musical entitled, Prop 8 - The Musical...
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Too-Rye-Ay
Too-Rye-Ay is the second album by Dexys Midnight Runners, released in July 1982. The album is best known for the hit single "Come On Eileen", which included the lyrics "too-rye-ay" that inspired the album's title.
Background
Shortly before recording this album, Dexys' bandleader Kevin Rowland had decided to add a violin section to the band's existing horn section, which had contributed strings (viola and cello) to the band's previous single, "Liars A to E". However, after violinists Helen O'Hara and Steve Brennan joined the band, the three members of the horn section, including Dexys' co-leader and album co-composer "Big" Jim Paterson, decided to leave Dexys and become an independent horn band (ultimately known as The TKO Horns). Rowland convinced them to stay with the band long enough to record the album and to perform in a kick-off concert debuting the album on BBC Radio One in June 1982.
All the songs on the album were rearranged to add strings, which caused Dexys to re-record the 1981 singles "Plan B", "Liars A to E", and "Soon". During the rearrangement process, "Soon" was revised into the opening section of "Plan B"; since both songs were written by Rowland and Paterson, the merged songs are credited on the album simply as "Plan B".
Release
The album's "Come On Eileen" became a number one hit in both the UK and the US. Dexys Midnight Runners is best known as a one hit wonder in the US ("Come On Eileen" was also the first US single release by Dexys), but in the UK, "Geno" had previously reached number one, and "Jackie Wilson Said (I'm in Heaven When You Smile)" and "The Celtic Soul Brothers" were also UK hits.
Before "Come On Eileen", Dexys' only North American single was the Northern Soul classic "Seven Days Too Long", which Dexys' previous label EMI America had released only in Canada (with "Geno" as the B-side). However, on the strength of "Come On Eileen", Too-Rye-Ay reached number 14 in the US. Dexys' success in US was not maintained; the best performer of the band's follow-up singles in the US was "The Celtic Soul Runners", which peaked at number 86.
Different releases of Too-Rye-Ay featured different versions of "Come On Eileen". Certain editions of the album featured a version beginning with a solo fiddle playing the first line of the folk song "Believe Me, if All Those Endearing Young Charms" and ending with a simple fadeout (length: 4:07). This version of the song is the one featured on the single release. Other editions of the album (including many of the "re-releases") featured a version without the violin intro and including a tag of Kevin Rowland singing "Young Charms" at the end, while the digital version offered by Spotify includes both front and end "Young Charms" tags (length: approximately 4:32). In addition, the most common release of the album features "Come On Eileen" as the final track, while the original US release features the tune as the opening track on Side 2.
The album was re-released in 1996 on CD with 8 bonus tracks. In 2000 an enhanced edition was released with the music videos for "Come On Eileen" and "Jackie Wilson Said" as bonus material. In 2002 a US edition with bonus tracks was released. Marking its 25th Anniversary, a 2007 2-CD Deluxe Edition was released, which included the entire 14-song album kickoff performance on BBC Radio 1 that had previously been released (without "I'll Show You") as BBC Radio One Live in Concert.
Track listing
There are several unlisted tracks on the album— "Old" includes a reprise of "Let's Make This Precious" at the end. The beginning of "Plan B" is actually the song "Soon", a version of which is the B-side to the "Show Me" single. "Come On Eileen" ends with an acapella rendition of an excerpt from Believe Me, if All Those Endearing Young Charms, which is excused on the original US vinyl release.
Original US pressings have "Come On Eileen" at the beginning of side two. Also, "Plan B" and "I'll Show You" are presented as a single track.
The 2002 US CD reissue features the single version of "Come On Eileen" instead of the album version (which removes the fiddle intro).
Personnel
The players
Seb Shelton – drums
Giorgio Kilkenny – bass
Kevin "Billy" Adams – banjo, guitar
Mickey Billingham – organ, piano, accordion, keyboards
"Big" Jim Paterson – trombone
Paul Speare – flute, saxophone, tin whistle
Brian Maurice – saxophone
Kevin Rowland – bass, guitar, piano, director, vocals; digital remastering (reissue)
Steve Wynne – bass (not credited on some releases)
"The Emerald Express"
Helen O'Hara – violin
Steve Brennan – violin
Guest musicians
"The Sisters of Scarlet"
Carol Kenyon – vocals
Katie Kissoon – vocals
Sam Brown – vocals
Directed by
Clive Langer – director
Alan Winstanley – director
Martin Rushent – engineering and direction (uncredited)
Peter Barrett – cover design
Kim Knott – photography
Andrew Ratcliffe – artwork, paintings
Tim Chacksfield – project coordinator (reissue)
ID – Enhanced CD design (reissue)
Philip Lloyd-Smee – CD package design (reissue)
Richard Smith – liner notes (1996 reissue)
References
Category:Dexys Midnight Runners albums
Category:1982 albums
Category:Albums produced by Alan Winstanley
Category:Albums produced by Clive Langer
Category:Mercury Records albums
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Article content
Have you ever wondered what the most expensive annual budget item is for the average Canadian family? If housing is the first thing that comes to mind, then you’d be surprised to find out you’re wrong.
In reality, the average Canadian household spends more on taxes than any other single expense—more, in fact, than housing, food, and clothing all combined.
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tap here to see other videos from our team. Try refreshing your browser, or LAMMAM: Average Canadian family spends over $37,000 per year on taxes Back to video
It’s easy to be misled into thinking that the income and payroll tax deductions on our paycheques are the extent of our tax burden. But that’s a mistake.
To understand the full cost of taxation, you must consider all the taxes—both visible and hidden—that we pay throughout the year to federal, provincial and municipal governments including sales taxes, property taxes, fuel taxes, carbon taxes, import taxes, alcohol taxes and much more.
All these taxes add up and make our family’s total tax bill expensive.
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Specifically, in 2017 the average Canadian family (including single Canadians) earned $85,883 in income and paid $37,058 in total taxes. That’s 43.1% of income going to taxes.
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Q:
How to completely wipe and rebuild drupal menus?
A while ago I found a cool blog post that detailed how to empty the menu tables, and rebuild the menu system with a drush php call, a necessity since the site will be unusable after emptying those mysql tables. This way, you could reset your menus like it was a new Drupal site.
Can anyone detail this technique or do you have the link for that blog?
A:
I have been looking a while for a solution to the problem to rebuild Drupal menus until I stumbled upon a Drupal issue that helped me. My solution (in a php script) is the following:
db_query("DELETE FROM {menu_links} WHERE module = 'system'");
db_query("DELETE FROM {menu_links} WHERE menu_name = 'management'");
menu_rebuild();
This could also be done by entering the queries through phpmyadmin or something alike:
DELETE FROM {menu_links} WHERE module = 'system'
DELETE FROM {menu_links} WHERE menu_name = 'management'
And then rebuilding the menu structure. If you use the devel module, you can achieve that by visiting the page /devel/menu/reset. I you don't have the devel module, I'm not sure how to rebuild the menu structure.
Don't forget to backup your database before you try this.
A:
I have answered this question here
How do I call the menu_rebuild function in Drupal 7?
It worked for me just fine.
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Nixon (surname)
Nixon is a surname of English, Scots, or Irish origin meaning "son of Nicholas". The following is a partial list of well-known persons with this name.
A–F
Agnes Nixon (1927–2016), American soap opera creator
Al Nixon (1886–1960), baseball player
Alfred Westland Nixon (1863–1921), Canadian physician and politician
Amy Nixon (born 1977), Canadian curler
Arthur Nixon (1918–1925), brother of President Richard Nixon
Brad Nixon (born 1949), Canadian politician
Bella Nixon, character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Courtney Miller
Carl Nixon (born 1967), New Zealand author and playwright
Christine Nixon (born 1953), former Victorian (Australia) police commissioner
Colin Nixon (born 1978), Irish footballer
Cynthia Nixon (born 1966), American actress
Dale Nixon, a pseudonym used by several musicians
David Nixon (disambiguation), several people, including:
David Nixon (American football) (born 1985), American football linebacker
David Nixon (choreographer) (born ), Canadian-born choreographer
David Nixon (director) (born ), American director and producer
David Nixon (footballer) (born 1988), Scottish footballer
David Nixon (magician) (1919–1978), British magician
Derek Lee Nixon (born 1983), American actor
Donald A. Nixon (born ), nephew of President Richard Nixon
Donald Nixon (1914–1987), brother of President Richard Nixon
Donell Nixon (born 1961), baseball player
Drew Nixon (born 1959), American politician
Edgar Nixon (1899–1987), American civil rights activist
Edward Nixon (1930–2019), brother of President Richard Nixon
Edwin Nixon (1925–2008), British businessman, chief executive of IBM UK
Eric Nixon (born 1962), English football goalkeeper
Francis Nixon (disambiguation), several people, including:
Francis A. Nixon (1878–1956), father of President Richard Nixon
Francis Russell Nixon (1803–1879), Australian bishop
G–L
Gary Nixon (1941–2011), American motorcycle racer
George Nixon (disambiguation), several people, including:
George E. Nixon (1898–1981), Canadian politician
George S. Nixon (1860–1912), American politician
Gordon Nixon (born 1957), Canadian banker
Hammie Nixon (1908–1984), American blues musician
Hannah Milhous Nixon (1885–1967), mother of President Richard Nixon
Harold Nixon (1909–1933), brother of President Richard Nixon
Harry Nixon (1891–1961), Canadian politician
Henry Nixon (born ), Australian actor
Howard Nixon (1909–1983), British librarian
James Nixon (disambiguation), several people
Jay Nixon (born 1956), American politician, Current Governor of Missouri(2014)
Jeff Nixon (born 1956), American football player
Jerren Nixon (born 1973), Trinidad and Tobago footballer
Joan Lowery Nixon (1927–2003), American writer
John Nixon (disambiguation), several people, including:
John B. Nixon (1928–2005), convicted murderer
John E. Nixon (born ), American politician
John Nixon (financier) (1733–1808), financier and official from Philadelphia
John Nixon (Indian Army officer) (1857–1921), British Indian Army Lieutenant-General
John Nixon (military) (1724–1815), American brigadier general
John Nixon (mining engineer) (1815–1899), English mining engineer
John T. Nixon (1820–1889), American politician
John Travis Nixon (1867–1909), American newspaper publisher
John Trice Nixon (born 1933), United States federal judge
John William Nixon (1880–1949), Irish politician
Julie Nixon Eisenhower (born 1948), younger daughter to President Richard and Pat Nixon
Kay Nixon Kathleen Irene Blundell née Nixon (1894-1988), English artist and illustrator
Keisean Nixon (born 1997), American football player
Kiden Nixon, fictional character from Marvel Comics
Kimberley Nixon (born 1985), British actress
Larry Nixon (born 1950), American professional fisherman
Lewis Nixon (disambiguation), several people, including:
Lewis Nixon (naval architect) (1861–1940), American ship designer, naval architect, and political activist
Lewis Nixon III (1918–1995), U.S. Army officer
Livinia Nixon (born 1975), Australian actress
Lucille Nixon (1908–1963), American poet who wrote in Japanese
M–Z
Marian Nixon (1904–1983), American movie actress
Marmaduke Nixon (1814–1864), New Zealand politician and soldier
Marni Nixon (1930–2016), American singer
Matthew Nixon (born 1989), English golfer
Mike Nixon (1911–2000), American football player
Mojo Nixon (born 1957), American psychobilly musician
Nicholas Nixon (born 1947), American photographer
Nick Nixon (1939-2013), American country singer/songwriter
Nick Nixon (Neighbours), fictional character from Neighbours
Norm Nixon (born 1955), American basketball player
Otis Nixon (born 1959), American baseball player
Pat Nixon (1912–1993), First Lady to President Richard Nixon
Paul Nixon (footballer) (born 1963), English-born New Zealand footballer
Paul Nixon (born 1970), English cricketer
Peter Nixon (born 1928), Australian politician
Phill Nixon (born 1956), English darts player
Richard Nixon (footballer) (1965–1992), Australian rules footballer
Richard Nixon (1913–1994), 37th president of the United States
Ricky Nixon (born 1963), Australian rules footballer
Robert Nixon (disambiguation), several people, including:
Robert Nixon (comics) (1939–2002), Irish comics artist
Robert Nixon (politician) (born 1928), Canadian politician
Robert Nixon (prophet), legendary English prophet
Robert Nixon (serial killer) (–1939), African-American serial killer
Robert Samuel Nixon (1909–1998), Irish politician
Roger Nixon (1921–2009), American composer and musician
Ron Nixon, American journalist
Ronald Nixon (1898–1965), British-born Hindu spiritual teacher (monastic name: Krishna Prem)
Russ Nixon (born 1935), American baseball player and manager
S. Frederick Nixon (1860–1905), American businessman and politician
Sam Nixon (born 1986), contestant on Pop Idol
Samantha Nixon, fictional character from The Bill
Samuel A. Nixon (born 1958), American politician
Thomas Nixon (born 1961), American writer
Toby Nixon (born ), American politician
Tricia Nixon Cox (born 1946), elder daughter to Richard and Pat Nixon
Trot Nixon (born 1974), American baseball player
Vivian Nixon (born 1984), American dancer
Walter Nixon (born 1928), American judge
Willard Nixon (1928–2000), American baseball player
William Penn Nixon (1832–1912), American publisher
See also
Nixon (disambiguation)
Nickson
References
Category:English-language surnames
Category:Patronymic surnames
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h: 3, a: 4, m: 1}.
2/55
What is prob of picking 1 a, 2 v, and 1 u when four letters picked without replacement from auuvvuvjvavavuvavjvv?
48/323
Two letters picked without replacement from {x: 3, y: 7}. Give prob of picking 2 y.
7/15
Calculate prob of picking 2 z when two letters picked without replacement from zzzzzzzzzz.
1
What is prob of picking 1 x and 3 f when four letters picked without replacement from {f: 1, n: 1, x: 1, c: 2, w: 2, u: 2}?
0
Two letters picked without replacement from fppafpf. Give prob of picking 2 f.
1/7
Two letters picked without replacement from {x: 2, b: 2}. Give prob of picking 1 x and 1 b.
2/3
Calculate prob of picking 1 f and 1 h when two letters picked without replacement from {h: 5, f: 15}.
15/38
Three letters picked without replacement from aydeedaddddidymi. What is prob of picking 2 e and 1 y?
1/280
Four letters picked without replacement from {z: 6, h: 6}. Give prob of picking 1 z and 3 h.
8/33
Three letters picked without replacement from fffffffffeffffeefuff. Give prob of picking 1 u, 1 f, and 1 e.
4/95
Four letters picked without replacement from pppppkkpkkrkkk. What is prob of picking 4 k?
5/143
Four letters picked without replacement from {u: 1, k: 5, y: 1, i: 3, x: 3}. Give prob of picking 1 y, 1 x, and 2 k.
6/143
Four letters picked without replacement from oqqqiiqiiiriqrirq. What is prob of picking 1 r, 2 q, and 1 o?
9/476
Three letters picked without replacement from {k: 3, j: 6, s: 1, h: 4, a: 4, z: 2}. Give prob of picking 1 z, 1 s, and 1 j.
1/95
Four letters picked without replacement from {c: 5, b: 2, f: 1, q: 1, v: 3}. What is prob of picking 1 v, 1 q, and 2 c?
2/33
Three letters picked without replacement from {w: 2, o: 7, t: 5, s: 4}. What is prob of picking 1 t and 2 s?
5/136
What is prob of picking 1 e and 1 u when two letters picked without replacement from uehuuuyfzfeezzz?
4/35
Calculate prob of picking 1 f and 1 c when two letters picked without replacement from reeclflrh.
1/36
Two letters picked without replacement from {f: 2, d: 1, s: 1}. Give prob of picking 1 d and 1 s.
1/6
Calculate prob of picking 3 m and 1 h when four letters picked without replacement from mmmhmmmmmmmh.
16/33
Calculate prob of picking 1 t and 2 l when three letters picked without replacement from lmtlltltfllmtmltlt.
7/34
What is prob of picking 1 h and 2 f when three letters picked without replacement from {y: 1, n: 1, d: 1, f: 2, h: 1, i: 1}?
1/35
Calculate prob of picking 2 m and 1 q when three letters picked without replacement from {h: 1, a: 1, q: 11, m: 2}.
11/455
Two letters picked without replacement from {x: 1, r: 2}. Give prob of picking 1 x and 1 r.
2/3
Two letters picked without replacement from jjj. What is prob of picking 2 j?
1
What is prob of picking 1 a and 1 e when two letters picked without replacement from {e: 2, a: 17}?
34/171
Three letters picked without replacement from {l: 9, z: 9}. Give prob of picking 3 l.
7/68
Three letters picked without replacement from zlzlzluzuzlluzzzuzz. Give prob of picking 2 l and 1 z.
100/969
Three letters picked without replacement from powoonoooonn. What is prob of picking 1 p, 1 w, and 1 o?
7/220
Two letters picked without replacement from {o: 5, q: 11}. Give prob of picking 2 o.
1/12
Two letters picked without replacement from {i: 2, p: 2}. Give prob of picking 2 p.
1/6
Two letters picked without replacement from {l: 1, i: 5, f: 3}. Give prob of picking 1 i and 1 f.
5/12
Two letters picked without replacement from {g: 4, s: 4, b: 2, w: 1}. What is prob of picking 1 g and 1 b?
8/55
Four letters picked without replacement from {i: 4, w: 7, n: 6}. Give prob of picking 3 w and 1 i.
1/17
Calculate prob of picking 4 x when four letters picked without replacement from {x: 9}.
1
What is prob of picking 2 b when two letters picked without replacement from bbbyby?
2/5
Two letters picked without replacement from {c: 9}. What is prob of picking 2 c?
1
Calculate prob of picking 2 y and 1 x when three letters picked without replacement from xhyqxxxy.
1/14
What is prob of picking 1 v and 1 n when two letters picked without replacement from {n: 3, v: 4}?
4/7
Four letters picked without replacement from {o: 6, k: 3, n: 4, l: 3, b: 2}. Give prob of picking 4 n.
1/3060
Four letters picked without replacement from {f: 5, l: 2, m: 2, c: 9}. Give prob of picking 2 l and 2 m.
1/3060
Calculate prob of picking 1 t and 1 r when two letters picked without replacement from {j: 2, l: 1, r: 2, n: 1, t: 1}.
2/21
What is prob of picking 2 o and 2 q when four letters picked without replacement from qqoqqqooqqqq?
12/55
Four letters picked without replacement from ldztddddr. Give prob of picking 1 r, 1 l, 1 d, and 1 z.
5/126
What is prob of picking 1 z, 1 j, 1 p, and 1 w when four letters picked without replacement from {z: 2, r: 1, e: 1, w: 1, j: 2, p: 2}?
4/63
Three letters picked without replacement from ebeahbbbaaecbababee. What is prob of picking 1 a, 1 e, and 1 b?
175/969
What is prob of picking 2 k when two letters picked without replacement from wwwwwwwwkkwwwwwwwwww?
1/190
What is prob of picking 2 m and 2 r when four letters picked without replacement from mrmmmr?
2/5
Three letters picked without replacement from yyyyybyyybbybybayya. Give prob of picking 2 y and 1 b.
110/323
Calculate prob of picking 2 q when two letters picked without replacement from qqaqqqqaqaqqqqaqqq.
91/153
Calculate prob of picking 1 h and 1 c when two letters picked without replacement from cdhcmdd.
2/21
Two letters picked without replacement from {p: 6, v: 1, x: 4}. Give prob of picking 2 p.
3/11
Two letters picked without replacement from xxlxxlxlll. Give prob of picking 2 l.
2/9
Calculate prob of picking 1 o, 1 i, and 1 f when three letters picked without replacement from fifohhphpopii.
6/143
Calculate prob of picking 1 s and 3 i when four letters picked without replacement from iiababassicabi.
8/1001
Calculate prob of picking 2 i and 2 o when four letters picked without replacement from iooooioioi.
3/7
Two letters picked without replacement from {j: 5, c: 5}. What is prob of picking 1 c and 1 j?
5/9
Calculate prob of picking 2 f, 1 l, and 1 r when four letters picked without replacement from rlzrlfrjrfrdj.
2/143
Calculate prob of picking 2 l when two letters picked without replacement from lfuuululguuullff.
1/12
Four letters picked without replacement from ddiodnv. Give prob of picking 1 i, 1 n, 1 o, and 1 d.
3/35
What is prob of picking 1 j, 2 k, and 1 n when four letters picked without replacement from ftkmkjn?
1/35
What is prob of picking 1 k and 2 b when three letters picked without replacement from bkbbbbbbbbbbb?
3/13
Four letters picked without replacement from xrvrvrrrprrvxrrxrxpx. What is prob of picking 2 p, 1 v, and 1 x?
1/323
Calculate prob of picking 3 k and 1 f when four letters picked without replacement from ffbkbfffkkffhhkf.
8/455
Calculate prob of picking 1 s and 1 z when two letters picked without replacement from {z: 1, s: 2, t: 1}.
1/3
Four letters picked without replacement from {y: 2, h: 2, o: 1, b: 1, e: 1, t: 1}. What is prob of picking 2 h, 1 t, and 1 o?
1/70
What is prob of picking 1 q and 2 j when three letters picked without replacement from {v: 4, j: 2, f: 3, t: 1, q: 2}?
1/110
Three letters picked without replacement from {w: 1, g: 4, h: 3, t: 2, v: 1}. What is prob of picking 1 t, 1 g, and 1 h?
8/55
What is prob of picking 1 p and 2 q when three letters picked without replacement from qqppapqpa?
1/7
Two letters picked without replacement from zzzzkzzzkzk. What is prob of picking 1 z and 1 k?
24/55
Calculate prob of picking 2 w when two letters picked without replacement from wwwwfwffwfwwww.
45/91
Four letters picked without replacement from lnnjl. What is prob of picking 3 l and 1 n?
0
Calculate prob of picking 3 e when three letters picked without replacement from {x: 3, a: 3, e: 2}.
0
Calculate prob of picking 1 y and 1 e when two letters picked without replacement from pmmypeypkpppyppmppyy.
1/38
Four letters picked without replacement from titwttmi. Give prob of picking 1 m and 3 t.
2/35
What is prob of picking 1 f and 1 o when two letters picked without replacement from {f: 1, o: 14}?
2/15
Calculate prob of picking 3 d and 1 x when four letters picked without replac
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Dortmund: Borussia Dortmund's prolific forward Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang has set himself some lofty targets for the football season and aims to match the scoring exploits of Real Madrid star Cristiano Ronaldo and Barcelona talisman Lionel Messi.
The Gabon international has already netted 20 goals in 17 appearances in all competitions so far this term and is now brimming with confidence.
"If Cristiano Ronaldo can score 50 goals in one season, why should I not be able to do the same? I aim to become one of the best strikers in the world," he was quoted as saying by BBC on Thursday.
"What am I missing? I have to remain consistent and continue on this path. I have to put in figures like this season after season, just like Ronaldo and Lionel Messi are doing."
The 26-year-old said that he has come a long way as far as his goal-scoring skills are concerned.
"I have improved a lot in front of goal and have become much more clinical. I have come a long way and it's nice to be rewarded now. But this is by no means the end just yet," Aubameyang said.
Aubameyang joined Dortmund in 2013 from Ligue 1 side Saint-Etienne for a fee reported to be around 10 million pounds.
His prolific record since has attracted plenty of admirers and his next move could be an even bigger one.
Aubameyang, whose mother is Spanish, has been linked with Barcelona and while he insists he is "100 percent committed" to Dortmund for now, he is keeping one eye on the future.
"After that contract I have this dream to play in Spain. I hope that will happen but when? I don't know," he said.
"Lots of people think that the English Premier League would be good for me but my mum is Spanish and I really have that dream to play over there. After that maybe one day the English Premier League but for the moment I aim to one day play in Spain."
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Training camp for my fight against Hatsu Hioki started like any other: with a weigh-in to see how much I would have to cut over the course of the next six weeks. Care to guess my weight? It was 175 pounds, heavier than I’ve ever been to start a training camp in my entire career.
Which normally wouldn’t be a problem. But there’s a little wrinkle this time around: For the first time in my six-plus years in the UFC, I’m going to fight at featherweight instead of lightweight, which means I have to make it down to 145 pounds by January 26, not 155.
Why do this? The answers are many, but it really came down to a group decision that I landed on after speaking with my brother Jason, my coaches at Jackson-Winkeljohn MMA, and my management team at VFD Sports Marketing . As we looked at where my career has been and where it’s headed, we saw that I had beaten some of the best in the lightweight division and lost a few close battles, including my last two fights against arguably the two toughest dudes at 155: current champ Benson Henderson and Gray Maynard. Both of those losses were close decisions and could have gone either way, but at the end of the day, I can’t rewrite my own history. It became time to create a new destiny, and, simply put, that destiny is to be a UFC champion.
Serious weight-cutting is something that virtually every fighter outside of the heavyweight division has to go through. But not me. A guy my size would normally fight in the featherweight division, but when I came into the UFC in 2006, there was no featherweight division, so I fought at 155. I would have fought at 170 if I had to.
Starting over at featherweight has given me the vigor and excitement that I felt when I first entered the UFC years ago. My focus has never been better and I feel like a jolt of energy has hit my career and is ready to catapult me into a huge 2013.
But, in the meantime, there’s the issue of all this extra weight. Since I’ve never cut serious weight before, the first thing I did was go about cleaning up my diet. It’s not that I ate like shit before, but this time I had to do away with the fancy cheeseburgers and skip the sushi bars and BBQ joints after long practices. Do I miss that stuff? Hell yes! Anyone who knows me knows that I could fill in for Guy Fieri tomorrow. There’s nothing that sucks worse than finishing a long practice and having to stare at four ounces of salmon and eight almonds instead of a chicken burrito. But that’s simply not an option anymore. Realizing that there was no way I could do this on my own, I decided to reach out to my friend George Lockhart, the diet guru over at FitnessVT. He’s helped a bunch of my teammates like Jon Jones and Brian Stann get ready for their bouts, and he explained to me that as a result of this diet, not only will making weight be no issue; I will also be stronger than I was at 155 pounds and recover faster. George laid out a plan for me, and I’ve had to stick with it, even though there have definitely been times I've wanted to forget it all, break down, and run to Rudy’s BBQ joint just a few minutes from our gym. God, I miss that place.
As many of my fans know, I live in an RV, and as any RV owner knows, just about the last thing you want to be doing is constantly turning on your gas oven and stove just a few feet from where you have to sleep every night. I realized that I had a big dilemma on my hands: I needed to follow this diet plan, but there was no way I could pull it off given my living conditions. It just wasn’t possible unless Martha Stewart herself knocked on my RV door and decided to move in with me (and trust me, she would not approve of my lack of fanciful doilies). This is where Momma D comes in. She is my conditioning coach and owner of Momma D’s Dungeon in Albuquerque, and now has become my personal chef. Every day, I pick up meals from her and now I don’t even have to think about what I’m putting into my body. Plain turkey or chicken for one meal, four ounces of salmon for another, twelve walnuts here, two cups of spinach there: It’s all ready to go.
Granted, this is no In-N-Out burger, but at the very least, I’m eating throughout the day, something I never really did before. During a normal camp, I would just stuff myself after training and not really eat again until I was hungry. Now it’s about following an easy plan and making meals and snacks a scheduled part of my overall training plan, much as I would do with my striking or grappling.
The good news is that because I’m eating smaller meals five or six times a day, I’m not really hungry and have plenty of energy for practice and all the conditioning work I do. The other benefit is that I don’t crash like I normally would after having a big post-practice meal. Do I miss certain things? Of course I do. Albuquerque is known for having amazing Southwestern food, and unfortunately most of those things do not fit into The Dude’s meal plan. The thing is, if you are able to mentally get to a place where you can step in a cage and fight another man who wants to bash your brains in, you can also mentally get to a place where you watch what you eat. Nobody likes going to the gas station to fill up (especially when you own an RV), but now food has to be nothing more than gasoline to me. I put it in as needed and burn through it until I need more. I don’t focus on the ribs or enchiladas that I may be missing down the street because I know my opponent is probably skipping them too. We are just focused on kicking the crap out of each other in three weeks.
I’m proud to say that all of this work is beginning to pay off. My weight as of January 6: 155 pounds, and that is with 3 weeks to go until my fight, and before the serious cutting begins. Guida 2.0 is being built, and I can’t wait for my hometown fans in Chicago to see the finished product!
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---
abstract: 'We study the irreducible components of the moduli space of instanton sheaves on ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$, that is rank 2 torsion free sheaves $E$ with $c_1(E)=c_3(E)=0$ satisfying $h^1(E(-2))=h^2(E(-2))=0$. In particular, we classify all instanton sheaves with $c_2(E)\le4$, describing all the irreducible components of their moduli space. A key ingredient for our argument is the study of the moduli space ${{\mathcal T}}(d)$ of stable sheaves on ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ with Hilbert polynomial $P(t)=dt$, which contains, as an open subset, the moduli space of rank 0 instanton sheaves of multiplicity $d$; we describe all the irreducible components of ${{\mathcal T}}(d)$ for $d\le4$.'
address:
- |
IMECC - UNICAMP\
Departamento de Matemática\
Rua Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, 651\
13083-970 Campinas-SP, Brazil
- 'Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy, Calea Grivitei 21, Bucharest 010702, Romania'
- |
Department of Mathematics\
National Research University Higher School of Economics\
6 Usacheva Street\
119048 Moscow, Russia
author:
- Marcos Jardim
- Mario Maican
- 'Alexander S. Tikhomirov'
title: Moduli spaces of rank 2 instanton sheaves on the projective space
---
Introduction
============
Instanton bundles on ${\mathbb{C}}{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ were introduced by Atiyah, Drinfeld, Hitchin and Manin in the late 1970’s as the holomorphic counterparts, via twistor theory, to anti-self-dual connections with finite energy (instantons) on the 4-dimensional round sphere $S^4$. To be more precise, an *instanton bundle of charge $n$* is a $\mu$-stable rank 2 bundle $E$ on ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ with $c_1(E)=0$ and $c_2(E)=n$ satisfying the cohomological condition $h^1(E(-2))=0$; equivalently, an instanton bundle of charge $n$ is a locally free sheaf which arises as cohomology of a linear monad of the form $$\label{instanton monad}
0 \to n\cdot{{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}(-1) \longrightarrow (2+2n)\cdot{{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}} \longrightarrow n\cdot{{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}(1) \to 0 .$$
The moduli space ${{\mathcal I}}(n)$ of such objects has been thoroughly studied in the past 35 years by various authors and it is now known to be an irreducible [@T1; @T2], nonsingular [@JV] affine [@CO] variety of dimension $8n-3$.
