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"Voices of the broken body." The resumption of non-professional female players' sports careers after anterior cruciate ligament injury. The female player's dilemma: is she willing to run the risk?
The article takes as its starting point the lived experiences of female sports patients in rehabilitation. The research data are semi-structured qualitative interviews (N=17) with non-professional female players as patients, having anterior cruciate ligament injuries (ACL-injuries). Injury narratives have been conducted, with a focus upon how female handball players managed the injured situation. Ethnographic research was taken in a private physiotherapy clinic over a period of more than 1 (1/2) years. The narratives show the impact of risk management - the individual coping strategy of the players. The handball her-player has choices to make regarding the resumption of the career. The options and possibilities of playing or not playing after an ACL-injury are connected to the trust in the capacity of the body. The concept of bodily risk reflexive coping strategy is constructed to understand the question of the resumption of the career. The individualistic self-care management indicates a manageable body with a desire to act as worthy of being a full part of the sporting society. This strategy is adding to the sense of accomplishment and to the continuing development of self-identity. The study shows that there is a need for guidance in the injury process. Playing is connected with pleasurable feelings and excitements, but the her-player does care for the bodily self and her risk assessment is so far not a "misuse" or a consumption of sports medicine in the name of sporting achievements.
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In the 1950s, Barbara McClintock first discovered transposable elements (TEs) by analyzing genetic stocks of corn that were phenotypically unstable. Her discovery implied that a genetic control exerted by genomes was generally used to regulate TE mobilization. Any loss or decrease of this control would consequently result in severe genetic instabilities due to mobilization of TEs. Just such a genetic instability affecting the genome of *Drosophila melanogaster* under the control of a locus called *flamenco* (*flam*) was first reported in 1983. Focused on *flam*, this review retraces the numerous studies that have been performed from its discovery to the understanding of its ability to survey TEs.
A SINGLE GENOMIC MUTATION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR *Gypsy* ACTIVITY, A RETROELEMENT FROM *Drosophila melanogaster*
============================================================================================================
In the 1980s, [@B8] were studying the dominant *ovoD* mutation in *D. melanogaster* . The *Drosophila ovo* gene, which encodes a putative transcription factor (Ovo) with TFIIIA-like zinc fingers, is required for female germline survival and proper oogenesis. The gain of function *ovoD* allele results from an extension of the N-terminal region which gives rise to a neomorphic protein that causes female sterility ([@B25]). [@B8] performed crosses between *OvoD* males and females from a stock of flies from the lab of Madeleine Gans (MG) carrying a *y v f mal* X-chromosome . In the progeny, reversions of the *ovoD* mutation generating recessive *ovo* alleles were frequently observed which allowed fertile daughters to be recovered. Surprisingly, these reversions were also associated with the appearance of mutations in other loci, which could potentially be explained if such crosses were accompanied by the *de novo* mobilization of TEs. [@B26] found that, indeed, a high frequency of *gypsy* insertions was observed in the progeny of this cross and that a hot spot for *gypsy* exists into the *ovo* locus . Insertions of *gypsy* into the *ovo* locus interfere with the coding sequence of the neomorphic allele resulting in a null allele of the gene. Novel gypsy insertions can thus be assayed by the presence of fertile daughters. The gypsy mobilization could then explain both the genetic instability observed in these crosses and the *ovoD* reversion.
Also, [@B16] reported a mutator strain (MS) of *D. melanogaster* characterized by an elevated frequency of spontaneous mutations in the germ line up to 10^-3^ - 10^-4^. Mutations were recovered in both sexes and displayed the characteristics of being unstable with frequent reversion to wild type or to new mutant states. When analyzing the localization of a battery of TE families, they found that the genomic distribution of *P*, *mdg1*, *412* (*mdg2*), *mdg3*, and *copia* did not vary among the individuals of this strain. However, this was not the case for *gypsy* (*mdg4*) whose frequency of transposition was high and copy number greatly increased to 30--40 copies.
These initial studies identified different mutator lines in which the frequency of *gypsy* insertions is high while several other TE families remain stable ([@B26]; [@B17]; [@B23]). Further work ultimately showed that these *gypsy* instabilities within MS strains resulted from the combination of two factors: the presence of transpositionally active *gypsy* copies, and mutation(s) of loci regulating their transposition ([@B18]). These early studies provided an incredible powerful tool to evaluate *gypsy* activity by assessing the occurrence of fertile females resulting from *ovoD* reversion to a null allele. With the *ovoD* fertility test, one could isolate rare events without having to deal with enormous amount of progeny to score. Interestingly, these tools were created even before the understanding of the mechanism of repression.
A β-HETEROCHROMATIC LOCUS CONTROLS SEVERAL RETROELEMENTS: *gypsy*, *ZAM*, AND *Idefix*:
=======================================================================================
A mutation responsible for *gypsy* mobilization was identified within the y ***v*** *f mal* chromosome of MG stocks ([@B32]). Genetic mapping localized this mutation at the basis of the X-chromosome at position 65.9 (20A1-3) close to β-heterochromatin where numerous TEs were known to accumulate ([@B44]). The locus was called *flamenco* (*flam*) because it had the ability to make *gypsy* "dance." Non-permissive or permissive alleles of *flam* were defined according to their ability to restrict or allow *gypsy* mobilization, respectively. A fine-scale analysis of *flam* genetic characteristics uncovered that: (i) Its control on *gypsy* activity occurs under a strict maternal effect since transposition is only allowed in the progeny (male and females) of homozygous permissive females even if fathers are non-permissive. (ii) The mutant allele present in the MS strains is essentially recessive. (iii) Transposition is largely a premeiotic event. (iv) Although *ovoD* reversion is primarily controlled by *flam*, it is influenced by other factors such as age and temperature, reversion being higher in young flies grown at 25°C. (v) The effects of *flam* on *gypsy* expression are restricted to the somatic follicle cells that surround the maternal germline ([@B31]). Thus, *flam* function could be viewed as the maternal transmission of some factors preventing *gypsy* transposition.
In 1997, an unstable line called Rev was recovered after a PM mutagenesis performed on the line bearing the *w^IR6^* allele ([@B20]; Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The *w^IR6^* allele is due to the insertion of the non-LTR retrotransposon *I-factor* into the first intron of the *white* gene. It gives an orange eye phenotype to flies ([@B19]). From the PM mutagenesis ([@B37]), a fly with a wild-type red-eye phenotype was recovered and established as a line subsequently called Rev because of the eye phenotype reversion from orange to red. It was found that the *white* locus had suffered a 8.4 kb insertion 3 kb upstream from the *white* start site of transcription (TSS; Figure [1C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). This insertion corresponded to a novel TE from the *gypsy*-family that was previously uncharacterized and that has been named *ZAM* ([@B20]). *ZAM* did not only insert upstream of *white*. *In situ* hybridization and Southern analyses performed on the Rev genome revealed the presence of some 20 copies of *ZAM*, whereas *ZAM* was not found on the chromosomal arms of the original parental line *w^IR6^* (Figure [1B](#F1){ref-type="fig"}; [@B11]). From Rev, a series of mutations affecting eye coloration has been recovered, most of them affecting the *white* locus (Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). This second event of mutation resulted from the insertion of a novel *gypsy-like* transposable element designated *Idefix* that inserted 1.7 kb upstream of the TSS of the *white* gene. This second mutational event was recovered as a recurrent specific mutation in 11 independent individuals (Figures [1A,C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}; [@B11]). Genome analysis of Rev revealed that this line also suffered a recent and massive invasion of *Idefix* (Figure [1B](#F1){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F1}
The Rev line brought to light a new genetic model in which the activity of two TEs, *ZAM,* and *Idefix*, could be tested. Thereafter, transgenic flies were established with sensor-transgenes containing the full-length long terminal repeat (LTR) of *ZAM* or *Idefix* linked to the *LacZ* reporter gene. These transgenes provided a convenient read-out for analyzing the control exerted on these elements. Crosses designed to test the influence of the genetic background on these reporter constructs indicated that *ZAM* and *Idefix* responded to two types of controls: one restricting their expression to specific somatic cells of the ovaries and the other silencing their expression in the majority of *Drosophila* lines with only one exception reported in 2003 as being the Rev line ([@B12]).
Using these tools, a mutation responsible for the high activity of *ZAM* and *Idefix* was identified in Rev. This mutation was localized at the basis of the X-chromosome close to *flam* (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}; [@B12]). Although the mutation was genetically close to *flam*, the Rev line displayed a non-permissive allele of *flam* since *gypsy* was not active in this line and, like in non-permissive lines, only few copies of *gypsy* were detected in Rev. In addition, transgenes carrying fragments of *gypsy* fused to *LacZ* used as reporters of *flam* permissivity were repressed in Rev while *ZAM-LacZ* and *Idefix-LacZ*, reporter transgenes were activated ([@B43]; [@B12]). These findings suggested that *gypsy* regulation was genetically separable from *ZAM* and *Idefix* regulation, and that a second locus existed near *flam* that controlled the activity of *ZAM* and *Idefix*.
![**X-chromosomal deficiencies used for cytogenetic mapping of *COM*.** The chromosomal region is presented at the top. The lines below indicate the deficiencies tested. LacZ staining observed in these lines when *ZAM-LacZ* and *Idefix-LacZ* reporters were tested are indicated on the right. Data reported for *flam* by [@B32] are indicated in the third column. Figure modified from [@B12].](fgene-05-00257-g002){#F2}
In , while working on the silencing of testis-expressed Stellate genes by paralogous Su(Ste) tandem repeats in *Drosophila*, [@B3] had reported that double-stranded RNA-mediated silencing might provide the basis for negative control of gene expression. They further proposed that the related surveillance system was implicated in the control of retrotransposons in the germline ([@B3], [@B2]). Around the same time, [@B45] had published that double strand RNAs (dsRNAs) of centromeric heterochromatin repeats in *Schizosaccharomyces pombe* would produce small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) triggering gene silencing and repressing their own transcription ([@B45]). They also suggested that these dsRNAs might silence other loci with homologous sequences. Therefore, we proposed a new hypothesis to account for TE regulation by the heterochromatin region at the base of the X-chromosome whereby vestiges of TEs might produce dsRNAs required for the silencing of *ZAM* and *Idefix* ([@B12]). To illustrate its potential to control over multiple TE families, we referred to this locus as a center required for TE mobilization and proposed to call it COM (Center Organisant la Mobilization; [@B12]).
[@B40] reported an additional finding confirming this primary model. Their study demonstrated that *gypsy* did not contain a single binding region for a putative *flam* repressor ([@B40]). They first tested whether the *gypsy* promoter is dispensable for this regulation and swapped it for an alternative promoter from the *yp3* gene expressed in the follicle cells of the ovaries where *gypsy* itself is expressed. They found that a small 59 nucleotide fragment of non-promoter transcribed sequences was sufficient to make a non-*gypsy*-driven transcript sensitive to this regulation. They, then, tested diverse fragments between base 329 and 1072 from the *gypsy* promoter in the same way. They found that any fragment from the *gypsy* 5′-untranslated region (UTR) appeared to be able to target the repression, the only requirement being that *gypsy* sequences were present within the tested transcript. In addition, *gypsy* repression was impeded by *piwi* mutations. Short RNAs from 25 to 27 nucleotides long were also detected. These small RNAs, homologous to sequences within the *gypsy* 5′ UTR, should be able to guide RNA silencing complexes to *gypsy*-containing transcripts. In line with growing body of evidence implicating RNA silencing mechanisms in regulating TE activity, these data supported that *flam* could possibly act through a RNA-dependent mechanism.
*flam*: FROM MOLECULAR STRUCTURE TO GENOMIC FUNCTION
====================================================
Cloning of the heterochromatic locus where *flam* and *COM* had been identified proved to be very difficult. Uncertainty in the assembly of repetitive DNA in the early releases of the *D. melanogaster* genome sequence posed difficulties for heterochromatin studies. As a consequence, *flam* localized to a sequencing gap in the Release 1 genome sequence ([@B1]; [@B29]). The group of Alain Pélisson and Alain Bucheton worked very hard in tackling this locus, whose location close to heterochromatin makes its analysis extremely difficult because it is almost impossible to perform meiotic recombination. Furthermore, the repetitive nature of *flam* added to the lack of a discrete transcript produced from the locus prevented the choice of a probe that could have been used to probe cDNA libraries. A helpful tool was provided when N. Prud'Homme generated a P-element-induced mutation *P\[lyB\]* of *flam*. Indeed, ∼100 kB of the genomic DNA flanking the insertion could be analyzed ([@B36]). [@B36] searched for unique sequences that might account for the activity of a gene and identified four of them with transcription units. The closest gene from the P-element insertion, *DIP1*, was assumed to be the best candidate for *flam*, notably because of its double stranded RNA-binding domains. However, all attempts to correlate its function to *gypsy* regulation proved to be unsuccessful ([@B36]). [@B36] further detected some deficiencies permissive for *gypsy* mobilization located \>130 kb away from the P-element insertion, suggesting that sequences responsible for the *flam* function lie large distances away from each other. This lab generated two new alleles of *flam* called *flam* KGP and *flam* BGP. By contrast to the *COM* mutation present in the Rev line, these new alleles brought evidence that certain *flam* mutations have the potential to relieve repression exerted not only on *gypsy* but also on *ZAM*. This study further showed that beyond its function on TE control, *flam* was required somatically for morphogenesis of the follicular epithelium, the tissue where *ZAM*, *Idefix,* and *gypsy* were repressed ([@B20]; [@B43]; [@B27]). These findings indicated that *flam* and *COM* were not always separable, and were in fact a single genomic locus (that will now be referred as *flam*) displaying flexibility in its potential to repress different TE families.
A detailed sequence of the TE content in the *flam* region became possible due to improved genome sequence data ([@B9]) and the development of high-resolution TE annotation pipelines ([@B34]; [@B6]). *flam* revealed to be one of the specific regions of the genome with an extremely high local TE density containing 104 different TE insertions from 42 different TE families spanning at \>200 kb of sequence. However, because the high TE density region in the *flam* locus contained a gap in the assembly, the full structure of this locus and its TE content could not be fully determined. Nevertheless, since clear hallmarks of recurrent transposition were detected, inherent mobility of TEs was proposed to explain the high density of TEs in the *flam* region. However, a relatively high incidence of duplicated TE sequences was also identified, suggesting that segmental duplications have played a role in the genesis of the *flam* region. In line with the earlier models, the analysis of global nesting relationships among different TE families led [@B6] to propose that expression of chimeric sequences from regions of high TE density in the β-heterochromatin may simultaneously co-suppress transcripts from multiple euchromatic TE families .
A significant breakthrough for *flam* function was achieved in 2007 when [@B7] reported for the first time the existence of discrete small RNA-generating loci that included *flam*. These data were obtained when [@B7] analyzed the control of TEs and its relationship with the Argonaute proteins in *Drosophila*. Three Argonaute proteins, the PIWI proteins Piwi, Aub, and Ago3 had been shown to bind small RNAs ([@B22]). Their mutation was known to affect TE control. Sequencing small RNAs bound by each of these three PIWI proteins from *Drosophila* ovaries, [@B7] found that the majority of the so-called piRNAs were derived from discrete genomic loci including *flam* that were subsequently referred to as piRNA clusters. Among piRNA clusters, *flam* displayed some unique characteristics. First, 94% of its uniquely mapping RNAs were Piwi partners. Second, *flam* produced piRNAs with a marked strand asymmetry that correlated with the strong biased orientation of TEs in the locus. Third, *flam* displayed the potential to produce a high fraction of repressive piRNAs targeting *ZAM*, *Idefix,* and *gypsy* (79, 30, and 33% respectively). The use of *flam* mutations, P(KG00476) and P(BG02658), indicated that a substantial reduction in piRNAs that uniquely map to *flam* was observed in mutant flies whereas piRNAs derived from other piRNA clusters were unaffected. This reduction of *flam* piRNAs was accompanied by a loss of *flam* transcripts and a high increase of the *gypsy* retroelement transcription.
From this piRNA sequencing, [@B7] proposed that in ovaries, a pool of primary piRNAs is processed from long single-stranded transcripts encoded by piRNA clusters. These primary piRNAs target sense-transcripts encoded by TEs thereby triggering their degradation. An amplification system starting once the sense transcript has been detected by the primary piRNAs results in production of secondary piRNAs. In their turn, these secondary sense-piRNAs enhance cleavage of anti-sense precursors resulting in amplification of piRNA production. This model has been called the ping-pong model.
Although a big step in the understanding of piRNA origin had been made, the model needed to be refined to take into account that piRNAs had been extracted from a mixture of somatic and germ line cellular lineages. *ZAM*, *Idefix,* and *gypsy* had indeed been shown to be active and consequently repressed by *flam* only in the somatic follicle cells ([@B31]; [@B21]; [@B43]). In their study, [@B7] noticed that the amplification cycle detected in ovaries might not operate in somatic follicle cells where Aub and Ago3 were absent. They suggested that, since the vast majority of transposon fragments within *flam* exists in a common orientation, this could lead to the production of anti-sense primary piRNAs processed from a long, unidirectional, precursor transcript. Subsequently, [@B24] sought to determine whether the ping-pong model applied or not in both ovarian germ and somatic follicle cells. By comparing piRNAs from germline and from their somatic support cells, they found distinct piRNA pathways with differing components ([@B24]). A simplified piRNA pathway operates in the somatic lineage in which among the three Argonaute proteins, only Piwi functions. Only primary piRNAs that lack the ping-pong amplification cycle are expressed in these cells ([@B15]).
From these studies, it emerged that *flam* was not a classically defined gene producing messenger RNAs with large open reading frames able to encode proteins. By contrast, it had the potential to produce long, unidirectional, non-coding, precursor transcripts containing multiple TE families traversing the locus (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}; [@B7]; [@B24]). Thus, although the reason why different lines might display different TE targeting remained elusive, it was then clear that the whole \>180 kb of the *flam* locus could be required to generate piRNAs and to perform multiple TE surveillance.
{#F3}
Subsequent studies have indicated that piRNA biogenesis requires many other factors than these long TE-containing transcripts and the PIWI proteins. Thus, exhaustive screens were performed to uncover the full repertoire of genes involved in this pathway. *flam*-mediated TE control became the ideal genetic model to validate candidate genes and to elucidate their activity. Indeed, the precise heterochromatic localization of *flam* had been defined from numerous genetic approaches; several of its TE targets were well known like *gypsy*, *ZAM,* and *Idefix*; transgenic tools targeted by *flam* had been constructed; several *flam* alleles with distinct suppressions of either target control were available. To date, numerous studies can be cited in which *flam* has been used to test any gene of interest for its involvement in the somatic piRNA pathway. As few examples see: [@B38], [@B39]), [@B14], [@B33], and [@B28].
*flam* TRANSCRIPTION GENERATES DIVERSE RNA PRECURSORS BEFORE BEING PROCESSED INTO piRNAs
========================================================================================
Although it provided a useful tool to validate candidate genes involved in the piRNA pathway, the mechanism of *flam* transcript did not receive much attention after the sequence analysis of its structure and piRNA production has been reported. For several years, the prevailing model held that the *flam* locus is transcribed as a continuous single stranded RNA spanning \>180 kb. However, this precursor had only been detected through quantitative RT/PCR using primer pairs spanning different regions of *flam* ([@B7]; [@B14]). In 2010, several studies identified Yb-bodies, cytoplasmic structures close to the nuclear membrane of the follicle cells, as sites of primary piRNAs biogenesis ([@B30]; [@B33]; [@B39]). piRNA intermediate-like molecules (piR-ILs) of length varying between 25 and 70 nucleotides were isolated from these structures ([@B39]). They proved to be intermediate molecules between a long precursor whose structure and regulation were still unknown, and mature piRNAs.
An important issue that remained to be addressed to go further in *flam* function was to elucidate its transcriptional regulation. [@B35] reported that repressive marks deposited by dSETDB1were required for transcription from all major piRNA clusters including somatic unidirectional clusters like *flam*. In that, dSETDB1 was required for somatic TE control by *flam*. ChIP-seq experiments further indicated that *flam* is actively transcribed by RNA polymerase II and is fairly devoid of the histone mark H3K9me3, a marker of heterochromatic regions ([@B42]). In 2014, new insights into *flam* activity were reported by our group ([@B13]). We identified the promoter of *flam* as an Inr DPE promoter located at 21 502 918, 1743 bp proximal from *DIP1* (flybase version FB2011_08) and showed that its transcriptional activity requires the transcription factor, *Cubitus interruptus* (CI; Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, we found that the *flam* precursor transcript undergoes differential alternative splicing to generate diverse RNA precursors. The intron sizes are extremely diverse and range from 0.7 to 158 kb but the first exon (exon1: 21,502,918 to 21,503,349) was found to be constitutively expressed since it is always present within the processed RNAs. Furthermore, when publicly available RNA-seq libraries were interrogated ([@B42]), piRNAs corresponding to the predicted spliced exon1--exon2 junction were identified. At the same time, piRNAs encompassing exon1/intron1 junction were under-represented in the libraries compared to piRNAs matching the spliced junction. These data indicate that *flam* transcripts are spliced before being processed in piRNAs.
RNA FISH experiments indicated that these spliced transcripts are then transferred to the nuclear membrane. Indeed, we further identified a prominent nuclear structure called Dot COM, in which precursor transcripts encoded by *flam* accumulate ([@B10]). Remarkably, this structure is often juxtaposed with Yb bodies and concentrates transcripts from other piRNA clusters. When Yb-bodies are disrupted using mutations of the Armi-Piwi-Yb complex composing Yb-bodies, Dot COM is normally distributed within the nucleus and its morphology unchanged. Overall these last findings suggest the following scenario: at the initial step, *flam* RNA polymerase II transcription is activated by CI in the follicle cells. Transcripts are differently spliced to form a population of RNAs along the \>180 kb region but having in common the presence of the first exon. These RNAs are channeled from their site of transcription to Dot COM at the nuclear membrane in a location facing the Yb-bodies. From here, they are transferred to the cytoplasmic Yb-bodies and processed in piRNAs which in turn *trans*-silence complementary TEs located outside of *flam* (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). At this stage many questions remain to be elucidated: Where does the splicing occur? Can it be co-transcriptional or does it occur in Dot COM? How RNAs are transported from their genomic clusters to Dot COM and then to their piRNA processing center? which factors are required for these processes?
{#F4}
A HIGH DEGREE OF STRUCTURAL VARIATIONS AFFECTING THE *flam* LOCUS IMPACTS THE GENOMIC TE DISTRIBUTION
=====================================================================================================
Despite the molecular data reported above, the link between the presence of TE vestiges in piRNA clusters and their silencing remained to be demonstrated. [@B6] proposed that β-heterochromatin TE nests could act as a trap for new TE invasions providing an "adaptive immunity" to the host genome. It could then be anticipated that different *Drosophila* lines have trapped certain TEs in piRNA clusters and not others, which would potentially explain their differential ability to repress distinct families of TEs. This was indeed what the primary genetic studies of *flam* had suggested for different *Drosophila* lines, displaying different capacities to repress or not the expression of *ZAM*, *Idefix,* and *gypsy*.
To test this possibility, [@B46] used the Rev line in which the mutation affecting *flam* releases the silencing exerted on *ZAM* and *Idefix*, but not on *gypsy*. The annotation of *flam* was refined in ISO1A, the line used to generate the genome sequence in which *ZAM*, *Idefix,* and *gypsy* are silenced. Several unknown properties of *flam* were highlighted in this study. We first found that among 52 different TEs present in the *flam* locus, the vast majority (49) are present as a unique copy. This observation supports a key prediction of the transposon trap model that postulates if a TE family is silenced as soon as it inserts *flam*, it should be present only once in the locus. This study also highlighted the high structural dynamics of this locus because numerous differences resulting from deletions, insertions or duplications were identified between different lines. In addition, sequence analysis of the *flam* TEs indicated that many of them correspond to TEs that recently inserted the locus. Among them, 12 new TEs were identified. Interestingly, eight of them were found closely related to TEs from *D. simulans*, *D. sechellia*, *D. yakuba,* or *D. erecta*, consistent with a recent origin from horizontal transfers that occurred between species belonging to the *melanogaster* subgroup ([@B5]).
To determine what underlies the difference between *Drosophila* lines that allow or restrict particular TEs to be mobilized, we compared the *flam* structure in ISO1A (restrictive for *ZAM*, *Idefix,* and *gypsy*) and Rev (restrictive for *gypsy* but not *ZAM* or *Idefix*). Importantly, a deletion of the region comprised between X:21638001 and 21684449 was found in Rev that encompasses the unique *ZAM* and *Idefix* copies present in *flam*. This observation provides the first evidence that a strict correlation exists between the presence or absence of TE sequences (i.e., *ZAM* and *Idefix*) within *flam* locus and repression or activity of that particular TE family. These new data highlight how structural variations in piRNA clusters impact the genomic TE distribution across the rest of the genome.
Overall, data obtained on *flam* fit with a model of TE invasion and its subsequent genomic control as follows (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). The best genetic background for a TE family to transpose is to enter a virgin genome in which no homologous sequence exists. In such a genome, no regulatory piRNAs are produced that are able to target the new TE. For that reason, horizontal transfer of a TE coming from another species increases the chances that a TE can invade a particular genome. After entering, the newly acquired TE starts replication cycles and its copies insert across the genome. Either by chance, because of relaxed selection, or because of active targeting, a new TE copy will eventually insert into a piRNA cluster. The pool of piRNA precursors produced by this locus will then be changed because of the presence of new sequences brought in by the new TE insertion. These new precursors, transferred to Dot COM and then processed in piRNAs in Yb-bodies will act in *trans* to silence their homologous copies. When this occurs, genomic stability is recovered. Due to their highly repetitive nature, piRNA clusters may subsequently undergo deletion events removing small or large portions of the locus. These deletions can remove TE sequences and may result in sudden bursts of transposition. Thus, periods of stability and instability in global TE dynamics will reflect the mutational events that affect piRNA clusters.
{#F5}
Conceptually, this dynamics of the *flam* locus provides an RNA-mediated adaptive immunity against TE invasions. Interestingly, this system in *Drosophila* shares striking resemblances with the CRISPR system developed by bacteria to fend off invaders ([@B4]). CRISPR loci (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) are typically flanked by CRISPR-associated genes (Cas). The CRISPR-Cas system mediates immune defense involving sequence specific, RNA-mediated targeting of genetic invaders. The first step of the CRISPR-Cas protection occurs when new sequences derived from invading elements like viruses or plasmids are incorporated into the CRISPR locus. This locus is subsequently transcribed and processed into small interfering RNAs that guide Cas nucleases for specific cleavage of complementary sequences. This genome surveillance is thus triggered as soon as a TE, a virus or their derived sequences fall within the trap. It is interesting to note that, for both *flam* and CRISPR loci, these sequences remaining from invasions are transferred to the progeny in which they constitute genetic marks reflecting environmental changes over time.
After 40 years of data obtained on *flam*, it is interesting to measure how far we have gone since that time where heterochromatin was considered as a graveyard for TEs. Today, TEs and piRNA clusters in heterochromatin are thought to play fundamental roles in the organization and stability of genomes. The high structural dynamics of *flam* and potentially of the other piRNA clusters appears as a formidable evolutionary tool to remodel both euchromatic and heterochromatic regions, or even to play a role in speciation ([@B41]), by its ability to alternatively constrain or permit TE mobilization.
How far will further work on *flam* lead knowledge of heterochromatin function in the years to come?
Conflict of Interest Statement
==============================
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
[^1]: Edited by: *Jeff Schwartz, Griffith University, Australia*
[^2]: Reviewed by: *Julius Brennecke, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria*
[^3]: This article was submitted to Epigenomics and Epigenetics, a section of the journal Frontiers in Genetics.
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What’s Worse Than Climate Denial?
While it’s very important that humans try to live sustainably, I am disgusted by how many people are less concerned about the existential crisis that nature itself poses.
Photo by Nikhil Mitra on Unsplash
It’s hard to go a day without hearing of the existential crisis of anthropogenic climate change. The future of humanity, and apparently the very planet, hangs in the balance of what we decide to do here and now. But to be perfectly blunt, this attitude is nothing more than humanity’s ego at work.
None of this is to say that sustainability isn’t important. Humans need to start thinking more sustainably, in general. Our diet, for instance, is not very sustainable. People in the US eat a lot of beef, and drink a lot of milk. And even when we’re not consuming, production continues, as dairy subsidies account for over 70% of the total revenue to the dairy industry. These subsidies have created large surpluses, which can amount to significant waste. But the US isn’t alone. And even in nations like Sweden, which has seen a substantial drop in beef consumption, the government still props up the industry with unending subsidies.
The True Existential Crisis
All this being said, even if we act in a highly sustainable way, humanity is still at great risk of extinction. There are numerous ways in which the human species can meet its end. A global pandemic is quite possible, given high speed transportation between continents and a highly connected population. This risk exists, even for naturally evolving pathogens. A biological weapon could spread through the population and devastate it almost entirely. A super-volcano erupting could also bring us to the brink of extinction, first wiping out whatever population is nearby, then choking out those further away, and finally starving those furthest away from the disaster itself. And then there are planet killing asteroids, which NASA still has a difficult time identifying until they nearly graze the planet.
As it stands, humans almost went extinct at least three times in our evolutionary history. The first time was about 1.5 million years ago, soon after the emergence of our genus. The second two near extinction events were both during our own species’ time. H. sapiens nearly went extinct 150,000 years ago, due to significant cooling of the environment, and again 70,000 years ago for some uncertain reason, perhaps relating to the eruption of the Toba supervolcano.
Saving Ourselves
There is only one way to truly increase our odds: expand into space. This idea is not science fiction. It is something that we must do. Even a 1% chance of extinction per century is too high to risk not building colonies in space. In order to even reach out into our own solar system, we’ll need a lot of infrastructure on the moon. Luckily, the moon is packed full of useful materials that can be used to produce oxygen, water, solar panels, building materials, and more. Except for the initial production facilities, everything can be built on the moon itself rather than being shipped there.
The moon would serve two main functions. The first one is acting as a jumping point into the solar system. The second is providing resources back here on Earth. Both of these activities need to be implemented quickly in order to improve our odds of survival.
Regarding getting further into our solar system, entire ships could be built on the moon, and then launched deeper into the solar system to start colonizing Mars, which is the next big step, as it’s right next to the asteroid belt. From there, we can mine the asteroid belt for massive amounts of raw material. Indeed, the raw materials in the asteroid belt have an estimated worth $700 quintillion. That’s a lot of raw material that could be used back here on Earth.
But even as construction facilities for ships get set up, the moon can also be used to produce a large amount of energy for Earth. The moon has no atmosphere. While that’s a problem for humans, who would have to create artificial living conditions, it’s great for collecting solar power. The amount of sunlight that hits the surface of the moon is far greater than that which manages to reach the surface of the Earth. One proposal is to create a ring of solar panels around the moon. It would take many years, which is why we need to get started right away. However, it could totally fill our growing energy needs. The energy can be produced on the moon, and transmitted to the Earth via microwaves. Such a system would result in the complete elimination of the need to produce electricity here on Earth.
Starting Yesterday
It will take many years to complete these projects. Unfortunately, we might not have that many years. While there is no indication of an imminent threat, we may only have a few decades of warning, or less, before things really go south. By then, it will be too late and all we would be able to do is wait and die. Therefore we need to start working on these projects immediately. While climate change is going to cause us problems, according to the information in the AR5, it is not a doomsday scenario. The real doomsday scenarios will likely come from nature, not us, because as much as we like to think that we’re gods on Earth, nature just doesn’t give a damn.
Final Notes
In a recent discussion on evolution and speciation, I suggested that there is only currently one identified species, the Earth species, which is the sum total of the biomass which has evolved from the first cell to form on Earth. There is no clear cut distinction between species. We are all just a progression of lineages. Therefore, while we should focus on sustainability for our own health, we should also do what we can to ensure our own survival first and foremost. It is our evolutionary imperative to survive and grow. And so long as we do so, the Earth species does so as well. Currently we are the greatest chance that the Earth species has for survival beyond this world.
Update (April 2020): This article certainly aged well, given the recent events of 2020. We actually lucked out. This pandemic could have been far worse, but it is a warning of threats to come. A connected world like ours is always at risk of being thrown into disarray, or worse, by such pandemics.
Further Reading
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to cyclohexanol derivatives and fragrance compositions containing the same.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It is known that hydrogenated catecholcamphene adducts obtained by the hydrogenation of an adduct of camphene with catechol have a sandal odor. (Japan Patent Application Laid-Open No. 106,853/1977 and No. 118,507/1982). It is also known that condensation of 2-ethylidene-5-norbornene ("EBH") with phenol in the presence of a cation exchange resin gives a 1:1 condensation product. (Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 84, 30579x (1974); Neft. Gaz, page 128 (1974)).
While fragrant substances are known which have a green-floral type odor, many of the fragrance materials belonging to the green-floral odor type have an aldehyde group as a functional group. (Perfumer and Florist, 5 (6), 1 (1980) and ibid., 6 (1), 1 (1981)). Unfortunately, the aldehyde group is known to be easily oxidizable and notoriously susceptible to attack by acids and alkalis. Hence, fragrant substances bearing an aldehyde group tend to be chemically labile or unstable.
Additionally, many of the fragrant substances having a green-floral type odor have a relatively simple chemical structure and, hence, a low molecular weight, which results in the non-persistence of the odor. Hence, a need continues to exist for a fragrant substance or fragrance composition which has a green-floral type odor and which is chemically stable. Moreover, a need also continues to exist for such compositions or substances whose green-floral type odor is persistent.
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{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
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package com.grace.zhihunews.deliveryLayer;
import android.content.Context;
/**
* Created by Administrator on 2016/9/1.
*/
/**
* 数据交付层接口
*/
public interface INewsDetailProvider {
void getNewsDetail(int id);
}
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{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
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Chetwood
Chetwood is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
William Chetwood, American politician
William Rufus Chetwood, English publisher
See also
Chetwood Creek, a river in California, United States
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
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Woke up this mourning in a dirty room
All naked, pissed, in a pool of puke
We did it again!
On the road to the next location
Going crazy on a tour de force
A whiskey breakfast, loads of drugs
There's plenty of chicks!
Getting stoned in a Blow Job's heaven
Just watch our show
Hell on earth has come to town
Ears deaf, you will know
We turned your graveyard upside down
Hey, dude, we are freaks of life.
We are notorious scum, scum we are!
Fuck you! We'll fuck your wife.
We are notorious scum, scum we are!
Born in the gutter of our fucking town
Dealin' crack to survive the day
We're killers of man!
Dominant, never showed some mercy
Today we give a shit about our past
Life is too short, so live it fast
Get out of the way!
Money rules, we are free of sin
Just watch our show
Hell on earth has come to town
Ears deaf, you will know
We turned your graveyard upside down
Hey, dude, we are freaks of life.
We are notorious scum, scum we are!
Fuck you! We'll fuck your wife.
We are notorious scum, scum we are!
Woke up this mourning in a dirty room,
All naked, pissed, in a pool of puke
We did it again!
On the road to the next location
Going crazy on a tour de force.
A whiskey breakfast, loads of drugs
There's plenty of chicks!
Getting stoned in a blow job's heaven
Just watch our show
Hell on earth has come to town.
Ears deaf, you will know
We turned your graveyard upside down.
Hey, dude, we are freaks of life.
We are notorious scum, scum we are!
Fuck you! We'll fuck your wife.
We are notorious scum, scum we are!
We've been together
A hundred nights and more
Put ten thousand miles on the clock
But the year is almost over
And other voices call
And so this journey has to stop
Whatever roads may follow
The parting of the ways
In times of doubt and danger
Think about this moment
Look back on these days
And don't be a stranger
The spoils have been divided
Numbers exchanged
Promises made to keep in touch
All the secrets we confided
All the lives we gently changed
But best intentions only mean so much
Whatever roads may follow
The parting of the ways
In times of doubt and danger
Look back on these moments
Think about these days
Don't be a stranger
Time and space conspire
To gently douse the fire
Of friendship we fought so hard to light
So pass this way again
Let our laughter fan the flames
It's embers will warm us through the night
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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White matter tract and glial-associated changes in 5-hydroxymethylcytosine following chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.
White matter abnormalities due to age-related cerebrovascular alterations is a common pathological hallmark associated with functional impairment in the elderly which has been modeled in chronically hypoperfused mice. 5-Methylcytosine (5mC) and its oxidized derivative 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) are DNA modifications that have been recently linked with age-related neurodegeneration and cerebrovascular pathology. Here we conducted a pilot investigation of whether chronic cerebral hypoperfusion might affect genomic distribution of these modifications and/ or a Ten-Eleven Translocation protein 2 (TET2) which catalyses hydroxymethylation in white and grey matter regions of this animal model. Immunohistochemical evaluation of sham and chronically hypoperfused mice a month after surgery revealed significant (p<0.05) increases in the proportion of 5hmC positive cells, Iba1 positive inflammatory microglia, and NG2 positive oligodendroglial progenitors in the hypoperfused corpus callosum. In the same white matter tract there was an absence of hypoperfusion-induced alterations in the proportion of 5mC, TET2 positive cells and CC1 positive mature oligodrendrocytes. Correlation analysis across animals within both treatment groups demonstrated a significant association of the elevated 5hmC levels with increases in the proportion of inflammatory microglia only (p=0.01) in the corpus callosum. In vitro studies revealed that 5hmC is lost during oligodendroglial maturation but not microglial activation. Additionally, TET1, TET2, and TET3 protein levels showed dynamic alterations during oligodendroglial development and following oxidative stress in vitro. Our study suggests that 5hmC exhibits white matter tract and cell type specific dynamics following chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in mice.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Pages
Saturday, September 22, 2012
A lot has happened since I last posted. Shoshana has been in the hospital for the last two weeks. Elizabeth has once again stayed with her almost 24/7. I have been coming up in the evenings, often bringing Abigail so she can see her mommy for a couple of hours before going home with her grandma. Elizabeth's mom has been taking care of Abigail most of the time, or leaving her with friends and coming to the hospital to help and relieve Elizabeth.
Shoshana has been in and out of the ICU a few times. The cause of the pain in her throat, which we initially thought was her NG tube, and then thrush, has apparently been a very uncommon side-effect of vincristine, one of the chemo drugs. Vincristine toxicity has caused her vocal cords to stop functioning properly, as well as be a constant source of pain. We have had to increase her pain medication dose several times, and added new drugs to help the pain medication to be more effective.
Her vocal cords aren't doing a very good job when she swallows, which means that any liquids she has need to be thickened.
The worst part is that her vocal cords aren't getting out of the way for her to breathe. They just sit there, closed; in the way. The night after she was admitted to the hospital, she had to be intubated, which means putting a tube down her throat for her to breathe through. Her diaphragm was not able to get enough air into her lungs to breathe, so her chest muscles had been helping out (in medical terms, this is known as stridor). After this had developed over two weeks at home, her body was tired, and she would stop breathing in her sleep.
Shoshana intubated
She was intubated for about 48 hours, after which she was put on CPAP, which is a mask worn over her nose that applies a constant pressure. The pressure pushes out on her throat, widening the passage between the vocal cords.
This has worked, more or less, ever since, though now she is on a BiPAP, which allows increased pressure while she is inhaling. She can be off of the BiPAP for an hour or so at mealtimes. She isn't able to eat much at once, because her swallow muscles wear out. She has been getting formula (and breastmilk from mommy, and vegetable juices from grandma) through her NG tube. She has still lost a lot of weight. The most activity she has been up for is sitting up in bed for a few minutes at a time. I miss our bike rides.
Meanwhile, she had been getting steroids. The original idea behind the steroids was that the laryngal dysfunction might be caused or exacerbated by swelling, and therefore anything that would reduce the swelling would help.
No swelling had ever been observed. In fact, when we first brought her in to the emergency room, they stuck a scope down her throat, and didn't see any swelling. Elizabeth had been skeptical of the large doses of the steroid ever since she had been intubated: prednisone wasn't helping (and that reduces swelling), so why would dexamethasone? Additionally, the dexamethasone was preventing Shoshana from getting a good night's sleep, which was the very thing her exhausted body needed desperately to recover. Additionally, with such high doses, coming off the drug would cause swelling, since her body would have compensated for its presence.
After discussing this with the doctors, Elizabeth was surprised to see that Shoshana was still getting the high doses of dexamethasone! She went mamma bear on them. I'll let her tell that story. After about a two day standoff, everyone was pretty much back on the same page, and she is being weaned off of the steroids.
I find I've been taking and posting a lot fewer pictures of Shoshana. I like to capture the happy and hopeful moments; the smiles and giggles. We didn't get any for a while. As she has become a bit more stable over the last few days--relatively so, she's still in the ICU--she has been able to play with Abigail when she visits (although Abigail is prone to pulling on lines and anything else she can get a hand on, so we need to keep her out of reach). She definitely misses Abigail when she hasn't seen her in a while, and asks for her. She has been able to talk to people about things other than her pain and needs, and play with toys and sticker books in the last few days, which is an improvement over the previous couple of weeks or so. There haven't been any bike rides, but I'll take what I can get.
My brother Josh's 3rd and 4th grade class wrote letters to Shoshana, and I was able to show them to her. I also received a video from a friend's three-year-old daughter describing a letter and drawing she was making for Shoshana. Shoshana really appreciated these things, and she seemed to especially enjoy them because they were from kids. They brought me to tears, especially the statements of trust in God expressed in the letters from the kids in Josh's class: the same kind of faith God expects from wise-to-the-world grownups.
Please keep asking the Lord to heal her vocal cords, restoring their
function from nerve damage and relieving her of constant pain. (Luke
18:7)
We definitely enjoy visitors. Both to see Shoshana, and visitors for Mommy and Daddy to have a taste of normal social interaction and distraction.
We have depended on the meal plan set up by our church, to supply us with two or three dinners a week. I have been going from work to the hospital, and then home to sleep, and Elizabeth is living in Shoshana's hospital room. The burden taken off of us by these provided meals has allowed us to focus on Shoshana's needs and care.
Please ask the Lord to supply us and the doctors with wisdom, especially Elizabeth, who is in the front-line position of coordinating all of Shoshana's care over the long haul. She and I need wisdom especially to know when to defer to the doctors' expertise, and when to put our foot down. Shoshana is very blessed to have such a capable and knowledgeable nurse at her side and on her side so faithfully.
Monday, September 10, 2012
I just spent about half an hour eating my dinner in the ICU Family Lounge with a pair of men from Djibouti, who poured me a glass of juice and practically dumped encouragement in Christ into my soul. One of the men I had seen before with his family in the ICU. His six-year-old son has had a tumor on his head for two years.
It was refreshing to see and hear the peace and joy that we share in Christ gush out in broken English, and it was encouraging to me in ways that I know my soul needed. Rough times may be ahead for our family, but I know that we belong to the Lord. We have a heavenly Daddy who cares for us, a Savior and Redeemer who has suffered through worse than this, and knows the full extent of temptation, having endured it all without giving in, and a Spirit who lives in us, and is one with the Father and the Son. He knows our circumstances and pain, and He will speak His word into our hearts, full of precious promises.
How good is the God we adore!
Our faithful, unchangeable Friend,
Whose love is as great as His power,
And knows neither measure nor end.
'Tis Jesus, the first and the last,
Whose Spirit shall guide us safe home.
We'll praise Him for all that is past,
And trust Him for all that's to come.
Saturday, September 01, 2012
The first month of Shoshana's chemotherapy treatment is called "induction". The goal is to 'induce' remission, such that the cancer cells are not detectible in her body. This is not to say that the cancer will be totally gone. A single cancer cell left in her body can and will cause a relapse. Once remission is achieved, she will still have 2 more years of lower-level "maintenance" chemotherapy, to make sure that any remaining leukemia cells don't stage a comeback.
Playing in the waiting area at a clinic visit
There have been good days at home and bad days. A good day is when Shoshana is comfortable enough to laugh, smile, be silly, and play with her sister; to be herself. A bad day is when she doesn't want to move or be touched: she simply wants to lay on the couch and watch movies. We had been having fewer of the good days lately.
Bubbles: a good day
A friend gave Shoshana a pixie cut, to lessen the impact of chemo-related hair loss.
Last night, Elizabeth sent the following to our church prayer chain:
Tuesday marked the start of week 3 of treatment. According to the doctor
the 3rd and 4th weeks are the most difficult both for the child and for
the family due to pain, hair loss, crankiness (due to the steroids),
and exhaustion. The most prominent issue right now is pain. She is
experiencing a combination of sore throat from the constant crying
combined with thrush, jaw pain from one of the chemo drugs, bone pain
from the leukemia itself, and generalized muscle achiness from the
combination of steroids and chemo. At this point Shoshana is taking the
maximum allowable pain medicine dosage at home and if her pain continues
to increase then we will have to hospitalize her for pain management.
In my first few years as a nurse working on a post-op unit I learned a
lot about pain: uncontrolled pain or frequent flare-ups cause a cascade
of stress hormones to release inhibiting healing, and even feeding
cancer. So even though I don't like how droopy her eyes are, I do not
support giving her the max home dosage and allowing her to cry for two
out of the four hours in between doses. Last night, for the first time
since her hospitalization, she woke in the middle of the night and asked
for her pain medicine. All that to say, please pray for her pain to be controlled, for us
to have patience and continued energy to serve Shoshana's needs (not
necessarily her demands ;)).
A smile.
Reading with Grandma
This morning we decided it was too much. Shoshana once again woke up crying in the middle of the night, and even after her morning dose should have been in full effect, she was obviously uncomfortable and in pain. We called ahead, and headed up to Seattle Children's Hospital. Since it's a weekend, we had to go to the emergency room. If we could not effectively manage her pain at home, she would need to be admitted to the hospital.
We were there all day (there was a lot of waiting), and the conclusion was this:
Despite Shoshana still constantly indicating that her throat is her most acute source of pain, it does not look infected. The thrush seems to have cleared up. They took some swabs, and will run some cultures to see if there is anything else. It may simply be irritated by her feeding tube, and aggravated by her crying.
She was still in pain, and the current dose was not cutting it. We are going to try introducing another medication specifically for nerve pain, but that will take a few days to build up and kick in. In the meantime, we will once again up her scheduled dose of oxycodone (pain meds).
It's a path forward. Again, we appreciate prayers to the effect that Shoshana's pain will be effectively managed.
Back at the hospital
"Daddy, I want soup with noodles!"
Please also pray for Elizabeth. This whole process has been rough on her.
Spiritually: She has always had a hard time understanding why God allows this kind of thing to happen. This incident has dredged up the old patterns of thinking and feeling. She finds it difficult to weigh in the providential mercies that God has given to us in the midst of this crisis. She knows they're there, but they somehow don't seem to register.
Emotionally and physically: I have returned to work, except for scheduled clinic days. Elizabeth is the one primarily taking care of Shoshana and Abigail most of the day, every day. She has always had a hard time being strictly a stay-at-home mom. The demands of the task have increased, and her opportunities for social, emotional, and physical outlets have decreased. She is a strong person, but she has a tendency to power through tough times, which does not work well for the long haul.
We are thankful to be blessed by:
Kristen, Elizabeth's mom, who has spent almost every day taking of Abigail while we're at the clinic, or helping out in general with the girls and around the house.
A woman from our church, who is spending some time showing Elizabeth some healthy (and delicious!) cooking ideas.
Encouragements and concern, expressed in person, on Facebook, and in the mail.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Azure and File.CreateText: FileNotFoundException: Could not find file
I have a simple .Net Core MVC web application that I deploy to Azure. In the application, I am creating a little text file called "test.txt" using File.CreateText(). This works fine on my local PC, but when I deploy it to Azure, I get a strange message: "Could not find file 'D:\home\site\wwwroot\wwwroot\test.txt'."
Indeed, the file does not exist--that's why I'm creating it. Also, it appears someone else on SO is having a similar problem: FileNotFoundException when using System.IO.Directory.CreateDirectory()
Do I not have write permissions? Why is Azure not letting me create the file?
Code (in Startup.cs):
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env){
using (var sw = File.CreateText(env.WebRootPath + "/test.txt")) { }
}
Screenshot of error:
A:
I found the reason for this error shortly after posting this question, but forgot to post the answer:
It turns out that when you deploy to Azure, your site runs from a temporary directory, which gets wiped and re-created every time you deploy. Because of this, Azure disables the creation and editing of files in the app's directory, since they're just going to get wiped upon your next deployment (it would be nice if the error message Azure displayed was a little more informative).
Therefore, the way to create and edit files on your Azure app and have them persist across deployments is to use one of the following:
Database BLOB storage (simply store your files as byte arrays in a database. doesn't cost any money if you are already using a database)
Azure BLOB storage (store your files to a special cloud on Azure. costs money)
I read this on some site shortly after posting this question but I can't remember where, so I apologize for not having the source.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
What is wrong with my regular expression in R?
I am trying to extract the label, name, address, city, zip, and distance from the following text:
A
Carl's Jr.
308 WESTWOOD PLAZA
LOS ANGELES, CA 90095-8355
0.0 mi.
B
Carl's Jr.
2727 SANTA MONICA
SANTA MONICA, CA 90404-2407
4.8 mi.
...
...
Here is my regular expression pattern and code, but I get a matrix of NA values.
p <- "(^[AZ]\\n)^(\\w+.\\w+\\s\\w+.\\s*\\w*)\\n^(\\d+\\w+\\s*\\w*\\s*\\w*)\\n^(\\w+\\s*\\w*),\\s(CA)\\s(\\d+-*\\d*)\\n^(\\d+.\\d*)\\smi."
matches <- str_match(cj, p)
Do I have a syntax error in my pattern?
A:
Maybe try strsplit() instead. See regex101 for an explanation of the regex used below. Afterwards, we can figure out how many rows there will be by finding the number of single character elements.
s <- strsplit(x, "\n+|, | (?=[0-9]+)", perl = TRUE)[[1]]
as.data.frame(matrix(s, sum(nchar(s) == 1), byrow = TRUE))
# V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7
# 1 A Carl's Jr. 308 WESTWOOD PLAZA LOS ANGELES CA 90095-8355 0.0 mi.
# 2 B Carl's Jr. 2727 SANTA MONICA SANTA MONICA CA 90404-2407 4.8 mi.
Data:
x <- "A\n\nCarl's Jr.\n\n308 WESTWOOD PLAZA\n\nLOS ANGELES, CA 90095-8355\n\n0.0 mi.\n\nB\n\nCarl's Jr.\n\n2727 SANTA MONICA\n\nSANTA MONICA, CA 90404-2407\n\n4.8 mi."
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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The team after defeating the depot side in a five goal encounter went home with trophy, medals and cash prize. First and second runner-up also got cash and medals reward.
The competition which is in the second edition involved four teams which include Corporate Office, Depot, Tyre and Retail, was an idea to promote team bonding and fitness all staff.
The Depot team defeated the Retail to emerge finalist for the second year running having the won 2017 edition. In the second game of the day, the Corporate Office lost to the Tyre with a lone goal. The Tyre team emerged champions for 2018 edition after defeating the Depot by 4 goals to 1 in the final, while Corporate Office defeated Retail team also with a lone goal to emerge third place winners.
Other side attraction at the venue include opon ayo, dancing and bonding with friends and colleagues.
Speaking at the competition, Chairman Fatgbems Group, Kabir Gbemisola, disclosed that the aim of the tournament is to promote bonding and general fitness of the staff. It is also a time to appreciate and create relaxed atmosphere. He added that, football promote emotions and unity which has shown in the way the teams coordinated themselves and the cheering has been wonderful, hoping to make the next edition bigger and also extend beyond our walls.
Mr. Yomi Kuku, a football promoter who was a special guest applauded the management for creating such an atmosphere to unwind and compete in a relaxed mood. He charge other corporate organizations in Nigeria to emulate the Fatgbems group in such idea.
Olatunji Kazeem, FNL team captain, appreciated the efforts of the management for bringing everybody together to unwind and play football. He said, the success of his team is due to hardwork and that undying sprirt to achieve success.
Fatgbems Group of company was incorporated as an independent petroleum marketing company and tyre trading company delivering service satisfaction and value to customers.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
How can I list all sub dir in my internal storage?
I want to have a list of all my sub dir in internal storage I already created in other activity.
I want to do something like this getFilesDir().listFiles(); but this one is for files in root and I want to list dirs to do this subDir = getDir("nameOfDir", MODE_PRIVATE); and this last code work but with "static" names. I want to do this dynamically.
A:
This is printing all the file names and directory names using recursion:
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, URISyntaxException{
getFiles("your/path");
}
public static void getFiles(String path){
File folder = new File(path);
File[] listOfFiles = folder.listFiles();
for (int i = 0; i < listOfFiles.length; i++) {
if (listOfFiles[i].isFile()) {
System.out.println("File " + listOfFiles[i].getName());
} else if (listOfFiles[i].isDirectory()) {
System.out.println("Directory " + listOfFiles[i].getName());
getFiles(listOfFiles[i].getPath());
}
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Do you have apps on your phone? More than one? Can you imagine if the different apps could actually talk to each other?
Of course you can—because they do, all the time. It's nothing special. But that didn't stop the nation's biggest bank, JP Morgan Chase, from getting a patent that describes exactly that process, titled "System and method for communication among mobile applications."
The language of the primary claim in US Patent No. 9,747,468 describes a mobile app asking a user for permission to get information from another app; then, having acquired that permission, it goes ahead and gets the information.
Perhaps this dates to the early days of cell phones? Nope. The bank filed for the patent in 2013, and the patent was granted earlier this week.
Chase's monopoly on inter-app permissions was highlighted yesterday by the Electronic Frontier Foundation in its "Stupid Patent of the Month" series. Not only was the idea behind this patent not novel in 2013, it had been implemented many, many times.
"How was such a broad and obvious idea allowed to be patented?" asks EFF patent attorney Daniel Nazer. "As we have explained many before , the Patent Office seems to operate in an alternate universe where the only evidence of the state of the art in software is found in patents. Indeed, the examiner considered only patents and patent applications when reviewing JP Morgan's application. It's no wonder the office gets it so wrong."
If the examiners had looked beyond patent databases, they would have seen that developers had been discussing the best methods of inter-app communications for years. In 2013, mobile apps usually asked for permissions all at once, up front, rather than getting more specific permissions from the user at various times.
But, as Nazer notes, changing that structure was more of a management decision than an "invention." Some iPhone apps had started asking specific permission to access user contacts in early 2012. Another high-profile example? Twitter has insisted on third-party apps getting very specific permissions to access its data since 2011.
Now, if JP Morgan Chase wanted to, it could actually accuse those developers of infringing its new patent. The developers could defend themselves and win, but only at enormous cost.
"Instead of promoting innovation in software, the patent system places landmines for developers who wish to use basic and fundamental tools," Nazer writes.
A spokesperson for JP Morgan Chase declined to speak about its patent or EFF's criticisms. We also reached out to the US Patent and Trademark Office to get its view on the matter and will update this post if we hear back.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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|
Remember that you can also add descriptions to each image. Tits with blue veins, both fake and natural. Some also have milky tits (one of many possible reasons to why ladies have visible vains)
Saving... Saving... Add a description of the contents of your gallery, so it will be more visible for other users.Remember that you can also add descriptions to each image. Description saved
|
{
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}
|
{
"CVE_data_meta": {
"ASSIGNER": "security@google.com",
"ID": "CVE-2018-17466",
"STATE": "PUBLIC"
},
"affects": {
"vendor": {
"vendor_data": [
{
"product": {
"product_data": [
{
"product_name": "Chrome",
"version": {
"version_data": [
{
"version_affected": "<",
"version_value": " 70.0.3538.67"
}
]
}
}
]
},
"vendor_name": "Google"
}
]
}
},
"data_format": "MITRE",
"data_type": "CVE",
"data_version": "4.0",
"description": {
"description_data": [
{
"lang": "eng",
"value": "Incorrect texture handling in Angle in Google Chrome prior to 70.0.3538.67 allowed a remote attacker to perform an out of bounds memory read via a crafted HTML page."
}
]
},
"problemtype": {
"problemtype_data": [
{
"description": [
{
"lang": "eng",
"value": "Out of bounds read"
}
]
}
]
},
"references": {
"reference_data": [
{
"name": "[debian-lts-announce] 20181213 [SECURITY] [DLA 1605-1] firefox-esr security update",
"refsource": "MLIST",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2018/12/msg00002.html"
},
{
"name": "RHSA-2018:3833",
"refsource": "REDHAT",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:3833"
},
{
"name": "RHSA-2018:3831",
"refsource": "REDHAT",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:3831"
},
{
"name": "DSA-4362",
"refsource": "DEBIAN",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2019/dsa-4362"
},
{
"name": "DSA-4330",
"refsource": "DEBIAN",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2018/dsa-4330"
},
{
"name": "USN-3844-1",
"refsource": "UBUNTU",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3844-1/"
},
{
"name": "106168",
"refsource": "BID",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/106168"
},
{
"name": "RHSA-2019:0159",
"refsource": "REDHAT",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:0159"
},
{
"name": "RHSA-2018:3004",
"refsource": "REDHAT",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:3004"
},
{
"name": "DSA-4354",
"refsource": "DEBIAN",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2018/dsa-4354"
},
{
"name": "GLSA-201811-10",
"refsource": "GENTOO",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/201811-10"
},
{
"name": "USN-3868-1",
"refsource": "UBUNTU",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3868-1/"
},
{
"name": "https://crbug.com/880906",
"refsource": "MISC",
"url": "https://crbug.com/880906"
},
{
"name": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2018/10/stable-channel-update-for-desktop.html",
"refsource": "CONFIRM",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2018/10/stable-channel-update-for-desktop.html"
},
{
"name": "105666",
"refsource": "BID",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/105666"
},
{
"name": "RHSA-2019:0160",
"refsource": "REDHAT",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:0160"
}
]
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Bentley Motorsport has revealed 11 of its 12 drivers for the 2019 Spa 24 Hours today, the list featuring six new faces to the team.
Callum Macleod will share a new Continental GT3 with former British GT Champion Seb Morris and K-PAX regular Rodrigo Baptista.
In the second of the one-off additional Continental GT3s, former Nissan factory drivers Alex Buncombe and Lucas Ordonez will team up and drive with Markus Palttala.
The other two cars, the #107 and #108, will run with their full-season drivers with one exception, that Frenchman Vincent Abril has not been named. He is leaving the brand with immediate effect to pursue other commitments in racing. Steven Kane, Jordan Pepper and Jules Gounon will compete in Car #107 while the sister #108 car will be driven by Andy Soucek and Maxime Soulet.
The team is currently evaluating multiple drivers to fill Abril’s now vacant seat.
Commenting on the expanded driver roster, Bentley’s Director of Motorsport, Brian Gush, said: “I am delighted that we’ve been able to fill the majority of our driver slots for Spa so soon, with a wealth of experienced endurance racers. Callum, Seb and Rodrigo have all driven superbly for their respective Bentley customer teams, and as usual, we always look within our wider family first when selecting new drivers for the most important races.
“Alex, Lucas and Markus bring a new dimension to the team, and all have proven ability in the key GT3 races. We will be looking to provide seat time with the new car to all of them in the coming weeks and months as we prepare for Spa, while we also make our selection for the last place in the 12-strong driver line-up.
“At the same time, all at Bentley Motorsport wish Vincent Abril luck and success for the next part of his career. Vince has been a model Bentley Boy and a great example of our process of moving talented drivers through our customer racing programme. He has developed into a thoroughly well-rounded driver with significant pace, and we look forward to battling with him on the racetrack.”
Photo courtesy of Blancpain GT
|
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|
This meeting is open to all individuals interested in learning more about JBoss technology. Free parking is available. While, this meeting is open to the public, all non-AEM Employees will be requested to sign in at the front door.
In order to get an accurate headcount for refreshments, RSVPs are strongly encouraged. Please visit our meetup site, http://www.meetup.com/dc-jbug for RSVPs and other related group information.
Agenda
Welcome & Refreshments (7:00 pm - 7:30 pm)
Announcements & Introductions
Red Hat's JBoss Enterprise Data Services Platform (7:30 pm - 8:30 pm)
Peter Larsen, JBoss Solutions Architect, Red Hat
Do you have data from multiple sources that you need to unify into a single trusted, accurate, accountable source?What is the solution to handling this disparate information? Simple, Data virtualization.. The solution to these challenges is data virtualization via the JBoss Enterprise Data Services Platform (JBoss EDSP) and its enterprise service bus (ESB). Data virtualization lets you bring together and integrate data from multiple, disparate, even distributed sources and makes the data appear as if it's available in a single source.. We'll learn about the JBoss EDSP and its powerful set of tools and runtime components that makes it easy for your applications and business processes to integrate and use real-time data from many data sources.
Open Forum (8:30pm - 9pm)
Bring your JBoss related questions to share with your peers.
What topics would you like to see in the future?
Are there any activities that you'd like to work with? (i.e. Study Groups, Hackfests, Ignite Sessions)
|
{
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In December it was reported that the Star Trek film project based on a pitch from Quentin Tarantino would be R-Rated, however in a new red carpet interview from today’s Empire Awards, Star Trek actor (and co-writer of Star Trek Beyond) Simon Pegg adds doubt to that previous report. Talking to Hey U Guys, Pegg said
I don’t think he’s written an R-rated Star Trek script. I think what happened is he went to [Star Trek producer] J.J. [Abrams] with an idea that he has had for a while – I remember he told us about it a long time ago. I think he told me and Edgar [Wright], about it a long time ago. He just put it to J.J. and J.J. is considering putting it into a writing room. We got an email just saying “Guess who came in the office the other day!” So, I don’t know much about it, other than the fact that it is sort of in the mix. So, we will see.
According to the latest reporting from the trades, Abrams and Tarantino have already assembled a writers room for Tarantino’s Star Trek pitch, and tapped Revenant writer Mark L. Smith to write a draft script.
Pegg didn’t offer an opinion on Tarantino’s take on Star Trek, but recently his Trek co-star Karl Urban said it is important to “remain open” to the idea of different take on the franchise, even if that includes the “swearing, more graphic violence or sex” commonly associated with Tarantino’s films. John Cho has also expressed interest, noting he wants to the chance to do “Quentin Tarantino dialog, as Sulu.”
You can watch the full red carpet interview below.
Pegg presents Spielberg’s Lifetime Award
Simon Pegg was at the Empire Awards to present the Legend of Our Lifetime to director Steven Spielberg. Pegg appears in Speilberg’s new film Ready Player One, which opens March 29. Sir Patrick Stewart picked up the same Legend Award at last year’s ceremony.
Embed from Getty Images
Keep checking back to TrekMovie.com for all your Star Trek movie news.
|
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}
|
Q:
input datetime set string.format to model item
I've an input of type datetime
<input type="datetime" id="DATA_END_@id" value="@String.Format("dd/MM/yyyy",item.DATA_END_PREZZATURA.ToString())" />
I need to set the model item value in the datetime format dd/MM//yyyy
What is the right sintax?
Thank you!
In the end this was the solution
@{
string value_d_s = "";
DateTime? dateOrNull = item.DATA_END_PREZZATURA;
if (dateOrNull != null)
{
DateTime date_d_s = dateOrNull.Value;
value_d_s = date_d_s.ToString("dd/MM/yyyy");
}
}
<input type="datetime" id="DATA_END_@id" value="@value_d_s" />
A:
Use an overload of the DateTime.ToString() method to format your date.
<input type="datetime" id="DATA_END_@id" value="@item.DATA_END_PREZZATURA.ToString("dd/MM/yyyy")" />
If item.DATA_END_PREZZATURA is a string instead of a DateTime, you will need to use DateTime.TryParse():
@{
DateTime test;
DateTime.TryParse(item.DATA_END_PREZZATURA, out test);
}
<input type="datetime" id="DATA_END_@id" value="@test.ToString("dd/MM/yyyy")" />
Note you will need to handle the case when TryParse fails.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
// Copyright Aleksey Gurtovoy 2000-2004
//
// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
// (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
//
// Preprocessed version of "boost/mpl/greater.hpp" header
// -- DO NOT modify by hand!
namespace boost { namespace mpl {
template<
typename Tag1
, typename Tag2
>
struct greater_impl
: if_c<
( BOOST_MPL_AUX_NESTED_VALUE_WKND(int, Tag1)
> BOOST_MPL_AUX_NESTED_VALUE_WKND(int, Tag2)
)
, aux::cast2nd_impl< greater_impl< Tag1,Tag1 >,Tag1, Tag2 >
, aux::cast1st_impl< greater_impl< Tag2,Tag2 >,Tag1, Tag2 >
>::type
{
};
/// for Digital Mars C++/compilers with no CTPS/TTP support
template<> struct greater_impl< na,na >
{
template< typename U1, typename U2 > struct apply
{
typedef apply type;
BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(int, value = 0);
};
};
template<> struct greater_impl< na,integral_c_tag >
{
template< typename U1, typename U2 > struct apply
{
typedef apply type;
BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(int, value = 0);
};
};
template<> struct greater_impl< integral_c_tag,na >
{
template< typename U1, typename U2 > struct apply
{
typedef apply type;
BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(int, value = 0);
};
};
template< typename T > struct greater_tag
{
typedef typename T::tag type;
};
template<
typename BOOST_MPL_AUX_NA_PARAM(N1)
, typename BOOST_MPL_AUX_NA_PARAM(N2)
>
struct greater
: greater_impl<
typename greater_tag<N1>::type
, typename greater_tag<N2>::type
>::template apply< N1,N2 >::type
{
BOOST_MPL_AUX_LAMBDA_SUPPORT(2, greater, (N1, N2))
};
BOOST_MPL_AUX_NA_SPEC2(2, 2, greater)
}}
namespace boost { namespace mpl {
template<>
struct greater_impl< integral_c_tag,integral_c_tag >
{
template< typename N1, typename N2 > struct apply
: bool_< ( BOOST_MPL_AUX_VALUE_WKND(N1)::value > BOOST_MPL_AUX_VALUE_WKND(N2)::value ) >
{
};
};
}}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Global Luxury Suites In Downtown Bethesda is an apartment in Bethesda within short distance of American University, Rock Creek Park and National Institutes of Health. This property offers concierge service and ironing service. More details
The intimate American Inn Of Bethesda with a sun deck, a golf course and an outdoor swimming pool is a nice place to stay in Bethesda on holiday. American Inn Of Bethesda has been welcoming guests to its comfortable rooms since 1973. More details
Doubletree By Hilton Bethesda - Washington Dc Hotel is a 4-star property offering a sunbathing terrace, a swimming pool and a golf course in the heart of Bethesda. Residing in a 16-story building, the hotel was opened in 1970 and renovated in 2011. More details
Gallery Bethesda Apartments By Global is an apartment in Bethesda within short distance of Hillwood Museum & Gardens, American University and Rock Creek Park. This property provides laundry and ironing service. More details
Global Luxury Suites At Woodmont Triangle South apartment provides guests with a business center, allergy friendly rooms and an elevator. Guests can benefit from ironing service and laundry. More details
The hotel lies in the center of a business area, in the vicinity of Washington National Cathedral, Rock Creek Park and Washington Monument. Hilton Garden Inn Washington Dc/Bethesda has been welcoming guests to its luxurious rooms since 2009. More details
Offering 187 non-smoking rooms, Residence Inn Bethesda Downtown features a tennis court and a picnic area. The hotel was opened in 1987, renovated in 2007 and is housed in a 13-storey building. More details
Marriott Bethesda Hotel is located in a recreational area of Bethesda in close proximity to Tidal Basin, Walter Reed Reed National Military Medical Center and U Street. This contemporary hotel was opened in 1979 and renovated in 2005. More details
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Your departure date was more than 30 days after your arrival date.Bookings can only be made for a maximum period of 30 days.Please enter alternative dates and try again.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Nymphula terranea
Nymphula terranea is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Rothschild in 1915. It is found in New Guinea.
References
Category:Acentropinae
Category:Moths described in 1915
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Can marked hyperglycemia occur without ketosis?
The significance of ketosis in this syndrome has been evaluated from several viewpoints. With respect to acid-base considerations (pH, anion gap), ketosis was not very significant. However, with respect to sustained hyperglycemia, the combustion of less glucose than normal by the brain is critical and it is likely that ketone body metabolism plays an important role in this regard. This point can be underscored by a quantitative example. First, assume that the maximum rate of new glucose production in a fasted subject is less than 100 g of glucose per day. Second, since the brain will burn 100 g of glucose per day in a non-ketotic subject, it follows that, even in the absence of glucosuria, there will be a net daily consumption of glucose. Since the hyperglycemic individual has only an extra 100 or so g of glucose, it follows that the blood glucose concentration would approach the renal threshold in several days in the absence of ketosis. Recall that this is a minimum estimate because glucose oxidation in other organs and glucosuria will remove an additional quantity of glucose. Hyperglycemia can only be maintained in the absence of glucose intake if there is a reduced rate of glucose metabolism in the brain. The brain can diminish its rate of glucose catabolism by several mechanisms, including a diminished metabolic rate in the brain and/or the consumption of non-glucose fuels (free fatty acids or beta-hydroxybutyrate) by this organ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
MBA Program
MBA Program - FAQ
Is UCM accredited by AACSB International?