The closure of ${{\mathcal I}}(n)$ within the moduli space ${{\mathcal M}}(n)$ of semistable rank 2 sheaves with Chern classes $c_1=0$, $c_2=n$ and $c_3=0$ contains non locally free sheaves which also arise as cohomology of monads of the form (\[instanton monad\]). Such *instanton sheaves* can alternatively be defined as rank 2 torsion free sheaves satisfying the cohomological conditions $$h^0(E(-1)) = h^1(E(-2)) = h^2(E(-2)) = h^3(E(-3)) = 0.$$ We prove that such sheaves are always stable, see Theorem \[instanton stability\] below, so they admit a moduli space ${{\mathcal L}}(n)$ regarded as an open subset of ${{\mathcal M}}(n)$ which, of course, contains ${{\mathcal I}}(n)$.
The spaces ${{\mathcal L}}(1)$ and ${{\mathcal L}}(2)$ were essentially known to be irreducible, see details in the first few paragraphs of Section \[L(n)\] below. However, ${{\mathcal L}}(3)$ was observed to have at least two irreducible components [@JMT1 Remark 8.6], while several new components of ${{\mathcal L}}(n)$ were constructed in [@JMT2].
The main goal of this paper is to characterize the irreducible components of ${{\mathcal L}}(3)$ and ${{\mathcal L}}(4)$. We prove:
\[mthm1\]
- ${{\mathcal L}}(3)$ is a connected quasi-projective variety consisting of exactly two irreducible components each of dimension 21;
- ${{\mathcal L}}(4)$ is a connected quasi-projective variety consisting of exactly four irreducible components, three of dimension 29 and one of dimension 32.
For every instanton sheaf $E$, the quotient $E^{\vee\vee}/E$ is a semistable sheaf with Hilbert polynomial $d\cdot(t+2)$ (see Section \[SIS\] below), therefore an essential ingredient for the proof of Main Theorem \[mthm1\] is the study of the moduli space ${{\mathcal T}}(d)$ of semistable sheaves on ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ with Hilbert polynomial $P(t)=d\cdot t$. Since these spaces are also interesting in their own right, we prove:
\[mthm2\]
- ${{\mathcal T}}(1)$ is an irreducible projective variety of dimension 5;
- ${{\mathcal T}}(2)$ is a connected projective variety consisting of exactly two irreducible components of dimension 8;
- ${{\mathcal T}}(3)$ is a connected projective variety consisting of exactly four irreducible components, two of dimension 12 and two of dimension 13.
- ${{\mathcal T}}(4)$ is a connected projective variety consisting of exactly eight irreducible components, four of dimension 16, two of dimension 17, one of dimension 18 and one of dimension 20.
We also give a precise description of a generic point in each of the irreducible components mentioned in the statement of the theorem, see Section \[1d chi=0\].
[**Acknowledgements.**]{} MJ is partially supported by the CNPq grant number 303332/2014-0, and the FAPESP grants number 2014/14743-8 and 2016/03759-6; this work was completed during a visit to the University of Edinburgh, and he is grateful for its hospitality. MJ also thanks Daniele Faenzi and Simone Marchesi for their help in the proof of Theorem \[instanton stability\] below. AST was supported by a subsidy to the HSE from the Government of the Russian Federation for the implementation of the Global Competitiveness Program. AST also acknowledges the support from the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in Bonn, where this work was finished during the winter of 2017.
Stability of instanton sheaves {#SIS}
==============================
Recall from [@J-i] that a torsion free sheaf $E$ on ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ is called an *instanton sheaf* if $c_1(E)=0$ and the following cohomological conditions hold $$h^0(E(-1))=h^1(E(-2))=h^{2}(E(-2))=h^3(E(-3))=0.$$ The integer $n:=-\chi(E(-1))$ is called the charge of $E$; it is easy to check that $n=h^1(E(-1))=c_2(E)$, and that $c_3(E)=0$. The trivial sheaf $r\cdot{{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ of rank $r$ is considered as an instanton sheaf of charge zero. In this paper, we will only be interested in rank 2 instanton sheaves.
Recall that the singular locus ${\rm Sing}(G)$ of a coherent sheaf $G$ on a nonsingular projective variety $X$ is given by $${\rm Sing}(G) := \{ x\in X ~|~ G_x ~~\text{is not free over}~~ \mathcal{O}_{X,x} \} ,$$ where $G_x$ denotes the stalk of $G$ at a point $x$ and $\mathcal{O}_{X,x}$ is its local ring. The following result, proved in [@JG Main Theorem], provides a key piece of information regarding the singular loci of rank 2 instanton sheaves.
\[jg-thm\] If $E$ is a non locally free instanton sheaf of rank $2$ on ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$, then
- its singular locus has pure dimension $1$;
- $E^{\vee\vee}$ is a (possibly trivial) locally free instanton sheaf.
\[remark 4\] In fact, the quotient sheaf $Q_E:=E^{\vee\vee}/E$ is a *rank 0 instanton sheaf*, in the sense of [@hauzer Section 6.1]; see also [@JG Section 3.2]. More precisely, a *rank $0$ instanton sheaf* is a coherent sheaf $Q$ on ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ such that $h^0(Q(-2))=h^1(Q(-2))=0$; the integer $d:=h^0(Q(-1))$ is called the *degree* of $Q$.
The Hilbert polynomial of a rank 2 instanton sheaf $E$ (in fact, of any coherent sheaf on ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ of rank 2 with $c_1=0$, $c_2=n$ and $c_3=0$) is given by $$\label{pe(t)}
P_E(t) = \frac{1}{3}(t+3)\cdot(t+2)\cdot(t+1) - n\cdot(t+2) = 2\cdot\chi({{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}(t)) - n\cdot(t+2) .$$ Let $n':=c_2(E^{\vee\vee})\ge 0$; it follows from the standard sequence $$\label{std dual sqc}
0 \to E \to E^{\vee\vee} \to Q_E \to 0$$ that $$P_{Q_E}(t)=d\cdot(t+2) ~~ {\rm where} ~~ d:=n-n' ~.$$ Note that the $d=n-n'$ is precisely the multiplicity of $Q_E$ as a rank 0 instanton sheaf.
Rank 0 instanton sheaves can be characterized in the following way.
\[generic\_case\] Every rank 0 instanton sheaf $Q$ admits a resolution of the form $$\label{generic_resolution}
0 {\longrightarrow}d\cdot{{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}(-1) {\longrightarrow}2d\cdot{{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}} {\longrightarrow}d\cdot{{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}(1) {\longrightarrow}Q {\longrightarrow}0.$$
Consider the Beilinson spectral sequence from [@choi_chung_maican Section 6], applied to the sheaf $Q':=Q(-2)$. We have $\H^0(Q') = 0$, hence also $\H^0(Q' {\otimes}\Omega^1_{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}(1)) = 0$ and $\H^0(Q'(-1)) = 0$. We adopt the notations of [@choi_chung_maican Section 6]. Since $\ker({\varphi}_5)/{{\mathcal Im}}({\varphi}_4) = 0$, we deduce that $\H^0(Q' {\otimes}\Omega^2_{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}(2)) = 0$. Thus, the bottom row of the $E^1$-term of the spectral sequence vanishes. Since ${\varphi}_7$ is an isomorphism, we deduce that ${\varphi}_1$ is injective. Since ${\varphi}_8$ is injective, we deduce that $\ker({\varphi}_2) = {{\mathcal Im}}({\varphi}_1)$. The top row of the $E^1$-term of the spectral sequence yields the resolution $$0 {\longrightarrow}\H^1(Q'(-1)) {\otimes}{{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}(-3) \overset{{\varphi}_1}{{\longrightarrow}}
\H^1(Q' {\otimes}\Omega^2_{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}(2)) {\otimes}{{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}(-2) \overset{{\varphi}_2}{{\longrightarrow}}$$ $$\overset{{\varphi}_2}{{\longrightarrow}} \H^1(Q' {\otimes}\Omega^1_{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}(1)) {\otimes}{{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}(-1) {\longrightarrow}Q' {\longrightarrow}0.$$ We have $$\chi(Q' {\otimes}\Omega^1_{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}(1)) = -d, \qquad \chi(Q' {\otimes}\Omega^2_{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}(2)) = -2d, \qquad \chi(Q'(-1)) = -d,$$ hence $${\operatorname{h}}^1(Q' {\otimes}\Omega^1_{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}(1)) = d, \qquad {\operatorname{h}}^1(Q' {\otimes}\Omega^2_{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}(2)) = 2d, \qquad {\operatorname{h}}^1(Q'(-1)) = d.$$ The above exact sequence yields (\[generic\_resolution\]).
Let now examine the stability properties of instanton sheaves.
\[instanton stability\] Every nontrivial rank 2 instanton sheaf $E$ is stable. In addition, a nontrivial instanton sheaf $E$ is $\mu$-stable if and only if its double dual $E^{\vee\vee}$ is nontrivial.
Since rank 2 instanton sheaves have no global sections [@J-i Prop. 11], every nontrivial locally free rank 2 instanton sheaf is $\mu$-stable; therefore, if $E^{\vee\vee}$ is nontrivial, then $E$ is also $\mu$-stable. Conversely, if $E$ is $\mu$-stable, then so is $E^{\vee\vee}$, hence it must be nontrivial.
Therefore, in order to prove the first claim of the Theorem, it is enough to consider *quasi-trivial instanton sheaves*, i.e. rank 2 instanton sheaves $E$ with $E^{\vee\vee}\simeq 2\cdot{{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$; note that the multiplicity of $Q_E$ is exactly $n=c_2(E)$.
Since $E$ has no global sections, it can only be destabilized by the ideal sheaf ${I_{C/{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}}}$ of a subscheme $C\subset{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$. Moreover, we can assume that the quotient sheaf $E/{I_{C/{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}}}$ is torsion free, thus it is also the ideal sheaf ${I_{D/{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}}}$ of another subscheme $D\subset{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$. We obtain two exact sequences $$\xymatrix{
& 0 \ar[d] & & & \\
& {I_{C/{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}}}\ar[d] & & & \\
0 \ar[r] & E \ar[d]\ar[r] & 2\cdot{{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}} \ar[r] & Q_E \ar[r] & 0 \\
& {I_{D/{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}}}\ar[d] & & & \\
& 0 & & &
}$$
Taking the double dual of the top vertical morphisms we obtain, using also the Snake Lemma, the following commutative diagram $$\label{big diag}
\xymatrix{
& 0 \ar[d] & 0 \ar[d] & 0 \ar[d] & \\
0 \ar[r] & {I_{C/{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}}}\ar[d]\ar[r] & {{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}} \ar[d]\ar[r] & {{\mathcal O}_{C}}\ar[d]\ar[r] & 0 \\
0 \ar[r] & E \ar[d]\ar[r] & 2\cdot{{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}} \ar[d]\ar[r] & Q_E \ar[d]\ar[r] & 0 \\
0 \ar[r] & {I_{D/{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}}}\ar[d]\ar[r] & {{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}} \ar[d]\ar[r] & {{\mathcal O}_{D}}\ar[d]\ar[r] & 0 \\
& 0 & 0 & 0 &
}$$ Since $h^0(Q_E(-2))=0$, then also $h^0({{\mathcal O}_{C}}(-2))=0$, hence $C$ must have pure dimension 1. Moreover, note also that $h^1(Q_E(-2))=0$ implies $h^1({{\mathcal O}_{D}}(-2))=0$.
We show that $\dim D=0$. Indeed, assume that $D$ has dimension 1. Let $U$ be the maximal 0-dimensional subsheaf of ${{\mathcal O}_{D}}$, and set ${\mathcal O}_{D'}:={{\mathcal O}_{D}}/U$; clearly, $D'$ has pure dimension 1. Next, let $D'':=D'_{\rm red}$ be the underlying reduced scheme. We end up with two exact sequences $$0 \to U \to {{\mathcal O}_{D}}\to {\mathcal O}_{D'} \to 0 ~~{\rm and}~~$$ $$0 \to T \to {\mathcal O}_{D'} \to {\mathcal O}_{D''} \to 0,$$ so that the vanishing of $h^1({{\mathcal O}_{D}}(-2))$ forces $h^1({\mathcal O}_{D''}(-2))=0$.
Still, $D''$ may be reducible, so let $D'' := D''_1 \cup\dots\cup D''_p$ be its decomposition into irreducible components. For each index $j=1,\dots,p$ we obtain a sequence: $$0 \to S_j \to {\mathcal O}_{D''} \to {\mathcal O}_{D''_j} \to 0,$$ thus also $h^1({\mathcal O}_{D''_j}(-2))=0$. Let $d_j$ and $p_j$ denote the degree and arithmetic genus of $D''_j$, respectively. It follows that $$0\le h^0({\mathcal O}_{D''_j}(-2))=\chi({\mathcal O}_{D''_j}(-2))=-2d_j+1-p_j$$ hence $p_j\le-2d_j+1\le-1$, which is imposible for a reduced and irreducible curve.
Now let $\delta=h^0({{\mathcal O}_{D}})$ be the length of $D$; since $\deg(C)=n$, we have $$P_{{I_{C/{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}}}}(t) = \chi({{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}(t)) - \chi({{\mathcal O}_{C}}(t)) = \chi({{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}(t)) - nt + (\delta-2n) .$$ Comparing with equation (\[pe(t)\]), we have $$\label{pe-pic}
\frac{P_E(t)}{2} - P_{{I_{C/{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}}}}(t) = \frac{n}{2}t + n - \delta ,$$ which is positive for $n$ sufficiently large, and $E$ contains no destabilizing subsheaves.
As a consequence of the proof above, we also obtain the following interesting fact.
Every rank 2 quasi-trivial instanton on ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ is an extention of the ideal of a 0-dimensional scheme $D$ by the ideal of a pure 1-dimensional scheme containing $D$.
On the other hand, it is easy to check that every rank 0 instanton sheaf is semistable.
\[rk 0 semistable\] Every rank 0 instanton sheaf is semistable.
Let $Z$ be a rank 0 instanton sheaf, and let $T$ be a subsheaf of $Z$ with Hilbert polynomial $P_Z(t)=a\cdot t+\chi(Z)$. Since $h^0(Z(-2))=0$, then $h^0(T(-2))=0$ and $-2a+\chi(Z)=-h^1(T(-2))\leq0$. It follows that $$\frac{\chi(Z)}{a} \leq 2 = \frac{\chi(Q)}{d} . \qedhere$$
Clearly, not every rank 0 instanton sheaf is stable: if $Q_1$ and $Q_2$ are rank 0 instanton sheaves, then so is any extention of $Q_1$ by $Q_2$, and this cannot possibly be stable.
Conversely, there are semistable sheaves with Hilbert polynomial $dt+2d$ which are not rank 0 instanton sheaves: just consider $Q:={{\mathcal O}}_\Sigma(2)$ for an elliptic curve $\Sigma\hookrightarrow{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$, so that $h^0(Q(-2))\ne0$.
Moduli space of instanton sheaves {#L(n)}
=================================
Let ${{\mathcal L}}(n)$ denote the open subscheme of the Maruyama moduli space ${{\mathcal M}}(n)$ of semistable rank 2 torsion free sheaves with Chern classes $c_1=0$, $c_2=n$ and $c_3=0$ consisting of instanton sheaves of charge $n$. Let also ${{\mathcal I}}(n)$ denote the open subscheme of ${{\mathcal M}}(n)$ consisting of locally free instanton sheaves. Finally, let $\overline{{{\mathcal L}}(n)}$ and $\overline{{{\mathcal I}}(n)}$ denote the closures within ${{\mathcal M}}(n)$ of ${{\mathcal L}}(n)$ and ${{\mathcal I}}(n)$, respectively. We also consider the set ${{\mathcal I}}^{0}(n):=\overline{{{\mathcal I}}(n)}\cap {{\mathcal L}}(n)$, which consists of those instanton sheaves which either are locally free, or can be deformed into locally free ones.
It was shown in [@T1; @T2] that ${{\mathcal I}}(n)$ is irreducible for every $n>0$; its closure $\overline{{{\mathcal I}}(n)}$ is called the *instanton component* of ${{\mathcal M}}(n)$. However, the same is not true for ${{\mathcal L}}(n)$ as soon as $n\ge 3$. Indeed, it is well known that $$\overline{{{\mathcal I}}(1)}={{\mathcal L}}(1)={{\mathcal M}}(1)\simeq {{\mathbb{P}^{5}}} ,$$ see for instance [@JMT2 Section 6].
The case $n=2$ has also been understood.
\[L(2)\] $\overline{{{\mathcal L}}(2)} = \overline{{{\mathcal I}}(2)}$.
In particular, ${{\mathcal L}}(2)$ possesses a single irreducible component of dimension 13.
Le Potier showed in [@LeP] that ${{\mathcal M}}(2)$ has exactly 3 irreducible components; according to the description of these components provided in [@JMT2 Section 6], only the instanton component $\overline{{{\mathcal I}}(2)}$ contains instanton sheaves.
Let us now describe the irreducible components of ${{\mathcal L}}(n)$ for $n\ge 3$ introduced in [@JMT2 Section 3].
Let $\Sigma$ be an irreducible, nonsingular, complete intersection curve in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$, given as the intersection of a surface of degree $d_1$ with a surface of degree $d_2$, with $1\le d_1\le d_2$; denote by $\iota:\Sigma\hookrightarrow{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ the inclusion morphism. Let also $L\in\operatorname{{Pic}}^{g-1}(\Sigma)$ such that $h^0(\Sigma,L)=h^1(\Sigma,L)=0$. Given a (possibly trivial) locally free instanton sheaf $F$ of charge $c\ge0$ and an epimorphism $\varphi:E{\twoheadrightarrow}(\iota_*L)(2)$, the kernel $F:=\ker\varphi$ is an instanton sheaf of charge $c+d_1d_2$. Thus we may consider the set $$\label{c-comp's}
{{\mathcal C}}(d_1,d_2,c) := \left\{ [E]\in{{\mathcal M}}(c+d_1d_2) ~|~ E^{\vee\vee}\in{{\mathcal I}}(c) ~,~
E^{\vee\vee}/E \simeq (\iota_*L)(2) \right\}$$ as a subvariety of ${{\mathcal M}}(c+d_1d_2)$. The following result is proved in [@JMT2], cf. Theorems 15, 17 and 23.
\[dim C thm\] For each $c\ge0$ and $1\le d_1\le d_2$ such that $(d_1,d_2)\ne(1,1),(1,2)$, $\overline{{{\mathcal C}}(d_1,d_2,c)}$ is an irreducible component of ${{\mathcal M}}(c+d_1d_2)$ of dimension $$\label{dim C}
\dim \overline{{{\mathcal C}}(d_1,d_2,c)} = 8c-3 + \frac{1}{2}d_1d_2(d_1+d_2+4) + h,$$ where $$h = \left\{ \begin{array}{l}
2{{d_1+3}\choose{3}} - 4 , ~~{\rm if}~~ d_1=d_2 \\ ~~ \\
{{d_1+3}\choose{3}} + {{d_2+3}\choose{3}} - {{d_2-d_1+3}\choose{3}} - 2, ~~{\rm if}~~ d_1<d_2
\end{array} \right.$$ In addition, $\overline{{{\mathcal C}}(d_1,d_2,c)}\cap{{\mathcal I}}^{0}(c+d_1d_2)\ne
\emptyset$.
We do not know whether the families ${{\mathcal C}}(d_1,d_2,c)$ exhaust all components of ${{\mathcal L}}(n)$, though we prove that this holds for $n=3,4$ in Sections \[L(3) section\] and \[L(4) section\] below, respectively.
However, we remark that the previous result allows for a partial count of the number of components of ${{\mathcal L}}(n)$. Indeed, let $\tau(n)$ denote the number of irreducible components of the union $$\overline{{{\mathcal I}}(n)} \bigcup \left( \bigcup_{d_1d_2+c=n} \overline{{{\mathcal C}}(d_1,d_2,c)} \right).$$ To estimate $\tau(n)$, we must count the different ways in which an integer $n\ge3$ can be written as $n=d_1d_2+c$ with $c\ge0$, and $1\le d_1\le d_2$ excluding the pairs $(d_1,d_2)=(1,1),(1,2)$. Consider the function $$\delta(p) = \left\{ \begin{array}{l}
\frac{1}{2} ( d(p) + 1 ), \mbox{ if } p \mbox{ is a perfect square} \\ ~~ \\
\frac{1}{2} d(p), \mbox{ otherwise}
\end{array} \right.$$ where $d(p)$ is the *divisor function*, i.e. the number of divisors of a positive integer $p$, including $p$ itself. Note that $\delta(p)$ is the number of different ways in which we can write $p$ as a product $d_1d_2$ with $1\le d_1\le d_2$. Adding the instanton component, we have that the number of irreducible components of ${{\mathcal L}}_0(n)$ is given by: $$\label{ell0}
\tau(n) = 1 + \sum_{p=3}^{n} \delta(p) =
\frac{1}{2}\left( \sum_{p=3}^{n} d(p) + \left\lfloor \sqrt{n} \right\rfloor + 1 \right),$$ since $\left\lfloor\sqrt{n}\right\rfloor - 1$ accounts for the number of perfect squares between 3 and $n$.
Let $l(n)$ be the number of irreducible components of the moduli space of instanton sheaves of charge $n$. Then, for $n$ sufficiently large $l(n)> \frac{1}{2} n\cdot\log(n)$.
Determining the asymptotic behaviour of the sum of divisors function is a relevant problem in Number Theory called the *Dirichlet divisor problem*; indeed, it is known that $$\sum_{p=1}^{n} d(p) = n\cdot\log(n) + (2\gamma - 1)n + O(n^\theta),$$ where $\gamma$ denotes the Euler–Mascheroni constant, and $1/4\le \theta\le 131/416$, cf. [@Huxley]. Comparing with equation (\[ell0\]), we easily obtain the desired estimate.
Also relevant for us is a class of instanton sheaves studied in [@JMT1]; more precisely, for $n>0$ and each $m=1,\dots,n$, consider the subset ${{\mathcal D}}(m,n)$ of ${{\mathcal M}}(n)$ consisting of the isomorphism classes $[E]$ of the sheaves $E$ obtained in this way: $${{\mathcal D}}(m,n) :=
\{ [E]\in{{\mathcal M}}(n) ~|~ [E^{\vee\vee}]\in{{\mathcal I}}(n-m), ~~
\Gamma=\mathrm{Supp}(E^{\vee\vee}/E)\in {{\mathcal R}}^*_{0}(m)_{E^{\vee\vee}}~,$$ $$~~{\rm and}~~
E^{\vee\vee}/E\simeq{{\mathcal O}}_\Gamma(2m-1) \},$$ where the space ${{\mathcal R}}^*_{0}(m)_{E^{{{\scriptscriptstyle \operatorname{D}}}{{\scriptscriptstyle \operatorname{D}}}}}$ is decribed as follows: first, let ${{\mathcal R}}^*_{0}(m)$ denote the space of nonsingular rational curves $\Gamma\hookrightarrow{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ of degree $m$ whose normal bundle $N_{\Gamma/{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}}$ is given by $2\cdot{{\mathcal O}}_\Gamma((2m-1){{\mathrm{\hspace{0.2ex}p\hspace{-0.23ex}t}}})$; then, for any instanton sheaf $F$ we set $${{\mathcal R}}^*_{0}(m)_F := \{\:\Gamma\in {{\mathcal R}}^*_{0}(m)~|~ F|_\Gamma\simeq2\cdot{{\mathcal O}}_\Gamma\ \}.$$ One can show that for every rank 2 instanton sheaf $F$, the space ${{\mathcal R}}^*_{0}(m)_F$ is a nonempty open subset of ${{\mathcal R}}^*_{0}(m)$, cf. [@JMT1 Lemma 6.2].
Let $\overline{{{\mathcal D}}(m,n)}$ denote the closure of ${{\mathcal D}}(m,n)$ within ${{\mathcal M}}(n)$. Note that since $E^{\vee\vee}$ is a locally free instanton sheaf of charge $n-m$, and ${{\mathcal O}}_\Gamma(2m-1)$ is a rank 0 instanton sheaf of degree $m$, then $E$ is an instanton sheaf of charge $n$, so that ${{\mathcal D}}(m,n)\subset{{\mathcal L}}(n)$. In fact, it is shown in [@JMT2 Theorem 7.8] that $\overline{{{\mathcal D}}(m,n)}\subset{{\mathcal I}}^0(n)$. In addition, we prove:
\[disjoint rat curves\] Let $\Gamma_1,\dots,\Gamma_r$ be disjoint, smooth irreducible rational curves in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ of degrees $m_1,\dots,m_r$, respectively; set $Q:=\bigoplus_{j=1}^{r}{{\mathcal O}}_{\Gamma_j}(-{{\mathrm{\hspace{0.2ex}p\hspace{-0.23ex}t}}})$. If $F$ is a locally free instanton sheaf of charge $c$ such that $F|_{\Gamma_j}\simeq2\cdot{{\mathcal O}}_{\Gamma_j}$ for each $j=1,\dots,r$, and $\varphi:F{\twoheadrightarrow}Q(2)$ is an epimorphism, then $[\ker\varphi]\in{{\mathcal I}}^0(c+m_1+\cdots+m_r)$.
The proof of the previous proposition requires the following technical lemma, proved in [@JMT1 Lemma 7.1].
\[F,G\] Let $C$ be a smooth irreducible curve with a marked point $0$, and set $\mathbf{B}:=C \times{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$. Let $\mathbf{F}$ and $\mathbf{G}$ be $\mathcal{O}_{\mathbf{B}}$-sheaves, flat over $C $ and such that $\mathbf{F}$ is locally free along $\mathrm{Supp}(\mathbf{G})$. Denote $$\mathbf{G}_t:=\mathbf{G}|_{\{t\}\times{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}} ~~{\rm and}~~
\mathbf{F}_t=\mathbf{F}|_{\{t\}\times{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}}\ \ {\rm for}\ t\in C .$$ Assume that, for each $t\in C$, $$\label{vanish Hi}
H^i({{\mathcal H}{\it om}}(\mathbf{F}_t,\mathbf{G}_t))=0,\ \ \ i\ge1.$$ If $s:\mathbf{F}_0\to\mathbf{G}_0$ is an epimorphism, then, after possibly shrinking $C$, $s$ extends to an epimorhism $\mathbf{s}:\mathbf{F}\twoheadrightarrow\mathbf{G}$.
We argue by induction on $r$; the case $r=1$ is just the aforementioned result, namely [@JMT2 Theorem 7.8].
Let $Q':=\bigoplus_{j=1}^{r-1}{{\mathcal O}}_{\Gamma_j}(-{{\mathrm{\hspace{0.2ex}p\hspace{-0.23ex}t}}})$, so that $Q=Q'\oplus{{\mathcal O}}_{\Gamma_r}(-{{\mathrm{\hspace{0.2ex}p\hspace{-0.23ex}t}}})$. Let $E:=\ker\varphi$, and let $E'$ denote the kernel of the composition $F\stackrel{\varphi}{{\twoheadrightarrow}} Q(2) {\twoheadrightarrow}Q'(2) $. We obtain the following exact sequence: $$0 \to E \to E' \stackrel{\varphi'}{\rightarrow} {{\mathcal O}}_{\Gamma_r}((2m_r-1){{\mathrm{\hspace{0.2ex}p\hspace{-0.23ex}t}}}) \to 0.$$ By the induction hypothesis, $[E']\in{{\mathcal I}}^0(c+m_1+\cdots+m_{r-1})$, thus one can find an affine open subset $0\in U\subset\mathbb{A}^1$ and a coherent sheaf $\mathbf{E}$ on ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}\times U$, flat over $U$, such that $\mathbf{E}_0=E'$ and $\mathbf{E}_t$ is a locally free instanton sheaf of charge $c+m_1+\cdots+m_{r-1}$ satisfying $\mathbf{E}_t|_{\Gamma_r}\simeq 2\cdot{{\mathcal O}}_{\Gamma_r}$ for every $t\in U\setminus\{0\}$. Setting $\mathbf{G}=:\pi^*Q'$ where $\pi:{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}\times U\to U$ is the projection onto the first factor, note that $$H^i({{\mathcal H}{\it om}}(\mathbf{E}_t,\mathbf{G}_t)) = H^i(2\cdot{{\mathcal O}}_{\Gamma_r}((2m_r-1){{\mathrm{\hspace{0.2ex}p\hspace{-0.23ex}t}}})) = 0 ~~{\rm for}~~ i\ge1 ~~{\rm and}~~ t\in U.$$ This claim is clear for $t\ne0$; when $t=0$, simply observe that the sequence $0\to E'\to F \to Q'(2)\to 0$ implies that $E'_{\Gamma_r}\simeq F_{\Gamma_r}$, since the support of $Q'$ is disjoint from $\Gamma_r$.
By Lemma \[F,G\], there exists an epimorphism $\mathbf{s}:\mathbf{E}\twoheadrightarrow\mathbf{G}$ extending $\varphi':E'\to {{\mathcal O}}_{\Gamma_r}((2m_r-1){{\mathrm{\hspace{0.2ex}p\hspace{-0.23ex}t}}})$, so that $[\ker\mathbf{s}_t]\in{{\mathcal D}}(m_r,c+m_1+\cdots+m_r)$, by construction. It then follows that $[E]\in\overline{{{\mathcal D}}(m_r,c+m_1+\cdots+m_r)}$, hence, by [@JMT2 Theorem 7.8], $[E]\in{{\mathcal I}}^0(c+m_1+\cdots+m_r)$, as desired.