Yes. Choosing an AACSB-accredited institution should be important to you. Here's why. Accreditation by AACSB International indicates the business school's programs, faculty and funding are regularly reviewed and that processes are in place to continually evaluate and make improvements to the academic programs. It represents a standard of quality.
There are but 13 institutions in Missouri that are AACSB-accredited in Business. UCM is also accredited in Accounting.
For domestic applicants it is $30. For international applicants it is $75.
Can I submit a GRE score in place of the GMAT?
Yes. Students can take the GRE instead of the GMAT. A predicted GMAT score, based upon GRE Verbal and Quantitative scores, can be used in place of a GMAT score in meeting requirements.
Do I need to take prerequisite courses?
You might. We want to make sure you have the background necessary to be successful in the MBA program. Students who obtained a non-business, undergraduate degree need to complete twelve hours of prerequisites. If your undergraduate degree is in business, you may have already taken the four, three-hour courses:
ACCT 2101, Principles of Financial Accounting
FIN 2801, Business Statistics I
FIN 3801, Business Statistics II
FIN 3850, Principles of Finance
In addition to the twelve hours of undergraduate credit listed above, candidates need to be familiar with Microsoft Office, especially Excel.
Do the prerequisite courses have to be taken at UCM?
No. Equivalent courses from other regionally-accredited colleges and universities are accepted. You can check course equivalencies for the prerequisites. Courses may also be accepted based upon a review by the MBA Program Director in consultation with faculty. After acceptance to the program, please contact the MBA Program Director and submit a syllabus of the course to be reviewed.
Are the prerequisite courses required for admission to the MBA program.
No. You may be admitted to the MBA program and then take needed preprequisites; however, you will not be allowed to take any of the six, core courses without completing the prerequisites. Rare exceptions are made in consultation with the MBA Program Director and course instructors. Other courses may require the prerequisites, as well.
How long does it take to complete the MBA?
It can take as little as 16 months!
Full-time students who have all the prerequisites are able to complete the graduate course requirements in three, full semesters and a summer term: fall, spring, summer and fall.
Do I have to be a full-time student?
No. You can take less than nine hours a semester, but you should plan to take at least six hours per term each of three semesters to complete the core course sequence.
Can I start the MBA in the spring semester?
Yes. The core-course prerequisites do force a fall-spring-fall sequence; however, if you need to take prerequisite courses and/or do not wish to be a full-time student, spring is a great time to begin.
What will be the tuition for one year?
The MBA at UCM is an outstanding value, especially for an AACSB-accredited institution. For information about graduate tuition and fees, please use our graduate cost calculator.
Are the MBA classes offered during the day?
All the MBA core and most concentration required classes are offered at night, from 6-8:45 p.m. on the main campus in Warrensburg. The elective courses (three or six credit hours) may be offered during the day, at night or online.
Do you offer an online MBA?
At this time, UCM does not. Most of the courses are delivered face-to-face in Warrensburg. One course may be offered online, depending upon the semester. BLAW 5700 is a hybrid course offered in the summer.
What is Warrensburg like?
The 'Burg is a great college town approaching a population of 20,000 with Whiteman Air Force Base just down the road. There are plenty of things to do in Warrensburg, but when your entertainment and shopping preferences extend beyond those offered here, the Kansas City area is an easy 45 to 60 minute drive.
|
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}
|
Moda turnării în cap a unei găleţi cu apă rece în scopuri umanitare ajunge şi în România! Radu Banciu îi provoacă pe toţi candidaţii la preşedinţie la primul duş rece de campanie!
Miercuri seara, de la ora 19:30, în direct pe B1 TV, Radu Banciu le va da leapşa probei cu găleata de apă rece tuturor celor care aspiră la cea mai importantă funcţie în stat. Victor Ponta, Klaus Iohannis, Elena Udrea, Monica Macovei, Cristian Diaconescu, Călin Popescu Tăriceanu şi alţi pretendenţi la fotoliul de la Cotroceni sunt aşteptaţi să răspundă provocării lansate de Banciu şi să dea apoi mai departe prietenilor sau adversarilor politici provocarea cu găleata de apă rece!
Tot miercuri seara, de la ora 23:00, revine din vacanţă pe B1 TV şi îndrăgita emisiune “Lumea lui Banciu”, Radu Banciu pregătindu-le telespectatorilor numeroase surprize.
Cunoscută sub numele de “Ice Bucket Challenge”, provocarea găleţii cu apă rece este folosită în special pentru a sprijini donaţiile pentru ajutorarea celor care suferă de boala Lou Gehrig (ALS). Este boala de care suferă fizicianul Stephen Hawking, cel care, în ciuda previziunilor sumbre ale medicilor, a ajuns la vârsta de 72 de ani şi este unul dintre cei mai respectaţi oameni de ştiinţă din întreaga lume.
Până acum numeroşi sportivi de top, oameni de media şi televiziune, actori de la Hollywood, nume mari din industria online sau politicieni au răspuns provocării, publicând pe internet o mulţime de filmuleţe în care îşi toarnă o găleată cu apă rece în cap.
Leapşa a ajuns deja şi la cei mai importanţi lideri politici ai lumii. Barack Obama, Michelle Obama sau Vladimir Putin sunt printre cei care au primit provocarea de a sprijini campania ALS.
Mark Zuckerberg la proba găleţii cu apă rece
Bill Gates la proba găleţii cu apă rece
Novak Djokovic la proba găleţii cu apă rece
Simona Halep la proba găleţii cu apă rece
Justin Timberlake la proba găleţii cu apă rece
Vin Diesel la proba găleţii cu apă rece
Oprah la proba găleţii cu apă rece
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Q:
Difference between require and load wrt to "load" and "execute"
Below are some snippets from the documentation for Kernel:
Kernel#load
Loads and executes the Ruby program in the file filename...
Kernel#require
Loads the given name...
I know there are differences between require and load for example:
require will tack on an rb extension while load will not
require will store the ruby file path inside $LOADED_FEATURES aka $" while load will not
require will search $LOADED_FEATURES before "loading" the file again while load will not
I'm wondering about the distinction between the word "load" and the word "executes".
The documentation makes it seem like they are two different things. To me, "load" would mean "Hey I know about this file now" while "execute" would mean "Hey I know about this file now and I'm going to run all the commands also"
But I don't think that's right.
For example, given the following structure:
$ tree
.
├── bar.rb
├── baz.rb
└── foo.rb
0 directories, 3 files
with foo.rb:
$LOAD_PATH << __dir__
require 'bar'
load 'baz.rb'
bar.rb:
puts "Inside of bar..."
baz.rb:
puts "Inside of baz..."
When I run foo.rb I would expect "Inside of baz..." to print but not "Inside of bar..." because load "loads and executes" while require just "loads". But what actually happens is both seem to "execute":
$ ruby foo.rb
Inside of bar...
Inside of baz...
So is there a difference between "loading" and "executing" a ruby file?
A:
The file is always executed.
In Ruby there is no such thing as loading a file without executing it. Everything is a statement in Ruby and has to be executed. Even class and def are just statements.
To illustrate this here's a silly example
class Mystery < [Array, Object, String, Fixnum].sample
...
end
This creates a class with a random superclass. Just to illustrate that Ruby has no declarations but executable statements only.
So there is no such thing as not executing a Ruby file. The difference between load and require is as you described, the latter keeps track of all loaded files to avoid reloading them.
PS, and another example
ruby --dump insns -e 'def example; end'
== disasm: <RubyVM::InstructionSequence:<main>@-e>======================
0000 trace 1 ( 1)
0002 putspecialobject 1
0004 putspecialobject 2
0006 putobject :example
0008 putiseq example
0010 opt_send_without_block <callinfo!mid:core#define_method, argc:3, ARGS_SIMPLE>
0012 leave
== disasm: <RubyVM::InstructionSequence:example@-e>=====================
0000 trace 8 ( 1)
0002 putnil
0003 trace 16 ( 1)
0005 leave
As you can see def example; end is a statement and internally calls the define_method method. So def is just syntactic sugar for a method call.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Acute rheumatic fever in American Samoa.
Acute rheumatic fever is common among Samoans in Hawaii. During 2 visits to evaluate the magnitude of rheumatic fever problem among Samoans in American Samoa, we identified 148 patients with rheumatic fever on penicillin prophylaxis. Retrospective chart reviews were done showing possible delays in diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
The heat-shock proteins (Hsps) are a group of highly conserved proteins with major physiological roles in protein homeostasis \[[@B1], [@B2]\]. In most cell types even prior to stress Hsps constitute 1%-2% of total protein, suggesting an important role for these proteins in the biology and physiology of the unstressed cell. These particularly concern regulating the folding and unfolding of other proteins. The proteins are named, however, because they were first identified on the basis of their increased synthesis following exposure to elevated temperatures \[[@B3]\]. Subsequently it has been clearly shown that they can be induced following a variety of stressful stimuli. Some Hsps, such as Hsp90 (each Hsp is named according to its mass in kilodaltons) are detectable at significant levels in unstressed cells, increasing in abundance following a suitable stimulus, whilst others such as Hsp70 exist in both constitutively expressed and inducible forms that is activated by stressful stimuli \[[@B4], [@B5]\].
The dual role of Hsps in both normal and stressed cells, evidently requires the existence of complex regulatory processes which ensure that the correct expression pattern is produced. Indeed, such processes must be operative at the very earliest stages of embryonic development since the genes encoding Hsp70 and Hsp90 have been shown to be amongst the first embryonic genes which are transcribed \[[@B6], [@B7]\].
The induction of Hsps in response to various stresses is dependent on the activation of specific members of a family of transcription factors, the heat-shock factors (HSFs) which bind to the heat-shock element (HSE) in the promoters of the genes encoding Hsps \[[@B8]\]. Four HSFs (HSF1 to −4) have been cloned from a number of organisms and their roles have now been characterised. Only HSF1 and HSF3 have been shown to be involved in regulating Hsps in response to thermal stress whereas HSF2 and HSF4 are involved in Hsp regulation in unstressed cells and their levels are regulated in response to a wide variety of biological processes such as immune activation and cellular differentiation \[[@B8]\]. In general, however, the stimuli which induce such alterations in Hsp gene expression under nonstress conditions are poorly characterized and the mechanisms by which they act are unclear. In this paper, we discuss recent studies indicating that Hsps are not only regulated by HSFs alone, but also by transcription factors which are able to interact or cooperate with HSF1 and modulate the transcriptional regulation of Hsps in response to nonstressful stimuli. More recently, as will be explained later, it has also been reported that HSF2, like HSF1 can also play a role as a stress-inducible factor in promoting the induction of Hsps under certain conditions.
2. Transcriptional Regulation of Hsps by the HSF Family {#sec2}
=======================================================
2.1. HSF1 {#sec2.1}
---------
As mentioned previously, HSF1 has been identified as the HSF that mediates stress-induced Hsp gene expression in response to environmental stressors. Such stresses cause HSF1 oligomerization and nuclear translocalization, followed by enhanced DNA binding on the Hsp gene promoters. Recent studies have shown that HSF1 is negatively regulated by Hsp70 and Hsp90, therefore suggesting a negative-feedback loop for the regulation of Hsp70 and Hsp90 genes following a heat-shock response \[[@B8]--[@B10]\]. HSF1 is known to undergo posttranslational modification by various processes including phosphorylation, acetylation, and sumoylation \[[@B8]\]. Both phosphorylation and sumoylation are involved in regulating the transactivation capacity of HSF1 \[[@B8]\]. More recent, whereas p300 has been shown to acetylate HSF1, deacetylation by the NAD+-dependent sirtuin (SIRT1) is involved in the attenuation phase of the heat-shock response by preventing HSF1 acetylation and DNA binding \[[@B8]\].
The kinases responsible for phosphorylating HSF1 on several serine sites include glycogen synthase kinase 3*β* *(*GSK*β*) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) \[[@B12], [@B13]\]. The cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) has been shown to derepress HSF1 by reducing the activity of GSK*β* \[[@B14]\]. However, a positive role of HSF1 phosphorylation in the stress-induced activation of Hsp gene expression is also known to occur. The exact mechanism of this effect has not been fully elucidated, although the protein kinase CK2 seems to be involved in enhancing transcriptional activity and the DNA binding of HSF1 by phosphorylating the threonine 142 residue \[[@B15]\]. It is suggested that activation may also involve dephosphorylation of HSF1 \[[@B12]\].
The key role of HSF1 has been supported by the findings that cells lacking this crucial factor exhibited defects in Hsp induction following exposure to heat shock \[[@B16]\]. Moreover, cells lacking HSF1 were susceptible to apoptotic cell death following exposure to heat stress \[[@B16]\]. In addition, mice lacking HSF1 also had elevated levels of tumour necrosis factor *α* (TNF-*α*), which resulted in increased mortality after endotoxin and inflammatory challenge \[[@B16]\]. Interestingly, HSF1 has been shown to also modulate other genes such as interleukin-1*β* and c-fos \[[@B17], [@B18]\], suggesting a role for HSF1 in regulating stress responsive genes other than those encoding Hsps.
More recently, it has been reported that HSF1 also functions in the circadian clock as a circadian transcription factor. The circadian clock enables an organism to adapt to conditions by presetting the area in the brain that controls behavioural changes. Circadian transcription factors are known to be regulated in a timely and rhythmic fashion Thus, using a novel technique of differential display of DNA-binding proteins (DDDPs), HSF1 was shown to be highly rhythmic in its transcriptional activity. Moreover, HSF1 enhanced the expression of Hsps at the onset of the dark phase, when the animals start to be behaviourally active. Furthermore, Hsf1-deficient mice have a longer free-running period and therefore more active than wild-type littermates, suggesting a combined role for HSF1 in the mammalian timekeeping and cytoprotection systems \[[@B19]\].
2.2. HSF2 {#sec2.2}
---------
As mentioned earlier, Hsp gene expression is crucial not only for the survival of cells exposed to extracellular stress stimuli, but also during normal cellular processes such as embryonic development and cellular differentiation. HSF2 has now been described as the factor involved in regulating Hsps under nonstressful conditions. For example, it was previously reported that Hsp70 expression is activated when K562 cells are induced by hemin and this process requires activation of HSF2 \[[@B20]\]. HSF2 exists as two isoforms, HSF2*α* and HSF2*β*, due to alternative splicing, where the HSF2*α* isoform is predominantly expressed in adult tissue, while the HSF2*β* isoform is predominantly expressed in embryonic tissue \[[@B21]\]. HSF2 DNA binding activity is high during early embryogenesis in tissues such as the heart, central nervous system, and testis \[[@B21]\]. The importance of HSF2 in development was recently reported and Hsf2-null mice display gametogenesis defects and brain abnormalities characterized by enlarged ventricles \[[@B22]\].
During mitosis, the genome is well known to be compacted in order for chromosomes to be segregated during cytokinesis. However, some gene promoters such as the inducible Hsp70i (heat stress-induced upregulation) remain uncompacted. The factors that control and prevent this process of compaction or bookmarking have been recently characterized. For example, Hsp70i bookmarking is now known to be mediated by HSF2, which binds this promoter in mitotic cells, recruits protein phosphatase 2A, and interacts with the CAP-G subunit of the condensin enzyme to promote efficient dephosphorylation and inactivation of condensin complexes in the vicinity, thereby preventing compaction at this site \[[@B23]\]. Blocking HSF2-mediated bookmarking by HSF2 RNA interference decreases hsp70i induction and survival of stressed cells in the G1 phase, which demonstrates the biological importance of gene bookmarking. HSF2 has also been shown to be bound to the HSE promoter elements of other heat-shock genes, including Hsp90 and Hsp27, as well as the proto-oncogene c-fos \[[@B24]\]. These data suggest that HSF2 is important for constitutive as well as stress-inducible expression of HSE-containing genes.
It is also known that HSF2 can form heterotrimers with HSF1. Following certain stress, HSF1 is activated and HSF1-HSF2 heterotrimers are formed. Heat-shock stress diminishes the levels of HSF2 and restricts heterotrimerization by limiting the availability of HSF2. It has been suggested that HSF1-HSF2 heterotrimerization provides a switch that integrates the transcriptional activation in response to specific stimuli during developmental processes; for review see \[[@B8]\].
2.3. HSF3 {#sec2.3}
---------
HSF3 was originally identified in avian cells and no reports have yet described HSF3 in other organisms. Like HSF1, HSF3 is also heat-stress responsive \[[@B25]\]. However, the threshold temperature required to activate HSF3 and HSF1 are different in that HSF1 is activated by less severe heat shock than HSF3 \[[@B25]\]. Previously, HSF3 was reported to bind to c-Myb, a transcription factor involved in cellular proliferation and required for the G1/S transition of the cell cycle, which also paralleled the expression of Hsp70 \[[@B26]\]. These studies suggest that HSF3/cMyb interaction may be involved in cell cycle-dependent expression of Hsps. Furthermore, more recently, it has been shown that HSF3/c-Myb association is disrupted by direct binding of the p53 tumour suppressor transcription factor to HSF3, resulting in inhibition of Hsp70 expression \[[@B27]\].
2.4. HSF4 {#sec2.4}
---------
In contrast to HSF1 and HSF2 proteins, which are expressed in most tissues, the level of HSF4 protein is very low in many mammalian tissues except in lung and brain \[[@B28]\]. There are at least two isoforms, HSF4a and HSF4b, which are derived by alternative RNA-splicing events. HSF4b is able to activate transcription whereas HSF4a does not and this differential effect has not yet been characterized \[[@B28], [@B29]\]. Interestingly, mutations of HSF4 have been associated with dominant inherited cataracts in human \[[@B30]\]. More recently, HSF4 has been revealed to have a role in regulating lens-specific gamma-crystalline genes during lens development \[[@B31]\].
3. The Role of Non-HSF Transcription Factors in Modulating Hsp Gene Expression by the STAT and NF-IL6 Pathways {#sec3}
==============================================================================================================
The phenotype of mice lacking HSF1 is normal in the absence of stress and expression of Hsp70 and Hsp90 in cells lacking HSF1 is similar to wild-type cells, although they exhibit a defect in the heat-shock response following heat stress \[[@B14]\]. These studies suggest that other HSFs may compensate for the lack of HSF1 and/or that other transcription factors may also be responsible for expression of Hsps under normal growth conditions. Recent studies from our laboratory have identified a separate group of transcription factors that are activated by distinct cytokines and are able to modulate Hsp70 and Hsp90 gene expression. These factors include STAT1, STAT3, and NF-IL6 and their functional roles are described below.
The STATs are a family of cytoplasmic transcription factors that mediate intracellular signalling initiated at cytokine cell surface receptors and transmitted to the nucleus. STATs are activated by phosphorylation on conserved tyrosine and serine residues on their C-terminal domains by the Janus kinases (JAKs) and MAP kinase families, respectively. This allows the STATs to dimerise and translocate to the nucleus and thereby regulate gene expression \[[@B32]\]. Interferon-*γ* is a potent activator of STAT1, whilst the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family members including IL-6, leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and CT-1 primarily activate STAT3 \[[@B32]\].
Our laboratory has previously shown that STAT1 and STAT3 have opposing actions on apoptotic cell death in various cell types \[[@B33]\]. We reported that overexpression of STAT1 is able to enhance apoptotic cell death in cardiac myocytes exposed to ischaemia reperfusion (I/R) injury whereas overexpression of STAT3 with STAT1 is able to reduce the levels of STAT1-induced cell death following I/R by modulating the expression of pro- and antiapoptotic genes \[[@B34]\]. Furthermore, these effects on apoptosis require serine-^727^ but not tyrosine-^701^ phosphorylation on the C-terminal transactivation domain of STAT1 \[[@B35], [@B36]\].
Moreover, we have shown that STAT1 is able to modulate the activity of p53 and its effects on apoptosis \[[@B37]\]. These effects involve STAT1/p53 protein-protein interaction with STAT1 acting as a coactivator for p53 \[[@B37]\]. We have also demonstrated that STAT1 is also able to interact with another p53 family member p73 \[[@B38]\]. However, in contrast to STAT1-p53 interaction which enhances p53 transcriptional activity, the STAT1-p73 interaction was shown to reduce p73 functional activity on similar p53-responsive genes \[[@B38]\]. Thus, STAT1 is able to have differential effects on p53/p73 transcriptional activity.
A link between p53 activity and the HSF1-heat-shock response pathway has recently been documented by the finding that HSF1 interacts with stress-responsive activator of p300 (Strap) transcription cofactor, a key factor controlling the DNA damage response through its ability to regulate p53 activity \[[@B39]\]. Moreover, Strap augments HSF1 binding and chromatin acetylation in Hsp genes, most probably through the p300 histone acetyltransferase activity of p300 itself. Furthermore, cells depleted of Strap do not survive under heat-shock conditions \[[@B39]\]. Overall, these data indicate that Strap is an essential cofactor that acts at the level of chromatin control to regulate heat-shock-responsive transcription.
The cytokine IL-6 is known to stimulate two distinct signalling pathways, resulting in the activation of two different classes of cellular transcription factors \[[@B40]\]. Thus, initial studies showed that a variety of IL-6-inducible genes contained binding sites for a transcription factor named NF-IL6 (nuclear factor IL-6), which showed high homology with the rat-liver nuclear factor C/EBP (CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein), and is therefore also known as C/EBP*β* \[[@B41]\]. Subsequently, another member of the C/EBP family, known as NF-IL*β* or C/EBP*δ*, was identified and shown to form heterodimers with NF-IL6, resulting in a synergistic transcriptional effect \[[@B42]\]. After exposure of cells to IL-6, NF-IL6 is phosphorylated, resulting in its enhanced ability to stimulate transcription \[[@B42]\] whereas NF-IL6*β* is synthesized *de novo* \[[@B42]\]. As mentioned above the second pathway which is stimulated by IL-6 is the JAK/STAT3 signalling pathway.
It is generally accepted that the NF-IL6/NF-IL6*β* and STAT3-signalling pathways allow IL-6 to activate two distinct sets of genes, each of which is responsive to one of these pathways. Thus, class 1 acute-phase proteins (such as *α* ~1~-acid glycoprotein, haptoglobin, C-reactive protein, and serum amyloid) contain response elements for NF-IL6 and NF-IL6*β* and these factors have been shown to be involved in the activation of these genes following IL-6 treatment \[[@B33]\]. In agreement with this idea, these genes are stimulated by exposure of cells to IL-1 which also stimulates NF-IL6/NF-IL6*β* activity without affecting STAT3 \[[@B43]\]. In contrast, type 2 acute-phase genes such as fibrinogen, thiostatin, and *α* ~2~ microglobulin are not inducible by IL-1 and lack binding sites for NF-IL6/NF-IL6*β*. Instead, these genes contain binding sites allowing binding of STAT3, which is responsible for activation of these genes in response to IL-6 \[[@B43]\].
4. Role of STAT1, STAT3, and NF-IL6 Factors in Modulating Hsps {#sec4}
==============================================================
We previously reported \[[@B44]\] that IL-6 can induce increased expression of the 90 kDa heat-shock protein (hsp90) in a variety of different cell types. The hsp90*β* gene promoter was shown to be responsive to IL-6 and could also be activated by NF-IL6 or NF-IL6*β* \[[@B44]\] . Moreover, a short region of the promoter containing an NF-IL6-binding site was essential for activation of the promoter by both IL-6 and NF-IL6. This promoter region could confer responsiveness both to IL-6 and to overexpression of NF-IL6 on a heterologous promoter. These findings suggested that hsp90 was a member of the class of IL-6-responsive genes that were activated by NF-IL6/NF-IL6*β*.
Interestingly, this short region of the promoter also contains binding sites for STAT3 and the hsp90 promoter can be activated also by this factor. Moreover, overexpression of NF-IL6 and STAT3 has a synergistic effect on the hsp90 promoter and both these signalling pathways appear to be required for activation of the hsp90 promoter by IL-6 \[[@B45]\]. Despite their synergistic action in IL-6 signalling, however, these two pathways have opposite effects on the heat-shock-mediated regulation of the hsp90 promoter. Thus STAT3 reduces the stimulatory effect of heat shock whereas NF-IL6 enhances it. When applied together, heat shock and IL-6 produce only weak activation of the hsp90 promoter compared with either stimulus alone, indicating that the inhibitory effect of STAT3 on HSF predominates under these conditions \[[@B45]\]. In contrast, IL-1, which activates only the NF-IL6 pathway, synergizes with heat shock to produce strong activation of hsp90 \[[@B45]\]. These results therefore open up a new aspect of hsp90-gene regulation which is additional to and interacts with the heat-shock-activated pathway.
Previously, we had also examined whether STAT1 is able to modulate Hsp expression. We showed that IFN-*γ* treatment increases the levels of Hsp-70 and Hsp-90 and also enhances the activity of the Hsp-70 and Hsp-90*β* promoters with these effects being dependent on activation of the STAT1 transcription factor by IFN-*γ* \[[@B46]\]. These effects were not seen in a STAT1-deficient cell line, indicating that IFN-*γ* modulates Hsp induction via a STAT1-dependent pathway. The effect of IFN-*γ*/STAT1 was mediated via the same short region of the Hsp-70/Hsp-90 promoters, which also mediates the effects of NF-IL6 and STAT3 and can bind STAT1 \[[@B46]\].
This region also contains a binding site for the stress-activated transcription factor HSF1. We showed that STAT1 and HSF1 interact with one another via a protein-protein interaction and produce a strong activation of transcription \[[@B46]\]. This is in contrast to the previous finding that STAT3 and HSF1 antagonize one another and we showed that STAT3 and HSF1 do not interact directly. To our knowledge, this was the first report of HSF1 interacting directly via a protein-protein interaction with another transcription factor. Such protein-protein interactions and the binding of a number of different stress and cytokine-activated transcription factors to a short region of the Hsp-90 and Hsp-70 gene promoters are likely to play a very important role in Hsp gene activation by nonstressful stimuli and the integration of these responses with the stress response of these genes. Moreover, our findings that STAT1 can interact with p53 and that both these factors are able to modulate the effects of HSF1 on Hsp expression, suggests different interacting partners of HSF1 may affect HSF1-mediated transcriptional regulation.
5. Linking HSF1, STAT1, STAT3, and NF-IL6 Elevation to Pathological Diseases {#sec5}
============================================================================
A number of disease states have been shown to exhibit elevated levels of Hsps \[[@B47]\]. This includes patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who have elevated levels of Hsp90. Interestingly, elevated levels of circulating IL-6 have also been reported in SLE \[[@B48]\], and the levels have been shown to be correlated with disease activity, being highest in patients with active disease. Moreover, spontaneous production of IgG by normal and SLE-derived B lymphocytes in culture can be enhanced by the addition of exogenous IL-6 and inhibited by antibody to IL-6 \[[@B49]\]. These findings therefore suggest that IL-6 might play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, infusion of an antibody to IL-6 can relieve disease symptoms in lupus-prone NZB/NZW F1 mice \[[@B50]\]. Furthermore, elevated levels of Hsp90 in SLE correlated with levels of IL-6 and of autoantibodies to Hsp90 \[[@B51]\].
In order therefore to test directly the role of IL-6 in regulating Hsp90 expression *in vivo* we have used mice which have been artificially engineered to express elevated levels of IL-6 either by being made transgenic for extra copies of the IL-6 gene \[[@B52]\] or by inactivation of the gene encoding the transcription factor C/EBP*β* which also results in the elevation of IL-6 levels in these mice \[[@B53]\]. In these experiments, elevated levels of Hsp90 were observed in both the IL-6 transgenic and the C/EBP*β* knock-out mice \[[@B54]\]. Hence, the elevated IL-6 levels induced in these animals are indeed paralleled by increased levels of Hsp90 compared to normal control mice. In addition, it was also observed that in both IL-6 transgenic and C/EBP*β* knock-out animals, elevated hsp90 was associated with the specific production of autoantibodies to Hsp90. It is also of interest that inactivation of the IL-6 gene in the C/EBP*β* knock-out mice resulted in the suppression of Castleman-like disease normally observed in these animals and a reduction in the production of autoantibodies.
These results support a model in which elevated levels of IL-6 in SLE patients induce increased levels of Hsp90 protein which in turn results in the production of autoantibodies to this protein. Additionally, IL-10 is also elevated in SLE and IL-10 was demonstrated to enhance Hsp90 gene expression \[[@B55]\]. Therefore, these studies strongly suggest that IL-6 and IL-10 are likely to play a critical role in the regulation of Hsp90 levels and autoantibody production in autoimmune disease states.
As described above, NF-IL6 performs diverse functions, participating in the regulation of genes that contribute to the known acute phase response, but also to glucose metabolism, and tissue differentiation, including adipogenesis and hematopoiesis \[[@B56]--[@B58]\]. Hsps and STAT3 have also been found at increased levels in many solid tumours and haematological malignancies \[[@B59], [@B60]\]. Their expression may in part account for the ability of malignant cells to maintain protein homoeostasis even in the hostile hypoxic microenvironment of the tumour. Thus, STAT3 seems to function as an antiapoptotic factor, especially in numerous malignancies, where STAT3 is often constitutively active/phosphorylated and STAT3 activation has been associated with advanced stages of metastatic cancers such as prostate cancer \[[@B61]\]. Furthermore, STAT3 behaves as an oncogene, and is able to transform normal fibroblast cells which can then form tumours in nude mice \[[@B62]\]. Thus, targeting STAT3 activation has been suggested to be an attractive anticancer therapy \[[@B61]\].
Likewise, Hsps allow tumour cell survival, growth, and metastasis, even in growth factor-deprived conditions, by allowing continued protein translation and cellular proliferation \[[@B63], [@B64]\]. Therefore, targeting of Hsps with chemical inhibitors may be beneficial in multiple oncogenic processes. \[[@B65]\]. Further evidence for a link between Hsps and cancer was reported from studies in the HSF1 knockout mice, which showed reduced development of tumours, and HSF1 deficiency rendered cultured cells highly refractory to transformation initiated by mutated RAS or by platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B) overexpression \[[@B66], [@B67]\]. Similarly, HSF1 depletion decreased viability of multiple human cancer cell lines, but had no effect on normal cells, suggesting that HSF1 provides critical relief to the cellular stresses experienced by cancer cells \[[@B68]\]. It is therefore plausible that the STAT3-Hsp interactions may be one such survival pathway that allows tumour cell survival, growth and metastasis in cancers.
6. Conclusion {#sec6}
=============
This review paper demonstrates the modulation of Hsps by a group of transcription factors other than the traditional HSF family under normal nonstressful conditions and also in several disease states. The finding that the responses to these factors occur around the HSF DNA binding site in the Hsp gene promoters, suggests that HSF1 as well as other HSFs are able to interact or cooperate with STATs or NF-IL6 family members. Further studies to identify novel protein interacting partners for HSFs will also provide insight into the regulation of Hsps and other molecular chaperones. Unravelling the mechanistic basis of this cooperation will undoubtedly enhance our understanding of the interdependent relationship between distinct HSFs and their interaction with other factors in the complex regulatory processes which ensure that the correct Hsp expression pattern is produced under different physiological states ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}).
{#fig1}
[^1]: Academic Editor: Daniel N. Hebert
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Resolutions Show Strong Bipartisan, Bicameral Support for Parity Between Federal Employee, Military Pay Adjustments
WASHINGTON, DC – Senator Paul Sarbanes (MD) and House Democratic Whip Steny Hoyer (MD) will lead a bipartisan group of House and Senate members in introducing resolutions in both chambers today that call for parity in pay adjustments for military and civilian employees in Fiscal Year 2006.
“The civilian federal employees who strive every day to keep our country safe, strong and prosperous deserve a fair pay adjustment that rewards their hard work. At a time when our country faces threats to our security at home and abroad, it is more important than ever that we provide adequate pay and pay adjustments to help recruit and retain quality civilian federal employees to serve the American people,” Hoyer said today.
“The bipartisan, bicameral support for this resolution sends a strong message to President Bush that Congress is united behind the principle of pay parity, which will help ensure fair pay for civilian federal employees. We hope that he will incorporate pay parity into his upcoming Fiscal Year 2006 budget proposal,” Hoyer added.
“The dedication of both the uniformed services and our civilian employees embody the greatness of our Nation, day in and day out, through their commitment to public services,” said Sarbanes. “Providing equitable pay raises for federal employees is not just an issue of fairness. It is also critical to recruiting and retaining talented individuals in public service, and to successfully administering our federal programs.”
“Congress has demonstrated a bipartisan and longstanding commitment to the principal of pay parity over the years and I hope the Congress and the Administration can once again support this bi-partisan, bicameral effort,” concluded Sarbanes.
There are 1.8 million civilian federal employees across the country - in the Department of Defense alone there are over 600,000 civilian federal employees. Over the past two decades, both the House and Senate have consistently recognized that Congress and the Executive Branch should not undermine the morale of dedicated Federal public servants by failing to bring their pay adjustments in line with military personnel.
The principle of parity stems from the recognition that the pay for civilian and military employees simply has not kept pace with increases in the private sector. According to the most recent studies, a 32 percent pay gap exists between the civilian employees and their private sector counterparts and an estimated 4.4 percent gap exists between the military service members and the private sector.
Expressing the sense of Congress that there should continue to be parity between the adjustments in the pay of members of the uniformed services and the adjustments in the pay of civilian employees of the United States.
Whereas members of the uniformed services of the United States and civilian employees of the United States contribute to the general welfare of the United States, maintain the Nation’s defenses, and ensure the security of the homeland;
Whereas civilian employees of the United States play a crucial role in the fight against terrorism, as exemplified by—(1) the civilian employees of the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Defense who are working to ensure the security of the United States; (2) the employees of the Intelligence Community and federal law enforcement who have played a critical role in the investigation of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and who are working to prevent further terrorist attacks; (3) the civilian employees of the Department of State who are working to maintain a broad and sustained international commitment to wipe out terrorism around the world; (4) the numerous skilled trade and craft civilian employees of the Federal Government who work side-by-side with the men and women of the armed forces to maintain and deploy our air and sea fleet safely and swiftly; and (5) the employees of the Centers For Disease Control within the Department of Health and Human Services who work every day protecting Americans from bioterrorism and those at the Department of Agriculture who strive to keep the Nation’s food supply safe;
Whereas Americans depend on civilian employees of the United States for a vast array of important services from high profile disaster relief in times of national or international emergencies to the reliable administration of the Social Security program;
Whereas civilian employees of the United States will continue to serve and defend the United States;
Whereas in fiscal year 2005 the Senate Budget Resolution supported an across-the-board pay raise for both members of the uniformed services and civilian employees of the United States; and
Whereas the House of Representatives adopted House Resolution 581 affirming the bipartisan commitment to pay parity for fiscal year 2005: Now, therefore, be it Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring), That it is the sense of Congress that rates of pay for all civilian employees of the United States should be adjusted at the same time, and in the same proportion, as are rates of pay for members of the uniformed services.
The text of the House resolution is as follows:
Expressing the sense of the Congress that, for fiscal year 2006, rates of compensation for civilian employees of the United States should be adjusted at the same time, and in the same proportion, as are rates of compensation for members of the uniformed services.
Whereas all members of the uniformed services and all civilian employees of the United States, often working side by side, make significant contributions to the general welfare, defense, and security of the Nation;
Whereas increases in the pay of members of the uniformed services and of civilian employees of the United States have not kept pace with increases in the overall pay levels of workers in the private sector, so that there now exists (1) a 32.13 percent gap between compensation levels of Federal civilian employees and compensation levels of private sector workers, and (2) an estimated 4.4 percent gap between compensation levels of members of the uniformed services and compensation levels of private sector workers; and
Whereas, in almost every year during the past two decades, there have been equal adjustments in the compensation of members of the uniformed services and the compensation of civilian employees of the United States:
Now, therefore, be it Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), That it is the sense of the Congress that, for fiscal year 2006, rates of compensation for all civilian employees of the United States should be adjusted at the same time, and in the same proportion, as are rates of compensation for members of the uniformed services.
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Reservoir - 3Dponics Herb Garden
The Reservoir is used in the 3Dponics Herb Garden to store and collect the nutrient solution that circulates throughout the system. It has a slot for a pump, which can be installed using the Pump Mount ... [READ MORE] to help keep the system clean. Know how to make this part better? Have ideas for new parts? Visit our website (https://www.3dponics.com) and join our Google+ community (https://plus.google.com/u/0/communities/111638904033818784260) to take 3Dponics to the next level! Ready to print this part? Compare 3D-printing prices across today's top service providers and get the lowest price for your 3D-printing project. Get your quote now at https://www.3Dprintler.com.
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"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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Refractory periodontitis associated with abnormal polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis and cigarette smoking.
To learn if refractory periodontitis may be associated with defects in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) function, phagocytosis and chemotaxis were analyzed in 31 otherwise healthy patients and 12 unaffected controls. When compared to controls, no chemotactic defects to 10 nM f-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) were detected. In contrast, phagocytosis was significantly impaired (P < 0.001). The mean rates of adhesion and ingestion of opsonized Staphylococcus aureus by PMNs were 7.1 +/- 1.7 (+/- SD) and 1.4 +/- 0.5 bacteria/100 PMNs/minute respectively for patients, and 11.0 +/- 2.4 and 3.1 +/- 0.6 for unaffected, healthy controls. While the quality of oral hygiene and access to dental care were high, a retrospective search for associated environmental variables showed that 90% (28 of 31) of the refractory patients were smokers. The frequency of smokers is particularly striking, since only 21% of adults in Minnesota use tobacco regularly. These data suggest that there is a strong association between a peripheral blood PMN defect and refractory periodontitis. Furthermore, these studies suggest that tobacco use may contribute to this association.
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Blog
A 42-year-old South Hadley man was arrested by police on March 26, 2017. He was charged with operating a motor vehicle under the influence of liquor. This was the man's 5th offense. 5th offenses hold a maximum penalty of a fine of no less than $2,000 to no more than $50,000. A jail sentence of 2 - 5 years in State Prison, and a lifetime license suspension with no possibility of a hardship license.
In an interview with Western Mass News Captain John Cartledge of the Northampton Police Department, states that "one of our sergeants was patrolling in the Pleasant Street area and observed a vehicle have a marked lanes violation." The Northampton Police Department alleged that the man was weaving back and forth through driving lanes. "The vehicle subsequently stopped in the Toasted Owl parking lot off of Main Street," Cartledge added.
The man in question Mr. Joel Vieu, received his first OUI in 1993 and his most recent in 1999, where he received a two years suspended sentence and 15 months committed.
According to Capt. Cartledge, "he didn't have his license in his possession, but he did have an active driver's license." The question remains, how was this 5th offender still allowed to operate a vehicle?
Attorney Joseph D. Bernard explained in his interview with Western Mass News on March 27, 2017 that, DUI laws have changed since 1999. Attorney Bernard explained that “license suspensions were different back then, so people could get their licenses back sometimes even after five offense.”
On October 28, 2005 Massachusetts legislatures passed, 'Melanie's Law.' The purpose of the law was to enhance the penalties and administrative sanctions for offenders convicted of an OUI. It added harsher penalties to drunk driving laws in the state. ‘Melanie's Law' came to fruition after the a 13-year-old Marshfield girl's death, who was struck by a repeat OUI offender.
‘Melanie's Law' allows certified court records to be introduced, to prove prior convictions and doubles minimum mandatory sentences for motor vehicle manslaughter to five years in drunk driving cases. Anyone convicted of driving drunk with a suspended license faces a mandatory minimum one year in jail. The law also requires repeat offenders to have interlocking devices installed in any vehicle they drive. The devices are intended to prevent ignition if the driver is drunk.
Attorney Bernard explained that "the law now has built into the statute many different penalties that permanently for the rest of your life take away your license, whereas before, that wasn't the case," For example, there is an increased license suspension for refusal of a breathalyzer, 10 years for refusal if an accident results in serious bodily injury, and a lifetime suspension for refusal when an accident results in death.
It was reported that Vieu refused a breathalyzer, but was given numerous sobriety tests that he allegedly failed. He was held on $5,000 cash bail.
However, since the driver in this particular case hadn't been charged since 1999, he was - in a sense - grandfathered in. Attorney Bernard explained that anyone who received an OUI prior to 2005 when ‘Melanie's Law' came into fruition they would still be allowed to drive. If the offender received or receives an OUI after 2005 they then become subject to ‘Melanie's Law.'
Fight to protect your future
If found guilty, you may be facing serious penalties and life altering consequences, including jail time, steep fines, court ordered alcohol treatment programs, and community service. In addition, your driver’s license can be suspended for an extended period of time. Depending on the specific circumstances pertaining to your case, your offense may be charged as a felony, which exponentially increases your penalties. Do not sit back and wait for your charges to resolve themselves. Be proactive and call immediately to secure the representation of Attorney Joseph Bernard to resolve your case in the most efficient way possible and with the most favorable outcome available to you.
The information on this website is for general information purposes only. Nothing on this site should be taken as legal advice for any individual case or situation. This information is not intended to create, and receipt or viewing does not constitute, an attorney-client relationship.
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Remember town hall meetings? This somewhat archaic pastime evokes images of architecturally wondrous buildings with tall white columns — reminiscent of east coast imagery.
Town hall meetings are charming. They are meant to bring constituents together to ask questions of their elected leaders or political candidates, share their ideas, and just simply engage.
The very first town hall meeting was held in Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1633. Town halls emerged as a form of government democracy. Town members could vote on issues and rely on this type of majority-rules system. “Debate galore” seemed to be the sentiment.
The meetings evolved into more formal debates over time, with presidential candidates using a similar format to face their contenders head-on during these gatherings. With the advancement of technology, the crux of town halls was implemented into other mediums, such as radio, television, and social media.
Cory Lum/Civil Beat
Although town halls today typically do not involve voting on matters, they are still meant to harness discussion and goodwill between elected officials or candidates and the people.
Town halls are now held sparingly and with only a few Hawaii elected officials recognizing its importance.
U.S. Sen. Brian Schatz is currently hosting ongoing town halls across the state. In 2016, Gov. David Ige held a plethora of town halls at public schools statewide pertaining to Hawaii’s “Blueprint for Public Education.”
These meetings can be more productive and focused when limited in scope to a single topic or a few topics.
A recent article by The Associated Press discussed how Arizona town hall meetings with their congressional representatives at the helm are occurring less often than in the past. This can be attributed in large part to the drawbacks of town halls. Town halls can open up a can of worms, essentially, in an environment where constituents are oftentimes impassioned and even angry.
Minimizing face-to-face communications is almost welcomed in modern-day society, where constituents’ social media use at these events tend to reveal missteps for the public to view in rapid-fire time. However, town halls can also boost appeal for a campaign or current leader if the event dazzles community members.
Smorgasbord Of Subjects
Town halls are very raw and intimate. The spirit of the town hall is what we should aim to preserve, especially in Hawaii. We need more avenues to express our thoughts freely and have healthy debate incorporating a smorgasbord of subjects important to us as a community.
Promoting creativity and originality, unencumbered, is the goal. Constituents should feel free to blurt out outside-the-box solutions to pressing problems and not feel confined by limitations defined by a formal format and orthodox methodology.
In my capacity as a college lecturer, the majority of the questions I receive from students pertain to technicalities or parameters of any given assignment. Even though the expectations of each assignment are explained in the course syllabus, students tend to obsess over the nuances, i.e., how long does the midterm paper actually have to be? Does the page count include the title page?
My answer always is: I am more concerned about substance over format.
“Ironically, using a conventional forum such as town halls, can prompt unconventional thinking.”
Yes, format matters, but ideas and analysis are gold. This is what shapes our futures and gives us hope. We need to get everyone to think differently and substantively.
If they feel comfortable doing this, along with throwing out bold suggestions for improving our communities, city, and state, then we have already solved the initial problem: conventional thinking. Ironically, using a conventional forum such as town halls, can prompt unconventional thinking.
We have neighborhood board meetings and similar arenas, but we need to acknowledge the value in town halls or even talk-story coffee sessions with elected officials and political candidates. Round-table type discussions have occurred in the past where candidates were available via television for the public to call in and ask questions, but face-to-face interaction is sporadic and sorely missing.
Even protests or one-sided advocacy platforms fall short of the romanticism of the town hall. Speaking openly with public officials or candidates allows for accountability and thoughtful rhetoric.
With the 2020 election approaching, I yearn for town halls and interactive, personal forums to get to know our candidates better and ask tough questions. In addition, our current elected officials should become more visible for back and forth discussions — a break from their usual public appearances for meet and greets or typical engagements.
Imagine genuinely capitalizing off of this traditional concept and allowing innovative ideas and clever perspectives to flow.
We should view the state of Hawaii as one vast think tank of community members, elected officials, and political candidates. I encourage our leaders and potential leaders to think along these terms as they continue to bridge the gap between government and its people.
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Health experts have sounded the alarm over the "immense power" the alcohol, gambling and tobacco industries exercise in Australian politics.
A new study published in the Drug and Alcohol Review found these industries collectively donated at least $12 million to Australia's major parties from 2006 to 2015.
The alcohol and gambling industries in particular made substantial donations "to influence decisions in the short term and build relationships over the long term", the study said.
It found donations from these sectors increased "substantially" during debates about alcohol tax and gambling law reform.
Alcohol industry donations increased in 2008 and 2009, when the alcopops bill was being debated and gambling industry donations to Labor peaked in 2008 and 2009 during a major inquiry into gambling.
It also found alcohol industry donations "spiked" ahead of elections.
Labor banned tobacco donations in 2004 and the Liberals followed suit in 2013. But the Nationals and some minor parties have not followed suit.
AAP
'If they donate $100,000, they've bought you'
The researchers conducted interviews with "politicians, ex-political staffers and other key informants" as part of the study.
"If someone donates $1000, they support you. If they donate $100,000, they've bought you," one politician who remained anonymous said.
The Drug and Alcohol Review
And one ex-politician said "there's no doubt that if someone makes a significant donation to your campaign or to your political party, then you tend to look fondly towards them".
READ MORE Record fine for pokie club that gave out free alcohol and cash advances
Another politician told researchers that Liberals and Labor reached out to James Packer when gambling reforming was being mooted.
"Packer made it absolutely clear to them that $1 maximum bets was completely and utterly unacceptable. It could not be allowed, and … then-Prime Minister Julia Gillard and then-leader of the opposition Tony Abbott both refused the $1 maximum bet proposition."
The Drug and Alcohol Review
Ban all donations?
SBS News talked to Professor Kypros Kypri of the University of Newcastle, one of the authors of the report.
Professor Kypri said this is "a problem of Liberal, National and the Labor parties ... [But] the Liberal party receives the bulk of the donations, more than half."
He said the most shocking element of the study was how "poorly regulated political donations are" in Australia.
Currently, donations under $13,800 do not have to be declared, which Professor Kypri said is "ripe for abuse".
"If you got 20 donors who all have a common commercial interest ... They can each put in just under the limit and suddenly you have a quarter million dollars with no record," he said.
"The public won't be able to know. The political party that receives it doesn't have to tell anyone."
He said the study also showed that these industries seem to have perfected the art of "small money lobbying", which involves "identifying rising stars and funding them ... Then they become beholden over the long term".
"They have immense power," he said of these industries.
Concerned about the "undue influence on public policy", the study recommended, "banning corporate donations ... to safeguard the integrity of public policy-making".
A 'fungating cancer' on democracy
Australia ranked 13th out of the 180 countries in the Corruption Perceptions Index in 2017, but its ranking is falling, with the study partly blaming "an undue influence on politicians of corporate actors".
In June, a Greens-dominated inquiry into donations recommended bans on donations from developers, banks, mining companies and the tobacco, liquor, gambling, defence and pharmaceutical industries.
It also called for the continuous real-time disclosure of donations to the AEC, something already occurring at a state level in some jurisdictions.
"The big money that is pouring into our parliament from vested interests is a fungating cancer on our democracy," the party's leader Richard Di Natale said earlier this year.
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In the late autumn of 2010, shot through with hope, fueled by anger, hundreds of thousands of students took to the streets all over the United Kingdom, uniting in protest against the new coalition government’s plans to triple university fees and scrap the Educational Maintenance Allowance (EMA), a small grant for poorer school students. For many, it was their first taste of political activism. In the end — or at least in what seemed like “the end” at the time — it felt like little more than a lesson in political failure.
Despite the mass mobilization of students, an infamous occupation of Conservative Party headquarters, and violent clashes with police, Parliament voted in early December to raise the ceiling on annual tuition fees in England to £9,000. And while the government insisted that this amount would only be levied in “exceptional circumstances,” nearly every university introduced fees at that rate.
Demonstrations and occupations against the new policy continued into the new year, but they attracted smaller crowds and even less attention. In the next general election, in 2015, the Liberal Democrats were punished for partnering with the Tories — a toxic alliance that entailed reneging on an electoral pledge to vote against any tuition fee increase — and saw their seats in Parliament plummet from fifty-seven to a historic low of eight. But the Conservatives were rewarded for their work: they won re-election with a working majority, and David Cameron became one of the only prime ministers in history to re-enter Number 10 with a larger share of the vote.
And that, until recently, looked to be the unfortunate, twisted legacy of the 2010 student revolt.
Today, those frustrated hopes and freezing afternoons appear in a different light — as the first signs of the generational divide that has come to define the country. After Labour’s humiliating defeat in the 2015 election, many of those involved in the student protests went on to support Jeremy Corbyn as the leader of the party. In the 2016 Brexit referendum, three-quarters of eighteen- to twenty-four-year-olds voted Remain, while two-thirds of over-sixty-fives favored Brexit. Then, when a snap election was called in June 2017, Corbyn made abolishing tuition fees a flagship policy of the party’s manifesto, and Labour defied expectations to bring about a hung Parliament. Youth turnout climbed to a twenty-five-year-high; the generation gap was the widest since polling records began.
In Student Revolt: Voices of the Austerity Generation, Matt Myers draws an important line connecting the events in late 2010 to the revival of radical politics in Britain today. “Young voters in 2017,” Myers writes, “like the protesters in 2010, refused to believe that there was no alternative to austerity.” And in many cases, they were the same set of people. Students who played pivotal roles in the protests could later be found either in Momentum, Labour’s new pro-Corbyn campaigning wing, or in mainstream and alternative left media. James Schneider, for example, left the Lib Dems in 2010 and joined Labour in 2015. He is now Corbyn’s head of strategic communications. Aaron Bastani went on to cofound Novara Media, an important new voice on Britain’s left.
Myers’s book is an oral history of the movement. He interviews first-time protesters, seasoned student activists, and two of the politicians behind the tuition fee legislation, David Willets and Vince Cable. Willets was universities minister at the time; Cable, now leader of the Lib Dems, was business secretary. Because Mills conducted the interviews before January 2017, prior to Corbyn’s surprise ascent, there are times when the tone is more melancholic than it might otherwise be. “A legacy of defeat hangs over the movement,” Myers writes. But there nevertheless remains a sense among all of Myers’s interlocutors — Willets and Cable included — that the legacy of the 2010 protests was always more than just defeat.
The irony of the demonstrations is that they offered young people an education they would never have otherwise received. As Paul Mason writes in the introduction, these protests “radicalised students in a wholly new way.” A generation labelled as lazy, apathetic, and disengaged — lacking the radicalism of earlier eras — suddenly started organizing mass protests, walking out of classes, mobilizing in the streets, and occupying universities.
One of the most powerful aspects of the movement was that most participants were not personally affected by the legislation. This display of solidarity was a striking riposte to the government’s agenda of individualizing education, which sought to turn education into a private good and students into consumers.
Myers chronicles the trajectory of this privatization push, which began with Tony Blair’s New Labour government — a period in which fees rose to £3,000 and private-sector activity in higher education grew from 32 percent in 2000 to 64 percent in 2007 (the EU average is 20 percent). The tripling of fees in 2010,” Myers writes, “did not emerge from nowhere.” Now, UK students are saddled with more debt on average — £50,800 — than in any other country in the world, partly thanks to extortionate interest rates that can be raised retrospectively at will. As one of the government’s own advisers on student finance remarked, if a company possessed similar terms they might attract sanctions, perhaps even prosecution. (In the United States, although the cost of tuition varies far more, the average debt burden on students is much lower at $36,000, or £27,900.)
Yet if 2010 was the year a new generation became politicized, it also pointed to a new kind of politics at play. Many of these students were irreverent — sometimes simply ignorant — to traditional norms. Huw Lemmey, one of those interviewed, recalls seeing footage of students throwing trade-union placards onto a bonfire, much to the despair of some of the university lecturers around him. “They don’t know what they’re doing!” one of them cried. “I can’t believe they’ve done that.” But as Lemmey reflects, “the students had no idea what these placards were; they just wanted to make a statement [with the bonfire].” Another participant describes seeing one socialist group singing the Internationale while, alongside them, another group of younger people cried: “Let’s go fucking mental, la la la.” Looking back, it was like a precursor to the “Ohhh Jeremy Corbyn” chant, which would bring election excitement into everywhere from football grounds to raves and festivals.
Most significantly, however, the demographic of these protests was different. Like the French student protests in 2005, the 2010 movement brought together a cross-section of poorer city youth — ethnically diverse and more disillusioned — with wealthier, middle-class students. These disparate groups had distinct motivations, but they had a shared feeling of being held in contempt.
In one of the book’s best contributions, Shareen Prasad, a student at the time, explains why her school friends in Hackney attended a march despite having no intentions of going to university. “It was never about education,” she says, “as the education system just never worked for them. They hated the police, not because they were beating up protesters, but because they had beaten up their friends . . . For them it was like: ‘Let’s go and get one up on these people. This is our time to do it.’”
Again, this new alliance would endure after the collapse of the 2010 protests, helping fuel Corbyn’s ascendance to the top of the Labour Party. Support for Labour among black and minority voters rose by six points in the 2017 election, while turnout increased to a high of 64 percent. These communities have been disproportionately punished by austerity. Like students, they were asked to bear the burden of an economic crisis not of their making. As early as 2010 the Institute for Public Policy Research found that “mixed ethnic groups had seen the biggest increases in youth unemployment since the recession began, rising from 21 percent to 35 percent in the period.”
All this filtered into the student protests. Grime and dubstep often soundtracked the marches through the streets. In 2017, the Grime4Corbyn movement — supported by the likes of Stormzy and JME — would be one of the elections most unprecedented aspects. “Corbyn gets what the ethnic minorities are going through,” Stormzy said in 2016.
Students had a similar feeling about Corbyn. When the protests were taking place — and students were being charged down by horses and “kettled” by police — most politicians treated them with contempt. Cameron called them a “feral” mob. Theresa May, then the home secretary, expressed her “gratitude to those police officers and commanders who put themselves in harm’s way.” Ed Balls, Labour’s shadow home secretary, said that “All Labour members also share the home secretary’s anger and outrage.”
Corbyn was the notable exception. On the day of the final debate, on December 9, Myers recounts how “the only voice raised to make a direct case for the students was that of the MP for Islington North, Jeremy Corbyn.” Corbyn pressed the home secretary to have “a serious discussion with the Metropolitan Police Commissioner about the use of kettling tactics and corralling people against their will when they wish only demonstrate peacefully against what they see as — and I agree with them — the monstrous imposition of a fees increase.”
Labour’s leader at the time, Ed Miliband, had thought about coming to the occupation at University College London but in the end opted against it. “I think I was doing something else at the time actually,” he said. Corbyn ally John McDonnell, by contrast, did attend. More than that, he launched himself right into the fray. As one of the participants interviewed recalls, students had formed a line on the ground to deter the horse charges when suddenly, “John McDonnell came over to where we were, sat there right in the middle of a row of people, and linked his elbows with those around him . . . That’s our current shadow chancellor.”
Such moments resonate beyond the empty words of support that students — like so many other sections of society — have come to expect from politicians. The coalition government carried out its punishing reforms while insisting that it would “champion” students and put them “at the heart of the system.” A rising number of people see an authenticity and commitment in Corbyn that previous politicians have lacked: a consistency borne of conviction.
In some ways the surprise is not so much Corbyn’s relative success but the fact that it took so long. At the party’s conference last September, Corbyn declared, “2017 may be the year when politics finally caught up with the crash of 2008.” As Myers’s book shows, perhaps we could also say that 2017 was the year when politics finally caught up with the 2010 protests.
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Cerebrospinal fluid markers in relation to outcome in patients with global cerebral ischemia.
To investigate the possibility of improving the accuracy of prognostication in early hypoxic brain damage, 12 patients with global cerebral ischemia (GCI) due to circulatory arrest outside hospital were followed until death or for 1 yr. Five who survived for more than 2 weeks displayed better values on coma scoring from 16 h-3 days, compared to those who succumbed within 2 weeks. In 2 week-survivors, lumbar puncture revealed consistently lower adenylate kinase (AK) activity in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at 24 h than in the other patients, whereas glutathione and lactate values overlapped to some degree. The CSF-AK activity at 48--72 h was less correlated to clinical outcome. It is concluded that the results from coma scoring, based upon clinical observation, and from determination of AK activity in CSF at 24 h reinforce each other in discriminative power to predict prognosis in these patients.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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The present invention relates to closed-loop amusement ride systems, such as roller coasters, installed in amusement parks and the like.
Conventional ride systems of this type comprise a pair of rails, extending parallelly at a fixed distance from each other, and a passenger car traveling on the rails. The rails are curved into various shapes, so that the car can, for example, ascend, descend, or roll, tracing the curved configuration of the rails.
Amusement ride systems have recently been developed, which are provided with a loop portion extending vertically, in the middle of the amusement ride. In these systems, the car makes a somersault while it runs past the loop portion. Thus, passengers in the car can experience the same thrill as may be obtained during an airplane's looping the loop, among other aerial acrobatics.
In the prior art ride systems, however, the car travels on the rails with the aid of a plurality of wheels, on its bottom surface. Therefore, the car cannot run like a spinning airplane.
Thus, it would be extremely thrilling for passengers to experience a simulated spin in the car, without having an actual ride in an airplane.
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"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
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Q:
Declaring a variable and setting its value from a SELECT query in Oracle
In SQL Server we can use this:
DECLARE @variable INT;
SELECT @variable= mycolumn from myTable;
How can I do the same in Oracle? I'm currently attempting the following:
DECLARE COMPID VARCHAR2(20);
SELECT companyid INTO COMPID from app where appid='90' and rownum=1;
Why this is not working?
A:
SELECT INTO
DECLARE
the_variable NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT my_column INTO the_variable FROM my_table;
END;
Make sure that the query only returns a single row:
By default, a SELECT INTO statement must return only one row. Otherwise, PL/SQL raises the predefined exception TOO_MANY_ROWS and the values of the variables in the INTO clause are undefined. Make sure your WHERE clause is specific enough to only match one row
If no rows are returned, PL/SQL raises NO_DATA_FOUND. You can guard against this exception by selecting the result of an aggregate function, such as COUNT(*) or AVG(), where practical. These functions are guaranteed to return a single value, even if no rows match the condition.
A SELECT ... BULK COLLECT INTO statement can return multiple rows. You must set up collection variables to hold the results. You can declare associative arrays or nested tables that grow as needed to hold the entire result set.
The implicit cursor SQL and its attributes %NOTFOUND, %FOUND, %ROWCOUNT, and %ISOPEN provide information about the execution of a SELECT INTO statement.
A:
Not entirely sure what you are after but in PL/SQL you would simply
DECLARE
v_variable INTEGER;
BEGIN
SELECT mycolumn
INTO v_variable
FROM myTable;
END;
Ollie.
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Closure of large pharyngo-oesophageal fistulas with free flap transfer after resections for cancer.
Postoperative salivary fistulas still remain a serious and potentially lethal problem in head and neck reconstruction particularly if the fistula is large and involving one half or more of the circumference of the pharyngo-oesophagus. Pedicled flaps have traditionally been the flaps of choice for closure of these fistulas, but the results are often disappointing. During the period 1982 to 1995, we have used either a radial forearm free flap or a jejunal free flap to close large and complex pharyngo-oesophageal fistulas after resection for cancer in 15 patients. Although two patients developed major fistulas that required additional operations for closure, successful closure was achieved in all but one case: the success rate was therefore 14/15 (93%). We consider that jejunal flaps are suitable for circumferential pharyngo-oesophageal reconstruction and forearm flaps for non-circumferential defects.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Facebook’s blatant copying of Snapchat is nothing new, but with Microsoft’s Skype being the latest messaging app to mimic Snapchat, it’s time to say enough is enough.
Snapchat in pure numbers
Snapchat, as I’m sure you already know, is an ongoing sensation, especially among younger generations. What began as a start-up of three Stanford alums in 2011 quickly grew to become one of the most valuable companies in the world. It boasts 166 million daily active users who send a total average of 3 billion “snaps” each day. Snapchat’s parent company Snap Inc., which recently went public, is valued at a whopping $30 billion and is expected to rake in $935.46 million from its app alone this year.
Before Snapchat, our communication was limited to texts and emoji. And when we did occasionally decide to send photos, it was counterintuitive and time-consuming.
Before Snapchat, our communication was limited to texts and emoji. And when we did occasionally decide to send photos, they had to be snapped separately and attached, which often was not worth the effort and the time. In that regard, Snapchat revolutionized how we share our lives and communicate with others: never before were we able to send five-second snapshots to friends and share important moments that disappear after a day in an effortless and fully customizable way.
That’s why Facebook wanted to buy Snapchat almost half a decade ago now for $3 billion. Of course, Snapchat knew that its value would be worth more than $3 billion. Yet, what the Snapchat team probably did not foresee was just to what extent Facebook would go in order to copy their image messaging app.
Facebook’s incessant plagiarism and why it’s frustrating
When Instagram launched Stories last August (this was way after Facebook had purchased the picture-centric social media app), it quickly became the talk of the town not because it was innovative or useful, but because it resembled Snapchat’s key feature just a little too much – even the name itself. Just like Snapchat Stories, Instagram Stories allows users to post pictures or short videos, doodle on them or add stickers, and upload them, which would disappear after 24 hours.
Facebook did not stop there, unfortunately: not only did the “Stories” feature expand into all of its main apps including Facebook, Messenger, and WhatsApp, but most of these apps now let users send direct photos and videos to one another, which self-terminate once opened exactly like Snapchat. Mark Zuckerberg, CEO of Facebook, responded to criticism about Facebook’s blatant copying of Snapchat by saying, “The first chapter that made sense was to release products that people were familiar with… I feel like we do different kinds of work in different areas (compared to Snapchat).”
For a company who takes pride in practically coining the term “social media,” simply brushing off what may be a byproduct of a lack of innovation as a necessary step seems almost hypocritical.
Although Zuckerberg has reassured the public that the continued plagiarism is only a small part of the company’s bigger AR plans, it’s still incredibly frustrating for me for several reasons. First is Facebook’s attitude: for a company who takes pride in practically coining the term “social media,” simply brushing off what may be a byproduct of a lack of innovation as a necessary step seems almost hypocritical. Not only that, the stolen Snapchat features on Facebook’s apps don’t work as well as the original. For instance, I’ve noticed that on my phone, Facebook now gives you two bubbles: one for your usual chats and one for Facebook’s My Day. I haven’t figured out how to get rid of the second bubble, and whenever I open my chat bubble, I’m stuck with notifications for life stories of people that I don’t even care about.
Snapchat was always a more private place for me with significantly fewer contacts than Facebook. Facebook’s take on Snapchat Stories is intrusive, unoriginal, and frustratingly useless.
Stick to the status quo, Skype
Well, the true tragedy is that Facebook is not the only company: Tinder is reportedly looking into a Snapchat-like style UI for sharing multimedia, and Viber has already added Snapchat-like features to its app with the latest update. And now, Skype is the latest messaging app to join in on the shameless aping of Snapchat. The Microsoft-owned video-chatting app now has a tab called “Capture,” where you can take photos and short videos to send to your contacts. And yes, you guessed right – you can insert text, doodle on them, put stickers on them, and even add them to your “highlights” (aka Stories). The entire UI, just like Facebook, Messenger, Instagram, and WhatsApp, is eerily identical to Snapchat’s, and you have to wonder, “Where do we draw the line between providing a familiar experience for end-users and creating a desperate clone?”
Skype is for video chats; it’s not where best friends send double-chinned photos or where millennials share their music festival shenanigans. From a company’s perspective, the addition of Snapchat-like features could mean attracting more users. However, from a user’s perspective, the indistinguishable mishmash of Snapchat-wannabe apps means their original, distinctive purposes are slowly becoming lost.
The indistinguishable mishmash of Snapchat-wannabe apps means their original, distinctive purposes are slowly becoming lost.
What’s next? Is Microsoft going to introduce GroupMe Stories? Will we soon be able to send ten-second videos on Telegram? With the latest update to Skype, perhaps it’s time to say enough is enough.
Is all the senseless copying hurting Snapchat?
Probably the more interesting question here is whether these stolen Snapchat features on other apps have hurt Snapchat itself, and it looks like the answer could be yes. As I previously discussed, the number of downloads for Snapchat dropped dramatically in August 2016, right around when Instagram Stories first launched. The number stayed relatively low until the beginning of November 2016 when it introduced World Lenses.
Although Facebook’s other apps haven’t yet enjoyed the boom that Instagram has, the likelihood is that Snapchat users will continue to migrate to Instagram as those two apps probably have the largest shared audience.
What Snapchat must confront, however, is the challenge of attracting a broader audience.
That doesn’t mean we will see Snapchat’s demise any time soon. Its more intimate and private nature as well as the vast celebrity users will continue to attract more users. What Snapchat must confront, however, is the challenge of attracting a broader audience. Facebook and its apps already have an eclectic range of users, from millennials to 90-something year-olds; Snapchat, on the other hand, seems exclusively focused on a certain age group and a certain socioeconomic sector. In an age where major companies are out to bury Snapchat by baking its features right into their own messaging apps, Snapchat will certainly have a harder time surviving by merely existing.
Have you used the new Skype app? What are your thoughts on companies trying to copy Snapchat? Do you still use Snapchat? Let us know in the comments below!
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"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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|
Tag: complete details
The Indian automobile industry is witnessing a boom, the sales numbers are high, the number of manufacturers who sell their cars and bikes are high as well and the number of supercars and superbikes on Indian roads are at an all time high and are increasing by the year. Having these supercars on our roads are a pleasure, …
The Auto Expo in India has had quite a long and fruitful journey, New Delhi has hosted 11 successful Auto Expo’s so far and the event, the number of participants and the number of products has only been increasing by the year. In two months time from now, the 12th Auto Show will be underway and now is that …
Believe it or not, this is the updated Hyundai Verna for 2014 which is available on-sale now. As we at BharathAutos said, the upgraded version of Hyundai Verna has already hit the showrooms by end-November, the three major visual updates include a new set of twin 5-spoke diamond cut alloy wheels, automatic projector-based headlamps and daytime running lamps …
Proving wrong to all the rumours, Volkswagen India didn’t launch the Vento TSI on 03-10-2013. Now the fresh reports by Team-BHPian named Salman_Ferrari reveal that the TSI engined Vento sedan will be launched in the coming days, however, the exact date is unknown at the moment. This launch follows the Polo GT TSI, Polo GT TDI and Cross …
Every vehicle manufacturer gets its fame through one of its iconic products. In case of Mahindra it would without any doubt be the Scorpio. Launched in 2002, the Scorpio was an instant hit among the Indian audience regardless of the driving conditions. The SUV clearly demonstrated the capability of Indian manufacturer of making not just vehicle with good …
Honda Fit (Jazz) has been making a buzz from some time now, just a few weeks backs we had shown so of the images of the hatch that were accidently leaked from a magazine. Now Honda has officially announced that the new Fit (Jazz) is scheduled to go on-sale in Japan this September. This announcement was made as …
Maruti Suzuki Wagon R is one of the most popular cars from the Maruti and the upgraded Wagon R is loaded with style and can easily take of the newly launched cars in the same segment. Also to be noted is, that the recent changes were not only limited to looks, but also a CNG version was launched. …
Sportsbike enthusiast, John Abraham gifts his director Sanjay Gupta for the overwhelming response of his recently released movie ‘Shootout At Wadala’. It comes as no surprise that film’s lead actor John Abraham is also known for gifting a self customized Harley Davidson bike to Akshay Kumar after the success of the movie ‘Housefull 2’. The gift, in this …
For some reason, Justin Bieber can’t keep his cars out of the news. His latest attack in his supercars takes place in his DMC Lamborghini Aventador LP900 Molto Veloce during his stay in Dubai. On his way to his concert on Sunday, he racked up seven speeding tickets thanks to the radar cameras along Sheikh Zayed Road. The …
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"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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Although it could be argued that Bourdain would never celebrate an arbitrary food holiday, he has spoken at length about his love for cacio e pepe. It’s a simple Italian pasta dish that can be created in just a few minutes. Some consider it the Italian equivalent of macaroni and cheese — a simple crowd-pleaser.
In an episode of "No Reservations" back in 2010, Bourdain visited a secret restaurant in Rome — since revealed to be Roma Sparita in Trastevere — to indulge in a plate of cacio e pepe.
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"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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|
My Lovely Sam Soon
My Lovely Sam-soon (; lit. My Name Is Kim Sam-soon) is a South Korean television series based on the internet novel of the same title by Ji Soo-hyun, which was published on March 9, 2004. Touted as the Korean version of Bridget Jones's Diary, it starred Kim Sun-a (who gained 15 pounds for the role), Hyun Bin, Jung Ryeo-won and Daniel Henney. The series aired on MBC from June 1 to July 21, 2005 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 for 16 episodes.