Next, we consider the following situation: let $\Sigma$ be an irreducible, nonsingular, complete intersection curve in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$, given as the intersection surfaces of degrees $d_1$ and $d_2$, with $1\le d_1\le d_2$ and $(d_1,d_2)\ne(1,1),(1,2)$, and let $\Gamma$ be a smooth irreducible rational curve in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ of degree $m$ disjoint from $\Sigma$. Set $Q:=L\oplus{{\mathcal O}}_{\Gamma}(-{{\mathrm{\hspace{0.2ex}p\hspace{-0.23ex}t}}})$ for some $L\in\operatorname{{Pic}}^{g-1}(\Sigma)$ such that $h^0(\Sigma,L)=h^1(\Sigma,L)=0$, where $g$ is the genus of $\Sigma$.
\[disjoint curves\] If $F$ is a locally free instanton sheaf of charge $c$ such that $F|_{\Gamma}\simeq2\cdot{{\mathcal O}}_{\Gamma}$, and $H^1(F^\vee|_{\Gamma}\otimes L(2))=0$. If $\varphi:F{\twoheadrightarrow}Q(2)$ is an epimorphism, then $[\ker\varphi]\in\overline{{{\mathcal C}}(d_1,d_2,c+m)}$.
The idea is the same as in the proof of Proposition \[disjoint rat curves\]. Let $E'$ be the kernel of the composition $F\stackrel{\varphi}{{\twoheadrightarrow}}Q(2){\twoheadrightarrow}{{\mathcal O}}_{\Gamma}((2m-1){{\mathrm{\hspace{0.2ex}p\hspace{-0.23ex}t}}})$, so that $E:=\ker\varphi$ and $E'$ are related via the following exact sequence: $$0 \to E \to E' \stackrel{\varphi'}{\rightarrow} L(2) \to 0.$$ By [@JMT2 Theorem 7.8], one can find an affine open subset $0\in U\subset\mathbb{A}^1$ and a coherent sheaf $\mathbf{E}$ on ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}\times U$, flat over $U$, such that $\mathbf{E}_0=E'$ and $\mathbf{E}_t$ is a locally free instanton sheaf of charge $c+m$ for every $t\in U\setminus\{0\}$.
Setting $\mathbf{G}:=\pi^*L(2)$, we must, in order to apply Lemma \[F,G\], check that $$H^i({{\mathcal H}{\it om}}(E_t,G_t))=0 ~~{\rm for}~~ i\ge1 ~~{\rm and}~~ t\in U.$$ Indeed, since $\dim G_t=1$, it is enough to show that $H^1({{\mathcal H}{\it om}}(E_t,G_t))=0$. Note that $${{\mathcal H}{\it om}}(E_0,G_0) = {{\mathcal H}{\it om}}(E',L(2)) \simeq {{\mathcal H}{\it om}}(F,L(2)) \simeq F^\vee|_{\Sigma}\otimes L(2) ,$$ where the middle isomorphism follows from applying the functor ${{\mathcal H}{\it om}}(\cdot,L(2))$ to the sequence $$0\to E' \to F \to {{\mathcal O}}_{\Gamma}((2m-1){{\mathrm{\hspace{0.2ex}p\hspace{-0.23ex}t}}}) \to0,$$ also exploring the fact that $\Sigma$ and $\Gamma$ are disjoint. It follows that $H^1({{\mathcal H}{\it om}}(E_0,G_0))=H^1(F^\vee|_{\Sigma}\otimes L(2))=0$ by hypothesis. By semicontinuity of $h^1({{\mathcal H}{\it om}}(E_t,G_t))$, we can shrink $U$ to another affine open subset $U'\subset\mathbb{A}^1$, if necessary, to guarantee that $H^1({{\mathcal H}{\it om}}(E_t,G_t))=0$ for every $t\in U'$.
By Lemma \[F,G\], there exists an epimorphism $\mathbf{s}:\mathbf{F}\twoheadrightarrow\mathbf{G}$ extending $\varphi':E'\to L(2)$, so that $[\ker\mathbf{s}_t]\in{{\mathcal C}}(d_1,d_2,c+m)$, by construction. Since $E\simeq \ker\mathbf{s}_0$, it follows that $[E]\in\overline{{{\mathcal C}}(d_1,d_2,c+m)}$.
Moduli of sheaves of dimension one and Euler characteristic zero {#1d chi=0}
================================================================
Given two integers $d$ and $\chi$, $d\ge1$, let ${{\mathcal T}}(d,\chi)$ be the moduli space of semistable coherent sheaves on ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ with Hilbert polynomial $P(t)=d\cdot t+\chi$. In this section, we focus on the space ${{\mathcal T}}(d):={{\mathcal T}}(d,0)$.
Apart from its intrinsic interest, the space ${{\mathcal T}}(d)$ is also relevant for the study of instanton sheaves, and the description of ${{\mathcal T}}(d)$ for $d\le4$ provided in this section will be a key ingredient for the proof of the Main Theorem \[mthm1\].
In addition, let ${{\mathcal Z}}(d)$ denote the set of rank 0 instanton sheaves of degree $d$ *modulo S-equivalence* (which makes sense, since, by Lemma \[rk 0 semistable\], every rank 0 instanton sheaf is semistable). After a twist by ${{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}(-2)$, ${{\mathcal Z}}(d)$ can be regarded as an open subscheme of the moduli space ${{\mathcal T}}(d)$ consisting of those sheaves $Q$ satisfying $h^0(Q)=0$.
The space ${{\mathcal T}}(d)$ has several distinguished subsets, which we now describe.
First, let ${{\mathcal P}}_d \subset {{\mathcal T}}(d)$ be the subset of planar sheaves; it is a fiber bundle over $({{\mathbb P}}^3)^*$ with fiber being the moduli space of semistable coherent sheaves on ${{\mathbb{P}^{2}}}$ with Hilbert polynomial $P=d\cdot t$. In view of [@lepotier Theorem 1.1], ${{\mathcal P}}_d$ is a projective irreducible variety of dimension $d^2+4$. In particular, ${{\mathcal P}}_d$ is closed.
Next, consider the subsets ${{\mathcal R}}^o_d,~ {{\mathcal E}}^o_d \subset {{\mathcal T}}(d)$ of sheaves supported on smooth rational curves of degree $d$, respectively, on smooth elliptic curves of degree $d$. Let ${{\mathcal R}}_d$ and ${{\mathcal E}}_d$ denote their closures.
Given a partition $(d_1,\ldots,d_s)$ of $d$ such that $d_1 \ge \cdots \ge d_s$, we denote by ${{\mathcal T}}_{d_1, \ldots, d_s} \subset {{\mathcal T}}(d)$ the locally closed subset of points of the form $$\label{polystable}
[Q_1 \oplus \cdots \oplus Q_s],$$ where $Q_i$ gives a stable point in ${{\mathcal T}}(d_i)$; in particular, ${{\mathcal T}}_d$ is the open subset of stable points in ${{\mathcal T}}(d)$. Let ${{\mathcal T}}^o_{d_1, \ldots, d_s} \subset {{\mathcal T}}_{d_1, \ldots, d_s}$ be the open dense subset given by the condition that ${\operatorname{supp}}(Q_i)$ be mutually disjoint. Clearly, each irreducible component of ${{\mathcal T}}^o_{d_1, \ldots, d_s}$ is an open dense subset of an irreducible component of ${{\mathcal T}}_d$. Hence irreducible components of $\overline{{{\mathcal T}}}_{d_1, \ldots, d_s}$ are also irreducible components of ${{\mathcal T}}(d)$. On the other hand, each point of ${{\mathcal T}}(d)$ is an $S$-equivalence class of a polystable (e. g. stable) sheaf of the form (\[polystable\]). Hence, the following result follows.
\[irred comp\] (i) All irreducible components of ${{\mathcal T}}(d)$ are exhausted by the irreducible components of the union $$\label{union}
\underset{(d_1,...,d_s)}{\bigcup }\overline{{{\mathcal T}}}_{d_1, \ldots, d_s},$$ this union being taken over all the partitions $(d_1,...,d_s)$ of $d$.\
(ii) For a given partition $(d_1,...,d_s)$ of $d$, each irreducible component of $\overline{{{\mathcal T}}}_{d_1, \ldots, d_s}$ is birational to a symmetric product $$({{\mathcal X}}_1 \times \cdots \times {{\mathcal X}}_s)/\Sigma$$ of irreducible components ${{\mathcal X}}_i$ of ${{\mathcal T}}_{d_i}$, where $\Sigma$ is the subgroup of the full symmetric group $\Sigma_s$ of degree $s$ generated by the transpositions $(i, j)$ for which $d_i = d_j$ and ${{\mathcal X}}_i = {{\mathcal X}}_j$.
We have only to prove statement (ii). Indeed, let $\Sigma' \subset \Sigma_s$ be the subgroup generated by the transpositions $(i, i+1)$ for which $d_i = d_{i+1}$. We have a bijective morphism $$({{\mathcal T}}_{d_1} \times \cdots \times {{\mathcal T}}_{d_s})/\Sigma' {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal T}}_{d_1, \ldots, d_s}, \qquad ([Q_1], \ldots, [Q_s]) \longmapsto [Q_1 \oplus \cdots \oplus Q_s],$$ which is an isomorphism over ${{\mathcal T}}^o_{d_1, \ldots, d_s}$, because over this set we can construct local inverse maps. Whence, the statement (ii) follows.
\[irred of Td\] Lemma \[irred comp\] implies that the problem of finding the irreducible components of ${{\mathcal T}}(d)$ is reduced to the problem of finding the irreducible components of ${{\mathcal T}}_2, \ldots, {{\mathcal T}}_d$.
It also follows from Lemma \[irred comp\] that the number of irreducible components of ${{\mathcal T}}(d)$ is at least as large as the number of partitions of $d$, usualy denoted $p(d)$. A well-known formula by Hardy and Ramanujan gives the following asymptotic expression $$p(d) \sim \frac{1}{4\sqrt{3}\cdot d}\exp\left(\pi\sqrt{\frac{2d}{3}}\right).$$ Therefore, the number of irreducible components of ${{\mathcal T}}(d)$ grows at least exponentially on $\sqrt{d}$. However, as we shall see below in the cases $d=3$ and $d=4$, $p(d)$ is just a rough underestimate of the number of irreducible components of ${{\mathcal T}}(d)$.
Given a coherent sheaf $Q$ on ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$, we define $Q^{{\scriptscriptstyle \operatorname{D}}}:= {\mathcal Ext}^c (Q, \omega_{{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}})$, where $c = \operatorname{codim} (Q)$. We will use below the following general result regarding stable sheaves in ${{\mathcal T}}(d)$.
\[trivial\_lemma\] Assume that ${{\mathcal F}}$ gives a stable point in ${{\mathcal T}}(d)$ and that $P \in {\operatorname{supp}}({{\mathcal F}})$ is a closed point. Then there are exact sequences $$\label{trivial_extension}
0 {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal E}}{\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal F}}{\longrightarrow}{{\mathbb C}}_P {\longrightarrow}0$$ and $$\label{trivial_sequence}
0 {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal F}}{\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal G}}{\longrightarrow}{{\mathbb C}}_P {\longrightarrow}0$$ for some sheaves ${{\mathcal E}}\in {{\mathcal T}}(d,-1)$ and ${{\mathcal G}}\in {{\mathcal T}}(d,+1)$.
Choose a surjective morphism ${{\mathcal F}}\to {{\mathbb C}}_P$ and denote its kernel by ${{\mathcal E}}$. Since ${{\mathcal F}}$ is stable, ${{\mathcal E}}$ is semi-stable, so we have sequence (\[trivial\_extension\]). According to [@rendiconti Theorem 13], the dual sheaf ${{\mathcal F}}^{{\scriptscriptstyle \operatorname{D}}}$ gives a stable point in ${{\mathcal T}}(d)$. Thus, we have an exact sequence $$0 {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal E}}_1 {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal F}}^{{\scriptscriptstyle \operatorname{D}}}{\longrightarrow}{{\mathbb C}}_P {\longrightarrow}0$$ with ${{\mathcal E}}_1 \in {{\mathcal T}}(d,-1)$. According to [@rendiconti Remark 4], ${{\mathcal F}}$ is reflexive. According to [@rendiconti Theorem 13], the sheaf ${{\mathcal G}}= {{\mathcal E}}_1^{{\scriptscriptstyle \operatorname{D}}}$ gives a point in ${{\mathcal T}}(d,1)$. Since ${{\mathcal F}}^{{\scriptscriptstyle \operatorname{D}}}$ is pure, we can apply [@huybrechts_lehn Proposition 1.1.10] to deduce that ${\mathcal Ext}^3({{\mathcal F}}^{{\scriptscriptstyle \operatorname{D}}}, \omega_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}) = 0$. The long exact sequence of extension sheaves associated to the above exact sequence yields (\[trivial\_sequence\]).
The goal of this section is to describe the irreducible components of ${{\mathcal T}}(d)$ for $d\le4$. According to [@dedicata], for ${{\mathcal F}}\in {{\mathcal T}}(d)$ we have the following cohomological conditions $$\begin{aligned}
& {\operatorname{h}}^0 ({{\mathcal F}}) = 0 \qquad \text{if $d = 1$ or $2$}, \\
& {\operatorname{h}}^0 ({{\mathcal F}}) \le 1 \qquad \text{if $d = 3$ or $4$}.
$$
Moduli of sheaves of degree 1 and 2
-----------------------------------
The case $d=1$ is easy: clearly, ${{\mathcal T}}(1)\simeq {{\mathcal R}}_1$, being isomorphic to the Grassmanian of lines in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$.
The moduli space ${{\mathcal T}}(1)$ is an irreducible projective variety of dimension 4.
In addition, it is easy to see that ${{\mathcal Z}}(1)={{\mathcal T}}(1)$.
\[components\_2\] The moduli space ${{\mathcal T}}(2)$ is connected, and has two irreducible components, each of dimension 8: ${{\mathcal P}}_2$ (which coincides with ${{\mathcal R}}_2$) and $\overline{{{\mathcal T}}}_{1, 1}$.
If ${{\mathcal F}}\in {{\mathcal T}}_2$, then we have the exact sequence (\[trivial\_sequence\]) in which ${{\mathcal G}}\in {{\mathcal T}}(2,1)$. Thus, ${{\mathcal G}}$ is the structure sheaf of a conic curve, hence ${{\mathcal G}}$ is planar, and hence ${{\mathcal F}}$ is planar. We conclude that $ {{\mathcal T}}(2) = {{\mathcal P}}_2 \cup \overline{{{\mathcal T}}}_{1,1}$. The intersection ${{\mathcal P}}_2 \cap \overline{{{\mathcal T}}}_{1,1}$ consists of those points of the form $[{{\mathcal O}}_{\ell_1}(-1)\oplus{{\mathcal O}}_{\ell_2}(-1)]$ where $\ell_1$ and $\ell_2$ are two intersecting (and possibly coincident) lines.
Note also that ${{\mathcal Z}}(2)={{\mathcal T}}(2)$; the fact that ${{\mathcal Z}}(2)$ consists of two irreducible components of dimension 8 should be compared with [@hauzer Corollary 6.12], where Hauzer and Langer prove that the moduli space of *framed* rank 0 instanton sheaves also consists of two irreducible components of dimension 8.
Moduli of sheaves of degree 3
-----------------------------
\[components\_3\] The moduli space ${{\mathcal T}}(3)$ has four irreducible components ${{\mathcal P}}_3$, ${{\mathcal R}}_3$, $\overline{{{\mathcal T}}}_{2,1}$ and $\overline{{{\mathcal T}}}_{1,1,1}$, of dimension 13, 13, 12, respectively, 12. If ${{\mathcal F}}\in {{\mathcal T}}_3$ and $\H^0({{\mathcal F}}) \neq 0$, then ${{\mathcal F}}$ is the structure sheaf of a planar cubic curve.
By Proposition \[components\_2\] we have $\overline{{{\mathcal T}}}_2={{\mathcal P}}_2$, so that in view of Lemma \[irred comp\] we already obtain the irreducible components $\overline{{{\mathcal T}}}_{2,1}$ and $\overline{{{\mathcal T}}}_{1,1,1}$ of ${{\mathcal T}}(3)$. Therefore, by Remark \[irred of Td\], we only have to find the irreducible components of ${{\mathcal T}}_3$.
Thus, given ${{\mathcal F}}\in {{\mathcal T}}_3$, take a point $P \in {\operatorname{supp}}({{\mathcal F}})$. We then have the exact sequence (\[trivial\_sequence\]) for ${{\mathcal G}}\in {{\mathcal T}}(3,1)$. According to [@freiermuth_trautmann Theorem 1.1], ${{\mathcal T}}(3,1)$ has two irreducible components: the subset ${{\mathcal P}}$ of planar sheaves and the subset ${{\mathcal R}}$ that is the closure of the set of structure sheaves of twisted cubics. Moreover, all sheaves in ${{\mathcal R}}\setminus {{\mathcal P}}$ are structure sheaves of curves $R \subset {{\mathbb P}}^3$ of degree $3$ and arithmetic genus zero. If ${{\mathcal G}}$ is planar, then ${{\mathcal F}}$ is planar. If ${{\mathcal G}}= {{\mathcal O}}_R$, then $R = {\operatorname{supp}}({{\mathcal F}})$, where the scheme-theoretic support ${\operatorname{supp}}({{\mathcal F}})$ of the sheaf ${{\mathcal F}}$ is defined by the 0-th Fitting ideal ${{\mathcal F}}itt^0({{\mathcal F}})$: ${{\mathcal I}}_{R/{{\mathbb P}}^3}={{\mathcal F}}itt^0({{\mathcal F}})$. The morphism $$\rho \colon {{\mathcal T}}_3 \setminus {{\mathcal P}}_3 {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal R}}\setminus {{\mathcal P}}, \qquad \rho ([{{\mathcal F}}]) = [{{\mathcal O}}_{{\operatorname{supp}}({{\mathcal F}})}],$$ is injective. Indeed, if $\rho ([{{\mathcal F}}_1]) = \rho ([{{\mathcal F}}_2])$, then ${\operatorname{supp}}({{\mathcal F}}_1) = {\operatorname{supp}}({{\mathcal F}}_2) = R$. Choose a point $P \in R$. We have exact sequences $$0 {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal F}}_1 {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal G}}_1 {\longrightarrow}{{\mathbb C}}_P {\longrightarrow}0, \qquad
0 {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal F}}_2 {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal G}}_2 {\longrightarrow}{{\mathbb C}}_P {\longrightarrow}0,$$ with ${{\mathcal G}}_1, {{\mathcal G}}_2 \in{{\mathcal T}}(3,1)$. Clearly, ${{\mathcal G}}_1$ and ${{\mathcal G}}_2$ are both isomorphic to ${{\mathcal O}}_R$, hence ${{\mathcal F}}_1$ and ${{\mathcal F}}_2$ are both isomorphic to the ideal sheaf ${{\mathcal I}}_{P, R}$ of $P$ in $R$. The image of $\rho$ is a constructible set of the irreducible variety ${{\mathcal R}}\setminus {{\mathcal P}}$ and contains an open subset of ${{\mathcal R}}\setminus {{\mathcal P}}$, namely the subset given by the condition that $R$ be irreducible. Indeed, if $R$ is irreducible, then it is easy to check that ${{\mathcal I}}_{P, R}$ is stable; we have $\rho ([{{\mathcal I}}_{P, R}]) = [{{\mathcal O}}_R]$. We deduce that ${{\mathcal T}}_3 \setminus {{\mathcal P}}_3$ is irreducible. It follows that ${{\mathcal R}}_3^o$ is dense in ${{\mathcal T}}_3 \setminus {{\mathcal P}}_3$. Thus, ${{\mathcal T}}_3$ has two irreducible components, hence ${{\mathcal T}}(4)$ has the four irreducible components announced in the proposition.
Assume now that $\H^0({{\mathcal F}}) \neq 0$. Then ${{\mathcal F}}$ cannot be isomorphic to ${{\mathcal I}}_{P, R}$, hence ${{\mathcal F}}$ is planar. Take a non-zero morphism ${{\mathcal O}}\to {{\mathcal F}}$. This morphism factors through an injective morphism ${{\mathcal O}}_C \to {{\mathcal F}}$, where $C$ is a planar curve. The semi-stability of ${{\mathcal F}}$ implies that $C$ is a cubic. Comparing Hilbert polynomials, we see that ${{\mathcal O}}_C \to {{\mathcal F}}$ is an isomorphism.
Moduli of sheaves of degree 4
-----------------------------
\[components\_4\] The moduli space ${{\mathcal T}}(4)$ has eight irreducible components: ${{\mathcal P}}_4$, ${{\mathcal E}}_4$, ${{\mathcal R}}_4$, $\overline{{{\mathcal T}}}_{2,2}$, $\overline{{{\mathcal T}}}_{2,1,1}$, $\overline{{{\mathcal T}}}_{1,1,1,1}$ and two irreducible components of ${{\mathcal T}}_{3,1}$ that are birational to ${{\mathcal P}}_3 \times {{\mathcal T}}_1$, respectively, to ${{\mathcal R}}_3 \times {{\mathcal T}}_1$. Their dimensions are, respectively, $20$, $18$, $16$, $16$, $16$, $16$, $17$, $17$.
By Propositions \[components\_2\] and \[components\_3\] and Lemma \[irred comp\] we already have 5 irreducible components of ${{\mathcal T}}(4)$ which are $\overline{{{\mathcal T}}}_{2,2}$, $\overline{{{\mathcal T}}}_{2,1,1}$, $\overline{{{\mathcal T}}}_{1,1,1,1}$ and two irreducible components of ${{\mathcal T}}_{3,1}$ that are birational to ${{\mathcal P}}_3 \times {{\mathcal T}}_1$, respectively, to ${{\mathcal R}}_3 \times {{\mathcal T}}_1$. Therefore by Remark \[irred of Td\] we have only to find irreducible components of ${{\mathcal T}}_4$. Thus, given ${{\mathcal F}}\in {{\mathcal T}}_4$, take a point $P \in {\operatorname{supp}}({{\mathcal F}})$. We then have the exact sequence (\[trivial\_sequence\]) for ${{\mathcal G}}\in {{\mathcal T}}(4,1)$. According to [@choi_chung_maican Theorem 4.12], ${{\mathcal T}}(4,1)$ has three irreducible components: the subset ${{\mathcal P}}$ of planar sheaves, the subset ${{\mathcal R}}$ that is the closure of the set of structure sheaves of rational quartic curves, and the set ${{\mathcal E}}$ that is the closure of the set of sheaves of the form ${{\mathcal O}}_E(P')$, where $E$ is a smooth elliptic quartic curve and $P' \in E$. If ${{\mathcal G}}\in {{\mathcal P}}$, then ${{\mathcal F}}\in {{\mathcal P}}_4$. The sheaves in ${{\mathcal R}}\setminus ({{\mathcal P}}\cup {{\mathcal E}})$ are structure sheaves of quartic curves of arithmetic genus zero. The sheaves in ${{\mathcal E}}\setminus {{\mathcal P}}$ are supported on quartic curves of arithmetic genus $1$. Let ${{\mathcal T}}_{4, {\operatorname{rat}}} \subset {{\mathcal T}}_4$ be the subset of sheaves whose support is a quartic curve of arithmetic genus zero. As in Proposition \[components\_3\], we can construct an injective dominant morphism $$\rho \colon {{\mathcal T}}_{4, {\operatorname{rat}}} {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal R}}\setminus ({{\mathcal P}}\cup {{\mathcal E}}), \qquad \rho [{{\mathcal F}}] = [{{\mathcal O}}_{{\operatorname{supp}}({{\mathcal F}})}].$$ It follows that ${{\mathcal T}}_{4, {\operatorname{rat}}}$ is irreducible, hence ${{\mathcal T}}_{4, {\operatorname{rat}}} \subset {{\mathcal R}}_4$. To finish the proof of the proposition we need to show that ${{\mathcal T}}_4 \setminus ({{\mathcal P}}_4 \cup {{\mathcal T}}_{4, {\operatorname{rat}}})$ is contained in ${{\mathcal E}}_4$.
According to [@space_quartics], discussion after Proposition 8, the sheaves ${{\mathcal G}}$ in ${{\mathcal E}}\setminus {{\mathcal P}}$ are of two kinds:
1. ${{\mathcal O}}_E(P')$ for a curve $E$ of arithmetic genus $1$ given by an ideal of the form $(q_1, q_2)$, where $q_1$, $q_2$ are quadratic forms, and $P' \in E$. Notice that ${\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}}({{\mathbb C}}_{P'}, {{\mathcal O}}_E) {{\settowidth{\rrrr}{$\scriptstyle{xx}$}
\xrightarrow{\makebox[\rrrr]{$\scriptstyle{}$}}
\hspace{-0.5\rrrr }\hspace{-1.1 em}
\raisebox{- 0.5 ex}{$\sim$}\hspace{0.7\rrrr }
}}{{\mathbb C}}$, so the notation ${{\mathcal O}}_E(P')$ is justified. Also note that ${{\mathcal O}}_E$ is stable;
2. non-planar extensions of the form $$0 {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal O}}_L(-1) {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal G}}{\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal C}}{\longrightarrow}0,$$ where $L$ is a line and ${{\mathcal C}}$ gives a point in ${{\mathcal T}}_H(3,1)$ for a plane $H$ possibly containing $L$. (Here and below we use the notation ${{\mathcal T}}_S(d,\chi)$ for the moduli space of 1-dimensional sheaves on a given surface $S$ in ${{\mathbb P}}^3$ with Hilbert polynomial $P(t)=dt+\chi$. We also set ${{\mathcal T}}_S(d):={{\mathcal T}}_S(d,0)$.)
\
*Claim 1*. Case (ii) is unfeasible.
\
Assume, firstly, that $P \in H$. Tensoring (\[trivial\_sequence\]) with ${{\mathcal O}}_H$, we get the exact sequence $${{\mathcal F}}_{| H} {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal G}}_{| H} \overset{\alpha}{{\longrightarrow}} {{\mathcal C}}_P {\longrightarrow}0.$$ Thus, ${{\mathcal Ker}}(\alpha)$ is a quotient sheaf of ${{\mathcal F}}$ of slope zero. This contradicts the stability of ${{\mathcal F}}$. Assume, secondly, that $P \notin H$. According to [@space_quartics Sequence (10)], we have an exact sequence $$0 {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal E}}{\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal G}}{\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal O}}_L {\longrightarrow}0$$ for some sheaf ${{\mathcal E}}\in {{\mathcal T}}_H (3)$. The composite map ${{\mathcal E}}\to {{\mathcal G}}\to {{\mathcal C}}_P$ is zero, hence ${{\mathcal E}}$ is a subsheaf of ${{\mathcal F}}$. This contradicts the stability of ${{\mathcal F}}$ and proves Claim 1.
\
It remains to deal with the sheaves from (i). We have one of the following possibilities:
1. $E$ is contained in a smooth quadric surface $S$;
2. $E$ is contained in an irreducible cone $\Sigma$ but not in a smooth quadric surface;
3. $\operatorname{span}\{ q_1, q_2 \}$ contains only reducible quadratic forms and $q_1$, $q_2$ have no common factor.
\
*Claim 2*. In case (a), ${{\mathcal F}}$ belongs to ${{\mathcal E}}_4$.
\
Notice that ${{\mathcal F}}\in {{\mathcal T}}_S(4)$. According to [@ballico_huh Proposition 7], ${{\mathcal T}}_S(4)$ has five disjoint irreducible components ${{\mathcal T}}_S (p, q, 4)$, where $(p, q)$ is the type of the support of the 1-dimensional sheaf w.r.t. $\mathrm{Pic}S$. Clearly, ${{\mathcal F}}\in {{\mathcal T}}_S (2, 2, 4)$. Thus, ${{\mathcal F}}$ is a limit of sheaves in ${{\mathcal T}}_S (2, 2, 4)$ supported on smooth curves of type $(2, 2)$, hence ${{\mathcal F}}\in {{\mathcal E}}_4$.
\
It remains to deal with cases (b) and (c). Next we reduce further to the case when $P = P'$. Notice that, if $P \neq P'$, then ${{\mathcal F}}\simeq {{\mathcal O}}_E(P') {\otimes}({{\mathcal O}}_E(P))^{{\scriptscriptstyle \operatorname{D}}}$, hence the notation ${{\mathcal F}}= {{\mathcal O}}_E(P' - P)$ is justified.
\
*Claim 3*. Assume that ${{\mathcal F}}= {{\mathcal O}}_E(P' - P)$ for an elliptic quartic curve $E$ and distinct closed points $P', P \in E$. Then ${{\mathcal F}}$ belongs to ${{\mathcal E}}_4$.
\
Let $Z_1, \ldots, Z_m$, denote the irreducible components of $E$. Fix $i, j \in \{ 1, \ldots, m \}$. Consider the locally closed subset ${{\mathcal X}}\subset {{\mathcal E}}\times {{\mathcal E}}$ of pairs $([{{\mathcal O}}_{E'}(P_1)], [{{\mathcal O}}_{E'}(P_2)])$, where $E'$ is a quartic curve of arithmetic genus $1$ whose ideal is generated by two quadratic polynomials, and $P_1$, $P_2$ are distinct points on $E'$ such that $P_1 \notin \cup_{k \neq i} Z_k$, $P_2 \notin \cup_{k \neq j} Z_k$. Consider the morphisms $$\xi \colon {{\mathcal X}}{\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal T}}(4), \qquad ([{{\mathcal O}}_{E'}(P_1)], [{{\mathcal O}}_{E'}(P_2)]) \longmapsto [{{\mathcal O}}_{E'}(P_1 - P_2)],$$ $$\sigma \colon {{\mathcal X}}{\longrightarrow}{\operatorname{Hilb}}_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}(4t), \qquad ([{{\mathcal O}}_{E'}(P_1)], [{{\mathcal O}}_{E'}(P_2)]) \longmapsto E',$$ where ${\operatorname{Hilb}}_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}(4t)$ is the Hilbert scheme of subschemes of ${{\mathbb P}}^3$ with Hilbert polynomial $P(t)=4t$. According to [@chen_nollet Examples 2.8 and 4.8], ${\operatorname{Hilb}}_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}(4t)$ consists of two irreducible components, denoted ${\mathbf H}_1$ and ${\mathbf H}_2$. The generic member of ${\mathbf H}_1$ is a smooth elliptic quartic curve. The generic member of ${\mathbf H}_2$ is the disjoint union of a planar quartic curve and two isolated points. Note that ${\mathbf H}_2$ lies in the closed subset $\{ E' \mid \ {\operatorname{h}}^0({{\mathcal O}}_{E'}) \ge 3 \}$. Since $E$ lies in the complement of this subset, we deduce that $E \in {\mathbf H}_1$. It follows that there exists an irreducible quasi-projective curve $\Gamma \subset {\operatorname{Hilb}}_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}(4t)$ containing $E$, such that $\Gamma \setminus \{ E \}$ consists of smooth elliptic quartic curves (see the proof of [@space_quartics Proposition 12]). The fibers of the map $\sigma^{-1} (\Gamma) \to \Gamma$ are irreducible of dimension $2$. By [@shafarevich Theorem 8, p. 77], we deduce that $\sigma^{-1}(\Gamma)$ is irreducible. Thus, $\xi (\sigma^{-1}(\Gamma))$ is irreducible. This set contains $[{{\mathcal O}}_{E}(P'-P)]$ for $P' \in Z_i \setminus \cup_{k \neq i} Z_k$, $P \in Z_j \setminus \cup_{k \neq j} Z_k$. The generic member of $\xi (\sigma^{-1}(\Gamma))$ is a sheaf supported on a smooth elliptic quartic curve. We conclude that $[{{\mathcal O}}_E(P' - P)] \in {{\mathcal E}}_4$. Since $i$ and $j$ are arbitrary, the result is true for all $P'$, $P$ closed points on $E$.
\
*Claim 4*. In case (c), $E$ is a quadruple line supported on a line $L$. More precisely, there are three distinct planes $H$, $H'$, $H''$ containing $L$, such that $E = (H \cup H') \cap (2H'')$.
\
The claim will follow if we can show that there are linearly independent forms $u, v \in V^*$ such that $q_1, q_2 \in {{\mathbb C}}[u, v]$. Indeed, in this case $(q_1, q_2)$ has the normal form $(uv, (u+v)^2)$. We argue by contradiction. Assume that $q_1 = XY$ and $q_2 = Zl$. Consider first the case when $l = aX + bY + cZ$. We will find $\lambda \in {{\mathbb C}}$ such that $f = XY + \lambda Z l$ is irreducible, which is equivalent to saying that $$\frac{\partial f}{\partial X} = Y + a\lambda Z, \qquad \frac{\partial f}{\partial Y} = X + b\lambda Z, \qquad \frac{\partial f}{\partial Z} = \lambda (aX + bY + 2cZ)$$ have no common zero, or, equivalently, $$\left|
{\begin{array}}{ccc}
0 & 1 & a\lambda \\
1 & 0 & b\lambda \\
a\lambda & b\lambda & 2c\lambda
{\end{array}}\right| \neq 0.$$ We have reduced to the inequality $2 a b \lambda^2 - 2c\lambda \neq 0$. If $c \neq 0$ we can find a solution. If $c = 0$, then $a b \neq 0$, otherwise $q_1$ and $q_2$ would have a common factor, and we can choose any $\lambda \in {{\mathbb C}}^*$. Assume now that $l = aX + bY + cZ + dW$ with $d \neq 0$. Note that $f = XY + \lambda Z l$ is irreducible if its image in $${{\mathbb C}}[X, Y, Z, W]/\langle (c-1)Z + dW \rangle \simeq {{\mathbb C}}[X, Y, Z]$$ is irreducible. The above isomorphism sends $f$ to $XY + \lambda Z (aX + bY + Z)$ which brings us to the case examined above.
\
*Claim 5*. In case (c), ${{\mathcal F}}$ belongs to ${{\mathcal E}}_4$.
\
We have ${{{\mathcal O}}_E}_{|H} \simeq {{\mathcal O}}_C$, ${{{\mathcal O}}_E}_{|H'} \simeq {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}$ for conic curves $C$ and $C'$ supported on $L$. The kernel of the map ${{\mathcal O}}_E \to {{\mathcal O}}_C$ has Hilbert polynomial $2t-1$ and is stable, because ${{\mathcal O}}_E$ is stable, hence it is isomorphic to ${{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)$. We have a commutative diagram $$\xymatrix
{
0 \ar[r] & {{\mathcal O}}_E \ar[r] \ar[d] & {{\mathcal O}}_E(P') \ar[r] \ar[d] & {{\mathbb C}}_{P'} \ar[r] \ar@{=}[d] & 0 \\
0 \ar[r] & {{\mathcal O}}_C \ar[r] & {{\mathcal O}}_E(P')_{|H} \ar[r] & {{\mathbb C}}_{P'} \ar[r] & 0
}$$ in which the second row is obtained by restricting the first row to $H$. Applying the snake lemma, we obtain the first row of the following exact commutative diagram: $$\xymatrix
{
0 \ar[r] & {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1) \ar[r] & {{\mathcal O}}_E(P') \ar[r] \ar[d] & {{\mathcal O}}_E(P')_{|H} \ar[r] \ar[d]^-{\alpha} & 0 \\
& & {{\mathbb C}}_P \ar@{=}[r] & {{\mathbb C}}_P
}$$ Applying the snake lemma to this diagram, we get the exact sequence $$0 {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1) {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal F}}{\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal Ker}}(\alpha) {\longrightarrow}0.$$ Note that ${{\mathcal Ker}}(\alpha)$ has Hilbert polynomial $2t+1$ and is semi-stable, being a quotient of the stable sheaf ${{\mathcal F}}$. It follows that ${{\mathcal Ker}}(\alpha) \simeq {{\mathcal O}}_C$. Thus, ${{\mathcal F}}$ gives a point in the set ${{\mathbb P}}\big( {\operatorname{Ext}}^1({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)) \big)^{{\scriptstyle \operatorname{s}}}$ of stable non-split extensions of ${{\mathcal O}}_C$ by ${{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)$.
Consider the family of planes $H''_t$, $t \in {{\mathbb P}}^1 \setminus \{ 0, \infty \}$, containing $L$ and different from $H$ and $H'$. Denote $E_t = (H \cup H') \cap (2 H''_t)$. We have a two-dimensional family of semi-stable sheaves $$\{ {{\mathcal O}}_{E_t}(P' - P'') \mid t \in {{\mathbb P}}^1 \setminus \{ 0, \infty \}, \ P'' \in L \setminus \{ P' \} \} \subset {{\mathbb P}}\big( {\operatorname{Ext}}^1({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1))\big).$$ This family is dense in the right-hand-side because ${\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}} ({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)) \simeq {{\mathbb C}}^3$. To prove this we use the standard exact sequence obtained from Thomas’ spectral sequence $$\begin{gathered}
0 \to {\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_{H'}} ({{{\mathcal O}}_C}_{| H'}, {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)) \to {\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}} ({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)) \to \\ {\operatorname{Hom}}({{\mathcal Tor}}_1^{{{\mathcal O}}_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}}({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_{H'}), {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1))
\to {\operatorname{Ext}}^2_{{{\mathcal O}}_{H'}} ({{{\mathcal O}}_C}_{| H'}, {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)),\end{gathered}$$ see also [@choi_chung_maican Lemma 4.2]. Note that ${{{\mathcal O}}_C}_{| H'} \simeq {{\mathcal O}}_L$. Using Serre duality we obtain the isomorphisms $$\begin{aligned}
{\operatorname{Ext}}^2_{{{\mathcal O}}_{H'}} ({{\mathcal O}}_L, {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)) & \simeq {\operatorname{Hom}}_{{{\mathcal O}}_{H'}} ({{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1), {{\mathcal O}}_L(-3))^* = 0, \\
{\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_{H'}} ({{\mathcal O}}_L, {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)) & \simeq {\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_{H'}} ({{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1), {{\mathcal O}}_L(-3))^* \simeq {{\mathbb C}}^2.\end{aligned}$$ The last isomorphism follows from the long exact sequence of extension sheaves $$\begin{gathered}
0 = {\operatorname{Hom}}({{\mathcal O}}_{H'}(-1), {{\mathcal O}}_L(-3)) {\longrightarrow}{\operatorname{Hom}}({{\mathcal O}}_{H'}(-3), {{\mathcal O}}_L(-3)) \simeq \H^0 ({{\mathcal O}}_L) \simeq {{\mathbb C}}\\
{\longrightarrow}{\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_{H'}} ({{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1), {{\mathcal O}}_L(-3)) {\longrightarrow}\\
{\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_{H'}} ({{\mathcal O}}_{H'}(-1), {{\mathcal O}}_L(-3)) \simeq \H^1({{\mathcal O}}_L(-2)) \simeq {{\mathbb C}}{\longrightarrow}{\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_{H'}} ({{\mathcal O}}_{H'}(-3), {{\mathcal O}}_L(-3)) = 0\end{gathered}$$ derived from the short exact sequence $$0 {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal O}}_{H'}(-3) {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal O}}_{H'}(-1) {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1) {\longrightarrow}0.$$ Choose linear forms $u$ and $u'$ defining $H$ and $H'$. Restricting the standard resolution $$0 {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal O}}(-3) \xrightarrow{\tiny \left[ \!\! {\begin{array}}{l} -u \\ (u')^2 {\end{array}}\!\!\! \right]} {{\mathcal O}}(-2) \oplus {{\mathcal O}}(-1)
\xrightarrow{\tiny \left[ \!\! {\begin{array}}{cc} (u')^2 & \!\! u {\end{array}}\!\! \right]} {{\mathcal O}}{\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal O}}_C {\longrightarrow}0$$ to $H'$, we see that ${{\mathcal Tor}}_1^{{{\mathcal O}}_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}}({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_{H'})$ is isomorphic to the cohomology of the complex $${{\mathcal O}}_{H'}(-3) \xrightarrow{\tiny \left[ \!\! {\begin{array}}{l} - u_{| H'} \\ \phantom{-} 0 {\end{array}}\!\! \right]} {{\mathcal O}}_{H'}(-2) \oplus {{\mathcal O}}_{H'}(-1)
\xrightarrow{\tiny \left[ \!\! {\begin{array}}{cc} 0 & \!\! u_{| H'} {\end{array}}\!\! \right]} {{\mathcal O}}_{H'}$$ that is, to ${{\mathcal O}}_L(-2)$. Using the fact that ${{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)$ and ${{\mathcal O}}_L(-2)$ are reflexive, we have the isomorphisms $${\operatorname{Hom}}({{\mathcal O}}_L(-2), {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)) \simeq {\operatorname{Hom}}({{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)^{{\scriptscriptstyle \operatorname{D}}}, {{\mathcal O}}_L(-2)^{{\scriptscriptstyle \operatorname{D}}}) \simeq {\operatorname{Hom}}({{\mathcal O}}_{C'}, {{\mathcal O}}_L) \simeq {{\mathbb C}}.$$ The above discussion shows that $[{{\mathcal F}}]$ is a limit of points in ${\operatorname{M}}_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}(4m)$ of the form $[{{\mathcal O}}_{E_t}(P' - P'')]$, with $P' \neq P''$. Claim 5 now follows from Claim 3.
\
It remains to consider sheaves ${{\mathcal F}}$ given by sequence (\[trivial\_sequence\]) in which ${{\mathcal G}}= {{\mathcal O}}_E(P)$ and $E$ is as at (b). We reduce further to the case when $E$ has no regular points.
\
*Claim 6*. Assume that $E$ has a regular point. Then ${{\mathcal F}}\simeq {{\mathcal O}}_E$, hence ${{\mathcal F}}$ belongs to ${{\mathcal E}}_4$.
\
The proof of the claim is obvious because $P$ in sequence (\[trivial\_sequence\]) can be chosen arbitrarily on $E$. We choose $P \in \operatorname{reg}(E)$. The kernel of the map ${{\mathcal O}}_E(P) \to {{\mathbb C}}_P$ is ${{\mathcal O}}_E$. Note that $E$ belongs to the irreducible component ${\mathbf H}_1$ of ${\operatorname{Hilb}}_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}(4t)$, hence it is the limit of smooth elliptic quartic curves.
\
*Claim 7*. Let $E \subset {{\mathbb P}}^3$ be a quartic curve of arithmetic genus $1$ which is contained in an irreducible cone $\Sigma$, but not in a smooth quadric surface. Assume that $E$ has no regular points. Then we have one of the following two possibilities:
1. $E = \Sigma \cap (H \cup H')$, where $H$, $H'$ are distinct planes each intersecting $\Sigma$ along a double line;
2. $E = \Sigma \cap (2H)$, where $H$ is a plane intersecting $\Sigma$ along a double line.
\
To fix notations assume that $\Sigma$ has vertex $O$ and base a conic curve $\Gamma$ contained in a plane $\Pi$. Assume first that $E = \Sigma \cap \Sigma'$ for $\Sigma'$ another irreducible cone. If $\Sigma$ and $\Sigma'$ have distinct vertices, then $E$ has regular points. Thus, $\Sigma'$ has vertex $O$ and base an irreducible conic curve $\Gamma'$ contained in $\Pi$. Since $E$ has no regular points, $\Gamma \cap \Gamma'$ is the union of two double points $Q_1$ and $Q_2$. Now $E$ is the cone with vertex $O$ and base $Q_1 \cup Q_2$, so $E$ is as at (b1).
Assume next that $E = \Sigma \cap (H \cup H')$ for distinct planes $H$ and $H'$. If $H$ or $H'$ does not contain $O$, then $E$ has regular points. If $H$ or $H'$ is not tangent to $\Gamma$, then $E$ has regular points. We deduce that $E$ is as in (b1).
Assume, finally, that $E = \Sigma \cap (2H)$ for a double plane $2H$. If $O \notin H$, then it can be shown that $E$ is contained in a smooth quadric surface. Indeed, assume that $\Sigma$ has equation $X^2 + Y^2 + Z^2 = 0$ and $H$ has equation $W=0$. Then $E$ is contained in the smooth quadric surface with equation $X^2 + Y^2 + Z^2 + W^2 = 0$. Thus, $O \in H$. If $\Gamma \cap H$ is the union of two distinct points, then $\Gamma \cap (2H)$ is the union of two double points $Q_1$ and $Q_2$ and $E$ is as in (b1). If $\Gamma \cap H$ is a double point, then $E$ is as in (b2).
\
*Claim 8*. In case (b1), ${{\mathcal F}}$ belongs to ${{\mathcal E}}_4$.
\
We have ${{\mathcal O}}_{E | H} \simeq {{\mathcal O}}_C$, ${{\mathcal O}}_{E | H'} \simeq {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}$ for conic curves $C$, $C'$ supported on lines $L$, respectively, $L'$. Assume that $P \in L$ and choose a point $P' \in L$ not necessarily distinct from $P$. Let ${{\mathcal F}}' \in {{\mathcal T}}_4$ be given by the exact sequence $$0 {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal F}}' {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal O}}_E(P') {\longrightarrow}{{\mathbb C}}_P {\longrightarrow}0.$$ As in the first paragraph in the proof of Claim 5, we see that ${{\mathcal F}}'$ gives a point in the set ${{\mathbb P}}\big( {\operatorname{Ext}}^1({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1))\big)^{{\scriptstyle \operatorname{s}}}$. We have $\dim {\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}}({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)) \le 2$. Indeed, start with the exact sequence $$\begin{aligned}
0 \to {\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_{H'}}({{\mathcal O}}_{C | H'}, {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)) & \to {\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}}({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)) \to \\ & \to {\operatorname{Hom}}({{\mathcal Tor}}_1^{{{\mathcal O}}_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}}({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_{H'}), {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)).\end{aligned}$$ The group on the second line vanishes because ${{\mathcal Tor}}_1^{{{\mathcal O}}_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}}({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_{H'})$ is supported on $O$ while ${{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)$ has no zero-dimensional torsion. It follows that $${\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}}({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)) \simeq {\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_{H'}}({{\mathcal O}}_{C | H'}, {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)).$$ The sheaf ${{\mathcal O}}_{C | H'}$ is the structure sheaf of a double point supported on $O$, hence we have the exact sequence $${{\mathbb C}}\simeq {\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_{H'}}({{\mathbb C}}_O, {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)) \to {\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_{H'}}({{\mathcal O}}_{C | H'}, {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)) \to {\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_{H'}}({{\mathbb C}}_O, {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1)) \simeq {{\mathbb C}}$$ from which we get our estimate on the dimension of the middle vector space.
The one-dimensional family ${{\mathcal O}}_E(P' - P)$, $P' \in L \setminus \{ P \}$, is therefore dense in ${{\mathbb P}}\big( {\operatorname{Ext}}^1({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_{C'}(-1))\big)^{{\scriptstyle \operatorname{s}}}$, hence, in view of Claim 3, ${{\mathcal F}}$ is a limit of sheaves in ${{\mathcal E}}_4$. We conclude that ${{\mathcal F}}\in {{\mathcal E}}_4$.
\
*Claim 9*. In case (b2), ${{\mathcal F}}$ belongs to ${{\mathcal E}}_4$.
\
Let $L$ be the reduced support of $\Sigma \cap H$. We have ${{\mathcal O}}_{E | H} \simeq {{\mathcal O}}_C$ for a conic curve supported on $L$. Choose a point $P' \in L$ not necessarily distinct from $P$ and let ${{\mathcal F}}' \in {{\mathcal T}}_4$ be given by the exact sequence $$0 {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal F}}' {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal O}}_E(P') {\longrightarrow}{{\mathbb C}}_P {\longrightarrow}0.$$ As in the first paragraph of the proof of Claim 5, we see that ${{\mathcal F}}'$ gives a point in the set ${{\mathbb P}}\big( {\operatorname{Ext}}^1({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_C(-1))\big)^{{\scriptstyle \operatorname{s}}}$. We have $\dim {\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}}({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_C(-1)) = 5$. This follows from the exact sequence $$\begin{gathered}
0 \to {\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_H}({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_C(-1)) \to {\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}}({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_C(-1)) \to \\
{\operatorname{Hom}}({{\mathcal Tor}}_1^{{{\mathcal O}}_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}}({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_H), {{\mathcal O}}_C(-1)) \to {\operatorname{Ext}}^2_{{{\mathcal O}}_H}({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_C(-1)).\end{gathered}$$
From Serre duality we get $${\operatorname{Ext}}^2_{{{\mathcal O}}_H}({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_C(-1)) \simeq {\operatorname{Hom}}_{{{\mathcal O}}_H}({{\mathcal O}}_C(-1), {{\mathcal O}}_C(-3))^* \simeq \H^0({{\mathcal O}}_C(-2))^* = 0.$$ We have ${{\mathcal Tor}}_1^{{{\mathcal O}}_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}}({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_H) \simeq {{\mathcal O}}_C(-1)$ hence ${\operatorname{Hom}}({{\mathcal Tor}}_1^{{{\mathcal O}}_{{{\mathbb P}}^3}}({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_H), {{\mathcal O}}_C(-1)) \simeq {{\mathbb C}}$. Applying the functor ${\operatorname{Hom}}(\cdot,{{\mathcal O}}_C(-1))$ to the short exact sequence $$0 {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal O}}_H(-2) {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal O}}_H {\longrightarrow}{{\mathcal O}}_C {\longrightarrow}0$$ we obtain the following exact sequence, $$\begin{gathered}
0 \to {\operatorname{Hom}}({{\mathcal O}}_H(-2), {{\mathcal O}}_C(-1)) \simeq \H^0({{\mathcal O}}_C(1)) \simeq {{\mathbb C}}^3 \\
\to {\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_H}({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_C(-1)) \to \\
{\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_H}({{\mathcal O}}_H, {{\mathcal O}}_C(-1)) \simeq \H^1({{\mathcal O}}_C(-1)) \simeq {{\mathbb C}}\to 0,\end{gathered}$$ since ${\operatorname{Hom}}({{\mathcal O}}_H, {{\mathcal O}}_C(-1)) \simeq \H^0({{\mathcal O}}_C(-1)) = 0$, and ${\operatorname{Ext}}^1_{{{\mathcal O}}_H}({{\mathcal O}}_H(-2), {{\mathcal O}}_C(-1)) \simeq \H^1({{\mathcal O}}_C(1)) = 0$.
Denote $Q = L \cap \Pi$. We have a three-dimensional family $\Gamma_t$ of irreducible conic curves in $\Pi$ that contain $Q$ and are tangent to $H$. Let $\Sigma_t$ be the cone with vertex $O$ and base $\Gamma_t$. Put $E_t = \Sigma_t \cap (2H)$. The four-dimensional family ${{\mathcal O}}_{E_t}(P' - P)$, $P' \in L \setminus \{ P \}$ is dense in ${{\mathbb P}}\big( {\operatorname{Ext}}^1({{\mathcal O}}_C, {{\mathcal O}}_C(-1))\big)^{{\scriptstyle \operatorname{s}}}$, hence, in view of Claim 3, ${{\mathcal F}}$ is the limit of sheaves in ${{\mathcal E}}_4$. We conclude that ${{\mathcal F}}\in {{\mathcal E}}_4$.
The proof of Main Theorem \[mthm2\] is finally complete.
Components and connectedness of ${{\mathcal L}}(3)$ {#L(3) section}
===================================================
We are now ready to prove that the moduli space of rank 2 instanton sheaves of charge 3 on ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ is connected and has precisely two irreducible components. Indeed, the two components of $\overline{{{\mathcal L}}(3)}$ have already been identified above:
- $\overline{{{\mathcal I}}(3)}$, whose generic point corresponds to locally free instanton sheaves.
- $\overline{{{\mathcal C}}(1,3,0)}$, whose generic point corresponds to instanton sheaves $E$ fitting into exact sequences of the form $$\label{C(1,3,0)}
0 \to E \to 2\cdot {{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}} \to \iota_*L(2) \to 0$$ where $\iota:\Sigma\hookrightarrow{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ is the inclusion of a nonsingular plane cubic $\Sigma$, and $L\in{\rm Pic}^0(\Sigma)$ is such that $h^0(\Sigma,L)=0$.
Both components have dimension 21; this is classical result for the component ${{\mathcal I}}^{0}(3)$, while the dimension of ${{\mathcal C}}(1,3,0)$ is given by Theorem \[dim C thm\]. In addition, this same result also guarantees that the union ${{\mathcal I}}^{0}(3)\cup {{\mathcal C}}(1,3,0)$ is connected.
Therefore, our task is to prove that $\overline{{{\mathcal L}}(3)}$ has no other irreducible components, i.e. that every instanton sheaf of charge 3 can be deformed either into a locally free instanton sheaf, or into an instanton sheaf given by a sequence of the form (\[C(1,3,0)\]).
So let $E$ be a non locally free instanton sheaf of charge 3, and let $Q_E:=E^{\vee\vee}/E$ be the corresponding rank 0 instanton sheaf; let $d_E$ denote the degree of $Q_E$. There are three possibilities to consider: $d_E=1$, $d_E=2$ and $d_E=3$.
The first possibility is easy to deal with: if $d_E=1$, then $Q_E={{\mathcal O}}_\ell(1)$, where $\ell\hookrightarrow{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ is a line in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$. It follows that $E$ fits into an exact sequence of the form $$0 \to E \to F \to {{\mathcal O}}_\ell(1) \to 0 ~,$$ where $F$ is a locally free instanton sheaf of charge 2. However, [@JMT1 Proposition 7.2] ensures that $E$ can be deformed in a (’t Hooft) locally free instanton sheaf of charge 3. In other words, if $d_E=1$, then $E$ lies within ${{\mathcal I}}^0(3)$.
Now, if $d_E=2$, then, since $Q_E$ is semistable and by Proposition \[components\_2\] above, one can find an affine open subset $0\in U\subset{{\mathbb A}}^1$ and a coherent sheaf $\mathbf{G}$ on ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}\times U$ such that $G_0=Q_E$ and, for $u\ne 0$,
- either $G_u={{\mathcal O}}_\Gamma(3\mathrm{pt})$, where $\Gamma$ is a nonsingular conic in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$;
- or $G_u={{\mathcal O}}_{\ell_1}(1)\oplus{{\mathcal O}}_{\ell_2}(1)$ where $\ell_1$ and $\ell_2$ are skew lines in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$.
Since $d_E=2$, $E^{\vee\vee}$ is a locally free instanton sheaf of charge 1 (a.k.a. a null-correlation bundle); we set $N:=E^{\vee\vee}$ denote such sheaf. Take $\mathbf{F}:=\pi^*N$, where $\pi:{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}\times U \to {{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ is the projection onto the first factor. Let $s:N\twoheadrightarrow Q_E$ be the epimorphism given by the standard sequence (\[std dual sqc\]). For every $u\in U$, the sheaf ${{\mathcal H}{\it om}}(F_u,G_u)\simeq N\otimes G_u$ is supported in dimension 1, thus clearly $H^i({{\mathcal H}{\it om}}(F_u,G_u))=0$ for $i=2,3$. For $u\ne 0$ we can, after possibly shrinking $U$, assume that either $N|_\Gamma\simeq 2\cdot{{\mathcal O}}_\Gamma$ or $N|_{\ell_1}\simeq 2\cdot{{\mathcal O}}_{\ell_1}$ and $N|_{\ell_2}\simeq 2\cdot{{\mathcal O}}_{\ell_2}$; in both situations, it is easy to check that $H^1({{\mathcal H}{\it om}}(F_u,G_u))=0$. Finally, for $u=0$, we twist the resolution of $Q_E$ $$0 \to 2\cdot {{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}(-1) \stackrel{\alpha}{\longrightarrow} 4\cdot {{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}} \stackrel{\beta}{\longrightarrow} 2\cdot {{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}(1) \to Q_E \to 0$$ by $N$ and check that $H^1({{\mathcal H}{\it om}}(F_0,G_0))=H^1(N\otimes Q_E)\simeq H^2(N\otimes B)=0$, where $B:=\operatorname{im}\beta$.
Therefore, it follows from Lemma \[F,G\] that there exists an epimorphism $\mathbf{s}:\mathbf{F}\twoheadrightarrow\mathbf{G}$ extending $s:N\twoheadrightarrow Q_E$. Let $\mathbf{E}:=\ker\mathbf{s}$; clearly, $E_0:=\mathbf{E}|_{\{0\}\times{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}}=E$. For $u\ne 0$, $E_u$ fits into the exact sequence $$0 \to E_u \to N \to G_u \to 0.$$
In the case [**(i)**]{} described above, $G_u$ lies within ${{\mathcal D}}(2,3)$ for $u\ne0$, hence $E=E_0$ lies within $\overline{{{\mathcal D}}(2,3)}$, which is contained in $\overline{{{\mathcal I}}(3)}$ by [@JMT1 Theorem 7.8]. In other words, $E_0$ can be deformed into a locally free instanton sheaf of charge 3, thus it lies within ${{\mathcal I}}^0(3)$.
In the case [**(ii)**]{}, Propostion \[disjoint rat curves\] also implies that $[E_0]\in{{\mathcal I}}^0(3)$.
An argument similar to the one used in the proof of [@JMT1 Proposition 7.2] works to show that $E$ can be deformed into a locally free (’t Hooft) instanton sheaf.
Summing up, we conclude that if $d_E=2$, then $E$ lies within ${{\mathcal I}}^0(3)$.
Finally, consider $d_E=3$, so that $E^{\vee\vee}=2\cdot{{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$. Since $Q_E$ is semistable, it follows from Proposition \[components\_3\] that one can find an affine open subset $0\in U\subset{{\mathbb A}}^1$ and a coherent sheaf $\mathbf{G}$ on ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}\times U$ such that $G_0=Q_E$ and, for $u\ne 0$,
- either $G_u={{\mathcal O}}_\Delta(5\mathrm{pt})$, where $\Delta$ is a nonsingular twisted cubic in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$;
- or $G_u={{\mathcal O}}_\Gamma(3\mathrm{pt})\oplus
{{\mathcal O}}_{\ell}(1)$, where $\Gamma$ is a nonsingular conic and $\ell$ is a line disjoint from $\ell$;
- or $G_u={{\mathcal O}}_{\ell_1}(1)\oplus{{\mathcal O}}_{\ell_2}(1)\oplus{{\mathcal O}}_{\ell_3}(1)$ where $\ell_j$ are 3 skew lines in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$;
- or $G_u=L(2)$, where $L\in\operatorname{{Pic}}^0(\Sigma)$, for some nonsingular plane cubic $\Sigma$ in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$.
Now set $\mathbf{F}:2\cdot\pi^*{{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$. Note that $H^i({{\mathcal H}{\it om}}(F_u,G_u))=H^i(2\cdot G_u)$, and this vanishes for $i=1,2,3$ in all of the four cases outlined above for $u\ne0$; for $u=0$, $H^i(G_0)=H^i(Q_E)$ and this vanishes by dimension of $Q_E$ when $i=2,3$, and by the vanishing of $h^1(Q_E(-2))$ when $i=1$.
We complete the argument as before; again, it follows from Lemma \[F,G\] that there exists an epimorphism $\mathbf{s}:\mathbf{F}\twoheadrightarrow\mathbf{G}$ extending the epimorphism $s:2\cdot{{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}\twoheadrightarrow Q_E$ obtained from the standard sequence (\[std dual sqc\]) for $E$. Let $\mathbf{E}:=\ker\mathbf{s}$; clearly, $E_0:=\mathbf{E}|_{\{0\}\times{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}}=E$. For $u\ne 0$, $E_u$ fits into the exact sequence $$0 \to E_u \to 2\cdot{{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}} \to G_u \to 0.$$
In the cases [**(i)**]{} through [**(iii)**]{}, we know from [@JMT1 Theorem 7.8] and Proposition \[disjoint rat curves\] above that $[E_0]\in\overline{{{\mathcal D}}(3,3)}$, thus also $[E_0]\in{{\mathcal I}}^0(3)$.
In the case [**(iv)**]{}, $E_u$ lies within ${{\mathcal C}}(1,3,0)$, by definition. This completes the proof of the first part of Main Theorem \[mthm1\].