"Sam-soon" is an old-fashioned name in Korean culture. It is translated as "3rd daughter" (sam (삼) is three, soon (순) is meek or feminine).
The romantic comedy-drama series was a huge hit, with an average viewership rating of 37.6%, and its peak rating of 49.1% (for the finale) makes it one of the highest rated Korean drama of all time. It also won numerous awards, including the Baeksang Arts Awards Grand Prize for TV, and the Grand Prize at the MBC Drama Awards for Kim Sun-ah
Synopsis
Kim Sam-soon (Kim Sun-a) is loud and brash, yet insecure about her weight. She has always been embarrassed by her old-fashioned first name, and nearing her 30th birthday, she dreams of changing it. She is an excellent baker with a fervent passion for making desserts. On Christmas Eve, Sam-soon gets dumped by her cheating boyfriend (Lee Kyu-han) and loses her job. One of the witnesses to her public humiliation is Hyun Jin-heon (Hyun Bin), the owner of upscale French restaurant Bon Appetit. Upon recognizing her talent, Jin-heon hires her as Bon Appetit's new pastry chef. From their first meeting, the two have an antagonistic relationship (she calls him the equally old-fashioned "Sam-shik"), and sparks fly.
Jin-heon is the son of a wealthy hotelier (Na Moon-hee), and his mother constantly nags him about succeeding her in the hotel business. She also keeps setting him up on matchmaking dates, saying his niece Mi-joo (Seo Ji-hee), who hasn't spoken a word since the childhood trauma of her parents' deaths, needs a mother figure. When Sam-soon finds herself in need of (approximately ) to prevent the foreclosure of her mother's house, Jin-heon proposes a deal: in exchange for the money, she agrees to become his pretend girlfriend. They draw up a complicated contract, of which the most important stipulation is that they should never fall in love for real. But as they spend more time together, Sam-soon and Jin-heon grow closer and gradually fall for each other. But just when things are going well, Jin-heon's ex-girlfriend Yoo Hee-jin (Jung Ryeo-won) returns from the United States.
Hee-jin had suddenly left Korea years ago, right after a car accident that had killed Jin-heon's older brother, his sister-in-law and a motorcyclist, and left Jin-heon (who was driving) seriously injured. Though Jin-heon's leg eventually recovered, emotional scars remained, a mixture of sorrow, guilt, and anger at Hee-jin's abandonment. But what he didn't know was that Hee-jin had been diagnosed at the time with stomach cancer, and she'd broken up with him because she didn't want to add to the tragedy he was already experiencing. Now in remission, she returns to Korea to ask for a second chance, followed by her Korean-American doctor Henry Kim (Daniel Henney), who is in love with Hee-jin and eager to learn his roots. Upon learning the truth, Jin-heon reconciles with Hee-jin.
Broken-hearted, Sam-soon resigns from Bon Appetit, and she and her older sister Yi-young (Lee Ah-hyun) decide to open an online pastry business using Yi-young's settlement from her recent divorce. Meanwhile, Jin-heon can't stop thinking about Sam-soon and realizes that he wants to be with her. After several run-ins in which he sabotages her blind date and immaturely invents reasons to see her, he finally confesses his love for Sam-soon. After a difficult break-up with Hee-jin, Jin-heon proves to Sam-soon's mother and sister that he's serious about her and the couple begin dating happily.
Then Hee-jin asks a final favor of Jin-heon, to accompany her back to the U.S. to rejoin her parents there. Sam-soon is initially resistant, but later gives her blessing when Jin-heon reassures her that this journey will be a form of closure for him and Hee-jin. He promises to return after one week. Sam-soon goes once again to the city clerk's office to have her name changed, but finally believing that her name is special and an important part of her identity, changes her mind at the last minute and tears up the papers.
Two months pass, with no calls or letters from Jin-heon, and Sam-soon has given up on him and gone on with her life.
When Jin-heon eventually returns to Korea, she gives him the cold shoulder. But the misunderstanding is cleared up when two-months-worth of postcards gets delivered to Sam-soon's house; as they had been sent to the wrong address all this time. Jin-heon had spent the two months traveling and inspecting hotels all over America; in his desire to be a man worthy of Sam-soon, he is finally ready to take up the reins as his mother's heir. Whatever obstacles come their way (including his mother's continuing benign disapproval of their relationship), Sam-soon and Jin-heon decide to face the future together, doing their best at work and love, and living life to the fullest.
Cast
Main characters
Kim Sun-a as Kim Sam-soon – 30-year-old pastry chef
Hyun Bin as Hyun Jin-heon – 27-year-old owner of Bon Appetit restaurant
Jung Ryeo-won as Yoo Hee-jin – Jin-heon's ex-girlfriend
Daniel Henney as Dr. Henry Kim – Hee-jin's doctor
Supporting characters
Kim Ja-ok as Park Bong-sook – Sam-soon's mother
Lee Ah-hyun as Kim Yi-young – Sam-soon's sister
Na Moon-hee as Na Hyun-sook – Jin-heon's mother
Seo Ji-hee as Hyun Mi-joo – Jin-heon's niece
Yoon Ye-hee as Yoon Hyun-sook – CEO Na's assistant
Lee Kyu-han as Min Hyun-woo – Sam-soon's ex-boyfriend
Lee Yoon-mi as Jang Chae-ri
Won Jong-rye as Chae-ri's mother
Maeng Bong-hak as Sam-soon's father
Kim Sung-kyum as Jin-heon's uncle
Restaurant staff
Yeo Woon-kay as Ms. Oh – manager
Kwon Hae-hyo as Lee Hyun-moo – chef
Han Yeo-woon as Lee In-hye – Sam-soon's assistant
Kim Hyun-jung as Jang Young-ja – dining room captain
Kim Ki-bang as Ki-bang – kitchen assistant
Reception
Some critics believe its huge success was due to the show's focus on the life of a single woman in her late twenties. Particularly, the heroine's chubby physical appearance and frank, flawed yet lovable personality broke long-held Korean drama stereotypes, greatly increasing its popularity due to its resonance with many Koreans.
Ratings
In the table below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings.
Soundtrack
The My Lovely Sam-soon soundtrack was released on June 18, 2005. Korean electronica band Clazziquai contributed two songs to the soundtrack: "Be My Love" and "She Is", the former of which became the show's theme song. The show's popularity brought the group increased media and public attention.
Awards and nominations
International broadcast
The series first aired in Japan on cable channel KNTV from August 15 to October 4, 2005. Reruns followed on satellite channel WOWOW beginning July 6, 2006 on Thursdays at 8 p.m., on the Fuji TV network as part of its Hallyu Alpha programming block beginning February 1, 2010, and on cable channel DATV.
It first aired in the Philippines on the GMA Network from February to April 2006, during which it received a peak viewership rating of 40.2% and an average viewership rating of 34.9%, placing it among the top ten highest rated Asian dramas to air in the country. It was rebroadcast on GMA Network in 2009 and again in 2015.
In Thailand first aired on ITV beginning September 23, 2006, with reruns on Channel 7 from August 11 to September 16, 2008.
In Sri Lanka, it began airing on Rupavahini dubbed in Sinhalese under the name Hithata Horen in September 2018.
Stage adaptation
A stage adaptation (which was based more on the original novel than the TV series) ran at the Sangmyung Art Hall in Seoul from January 21 to September 25, 2011.
Remake
A 2008 Philippine remake titled Ako si Kim Samsoon starred Regine Velasquez and Mark Anthony Fernandez.
References
External links
My Name Is Kim Sam-soon official MBC website
My Lovely Sam-soon at MBC Global Media
My Lovely Sam-soon at Korea Tourism Organization
Category:Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation television dramas
Category:2005 South Korean television series debuts
Category:2005 South Korean television series endings
Category:Korean-language television programs
Category:2000s South Korean television series
Category:South Korean romantic comedy television series
Category:Television programs based on South Korean novels
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Q:
Questions about calculating a transaction ID
As I know, Transaction ID is calculated from
H( H(tx_prefix) || H(tx_stuff) || H(Signatures) )
Where
tx_prefix = {tx version || keyoffset || keyimage || one-time addresses || extra}
tx_stuff = {signature type || tx fee || pseudo output commitments || ecdhInfo || output commitments}
Signatures = {MLSAGs || range proofs}
So I test a example tx: b43a7ac21e1b60ad748ec905d6e03cf3165e5d8c9e1c61c263d328118c42eaa6
with MiniNero but failed nevertheless.
tx_version = "02"
key_offset = "c8e230afe12f958d49809d0dfaaf33"
key_image = "595a612d0df27181c46a8af70a9bd682f2a000124b873ba5d2b9f4b4e4efd672"
signature_type = "01"
ont_time_addr = "aa9595f55f2cfaed3bd2a67453bb064dc7fd454a09c2418d7338782790185fe30ccb48ed2ebbcaa8e8831111029f3300069cff0d1408acffbfc3810b362ea217"
extra = "02210081464dc2f85d185e0f6be900e552aff37b3acc87ab6465c02abb9da8de62c06e0101b957162674517c5544242ce5eb2e9f8b72ead332291c5c1af9b8e4c5408b05"
txnfee = "8088e2ed60"
ecdhInfo = "68f508c5515694ce5a33b316b990e8b67a944725c93d806767e61b2e0b13d300fbc3e5bdb36fc58e5800ffc549ab7bd533fadb7e6b64898c82ea620d749fc80e913372a2424b22bd9712183f5a7c8027c8d9af89b52d1e7d06fd1f87a1e5d20db9335c3dc0afb774f812f9f58a412c849f3c828d873f1c16ab102963799d9809"
output_commitment = "cf141f5dfe04df14afad6b451d600aa5826a9be44a76a1630850c1d5951d482ee10bb69b66af5dabec765c7f5f7528926088877fa36746833828a0575896ae57"
MLSAG = ""a8120b96f5f2a...611e395a409""
range_proof = "b9b544a75ad5a4df48156aff...16119b7a023303a6752"
L = MiniNero.cn_fast_hash(tx_version+key_offset+key_image+ont_time_addr+extra)
M = MiniNero.cn_fast_hash(signature_type+txnfee+ecdhInfo+output_commitment)
R = MiniNero.cn_fast_hash(MLSAG+range_proof)
result = MiniNero.cn_fast_hash(L+M+R)
What I get is 60f983800f9791b97368318d21924f8e7ec63012af70db4b45dc831528e28e20. Not the right transaction id.
Is there any wrong with my thought? Many thanks!
A:
Where are you getting your information about the structure of a transaction?
You forgot to include the hex 0001020005, which consists of the unlock time 00, the number of real inputs in the transaction 01, the input type of the first real input 02, the input amount 00 (0 to indicate it's an encrypted amount), and 05 indicating the number of key offsets that are listed.
You also forgot the hex 020002 which is the number of outputs 02, the amount of the first output 00, the type of the first output 02. Then you're missing the hex 0002 prior to the second output public key, which again indicates the output amount and type.
Then, you've not specified the size of the tx_extra field as 44. I'm sure there is much more.
Please cross check your work with the C source code, then you'll have a definitive list of things you need to include. At the very least, you should know something is wrong if you're missing out things which you can obviously observe are part of the raw hex of the transaction. The JSON summary of a transaction is not the same as the raw bytes of the transaction, as it excludes things such as the hex of the field lengths and input counts etc.
A:
Also take tx b43a7ac21e1b60ad748ec905d6e03cf3165e5d8c9e1c61c263d328118c42eaa6 as an example.
We calculate H( H(prefix) || H(base) || H(prunable) ) for TXID.
Actually, we can divide the transaction into 3 parts perfectly without removing any bit.
The first part prefix should be
L = "020001020005c8e230afe12f958d49809d0dfaaf33595a612d0df27181c46a8af70a9bd682f2a000124b873ba5d2b9f4b4e4efd672020002aa9595f55f2cfaed3bd2a67453bb064dc7fd454a09c2418d7338782790185fe300020ccb48ed2ebbcaa8e8831111029f3300069cff0d1408acffbfc3810b362ea2174402210081464dc2f85d185e0f6be900e552aff37b3acc87ab6465c02abb9da8de62c06e0101b957162674517c5544242ce5eb2e9f8b72ead332291c5c1af9b8e4c5408b05"
which includes components from version to extra.
The second part base should be
M = "018088e2ed6068f508c5515694ce5a33b316b990e8b67a944725c93d806767e61b2e0b13d300913372a2424b22bd9712183f5a7c8027c8d9af89b52d1e7d06fd1f87a1e5d20dfbc3e5bdb36fc58e5800ffc549ab7bd533fadb7e6b64898c82ea620d749fc80eb9335c3dc0afb774f812f9f58a412c849f3c828d873f1c16ab102963799d9809cf141f5dfe04df14afad6b451d600aa5826a9be44a76a1630850c1d5951d482ee10bb69b66af5dabec765c7f5f7528926088877fa36746833828a0575896ae57"
which includes all components of rct_signatures, that is from type to outPK.
The last part prunable is all the rest content.
R = "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dd323defb1af834e540a8fc0ef9b41a117a1415fec54f1cc16aeef859b2cab1494b9e26a95fc9eaf4f571fa00de7a7b30795cab310b632f708c6c2546847a5cbcc27ff48e75c1556c3f6f180c6218695558359d115e308b008d9aa368c38672732d2fc21c6317ad7d15918c050ca70bbdea0e391b1e24e2540f33b48dd9dc554c61ebf23bb3691aab5094e40fdafecd436b2448504c0a3a1997b356c141f1d4b5977cc66e5f55592f137315015059757cf06216215955aaa108e8dd40be157856749a9d883bcac611e395a409"
Hash them respectively.
L1 = MiniNero.cn_fast_hash(L)
M1 = MiniNero.cn_fast_hash(M)
R1 = MiniNero.cn_fast_hash(R)
The last step is to concatenate each result and hash again.
result = MiniNero.cn_fast_hash(L1+M1+R1)
The result is the same with TXID
b43a7ac21e1b60ad748ec905d6e03cf3165e5d8c9e1c61c263d328118c42eaa6
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
375 F.2d 1012
Inez Tyler Bellinger MUTCHERSON, Appellant,v.UNITED STATES of america, Appellee.
No. 23954.
United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit.
April 21, 1967, Rehearing Denied July 3, 1967.
B. Clarence Mayfield, Savannah, Ga., for appellant.
Allen L. Chancey, Jr., Atlanta, Ga., Charles L. Goodson, U.S. Atty., for appellee.
Before BROWN and BELL, Circuit Judges, and BREWSTER, District Judge.
PER CURIAM:
1
The appellant was convicted upon three counts charging wagering tax violations under 26 U.S.C.A. 7203. She argues that her convictions should be reversed because of insufficiency of the evidence, illegality of the search of her house, and prejudice of the judge. A consideration of each of these contentions shows them to be entirely without merit.
2
Affirmed.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
Q:
How to make flashlight Blink in android
In my code after exiting from thread the flash light is still on. I can't understand the logical error. How can I turn the flash light off at the end of the thread?
Thread thread = new Thread((new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
SystemClock.sleep(200);
int led = 1;
while (blink_enabler) {
if (led == 1) {
params = cam.getParameters();
params.setFlashMode(Camera.Parameters.FLASH_MODE_TORCH);
cam.setParameters(params);
cam.startPreview();
led = 0;
} else {
params = cam.getParameters();
params.setFlashMode(Camera.Parameters.FLASH_MODE_OFF);
cam.setParameters(params);
cam.stopPreview();
led = 1;
}
SystemClock.sleep(1000);
}
params.setFlashMode(Camera.Parameters.FLASH_MODE_OFF);
cam.stopPreview();
}
}));
A:
After the while loop, set the parameters for the camera before stopPreview():
params.setFlashMode(Camera.Parameters.FLASH_MODE_OFF);
cam.setParameters(params);
cam.stopPreview();
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
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Making the brick cooking floor smooth
03-20-2005, 02:09 PM
a perfect firebrick exits only in platonic literature... real bricks are mere shadows of these.
i too was not too happy with the "flatness" of the oven floor after i laid my bricks and i suspected that no amount of "re-laying" was going to get them even. there were quite a few sharp edges for the peel to catch. so... i mounted a masonry grinding wheel on my angle grinder and (with a light touch) ground down all of the sharp edges which i felt might inhibit sliding of the peel.*now i don't have rectangular bricks but instead have little flat "pillows". *we've made three batches of pizza so far and the peel slides in smoothly without a catch. i suspect the same technique could be accomplished with a drill with some sort of grinding attachment if you don't have an angle grinder.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
In @ericdubay's "200 proofs" list he claims that rivers such as the Nile, the Paraná, the Congo, the Paraguay, and the Mississippi "flow uphill". The rationale behind it seems to be that rivers which flow from north to south (in the northern hemisphere), or south to north (in the southern), and therefore towards the bulge at the equator, will flow into mouths which are further from the centre of the earth than their sources.
4) Rivers run down to sea-level finding the easiest course, North, South, East, West and all other intermediary directions over the Earth at the same time. If Earth were truly a spinning ball then many of these rivers would be impossibly flowing uphill, for example the Mississippi in its 3000 miles would have to ascend 11 miles before reaching the Gulf of Mexico.
Content from external source
As with most (all?) of Dubay's 'proofs', no explanation or evidence is offered, and it appears he is merely quoting from one of the Victorian 'first-wave' flat earth texts. In this case, rather than Rowbotham, he uses 'Terra Firma: The Earth not a Planet', a scripture-inspired book written in 1901 by David Wardlaw Scott.
Whoever heard of a river in any part of its course flowing uphill? Yet this it would require to do were the Earth a Globe. Rivers, like the Mississippi, which flow from the North southwards towards the Equator, would need, according to Modern Astronomic theory, to run upwards, as the Earth at the Equator is said to bulge out considerably more, or, in other words, is higher than at any other part. Thus the Mississippi, in its immense course of over 3,000 miles, would have to ascend 11 miles before it reached the Gulf of Mexico!
Content from external source
How he arrives at the figure of 11 miles he doesn't say, though he does reference an 'Imperial Gazetteer' article, so it's possible he took it from this. In any case, I think we can assume that he did a rough calculation that went something along the lines of:
1. Earth's radius is 13.5 miles larger at equator than at poles
2. Length of Mississippi @3000 miles is 48% of the distance from the north pole to the equator (6215 miles)
3. Radius to mouth - radius to source = approximately 48% of 13.5
4. Answer is that the mouth is 6.24 miles 'higher' than the source (after subtracting 1,475 feet for the elevation at source)
5. Write down 11 miles, 'cos reasons.
Now, in actual fact the Mississippi is 2,320 miles long, while its 'as the crow flies' distance between source and mouth is 1,288 miles, and the distance between the lines of latitude at its source and mouth 1,248 miles. Using the above technique, this would make the mouth 2.44 miles 'higher' (further from the centre of the earth) than its source.
That's just a rough figure, of course, but one I would have expected a Victorian flat earth 'scientist' to have arrived at.
So there you go! The mouth of the Mississippi is not 11 miles higher than its source, it's a little under 4. Which is not an explanation of how this is possible, but another example of how Dubay repeats incorrect information without ever checking it, and yet presents it as fact.
The explanation is a little more straightforward than the laboured 'background check' above:
The Mississippi River (or any river flowing toward the equator) actually flows uphill. The Earth is not a perfect sphere. There is an equatorial ring about 13.5 miles deep. In other words “sea level” is not constant. It is higher at the equator than it is at the poles.
In the case of the Mississippi the difference is 4.12 miles. The source of the Mississippi, Lake Itasca, is 1400 feet above sea level, and the mouth is, by definition, zero feet above sea level. So we think of all of that water flowing downhill 1400 feet. But it is actually flowing against the force of gravity, going four miles uphill. The force that keeps the water flowing is actually the centrifugal force of the earth’s rotation.
If we did measurements of the flow of the water, only the effect of gravity would be observable. But that’s only because we’re using “sea level” as our reference in the first place. And the difference in sea level is itself caused by that same centrifugal force. So its effect is cancelled out in the measurements that we make.
Counter-intuitively, the gravitational force is much smaller than the centrifugal force. This is demonstrated by the fact that the centrifugal force lifts not only the water, but also the entire crust of the Earth, more than 13 miles at the equator.
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Why my calculation was 0.4 miles different to theirs, I'm not sure. But similar enough to debunk the "11 mile" claim. And whatever the figure, the explanation is still the same.
Sorry it was so long: I just like 'taking it back to the source' and uncovering the shoddyness in these "proofs".
An equatorial bulge is a difference between the equatorial and polar diameters of a planet, due to the centripetal force of its rotation. A rotating body tends to form an oblate spheroid rather than a sphere. The Earth has an equatorial bulge of 42.77 km (26.58 mi): that is, its diameter measured across the equatorial plane (12,756.27 km (7,926.38 mi)) is 42.77 km more than that measured between the poles (12,713.56 km (7,899.84 mi)). An observer standing at sea level on either pole, therefore, is 21.36 km closer to Earth's centrepoint than if standing at sea level on the equator. The value of Earth's radius may be approximated by the average of these radii.
In @ericdubay's "200 proofs" list he claims that rivers such as the Nile, the Paraná, the Congo, the Paraguay, and the Mississippi "flow uphill". The rationale behind it seems to be that rivers which flow from north to south or south to north, and therefore towards the bulge at the equator, will potentially possess mouths which are further from the centre of the earth than their sources.
4) Rivers run down to sea-level finding the easiest course, North, South, East, West and all other intermediary directions over the Earth at the same time. If Earth were truly a spinning ball then many of these rivers would be impossibly flowing uphill, for example the Mississippi in its 3000 miles would have to ascend 11 miles before reaching the Gulf of Mexico.
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As with most (all?) of Dubay's 'proofs', no explanation or evidence is offered, and it appears he is merely quoting from one of the Victorian 'first-wave' flat earth texts. In this case, rather than Rowbotham, he uses 'Terra Firma: The Earth not a Planet', a scripture-inspired book written in 1901 by David Wardlaw Scott.
Thanks for sorting out the figures here. When I was first caught up in arguing with Dubay's supposed 200 proofs of flatness, this was one of a number that caused me to have to think carefully just to make any sense of what he was claiming. It's an interesting exercise reverse engineering his misconception, isn't it.
I tried to frame the replies with the minimum technicality, not only because of some uncertainty on my part in places, but because debating on YouTube under his video taught me that I was next thing to a Nobel laureate compared to the average level of background knowledge there. Hence I ended up talking about spinning pizza dough to explain the earth's oblateness.
I've included a link to this thread at roundearthsense.blogspot.co.uk. Every little helps, even if the likelihood of most FE believers taking note is small.
Yes, or rather, the reason the mouth is further from the earth's centre than the source is because the Earth is spinning.
All that matters is the potential energy. Rivers flow downhill relative to the geoid, ie the surface of the Earth that has an equal potential energy. That potential energy is the result of a combination of the downward force due to gravity and the upward force due to the Earth's rotation ("centrifugal force" in layman's terms).
The geoid is the shape that the surface of the oceans would take under the influence of Earth's gravitation and rotation alone, in the absence of other influences such as winds and tides. This surface is extended through the continents (such as with very narrow hypothetical canals). All points on the geoid have the same gravity potential energy (the sum of gravitational potential energy and centrifugal potential energy). The force of gravity acts everywhere perpendicular to the geoid, meaning that plumb lines point perpendicular and water levels parallel to the geoid.
The reason the mouth is further from the earth's centre than the source is because the Earth is spinning.
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Also, that the Mississippi flows towards the equator is arbitrary, really, purely because its source (highest point above mean sea level) is in the north and its mouth (lowest point amsl) is in the south. A river could just as easily flow from south to north, away from the equator, like the Mackenzie in Canada, or from south to north and south again, crossing the equator twice, such as the Congo in Africa.
Also, that the Mississippi flows towards the equator is arbitrary, really, purely because its source (highest point amsl) is in the north and its mouth (lowest point amsl) is in the south. A river could just as easily flow from south to north, away from the equator, like the Mackenzie in Canada, or from south to north and south again, crossing the equator twice, such as the Congo in Africa.
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what's amsl? let's remember people, a debunk is only as good as the number of people who can understand it.
I have made the account on metabunk in order to see how the "flowing uphill" problem is adressed and I found this thread.
If the Mississippi is flowing towards equator because the earth is spinning that would not be an uniform motion, but an uniform accelerate motion, resulting in a speed of water which is not matched by reality. As any other river the Mississippi speed is greater toward Itasca lake at a similar slope of the riverbed. Only the volume of the water is bigger toward the Gulf of Mexico, which means we need more energy to move the water uphill.
If we take into consideration a certain volume of water, can we calculate a point on the riverbed where the centrifugal force is not enough to move that volume uphill because it became equal with the gravitational force of the volume of water from that point to the Gulf of Mexico?
The Mississippi flows towards the equator because the Gulf of Mexico is at a lower altitude than Lake Itasca. At no point does the centripetal force of earths rotation overcome gravity, because if that were the case the planet would simply break apart.
If the Mississippi is flowing towards equator because the earth is spinning.
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As pointed out above, that's not why the Mississippi flows towards the equator, but rather because its mouth (at sea level) is located to the south of its source (1475 feet amsl). It's actually kind of arbitrary that it flows "towards the equator" - it's simple probability that, of all the rivers in the world, some will flow south (in the northern hemisphere), and some north (in the southern hemisphere), and therefore "towards the equator". But what they all have in common is that they flow from a higher elevation to a lower one (as measured in relation to sea level).
As any other river the Mississippi speed is greater toward Itasca lake at a similar slope of the riverbed.
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I'm not really sure what this means. Is the speed you refer to the velocity of the water flow? Why would this be the case? Wouldn't the speed of the water depend on other more localized factors, such as width, depth, tributaries, cascades, snowmelt, etc?
Only the volume of the water is bigger toward the Gulf of Mexico, which means we need more energy to move the water uphill.
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Though it's been described as doing so elsewhere, I don't think the river can be said to actually "flow uphill" - it is still flowing 'down', towards the sea - though in one sense I get your point, since it is moving further away from "the centre of gravity". In general, though, we define higher and lower by their relation to sea level, rather than the centre of the earth - which is why Mount Everest is viewed as the highest mountain, rather than Ecuador's Mount Chimborazo.
If we take into consideration a certain volume of water, can we calculate a point on the riverbed where the centrifugal force is not enough to move that volume uphill because it became equal with the gravitational force of the volume of water from that point to the Gulf of Mexico?
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As above. And, if you think about the oceans that straddle the equator, it becomes clear that the volume of water isn't really a factor in this.
Good questions, though: it definitely takes a little while to get one's head around it.
PS Your English is fantastic!
PPS An interesting question for flat earthers - why did scientists, whose job it is to hide the fact we "don't live on a spinning ball", suddenly decide to describe this "fictional globe" as being an "oblate spheroid", thereby creating a whole bunch of myriad problems which wouldn't be understood by the layman, thereby opening the door to more arguments from incredulity? One would think they'd have been better off just keeping it simple.
I have made the account on metabunk in order to see how the "flowing uphill" problem is adressed and I found this thread.
If the Mississippi is flowing towards equator because the earth is spinning that would not be an uniform motion, but an uniform accelerate motion, resulting in a speed of water which is not matched by reality. As any other river the Mississippi speed is greater toward Itasca lake at a similar slope of the riverbed. Only the volume of the water is bigger toward the Gulf of Mexico, which means we need more energy to move the water uphill.
If we take into consideration a certain volume of water, can we calculate a point on the riverbed where the centrifugal force is not enough to move that volume uphill because it became equal with the gravitational force of the volume of water from that point to the Gulf of Mexico?
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That is overcomplicating matters, really. On Earth, we measure altitudes relative to mean sea level. And the whole point of that is that the sea finds its own level: namely, it settles to the configuration where it has the lowest potential energy. (Minor fluctuations due to tides and atmospheric pressure patterns aside.)
So effectively you can treat sea level as being a "lowest energy surface" that water will flow down towards. That's what "down" means: travelling from higher potential energy to lower potential energy.
If the globe was a stationary ball of uniform density then sea level would form a perfect sphere, because the only force would be gravity. However, because it rotates, the centripetal centrifugal force (which is highest at the equator) offsets a small fraction of the gravitational force, resulting in sea level bulging outwards a little at the equator. But sea level still represents the lowest energy surface, so anything above sea level is still "uphill" from it.
The distance from the centre of the Earth is irrelevant: what matters is the distance above sea level - or, more precisely, above the "geoid", which is the surface of equal potential energy, taking into account gravity, centrifugal force and variations in density. The source of the Mississippi at Lake Itasca is about 1,500ft above sea level, so clearly the river will flow downwards to the sea.
Trying to separate out the gravitational and centripetal components is not really helpful. All that matters is where you are relative to sea level, because the sea does the work of finding the "lowest energy" shape for you.
If the Mississippi is flowing towards equator because the earth is spinning
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Rivers go downhill, taking the path of least resistance. The Mississippi just happens to go south. The Rhine in Europe and The Nile in Africa both spend most of their courses going in a Northerly direction towards the North Sea and the Mediterranean respectively. In South America the Amazon and The Orinoco both head East towards the Atlantic, while going back to Africa the Congo flows mainly in a westerly direction, again to Atlantic. Its all down to gravity and the path of least resistance, the spinning of the earth has nothing to do with it.
Am I missing something? I guess you could claim it would be more precise to use centripetal and gravitational acceleration?
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"The most basic rule of dimensional analysis is that of dimensional homogeneity.[6] Only commensurable quantities (physical quantities having the same dimension) may be compared, equated, added, or subtracted. "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_analysis
I am not bothered by centripetal v centrifugal, or whether you compare forces or accelerations.
The St. Johns River, in Florida, flows from south to north. The elevation drop is about 30 ft from headwaters to mouth. If the spinning of the earth had anything to do with, you'd think that it would impact a "lazy" river like the St. Johns. But it doesn't.
"The most basic rule of dimensional analysis is that of dimensional homogeneity.[6] Only commensurable quantities (physical quantities having the same dimension) may be compared, equated, added, or subtracted. "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_analysis
I am not bothered by centripetal v centrifugal, or whether you compare forces or accelerations.
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You are being a bit pedantic there. We know F = ma, and we know things don’t fly off into space. So for any given object the force due to gravity is more than the effective force due to the earth spinning. We don’t need more for the purposes of this thread.
The St. Johns River, in Florida, flows from south to north. The elevation drop is about 30 ft from headwaters to mouth. If the spinning of the earth had anything to do with, you'd think that it would impact a "lazy" river like the St. Johns. But it doesn't.
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The point isn't that the centrifugal forces cause all rivers to go southwards, but rather that the Earth's rotation helps set the line of sea level where total gravitational potential is zero.
The St. Johns River, in Florida, flows from south to north. The elevation drop is about 30 ft from headwaters to mouth. If the spinning of the earth had anything to do with it, you'd think that it would impact a "lazy" river like the St. Johns. But it doesn't.
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I'm not 100% sure what you mean with this. Can you explain a little further please?
The point isn't that the centrifugal forces cause all rivers to go southwards, but rather that the Earth's rotation helps set the line of sea level where total gravitational potential is zero.
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So the TGP=0 line is to the south if you're in the South Florida, but to the north if you're in Central or North Florida? How why isn't simple elevation/geography/gravity a better explanation? Why does the St. Johns flow north, but many of the other rivers in the Jacksonville area flow in other directions? Rivers flow towards it, because water flows downhill. Even as an ovoid, sea level is sea level. The direction that rivers flow is based upon height above sea level and hard rocks.
So the TGP=0 line is to the south if you're in the South Florida, but to the north if you're in Central or North Florida? How why isn't simple elevation/geography/gravity a better explanation? Why does the St. Johns flow north, but many of the other rivers in the Jacksonville area flow in other directions? Rivers flow towards it, because water flows downhill. Even as an ovoid, sea level is sea level. The direction that rivers flow is based upon height above sea level and hard rocks.
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I'm not really sure what you mean by "the TGP=0 line" but, basically, the rivers in Florida, like everywhere in the world, are following routes from higher elevations to lower elevations, eventually reaching sea level. The compass direction they flow in is arbitrary - it could be any direction, and it could change between all directions many times over its course (like the Congo). A river's direction is dictated by terrain.
I'm not 100% sure what you mean with this. Can you explain a little further please?
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Hey Rory! Sorry, will try to elaborate -- The St. Johns flows from topography (high to low). Given that the elevation change is very small given the length of the watershed/river, basic physics would indicate that any outside influence (other than simple gravity) would have a noticeable influence on the flow and direction of the river. Having lived here for more than 30 yrs, I can attest that the St. Johns flows south to north. The St. Johns river flows downhill, regardless of the compass direction.
I'm not really sure what you mean by "the TGP=0 line" but, basically, the rivers in Florida, like everywhere in the world, are following routes from higher elevations to lower elevations, eventually reaching sea level. The compass direction they flow in is arbitrary - it could be any direction, and it could change between all directions many times over its course (like the Congo). A river's direction is dictated by terrain.
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We're in adamant agreement! Apologize for any misunderstanding, was trying to support the debunk position.
The point isn't that the centrifugal forces cause all rivers to go southwards, but rather that the Earth's rotation helps set the line of sea level where total gravitational potential is zero.
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Or, to put it another way, the rotation of the earth generates centrifugal force, which causes the earth to be an oblate spheroid rather than a perfect sphere. This means sea level is not always the same distance from the centre of the earth, but neither the rotation nor the shape of the planet have any bearing on which directions rivers flow in: that is solely subject to changes in elevation (above sea level) and topography.
Rory, no sweat. I had to dredge up my high school physics after Irma, as had to drain down pool with no power (for four days). Set up a garden hose siphon, and viola! Overnight, drained 4 inches of water from pool to (lower elevation) backyard. No harm, no foul, just communicating!
If the earth stopped spinning, (but somehow maintained its oblate shape!), the Mississippi would not flow south, and the oceans would pile up in the northern and southern hemispheres.
If the earth did rotate, but somehow was a perfect sphere and did not have an equatorial bulge, the seas would pile up around the equator and leave the northern and southern poles dry. As Newton argued.
But neither situation is possible, because land and sea are both matter and are affected in identical ways by gravity and "centrifugal force."
The simplest, intuitive way to understand this is: "Centrifugal force" creates the earth's bulge -AND- this same exact "force" also helps water flow that same distance farther away from the center of the earth's mass. It's the same force and it has the same effect on land and sea. That's natural, isn't it?