Components and connectedness of ${{\mathcal L}}(4)$ {#L(4) section}
===================================================
In this section we prove the second part of Main Theorem \[mthm1\], i.e. we enumerate the irreducible components of ${{\mathcal L}}(4)$ and show that ${{\mathcal L}}(4)$ is connected. Note that we already know from Theorem \[dim C thm\] four irreducible components of $\overline{{{\mathcal L}}(4)}$:
- $\overline{{{\mathcal I}}(4)}$, whose generic point corresponds to locally free instanton sheaves;
- $\overline{{{\mathcal C}}(1,3,1)}$, whose generic point corresponds to instanton sheaves $E$ fitting into exact sequences of the form $$\label{C(1,3,1)}
0 \to E \to N\to \iota_*L(2) \to 0,$$ where $\iota:\Sigma\hookrightarrow{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ is the inclusion of a nonsingular plane cubic $\Sigma$, and $L\in{\rm Pic}^0(\Sigma)$ is such that $h^0(\Sigma,L)=0$;
- $\overline{{{\mathcal C}}(2,2,0)}$, whose generic point corresponds to instanton sheaves $E$ fitting into exact sequences of the form $$\label{C(2,2,0)}
0 \to E \to 2\cdot{{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}\to \iota_*L(2) \to 0,$$ where $\iota:\Sigma\hookrightarrow{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ is the inclusion of a nonsingular elliptic space quartic $\Sigma$, and $L\in{\rm Pic}^0(\Sigma)$ is such that $h^0(\Sigma,L)=0$;
- $\overline{{{\mathcal C}}(1,4,0)}$, whose generic point corresponds to instanton sheaves $E$ fitting into exact sequences of the form $$\label{C(1,4,0)}
0 \to E \to 2\cdot{{\mathcal O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}\to \iota_*L(2) \to 0,$$ where $\iota:\Sigma\hookrightarrow{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ is the inclusion of a nonsingular plane quartic $\Sigma$, and $L\in{\rm Pic}^2(\Sigma)$ is such that $h^0(\Sigma,L)=0$.
The first three components have dimension 29, and the last one has dimension 32; this is a classical result for the component ${{\mathcal I}}^0(4)$, while the dimensions of ${{\mathcal C}}(1,3,1)$, ${{\mathcal C}}(2,2,0)$ and ${{\mathcal C}}(1,4,0)$ are given by Theorem \[dim C thm\] above. Furthermore, [@JMT2 Theorem 23] implies that each of the last three components intersects ${{\mathcal I}}^0(4)$. Thus the union of these four components is connected.
To finish the proof of the second part of Main Theorem \[mthm1\], it is again enough to show that there are no other components in ${{\mathcal L}}(4)$, except for those described above. The argument here is the same as before, exploring Theorem \[jg-thm\], Remark \[remark 4\] and Proposition \[components\_4\].
Take any $[E]\in{{\mathcal L}}(4)$ and consider the triple (\[std dual sqc\]). Then, in view of Theorem \[jg-thm\] and Remark \[remark 4\], $Q_E$ is a rank 0 instanton sheaf of multiplicity $1\le d_E\le 4$, and $E^{\vee\vee}$ is an instanton bundle of charge $4-d_E$. Consider the possible cases for $d_E$.
[$\mathbf{d_E=1.}$]{} As in the similar case in Section \[L(3) section\], $Q_E={{\mathcal O}}_{\ell}(1)$ where $l$ is a line in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$. Respectively, $[E^{\vee\vee}]\in{{\mathcal I}}(3)$. Deforming $\ell$ in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ we may assume that $E^{\vee\vee}|_{\ell}\simeq2\cdot{{\mathcal O}}_{\ell}$, so that $[E]\in{{\mathcal D}}(1,4)$. Therefore, $[E]\in{{\mathcal I}}^0(4)$.
[$\mathbf{d_E=2.}$]{} As in the similar case in Section \[L(3) section\], $Q_E$ can be deformed in a flat family either into a sheaf ${{\mathcal O}}_\Gamma(3\mathrm{pt})$, where $\Gamma$ is a nonsingular conic in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$, or into a sheaf ${{\mathcal O}}_{\ell_1}(1)\oplus{{\mathcal O}}_{\ell_2}(1)$ where $\ell_1$ and $\ell_2$ are skew lines in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$. Respectively, $[E^{\vee\vee}]\in{{\mathcal I}}(2)$. Now the same argument as in Section \[L(3) section\] shows that $[E]\in{{\mathcal I}}^0(4)$.
[$\mathbf{d_E=3.}$]{} Then $E^{\vee\vee}$ is a null-correlation bundle and, as in the case $d_E=3$ of Section \[L(3) section\], the sheaf $Q_E$ deforms in a flat family to one of the sheaves:
- $L(2)$, where $L\in\operatorname{{Pic}}^0(\Sigma)$, for some nonsingular plane cubic $\Sigma$ in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$.
- ${{\mathcal O}}_\Delta(5\mathrm{pt})$, where $\Delta$ is a nonsingular twisted cubic in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$;
- ${{\mathcal O}}_\Gamma(3\mathrm{pt})\oplus{{\mathcal O}}_{\ell}(1)$, where $\Gamma$ is a nonsingular conic and $\ell$ is a line disjoint from $\ell$;
- ${{\mathcal O}}_{\ell_1}(1)\oplus{{\mathcal O}}_{\ell_2}(1)\oplus
{{\mathcal O}}_{\ell_3}(1)$ where $\ell_j$ are 3 skew lines in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$.
By definition, $[E]\in\overline{{{\mathcal C}}(1,3,1)}$ in case [**(i)**]{}. The same argument as in Section \[L(3) section\], based on [@JMT1 Theorem 7.8] and Proposition \[disjoint rat curves\], shows that $[E]\in\overline{{{\mathcal I}}(4)}$ in cases [**(ii)**]{} through [**(iv)**]{}.
$\mathbf{d_E=4.}$ Then $E^{\vee\vee}\simeq2\cdot{{\mathcal O}}_{{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}}$ and, according to Proposition \[components\_4\], the sheaf $Q_E$ deforms in a flat family to one of the sheaves:
- $L(2)$, where $L\in\operatorname{{Pic}}^2(\Sigma)$, for some nonsingular plane quartic $\Sigma$ in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$, and $L$ satisfies an open condition $h^1(L)=0$;
- $L(2)$, where $0\ne L\in\operatorname{{Pic}}^0(\Delta)$, for some nonsingular space elliptic quartic $\Delta$ in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$;
- ${{\mathcal O}}_{\Delta}(7\mathrm{pt})$ for some nonsingular rational space quartic $\Delta$ in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$;
- $L(2)\oplus{{\mathcal O}}_{\ell}(1)$, where $L\in\operatorname{{Pic}}^0(\Sigma)$, for some nonsingular plane cubic $\Sigma$ in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$ and a line $\ell$ disjoint from $\Sigma$;
- ${{\mathcal O}}_\Delta(5\mathrm{pt})\oplus{{\mathcal O}}_{\ell}(1)$, where $\Delta$ is a nonsingular twisted cubic and $\ell$ is a line disjoint from $\Delta$;
- ${{\mathcal O}}_\Gamma(3\mathrm{pt})\oplus{{\mathcal O}}_{\ell_1}(1)
\oplus{{\mathcal O}}_{\ell_2}(1)$, where $\Gamma$ is a nonsingular conic and $\ell_1,\ \ell_2$ are two skew lines disjoint from $\Gamma$;
- ${{\mathcal O}}_{\ell}(1)\oplus{{\mathcal O}}_{\ell_2}(1)
\oplus{{\mathcal O}}_{\ell_3}(1)\oplus{{\mathcal O}}_{\ell_4}(1)$, where $\ell_1,\ \ell_2,\ \ell_3,\ \ell_4$ are four disjoint lines in ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$.
In case [**(i)**]{}, since, in the notation of Lemma $\ref{F,G}$, $F_0=2\cdot{{\mathcal O}}_{{{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}}$ and $G_0=L$, hence $H^i({{\mathcal H}{\it om}}(F_0,G_0))=0,\ \ \ i\ge1,$ and therefore the condition (\[vanish Hi\]) is satisfied by the semicontinuity, so that the deformation argument as above shows that $E\in\overline{{{\mathcal C}}(1,4,0)}$.
In case [**(ii)**]{}, by the same reason, $[E]\in\overline{{{\mathcal L}}(2,2,0)}$.
In case [**(iii)**]{}, a similar argument shows that $[E]\in\overline{{{\mathcal D}}(4,4)}$, and therefore $[E]\in\overline{{{\mathcal I}}(4)}$.
In case [**(iv)**]{}, Proposition \[disjoint curves\] above guarantees that $[E]\in\overline{{{\mathcal L}}(1,3,1)}$.
In the cases remaining, [**(v)**]{} through [**(vii)**]{}, as in cases [**(ii)**]{} and [**(iii)**]{} for $d_E=3$ above, we again obtain $[E]\in\overline{{{\mathcal I}}(4)}$.
Main Theorem \[mthm1\] is finally proved.
[99]{}
E. Ballico, S. Huh, Stable sheaves on a smooth quadric surface with linear Hilbert bipolynomials. The Scientific World Journal (2014), Article ID 346126.
D. Chen, S. Nollet, Detaching embedded points. Algebra Number Theory [**6**]{} (2012), 731–756.
J. Choi, K. Chung, M. Maican, Moduli of sheaves supported on quartic space curves. Michigan Math. J. [**65**]{} (2016), 637–671.
L. Costa, G. Ottaviani, Nondegenerate multidimensional matrices and instanton bundles. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. [**355**]{} (2003), 49–55.
J.-M. Drézet, M. Maican, On the geometry of the moduli spaces of semi-stable sheaves supported on plane quartics. Geom. Dedicata [**152**]{} (2011), 17–49.
H.-G. Freiermuth, G. Trautmann, On the moduli scheme of stable sheaves supported on cubic space curves. Amer. J. Math. [**126**]{} (2004), 363–393.
M. Hauzer, A. Langer, Moduli Spaces of Framed Perverse Instanton Sheaves on ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$. Glasgow Math. J. **53** (2011), 51–96.
D. Huybrechts, M. Lehn, *The Geometry of Moduli Spaces of Sheaves*. Aspects of Mathematics E31, Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1997.
M. N. Huxley, Exponential sums and lattice points III. Proc. London Math. Soc. [**87**]{} (2003), 591–609.
M. Jardim, Instanton sheaves on complex projective spaces. Collec. Math. [**57**]{} (2006), 69–91.
M. Jardim, M. Gargate, On the singular locus of rank $2$ instanton sheaves. Internat. J. Math. [**27**]{} (2016), 1640006.
M. Jardim, D. Markushevich, A. S. Tikhomirov, New divisors in the boundary of the instanton moduli space. Preprint arXiv:1501.00736. M. Jardim, D. Markushevich, A. S. Tikhomirov, Two infinite series of moduli spaces of rank 2 sheaves on $\mathbb{P}^3$. To appear in Ann. Mat. Pura Appl. Preprint arXiv:1604.01605. M. Jardim, M. Verbitsky, Trihyperkahler reduction and instanton bundles on ${{\mathbb{P}^{3}}}$. Compositio Math. [**150**]{} (2014) 1836–1868.
M. Maican, A duality result for moduli spaces of semistable sheaves supported on projective curves. Rend. Semin. Mat. Univ. Padova [**123**]{} (2010), 55–68.
M. Maican, Moduli of space sheaves with Hilbert polynomial $4m+1$. Preprint arXiv:1601.02153
S. Nollet, The Hilbert schemes of degree three curves. Ann. scient. Éc. Norm. Sup., $4^e$ Série, **30** (1997), 367–384.
J. Le Potier, Systèmes cohérent et structures de niveau. Astérisque [**214**]{} (1993).
J. Le Potier, Faisceaux semi-stables de dimension 1 sur le plan projectif. Rev. Roumaine Math. Pures Appl. [**38**]{} (1993), 635–678.
I. Shafarevich, *Basic Algebraic Geometry I*. Second, Revised and Expanded Edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1994.
A. S. Tikhomirov, Moduli of mathematical instanton vector bundles with odd $c_2$ on projective space. Izvestiya: Mathematics [**76**]{} (2012), 991–1073.
A. S. Tikhomirov, Moduli of mathematical instanton vector bundles with even $c_2$ on projective space. Izvestiya: Mathematics [**77**]{} (2013), 1331–1355.
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{
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
}
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Show HN: Oorja, OSS video/voice chat app with realtime collaborative features - akshayKMR
https://github.com/akshayKMR/oorja
======
akshayKMR
I'd recommend you use Chrome on desktop for trying out the app. Cheers!
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{
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
}
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Population pharmacokinetics of docetaxel during phase I studies using nonlinear mixed-effect modeling and nonparametric maximum-likelihood estimation.
Docetaxel, a novel anticancer agent, was given to 26 patients by short i.v. infusion (1-2 h) at various dose levels (70-115 mg/m2, the maximum tolerated dose) during 2 phase I studies. Two population analyses, one using NONMEM (nonlinear mixed-effect modeling) and the other using NPML (nonparametric maximum-likelihood), were performed sequentially to determine the structural model; estimate the mean population parameters, including clearance (Cl) and interindividual variability; and find influences of demographic covariates on them. Nine covariates were included in the analyses: age, height, weight, body surface area, sex, performance status, presence of liver metastasis, dose level, and type of formulation. A three-compartment model gave the best fit to the data, and the final NONMEM regression model for Cl was Cl = BSA(Theta1 + Theta02 x AGE), expressing Cl (in liters per hour) directly as a function of body surface area. Only these two covariates were considered in the NPML analysis to confirm the results found by NONMEM. Using NONMEM [for a patient with mean AGE (52.3 years) and mean BSA (1.68 m2)] and NPML, docetaxel Cl was estimated to be 35.6 l/h (21.2 lh-1 m-2) and 37.2 l/h with interpatient coefficients of variations (CVs) of 17.4% and 24.8%, respectively. The intraindividual CV was estimated at 23.8% by NONMEM; the corresponding variability was fixed in NPML in an additive Gaussian variance error model with a 20% CV. Discrepancies were found in the mean volume at steady state (Vss; 83.21 for NPML versus 1241 for NONMEM) and in terminal half-lives, notably the mean t1/2 gamma, which was shorter as determined by NPML (7.89 versus 12.2 h), although the interindividual CV was 89.1% and 62.7% for Vss and t1/2 gamma, respectively. However, the NPML-estimated probability density function (pdf) of t1/2 gamma was bimodal (5 and 11.4 h), probably due to the imbalance of the data. Both analyses suggest a similar magnitude of mean Cl decrease with small BSA and advanced age.
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{
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Docado Syndicate
The Docado Syndicate is a six person horse racing ownership group from Ireland. The syndicate includes Eamon Doyle and Kitty Carr, owners of the Park House Hotel in Galway City for the past 34 years. Doyle and Carr are also the owners of the Galway Restaurant, also located in Galway City. Along with Doyle and Carr, the Docado Syndicate ownership group also includes Carr’s sister Maura, her husband Sylvie Dowd and their children Tom and Ann Marie. The Syndicate’s name, Docado, is formed by using the first two letters of the principal owners’ last names: DOwd, CArr, DOwd.
The Docado Syndicate is the owner of Go Native, who is trained by Noel Meade. Go Native was purchased by Doyle and Carr three years ago for £25,000 from one of their regular customers, well known horse dealer, Martin Cullinane of Athenry, Ireland. He is the only horse owned by group.
In reference to Go Native, Carr was quoted as saying: "We had been talking about buying a horse for a year before we approached Martin Cullinane about it. He kept an eye out for a good one for us and, about three years ago, we bought Go Native." Since their purchase, Go Native has won seven races and placed second in three, accumulating £310,254 in winnings. Three of Go Native's seven wins have come in Grade 1 National Hunt races.
After winning the Fighting Fifth Hurdle and Christmas Hurdle, Docado’s Go Native became the only horse to win the first two legs of the Triple Crown of Hurdling since it was established in 2006. Needing only the Champion Hurdle to complete the treble and collect the £1m bonus put up by WBX, Go Native went on to finish a disappointing 10th out of 12 entries.
The group considers their purchase and racing of horses as a hobby.
Major Race Wins
Go Native : (Supreme Novices' Hurdle - 2009)
Go Native : (Fighting Fifth Hurdle - 2009)
Go Native : (Christmas Hurdle - 2009)
References
Category:Irish racehorse owners and breeders
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
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var convert = require('./convert'),
func = convert('methodOf', require('../methodOf'));
func.placeholder = require('./placeholder');
module.exports = func;
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{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
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Très honorable avec félicitations
Très honorable avec félicitations du jury, meaning "Very Honorable, with Committee Praise", is the highest academic distinction awarded in the French academic university system.
The doctoral academic distinctions are, in ascending order, honorable, très honorable, très honorable avec félicitations du jury.<ref>Arrêté du 7 août 2006</ref> They are entirely distinct from bachelor's and master's distinctions, which are Assez bien, Bien and Très bien, as they are awarded by the Thesis Committee right after the thesis' Defense. The félicitations du jury'' are an exceptional distinction, requiring a positive secret vote by the Committee and a special memo to be written by the Committee Chairperson to justify this honor.
References
Category:Doctoral degrees
Category:Academic honours
Category:Education in France
Category:Academia in France
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
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The antiarrhythmic pharmaceutically active compound, (+)-N-[1'-(6-Cyano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-napthalenyl)-3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy spiro[2H-1-benzopyran-2,4'-piperidin]yl]methanesulfonamide (Formula I) is a potent potassium channel blocker for treatment of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. It is currently undergoing intensive clinical trials. In order to support the on-going clinical study, a practical, asymmetric bioreduction of 6-bromo-2-tetralone (Formula II) to (S)-6-bromo-2-tetraol (Formula III) is highly desirable. The synthesis of the chiral alcohol of Formula I is challenging because it contains a unique spiro-fused ring system and two remote chiral centers which must be controlled independently. ##STR1##
As an alternative to asymmetric chemical synthesis of the intermediate (S)-6-bromo-2-tetraol, a bioconversion process, employing the yeast strain Trichosporon capitatum (MY 1890) and the substrate 6-bromo-2-tetralone is presented. This asymmetric bioreduction process yields to rapid process improvements, including rebalancing the cultivation medium and optimizing the bioconversion conditions. The use of 5 to 10% (v/v) ethanol to solubilize the substrate was found to be critical in maintaining high optical purity of the (S)-6-bromo-2-tetraol. Glucose present in the cultivation medium was found to have a negative effect on optical purity and was replaced by glycerol. When this process was scaled up to production size quantities, (S)-6-bromo-2-tetraol with an enantiomeric excess greater than 98% was obtained.
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{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
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Q:
XML Variables don't allow inspection in IntelliJ 11 Flex Debugger
I recently upgraded to IntelliJ 11 and the version 10 debugger used to allow for E4X / XML debugging. I was able to expand the children and inspect elements/attributes of XML but now I can't get that to work. Has something changed/broken? Does anyone know how to fix it?
A:
Turns out that this was a configuration error in my IntelliJ project. I had to make sure to have the SDK set properly.
I deleted the SDK I had set on this project and recreated it. Then I went into each module and set it to the correct SDK (not project sdk) and things started working.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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# O3X - trim unwanted linux support code
#SUBDIRS = bash_completion.d dracut initramfs
#DIST_SUBDIRS = bash_completion.d dracut initramfs
SUBDIRS = bash_completion.d
DIST_SUBDIRS = bash_completion.d
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{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
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Covering books and digital resources across all fields of history
Browse all Reviews
The ratification of the 13th Amendment in December 1865 marked the crowning achievement in the history of American abolitionism. The sesquicentennial anniversary of this amendment has led to a recent avalanche of scholarship on the downfall of American slavery and the coming of freedom for more than four million slaves. Who abolished slavery? How was slavery abolished?
It was hardly to be expected that the sesquicentennial might come and go without the Civil War’s most preeminent historian offering his thoughts on the subject, and James McPherson has not let us down. Not that The War that Forged a Nation is in any direct sense a comment on or reaction to the sesquicentennial; it is neither.
We are now a generation into an ‘Atlantic turn’ in writing early American history. Jordan Landes and Abram C. Van Engen make welcome, but different, contributions through their arguments about emotions in Puritan New England and networking by London Quakers.
The Devils We Know: Us and Them in America’s Raucous Political Culture brings together a fine selection of James A. Morone’s essays combining the two areas to which he has devoted the last 25 years of his career: American political thought and American political development.
Scholars of contemporary religious history, of art history, and of the immigrant experience will find much to interest them in this fine volume from Samantha Baskind of Cleveland State University, Ohio.
The cotton industry is fundamental to the development of global capitalism and broadly shaped the world we live in today. It is therefore important to realise the extent to which this depended on the militarisation of trade, massive land expropriation, genocide and slavery.
The pejorative ‘Massachusetts liberal’ has been a staple of American political discourse for decades. Then-senator John Kerry, noted wind-surfer and Francophone, was dogged by the tag throughout his 2004 presidential campaign.
The Presidency of Richard Nixon has stimulated much study from historians and political scientists mostly focusing upon the Vietnam War, ‘triangular diplomacy’ with China and the Soviet Union, Nixon’s partnership with Henry Kissinger and of course the Watergate scandal.
In one of his last letters to his neighbor and confidant, Thomas Jefferson asked James Madison ‘to take care of me when dead’.(1) Jefferson, like most of the ‘founding fathers’ thought deeply about his legacy and place in history. He spent hours arranging his papers for posterity and composed a memoir of sorts, the ‘Anas’, in an effort to set the record straight.
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Some older men on top singles dating sites are complaining there are not enough women registered on these Online personals sites. Older women, that is women over the age of 50, say they don’t register on these sites because men their own age are not interested in what they have to offer. They say that women their age are in limbo, and if there is a shortage of women on these sites it might be because younger women are looking for rich older men not the average guy recently divorced and looking to relive his youth. Divorced men don’t agree, in fact there have been comments stating that the reason that older women do not join these dating communities because they either lack confidence or it might be because of the hormonal changes that women go through after menopause. According to one man’s personal blog, It appears that the lack of estrogen may affect a woman’s need for male companionship.
The truth may be a combination of both statements they don’t sign up for certain sites that senior men frequent because older men prefer to look for younger women, they find that older men do not appreciate sexual maturity or confidence and many older women are into a little experimentation. Regardless if they are widowed or divorced they aren’t going to sit home mourning for long. And they are not going to go to a seniors dating site to find love when there are plenty of younger men with Mrs Robinson fantasies and lesbian or bi curious sites to explore.
In reality if women are looking for men their own age to date will ask their pastor, their friends and even their hairdresser but if they are looking for sex they will check out the online personals and the newspaper ads for hot and horny singles. Even the older woman that never married can find happiness online. They don’t have to worry about being called an old maid or a spinster.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN
Detail Newsletter
We will keep you informed about international projects, news on architectural and design topics, research and current events in our newsletter.
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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After last night’s spirited march against police violence and in solidarity with the rebellion in Ferguson, we felt it might be useful to share some resources with people in Tucson. We hope folks can use these to continue building momentum for ongoing struggle against the police here in Tucson.
More resources geared toward alternatives to policing and incarceration are being compiled now, so keep an eye out for those. Also, this list will be updated regularly, so feel free to contact us with suggestions for more content. It’s also worth noting that there’s an outrageous English-language bias in these materials – if anyone can help with translation, we will do layout for versions in other languages.
We can get free hard copies of zines and posters (including in larger quantities) to people in the Tucson area. Send us an email at tucsonabc@riseup.net.
Something is happening, let’s not drop the ball.
Tactics
What Is Security Culture?
Blocs, Black and Otherwise
Blockade, Occupy, Strike Back
Banner Drops, Stencils, Wheatpaste & Distributing Information
How to Do It (poster)
Let One Hundred Flowerpots Bloom
10 Points on the Black Bloc
This zine is a rough transcript of Harsha Walia’s defense of black bloc tactics during a debate following actions against the 2010 Vancouver Olympics. Video of her half of the debate can be seen here.
Ferguson and Other Recent Anti-Police Struggles
Dispatches from Ferguson, Vol. 1
What They Mean When They Say Peace & The Making of Outside Agitators
Unforgiving and Inconsolable (Durham, 2013 – 2014)
The Flatbush Rebellion (New York, 2013)
Don’t Die Wondering: Atlanta Against the Police (2011 – 2012)
Denver Fights Back (2010 – 2011)
Burning the Bridges They Are Building: Anarchist Strategies Against the Police (Seattle, 2011)
Unfinished Acts (Oakland, 2009)
Historical Moments in Policing, Violence, and Resistance Series
The zines below are borrowed from http://project-nia.org/resources.php. There, you can also find tons more resources on policing, incarceration, and alternatives.
The Police Execution of Oscar Grant
by Olivia Perlow and Lakeesha J. Harris
Chicago’s Red Summer of 1919
by Elizabeth Dadabo
An (Abridged) History of Resisting Police Violence in Harlem by Mariame Kaba
“We Don’t Want this to Look Like a Massacre”: The Danziger Bridge Shootings
by Mariame Kaba
Other Related and Reccomended Reading
Against Innocence: Race, Gender, and the Politics of Safety
Anarchy Works: Crime
Why Riot?
Posters
You Only Live Once
Too Many Cops, Too Little Justice
A.C.A.B.
The Police
Seven Myths About the Police
FTP, Find Each Other, Fight Back
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Electron paramagnetic resonance properties of liver fluke (Dicrocoelium dendriticum) nitrosyl hemoglobin.
The electron paramagnetic resonance properties of the nitric oxide derivative of liver fluke (Dicrocoelium dendriticum) hemoglobin (DD-Hb) have been investigated in the pH range from 4.8 to 7.8. In the neutral and alkaline regions the spectra have a rhombic shape, with gx = 2.09, gy = 1.99 and gz = 2.009, and a triplet hyperfine structure of 2.2 mT, due to the nitrogen of the bound NO molecule, in the center resonance. No superhyperfine lines in the gz region, related to the interaction of the iron with the proximal histidine, are detected, suggesting a large distance between the metal and the N epsilon of the imidazole. By lowering the pH the EPR spectrum undergoes a reversible change showing a 3-line pattern in the high-field region. Such a spectrum is fully formed at pH 4.8 and is interpreted in terms of a dissociation of the proximal histidine from the heme iron.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Fifteen-year-old midfielder Alphonso Davies on Saturday became the second-youngest player ever to start an MLS game, when the Vancouver Whitecaps included him in their lineup for their match at BC Place against the Colorado Rapids.
Davies, a Homegrown Player from Edmonton, Alberta, had been a member of the Whitecaps' residency program and had been playing for the Whitecaps FC 2 reserve team when he signed with Vancouver on July 15, the same day the team announced midfielder Kekuta Manneh had undergone surgery to correct a broken bone in his foot. Davies was the third-youngest player ever to sign an MLS contract.
A 5-10, 155-pounder who has featured for the Canadian Under-15, Under-18 and Under-20 teams, Davies had previously come off the bench in six league matches this season for the Whitecaps. He also played four games in the Amway Canadian Championship, including two starts.
D.C. United's Freddy Adu, at 14 years, 334 days old, was the youngest player ever to play and start an MLS game, when he was included in DC's starting XI against the San Jose Earthquakes back on May 1, 2004.
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{
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}
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Q:
gluLookAt glitch
I drew an object consisting of 2 tangent spheres, which is itself tangent to a wall (schema below). Using gluLookAt(), I set the camera in x point (first sphere center), looking to y point (second sphere center), so practically I see along the wall. But then, I can see a bit inside the wall (some of ']'s).
[ ]
(x)[ ]
(y)[ ]
[ ]
Does anyone know what the problem could be?
Observation: if I move the spheres a bit further from the wall, the glitch disappears, however I don't understand why it is present when the spheres are very close to the wall.
A:
Sounds to me like it's a clipping artefact - how far away from the wall is the camera, and where is the near clip plane?
If the clip-plane is far enough out to extend into the wall, the wall will be clipped and you will see through (or into) it.
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{
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Time course of radiation-induced apoptosis in the adult rat spinal cord.
Radiation-induced apoptosis has been reported in thymic, lymphoid, haematopoietic cells and intestinal epithelium but is infrequently documented in other adult mammalian cell types. In this study, we examined the time course of radiation-induced apoptosis in the adult cervical rat spinal cord following a single dose of 8 or 22 Gy. Apoptosis was assessed by morphological criteria under light and electron microscopy, and immunohistochemically in-situ using Apoptag to detect 3' -OH ends of DNA fragments. Little evidence of apoptosis (0.3 +/- 0.1 apoptotic nuclei per spinal cord section) was observed in control un-irradiated spinal cord. A significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells per spinal cord section was seen at 4 h after 8 (13.6 +/- 1.3) or 22 Gy (22.0 +/- 2.7). The number of apoptotic nuclei reached a peak at 8 h (44.7 +/- 3.7 after 8 Gy, 49.5 +/- 4.3 after 22 Gy), and returned to the baseline level by 24 h (2.4 +/- 0.7 after 8 Gy, 3.3 +/- 0.7 after 22 Gy). A dose of 22 Gy induced significantly more apoptoses than 8 Gy at 4, 6, 10 and 12 h (P < or = 0.033), but not at 8 h. More apoptotic nuclei were observed in white matter (64-92%) than gray matter (8-36%). All the apoptotic cells were observed in glial cells, and there was no evidence of radiation-induced apoptosis in the vascular endothelial cells or neurons. The morphological features of the apoptotic cells under electron microscopy and the absence of GFAP staining suggested that they were oligodendrocytes. We conclude that radiation induces apoptosis in the adult rat spinal cord, and that the development of apoptosis follows a specific time course.
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{
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The effects of post-treatment with lisofylline, a phosphatidic acid generation inhibitor, on sepsis-induced acute lung injury in pigs.
The effects of lisofylline [(R)-1-(5-hydroxyhexyl)-3,7-dimethylxanthine] (LSF), an inhibitor of de novo phosphatidic acid (PA) generation, on sepsis-induced acute lung injury was studied using Hanford minipigs weighing 18 to 25 kg. Sepsis was induced by an intravenous infusion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1 x 10(6)/colony-forming units/kg/min over 2 h). Saline was used as the control vehicle. Six groups were studied: saline control group (SALINE: n = 5); sepsis control group (SEPSIS: n = 5); LSF control group (LSF: n = 5), which received a 25-mg/kgbolus of LSF 30 min before time zero followed by continuous infusion of 10 mg/kg/h throughout the study; LSF-treated septic groups, which were treated with LSF 30 min prior to sepsis (Pre: n = 5), 1 h postonset (Post-1 h: n = 8) or h postonset (Post-2 h: n = 8) of the bacterial infusion. Hemodynamics PaO2, neutrophil counts, and plasma porcine tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations were monitored for 6 h. After the minipigs were killed, lung tissue was sampled to measured wet-to-dry weight ratio (W/D), tissue albumin index (TAI), thiobarbituric acid-reactive material content (TBARM), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Compared with the SALINE group, the SEPSIS group showed significant systemic hypotension, pulmonary hypertension, arterial hypoxemia, neutropenia, and increase in TNF-alpha, MPO activity, W/D, TBARM, and TAI. LSF treatment attenuated sepsis-induced pulmonary hypertension, neutropenia, and hypoxemia, and increased MPO activity and lung injury measurements in the Pre and Post-1 h groups, but its efficacy was blunted in the Post-2 h group. Plasma TNF-alpha was decreased only in the Pre group. Thus, inhibition of intracellular PA generation through de novo pathways attenuates sepsis-induced acute lung injury.
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{
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In celebration of Ghostbusters Day over the weekend, our friends at Spirit Halloween unleashed a brand new decoration for this year’s Halloween season, recreating the Terror Dog from the original Ghostbusters for a life-size replica measuring 30″ tall and 59″ long!
The officially licensed replica weighs just under 50 pounds(!), and it’s made of latex and foam. Its eyes even light up a glowing red, and it comes with the batteries it needs to come alive.
Spirit details, “Your favorite Ghostbusters character is alive! This life-size Terror Dog replica will make all of your guests stare in fear and give them a thrill as its eyes light up a glowing red. Once the beast is unleashed, we suggest you run while you can! It could be too late once this demonic dog has you in its grip!”
The cost? $499, with a shipping date of on or before 8/21/19.
Pre-order yours today!
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July 8, 2008
Hold off the next time you grab a disposable bottle of water while picking up your coffee at Starbucks. Their Ethos water may economically benefit some peoples , but the bottle most definately HURTS. Turns out that most of the Styrofoam Jamba Juice cups and discarded flip-flops in the oceans are washed from land and not dumped by ocean going vessels as is the normal thinking according to the Algalita Marine Research Foundation. I became aware of this organization and it’s research while working on a new TV show recently that visited with a couple of their amazing scientists that are putting their lives at risk to make us aware of the trash we produce everyday. They are sailing into the ocean towards a texas sized patch of plastic soup that is referred to as the “Pacific trash gyre” or “plastic vortex”. The sailers and researchers heading this project, Marcus Eriksen and Joel Paschal, were featured on the green reality series called “Mario’s Greenhouse” with Actor and Director, Mario Van Peebles (Voom Networks). At the time of videotaping with them, they were still in the construction phase of their ocean going vessel affectionately named, Junk Raft, that departed from Los Angeles on June 2nd, 2008.
From the official website:
“Algalita staff set sail on “Junk,” a raft built on 15,000 plastic bottles. Their 2,100 mile journey will take them through the plastic-plagued Northern Pacific Gyre. Designed by Dr. Marcus Eriksen and Joel Paschal, the raft boasts an airplane fuselage, discarded fishing nets, a solar generator, and a wind turbine. This ambitious journey will bring further public attention to the plastic marine debris issue.”
Eriksen and Paschal manage to upload blog entries and video from the middle of Pacific somehow. For this their blog, junkraft.blogspot.com, deserves a visit by all of us. It’s amazing stuff and you can read about their trip AND the massive trash gyre that you may have heard about on the news that their parent organization, The Algalita Marine Research Foundation, is given credit for finding.
From a Starbucks document:
“If only 50 customers a day in every store were to use reusable mugs, Starbucks would save 150,000 disposable paper cups daily. This equals 1.7 million pounds of paper, 3.7 million pounds of solid waste, and 150,000 trees a year.”
In 2000 when this report was generated there were only 6500 stores worldwide. In 2007 there are 13,168 stores which means over 300,000 trees could be saved from landfills by BRINGING YOUR OWN CUP.
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}
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RESEARCH EDUCATION CORE SUMMARY The goal of the Research Education Core is to attract and catalyze a new generation of diverse research professionals and biomedical scientists who are committed to elucidating and addressing the cancer disparities outcomes faced by so many in South Carolina and the US. During the five-year U 5 4 project period, undergraduates at South Carolina State University (SCSU) and junior faculty at SCSU and the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC-HCC) will be designated as South Carolina Cancer Disparities Research Center (SC CADRE) Scholars. Building from multiple ongoing efforts, the leaders of the SC CADRE are proposing a dual-level, integrated Research Education Core with an explicit focus on cancer health disparities. Expanded research education and training opportunities will be directed to both levels of Scholars. To realize the goal of the SC CADRE Research Education Core, the SCSU and MUSC-HCC Core Co-Leads plan to establish a new undergraduate SC CADRE Honors Program in Applied Oncology Sciences Research within the Department of Biological and Physical Sciences at SCSU to increase the pipeline of highly skilled, diverse undergraduates who pursue careers in biomedical research and cancer disparities. A new cancer research career development program at SCSU and MUSC-HCC will also be implemented for junior faculty who are interested in establishing independent careers in cancer disparities research. Within the Research Education Core, the SC CADRE undergraduate and junior faculty Scholars will interact as they participate in coursework and/or career development programming, weekly SC CADRE Research Club meetings, monthly seminar series, and an annual SC CADRE Cancer Health Equity Research Symposium. Through the Research Education Core, SCSU will hire two new junior faculty Scholars and MUSC-HCC will hire one new junior faculty Scholar, all of whom will be early-stage investigators (ESIs). Both levels of Scholars will actively engage in numerous SC CADRE enrichment activities and activities planned by the Community Outreach Core, which will work directly with Research Education Core leadership to s t r e s s the importance of community engagement in developing, conducting, and disseminating cancer disparities research.
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{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
}
|
Worried about Bitcoin? George Soros is getting into it….
George Soros, a noted currency trader who called Bitcoin a “bubble” in January – is going to be trading cryptocurrencies! This is according to an article in Bloomberg, which has been getting a lot of play in the internet! Read it here:
“Soros has already been indirectly betting on crypto. The firm amassed a stake in Overstock.com in the fourth quarter, making it the third-biggest shareholder of the discount e-commerce company. In August 2017 it became the first major retailer to accept digital currencies. The company had also planned to start an exchange for cryptocurrencies as well as offer digital coins that could trade on the platform. – Bloomberg Article“
Soros is a major Player in the Forex/currency markets, and his venture into Bitcoin shows that an old dog can learn new tricks! Mr. Soros is a shrewd investor and I suspect he sees a way to make some serious money off Cryptocurrency and businesses utilizing Cryptocurrency. The Founder of Overstock, Patrick M Byrne, has been outspoken about Bitcoin, Here is one of his talks:
Patrick M. Byrne on “Why Cryptocurrencies matter”
At this time I don’t own any Overstock.com stock, but I am going to keep an eye on it and consider investing if it dips.
Mr. Soro’s entry into bitcoin is a welcome sign to this Bitcoin fancier, and I expect his investments will be a worthy foray into the cryptocurrency market. With Bitcoin entering it’s second decade of growth and volatility, this is an exciting time to play in the cryptocurrency sandbox, or just watch from the sidelines! Best of Luck to you, George Soros and Patrick M. Byrne!
Thank you for reading my blog, and feel free to share! Best of luck with Bitcoin and all your investments!
All rights reserved by Alan Chenkin & Primrose Path LLC. Remember to give credit to the author and any cited works. Some links are promoted so the author can maintain his Starbucks coffee habit. If you enjoyed this blog, please feel free to share .This Blog was Human-generated by the author, and not produced by a Russian blog Engine.
If you enjoyed this blog, please feel free to share and send some bitcoin in appreciation to my Bitcoin Address:
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{
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{
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Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or epidermoid carcinoma arises in stratified epithelia including skin, head and neck, oesophagus, or cervix but also in simple epithelia (25--30% of lung cancer; <http://www.cancer.org> <http://www.cancer.gov>). SCCs are often aggressive and have poor prognosis causing significant death numbers. Although clinics and treatment of SCCs vary, they are mostly caused by external mutagenic agents (UV light, smoking, alcohol). Cutaneous SCC is not frequently fatal (4% metastasize)^[@bib1]^ but is a paradigmatic and accessible model for the study of squamous cancer. The two types of cutaneous carcinoma: basal cell carcinoma (BCC; 80%) and SCC (20%) are the most common forms of cancer.^[@bib1],\ [@bib2],\ [@bib3],\ [@bib4]^ The comparison of BCC and SCC provides divergent lesions displaying different molecular alterations and paradoxical contrasting prognosis.^[@bib5]^ While SCCs retain a squamous differentiated phenotype except for very dysplastic lesions,^[@bib6]^ BCCs typically contain undifferentiated small cells reminiscent of proliferative basal keratinocytes although they display slow growth^[@bib7]^ and a very low metastatic rate (0.1%).^[@bib8]^ Why SCCs are more aggressive than skin BCCs, is a relevant clinical and biological question that remains unresolved.
We have previously revealed a novel epidermal response that triggers squamous differentiation upon cell cycle deregulation and DNA damage.^[@bib9],\ [@bib10],\ [@bib11],\ [@bib12]^ This DNA damage response (DDR) suppresses cell division but allows extra rounds of DNA replication resulting in polyploidy. This involves mitotic bypass (without intervening mitosis), mitotic slippage (defined as failure to arrest in G2/M)^[@bib13]^ or acytokinetic mitosis.^[@bib12]^ Due to this process, cell cycle stress induced in human keratinocytes by proto-oncogene MYC, the DNA replication regulator Cyclin E, or by inactivation of tumour suppressor p53, does not result in cellular transformation, but in a G2/M block that in turn induces squamous differentiation and polyploidy.^[@bib9],\ [@bib10],\ [@bib14]^ We have proposed that this response constitutes an anti-oncogenic mechanism by which pre-cancerous cells are eliminated from the skin via squamous differentiation.^[@bib10],\ [@bib11]^ Consistently, in a large body of works on mouse skin differentiation prevailed upon overexpression of cell cycle or oncogenic molecules (for example, refs [@bib15], [@bib16], [@bib17] reviewed in ref. [@bib11]).
Replication stress by causing DNA damage alerts cell cycle checkpoints of G2 and mitosis.^[@bib18],\ [@bib19]^ In keratinocytes, a mere impairment of the G2/M transitions induces massive terminal squamous differentiation and polyploidy and loss of proliferative potential within 48 h.^[@bib9],\ [@bib14],\ [@bib20]^ This includes the inhibition of mitotic kinases (Aurora Kinase B, Polo-like Kinase, cdk1) or microtubuli (Nocodazole, Taxol) and also S phase defects (Doxorubicin or Bleomycine). We hypothesised that the capacity of SCC cells to divide upon replication stress in spite of polyploidy might contribute to malignancy. This would require alterations in mitosis control.^[@bib10]^ Supporting this notion, overexpression of the global mitotic regulator FOXM1 drives the keratinocyte response to ectopic MYC or loss of p53 from increased differentiation to increased proliferation.^[@bib21]^
We have now investigated the alterations of SCC and BCC cells in their response to cell cycle stress. We find that SCC but not BCC cells retain a partial squamous differentiation response to replication stress induced by Cyclin E. Analyses of a panel of human biopsies of BCC, non-metastatic SCC and metastatic SCC reveal significant differences in the expression of Cyclin E and in levels of DNA damage. In addition, we report that mitotic stress induced by consecutive mitosis blocks drive SCC cells to accumulate DNA damage, to progressively lose the squamous phenotype, to gain mesenchymal features and to become more malignant *in vivo*. We propose a model by which alterations in the squamous differentiation DDR at mitosis contributes to genomic instability and malignant progression of squamous cancer. This might contribute explaining why SCC tends to be aggressive in opposition to the less differentiated BCC.
Results
=======
Cyclin E accumulates during squamous differentiation and when overexpressed in proliferative keratinocytes it promotes replication stress, DNA damage, mitotic defects and polyploidy.^[@bib9],\ [@bib20],\ [@bib22],\ [@bib23]^ To study this response in carcinoma cells we overexpressed a GFP form of Cyclin E in cells originated from a human facial BCC (BCCP;^[@bib24]^ [Supplementary Figure 1a](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) or from a human facial well-differentiated SCC (SCC12F;^[@bib25]^ [Supplementary Figure 1a](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Cyclin E induced DNA replication both in BCCP and SCC12F as monitored by BrdU incorporation ([Figure 1a](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}; [Supplementary Figure 1b](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). However, whereas in BCCP this resulted in a boost of S phase, in SCC12F it promoted polyploidy. Cyclin E induced mitotic Cyclin B in BCCP, but not in SCC12F due to mitotic slippage or bypass ([Figure 1b](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}).^[@bib9]^ As expected, Cyclin E also caused increase of the DNA damage marker *γ*H2AX both in BCCP and SCC12F ([Figure 1b](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}) due to replication stress.^[@bib9],\ [@bib22]^ BCCP display the mutated p53 antigen Pab240 (p53mut), whereas SCC12F are reported not to bear p53 mutations and did not express p53mut ([Supplementary Figure 1c](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).^[@bib26]^ In line with inactivating mutations which render the protein resistant to degradation,^[@bib27]^ p53 was overexpressed in BCCP cells ([Figure 1b](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}; [Supplementary Figure 1c](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). p53 transcriptional target p21CIP (p21) was barely detectable in proliferating BCCP *in vitro* ([Figure 1b](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). p21 inhibits cdk2 and cell cycle entry or cdk1 and mitosis progression,^[@bib28]^ for instance in response to DNA damage. In keratinocytes, p21 is transiently induced and binds cdk1 in the onset of squamous differentiation.^[@bib9],\ [@bib29],\ [@bib30]^ Overexpression of Cyclin E in SCC12F cells caused a slight induction of p53 typical of DNA damage ([Figure 1b](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}).^[@bib9]^ However, p21 was high both in parental SCC12F cells and upon ectopic Cyclin E, as compared with normal keratinocytes ([Figure 1b](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). p21 can be expressed independently of p53 and its deregulation in SCC12F might reflect cell cycle alterations.
Overexpression of Cyclin E induced at some extent squamous differentiation in SCC12F, but not in BCCP, as measured by the squamous marker involucrin ([Figure 1c](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}; [Supplementary Figure 1d](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). As we found no signs of apoptosis ([Figure 1a](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}; [Supplementary Figure 1b](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), the induction of terminal differentiation is consistent with the significant loss of clonogenic potential of SCC12F-Cyclin E ([Figure 1d](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Growing SCC12F cells overexpressing Cyclin E after three passages continued to show higher DNA damage ([Supplementary Figure 1e](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) and reduced clonogenic capacity than parental cells ([Supplementary Figure 1f](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
The results above suggest that an excess of Cyclin E by inducing DNA damage and differentiation might be a burden to carcinoma cells. We studied the expression of Cyclin E and *γ*H2AX in a pilot collection of human BCC and SCC biopsies. 15 BCCs, 17 non-metastatic SCCs (NMSCCs) and 18 metastatic SCCs (MSCCs) were compared ([Supplementary Table 1](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Both Cyclin E and *γ*H2AX were barely detectable in BCC lesions, whereas they were prominent in SCC lesions ([Figures 2a and b](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). *γ*H2AX in BCCs was detectable only in the growing front of the tumour ([Figure 2b](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}; [Supplementary Figure 2a](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Nuclear expression of Cyclin E was significantly lost in MSCCs as compared with NMSCC. In 40% of MSCCs Cyclin E was strongly accumulated in the cytoplasm (cCE; *P*\<0,01; [Figure 2c](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}; [Supplementary Figure 2b](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Although the number of cases is small, cCE was found only in one case out of 16 NMSCCs and none of 10 well-differentiated SCCs. While the mechanism exporting Cyclin E to the cytoplasm and its consequences are unclear, overexpression of a cytoplasmic shorter form of the protein accelerates mitosis (low molecular weight LMW-Cyclin E).^[@bib23],\ [@bib31]^ Interestingly, we detected a shorter protein in SCC12F overexpressing Cyclin E ([Figure 1b](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Reducing Cyclin E in the nucleus by sequestering cdk2 in the cytoplasm might reduce DNA replication-associated damage. To note, the DNA damage marker *γ*H2AX was strong in NMSCCs and significantly lost in poorly differentiated MSCCs ([Figure 2d](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}; [Supplementary Figure 2a](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Analyses of serial sections showed coincident Cyclin E and *γ*H2AX in cases where Cyclin E was strongly nuclear and marked loss of *γ*H2AX in cases where it was strongly cytoplasmic ([Supplementary Figure 3a](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Co-accumulation of Cyclin E and p21 reveals cell cycle conflict, occurs in the onset of initiation of keratinocyte differentiation ([Supplementary Figures 3b--d](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"})^[@bib9],\ [@bib20],\ [@bib29],\ [@bib30]^ and was found in well differentiating SCCs displaying nuclear Cyclin E ([Supplementary Figures 3c,d](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). p21 was strong in large nuclei or multinucleate cells (arrows in [Supplementary Figure 3d](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). No general correlation was found between p21 or p53 and aggressiveness ([Supplementary Figure 4a](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). However, deregulated p53 (maximum intensity in 100% of cells), suggestive of inactivating mutations, was found in 44% of cases with cCE *versus* only 13% with no cCE ([Supplementary Figure 4b](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
The results above suggest that the axis squamous differentiation/Cyclin E via cell cycle stress might contribute to genomic instability in SCC. Consistently, MSCCs in the biopsy collection significantly displayed more chromosomal alterations than NMSCCs and these in turn more than BCCs ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}). BCCs not showing signs of squamous differentiation, nor accumulation of Cyclin E, contained small and homogenous nuclei with two chromosomal copies.
We investigated whether the capacity to escape the differentiation-associated cell division block in spite of genetic damage may cause genomic instability in SCC cells. To this end, we subjected BCCP and SCC12F cells to mitosis blocks by use of the microtubule-inhibitory drug Nocodazole (Nz), which triggers the squamous differentiation programme in human keratinocytes within 48 h^[@bib9],\ [@bib14]^ ([Supplementary Figure 5](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). This response mimics differentiation induced by MYC, Cyclin E, loss of p53 or other inhibitors of mitosis.^[@bib9],\ [@bib10],\ [@bib20]^ A 24 h Nz treatment irreversibly suppressed the clonogenic capacity of normal keratinocytes ([Figure 4a](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}; [Supplementary Figure 5a](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). However, SCC12F conserved some of the capacity to proliferate after the mitosis block and the clonogenic capacity of BBCP cells was barely affected ([Figure 4a](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}; [Supplementary Figure 5a](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). This suggests that BCCP cells have a more robust G2 arrest and a tighter control of cell growth. Accordingly, while SCC12F cells strikingly increased in cell size upon the mitosis block (high light scattering typical of differentiated keratinocytes),^[@bib32]^ the size of BCCP cells changed very moderately ([Figures 4b and c](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}; [Supplementary Figures 5c and d](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In addition, SCC12F slipped into polyploidy at a greater extent than BCCP ([Figure 4c](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}; [Supplementary Figures 5c and d](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The changes in cellular size and ploidy in SCC12F were associated with an increase of squamous suprabasal markers (involucrin and keratin K16; [Figure 4d](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}; [Supplementary Figures 6a and b](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), indicating that these cells conserve a partial differentiation response to mitotic stress. Differentiation likely accounts for the loss of clonogenicity observed, as no signs of apoptosis were found in the DNA content profiles ([Supplementary Figures 5 b-d](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In contrast, squamous markers were undetectable in BCC cells upon Nz treatment ([Supplementary Figure 6b](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, not shown) in line with the absence of clonogenic loss.
Proliferating SCC12F cells just after the Nz drug release were larger and a high proportion polyploid. Therefore these cells were able to proliferate in spite of being polyploid ([Supplementary Figures 7a and b](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). However, after two passages subculture these cells (SCC12R1) displayed higher levels of p53, p21 and DNA damage marker *γ*H2AX and were more proliferative than the parental cells ([Supplementary Figures 7c--f](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). p53 was overexpressed in SCC12R1 and the typical mutated conformation was now detected, although the cell morphology was unchanged.
In order to test whether consecutive partial mitotic blocks might induce severe changes in SCC12F cells as it might occur *in vivo*, we subjected SCC12R1 cells to a second 48 h Nz treatment. Again, the mitotic block at first produced a high proportion of polyploid cells and significantly reduced their clonogenic potential (SCC12R1Nz; [Figure 5a](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}; [Supplementary Figure 8a](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). However, cells stably growing two passages after the second block (SCC12R2) displayed a markedly different phenotype. They were remarkably homogenous in size, small and diploid and displayed a more fibroblastic morphology ([Figure 5a](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}). To study this phenomenon further we performed western blotting, immunofluorescence or RT-PCR for expression of keratin K5, often lost in aggressive carcinomas, keratin K8 and vimentin, often gained in aggressive carcinomas. Interestingly, SCC12R2 lost expression of epidermal keratin K5 and Cyclin E and strongly gained keratin K8 and vimentin with respect to untreated parental cells ([Figures 5b and c](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}; [Supplementary Figure 8b](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Consequently, SCC12R2 cells lost completely the expression of the typical squamous marker involucrin ([Figure 5b](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}).
Similar phenotypic results were obtained on R2 cells in three independent experiments and the degree of the changes was proportional to the number of consecutive mitotic blocks applied (R1, R2, R3; [Supplementary Figure 9](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Altogether the results indicate that the phenotypic changes were not sporadic events but a consistent conversion produced by mitotic stress.
The proliferative capacity of SCC12R2 cells was significantly enhanced compared with parental cells ([Figure 6a](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}), in spite of a neat accumulation of *γ*H2AX ([Figure 6b](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}). Western blot analyses confirmed the higher levels of *γ*H2AX in SCC12R2 ([Figure 6c](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}). The expression of the DNA repair factor p53-binding protein 1 (53BP) was low in BCCP cells and high in SCC12F cells ([Figure 6b](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}; [Supplementary Figure 8c](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Interestingly, SCC12FR2 cells displayed a strong nuclear spot of 53BP typical of isolated unrepaired DNA damage.^[@bib33]^ In addition, SCC12R2 strongly expressed the mutated p53 antigen Pab240 (p53mut; [Supplementary Figure 8b](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) and strongly accumulated p53 ([Figure 6c](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}), indicative of inactivating mutations.^[@bib27]^ Proliferating SCC12R2 cells also lost p21, decreased the expression of Cyclin E and increased the expression of mitotic Cyclin B, resembling BCCP cells ([Figures 6b and c](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}). Interestingly, SCC12R2 accumulated Cyclin E in the cytoplasm. These changes were consistent with the loss of the squamous phenotype, nuclear Cyclin E and *γ*H2AX observed in aggressive MSCCs *in situ*.
In order to test whether loss of Cyclin E function might contribute to the loss of the squamous phenotype, we inhibited the endogenous protein in well-differentiated parental SCC12F. To this aim, we made use of lentiviral constructs carrying specific shRNA to Cyclin E (shCE). Interestingly, shCE diminished the levels of *γ*H2AX, potentiated the expansion of SCC12F colonies, induced expression of keratin K8 and vimentin and produced a more fibroblastic morphology ([Figures 6d--f](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}; [Supplementary Figure 10](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
To determine whether the double mitotic block rendered SCC cells more malignant, we injected SCC12R2 subcutaneously in nude mice. Parental SCC12F are scarcely tumorigenic.^[@bib25],\ [@bib26]^ As shown in [Figure 7a](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}, the parental cells developed very slowly growing benign tumours that were detected only after 10 weeks. In striking contrast, SCC12R2 cells rapidly generated detectable tumours after only 10 days. The size of the SCC12R2 lesions was also larger at term. Half of the mice injected with the parental cells never developed tumours after 16 weeks, whereas all mice injected with SCC12R2 cells had developed tumours after 4 weeks ([Figure 7b](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}). The histology showed that the tumours generated by parental cells were well-differentiated, whereas those generated by SCC12R2 cells were characterised as poorly differentiated (H/E; [Figure 7c](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}). SCC12R2 tumours were more proliferative (Ki67) and accumulated *γ*H2AX ([Figure 7c](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}). Consistently, these rapidly growing tumours displayed loss of epidermal keratins K5/K10 and E-cadherin and gain of keratins K13, K8 and vimentin ([Figure 7d](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}; [Supplementary Figure 11](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), changes typical of aggressive stages of skin carcinogenesis.^[@bib34],\ [@bib35]^ The abundance of *γ*H2AX and the absence of lung metastasis (not shown) suggest that they are in an early stage of invasive conversion.
Discussion
==========
We hypothesised that alterations in the link between mitosis control and squamous differentiation might contribute to carcinogenesis.^[@bib10]^ It is paradoxical that BCC of the skin is very rarely invasive in spite of losing the squamous phenotype. In our study SCC, not BCC cells, responded to cell cycle stress by initiating squamous differentiation. Cell cycle deregulation/replication stress induces DNA damage and G2/M arrest.^[@bib18],\ [@bib19]^ Moreover, mitotic arrest is sufficient to cause DNA damage^[@bib36]^ and mitotic slippage/bypass can result in chromosomal defects.^[@bib10]^ Moreover, polyploidy often leads to aneuploidy when cells are able to divide.^[@bib37]^ We propose that the reversibility of the cell division block imposed by the initiation of squamous differentiation contributes to genomic instability and malignant progression in SCCs but not in BCCs ([Figure 8](#fig8){ref-type="fig"}).
Normal keratinocytes that initiate differentiation accumulate high levels of DNA damage marker *γ*H2AX,^[@bib10]^ as we found in NMSCC cells. In contrast, MSCCs lost nuclear Cyclin E and the *γ*H2AX signal. Accumulation and coexpression of Cyclin E and *γ*H2AX in NMSCCs and their coincident nuclear loss in MSCC suggests that high levels of nuclear Cyclin E via replication stress^[@bib9],\ [@bib22]^ is a burden to malignant carcinoma cells. While normal keratinocytes differentiate terminally in response to cell cycle stress,^[@bib10],\ [@bib11]^ damaged SCC cells that are able to divide are genetically instable. This would increase the probability of more aggressive clones to appear that would be selected for ([Figure 8](#fig8){ref-type="fig"}). Interestingly, genomic instability has been shown to promote evolutionary adaptation.^[@bib38]^ In our study simply overexpressing Cyclin E was insufficient to drive malignant transformation. However, forcing cell division by FOXM1 allows damaged normal keratinocytes with deregulated MYC or p53 to amplify.^[@bib21]^ FOXM1 is a global mitotic regulator and this suggests that mitosis control is a limiting factor in keratinocyte transformation. Squamous cancer progression might require mitotic alterations.
Remarkably, in our study two consecutive mitotic blocks were sufficient to render well-differentiated SCC cells highly tumorigenic. These cells initiated an epithelial--mesenchymal conversion typical of invasive SCCs^[@bib34],\ [@bib35],\ [@bib39]^ and proportional to the number of consecutive mitotic blocks (SCC12R1, R2, R3). The phenotypic conversion of SCC12R2 cells, far more aggressive than the parental cells, shows that mitotic stress can contribute to squamous malignant progression. Paradoxically, the SCC12FR2 cells shared features with BCCP cells. As in carcinoma biopsies, both lines displayed low levels of *γ*H2AX. The critical difference might be the degree of genetic alterations caused by genomic instability. Accordingly, MSCCs displayed a higher degree of chromosomal alterations and SCC12R2 cells strongly displayed spots of 53BP, a marker of persistent unrepaired DNA damage.^[@bib33]^ In contrast, no spots 53BP were observed in BCCP cells. The higher stability of the BCC genome might be due to the lack of the squamous pathway and, a more robust G2 arrest and a tighter control of cellular growth. In contrast, SCC12F cells displayed a loose mitotic control. Interestingly, mutations in the Sonic hedgehog (Hh) pathway are frequent in BCC, suppress squamous differentiation in mouse^[@bib40]^ and cause evasion of G2/M checkpoints.^[@bib41]^ The robustness of the G2/M arrest in BCC cells might allow more efficient DNA repair and maintenance of genomic stability. Consistently, *γ*H2AX in BCC biopsies was scarce while it was detected in the tumour growing front and in proliferating BCCP *in vitro*.
The epithelial--mesenchymal conversion has recently been associated with loss of *γ*H2AX.^[@bib42]^ The axis squamous differentiation/high Cyclin E constitutes a mitotic barrier^[@bib11]^ and we argue that the most aggressive SCC cells lose the squamous phenotype in order to avoid it. This is well supported by the loss, or cytoplasmic accumulation of Cyclin E (cCE) that we found in metastatic SCCs in our pilot study and in SCC12R2 *in vitro*. Recent works on large biopsy collections also have shown association between cytoplasmic shorter forms of Cyclin E and poor breast cancer prognosis,^[@bib23],\ [@bib31],\ [@bib43]^ suggesting a growth advantage to cancer cells. Although cCE can cause genomic instability, it accelerates mitosis.^[@bib23],\ [@bib31]^ In our study, the loss of *γ*H2AX was especially marked in cases displaying cCE. By reducing the levels of Cyclin E in the nucleus, malignant squamous cells might in part avoid severe deregulation of DNA replication-S phase. Functionally supporting this model, in our study inhibition of Cyclin E in well-differentiated SCC12F reduced DNA damage and enhanced proliferation and expression of mesenchymal markers.