Today, all three world oceans are connected. This creates a global ocean with basically one sea level. As a consequence of rotational slowdown, the outline of the global ocean would continuously undergo dramatic changes. Equatorial waters would move toward polar areas, initially causing a significant reduction in depth while filling the polar basins that have much less capacity. As regions at high latitude in the northern hemisphere become submerged, the areal extent of the northern circumpolar ocean would rapidly expand, covering the vast lowlands of Siberia and northern portions of North America. The global ocean would remain one unit until the rotation of the earth decreased to the speed at which ocean separation would occur. The interaction between the inertia of huge water bodies and decreasing centrifugal force would be very complicated. As the consequence of steady slowdown of earth's rotation, the global ocean would be gradually separated into two oceans. Obviously, the last connection will be broken at the lowest point of the global divide line, located southwest of the Kiribati Islands. Since the current western Pacific Ocean is a plane, land would emerge quickly because there would be no chance that water would be exchanged between the two circumpolar oceans after the initial split. The area of final separation between the two oceans would be the simultaneous emerging and drying of territory extending for hundreds of kilometers.
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...during the Devonian period (400 million years ago), the earth rotated about 40 more times during one revolution around the sun than it does now. Because the continents have drifted significantly since that time, it is difficult to make estimates of the land versus ocean outlines for that era. However, we can be certain that—with a faster spinning speed in the past—the equatorial bulge of oceanic water was much larger then than it is today. Similarly, the ellipsoidal flattening of the earth was also more significant.
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That last is important because one mustn't imagine that the earth's current equatorial bulge is a legacy of an earlier time when the earth rotated faster. It wasn't solidified or frozen into the earth. It's a dynamic system. The present equatorial bulge is a result of the current speed of the earth's rotation.
There are different flavors of the FE belief in rivers flowing the wrong way.
1. The most common: FE believers have a naive intuitive belief that south is "down" and north is "up" simply because maps and globes traditionally are made to be displayed that way. It goes back to the immutable direction of "down." In this case it's not the Mississippi that outrages them. It's the Nile. The Nile flows "up." To them the sphere earth is an impossible figure to live on, with most of it either a vertical surface or upside down.
2. Another common one: The earth curves such and such miles along the course of the river; therefore the river would have to climb (or fall) such and such miles. Confusing curve with gain or loss in elevation.
3. The more savvy argument is a legacy from Victorian Edwardian times when Rowbotham David Wardlaw Scott produced more skilled sophistries. And it's exactly that argument you presented in the OP. That water would have to "climb" the "slope" of the equatorial bulge, away from the center of the earth and fighting gravity.
Although this antique FE argument is presented, only a minority of current day FE believers actually understand it on any level. When these same are presented with the argument that water is helped up the bulge by centrifugal force they become outraged at the silly ad hoc nature of this. It would be a bizarrely unlikely coincidence that centrifugal force would give water just the exact amount of force to "climb" the "slope" of the bulge - no more, no less. This is because they don't link the bulge itself to that same centrifugal force. They seem to think it's just an arbitrary lump or what-not.
Rowbotham David Wardlaw Scott had no excuse to make this argument, as Isaac Newton had explained all this long before he was born.
If the globe was a stationary ball of uniform density then sea level would form a perfect sphere, because the only force would be gravity. However, because it rotates, the centripetal centrifugal force (which is highest at the equator) offsets a small fraction of the gravitational force, resulting in sea level bulging outwards a little at the equator. But sea level still represents the lowest energy surface, so anything above sea level is still "uphill" from it.
The distance from the centre of the Earth is irrelevant: what matters is the distance above sea level - or, more precisely, above the "geoid", which is the surface of equal potential energy, taking into account gravity, centrifugal force and variations in density.
The Mississippi flows towards the equator because the Gulf of Mexico is at a lower altitude than Lake Itasca. At no point does the centripetal force of earths rotation overcome gravity, because if that were the case the planet would simply break apart.
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Agreed with you, but the altitude from wikipedia.org is 450 meters and the difference r1-r2, where r1 is Earth radii at the Gulf of Mexico latitude and r2 is Earth radii at the Itasca lake latitude is more than six thousands meters if you use WGS84 and very similar if you use an other geodedic system. As nobody sees a river flowing uphill, looks like we have to replace our geodedic systems.
Agreed with you, but the altitude from wikipedia.org is 450 meters and the difference r1-r2, where r1 is Earth radii at the Gulf of Mexico latitude and r2 is Earth radii at the Itasca lake latitude is more than six thousands meters if you use WGS84 and very similar if you use an other geodedic system. As nobody sees a river flowing uphill, looks like we have to replace our geodedic systems.
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Sounds about right: in the OP it's stated that I calculated the difference at 3.72 miles, while the article I quoted had it at 4.12 miles.
Still nothing wrong with either the geodetic system or the idea that rivers can end further from the centre of the earth than they begin though.
PS I do hope we're not losing track of what this thread's actually about, what with all this interesting discussion of rotation, centrifugal force, and oblate spheroids - namely, that Eric Dubay can't be relied upon to perform even the most basic level of research on his "proofs".
For Rory: The spinning of Earth reason regarding the Mississippi was taken from this thread, maybe it was my poor understanding... anyway, you said that the Mississippi mouth beeing 1475 feet below its source is the reason and I cannot but agreed. Now we have two possibilities: in the first case the altitude is included in r2, where r2 is the Earth radii at the source of Mississippi latitude, in the second case the altitude of the Itasca lake is not included in r2.
If you calculate r1, the Earth radii at the Mississippi mouth latitude, you will have a diference r2-r1 in excess of six thousand meters in case you are going to use WGS84, which renders irrelevant which of the above cases you wish to consider. That was the reason for which I wrote in my answer to Spectrar Ghost that we have to change our geodedic systems.
For Rory: The spinning of Earth reason regarding the Mississippi was taken from this thread, maybe it was my poor understanding... anyway, you said that the Mississippi mouth beeing 1475 feet below its source is the reason and I cannot but agreed. Now we have two possibilities: in the first case the altitude is included in r2, where r2 is the Earth radii at the source of Mississippi latitude, in the second case the altitude of the Itasca lake is not included in r2.
If you calculate r1, the Earth radii at the Mississippi mouth latitude, you will have a diference r2-r1 in excess of six thousand meters in case you are going to use WGS84, which renders irrelevant which of the above cases you wish to consider. That was the reason for which I wrote in my answer to Spectrar Ghost that we have to change our geodedic systems.
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I understand the calculation - I did it myself in the OP - but what I'm curious about is what you think is wrong with the source of the Mississippi being around 6000 metres further from the centre of the earth than its mouth?
That is overcomplicating matters, really. On Earth, we measure altitudes relative to mean sea level. And the whole point of that is that the sea finds its own level: namely, it settles to the configuration where it has the lowest potential energy. (Minor fluctuations due to tides and atmospheric pressure patterns aside.)
So effectively you can treat sea level as being a "lowest energy surface" that water will flow down towards. That's what "down" means: travelling from higher potential energy to lower potential energy.
If the globe was a stationary ball of uniform density then sea level would form a perfect sphere, because the only force would be gravity. However, because it rotates, the centripetal centrifugal force (which is highest at the equator) offsets a small fraction of the gravitational force, resulting in sea level bulging outwards a little at the equator. But sea level still represents the lowest energy surface, so anything above sea level is still "uphill" from it.
The distance from the centre of the Earth is irrelevant: what matters is the distance above sea level - or, more precisely, above the "geoid", which is the surface of equal potential energy, taking into account gravity, centrifugal force and variations in density. The source of the Mississippi at Lake Itasca is about 1,500ft above sea level, so clearly the river will flow downwards to the sea.
Trying to separate out the gravitational and centripetal components is not really helpful. All that matters is where you are relative to sea level, because the sea does the work of finding the "lowest energy" shape for you.
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The distance from the center of the Earth cannot be irrelevant because the ocean cannot be below its own floor, which floor is included in r1, where r1 is the Earth radii at the mouth of Mississippi latitude. The "lowest energy surface" about which you wrote is above ocean floor and ocean floor is above Itasca lake in our geodedic systems, including WGS84. I do not have enough altitude at the r2, where r2 is the Earth radii at the Itasca lake latitude, in order to make r1-r2 difference a negative number.
The distance from the center of the Earth cannot be irrelevant because the ocean cannot be below its own floor, which floor is included in r1, where r1 is the Earth radii at the mouth of Mississippi latitude. The "lowest energy surface" about which you wrote is above ocean floor and ocean floor is above Itasca lake in our geodedic systems, including WGS84. I do not have enough altitude at the r2, where r2 is the Earth radii at the Itasca lake latitude, in order to make r1-r2 difference a negative number.
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I think you're overcomplicating matters. All relevant explanations are in the thread already, so maybe having another read through may clear things up.
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Do Paise Ki Dhoop, Chaar Aane Ki Baarish
Do Paise Ki Dhoop, Chaar Aane Ki Baarish is an Indian art film written, and directed by Deepti Naval, starring Manisha Koirala, Rajit Kapur and Naval’s nephew, newcomer, Sanaj Naval in the lead roles.
Cast
Manisha Koirala as Juhi
Rajit Kapur as Debu
Sanaj Naval as Kaku
Milind Soman
Plot
In this art film, Juhi is an aging prostitute whose son Kaku is wheelchair-bound. She finds it challenging to take care of him with the limited number of customers that now find her attractive. Debu, a not-so-successful lyricist, is dumped by his boyfriend, and is out on streets. These characters, in need of money and love, bump into each other, after which their lives take a similar direction. Their relationships, born out of mutual needs, change their perceptions about each other, which in turn brings a change in them -- finally, a sunny day after days of merciless downpour.
Production
There are many sequences in this movie which are shot in the rain, during the Bombay monsoons, with Kiran Deohans of Jodha Akbar fame taking charge as the cinematographer. The music score is by Sandesh Shandilya, except the title song, which was done by Gulzar. The screenplay was written by Deepti Naval in three months.
Critical reception
This art film premiered at the market section of 2009 Cannes Film Festival, and got a positive response.
This movie is Manisha Koirala's comeback movie, in a very sensitive role, said to be inspired by a real story.
The film was screened at the 2010 edition of Chicago South Asian Film Festival. Gapers Block gave a moderate rating, calling the plot unoriginal, comparing it to an "elongated episode of Will & Grace". The representation of Debu, who is semi-closeted, was also criticised, for its stereotyped gay characteristics. while ImagineIndia was of the opinion that,"...characters do not appear stereotypical, but a modern, sensitive and realistic portrait of people struggling to find happiness, with the ebbs and tides of human relationships" The film was screened in the competition section of ImagineIndia film festival (2010).
The movie was slated to release commercially on 8 March 2012 in India but was postponed.
It has been released on Netflix in September 2019.
A review in The Citizen called the film "niche" while praising the performances of three principal characters stating, "But the cream and the cake go to the three actors".
Accolades
2009-Best Feature Film -The Indian Film Festival of Houston
2010-Best Screenplay - The New York Indian Film Festival (MIAAC)
2010-Best Actor - Rajit Kapoor at ImagineIndia film festival (2010)
Official Selection
Special Screening venue Cannes Film Festival, 2009
The Indian Film Festival of Houston, 2009
Chicago South Asian Film Festival, 2010 (Opening film)
The New York Indian Film Festival (MIAAC), 2010
ImagineIndia Film Festival, Spain 2010
Seattle South Asian Film Festival, 2011 (Opening film)
India International Film Festival, Tampa Bay, USA, 2012
First Annual Washington DC South Asian Film Festival, 2012
References
External links
Official website
Facebook page
Category:2009 direct-to-video films
Category:2000s Hindi-language films
Category:Gay-related_films
Category:Indian films
Category:Indian LGBT-related films
Category:Directorial debut films
Category:Indian direct-to-video films
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Aleksei Tikhonkikh
Aleksei Tikhonkikh may refer to:
Aleksei Tikhonkikh (gymnast), Soviet gymnast in 1985 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
Aleksei Vladimirovich Tikhonkikh (b. 1977), Russian footballer
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Until now, the public has had to rely on descriptions of what the video contains from reporters and the former police chief, due to legal restrictions, which no longer apply.
Ford himself, shortly before he admitted smoking crack, called for Toronto Police to release this video in November 2013 saying: “Whatever this video shows folks,Toronto residents deserve to see it and people need to judge for themselves what they see on this video.”
We agree. That’s why we’re making it public today.
**********
Extortion charges against Sandro Lisi, Rob Ford’s former driver and friend, were withdrawn Thursday, permitting public access for the first time to the notorious “crack video” that dogged the city’s former mayor.
The video captures Ford at the lowest and most tragic point of his struggle with drugs and alcohol, and in it, a barely coherent Ford is seen smoking from a glass pipe and carrying on a disjointed conversation with a friend from high school.
Lisi was accused of threatening two Dixon City Bloods gang members — Mohamed Siad and Liban Siyad, who’d secretly recorded a clearly stoned Ford in 2013 and then tried to peddle the footage to media outlets — in order to retrieve the video.
“Tell your boys a message, the whole place is going to get heated up,” court heard that Lisi told Siyad to compel him to return the cellphone crack video.
Lisi signed a peace bond — which doesn’t admit any criminal conduct — and agreed to avoid contacting either Siad or Siyad, who are now serving prison sentences as gun and drug traffickers.
“Lisi never succeeded in retrieving the video,” Crown attorney John Patton said, adding Lisi had wanted to protect Ford’s reputation.
Patton said the prosecution agreed to withdrawing the charge and accepting the peace bond after its case weakened considerably during the preliminary hearing last year.
Ford initially denied smoking crack for several months but later admitted he smoked it while in a drunken stupor.
The video reveals Ford mumbling incoherently, taking issue with his portrayal as “a radical right winger,” as Elena Basso, the owner of the home where the video was made, rambles from topic to topic, from Ford’s passion for coaching his minority-laden football team to his love for his children.
Some of the disturbing quotes previously attributed to Ford appear to have been spoken by Basso, who makes outrageous comments against gays, Justin Trudeau and Ford’s portrayal in the media.
“It still boggles my mind that they (Siad and Siyad) weren’t charged with extortion,” Domenic Basile, one of Lisi’s lawyers, said.
“Obviously, these gun and drug traffickers were taking advantage of Ford and trying to sell the video for hundreds of thousands of dollars and yet they weren’t charged with extortion.
“Why weren’t they charged with any criminal offence — other than the gun and drug trafficking? Taxpayers spent millions of dollars pursuing a half-pound marijuana trafficking case and this extortion charge against Lisi, who was simply a loyal friend trying to get a video for Ford,” Basile said.
Ford, who’s been described as Toronto’s most bombastic, unconventional and tough-talking politician, died at age 46 in March of cancer after being diagnosed in September 2014.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Suppose $p$ is a polynomial with real coefficients. Then which of the following statements are necessarily true?
Suppose $p$ is a polynomial with real coefficients. Then which of the following statements are necessarily true?
There is no root of the derivative $p$' between two real roots of the polynomial $p$.
There is exactly one root of the derivative $p$' between any two real roots of the polynomial $p$.
There is exactly one root of the derivative $p$' between any two consecutive real roots of the polynomial $p$.
There is at least one root of the derivative $p$' between any two consecutive roots of $p$
I have taken $p(x)=x^2-1$ then $p'(x)=2x$, here 0 is the root of $p'$ that is lying between the roots of $p$ that is -1 and 1. Hence option 1 is wrong.
For option 2, i have chosen $p(x)=x$. I guess that option 3 is true but i am not able to prove. Also i am not able to give example for option 4. Please help me!
A:
Hint: Rolle's theortem
If a real-valued function $f$ is continuous on a proper closed interval $[a, b]$, differentiable on the open interval (a, b), and $f(a) = f(b)(=0)$, then there exists at least one c in the open interval $(a, b)$ such that
$f'(c) = 0$.
Now, what about a polynomial and two consequtive roots of it? (The first three statements can be falsified by simple examples.)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
<?php
/**
* Copyright © Magento, Inc. All rights reserved.
* See COPYING.txt for license details.
*/
declare(strict_types=1);
use Magento\Bundle\Model\Product\Price;
use Magento\Catalog\Api\Data\ProductInterfaceFactory;
use Magento\Catalog\Api\ProductRepositoryInterface;
use Magento\Catalog\Model\Product\Attribute\Source\Status;
use Magento\Catalog\Model\Product\Type;
use Magento\Catalog\Model\Product\Type\AbstractType;
use Magento\Catalog\Model\Product\Visibility;
use Magento\Store\Api\WebsiteRepositoryInterface;
use Magento\TestFramework\Bundle\Model\PrepareBundleLinks;
use Magento\TestFramework\Helper\Bootstrap;
use Magento\TestFramework\Workaround\Override\Fixture\Resolver;
Resolver::getInstance()->requireDataFixture('Magento/Bundle/_files/multiple_products.php');
$objectManager = Bootstrap::getObjectManager();
/** @var PrepareBundleLinks $prepareBundleLinks */
$prepareBundleLinks = $objectManager->get(PrepareBundleLinks::class);
/** @var ProductRepositoryInterface $productRepository */
$productRepository = $objectManager->create(ProductRepositoryInterface::class);
/** @var ProductInterfaceFactory $productFactory */
$productFactory = $objectManager->get(ProductInterfaceFactory::class);
/** @var WebsiteRepositoryInterface $websiteRepository */
$websiteRepository = $objectManager->get(WebsiteRepositoryInterface::class);
$defaultWebsiteId = $websiteRepository->get('base')->getId();
$bundleProduct = $productFactory->create();
$bundleProduct->setTypeId(Type::TYPE_BUNDLE)
->setAttributeSetId($bundleProduct->getDefaultAttributeSetId())
->setWebsiteIds([$defaultWebsiteId])
->setName('Bundle Product')
->setSku('fixed_bundle_product_with_special_price')
->setVisibility(Visibility::VISIBILITY_BOTH)
->setStatus(Status::STATUS_ENABLED)
->setStockData(
[
'use_config_manage_stock' => 1,
'qty' => 100,
'is_qty_decimal' => 0,
'is_in_stock' => 1,
]
)
->setPriceView(1)
->setSkuType(1)
->setWeightType(1)
->setPriceType(Price::PRICE_TYPE_FIXED)
->setPrice(50.0)
->setSpecialPrice(80)
->setShipmentType(AbstractType::SHIPMENT_TOGETHER);
$bundleOptionsData = [
[
'title' => 'Option 1',
'default_title' => 'Option 1',
'type' => 'radio',
'required' => 1,
'delete' => '',
],
];
$bundleSelectionsData = [
[
'sku' => 'simple1',
'selection_qty' => 1,
'selection_price_value' => 10,
'selection_price_type' => 0,
'selection_can_change_qty' => 1,
],
[
'sku' => 'simple2',
'selection_qty' => 1,
'selection_price_value' => 25,
'selection_price_type' => 1,
'selection_can_change_qty' => 1,
],
[
'sku' => 'simple3',
'selection_qty' => 1,
'selection_price_value' => 25,
'selection_price_type' => 0,
'selection_can_change_qty' => 1,
],
];
$bundleProduct = $prepareBundleLinks->execute($bundleProduct, $bundleOptionsData, [$bundleSelectionsData]);
$productRepository->save($bundleProduct);
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
Backlight adjustment not working in Lenovo IdeaPad Y580
I installed Ubuntu 13.04 on my Y580, and I added the acpi_backlight=vendor option to the bootloader. The OS boots without the black screen now, but I can't adjust the brightness with Fn+Up/Down keys. Is there any solution for this?
A:
Alright solved this on my own.
Open file /etc/default/grub.
Find a line GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="" (there might be something between the quotes).
Add acpi_osi=Linux between the quotes, so the result might be something like GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="acpi_osi=Linux"
Run sudo update-grub
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
News
Benefits of Being Environmentally Friendly in Business
October 30, 2018
As newer generations of consumers are becoming more concerned about the environmental impact of the products they purchase and the companies they purchase from, many businesses are taking the necessary steps toward transitioning into being more environmentally sustainable. Though transforming your business into an environmentally friendly one may not be an easy task, the benefits of doing so are long lasting for the environment, the consumer, and even businesses themselves.
What Does It Mean to be An Environmentally Friendly Business?
Being environmentally friendly in business means that your business makes a conscious effort to reduce its negative impact on the environment. This effort can take form in anything from implementing a green office program to working with your business’s manufacturers and suppliers to reduce the use of non-renewable resources.
Benefits of Going Green
There are many benefits to a business making the conscious effort to go green:
It Can Save You Money – reducing your energy, paper usage, and reusing office supplies where you can, will inevitably reduce overall costs which can then be put into other important facets of a business.
Builds Consumer Loyalty – Many studies have found that consumers believe green businesses to be more trustworthy than non-green ones. Moreover, by making a concentrated effort to reduce the negative environmental impact your business has can promote a sense of community between your business and the consumer.
Helps Attract and Retain Employees – Going green has also been proven to promote positive feelings within employees. Knowing that a business cares about the impact they make on their community boosts employee morale and can attract potential employees who want to feel that they are making a positive difference.
Improves the Longevity of Your Business – When your business is less dependent on non-renewable resources (i.e. resources that can become depleted in the future), you ensure the longevity and sustainability of your business in the future.
What Can Businesses Do to be Environmentally Friendly?
The first step to transitioning your business into an environmentally friendly one is to first assess and evaluate your current impact on the environment. This can be done by calculating your business’s carbon footprint. In fact, there are many carbon footprint calculators available online that can be used for free. Once you’re aware of your business’s impact on the environment, you can then figure out which areas of your business are the most impactful.
Though transitioning your business into being ecofriendly may seem overwhelming, it’s important to keep in mind that there are many ways, both big and small, that your business can reduce its negative impact on the environment. Some ways include:
Reduce Electricity – encourage employees to turn off lights and electronics when not in use. This will not only save energy but can cut down on costs as well.
Implementing Monthly Lunch-and-Learns – Reducing your business’s impact on the environment education involves ensuring that your employees are on board with the changes you are making. Lunch-and-Learns can be a great opportunity to educate employees on the efforts they can make to reduce office resources.
Implement a Green Office Program – reward programs for employees who show the most effort
Reduce Paper Usage Where Possible – only print necessary documentation and deleting unneeded print jobs are just some of the ways you can reduce paper usage.
Reduce Air Travel – Air travel is one of the biggest culprits of increasing your business’s carbon footprint. Businesses can reduce air travel by holding conference calls online instead of meeting in person.
Use Sustainable & Energy-Efficient Products – This includes using things such as solar power, energy conserving electronics or rainwater tanks in order to reduce your business’s reliance on non-renewable resources.
If you’re struggling to find more ways to reduce your carbon footprint, try surveying employees to see if they have any suggestions on ways your business can improve.
OE Canada’s Eco-Friendly Efforts
Plant a Tree Program
At OE Canada, we believe in the importance of sustainable environmental practices in business. That’s why, in partnership with Tree Canada, we implemented the Plant a Tree Program. With this program, OE Canada promises to plant one tree for every printer sold on behalf of our customers.
How OE Canada Helps Other Businesses Become Ecofriendly
OE Canada offers several eco-friendly printers so that businesses can have peace-of-mind without sacrificing efficiency. The “Eco” Toshiba e-Studio 3508LP Hybrid Multifunction Printing System helps businesses transition into eco-friendly practices by utilizing Toshiba’s hybrid technology which combines conventional printing with erasable printing allowing you to reuse paper over and over again. Black and white printing has never been this green with the world’s first copier/printer with erasable toner!
PaperCut software is also offered at OE Canada as a solution to eliminate waste and encourages employees to print responsibly and take accountability for their printing usage. PaperCut allows employees to delete any print jobs that are no longer required which helps eliminate print waste and saves paper.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Association between achieving treatment goals for lipid-lowering and cardiovascular events in real clinical practice.
There is substantial evidence that treatment with lipid-lowering agents can decrease cardiovascular morbidity and total mortality in patients with elevated serum lipid values and/or prior ischaemic heart disease. However, only a minority of these high-risk patients are believed to receive treatment, and among those who do receive pharmaceutical treatment the majority do not reach the therapeutic goal. Our goal was to investigate if this translates to a higher risk of cardiovascular events in real clinical practice. A retrospective cohort study using linkage of electronic medical records, the Swedish national inpatient registry and cause of death registry was performed, enrolling a total of 4976 patients who received treatment with a lipid-lowering agent at any time between 1 January 1993 and 1 December 2001. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate the impact of goal attainment along with potential confounding factors. Patients who reached treatment goals were 24% less likely to suffer a cardiovascular event (relative risk: 0.76, 95% confidence interval: 0.60-0.96) than patients who did not reach treatment goals. A substantial proportion of patients treated with lipid-lowering agents do not achieve the treatment goals. Failure to reach treatment goals translates into a higher risk of cardiovascular events, and it is thus of importance to ensure that patients reach goals.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
For the third consecutive season, a smashing success of a regular season for the Seattle Sounders ended in a disappointing playoff exit.
Seattle finished with the league’s second best record in 2011, won their third straight US Open Cup trophy and successfully navigated through the group stages of the CONCACAF Champions League. But come the MLS Cup Playoffs, it was all for naught as a 3-2 aggregate loss to Real Salt Lake in the Western Conference Semifinals is the lasting memory.
But the emergence of Mauro Rosales and Lamar Neagle, alongside the continued excellence of Fredy Montero and Osvaldo Alonso, leaves Seattle looking strong again in 2012. The retirement of Kasey Keller exposed a gaping hole in between the posts, but that should be filled by the signing of Austrian goalkeeper Michael Gspurning.
WATCH: Behind the scenes of Seattle's USOC triumph
Best Moment of the Year
The Sounders already had a 1-0 lead over the Chicago Fire in October’s US Open Cup final, courtesy of Fredy Montero’s 77th-minute tally. But Alonso’s mazy run-and-finish through the exhausted Fire defense deep into extra time provided the elegant coup de grace in Seattle’s third consecutive USOC triumph.
Worst Moment of the Year
Watching Steve Zakuani go down to a broken leg in April thanks to Brian Mullan’s harsh challenge was gruesome and tough to take for all fans of MLS. The winger is targeting a return to competitive action in March, 11 months after the incident. The MLS universe united in near-unanimous disdain toward Mullan’s retaliatory tackle, which came moments after the Rapids player felt he was the victim of a no-call.
Best Goal
In a year full of goals – 56 in the regular season – Neagle’s improbable game-winner against Sporting Kansas City on Aug. 6 takes the cake. Seattle clawed back from a 1-0 deficit in sweltering 90-degree conditions, with Neagle scoring the second of Seattle’s two stoppage-time goals for a 2-1 victory.
WATCH: Keller's amazing quadruple-stop on SJ
Best Save
Even at age 41, Keller didn’t show many signs of rust as he earned the league’s Save of the Week award six times in 2011. But his quadruple-save against San Jose in his final regular-season game at CenturyLink Field in front of more than 64,000 tops the list. Keller stymied Khari Stephenson, Chris Wondolowski and Simon Dawkins in quick succession.
Team MVP
What will this team do without Keller? Sounders fans will find out in March. The omnipresent goalkeeper and Washington native hung up his cleats after playing 119 of the franchise’s 130 competitive matches. Certainly, several others deserve to be in the conversation for Most Valuable Player on a very well-balanced team. But Keller’s steady influence as team captain and professional demeanor on the training ground and on the field set the tone for the franchise.
Best Newcomer
Rosales was a revelation in his first season in MLS. The former Argentine international signed with Seattle for a bargain-basement cap number, helping the Sounders to second place in the regular-season standings with five goals and 13 assists. The 2011 MLS Newcomer of the Year reportedly got a big bump in pay with the new contract he signed this week – there’s no player on the roster more deserving.
Offseason Needs
1. Reinforce the right back position: The club struggled all year to find a suitable backup to James Riley at right back. The minutes laid on the 29-year-old may have showed in the first playoff match against Real Salt Lake, when the veteran struggled. With Riley lost in the Expansion Draft, do-it-all defender Zach Scott is really his only replacement. Finding a right back who is comfortable with the ball and can join the attack is one of Seattle’s offseason to-dos.
2. Replace the surface: It’s doubtful any players – home or visiting – will be sad to see the CenturyLink Field turf go. The artificial surface the Sounders share with the Seattle Seahawks is in dire need of replacement, which will occur in February. The hard rain during the Sounders’ home game against Portland in May hampered Seattle’s passing attack, helping the Timbers escape with a 1-1 draw.
3. Allow younger players to become leaders: Many veteran voices left this team in the offseason. Keller retired, while 30-somethings Pat Noonan and Nate Jaqua were lost in the MLS Re-Entry Draft. Riley, who was always the first to come to the aid of a teammate during an on-field dispute, is also gone. If this team is to continue its strong form, players like Brad Evans and Montero must be step into leadership positions. The selection of the club captain in early 2012 will be important in setting the tone for the upcoming season.
WATCH: Seattle's 2011 Goals
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Driving
Driving is the controlled operation and movement of a motor vehicle, including cars, motorcycles, trucks, and buses. Permission to drive on public highways is granted based on a set of conditions being met and drivers are required to follow the established road and traffic laws in the location they are driving.
Etymology
The origin of the term driver, as recorded from the 15th century, refers to the occupation of driving working animals, especially pack horses or draft horses. The verb ' to drive ' in origin means "to force to move, to impel by physical force". It is first recorded of electric railway drivers in 1889 and of a motor-car driver in 1896. Early alternatives were motorneer, motor-man, motor-driver or motorist. French favors "conducteur" (the English equivalent, "conductor", being used —from the 1830s— not of the driver but of the person in charge of passengers and collecting fares), while German influenced areas adopted Fahrer (used of coach-drivers in the 18th century, but shortened about 1900 from the compound Kraftwagenfahrer), and the verbs führen, lenken, steuern —all with a meaning "steer, guide, navigate"— translating to conduire.
Introduction of the automobile
The world's first long-distance road trip by automobile was in August 1888 when Bertha Benz, wife of Benz Patent-Motorwagen inventor Karl Benz, drove Mannheim to Pforzheim, Germany, and returned, in the third experimental Benz motor car, which had a maximum speed of , with her two teenage sons Richard and Eugen but without the consent and knowledge of her husband. She had said she wanted to visit her mother, but also intended to generate publicity for her husband's invention, which had only been taken on short test drives before.
In 1899, F. O. Stanley and his wife, Flora, drove their Stanley Steamer automobile, sometimes called a locomobile, to the summit of Mount Washington in New Hampshire in the United States to generate publicity for their automobile. The journey took over two hours (not counting time to add more water); the descent was accomplished by putting the engine in low gear and doing lots of braking.
Driving skills
Driving in traffic is more than just knowing how to operate the mechanisms which control the vehicle; it requires knowing how to apply the rules of the road (which ensures safe and efficient sharing with other users). An effective driver also has an intuitive understanding of the basics of vehicle handling and can drive responsibly.
Although direct operation of a bicycle and a mounted animal are commonly referred to as riding, such operators are legally considered drivers and are required to obey the rules of the road. Driving over a long distance is referred to as a road trip.
In some countries, a basic both practical and theoretical knowledge of the rules of the road is assessed with a driving test(s) and those who pass are issued with a driving license.
Physical skill
A driver must have physical skills to be able to control direction, acceleration, and deceleration. For motor vehicles, the detailed tasks include:
Proper hand placement and seating position
Starting the vehicle's engine with the starting system
Setting the transmission to the correct gear
Depressing the pedals with one's feet to accelerate, slow and stop the vehicle and
If the vehicle is equipped with a manual transmission, to modulate the clutch
Steering the vehicle's direction with the steering wheel
Applying brake pressure to slow or stop the vehicle
Operating other important ancillary devices such as the indicators, headlights, parking brake and windshield wipers
Speed and Skid control
Mental skill
Avoiding or successfully handling an emergency driving situation can involve the following skills:
Observing the environment for road signs, driving conditions, and hazards
Awareness of surroundings, especially in heavy and city traffic
Making good and quick decisions based on factors such as road and traffic conditions
Evasive maneuvering
Understanding vehicle dynamics
Left- and right-hand traffic
Distractions can compromise a driver's mental skills. One study on the subject of mobile phones and driving safety concluded that,
after controlling for driving difficulty and time on task, drivers talking on a phone exhibited greater impairment than drivers who were suffering from alcohol intoxication. In The US "During daylight hours, approximately 481,000 drivers are using cell phones while driving according to the publication on the National Highway Traffic Safety Association.Another survey indicated that music could adversely affect a driver's concentration."
Seizure disorders and Alzheimer's disease are among the leading medical causes of mental impairment among drivers in the United States and Europe. Whether or not physicians should be allowed, or even required, to report such conditions to state authorities, remains highly controversial.
Safety
Safety issues in driving include:
Driving in poor road conditions and low visibility
Texting while driving
Speeding
Drug–impaired driving and driving under the influence
Distracted driving
Sleep-deprived driving
Reckless driving and street racing
Driveability
Driveability of a vehicle means the smooth delivery of power, as demanded by the driver. Typical causes of driveability degradation are rough idling, misfiring, surging, hesitation, or insufficient power.
Driving laws
A driver is subject to the laws of the jurisdiction in which he or she is driving. The rules of the road, driver licensing and vehicle registration schemes vary considerably between jurisdictions, as do laws imposing criminal responsibility for negligent driving, vehicle safety inspections and compulsory insurance. Most countries also have differing laws against driving while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. Aggressive driving and road rage have become problems for drivers in some areas.
Some countries require a vision screening test for individuals to acquire or renew a driver's license. A 2010 systematic review found insufficient evidence to assess the effects of vision screening tests on subsequent motor vehicle crash reduction. The review concluded that there is a need to develop valid and reliable tools of vision screening that can predict driving performance.
Motorists are almost universally required to take lessons with an approved instructor and to pass a driving test before being granted a license. Almost all countries allow all adults with good vision and health to apply to take a driving test and, if successful, to drive on public roads.
In many countries, even after passing one's driving test, new motorists are initially subject to special restrictions. For example, in Australia, novice drivers are required to carry "P" ("provisional") plates, in New Zealand it is called restricted (R); both are subject to alcohol limits and other restrictions for the first two years of driving. Many U.S. states now issue graduated drivers' licenses to novice minors. Typically, newly licensed minors may not drive or operate a motorized vehicle at night or with a passenger other than family members. The duration of the restriction varies from six months to until the driver is 18 years old. This is due to the mental aptitude of a young or inexperienced driver not being fully developed.
A few countries banned women driving in the past. In Oman, women were not allowed to drive until 1970. In Saudi Arabia, women were not issued driving licenses until 2018. Saudi women had periodically staged driving protests against these restrictions and in September 2017, the Saudi government agreed to lift the ban, which went into effect in June 2018.
References
Further reading
External links
Category:Youth rights
Category:Land transport
Category:Vehicle operation
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
dueboot
=======
Based on https://github.com/neykov/armboot, and is a template for Arduino Due projects
Compiling
---------
Modify the Rakefile with your paths and ports, and then "rake burn" to upload to the Arduino.