Loss of p53, *The Guardian of the Genome,* leads to polyploidy in a variety of cell types.^[@bib44]^ In keratinocytes this loss induces polyploidy and squamous differentiation.^[@bib10]^ The responses of the carcinoma cells studied here do not seem to be mediated by p53: (i) SCC12F cells seemingly bearing intact p53 become polyploid upon Nocodazole; (ii) BCCP displaying mutated p53 were able to efficiently control G2/M and ploidy; (iii) SCC12R2 cells overexpressing mutated p53 displayed no signs of polyploidy. In addition, the levels of p53 in the human biopsies did not indicate a general association with aggressiveness. However, we detected a potential association between cCE and deregulation of p53. In addition, the cell cycle inhibitor p21, target of p53, stayed high in MSCC. Interestingly, Galanos *et al.* now reports a role of chronic and p53-independent expression of p21 in promoting genomic instability through replication stress in carcinomas of lung of head and neck.^[@bib45]^ Moreover, the deregulation of DNA replication licensing protein cdc6 contributes to features of epithelial--mesenchymal transition^[@bib46]^ and deregulated Cyclin E was found to affect licensing.^[@bib47]^
In summary, our model is that the DNA damage-squamous differentiation pathway constitutes first a barrier to undesired proliferation, second a source of genomic instability, thereby driving malignant progression of genetically damaged cells that are able to divide ([Figure 8](#fig8){ref-type="fig"}). The loss of detectable nuclear Cyclin E and *γ*H2AX in MSCCs in the pilot series of biopsies studied was highly significant. These results, together with the cytoplasmic accumulation of Cyclin E, should encourage further studies on larger cohorts of squamous carcinomas. The findings might have application into squamous cancer in locations other than skin, as a growing body of evidence suggests that they might share common mechanisms. It has been proposed that alterations in ploidy contribute to cancer malignancy.^[@bib37]^ Our observations would indicate that squamous cancer cells become malignant not because they are polyploid, but because they are capable to divide in spite of being so.
Materials and methods
=====================
Cell culture, human biological samples and viral infections
-----------------------------------------------------------
Ethical permission for this study was requested, approved, and obtained from the Ethical Committee for Clinical Research of Cantabria Council, Spain. In all cases of primary cell culture, human tissue material discarded after surgery was obtained with written consent presented by clinicians to the patients and it was treated anonymously.
The Basal carcinoma cell line (BCCP^[@bib24]^), isolated from a human facial BCC, was kindly provided by Dr. R. Polakowska (Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille \[IRCL\], Lille Cedex, France). The SCC12F line was cultured from a human facial SCC.^[@bib25]^ SCC12B originated from a more aggressive component of the same carcinoma was also analysed. Primary normal keratinocytes (NK) were isolated from neonatal human foreskin. All cells were cultured in presence of a mouse fibroblast feeder layer (inactivated by mitomycin C) in Rheinwald FAD medium as described previously (10% serum and 1.2 mM Ca^+2^).^[@bib48]^ All cell lines and primary normal keratinocytes used were tested for mycoplasma contamination.
Cells were treated with Nocodazole for 24 h (Nz; 20 *μ*M; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).^[@bib49]^ Primary normal keratinocytes were treated 24 h with doxorubicin (0.5 *μ*M). Parallel control cultures were always subjected to the DMSO vehicle only. Fresh medium was added 24 h before addition of Nz and again 24 h after.
BCCP or SCC12F were subjected to retroviral infection with pBabe-GFP (GFP) and pBabe-GFP-Cyclin E (CEGFP) constructs. SCC12F also were subjected to lentiviral infection as described (see also [Supplementary Materials and Methods](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"})^[@bib9],\ [@bib10]^ with MISSION Sigma-Aldrich plasmids: control (pLKO.1, Ctr) and plKO.1 with a shRNA against Cyclin E (TRCN0000045300, shCE). The studies were carried out either by analysing unselected pools 4 days after retroviral infections or by stably selecting cells expressing retroviral or lentiviral constructions by 1*μ*g/ml puromycin.
Clonogenicity assays were made as described previously (see also [Supplementary Materials and Methods](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).^[@bib10]^
50 non-melanoma skin cancer lesions were included in the study ([Supplementary Table 1](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}): (i) 15 basal cell carcinomas; (ii) 18 primary metastatic squamous cell carcinomas (MSCCs) that had evolved to (histologically confirmed) lymph node metastases (2 well differentiated; 11 moderately differentiated; 5 undifferentiated) and (iii) 17 patients with SCC who had not developed any metastasis (non-metastatic, NMSCCs) in a 5-year follow-up period (8 well differentiated; 9 moderately differentiated; 0 undifferentiated). A control group of 10 samples of elastotic non-tumoral skin was also included in the study. For details of sample collection and characterisation see [Supplementary Materials and Methods](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. After histopathological evaluation the invasive edge of the tumour was selected for the construction of tissue microarray (TMAs).^[@bib50]^ Two tissue cylinders with a diameter of 2 mm were punched from the selected areas from each tissue block and brought into a recipient paraffin block using the tissue micro-arrayer (Arrayer Punch set 2.00 mm, ATA200, Advanced Tissue Arrayer, Chemicon International).
Antibodies
----------
Primary and secondary antibodies utilised in this study are listed in [Supplementary Materials and Methods](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
Flow-cytometry
--------------
Cells were harvested, fixed and stained as previously described for DNA synthesis and content (BrdU incorporation and propidium iodide; see [Supplementary Materials and Methods](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).^[@bib9],\ [@bib14]^
Histology and immunostaining
----------------------------
For immunofluorescence, cells were grown on glass coverslips, fixed, and stained as previously described.^[@bib9]^ H&E, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical stainings of carcinoma sections of paraffin embedded formalin fixed tissues were performed on 4*μ*m thick sections. For more details see [Supplementary Materials and Methods](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
The score of immunohistochemical (IHC) stainings was given between 0 and 100% of positively stained neoplastic cells and the intensity was measured as: 1 (weak), 2 (medium), 3 (strong). The whole punch (2 mm in diameter, 3.14 mm^2^) was evaluated using a 10 × objective lens and 10 × ocular lens. The histoscore was calculated by multiplying the percent of positive cells by the intensity (from 0 to 3) to give numbers ranging from 0 to 300. p53 was considered deregulated by inactivating mutations when the intensity of the staining was 3 (maximum) in 100% of cells (histoscore 300). Histograms were then plotted using Test of Kruskal--Wallis in combination with Mann--Whitney U test. Immunohistochemical staining was independently evaluated by two observers (A. Toll and D. López).
For analyses of protein expression, cells were washed with PBS, lysed and subjected to SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and western blotting as described.^[@bib9]^ *Insoluble* protein fractions were incubated in Urea lysis buffer (10 mM Tris pH 8, 5% SDS, 5% *β*-mercaptoethanol, 4 M Urea). The whole original blots are shown in [Supplementary Figure 12](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
RT-PCR
------
Total RNA was isolated using NucleoSpin RNA (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany) and reverse transcribed with the iScript cDNA synthesis kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).^[@bib10]^ The cDNAs (1 *μ*l) were amplified by real-time PCR (Bio-Rad iQ SYBR green supermix) and normalised to *β*-actin mRNA levels.^[@bib10]^ Primers utilised in this study are listed in [Supplementary Materials and Methods](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
Fluorescence *in situ* hybridisation
------------------------------------
To evaluate genomic instability, fluorescence *in situ* hybridisation (FISH) with a specific probe against EGFR was also performed. Dual-colour hybridisation with fluorescent DNA for the centromeric region of chromosome 7 (CEP7, green) and for the specific DNA region for EGFR (7p12, red) was performed (Abbott Molecular, Abbot Park, IL, USA). One hundred nuclei per case were scored to determine the percent of epithelial cells with EGFR gains (three or more signals for EGFR). FISH were evaluated by two observers (A. Toll and D. López).
Tumorigenesis
-------------
Experiments using animals were performed in compliance with the United Kingdom Coordinating Committee on Cancer Prevention Research\'s Guidelines for the Welfare of Animals in Experimental Neoplasia, and authorised by the Consejería de Medioambiente y Ordenación del Territorio de la Comunidad de Madrid. Further details on mice conditions in [Supplementary Materials and Methods](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}
Keratinocytes were tripsinized and resuspended in a mixture (2:1) of PBS and Matrigel (BD Biosciences, San Jose CA, USA). A volume of 150 *μ*l of this suspension containing 1 × 10^6^ cells was subcutaneously inoculated into the right flank of each mouse. Tumour width (*W*) and length (*L*) were measured twice a week using an external caliper. Tumour volume was calculated using the formula 0.5 × *L* × *W*^2^ (ref. [@bib51]).
Statistical analyses
--------------------
For cell culture experiments standard deviation and variance were calculated and served as estimates of variation within each group of data. For statistical comparison of groups with similar variance, a homoscedastic *t*-test was performed. For statistical comparison of groups with diverging variance, a heteroscedastic *t*-test was applied. Data sets were compared using an unpaired Student's *t*-test. A *P*-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. For histology and FISH statistical analyses were performed using Windows Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 17 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The non-parametric Mann--Whitney U test was used to compare the histoscore of different immunohistochemical markers and EGFR gains by FISH. For contingency tables, the Fisher exact test was used to assess the level of significance. In all cases, a 2-tailed *P*\<0.05 was required for statistical significance. Data were plotted and analysed using Test of Kruskal--Wallis in combination with Mann--Whitney U test.
AG is grateful to Jean-Jeaques Guilhou, Jean-Claude Rossi and the INSERM for professional support and to Renata Polakowska for the generous gift of precious BCCP cell line. We thank Lucía Barbier, Tania Lobato, Evelyn Andrades, Alicia Noriega and María Aramburu for technical assistance and Natalia Sanz for critical reading of the MS. To AG: National grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (ISCIII-FIS/FEDER, Spain): PI08/0890, PI11/02070, PI14/00900; Ligue Nationale Contre la Cancer (La Ligue; France). To AT: ISCIII-FIS PI10/00785. To JP: MINECO grant SAF2015-66015-R; AES grant ISCIII-RETIC RD12/0036/0009. VC was funded by a fellowship from La Ligue (France), PA by IDIVAL (Spain), RM and IdP by AG lab and ISCIII-FIS-FEDER PI11/02070 (Spain).
[Supplementary Information](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} accompanies this paper on Cell Death and Disease website (http://www.nature.com/cddis)
Edited by R Aqeilan
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Supplementary Material {#sup1}
======================
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
Click here for additional data file.
{ref-type="supplementary-material"}. (**b**) Detection by western blot of CEGFP, Cyclin E (CE), Cyclin B (CB), *γ*H2AX, p53, or p21 in normal keratinocytes (NK) untreated (Ctr) or treated 24 h with doxorubicin (DOXO); or in BCC and SSC12F cells Ctr or overexpressing CEGFP. GAPDH is loading control. (**c**) Top: detection by western blot of involucrin in insoluble protein extracts (Invol); same number of cells per lane. Uncropped blots are shown in [Supplementary Figure 12](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Bottom: percent of SCC12F-CEGFP positive cells for Invol relative to SCC12F-GFP (as determined by immunofluorescence; [Supplementary Figure 1d](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). (**d**) Top: clonogenic capacity of SCC12F-GFP and SCC12F-CEGFP, first passage after infection (1000 cells per well, wells are representative of triplicate samples; blue is the fibroblast feeder layer, pink the carcinoma cells); bottom: percent of proliferative colonies of SCC12F-CEGFP relative to SCC12F-GFP. Error bars are s.e.m. of duplicate or triplicate samples of at least two independent representative experiments. \**P*\<0.05 and \*\**P*\<0.01](cddis2017259f1){#fig1}
{ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Histograms show histoscore values for CE (**a**) or *γ*H2AX (**b**) in the series of BCCs (*n*=15) and SCCs (*n*=35). Scale bars, 200 μm. (**c**) Left histogram: histoscore values for CE in NMSSC (*n*=17) and metastatic SCC (MSCC; *n*=18). Right: bar histogram shows percent of cases displaying nuclear or cytoplasmic localisation of CE (nuclear or cytoplasmic) within NMSCCs (light grey) or MSCCs (dark grey). See also [Supplementary Figure 2b](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. (**d**) Histoscore values of *γ*H2AX in NMSCC and MSCC (left) or in SCC well differentiated (Diff; *n*=10), moderately differentiated (Mod; *n*=20) and poorly differentiated (Poor; *n*=5) (right; see also [Supplementary Figure 2a](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Data plotted by tests Kruskal-Wallis/Mann-Whitney U. \**P*\<0.05 and \*\**P*\<0.01](cddis2017259f2){#fig2}
{ref-type="fig"}). Data plotted by tests Kruskal-Wallis/Mann-Whitney U. \*\**P*\<0.01](cddis2017259f3){#fig3}
{ref-type="supplementary-material"}). (**b**) Representative 3D histograms of light scattering (SCC: Side Scatter; FSC: Forward Scatter; cell size and complexity; white arrow) in BCCP and SCC12F untreated (Ctr) or treated with Nz for 48 h. (**c**) Percent of cells with large size and complexity (High Scatter) or polyploidy (Polyp, DNA content \>4N), as measured by flow-cytometry in BCCP (light grey) or SCC12F (dark grey) treated with Nz for 48 h or untreated (Ctr) as indicated. See also [Supplementary Figures 5b--d](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. (**d**) Percent of SCC12F cells treated with Nz for 48 h that express the differentiation markers involucrin (Invol) or keratin K16, relative to untreated cells, as measured by flow-cytometry. Error bars are s.e.m. of duplicate or triplicate samples of at least two independent representative experiments.\**P*\<0.05 and \*\**P*\<0.01. See also [Supplementary Figure 6](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}](cddis2017259f4){#fig4}
{ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Invol lanes for Ctr are the same as in [Figure 1c](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}. Uncropped blots are shown in [Supplementary Figure 12](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. (**c**) Quantitation of the expression of keratin K5 or vimentin (Vm) in SCC12F and SCC12R2 by real-time (RT)-PCR. See also [Supplementary Figure 8b](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Error bars are s.e.m. of duplicate samples of at least two independent representative experiments. \**P*\<0.05, \*\**P*\<0.01](cddis2017259f5){#fig5}
{ref-type="fig"}. (**d**) Clonogenic capacity of SCC12F infected with the empty vector (Ctr) or with specific shRNA to Cyclin E (shCE; 2 500 cells per well). (**e**) Bar histogram shows the number of proliferative colonies in (**d**). Error bars are s.e.m. of triplicate samples. \**P*\<0.05. (**f**) Western blotting for expression of keratin K5, keratin K8 in Ctr and shCE. See also [Supplementary Figure 10](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Uncropped images of blots in **c** and **f** are shown in [Supplementary Figure 12](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. In (**a** and **d**) wells are representative of triplicate samples](cddis2017259f6){#fig6}
{ref-type="supplementary-material"}. DAPI for DNA in blue. Scale bars, 200 *μ*m](cddis2017259f7){#fig7}
{#fig8}
[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
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Sudden cardiac death.
Sudden cardiac death can occur after exposure to extreme stress and sometimes as a complication of acute neurologic disease. Excessive adrenergic stimulation of the heart is most likely the responsible mechanism for the majority of cases of sudden cardiac death. The neurocardiogenic injury induced by sympathetic overstimulation can affect the myocardium and the electrical conduction system, leading to heart failure and arrhythmias. The characteristic features of stress cardiomyopathy (also known as takotsubo cardiomyopathy or apical ballooning syndrome) can be diagnosed by echocardiography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. This chapter reviews the history, definition, pathophysiology, triggers, and clinical manifestations of neurocardiogenic injury. It also discusses specific neurologic conditions associated with sudden death: epilepsy (sudden unexplained death in epilepsy, SUDEP) and stroke.
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Yvonne Leonardi 1/4 Die Leidenschaft ist weg: Barbara Schwager ist von ihrem Nadeem schwer enttäuscht.
Yvonne Leonardi 2/4 In Italien zeigte Nadeem sein wahres Gesicht. «Eine gute Frau denke und spreche nicht. Er beschimpfte mich, war jähzornig oder er liess mich hocken – verschwand für Stunden, ohne zu sagen, wo er hinging», sagt Barbara Schwager.
Yvonne Leonardi 3/4 Dabei wollten die beiden im Spätsommer heiraten.
Yvonne Leonardi 4/4 Sie flüchteten nach Italien, wo BLICK sie besuchte.
Es ist aus! Barbara Schwager (56) kann es noch gar nicht fassen. Sie und Nadeem Akram (26) wollten im Spätsommer heiraten. Jetzt ist ihr Lover weg. Die Zürcherin ist allein in ihrem Liebesnest in San Giovanni Valdarno (I). «Ich bin am Boden zerstört», sagt die Schlepperin aus Leidenschaft.
«Er war gemein zu mir und hat mich sogar ins Gesicht geschlagen», erzählt sie BLICK. Nadeem habe in Italien sein wahres Gesicht gezeigt: «Er sagte, eine gute Frau denke und spreche nicht. Und beschimpfte mich, war jähzornig oder liess mich hocken – verschwand für Stunden, ohne zu sagen, wo er hinging.»
Nadeem begann sich zu betrinken
Nadeem bricht den Fastenmonat Ramadan ab, beginnt zu trinken, wird gewalttätig. «Ich bekam richtig Angst vor ihm. Er schien nicht mehr normal», so Barbara Schwager.
Yvonne Leonardi Dabei wollten die beiden im Spätsommer heiraten.
Als die gelernte Sekretärin wegen eines Bandscheibenvorfalls ins Spital muss, begleitet er sie nicht. «Das hat mir wehgetan.» Nadeem half ihr nicht mehr. Einen Job suchte er sich auch nicht. «Ich musste alles bezahlen. Zu den Rückenschmerzen kam noch der Herzschmerz dazu.»
Doch Barbara Schwager hat auch kein Geld. «Pakistanis heiraten nicht aus Liebe, hat man mir gesagt», so Barbara Schwager. «Nun weiss ich, dass es offenbar so ist.»
Für den Flüchtling wurde sie zur Schlepperin
Was hatte sie nicht alles für ihren Flüchtling getan! Erst nahm Barbara Schwager den Asylbewerber in ihrer Wohnung in Ennethausen TG auf. Als sein Asylantrag Ende Februar 2017 abgelehnt wurde, folgte sie ihm in die Toscana. Wurde zur Schlepperin.
Auf einer Ferienreise Anfang Mai, die von Italien über Österreich nach Deutschland führte, wurden Barbara Schwager und Nadeem Akram von der deutschen Polizei angehalten. Schwager kam 16 Tage in U-Haft, wurde zu sieben Monaten Gefängnis auf Bewährung verurteilt. Akram landete in Abschiebehaft.
Im Juni tauchte Nadeem wieder in Ennethausen auf. Seine Bobo, wie der Pakistani Barbara Schwager nannte, schleuste ihn mit ihrem Auto über die Grenze in Domodossola (I) zurück nach Italien. In San Giovanni Valdarno mietete die Zürcherin eine romantische Dachgeschosswohnung (BLICK berichtete).
Jetzt muss Barbara Schwager das Liebesnest räumen
Die muss sie nun räumen – schweren Herzens. «Auch wenn ich Nadeem noch immer liebe, werde ich jetzt in die Schweiz zurückkehren», sagt Barbara Schwager.
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Q:
Does it matter where I put the declaration of a variable?
Suppose I have the following two examples, will there be any difference between putting the variable declaration outside of the loop VS inside the loop, especially performance wise? Note: A new object is always being created inside the loop.
Method 1:
foreach (string name in nameList)
{
Person person1 = new Person();
person1.fullname = name;
}
Method 2:
Person person1 = null;
foreach (string name in nameList)
{
person1 = new Person();
person1.fullname = name;
}
A:
It's a micro-optimization. So no, performance wise, it doesn't really matter. Any difference in performance will be made irrelevant in practically all non-trivial programs. And it's entirely possible that an optimizer would convert the less efficient form to the more efficient form (don't ask me which is which).
I'd prefer the first since it's slightly less code and limiting variable scope as much as possible is generally considered good practice.
Actually, to be more similar to method 1, method 2 should look like this:
Person person1 = null;
foreach (string name in nameList)
{
person1 = new Person();
person1.fullname = name;
}
person1 = null;
Because after the loop, person1 will still point to the object created in the last iteration, the garbage collector will only be able to free that object once person1 leaves scope or is assigned a different value (i.e. null). If this is in a terminating code block that doesn't do much else, it will leave scope at the end of the block, thus the null assignment is not really necessary.
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"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Lifting a glass to 44 years as a drayman
A drayman who has clocked up hundreds of thousands of miles delivering beer for one of the West's most famous breweries has retired after 44 years in the job. Trevor Blackford has brought beer to Swindon-based Arkell's pubs across the West since 1969 but enjoyed a pint after delivering his last barrel yesterday. He was joined by Ron Harper, who has retired as Arkell's signwriter for the past 14 years. Mr Harper has passed on his skills to apprentice Sara Bromley.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Case: 15-10845 Date Filed: 06/14/2016 Page: 1 of 24
[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 15-10845
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 9:13-cv-80605-KLR
TODD PIOCH,
Plaintiff - Counter
Defendant - Appellee
Cross Appellant,
versus
IBEX ENGINEERING SERVICES, INC.,
a Florida profit corporation,
Defendant - Counter
Claimant - Appellant
Cross Appellee.
________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(June 14, 2016)
Before MARCUS, JORDAN, and WALKER, ∗ Circuit Judges.
∗
Honorable John M. Walker, Jr., Circuit Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the
Second Circuit, sitting by designation.
Case: 15-10845 Date Filed: 06/14/2016 Page: 2 of 24
JORDAN, Circuit Judge:
The Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq., generally requires
employers to pay minimum wages and overtime compensation to their employees,
but some employees are exempt from its coverage. The exemption at issue in this
appeal—the so-called computer employee exemption—provides that the FLSA
does not cover an hourly computer software engineer who performs certain duties
and who “is compensated at a rate of not less than $27.63 an hour.” 29 U.S.C. §
213(a)(17). The main question we address is whether an hourly computer
employee who is otherwise exempt under § 213(a)(17) becomes “non-exempt”
during his last three weeks of work if the employer withholds his final paycheck.
We conclude that the answer to that question is no, and therefore affirm the district
court’s dismissal of the employee’s FLSA claim. We also hold, however, that the
district court erred in granting summary judgment to the employee on the
employer’s state-law counterclaim for unjust enrichment.
I
For almost 10 years, Todd Pioch worked for IBEX Engineering Services as a
computer software and hardware engineer. IBEX hired Mr. Pioch because of his
extensive computer skills and software experience and paid him on an hourly basis
at a starting rate of $50 and a final rate of $85.40 per hour. Like many hourly
employees, Mr. Pioch’s hours varied from week to week. Mr. Pioch regularly
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worked over 40 hours in a workweek and was paid his regular hourly rate, but not
overtime, for the extra hours.
From 2003 to 2004, Mr. Pioch worked for IBEX in Nevada. During this
time, Mr. Pioch lived with his girlfriend in a home on Bow Creek Court in Las
Vegas. In early 2005, Mr. Pioch accepted an offer from IBEX to work with one of
its clients, Florida Power and Light, in Juno Beach, Florida. The offer letter
explained that Mr. Pioch would be eligible for a per diem allowance for travel to
and from work. Significantly, however, IBEX’s per diem policy applied only to
employees residing more than 50 miles from their workplace.
After his transfer, Mr. Pioch purchased a home in West Palm Beach, Florida,
and that home was within 50 miles of FPL’s Juno Beach facility. During his
assignment with FPL in Florida, Mr. Pioch worked on 49 separate projects and his
duties were similar for each of the projects—testing, verifying, and validating
computer software and hardware for the company. Mr. Pioch received per diem
payments from IBEX from the time of his 2005 transfer from Nevada through
2013.
In 2012, FPL conducted an audit on several engineers, including Mr. Pioch,
who were collecting per diem payments. The FPL audit raised concerns about Mr.
Pioch’s per diem payments from 2005 through 2009—a four-year period for which
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Mr. Pioch admitted that he listed the Bow Creek Court home in Las Vegas (rather
than his West Palm Beach home) as his permanent address.1
Following his resignation from IBEX in 2013, Mr. Pioch sued the company
under the FLSA, asserting minimum wage and overtime claims. See 29 U.S.C. §§
206, 207. IBEX admitted that it had withheld Mr. Pioch’s final three weeks of pay
as a result of the FPL audit and its belief that Mr. Pioch had improperly collected
$147,230 in per diem payments. In response to Mr. Pioch’s FLSA claims, IBEX
raised as an affirmative defense that Mr. Pioch was an exempt employee under the
Act. IBEX also asserted state-law counterclaims for fraud and unjust enrichment
relating to the disputed per diem payments.
Following discovery, IBEX moved for summary judgment on Mr. Pioch’s
FLSA claims, arguing that he was an exempt hourly computer employee under 29
U.S.C. § 213(a)(17). Mr. Pioch opposed IBEX’s motion and moved for summary
judgment himself on IBEX’s counterclaim for unjust enrichment and for partial
summary judgment on the unpaid wages for his final three weeks of work, which
totaled $13,367.20.
The district court heard arguments on the parties’ cross-motions for
summary judgment and ruled (1) that the undisputed facts established that Mr.
1
From 2009 to 2013, Mr. Pioch listed his West Palm Beach home as his permanent address, and
worked in another facility in Port St. Lucie that was more than 50 miles from that home. That
time period, therefore, is not relevant to IBEX’s counterclaim for unjust enrichment.
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Pioch was exempt from FLSA coverage as a matter of law under § 213(a)(17); and
(2) that IBEX’s unjust enrichment counterclaim failed because Mr. Pioch’s per
diem payments constituted wages that are not recoverable by an employee in an
FLSA action.2
Both parties appealed. In its appeal, IBEX challenges the district court’s
grant of summary judgment in favor of Mr. Pioch on its state-law counterclaim for
unjust enrichment. IBEX maintains that its counterclaim is not barred by the
FLSA, and that the district court should have at most declined to exercise
supplemental jurisdiction. In his cross-appeal, Mr. Pioch argues that IBEX’s
withholding of his final paycheck rendered him non-exempt during his last three
weeks of work, thereby entitling him to $13,367.20 under the FLSA.
II
We conduct plenary review of a district court’s summary judgment order,
viewing the record and drawing all factual inferences in the light most favorable to
the non-moving party. See Mazzeo v. Color Resolutions Int’l, LLC, 746 F.3d 1264,
1266 (11th Cir. 2014). Summary judgment is appropriate when “there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact” and the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,
2
Mr. Pioch did not move for summary judgment on IBEX’s fraud counterclaim. The district
court ultimately granted Mr. Pioch’s motion to dismiss that counterclaim, declining to exercise
supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c).
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477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). “If reasonable minds could differ on the inferences
arising from undisputed facts, then a court should deny summary judgment.” Allen
v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 121 F.3d 642, 646 (11th Cir. 1997) (internal quotation marks
and citations omitted).
III
Congress enacted the FLSA in 1938 as a remedial scheme designed to
address “labor conditions detrimental to the maintenance of the minimum standard
of living necessary for health, efficiency, and general well-being of workers.” 29
U.S.C. § 202. As a part of President Roosevelt’s New Deal and its emphasis on
economic recovery, the FLSA was designed to eliminate substandard labor
conditions in part by imposing a minimum wage and requiring overtime pay for
employees. See 29 U.S.C. §§ 206, 207; ELLEN C. KEARNS ET AL., THE FAIR LABOR
STANDARDS ACT 1-12 (3d ed. 2015). “In other words, the [Act] was designed to
aid the unprotected, unorganized, and lowest paid of the nation’s working
population; that is, those employees who lacked sufficient bargaining power to
secure for themselves a minimum subsistence wage.” Hogan v. Allstate Ins. Co.,
361 F.3d 621, 625 (11th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
The FLSA imposes a minimum wage for covered employees and requires
employers to pay overtime of at least one and one-half times the regular rate to
employees working more than 40 hours a week. See 29 U.S.C. §§ 206, 207(a)(1).
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Congress, however, removed certain employees from FLSA coverage. See
generally 29 U.S.C. § 213.
Whether an employee meets the criteria for an FLSA exemption, although
based on the underlying facts, is ultimately a legal question. See Evans v. McClain
of Ga., Inc., 131 F.3d 957, 965–66 (11th Cir. 1997). The employer bears the
burden of establishing that an employee is exempt, and we construe exemptions
narrowly against the employer. See id. at 965. The Supreme Court has cautioned
that “extend[ing] an exemption to other than those plainly and unmistakably within
its terms and spirit is to abuse the interpretative process and to frustrate the
announced will of the people.” A.H. Phillips, Inc. v. Walling, 324 U.S. 490, 493
(1945).
A
We begin with the text of the FLSA and its corresponding regulations.
Computer employees may be exempt from the minimum wage and overtime
compensation requirements under two different provisions of the Act. See 29
C.F.R. § 541.400(a) (explaining eligibility for exemption under 29 U.S.C. §
213(a)(1) or 29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(17)). Originally, computer employees were
analyzed generally under § 213(a)(1). But in 1996, Congress enacted a more
specific exemption in § 213(a)(17) which clarified the “duties” requirements by
codifying most of the regulatory language for computer employees. See Pub. L.
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No. 104-188, § 2105, 110 Stat. 1755, 1929 (1996); KEARNS ET AL., THE FAIR
LABOR STANDARDS ACT, at 5-145.
The more specific exemption applies to computer employees who perform
certain duties, and “in the case of an employee who is compensated on an hourly
basis, is compensated at a rate of not less than $27.63 an hour.” § 213(a)(17)(A)-
(D). In 2004, the Department of Labor tried to simplify the exemptions for
computer employees by placing them into one regulatory provision. See 29 C.F.R.
§ 541.400(b). See also Bergquist v. Fid. Info. Servs., Inc., 399 F. Supp. 2d 1320,
1329–30 (M.D. Fla. 2005) (providing an in-depth analysis of the pre-2004 and
post-2004 regulations), aff’d, 197 F. App’x 813 (11th Cir. 2006).