Structure
---------
core.rs - sample program (blinks the led of the Arduino board)
arduino.rs - extern stubs for the core Arduino libraries
hardware/ - from a random Arduino IDE for OS X
Credits
-------
- armboot: https://github.com/neykov/armboot
- zero.rs: https://github.com/pcwalton/zero.rs
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
#ifndef VCTRS_SLICE_ASSIGN_H
#define VCTRS_SLICE_ASSIGN_H
#include "owned.h"
struct vec_assign_opts {
bool assign_names;
bool ignore_outer_names;
struct vctrs_arg* x_arg;
struct vctrs_arg* value_arg;
};
SEXP vec_assign_opts(SEXP x, SEXP index, SEXP value,
const struct vec_assign_opts* opts);
SEXP vec_proxy_assign_opts(SEXP proxy, SEXP index, SEXP value,
const enum vctrs_owned owned,
const struct vec_assign_opts* opts);
SEXP chr_assign(SEXP out, SEXP index, SEXP value, const enum vctrs_owned owned);
SEXP list_assign(SEXP out, SEXP index, SEXP value, const enum vctrs_owned owned);
SEXP df_assign(SEXP x, SEXP index, SEXP value,
const enum vctrs_owned owned,
const struct vec_assign_opts* opts);
SEXP vec_assign_shaped(SEXP proxy, SEXP index, SEXP value,
const enum vctrs_owned owned,
const struct vec_assign_opts* opts);
#endif
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
High HDL cholesterol level after treatment with pitavastatin is an important factor for regression in carotid intima-media thickness.
This study is a prospective multicenter study designed to investigate the effects of lipid-lowering therapy with pitavastatin on atherosclerotic plaque in patients with coronary heart disease, and to determine which factor is more closely associated with plaque regression. Participants (n = 63) were treated with pitavastatin for 12 months, and the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) was measured by ultrasound before and after treatment. Mean IMT slightly but significantly decreased (from 0.99 ± 0.33 to 0.94 ± 0.28 mm for overall, P = 0.01) regardless of the presence of pretreatment with other statins. There were no significant relations with hs-CRP, malondialdehyde-LDL, LDL cholesterol, and smaller LDL cholesterol levels despite their decrease by pitavastatin. Decreases in mean IMT were observed significantly more frequently in subjects with high on-treatment HDL cholesterol levels than with low HDL cholesterol levels (P = 0.017). The change in mean IMT tended to be inversely correlated with increments in HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I. The IMT regression was more often observed in the absence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In conclusion, we demonstrated that treatment with pitavastatin attenuated atherosclerotic plaque. This effect was associated with the level of HDL cholesterol, and was stronger in the absence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in our ischemic heart disease patients.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
NO. 04-14-00746-CV
FILED IN
IN THE TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH DISTRICT
4th COURT OF APPEALS
SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
3/6/2015 1:44:55 PM
* * * * *
KEITH E. HOTTLE
ALAMO HEIGHTS INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT, Clerk
Appellant
v.
CATHERINE CLARK,
Appellee
* * * * *
On Accelerated Interlocutory Appeal from the 285th Judicial District Court
Bexar County, Texas
Cause No. 2009-CI-19821
* * * * *
APPENDIX TO BRIEF OF APPELLEE, CATHERINE CLARK
* * * * *
Respectfully submitted,
Brendan K. McBride Matthew R. Pearson
State Bar No. 24008900 State Bar No. 00788173
brendan.mcbride@att.net mpearson@gplawfirm.com
MCBRIDE LAW FIRM, of Counsel Tracie Gee Conner
to GRAVELY & PEARSON, LLP State Bar No. 24074066
425 Soledad, Suite 620 tconner@gplawfirm.com
San Antonio, Texas 78205 GRAVELY & PEARSON, L.L.P.
(210) 227-1200 Telephone 425 Soledad, Suite 600
(210) 881-6752 Facsimile San Antonio, TX 78205
(210) 472-1111 Telephone
(210) 472-1110 Facsimile
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE,
CATHERINE CLARK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
May 14, 2008 Complaint letter from Catherine Clark 1-14
Page 21 of New Employee Handbook 15
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
250
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
Christian Heresies
Even before the original autographs of the New Testament writings were completed, we see a rise of Christian heresies that would repeatedly attempt to undermine the classical Christian doctrines as taught by Jesus and his apostles. Various church fathers and organized councels defended the orthodox positions on the most important doctrines critical for the true Christian faith.
Emergence of Christian Heresies - an Interactive Infographic
Drag the handle below to move through history and see the way in which the various heresies emerge.
Press to have the infographic automatically move through history on its own. Pressing will pause the timeline, while will stop and reset it.
Click on the heresy to see a brief snapshot about its positions. Or just read about them below in an alphabetized list.
Some heresies incorporate wider beliefs and borrow from others, and therefore, strictly speaking, they may also belong in other groups. Effort was taken to create logical groupings of heresies in accordance with their core doctrinal differences and typical divergence from classical Christianity.
Early Church
Gnostic
Christological/Trinitarian
Antinomianism
Audianism
Circumcellions
Donatism
Ebionites
Euchites/Messalians
Iconoclasm
Marcionism
Montanism
Pelagianism
Semipelagianism
Albigenses/Catharism
Athinganoi
Docetism
Gnosticism
Luciferianism
Manichaeism
Naassenes
Ophites
Paulicianism
Priscillianism
Sethianism
Valentianism
Adoptionism
Apollinarism/Apollinarianism
Arianism
Eutychianism
Macedonianism/Pneumatomachians
Melchisedechianism
Modalism
Monarchianism
Monophysitism
Monothelitism
Nestorianism
Patripassianism
Psilanthropism
Sabellianism
Socinianism
Tritheism
Subordinationism
Unitarianism
Kenosis
Jehovah’s Witnesses
Mormonism
Snapshots of Christian Heresies
Adoptionism
c A.D. 190
The heresy that Jesus was only a non-divine man; that he was extremely virtuous; that he was, at some point, "adopted" as the Son of God by the Spirit descending on him. Adoptionism is also known as Psilanthropism and Dynamic Monarchianism.
Albigenses/Catharism
c A.D. 1050
A theologically dualistic heresy which taught that matter (the physical world), having been created by an evil god, is evil, while the spirit, having been created by a good god is good. In this view, the spirit must be freed from the chains of the material body.
Antinomianism
c A.D. 55
An early heresy which held that Christians are freed from all obligations of the moral law through grace. An early correction was made by the apostle Paul (Romans 3:8) in his letter to the Romans.
Apollinarism/Apollinarianism
c A.D. 350
The heresy that believed that Jesus had a human body, a divine mind, but only a "lower" soul; that humans propagate souls along with bodies. It was declared a heresy by the First Council of Constantinople in A.D. 381.
Arianism
c A.D. 318
The heresy that rejected the divinity of Jesus and taught that Jesus was created by the Father and that the title "Son of God" was merely given to Jesus as a courtesy. It was condemned at the First Council of Nicaea in A.D. 325.
Athinganoi
c A.D. 800
A 9th-century heretical sect of Monarchianism in Phrygia originated by Theodotus the banker.
Audianism
c A.D. 350
An anthropomorphic heresy the held, among other things, that God has human form and that the death of Jesus ought to be celebrated during the Jewish Passover(quartodecimanism).
Circumcellions
c A.D. 325
A militant heresy (subset of Donatism) relying heavily on violence whose main concerns were righting what they deemed as social wrongs. Those in this sect condemned property and fiscal servanthood, and advocated canceling all debts. Like the Donatists, they prized martyrdom.
Docetism
c A.D. 150
An heresy that claimed that Jesus' material body was an illusion; that his crucifixion was an illusion since Jesus did not have a physical body. The claim was that Jesus was a pure incorporeal spirit.
Donatism
c A.D. 325
A rigorist heresy that held martyrdom as the supreme Christian virtue regarding those who intentionally sought out martyrdom as saints. They held to very stringent views claiming that church clergy must be completely faultless for their services to be valid. A commission appointed by Pope Miltiades condemned Donatism in A.D. 313.
Ebionites
c A.D. 100
An early Jewish sect heretical for their claims that Jesus was the Messiah but was not divine. They interpreted the Jewish law and rites with Jesus' exposition of the law and insisted in the necessity of following those laws and rites.
Euchites/Messalians
c A.D. 370
An heretical Syrian ascetic sect that held to an overemphasis on prayer and spiritual experience at the expense of disregarding the church and its sacrements, especially baptism; and renouncing social and work relations. They also believed that the escence of the trinity could be percieved by the carnal senses; that God transformed himself into a single substance for merging with souls of the perfect, and the state of perfection could only be attained by unceasing prayer and prayer alone.
Eutychianism
c A.D. 400
An heretical movement started by a monk named Eutychus (A.D. 378-452) that held to the notion that Christ's humanity was absorbed by his divinity. Eutychus believed that Christ was of two natures but not in two natures so that Jesus was one with the divinity, but was not one with humanity.
Gnosticism
c A.D. 140
A large and very diverse dualistic heretical movement that included many variations of heretical systems on their own right. The central heresy common to all variations is the teachings that people are divine souls who are trapped in a material world created by an evil god, who is ironcially often identified as the God of Abraham. The Gnostics rejected and vilafied the human body and believed that the material body should be destroyed by the true God to free humanity from the evil god who has imprisoned souls inside human bodies.
Iconoclasm
c A.D. 726
A movement that held to the importance of destroying religious icons, images and monuments largely because of the overly literal interpretation of The second commandment - "You shall not make for yourself a carved image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is on the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. 9 You shall not bow down to them or serve them" (Deut 5:8-9).
Kenosis
c A.D. 1870
A heresy first introduced by Gottfried Thomasius (1802-1875) which held that Jesus voluntarily gave up some of his divine attributes (omniscience, omnipresence, and omnipotence) while in his incarnate state such that he was not fully divine in order to fully accomplish the work of redemption.
Luciferianism
c A.D. 1200
An heresy influenced by Gnosticism that held to the veneration of the characteristics associated with Lucifer, revering Lucifer not as the devil with ill intent, but as a liberator, guardian, guiding spirit and even as the true God.
Macedonianism/Pneumatomachians
c A.D. 360
An heresy that, while accepting the divinity of Jesus, denied the divinity of the Holy Spirit, relegating the Holy Spirit as a substance created by The Son.
Manichaeism
c A.D. 210
A Gnostic dualistic heresy birthed by Mani (c. 216 – c. 276) which held to the idea that the material world is evil and the spirit world is good; that these polar opposites are involved in a struggle this good, spiritual world of light and the bad, the material world of darkness.
Marcionism
c A.D. 144
An heresy which, while affirming Jesus as the savior, rejected the Hebrew Bible and the God of the Old Testament. It held that the God of the Old Testament was a distinct lower god than the all-forgiving God of the New Testament.
Melchisedechianism
c A.D. 400
An heresy which held to the notion that Melchisedech was the incarnation of the divine Word, or Logos and identified him with the Holy Spirit.
Modalism
c A.D. 190
An heresy which claimed that although God is a single person, He has revealed Himself in three modes throughout biblical history. In the Old Testament God is said to exist in "the mode" of The Father, at the incarnation, in "the mode" of The Son, and after Jesus' ascention, in "the mode" of the Holy Spirit. The modes were said to have never been simultaneous so The Father, The Son, and The Holy Spirit are said to have never existed at the same time.
Monarchianism
c A.D. 190
A unitarian heresy that held to God being a single person as opposed to a Trinity of personages, which arose from attempts to preserve monotheism and reject the notion of tritheism.
Monophysitism
c A.D. 370
An heresy which held that after the incarnation of Christ, the divine Logos revealed as Christ, had one unified nature - either only divine or a synthesis of divine and human, but single nonetheless.
Monothelitism
c A.D. 629
An heresy which formally emerged in Armenia and Syria holding to the belief that Jesus Christ had two natures but only one will, contrary to the orthodox Christoloical view that Jesus Christ has both a divine and human will each corresponding to his two natures.
Montanism
c A.D. 170
An heresy which claimed that its prophesies superceded and fulfilled the doctrines proclaimed by the apostles, emphasizing ecstatic prophesying, avoidance of sin and church discipline, chastity and remarriage. The view also held to the notion that Christians who "fell" from grace could not possibly be redeemed.
Mormonism
c A.D. 1820
An polytheistic heresy holding to various unorthodox doctrines, such as the notions that human beings preexisted in a spirit realm and were produced through the procreation of a god and goddess wife; allegedly human beings simply entered human bodies in the form of babies and as a result, lose the memories of our preexistence. Other heretical beliefs include the possiblity for man to become god, baptism for the dead, the idea that God used to be a man on another planet, the notion that the Trinity is three separate gods and that grace alone is not enough for salvation.
Naassenes
c A.D. 100
Likely the earlies known Gnostic heresy which held to the typical Gnostic beliefs as well as the notion that there are three types of people - those who are bound under the material body (the Bound); ordinary Christians (the Psychic or the Called); and the top tier of their own sect (the Spiritual or the Elect).
Nestorianism
c A.D. 428
A heresy that held to the notion that Jesus Christ was not more than a natural union (Flesh + Word), and therefore, not identical to the divine Son of God.
Ophites
c A.D. 220
A Gnostic heresical sect which held that the God who forbade Adam and Eve to eat from the tree of knowledge is the enemy, while the serpent (Satan) who tempted them was a hero. This sort of reversal of good and evil is typical and common across Gnostic heresies.
Patripassianism
c A.D. 200
A heresy which held that the divine personages of Father and Son are one in the same person, and that the Father was the one who suffered on the cross as Jesus.
Paulicianism
c A.D. 650
A Gnostic heresy arising in Armenia, which combined dualistic and orthodox doctrines, staunchly opposing the formalism of the church. Constantine, the one known to have established the teachings, saw himself as one who was called to restore the pure Christianity of the Apostle Paul, unfortunately supplanting orthodox views with Gnostic ones.
Pelagianism
c A.D. 500
An heresy which taught that original sin did not tain human nature, and that man, apart from divine aid, is fully capable of choosing good over evil.
Priscillianism
c A.D. 350
An heresy combining the heretical teachings of the Gnostics and Manicheans, which believed in the existence of two kingdoms, one of Light (good) and one of Darkness (evil); that angels and human souls were severed from the substance of God; that souls were meant to conquer the kingdom of Darkness, but were imprisoned in material bodies instead. As usual with Gnostics, salvation can be acheived through the liberation from matter.
Psilanthropism
c A.D. 190
An heresy which claimed that Jesus Christ was merely human since he either never became divine or because he did not exist prior to his incarnation.
Sabellianism
c A.D. 190
A unitarian heresy which claimed that Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are merely three distinct characterizatons of a unitarian God as opposed to the orthodox trinitarian view of God being three distinct personages.
Semipelagianism
c A.D. 500
A heresy, originally developed to reconcile Palagianism and the orthodox teachings of the church fathers (people cannot come to God without the grace of God), which made a distinction between coming to faith and the increase of faith; and that coming to faith is fully an act of the will while the increase of faith is the work of God through His grace.
Sethianism
c A.D. 220
A Gnostic heresy which believed that the serpent (Satan) in the Garden of Eden was an agent of God, who helped bring knowledge of truth to humanity through the fall.
Socinianism
c A.D. 1500
A unitarian heresy that denies the trinity, claiming that God's unity in His simplicity prevails; that the Holy Spirit is merely a force of God; and that Christ was not the incarnate God and did not pre-exist.
Subordinationism
c A.D. 318
An heresy which held that the Son and the Holy Spirit are subordinate to the Father both in nature and being. As part of the Arian controversy, the heresy was condemned along with Arianism by the First Council of Constantinople (A.D. 381).
Tritheism
c A.D. 320
An heresy which believed in God as three entities, three separate gods having seprate domains and spheres of influence that somehow come together into one whole.
Unitarianism
c A.D. 1550
An heresy positing that God is a single personage, as opposed to the orthodox position that God is a Trinity of personages in one being - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The heresy also held that Jesus was inspired by God and is a savior but merely a human being nonetheless.
Valentianism
c A.D. 150
A Gnostic dualistic heresy which believed that the God of the Old Testament was a demiurge who created the imprefect material world and man. Human beings have a material nature and a spiritual nature. The work of redemption is said to be accomplished by freeing the spiritual nature from the material nature. And the only way to achieve true gnosis (knowledge) is by recognizing the Father as the source of divine power. The heresy also held to an elaborate cosmology - that in the beginning there was a fullness called Pleroma at the center of which was the Father who, after long periods of silence and thought, created fifteen sexually complementary pairs of heavenly archetypes, among whom was Sophia, whose weakness, curiosity and passion caused her fall from Pleroma.
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Olayinka Olusola Omigbodun
Olayinka Olusola Omigbodun is the first Nigerian female professor of psychiatry. She is Professor, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Early life and education
Olayinka is daughter of late Lt. Col Victor Banjo. She began a career in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and mental health in 1986 at the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan. She had further residency training in General Psychiatry and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the Lancaster Moor Hospital, Lancaster also at the Queen’s Park Hospital, Blackburn, in the United Kingdom. She also had training in Family Therapy at the Department of Family Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia and was also a visiting scholar at the University of Pennsylvania's Bipolar Research Unit. She studied at the Nuffield Institute for Health, University of Leeds where she had her Masters in Public Health in 1999. Through the University of Ibadan MacArthur Foundation-funded Staff Development Programme. She further her studies in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the Greenwood Institute for Child Health, University of Leicester, UK in 2004.
Employments and positions
She is a Professor at the College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
She is also a Consultant and Head of Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
Publications (articles and journals)
Olayinka has written numerous articles for both local and international journals. Some of which are:
Omigbodun O.O., Gureje O., Gater R., Ikuesan B. A., Adebayo E. (1996) Psychiatric Morbidity in a Nigerian Paediatric Primary Care Service: A Comparison of Two Screening Instruments. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Vol 31, No 3/4, 186-193
Omigbodun, O.O., Adebayo, E. and Gureje, O. (1999) Detection of Childhood Mental Health Problems by Doctors working in a Primary Care Service. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, Vol 6, 1, 1-4.
Omigbodun O.O. (2001) A cost effective model for increasing access to mental health care at the primary care level in Nigeria. The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics Vol 4, No 3, 133-139
Omigbodun O.O. (2003) Mental health services for children in Nigeria. Where should the focus be? Archives of Ibadan Medicine, Vol 4. No 1, 12
Omigbodun O.O, Gureje O. (2004) Factor Analysis of the Children’s Behaviour Questionnaire (Rutter Scale A2) in a Nigerian Paediatric Primary Care Population. South African Journal of Psychiatry Vol 10. No 1, 17-20
Omigbodun O.O., Bella T T (2004) Obstetric risk factors and subsequent mental health problems in a child and adolescent clinic population in Nigeria. Tropical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vol 21. No 1: 15-20
Omigbodun O. O..(2004) Psychosocial issues in a child and adolescent psychiatric clinic population in Nigeria. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 39 No 8, 667-72
Omigbodun O. O., Omigbodun A. O. (2004) Unmet need for sexuality education among adolescent girls in Southwest Nigeria: A qualitative analysis. African Journal of Reproductive Health.Vol 8. No 3, 27-37
Omigbodun O. O., Onibokun A.,.Yusuf O B,. Odukogbe AA, Omigbodun A O. (2004) Stressors and counseling needs of undergraduate nurses in Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Nursing Education. Vol 43. No 9, 412-5
Omigbodun O. O., Babalola O.(2004) Psychosocial dynamics of psychoactive substance misuse among Nigerian adolescents. Annals of African Medicine Vol 3. No 3, 111-115
Omigbodun AO, Omigbodun OO. (2004) Medical Audit: A veritable tool for improving standards in clinical practice. Annals of African Medicine, 3 (3):146-149
Omigbodun OO (2006) Psychosocial attributes of orphaned youths in Ibadan Metropolis: Implications for reproductive health Tropical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vol 23. No 1: 54-62
Omigbodun O.O., Odukogbe A.A., Omigbodun A.O., Yusuf O.B., Bella T.T., Olayemi O. (2006) Stressors and Psychological Symptoms in Students of Medicine and Allied Health Professions in Nigeria. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40:1-7
Omigbodun O., Bella T., Dogra N., Simoyan O., (2007) Training Health Professionals for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Care in Nigeria: A Qualitative Analysis. Child and Adolescent Mental Health 12 (3): 132-135.
Obindo J. T,. Omigbodun OO., (2007) The validation of Edinburgh Postpartum Depressions Scale (EPDS) in North Central Nigeria. Journal of Medicine in the Tropics. Vol 9 (2): 29-40
References
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:Nigerian psychiatrists
Category:University of Ibadan faculty
Category:Alumni of the University of Leeds
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The battle for supremacy in the ICT industry now goes beyond competition on products and services
While patent litigation among ICT companies is not new, nowadays this is one of the cards that companies with relatively deep pockets like to play to cripple competition by, for instance, requesting a court to ban sales of a product, which requires that patent. Recently, patent litigations among ICT companies have escalated as ICT giants engage in lawsuits and countersuits with mobile technologies, mobile devices, and mobile-related services and applications.
As a matter of fact, the battle for supremacy in the ICT industry now goes beyond competition on products and services. Patent disputes demonstrate how these intangible assets can be instrumental to disable the competition in this crowded industry. As a consequence, in 2011 and 2012, the industry saw some major ICT players ramping up their patent acquisition activities in order to use patents either as a defensive tool to strengthen their case in the litigations or as an expedient to attack their rivals.
Patent wars could become even more aggressive in the future as competition in the ICT industry, and particularly in the litigious wireless segment, becomes more cutthroat. But despite some prodigious patent acquisitions – for instance, the 17000 patents that Google acquired through Motorola’s acquisition - companies may not fully cover all areas. Therefore, patent pools may be a successful strategy to break the concentration of patent ownership in the hands of a single company and lessen the chances of an entity using patents as tools to distort competition.
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Central Florida is taking allegations of potential N.C.A.A. violations raised in a New York Times article “very seriously,” according to a statement released by the university. A highly rated recruit, Kevin Ware, said that Central Florida used an intermediary, Kenneth Caldwell, to help recruit him, even arranging three-way telephone calls with Coach Donnie Jones when coaches were prohibited from contact with recruits. Caldwell has an extensive criminal record and ties to a prominent sport agent, though Caldwell denies working for an agent.
“Our review of this matter began immediately upon receiving notice,” said Joe Hornstein, a university spokesman. “It is premature for us to provide comment regarding these allegations at this time, without having the opportunity to thoroughly and completely review the facts.”
¶ George Mason hired the former Georgia Tech coach Paul Hewitt to replace Jim Larranaga. Hewitt was fired by the Yellow Jackets in March. He went 190-162 over 11 years and was 72-104 in the Atlantic Coast Conference. Larranaga recently left to become the coach at the University of Miami. (AP)
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CALIA by Carrie Underwood Bottoms Size Chart
CALIA by Carrie Underwood Plus Size Chart
1X2X
Numbered Size18-2020-22
Bust45" - 47''49" - 51''
Waist41" - 43''45.5" - 47.5''
Hip47" - 49''51" - 53''
CALIA by Carrie Underwood Bra Size Chart
3234363840
AXSSM
BXSSMLXL
CSMLLXL
DSMLXL
DDMLXLXL
How to Measure:Use these tips as a general guide when finding your measurements:Bust : A friend is helpful for this. Measure around the fullest part of your bust keeping tape level to the floor. For accurate measurement, keep arms relaxed by your sides, and breathe normally.Waist : Measure around your narrowest part of mid-torso, keeping tape level to floor. For accurate measurement, relax and breathe normally.Hips: While standing with your feet about shoulder-width apart, place the tape measure around the fullest part of your hips.Inseam: Stand up straight, and start the tape measure high in your crotch. Straighten the tape down the inside of your leg to the bottom of your ankle.
Add the CALIA™ by Carrie Underwood Women’s Essential Heather Bermuda Shorts to your wardrobe for standout comfort. Made with Califlex fabric, these bottoms stretch with you and are treated with BODYFREE antimicrobial and BODYBREEZE moisture-wicking properties. A wide waistband provides support and coverage, while a zip pocket lends storage. Complete with petal hem for a feminine look, the CALIA™ Essential Heather Bermuda Shorts are the perfect addition to your workout wear.
Description
Add the CALIA™ by Carrie Underwood Women’s Essential Heather Bermuda Shorts to your wardrobe for standout comfort. Made with Califlex fabric, these bottoms stretch with you and are treated with BODYFREE antimicrobial and BODYBREEZE moisture-wicking properties. A wide waistband provides support and coverage, while a zip pocket lends storage. Complete with petal hem for a feminine look, the CALIA™ Essential Heather Bermuda Shorts are the perfect addition to your workout wear.
TECHNOLOGY
wicking technology pulls moisture away from the skin and boasts a rapid evaporation time so you stay dry, cool and comfortable
antimicrobial technology inhibits odor-causing bacteria and with an incredibly resilient application directly on the fabric, it lasts wear after wear so you stay fresh
Rated 5 out of
5 by
Ellie13 from
Love these workout shortsI love the Calia line. These Bermuda Shorts were my latest addition to my collection. I love the thicker material and how soft they are. They seem to hold everything in. The one downside for me is that some of my muffin top peeps out. For my body, I could stand to have a little higher waist in garments like this. But I still love them!
Date published: 2017-09-06
Rated 5 out of
5 by
AmyPit from
Best indoor biking shorts everThese shorts are the perfect length for indoor spinning. They wash and wear well and for great. Would love to have them available in other color design. Not many other options of this quality available
Date published: 2017-08-27
Rated 5 out of
5 by
Lovecalia from
Great productGreat length. Great shorts. Great fit. Wonderful line!
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Saturday. 9:30pm. I’m sitting cross-legged on the grass of Chapelfield Gardens, and all around me the Garden Party is still going strong. The Adnams Spiegeltent is a roar of chatter and noise, and beside it a large mechanical dragon — rather charmingly named Elsie — turns the air orange with the glow from her flamethrower-covered body. I’m not here for either of those events, great though they were. I’m here for Pedal-Powered Car Chase, a fifteen-minute performance involving inventive live music, a handful of plucky volunteers, and some exercise in the name of making us think.Continue Reading
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Image copyright Reuters Image caption In videos and on stage, Billie Eilish always covers up in loose clothes
Billie Eilish has complained about a magazine cover that portrayed her as a shirtless, bald cyborg, saying she "did not consent" to the image "in any way".
The singer was featured in Nylon Germany as one of three "digital prodigies" who are "redefining the future of being a teen superstar".
The cover art, designed by Marcel C Wilkens, depicted her as a "supernatural fembot of the future".
Writing on Instagram, Eilish said she was angry not to have been consulted.
"I was never approached by Nylon about this piece whatsoever," she said. "I did not know it was happening nor did anyone on my team."
Eilish, who has said she wears loose-fitting clothes on stage and in her videos to avoid being sexualised, was particularly aggrieved that the digitally-created image showed her apparently topless.
"You're gonna make a picture of me shirtless?" she wrote. "That's not real?? At 17? And make it the cover????
"Even if the picture was supposed to look like some robot version of me... I did not consent in any way."
Eilish is one of 2019's biggest break-out stars, topping the charts in 19 countries, including the UK and US, with her goth-pop debut album When We All Fall Asleep Where Do We Go.
'Honouring Billie's impact'
The teenager has previously told NME: "There's people out there saying: 'Dress like a girl for once! Wear tight clothes you'd be much prettier and your career would be so much better' No it wouldn't. It literally would not.
"That's why I wear baggy clothes," she said in a separate interview for Calvin Klein. "Nobody can have an opinion because they haven't seen what's underneath."
In a statement, Nylon said it had only meant to celebrate the singer's achievements.
"It was never our intention to create a look that is confusing or insulting to Billie Eilish," it said. "It was only ever our intention to honour Billie's impact and her work by creating this avatar which is part of a cover series highlighting the power of digital prodigy artists.
"This avatar is a piece of 3D artwork created in dedication to her achievements and the positive effect she has had on millions around the globe - including us."
Control over image
Eilish is not the first star to complain about becoming a cover star without permission.
In 2017, Stormzy took the NME to task for putting him on the cover of an issue dedicated to discussing mental health.
Although he had talked openly about his depression in the past, the magazine had not conducted a fresh interview. "I've no issue with sharing my story but, with my permission!" wrote Stormzy on Twitter.
Despite such complaints, the actions of Nylon Germany and NME are not uncommon in the publishing industry. A celebrity doesn't have to give consent to be featured on a magazine cover, and editors frequently commission portraits to illustrate the themes of a profile.
The debate over how the press portrays celebrities has been intensifying for several years, as stars increasingly prefer to curate their own images directly on social media.
Follow us on Facebook, or on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts. If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.
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On the TD-DFT accuracy in determining single and double bonds in excited-state structures of organic molecules.
We present an analysis on the behavior of the TD-DFT approach in the determination of excited-state structures with particular attention to single and double bonds. The analysis is based on a direct comparison with the highly correlated CASPT2 ab initio approach. Six DFT exchange-correlation functionals differing in the Hartree-Fock exchange percentage and the type of correlation functional are considered and applied to the study of seven prototype organic molecules characterized by two families of excitations (acrolein, acetone, diazomethane, and propanoic acid anion for n-π* and cis-1,3-butadiene, trans-1,3-butadiene, and pyrrole for π-π*), and three protonated Schiff bases, used as model chromophores for 11-cis retinal. Our analysis allows pinpointing specific correlations between accuracy of the various functionals and category of excitation and/or type of chemical bond involved in the corresponding geometry relaxation. We confirm the role of the long-range correction of the potential to obtain a balanced description of excitation energies and excited-state structures, but we also point out that, for a small system, B3LYP and PBE0 also give results close to CASPT2.
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Based on current deal flow, I need 2 analysts and 2 associates on my team.
I currently have 2 associates - 1 to be promoted to Manager at mid-year and the other to possibly rotate at end of Q3. I would like to replace both spots as they become available
.
I currently have 1 analyst who will be with me through the end of the year and am in the process of interviewing 2 others for the remaining spot.
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Geographic variations in the prevalence rates of Parkinson's disease in Alberta.
Parkinson's disease prevalence rates were examined for the Province of Alberta by age, sex and census division. Using the claims administrative data from the Alberta Health Care Insurance Plan, a cohort of all registered individuals (2.4 million) was extracted and followed for the five year period, April 1, 1984 to March 31, 1989. No new members were added to the cohort and an attrition rate averaging 6% per year was observed. The overall crude prevalence rates of 248.9 and 239.8 per 100,000 population were noted for males and females respectively. Both sexes were found to have a statistically significant variation across Alberta's 19 census divisions. For males, examination of standardized morbidity ratios found a low risk of Parkinson's disease associated with five census divisions, of which two contained Alberta's two largest cities. An excess risk was associated with four primarily rural census divisions. Females, on the other hand, had a low risk associated with one rural census division and excess risk in four census divisions. The uneven distribution within Alberta offers support for an environmental theory of etiology which may be associated with rural living.
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Q:
Parsing an enum with the Flags attrubute not giving expected value
My enum:
[Flags]
public enum EqualityOperator
{
Equal,
NotEqual,
LessThan,
LessThanOrEqual,
GreaterThan,
GreaterThanOrEqual,
Like,
NotLike,
In,
NotIn
}
My code for parsing it:
var operatorVal = (EqualityOperator)Enum.Parse(typeof (EqualityOperator), filterInfo[3]);
When I debug, I can see that filterInfo[3] is "Like"
However, operatorVal comes out as "LessThan | GreaterThan"
What am I missing? Can you not parse enums with the Flags attribute?
A:
You need to also specify the values:
[Flags]
public enum EqualityOperator {
Equal = 0,
NotEqual = 1,
LessThan = 2,
LessThanOrEqual = 4,
GreaterThan = 8,
GreaterThanOrEqual = 16,
Like = 32,
NotLike = 64,
In = 128,
NotIn = 256
}
The reason that Like is parsing as LessThan | GreaterThan is because as you've defined it, LessThan has value 2 and GreaterThan has value 4. If you take the bitwise-or of these, you end up with LessThan | GreaterThan = 6. But look, Like has the value 6 as you've defined your enum! So, it did parse "correctly".
I'll be frank with you though, I don't see the point of marking this enum with Flags though. The point of Flags is so that you can do bitwise operations on the enum values. Why do you think you need to do bitwise operations on the values of this enum?
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Brandon Routh Teases Atom Costume on Arrow
by Russ Burlingame | November 4, 2014
In spite of producers saying recently that it's unlikely we'll see Ray Palmer -- known to DC Comics fans as The Atom -- use his trademark shrinking powers on Arrow, actor Brandon Routh has posted a photo to social media that suggests, if nothing else, he'll be wearing a mask.
The series started filming their eleventh episode of the season today, titled "Midnight City," and apparently part of what's "all in a day's work" for that episode is getting a plaster mold made of his face.
Which, as we noted back when Katie Cassidy did it recently, is generally associated with fitting the actor for a mask. In the background of the room where both of the actors in question were molded, you can see other face molds on the shelf -- and in Cassidy's, the shot was wide enough that you could see them marked with words like "Canary" and "Arsenal."
Back in September, Routh admitted that he'd seen concept art for the suit -- which was not long before executive producers cautioned fans not to expect him to do anything too...super...on Arrow.
"It's a totally different suit and I haven't been in it yet, I've only seen drawings," Routh said when asked to compare the role to his time as Superman. "It's a very different character and I really can't say too much about what the suit's going to look like -- just that it's very different and I don't believe it has a cape, which doesn't really surprise anybody if you've seen The Atom in the comics."
“I think anything is possible. My instinct is that if Ray Palmer’s going to shrink, he’ll probably shrink on another show,” Marc Guggenheim told reporters at a screening and Q&A when the season began last month. “With The Flash in existence, there’s no real compelling reason for us to do super powers on Arrow. We can bring characters to Flash to have super powers. We have plans for Ray that don’t involve shrinking, but our plans for Ray are actually really cool.”
Of course, with his recent discovery of the O.M.A.C. Project, that original casting call that had us all thinking it was Ted Kord, not Ray Palmer, and the admission by producers that they had hoped to use Blue Beetle rather than The Atom but were rebuffed by DC, it's hard not to imagine Routh's version of Palmer as a somewhat more street-level vigilante who might compete with, or team up with, Team Arrow in the second half of the season.
Certainly it seems as though they're building a very Ted Kord-like persona for him in spite of having switched characters along the way.
Arrow airs on Wednesday nights at 8 p.m. ET/PT. You can see the newest episode, "The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak," tomorrow.
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811 F.Supp.2d 523 (2011)
John Thomas BERRY, Plaintiff,
v.
WORLDWIDE LANGUAGE RESOURCES, INC., Defendant.
No. 1:08-cv-00438-JAW.