As revised, the regulations create an interesting scenario. Although a
computer employee is evaluated under two different FLSA statutory exemptions,
only one of those statutory provisions, § 213(a)(1), grants the Secretary of Labor
authority to promulgate regulations on its application. As a result, we have little
regulatory guidance for interpreting the more specific exemption for hourly
employees under § 213(a)(17). See 69 Fed. Reg. 22,122, 22,159 (Apr. 23, 2004)
(to be codified at 29 C.F.R. pt. 541 and recognizing that § 213(a)(17) has a “unique
legislative and regulatory history”).
In applying the FLSA’s computer employee exemption to Mr. Pioch, an
hourly employee, the district court was presented with evidence establishing that
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he met the “duties” requirements under § 213(a)(17)(A)-(C). Though the parties
dispute the legal significance of the evidence, they do not dispute the underlying
facts that the district court used to determine that Mr. Pioch was exempt.
Significantly, Mr. Pioch does not contest the district court’s ruling that he
was exempt from FLSA coverage under § 213(a)(17) for the vast majority of his
period of employment with IBEX. He argues only that he ceased being exempt
during his final three weeks of work because IBEX failed to pay him for those
weeks. In other words, Mr. Pioch asserts that even if he was exempt from the
FLSA’s overtime compensation requirements, the § 213(a)(17) computer employee
exemption does not prevent him from using the FLSA’s minimum wage provision
to recover his final three weeks of pay—at his final hourly rate of $85.40 per
hour—from IBEX. 3
B
The narrow issue, then, is whether an employee—who is paid by the hour
and who is generally exempt from the FLSA under the § 213(a)(17) computer
employee exemption—can be considered non-exempt during a three-week period
for which his employer withheld a final paycheck. This is an issue of first
impression in our Circuit and, to our knowledge, in the country.
3
Mr. Pioch does not explain why, if he is seeking minimum wage recovery under the FLSA, he
is entitled to recover his hourly rate, which far exceeds the minimum wage.
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Fortunately, we do not write on a completely blank slate. Three Circuits,
including our own, have addressed whether the failure to pay an otherwise-exempt
salaried employee during a period of time renders that employee non-exempt for
FLSA claims during that time period. See Orton v. Johnny’s Lunch Franchise,
LLC, 668 F.3d 843 (6th Cir. 2012); Nicholson v. World Bus. Network, Inc., 105
F.3d 1361 (11th Cir. 1997); Donovan v. Agnew, 712 F.2d 1509 (1st Cir. 1983).
In Nicholson, we considered whether two managerial employees, whose
employer had failed to pay them their negotiated salaries, could assert both an
FLSA claim and a breach of contract claim. See 105 F.3d at 1362–63. In separate
findings, the district court and a jury by special verdict had concluded that each
employee met the criteria for exempt administrative employees under § 213(a)(1)
of the Act. See id. The employees appealed, arguing that the exemption required a
minimum weekly salary and that they could not have been exempt as a matter of
law “because they never received a dime . . . .” Id. at 1362. As a practical matter,
we considered this “an unusual interpretation of the FLSA, one that would convert
an entire category of state contract law actions into federal labor suits.” Id.
In determining whether the Nicholson employees were paid on a salary
basis, as required under the § 213(a)(1) exemption, we looked to what an employee
was promised rather than what he actually received. See id. at 1365. We first
turned to the plain language of the Department of Labor regulation defining the
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salary-basis test which, at the time, stated “it must be that ‘under his employment
agreement he regularly receives each pay period . . . a predetermined amount
constituting all or part of his compensation, which amount is not subject to
reduction’ . . . .” See id. (quoting 29 C.F.R. § 541.118(a) (1973)) (emphasis in
original). Recognizing that the regulations at the time were “somewhat
contradictory and opaque,” we then considered congressional intent. See id. We
concluded that focusing on what was owed pursuant to an agreement also reflected
“the protective stance toward poorer and powerless workers that Congress took in
the FLSA.” Id. Using a hypothetical, we illustrated how following the Nicholson
employees’ logic could allow an exempt chief executive officer to assert an FLSA
claim—rather than a breach of contract claim—against an employer to recover an
unpaid salary. See id. We therefore affirmed the findings that both employees
were exempt, as a matter of law, as administrative employees. See id. at 1362.
The First Circuit had taken a similar approach in Donovan, which was
decided in 1983. In that case, the Secretary of Labor sued an employer for
minimum wages and overtime payments under the FLSA on behalf of eight
managerial employees. See 712 F.2d at 1510. The parties stipulated that the
employees were exempt under § 213(a)(1) until their final two to three weeks. See
id. at 1516. The district court considered whether the employees could invoke the
FLSA’s minimum wage protections during the time period when their employer
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failed to pay their salaries (right before closing its plant). See id. at 1510. The
district court held that the employer’s nonpayment did not affect the employees’
exempt status. See id. The First Circuit affirmed, reasoning that the employees
were guaranteed at least $155 per week, the salary-level requirement at that time
under 29 C.F.R. § 541.1(f) (1975), and that no precedent instructed that the FLSA
should cover “exempt employees whose contractual salaries are not paid.” Id. at
1517.
The rationale of Nicholson and Donovan, if carried over to exempt
employees who are paid by the hour, supports the district court’s grant of summary
judgment in favor of IBEX on Mr. Pioch’s FLSA minimum wage claim. But Mr.
Pioch directs us to the Sixth Circuit’s opinion in Orton, which he says supports his
position.
In Orton, an executive vice-president sued his employer for wages under the
FLSA for a five-month period during which he worked, but was not paid his
$125,000 annual salary. See 668 F.3d at 845. The district court concluded that the
employee was an exempt salaried employee under § 213(a)(1) who had “no claim
under the FLSA for back wages.” Id. at 847. Applying the salary-basis test, the
district court granted the employer’s motion to dismiss because the employee
failed to establish that his “base salary was subject to reduction because of
variations in the quality or quantity of the work performed [and] . . . [t]he
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withholding of compensation for several months, if true, would be insufficient . . .
to convert a position from salary to hourly.” Id. at 846.
The Sixth Circuit in Orton reversed the district court’s ruling for two
reasons. First, the district court’s holding rested on outdated, pre-2004 Department
of Labor regulations, and “employment agreements are no longer the relevant
starting point for whether an employee is paid on a salary basis.” Id. at 848
(distinguishing our analysis in Nicholson by examining the revised regulations
defining the salary-basis test). Second, the district court had improperly placed the
burden on the employee, rather than the employer, to establish the exemption. See
id. Notably, the Sixth Circuit clarified that it “review[ed] only the district court’s
conclusions on the salary-basis test.” Id. at 847.
Like Nicholson and Donovan, Orton dealt with employees paid on a salary
basis. But Orton, as we explain, does not help Mr. Pioch here.
We agree with the Sixth Circuit and Mr. Pioch that the removal of the phrase
“under his employment agreement” in the revised Department of Labor regulations
cuts against our interpretation of the salary-basis test in Nicholson and the First
Circuit’s similar interpretation in Donovan. The salary-basis test, however, is just
one of three tests for analyzing a salaried employee’s exempt status under §
213(a)(1). The current relevant Department of Labor regulations for this provision
are found in 29 C.F.R. § 541.100 et seq., and each one requires (1) a salary-level
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test; (2) a salary-basis test; and (3) a “duties” test. See 29 C.F.R. §§ 541.600,
541.602, 541.700. “Such legislative regulations are given controlling weight
unless they are arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute.”
Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 844 (1984).
Because there is no test like the salary-basis test for hourly computer employees
under § 213(a)(17)—the exemption at issue here—Orton is of limited assistance.
C
For almost 10 years, Mr. Pioch’s hourly rate was higher—two to three times
higher—than the $27.63 hourly rate required for exemption under § 213(a)(17)(D).
Mr. Pioch nonetheless argues that he was not exempt during his final three weeks
because he was not paid at all. We disagree.
Outside of the salary-basis test context, Nicholson and Donovan provide
some guidance for interpreting Congress’ intent for the FLSA and its exemptions
for highly paid employees. Like the salaried employees in Donovan, Mr. Pioch
has failed to provide us with a compelling reason to hold that his exempt status
under the FLSA terminated during the three-week period that IBEX did not pay
him. The FLSA, after all, is not a vehicle for litigating breach of contract disputes
between employers and employees. See Donovan, 712 F.2d at 1517 (declining to
extend Congress’ FLSA protection “to highly salaried employees whenever their
employment contracts are breached”). And we do not think that Orton completely
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undermines our analysis of the FLSA in Nicholson. We continue to believe that
“[t]o read the FLSA blindly, without appreciation for the social goals Congress
sought, would also do violence to the FLSA’s spirit.” Nicholson, 105 F.3d at 1364.
See also Gregory v. First Title Of Am., Inc., 555 F.3d 1300, 1307 (11th Cir. 2009)
(applying the FLSA’s outside salesman exemption and recognizing the difficulty
of “narrowly constru[ing] the exemption without diminishing the spirit of its parent
legislation”). What Mr. Pioch is essentially trying to do is assert a state-law breach
of contract claim, for his agreed-to hourly rate, through the FLSA.
Another way of thinking about this scenario is to follow the lead of Orton
and look only to what Mr. Pioch was paid until his final three weeks. During his
employment with IBEX, Mr. Pioch’s starting rate was $50 per hour and his final
rate was $85.40 per hour. Setting overtime considerations aside, Mr. Pioch’s final
hourly rate amounted to $3,416 for a 40-hour work week. That weekly amount
knocks the statutory minimum of $455 per week for salaried employees out of the
park. See 29 C.F.R. § 541.400(b) (providing salary level for a § 213(a)(1) exempt
employee). Moreover, it is three times higher than the $1,105.20 an exempt hourly
computer employee would make working 40 hours while receiving the statutory
minimum of $27.63 per hour. See § 213(a)(17)(D).
Mr. Pioch presented evidence to the district court about his hourly earnings
before his final three weeks with IBEX, and that evidence shows he made over
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$180,000 during his last year of work. We recognize that the FLSA is generally
applied on a weekly basis, but the Department of Labor has discussed a benchmark
for yearly salaries calculated for 40-hour workweeks. Salaried computer
employees under the § 213(a)(1) exemption must make at least $23,660 per year.
See 69 Fed. Reg. 22,122, 22,123 (Apr. 23, 2004) (to be codified at 29 C.F.R. pt.
541). Hourly computer employees under § 213(a)(17) working 40 hours will make
at least $57,470 per year based on the statutory minimum. See id. at 22,164 n.12.
Again, even without receiving his final three weeks of pay, Mr. Pioch’s earnings
for his final year are well above the benchmark salaries contemplated for both
salaried and hourly exempt computer employees under the FLSA.
We find some support for our position in the Supreme Court’s decision in
Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 132 S. Ct. 2156 (2012). In
Christopher, two pharmaceutical sales representatives sued under the FLSA for
overtime compensation, and their employer argued that they were exempt as
“outside salesmen” under § 213(a)(1). Id. at 2164. Like salaried computer
employees, outside salesmen are grouped into the more general § 213(a)(1)
exemption to the FLSA. Much of the Court’s rationale in Christopher is
inapplicable here, but because computer employees are analyzed under both
§ 213(a)(1) and § 213(a)(17), we find the Christopher majority’s brief discussion
of the purpose of the § 213(a)(1) exemption persuasive. See 132 S. Ct. at 2173.
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The Supreme Court recognized in Christopher that the § 213(a)(1)
“exemption is premised on the belief that exempt employees ‘typically earned
salaries well above the minimum wage’ and enjoyed other benefits that ‘se[t] them
apart from the nonexempt workers entitled to overtime pay.’” Id. at 2173 (citing
the Preamble to the Department of Labor’s pt. 541 regulations). The Court
reasoned that the salaried employees in Christopher—“each of whom earned an
average of more than $70,000 per year and spent between 10 and 20 hours outside
normal business hours each week performing work related to . . . his assigned sales
territory—[were] hardly the kind of employees that the FLSA was intended to
protect.” Id. at 2173.
IBEX paid Mr. Pioch hourly rates that were considerably higher than both
the § 206(a)(1) minimum wage of $7.25 per hour and the hourly rate that Congress
expressly requires under § 213(a)(17)(D) to qualify as exempt. See KEARNS ET AL.,
THE FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT, at 5-145 (noting that Congress froze the
exemption hourly rate at $27.63 per hour in 1996). As the Supreme Court
reasoned in Christopher (when it considered employees earning more than $70,000
per year), we do not believe that Mr. Pioch, a highly-paid hourly employee
typically earning over six figures a year, is the type of employee that the FLSA’s
wage requirements were designed to protect. Mr. Pioch therefore cannot use the
FLSA as the vehicle for recovery of his hourly salary. We agree with the district
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court that an hourly computer employee’s exempt status under § 213(a)(17) does
not evaporate simply because the employer withholds a final paycheck.
IV
Despite holding that Mr. Pioch was exempt under (and therefore not covered
by) the FLSA, the district court ruled that IBEX’s unjust enrichment counterclaim
failed on the merits as a matter of law because it was really a claim for wages that
are not recoverable by an employer in an FLSA action. The district court
acknowledged (and Mr. Pioch conceded) that IBEX presented evidence that Mr.
Pioch improperly collected $147,230 in per diem payments by misleading IBEX
for a number of years about the location of his permanent residence. This evidence
would likely have been sufficient to get the unjust enrichment claim to a jury. See
generally Porsche Cars N. Am., Inc. v. Diamond, 140 So. 3d 1090, 1100 (Fla. 3d
DCA 2014) (“The elements of a claim for unjust enrichment are: (1) plaintiff
conferred a benefit on the defendant; (2) defendant voluntarily accepts and retains
the benefit conferred; and (3) the circumstances are such that it would be
inequitable for the defendant to retain the benefit without paying the value thereof
to the plaintiff.”). IBEX argues that, after concluding that Mr. Pioch was exempt
from the FLSA, the district court should have (at most) dismissed its state-law
counterclaim for unjust enrichment without prejudice under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c).
We agree with IBEX.
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A
We start with the district court’s holding that Mr. Pioch’s per diem payments
were “wages” that are not recoverable by an employer in an FLSA action. The
district court first looked to whether the disputed per diem payments were wages
by examining federal law and the facts presented by the parties at summary
judgment. After ruling that Mr. Pioch’s per diem payments were indeed wages,
the district court, relying on Gagnon v. United Technologies, Inc., 607 F.3d 1036
(5th Cir. 2010), reasoned that an employer is not permitted to assert counterclaims
to recover “wages” from its employee in an FLSA case.4
As an initial matter, the district court did not account for the fact that Mr.
Pioch no longer had viable claims under the FLSA. The district court ruled—
correctly, as we now hold—that Mr. Pioch was exempt from the FLSA’s coverage.
As IBEX aptly points out, Mr. Pioch was not entitled to FLSA wages paid “free
and clear” because he was exempt. See Arriaga v. Fla. Pac. Farms, LLC, 305 F.3d
1228, 1235 (11th Cir. 2002) (explaining that FLSA wages must be paid “free and
clear” of improper deductions under 29 C.F.R. § 531.35). And if Mr. Pioch was
not entitled to recover anything under the FLSA, it is not clear to us why IBEX’s
unjust enrichment counterclaim would be barred.
4
The district court did not rule, as Mr. Pioch had argued, that IBEX’s unjust enrichment
counterclaim was barred by Florida’s two-year statute of limitations under Fla. Stat.
§ 95.11(4)(c).
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We recognize that some courts, including our own, have been hesitant to
allow employers to assert state-law counterclaims against employees in FLSA
cases. See, e.g., Martin v. PepsiAmericas, Inc., 628 F.3d 738, 743 (5th Cir. 2010);
Donovan v. Pointon, 717 F.2d 1320, 1323 (10th Cir. 1983); Brennan v. Heard, 491
F.2d 1, 4 (5th Cir. 1974), abrogated on other grounds by McLaughlin v. Richland
Shoe Co., 486 U.S. 128, 134 (1988). In Brennan, for example, the former Fifth
Circuit reasoned that “[t]he only economic feud contemplated by the FLSA
involves the employer’s obedience to minimum wage and overtime standards [and
that] [t]o clutter [FLSA] proceedings with the minutiae of other employer-
employee relationships would be antithetical to the purpose of the Act.” Brennan,
491 F.2d at 4. Similarly, the Tenth Circuit ruled in Pointon that an employer could
not set-off its employee’s FLSA recovery through a counterclaim (though it could
sue the employee in state court) because that would delay and interfere with the
process of bringing the employer into compliance with the FLSA’s overtime
requirements. See Pointon, 717 F.2d at 1323.
The current Fifth Circuit later recognized an employer’s ability to set-off an
employee’s recovery in FLSA cases, but narrowed set-off recovery to money
“[that] can be considered wages that the employer pre-paid to the plaintiff-
employee.” Martin, 628 F.3d at 742. Cf. Singer v. City of Waco, 324 F.3d 813,
828 n.9 (5th Cir. 2003) (interpreting Brennan and clarifying that an employer’s set-
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off recovery cannot cause an employee’s FLSA recovery to fall below the statutory
minimum wage). It does not seem to us, however, that those concerns carry over
to a situation like the one here where an employee is exempt from the FLSA’s
coverage and therefore cannot recover anything under the Act.
We also think that the district court’s reliance on the Fifth Circuit’s decision
in Gagnon was misplaced, as that case is both factually distinguishable and legally
insufficient to answer the question posed here. In Gagnon, a skilled aircraft painter
was paid an hourly rate of $5.50 per hour, an overtime rate of $20 per hour, and a
“per diem” rate of $12.50 per hour. See Gagnon, 607 F.3d at 1039. He sued his
employer under the FLSA, alleging that the payment scheme reduced the amount
of overtime compensation he should have received. See id. at 1040. The district
court ruled in favor of the painter, concluding that the “per diem” should have been
included in his regular rate of pay for purposes of calculating overtime
compensation. See id. at 1040–41.
The painter’s per diem payments were troubling because they were paid
hourly, bore no rational relationship to living or travel expenses, and the combined
regular rate and per diem payments was suspiciously close to the “prevailing wage
for similarly skilled craftsmen.” See id. at 1039–41. The Fifth Circuit reasoned
that the employer manipulated the overtime rate of the painter by designating a
portion of his “wages as ‘straight time’ and a portion as ‘per diem.’” Id. at 1041.
21
Case: 15-10845 Date Filed: 06/14/2016 Page: 22 of 24
On those facts, the Fifth Circuit ruled that the employee’s hourly per diem
payments were part of “his regular rate for the purpose of determining overtime
pay due under the FLSA.” Id. at 1042.
The employer in Gagnon asserted counterclaims for breach of contract and
fraud against the employee and challenged the per diem it had paid “[because] he
lived less than ten miles from the worksite.” Id. at 1041–42. Significantly,
however, the district court in Gagnon did not address the employer’s state-law
counterclaims. See id. at 1042–43. The Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court’s
decision not to address the counterclaims, but it went a step further, stating that its
conclusion that “the hourly per diem wages must be included in base pay would
seem to eviscerate” the employer’s breach of contract and fraud counterclaims. Id.
at 1042. This language in Gagnon does not mean that IBEX’s counterclaim was
legally barred in a case where no FLSA claim remained.
Unlike the painter in Gagnon, who had a viable FLSA overtime claim, Mr.
Pioch was exempt from FLSA overtime protection and was paid a set daily amount
(the per diem) that reflected his expected expenses for distant travel. Mr. Pioch’s
per diem payments also did not change based on the hours he worked, and there is
no concern here that IBEX used per diem payments to avoid paying overtime. Mr.
Pioch fails to explain how, in light of these factual differences, Gagnon requires
dismissal, on the merits, of IBEX’s unjust enrichment counterclaim. We therefore
22
Case: 15-10845 Date Filed: 06/14/2016 Page: 23 of 24
hold that, if an employee who sues under the FLSA is not covered by (or is exempt
under) the Act, there is no bar to the employer asserting a state-law counterclaim
against the employee.
B
If there is a valid merit-based ground for ruling in favor of Mr. Pioch on
IBEX’s unjust enrichment counterclaim, we can of course affirm. See, e.g.,
Walden v. Ctrs. for Disease Control & Prevention, 669 F.3d 1277, 1283 (11th Cir.
2012) (noting that we can affirm a grant of summary judgment on any ground
supported by the record, including grounds on which the district court did not rely).
Mr. Pioch argues that, under Florida law, IBEX’s counterclaim was time-barred
under Fla. Stat. § 95.11(4)(c) (imposing a two-year statute of limitations for actions
“to recover wages or overtime or damages or penalties concerning payment of
wages and overtime”). The district court acknowledged that Mr. Pioch had made
this argument, but it did not base its summary-judgment ruling on statute of
limitations grounds. We exercise our discretion and decline to decide whether
IBEX sought to recover “wages” from Mr. Pioch as that term is defined under
Florida law.
On remand, we note that the district court has two options. The district court
can decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the unjust enrichment
counterclaim (as it did with respect to IBEX’s fraud counterclaim). Or it can
23
Case: 15-10845 Date Filed: 06/14/2016 Page: 24 of 24
decide, in the first instance, whether IBEX’s attempt to recover per diem payments
was unequivocally a claim to recover wages that is now time-barred under Florida
law. 5
V
We affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of IBEX
as to Mr. Pioch’s FLSA claim, and reverse the entry of summary judgment in favor
of Mr. Pioch as to IBEX’s state-law counterclaim for unjust enrichment. The case
is remanded to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
5
Mr. Pioch contends that “any claim for wages—no matter the legal theory under which it is
brought—is subject to the [two-year] statute of limitations under what is now [§] 95.11(4)(c).”
Appellee’s Reply Br. at 4. But the two cases cited by Mr. Pioch in support of this argument
involve an employee’s attempt to recover wages from an employer. See Blackburn v. Bartsocas,
978 So. 2d 820, 821–22 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008) (reversing jury verdict in favor of employee on
unjust enrichment claim because it was actually a claim for wages); Ultimate Makeover Salon &
Spa, Inc. v. DiFrancesco, 41 So. 3d 335, 337 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010) (discussing the trial court’s
determination that the employee’s claims, including one for unjust enrichment, were wage
claims).
24
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
Q:
Ada Access to parameterless procedure "wrong convention"
I have the following binding:
function atexit(proc : access Procedure) return Integer with
Import, Convention => C;
As well as the procedure:
procedure Exiting is
begin
Put_Line("Exiting");
end Exiting;
When I try to call it like:
I : Integer := atexit(Exiting'Access);
it fails with subprogram "Exited" has wrong convention
however providing my own (incompatable) atexit which accepts a parameter, and modifying Exiting to use that same parameter, allows passing the procedure just fine.
So it seems like the issue is passing a parameterless procedure as an access type.
I've tried giving a named access type like
type Procedure_Access is access Procedure;
But the result is exactly the same.
How can I pass a parameterless procedure then?
A:
You might have forgotten the Convention aspects in the declarations of Exiting and Procedure_Access. The following works in GNAT CE 2018:
foo.c
int _atexit(void (*f)(void))
{
(*f)();
return 0;
}
main.adb
with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;
with Interfaces.C; use Interfaces.C;
procedure Main is
type proc_ptr is access procedure
with Convention => C;
function atexit(proc : proc_ptr) return int
with Import, Convention => C, Link_Name => "_atexit";
procedure Exiting
with Convention => C;
procedure Exiting is
begin
Put_Line("Exiting");
end Exiting;
I : Integer := Integer (atexit (Exiting'Access));
begin
Put_Line("atexit returned " & I'Image);
end Main;
default.gpr
project Default is
for Source_Dirs use ("src");
for Object_Dir use "obj";
for Main use ("main.adb");
for Languages use ("Ada", "C");
end Default;
output
Exiting
atexit returned 0
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Oral supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC 1.3724 prevents development of atopic dermatitis in NC/NgaTnd mice possibly by modulating local production of IFN-gamma.
Prevalence of allergies has increased during the last two decades. Alteration of the gut microbiota composition is thought to play a crucial role in development of atopic diseases. Oral administration of probiotics has been reported to treat and/or prevent symptoms of atopic diseases in infants, but the results are still controversial. We investigated the potential efficacy of dietary interventions by a probiotic strain on prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) in a human-like AD model, NC/NgaTnd mice by perinatal administration. Pregnant NC/NgaTnd mice were orally treated with the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC 1.3724 (LPR), which was followed by treatment of pups until 12 weeks of age. LPR-treated mice exhibited significant lower clinical symptoms of dermatitis, reduced scratching frequency, lower levels of plasma total Immunoglobulin E and higher levels of interferon-gamma in skin biopsies, compared with untreated mice. The protective effect was also observed when mice started to be treated at weaning time (5 weeks of age) even with limited supplementation period of 2 weeks. However, treatment of mice with the probiotic starting 1 week after the onset of the disease (8 weeks of age) had limited effects. The usefulness of LPR for primary prevention of AD was supported.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
[Spectral analysis of different boundary discharge domain in dielectric barrier discharge].
Different discharge modes in different boundary discharge domains at the same experimental condition are observed in argon/air mixture in a dielectric barrier discharge system with two large diameter water electrodes. Regular patterns and random filaments are formed in the closed square boundary and the semiopen domain respectively. It is found that the relatively intensity of the several higher excitation energy spectral lines such as 696.5, 727.3, 750.4 and 772.4 nm increases with the applied voltage in the closed boundary domain while decreases in the semiopen domain. Results show that the electron average energy in the closed boundary is higher than that in the semiopen domain and the difference of the electron average energy increases with the applied voltage. The results of molecular vibration temperature estimated by the second positive spectrum of N2 molecular indicate that the vibration temperature increases with the applied voltage in the closed boundary and decreases with the applied voltage in the semiopen boundary domain.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
McElhone
McElhone is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Eric McElhone (1887–1981), Australian cricketer
Frank McElhone (1929–1982), Scottish politician
Helen McElhone (1933–2013), Scottish politician
Jack McElhone (born 1993), Scottish actor
John McElhone (1833–1898), Australian politician
Johnny McElhone (born 1963), Scottish guitarist and songwriter
Natascha McElhone (born 1971), English actress
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
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|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Abstracting meaning from complex information (gist reasoning) in adult traumatic brain injury.
Gist reasoning (abstracting meaning from complex information) was compared between adults with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI, n = 30) at least one year post injury and healthy adults (n = 40). The study also examined the contribution of executive functions (working memory, inhibition, and switching) and memory (immediate recall and memory for facts) to gist reasoning. The correspondence between gist reasoning and daily function was also examined in the TBI group. Results indicated that the TBI group performed significantly lower than the control group on gist reasoning, even after adjusting for executive functions and memory. Executive function composite was positively associated with gist reasoning (p < .001). Additionally, performance on gist reasoning significantly predicted daily function in the TBI group beyond the predictive ability of executive function alone (p = .011). Synthesizing and abstracting meaning(s) from information (i.e., gist reasoning) could provide an informative index into higher order cognition and daily functionality.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Randers-virksomheden Naturli' Foods har netop lanceret et plantebaseret alternativ til kyllingekød kaldet 'Pipfri'.
Plantebaseret 'kød' ser ud til at være kommet for at blive. I hvert fald lancerer Naturli' Foods fra Randers nu endnu et produkt i kategorien - 'Pipfri', der er et plantebaseret alternativ til kylling.
- Det er et alternativ til kylling, som er 100 procent plantebaseret. Det er baseret på ærter fra danske landmænd. Den er høj på protein og lav på fedt, og skal bare steges på panden som almindelig kylling, siger direktør hos Naturli' Foods, Henrik Lund, til TV2 ØSTJYLLAND.
Han forventer, at der er et marked for det nye produkt.
- Vi ved, at mere end halvdelen af de danske forbrugere har et ønske om at spise mindre kød. Det vil vi gerne hjælpe dem med, siger Henrik Lund.
Sådan ser en pakke Pipfri ud. Foto: TV 2 ØSTJYLLAND
Har taget godt imod det
For et år siden kom virksomhedens plantebaserede 'hakkekød' på markedet, og nu er 'Pipfri' at finde i alle landets Rema 1000-butikker.
Et af stederne er hos købmand Michael Gertsen i Risskov.
Kunderne har taget godt imod produktet. Jeg tror, at det er en trend, der kommer mere og mere af. Michael Gertsen, Rema 1000 Risskov
- Kunderne har taget godt imod produktet. Jeg tror, at det er en trend, siger han til TV2 ØSTJYLLAND og fortsætter:
- Jeg tror, at vi kommer til at se meget mere af det især i storbyer som Aarhus, København og Aalborg.
Michael Gertsen fortæller, at man i Rema 1000 i Risskov går meget op i alternativer til kød. Foto: TV 2 ØSTJYLLAND
Nye forsyninger på vej
I et års tid har Rema 1000 i Risskov solgt plantebaserede produkter, og her i begyndelsen af januar kom 'Pipfri' så i køledisken.
- Mange er glade for det og har en kødfri dag. Flere og flere bliver jo også veganere, lyder det fra Michael Gertsen.
Siden kyllingen baseret på ærter fra Naturli' kom i Remas butikker den 2. januar, har de ifølge direktøren solgt godt og er udsolgt mange steder.
- Der er dog nye forsyninger på vej, lover Naturli' Foods-direktør Henrik Lund, der generelt glæder sig oer et stigende salg af de plantebaserede produkter
Vi besøgte Naturli' Foods for et år siden, hvor de glædede de sig over succesen med salg af plantefars. Video: TV 2 Østjylland
Har indtaget fem procent af kødmarkedet
- Vi har opnået en markedsandel på cirka fem procent i forhold til det hakkede oksekød, der sælges i Salling Group, oplyser Henrik Lund til TV 2, der af konkurrencemæssige årsager ikke vil komme det nærmere end det.
Under Salling Group - tidligere Dansk Supermarked - er produkterne til salg i butikker som Netto, Føtex og Bilka.
Naturli' Foods eksporterer dog størstedelen af produkterne. I sommer landede firmaet en aftale med Storbritanniens næststørste supermarkedskæde, Sainsbury's, hvor produktet nu sælges i 400 butikker. Også her går salget "helt forrygende", siger Henrik Lund.
Naturli's største eksportmarked er dog Australien, hvor virksomhedens produkter kan købes i kæden Woolworths. Det næste store mål er at indtage USA.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
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