United States District Court, D. Maine.
September 15, 2011.
*524 David J. Van Dyke, Hornblower, Lynch, Rabasco & Van Dyke, Lewiston, ME, for Plaintiff.
Christopher D. Hawkins, Nelson, Kinder, Mosseau & Saturley, P.C., Manchester, NH, Christopher T. Vrountas, Nelson, Kinder, Mosseau & Saturley, P.C., Manchester, NH, for Defendant.
ORDER ON RENEWED MOTION TO SANCTION PLAINTIFF
JOHN A. WOODCOCK, JR., Chief Judge.
Consistent with the jury verdict, the Court concludes that WorldWide Language Resources, Inc. (WorldWide) failed to demonstrate that John Thomas Berry committed perjury and tampered with a witness. The Court denies WorldWide's renewed motion for sanctions.
I. STATEMENT OF FACTS
A. An Overview
John Thomas Berry's lawsuit against his former employer, WorldWide Language Resources, Inc., has been especially contentious. After a period of discovery marked by acrimony and after a three-day trial, on March 9, 2011, a federal jury found that Mr. Berry had proven his promissory estoppel claim against World-Wide and awarded him Twenty-Five Thousand Dollars in damages. Verdict Form (Docket #138) (Verdict). On March 10, 2011, the Court reduced the verdict to judgment.[1]J. (Docket # 140). On April 11, 2011, WorldWide renewed an earlier motion to sanction Mr. Berry. Def.'s Renewed Mot. to Sanction Pl. for his Perjury and Witness Tampering Concerning a Relevant Trial Issue (Docket #144) (Def.'s Mot). On April 25, 2011, Mr. Berry responded. Pl.'s Opp'n to Def.'s [Renewed] Mot. for Sanctions (Docket # 145) (Pl.'s Opp'n).
*525 The primary focus of WorldWide's motion is the assertion that Mr. Berry committed perjury when he testified about his relationship with Marianna Chachkova. Def.'s Mot. at 1-20. WorldWide emphatically believes that Mr. Berry and Ms. Chachkova were married and WorldWide says that, in his employment application to WorldWide, Mr. Berry lied when he swore under oath that he had never been married. Id. at 2. WorldWide goes on to say that "Plaintiff's lie in his security application about his prior marriage, the truthful completion of which was a condition precedent to entering into employment with WorldWide, was a falsehood that allowed Plaintiff to obtain his security clearance through the Department of Security Services and therefore induced WorldWide to hire Plaintiff for his job overseas." Id.
To prove its charge, WorldWide says that in an interview with United States immigration officials and in a tax return filed with the Internal Revenue Service, Mr. Berry represented that he and Ms. Chachkova were, in fact, married. Def.'s Mot. at 1-10. Furthermore, WorldWide claims that directly after his deposition, Mr. Berry engaged in witness tampering when he contacted Marianna Chachkova's current husband, Paul Russo, to tell him what he had said in his deposition concerning the Chachkova marriage in an effort to "make sure we're [Berry, Chachkova and Russo] on the same page." Id. at 11 (quoting Aff. of Christopher T. Vrountas Attach. 8, Dep. of Paul Russo 20:4-6 (Docket #43)) (Russo Dep.). Because of what it contends is his disrespect for the judicial system and to deter his future misconduct, WorldWide demands that the Court sanction Mr. Berry. Id. at 19-20. Mr. Berry responds that the exact nature of his relationship with Ms. Chachkova remains "murky," that he did not tamper with the anticipated testimony of Mr. Russo, and that the jury rejected the essence of WorldWide's allegations. Pl.'s Opp'n at 1-6.
B. Factual Background
1. A Complicated Man
By Complaint dated December 2, 2008. John Thomas Berry filed suit, alleging under a variety of legal theoriesthat WorldWide, his former employer, improperly terminated his employment.[2] Central to this dispute is who John Thomas Berry is. By any measure, this is not a simple question: Mr. Berry is a complicated man. Born to a military family in Bangor, Maine in 1971, he grew up in Bangor and started college in Rhode Island. Tr. of Proceedings 23:3-11; 24:3-5 (Docket # 156) (Tr. I). He went to Russia, where he enrolled as a student at the University of Moscow; after he graduated from the University of Moscow, he attended Bates College in Maine and graduated in 1995. Id. 23:24-24:19; 27:1-2. In the fall of 1997, Mr. Berry enlisted in the United States Army. Id. 25:3-4, 20-25. His first tour of duty ended in 1998 and he left the active Army then. Id. 26:1-19.
After his first tour of duty, he returned to Russia, where he worked as a linguist, taught English, and held a number of jobs from 1998 to 2000. Id. 26:20-27:25. He then returned to Maine, but not alone. Id. 28:1-24. With him, he brought Marianna Chachkova, a woman he had met in Russia. Id. 28:18-24. After a time in Maine, they moved to Florida, where they stayed for two and a half to three years. Id. 28:1-29-6.
In late 2003 to early 2004, Mr. Berry received a call from the Army, asking if he *526 would re-enlist. Id. 30:17-31-12. Mr. Berry agreed to do so, rejoined the Army, and was placed in the reserve component until he could complete Officer Candidate School (OCS); he graduated from OCS on May 5, 2006 and in 2007 was commissioned as an officer in the Army. Id. 31:12-24. Unfortunately, however, during OCS, he sustained an injury and after he completed the course, he was diagnosed with a collapsed vertebra. Id. 32:14-33:25. He returned to Maine for medical treatment and the Army assigned him to the University of Maine ROTC battalion; he was serving there when he contacted the president of WorldWide, Larry Costa. Id. 34:1-4; 37:12-38:7.
Mr. Berry is highly intelligent. He has a facility with language; in addition to English, he speaks Serbian, Croatian, Russian, French, German, Arabic, English, Spanish, and some Italian. Tr. I 25:11-19. Despite this obvious intelligence, Mr. Berry's testimony periodically wandered and lapsed into confusion. For example, at trial, he was asked about re-enlisting in the Army and attending OCS:
Q. So tell us whathow is it that you end up signing a contract with WorldWide in November 2007?
A. Counselor, that hasbegs the kind of question we have to go back to 2004 or so when I received a phone call from the military at that juncture. Then remember, anybody remembers we were heavily involved in Iraq. It wasn't going well, and theythe military, the Army, needed officers, soldiers, badly. And I received a phone call from essentially a recruiting command asking me if I would consider coming back.
Q. In 2004?
A. In 2003 orlate '3 to '4.
Q. And what do you do?
A. I went back. And so in November 2000October or NovemberI have the papers in my briefcase, I can pull them outI rejoined the United States Army and was put into the reserve component until I could attend [OCS], which I did in late 2000well, 27-week26-week course all together so inthe fall of 2007excuse me, fall of 2005 to the summer, I graduated May 5th, 2006.
Id. 30:17-31:12. Mr. Berry explained that he was taking medication for his physical injuries and it was causing memory problems. Id. 29:4-6. As in many cases, the jury was presented with the difficult task of making credibility determinations. Here, Mr. Berry's unusual presentation and WorldWide's forceful accusation that he was dissembling made those determinations even more onerous.
2. WorldWide and John Berry
WorldWide is a business that provides language services primarily to the military. Trial Tr. II 141:22-42:4. When Mr. Berry was at the University of Maine, he learned about WorldWide, then headquartered in western Maine. Id. 36:1-13. His ROTC assignment at the University was time-limited and he was concerned that he would "come off orders." Tr I. 38:2-12. Thinking that his military background and linguistic ability would make him an attractive hire, Mr. Berry contacted Larry Costa, the President of WorldWide, and, on November 20, 2007, he signed on with WorldWide and shortly thereafter was flown to Afghanistan. Id. 36:18-38:17; 55:24-58:6; Joint Ex. 4.
3. A Question of Marriage
The WorldWideBerry contract stipulated, among other things:
Possession of at least an interim secret clearance from DSS shall be a precondition for employment with the company under this agreement.
Joint Ex. 4 at 1. To secure or maintain this security clearance, Mr. Berry completed a Standard Form 86, a security clearance *527 application. Tr. I 115:6-14; Joint Ex. 3. Standard Form 86 asks in Section 15 about the citizenship of former spouses:
Section 15: Citizenship of Your Relatives and Associates
If your current spouse is a U.S. citizen by other than birth, or an alien residing in the U.S., provide a Proof of Citizenship Status entry below.
Proof of Citizenship Status
(No Entry Provided)
Former Spouse(s) (Not Applicable: (x))
(No Entry Provided)
Joint Ex. 3 at 195.
WorldWide has maintained that Mr. Berry's representation in Standard Form 86 that he did not have a former spouse was a lie and he was, in fact, previously married to Ms. Chachkova. To prove its contention, WorldWide pointed to photographs of Mr. Berry wearing a wedding ring, a wedding license, the deposition testimony of Ms. Chachkova, the deposition testimony of Abigail Stoddart (Mr. Berry's current wife), a Florida divorce judgment, and Mr. Berry's 2002 tax return. Def.'s Mot. at 5-11. WorldWide also points to Mr. Berry's repeated sworn denials of marriage to Ms. Chachkova, including his deposition testimony, his answers to interrogatories, and his trial testimony as well as his reluctant production of copies of his tax returns. Id.
4. Witness Tampering
WorldWide deposed Mr. Berry for three days. Id. at 6. WorldWide claims that after the first day, Mr. Berry telephoned Ms. Chachkova's husband, Paul Russo, informed Mr. Russo about his lawsuit against WorldWide, confessed that he lied during his deposition when he said that he never married Ms. Chachkova, commented that he had called Mr. Russo to make sure they were all on the same page, and observed that WorldWide could cause trouble for Ms. Chachkova in light of her immigration status. Id. at 11.
5. John Berry's Response
In the face of WorldWide's allegations, Mr. Berry characterizes his relationship with Ms. Chachkova as "murky" and maintains that he never married her. Pl.'s Resp. at 3-4. As evidence he observes: that the Russian wedding license does not contain his signature; that there were no photographs or video of the Russian wedding or reception; that only three photographs were admitted into evidence of Mr. Berry wearing a wedding ring; that Mr. Berry was wearing the wedding ring on his right, not left hand; that other than 2002, Mr. Berry did not file a joint/married tax return with Ms. Chachkova and that he filed the 2002 tax return on the advice of his tax attorney; that while supposedly married to Mr. Berry, Ms. Chachkova entered the United States on a tourist visa instead of as Mr. Berry's spouse; that in his cover letter to Ms. Chachkova conveying his final "divorce" financial statement (filled out entirely with zeros), he noted to Ms. Chachkova that he was terminating any bond "either real or imagined"; and that Ms. Chachkova said that she returned her wedding band to Mr. Berry immediately after the INS hearing. Id. at 3-4.
6. Heads Up
Mr. Berry dismisses the "nefarious picture" that WorldWide paints about his telephone call to Mr. Russo. Id. at 6. He insists that he called Mr. Russo only to "give him a `head's up'" about the lawsuit and the fact that WorldWide might be contacting him, and to provide some context. Id. Mr. Berry also points out that Mr. Russo's deposition was not admitted into evidence and that Mr. Russo himself never appeared in court. Id. He concludes that the factual disagreement between deposition testimonies is "not sufficient for the Court to find any witness tampering on the part of Lt. Berry." Id.
*528 II. DISCUSSION
A. The Jury Verdict
In evaluating WorldWide's motion, the Court does not begin with a blank slate. The jury has rendered a verdict and the court must accept the jury determinations in this case. U.S. CONST. amend. 7 ("[T]he right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law"); Harding v. Cianbro Corp., 473 F.Supp.2d 89, 95 (D.Me.2007). In its verdict, the jury found in favor of Mr. Berry on the breach of contract and promissory estoppel theories. Verdict at 1-2. Specifically, the jury found that WorldWide had not proven that it had been fraudulently induced to enter into the contract with Mr. Berry. Id. at 1. Since WorldWide's fraud defense was premised on the contention that Mr. Berry had lied about his marriage to Ms. Chachkova and had fraudulently induced WorldWide to hire him, Def.'s Mot. at 2, the jury's rejection of WorldWide's fraud defense must mean that it concluded that WorldWide had not proven that Mr. Berry lied on the security application about his marriage to Ms. Chachkova.
B. The Trial Evidence
Whether Mr. Berry was in fact married to Ms. Chachkova was squarely before the jury. The security questionnaireStandard Form 86was admitted into evidence, Tr. I 52:25-53:4. WorldWide extensively cross-examined Mr. Berry on whether he lied about his marriage to Ms. Chachkova, including specifically the assertions it is now making in its motion for sanctions: the 2002 tax return, Mr. Berry's deposition testimony, the divorce documents, his email to Paul Russo, and photographs of Mr. Berry with a ring on his right hand. Id. 140:20-162:24; Tr. III 99:11-103:12. WorldWide also introduced by deposition the testimony of Ms. Chachkova in which she testified that she married Mr. Berry. Ct. Ex. 102 (Dep. of Marianna Chachkova).
Mr. Berry testified at length about his relationship with Ms. Chachkova. He explained that he liked her very much, that she had led a tough life in Russia, that Russian law stipulates that there must be a ninety-day waiting period between a marriage application and a marriage, that he did not want to wait the ninety-day period, that when she came to the United States, she came on a tourist visa, not as his wife, that he wore a wedding ring on his right hand in order to make her feel loved, and that they were not married under Russian law. Tr. III 89:10-97:5. Mr. Berry also explained that his reluctance to marry Ms. Chachkova stemmed from her continual abuse of alcohol and from the legal requirement that if she came to the United States as his wife, he would have been obligated to support her financially. Id. 90:17-91:16. He explained his 2002 tax filing as consistent with legal advice he had received. Tr. I 147:10-22.
The Court agrees with Mr. Berry that whether he was in fact married to Ms. Chachkova is indeed murky. Weighing the evidence, the jury concluded that WorldWide had not demonstrated that Mr. Berry had fraudulently induced it to enter into the employment contract and consistent with the jury verdict, the Court applies the jury finding to WorldWide's motion.
C. Jones v. Clinton
Citing Jones v. Clinton, 57 F.Supp.2d 719 (E.D.Ark.1999), WorldWide contends that the jury outcome is "irrelevant to the issue of sanctions." Id. at 2. WorldWide says that sanctions may be awarded even though the party who engaged in the sanctionable conduct was successful in the underlying *529 lawsuit and it further argues that it is more important that the Court impose a sanction when the offending party is victorious because otherwise "Plaintiff would pay absolutely no consequence for his perjury and witness tampering." Def.'s Mot. at 2.
In Clinton, however, the district court previously had determined that the President William Clinton had "violated this Court's discovery Orders by giving false, misleading and evasive answers that were designed to obstruct the judicial process, and that sanctions must be imposed." Jones, 57 F.Supp.2d at 720. Here, unlike Jones, the Court has not already determined that Mr. Berry committed perjury or tampered with a witness. Although the Court agrees with WorldWide that the judicial authority to impose sanctions is not contingent upon the outcome of a lawsuit, a preliminary question is whether Mr. Berry engaged in sanctionable conduct to begin with. On this issue, Jones and the other cited caselaw is of no assistance.[3]
D. Discovery
WorldWide has another arrow in its quiver. It says that evidence not before the jury confirms Mr. Berry's perjury on the question of his marriage to Ms. Chachkova. Specifically, WorldWide refers to the deposition testimony of Abigail Stoddart, Mr. Berry's wife, and the deposition testimony of Paul Russo, Ms. Chachkova's husband. Def.'s Mot. at 7-8. Regarding Ms. Stoddart, citing her deposition testimony, WorldWide asserts that Berry's second wife, Abigail Berry, testified that "Berry told her he was previously married to Chachkova." Def.'s Mot. at 8. During her deposition on September 24, 2009, however, Ms. Stoddart's testimony on this point was much more equivocal than WorldWide allows:
Q. Before you were married, were you ever advised by anyone that Mr. Berry had previously married?
A. I was advised by Jack that he had been married.
Q. What did he tell you in that regard?
A. When he told mebecause he denied it once. He told me that there was a woman that he married who was Russian, and I had already known he had been in Russia and the period of time and that sort of thing, and that she was involved in some things in Russia that made her life very difficult. She was in a lot of danger, and so he married her in order to get her out of the country, and it wasn't a real marriage in the sense that he didn't feel married to her and it wasn't really a situation where he like regarded her as his wife than it was to get her out of the country.
Aff. of Christopher Vrountas, Ex. 3 Dep. of Abigail Stoddart 26:7-27:1 (Docket # 55). Ms. Stoddart's testimony only adds to the confusion; Mr. Berry's admission that he was "married" and his assertion that it "wasn't a real marriage" is generally consistent with his testimony at trial. Furthermore, when she testified at trial, Ms. Stoddart was separated from Mr. Berry and in the middle of a divorce with him. Tr. III. 111:7-12.
*530 Turning to Paul Russo, in his deposition, Mr. Russo testified that he knew Ms. Chachkova and Mr. Berry were married because they "represented themselves as being married when I met them." Aff. of Christopher Vrountas, Ex. 1 Dep. of Paul Russo 7:3-11 (Docket #55). Mr. Russo was not asked what he meant by "represented themselves as being married." Mr. Russo testified that they both wore wedding rings, which is cumulative evidence. Id. 7:12-13.
From the Court's perspective, none of this additional evidence establishes that Mr. Berry committed perjury when he described his relationship with Ms. Chachkova. First, the combined testimony is too vague to sustain WorldWide's accusation. Second, only Ms. Stoddart testified before the Court and she was not asked about her husband's alleged marriage to Ms. Chachkova. Furthermore, although Ms. Stoddart was generally straightforward during her testimony, she was not nearly as forthcoming on cross-examination by Mr. Berry's attorney as on direct examination by WorldWide's attorney and may have been influenced by the fact she was divorcing Mr. Berry. Third, Mr. Russo's phrase "represented themselves as married"is unclear. It could mean that Mr. Berry and Ms. Chachkova told Mr. Russo they were married; it could also mean that they acted like they were married. Fourth, neither Ms. Chachkova nor Mr. Russo was called as a live witness. WorldWide elected not to videotape the depositions of Ms. Chachkova and Mr. Russo and, therefore, the Court has been presented only with transcripts of their deposition testimony. Where credibility evaluations run to the heart of WorldWide's claims, the presentation of written transcripts and not live witnesses does not enhance WorldWide's position. Finally, the Court's evaluation of this additional evidence must be evaluated in light of the jury verdict in this case, whichas discusseddoes not support WorldWide's contentions.
E. Witness Tampering
Based on a telephone call Mr. Berry made to Mr. Russo on August 15, 2009, WorldWide accuses Mr. Berry of witness tampering. Def.'s Mot. at 11-12. To support this accusation, WorldWide refers to the deposition testimony of Paul Russo. Aff. of Christopher Vrountas Ex. G Dep. of Paul Russo 19:4-22:20. (Docket #43). Mr. Russo testified that he received a six to seven minute phone call from Mr. Berry on August 15, 2009, that Mr. Berry told him that he was involved in a lawsuit against a company, that he had told the company that Ms. Chachkova and he were never married, that the company was very powerful, that he was trying to keep Ms. Chachkova out of the lawsuit, that he was working undercover investigating the company, and that the company could make problems for Ms. Chachkova's immigration status. Id. Mr. Russo also said that Mr. Berry gave him his attorney's name and urged him to call his lawyer. Id. Mr. Russo testified that Mr. Berry said that he wanted them to be on the same page. Id.
During trial, WorldWide asked Mr. Berry about the call. Tr. II 70:2-8. Mr. Berry admitted making the call but denied that he was trying to get Mr. Russo and Ms. Chachkova on the same page. Id. He said he contacted Mr. Russo to let him know of the upcoming trial. Id. 71:12-14. After some quibbling, Mr. Berry admitted that he had told Mr. Russo that he wanted them to be on the same page, but he denied any negative implication from that phrase. Id. 71:15-20.
The substance of WorldWide's allegation about witness tampering was before the jury. The jury had the opportunity to evaluate Mr. Berry's credibility and concluded that WorldWide had not demonstrated *531 that he had defrauded WorldWide. To the extent the jury verdict represented an evaluation of Mr. Berry's credibility and WorldWide's position is inconsistent with the verdict, the Court rejects WorldWide's witness tampering accusation. To the extent the Court is not bound by the verdict, the Court also rejects WorldWide's accusation. The Court has never had an opportunity to assess Mr. Russo's credibility as a live witness. The telephone call was not recorded and its content was not otherwise corroborated. At bottom, the Court is faced with a standoff between two witnesses with markedly different recollections and a scant basis to favor one version over the other.
Based on this evidence, the Court is not convinced that Mr. Berry engaged in witness tampering.
III. CONCLUSION
The Court DENIES WorldWide Language Resources, Inc.'s Renewed Motion to Sanction Plaintiff for his Perjury and Witness Tampering Concerning a Relevant Trial Issue (Docket # 144).
SO ORDERED.
NOTES
[1] Following a motion to correct clerical error, the Court issued an amended judgment on March 28, 2011. Am. J. (Docket # 143).
[2] Mr. Berry filed suit in Waldo County Superior Court and WorldWide removed the lawsuit to this Court under this Court's diversity jurisdiction. Notice of Removal (Docket #1); id. Attach. 2, Compl.
[3] WorldWide also cites Quela v. Payco-General American Credits, Inc., No. 99 C 1904, 2000 WL 656681, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6932 (May 18, 2000). But like Jones, the Court in Quela found that two persons had "intentionally coerced fraudulent written statements and false deposition testimony." Id. at *5, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6932, at *16. Similarly in Burrell v. AT & T Corp., No. 03 Civ. 2490(SAS), 2006 WL 3802224, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 93393 (Dec. 21, 2006), the district court dismissed the plaintiff's lawsuit after finding that he "perverted the very system of justice he sought to use to redress what he claimed was a grievous wrong." Id. at *7, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 93393, at *28.
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Effect of hamstrings muscle action on stability of the ACL-deficient knee in isokinetic extension exercise.
To quantify the effect of hamstrings muscle action on stability of the anterior cruciate ligament deficient knee during isokinetic exercise at various speeds. Mathematical modeling and forward-dynamics computer simulation were used to study the interactions between knee-extension speed, hamstrings co-contraction activity, and anterior tibial translation in the intact and anterior cruciate deficient knee. There is much experimental evidence available to believe that hamstrings co-contraction can reduce anterior tibial translation in the anterior cruciate deficient knee. Little is known, however, about the level of hamstrings activation needed to keep anterior tibial translation within normal limits during functional activity. Isokinetic knee-extension was simulated with a sagittal-plane model used previously to study load sharing between the muscles, ligaments, and bones during isometric knee-extension exercise, isokinetic exercise, and squatting exercise. Some amount of hamstrings activation is needed to stabilize an anterior cruciate deficient knee irrespective of how fast the knee extends. The level of hamstrings co-contraction needed to stabilize an anterior cruciate deficient knee is inversely related to extension speed. Hamstrings co-contraction is more effective in reducing anterior tibial translation than low-resistance extension exercise. Excessive anterior tibial translation during knee-extension exercise may lead to damage of the meniscus and other passive structures inside the knee. If anterior cruciate deficient patients can be trained to co-contract their hamstrings during isokinetic knee-extension, then this exercise is appropriate for maintaining strength of the thigh muscles without compromising the anterior stability of the knee.
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Bareme Rádio - Disponível a primeira vaga de 2018 Bareme Rádio - Disponível a primeira vaga de 2018 Já está disponível a vaga de fevereiro, e primeira de 2018, do estudo Bareme Rádio da Marktest. De acordo com os dados divulgados Marktest relativos à primeira vaga de 2018 (fevereiro), do estudo Bareme Rádio, 76.7% dos residentes no Continente com 15 e mais anos ouviu rádio pelo menos uma vez por semana e 53.7% fê-lo na véspera. Por Grupos de estações, o Grupo Media Capital Rádios assegurou 37.2% de share de audiência, 45.3% de reach semanal e 23.7% de audiência acumulada de véspera. As estações do Grupo Renascença Multimédia registaram 35.8% de share de audiência, 46.1% de reach semanal e 23.5% de audiência acumulada de véspera. As estações do Grupo RTP obtiveram 9.1% de share de audiência, um reach semanal de 13.2% e 6.7% de audiência acumulada de véspera. A TSF registou 2.6% de share de audiência, com 6.7% de reach semanal e 2.3% de audiência acumulada de véspera. Confira os resultados desta vaga: A análise tem como base os resultados da vaga de fevereiro de 2018 do estudo Bareme Rádio da Marktest, que analisa o comportamento dos residentes no Continente, com 15 e mais anos, relativamente ao meio rádio. Contacte-nos para mais informações sobre este assunto.
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Canna CBD Advert: Fitness Comes First
Canna CBD tackles the fitness industry. With bases in Thailand, Canna CBD have teamed up with an array of MMA Stars to spread the word on the benefits of CBD in your active lifestyle.
Nate Diaz ultimate fighter is not hiding his use of a CBD oil vape
Nate Diaz and his brother Nick have no qualms about using cannabis in a vape publicly.
Nick was suspended in 2015 after he tested positive for marijuana prior to the UFC 183. It is alleged he invited an agent to smoke some weed with him after they had an argument earlier that week.
In an interview with Nate after he lost a match against Connor McGregor, he explained to the media that, in his opinion, he won the fight even if McGregor’s score was higher, and got him the majority decision. He was not upset; it seemed as if his mind was not on the fight, but on the tokes he was taking from a vape of CBD oil. He says the non-psychoactive form of cannabis helps him heal after fighting.
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}
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<b>Hindman Auctions, Jun. 23:</b> [SUPREME COURT JUSTICES]. A very extensive collection of 203 letters, documents and signatures. A COMPLETE COLLECTION OF THE SUPREME COURT JUSTICES, JOHN JAY THROUGH WILLIAM REHNQUIST. $20,000 to $30,000.
<b>Hindman Auctions, Jun. 23:</b> [ABOLITIONISTS]. <i>William Lloyd Garrison. The Story of his Life.</i> New York, 1885. ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS FROM SEVERAL NOTABLE ABOLITIONISTS neatly bound in throughout. $4,000 to $6,000.
<b>Hindman Auctions, Jun. 23:</b> ANSON, George. <i>A Voyage round the World, In the Years 1740... 1744.</i> London: John and Paul Knapton for the author, 1748. FIRST EDITION. $3,000 to $4,000.
<b>Bonhams, Jun. 1 – 10:</b> EINSTEIN, ALBERT. Autograph Letter Signed ("A. Einstein"), to "Die 'A.E. Group' in New York" humorously accepting his role as patron saint, and offering a motto for their members. $30,000 to $50,000.
<b>Bonhams, Jun. 1 – 10:</b> LOBACHEVSKY, NIKOLAI. Document Signed ("Lobachevsky"), and accomplished in Manuscript, a letter of designation in his role as Curator of Regional Education in Kazan. $30,000 to $50,000.
Rare Book Monthly
A Handwritten Letter Sells for a Record $6 Million-Plus
- by Michael Stillman
Francis Crick's “Secret of Life” letter to his son.
On April 10, the highest price ever paid for a letter at auction was achieved at Christie's in New York. If there was any doubt about the growing interest in more ephemeral sorts of works on paper, this should help put it to rest. At over $6 million, or 3 to 6 times the estimate range, there was no shortage of serious interest.
The letter itself is something of a surprise. It was not from one of the great world leaders, a Lincoln, Churchill, or Napoleon. It was not from the most famous of scientists, a Galileo, Kepler, or Newton. It was not even very old, written just sixty years ago. The writer only died in the last decade, his partner and the recipient are still living (and attended the auction). While his name is well-recognized in the scientific community, if you interviewed people on the street and asked who Francis Crick is, most would probably respond with blank stares. What we now know about him is that, along with being a great scientist, he wrote a letter worth $6 million. Obviously, he is more important than the typical man on the street realizes.
For those who have forgotten, Francis Crick, along with his partner, James Watson, discovered the nature of the DNA molecule. To put it more bluntly, they discovered how physical characteristics, and life itself, is transmitted from one individual to another. They were first to understand how the DNA molecule could copy itself, and thereby transmit life to another. Crick and Watson had been working on models of the DNA molecule, trying to break the code. On the last day of February, 1953, they had their voilà moment. They suddenly realized how everything must fit together within the molecule for it all to work.
Crick was not shy in recognizing its importance. He announced to others, only “half-jokingly” as Watson would later write, that they had found “the secret of life.” The two spent March busily constructing models to get it down right, and began to prepare a paper they would submit to Nature magazine on April 2 announcing their discovery. It was during this period that Crick would write his $6 million letter. It was not directed to a fellow scientist or researcher. Instead, it was sent to a 12-year-old boy. That boy was Michael Crick, Francis's son, off at boarding school. Crick regularly explained such things to his son, who was interested in secret codes, so this clearly would have fascinated him. In his letter, Crick explains as clearly as possible what has been discovered. This is the first known written explanation of the discovery, and probably the only first account of such a major scientific discovery to conclude with the line, “Lots of love, Daddy.”
Francis Crick begins his letter modestly with, “Jim Watson and I have probably made a most important discovery. We have built a model for the structure of des-oxy-ribose-nucleic-acid (read it carefully) called D.N.A. You may remember that the genes of the chromosomes - which carry the hereditary factors - are made up of protein and D.N.A. Our structure is very beautiful.” He goes on to say, “...we think we have found the basic copying mechanism by which life comes from life.” He also explains in more detail how its reproduction works, and even provides a crude drawing of their double helix model. Crick promises to show the model to his 12-year-old son when he comes home.
The importance of the discovery and the significance of this letter was well understood by Christie's. Its existence has long been known, it carrying the sobriquet of the “Secret of Life” letter. They slapped an estimate of $1 - $2 million on it. Not even they were prepared for what happened. By the time the bidding stopped, the price had crossed the $6 million mark (including commissions). The final price was $6,059,750. The letter was purchased by an unnamed buyer who placed a bid by telephone.
The auction included only two other items, both relating to Crick, and both easily surpassing estimates. An early 1950s four-page manuscript notebook, estimated at $4,000-$6,000, sold for $21,250. A pencil drawing of Crick by his wife, Odile, estimated at $8,000 - $12,000, went for $17,500. Odile Crick was an artist, though she is best known for her drawing of the double helix used by her husband and Watson.
<b>Forum Auctions: Fine Books, Manuscripts and Works on Paper. June 9, 2020</b>
<b>Forum Auctions, Jun. 9:</b> Voyages.- Lowther (Rear Admiral Marcus, 1820-1908). An album of 166 original watercolours and drawings made on voyages between 1842 and 1853. £10,000 to £15,000.
<b>Forum Auctions, Jun. 9:</b> Darwin (Charles). <i>On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection,</i> third edition (seventh thousand), presentation copy to Robert Colgate, John Murray, 1861. £10,000 to £15,000.
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Lu Yi (Tang dynasty)
Lu Yi (陸扆) (847 – July 5, 905), né Lu Yundi (陸允迪), courtesy name Xiangwen (祥文), formally the Duke of Wu Commandery (吳郡公), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, serving as chancellor for two terms during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong.
Background
Lu Yi was born in 847, during the reign of Emperor Xuānzong; he was originally named Lu Yundi, and it is not known when his name was changed to Lu Yi. His family was originally from the former Wu Commandery (around modern Suzhou, Jiangsu) but had, by Lu Yi's time, relocated to Shan Prefecture (陝州, in modern Sanmenxia, Henan). His family claimed ancestry from the ruling house of Tian of the Warring States period state Qi, but his traceable ancestry only went back to his great-great-grandfather, the Tang Dynasty official Lu Qiwang (陸齊望). (Through Lu Qiwang, Lu Yi was related to an earlier chancellor, Lu Zhi, who was a grandson of Lu Qiwang's and who was chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xuānzong's great-grandfather Emperor Dezong.) Lu Yi's grandfather Lu Shide (陸師德) was an imperial censor, while his father Lu Shan (陸墠) was a secretary for a prefectural prefect.
Early career
Lu Yi passed the imperial examinations in the Jinshi (進士) class in 886, during the reign of Emperor Xuānzong's grandson Emperor Xizong, and later in the year was part of Emperor Xuānzong's procession to Xingyuan (興元, in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi) when Emperor Xuānzong fled there from the imperial capital Chang'an due to a military confrontation between the powerful eunuch Tian Lingzi and Tian's allies Zhu Mei the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi) and Li Changfu the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi) on one side, and the warlords Wang Chongrong the military governor of Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi) and Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) on the other. Later that year, the chancellor Wei Zhaodu, who also served as the director of the salt and iron monopolies, made Lu a surveyor under him. In 887, another chancellor, Kong Wei, made Lu a copyeditor (校書郎, Xiaoshu Lang) for the imperial histories. Soon thereafter, Lu's mother died, and he left governmental service to observe a mourning period for her.
In 889, by which time Emperor Xizong had died and been succeeded by his brother Emperor Zhaozong, Lu was recalled to government service to serve as the sheriff of Lantian County (藍田, in modern Xi'an, Shaanxi), but also to serve as a scholar at Hongwen Pavilion (弘文館). Thereafter, he was made Zuo Shiyi (左拾遺), an advisory official at the examination bureau of government (門下省, Menxia Sheng), as well as a scholar at Jixian Pavilion (集賢院). Soon thereafter, at the request of Liu Pi (柳玭) the deputy chief imperial censor, Lu was made an imperial censor with the title Jiancha Yushi (監察御史). In 891, he was made an imperial scholar (翰林學士, Hanlin Xueshi) as well as Tuntian Yuanwailang (屯田員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of public works (工部, Gongbu). In 892, he was made Cibu Langzhong (祠部郎中), a supervisory official at the ministry of rites (禮部, Libu) and put in charge of drafting edicts. In 893, he was made Zhongshu Sheren (中書舍人), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng). It was said that Lu thought and wrote quickly, and his writings were both well-written and well-reasoned. On an occasion when Emperor Zhaozong wrote a poem and asked the imperial scholars to write responses, Lu wrote one quickly, impressing Emperor Zhaozong, who compared him to Lu Zhi and Wu Tongxuan (吳通玄), another talented official who served Emperor Dezong.
In 894, Lu Yi was made the deputy minister of census (戶部侍郎, Hubu Shilang). In 895, he was made the deputy minister of defense (兵部侍郎, Bingbu Shilang); he was also given the honorary title of Yinqing Guanglu Daifu (銀青光祿大夫) and created the Baron of Jiaxing. In 896, he was made the chief imperial scholar (翰林學士承旨, Hanlin Xueshi Chengzhi), and soon thereafter Shangshu Zuo Cheng (尚書左丞), one of the secretaries general of the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng).
First chancellorship
Later in 896, Emperor Zhaozong made Lu Yi the deputy minister of census again, and made him a chancellor with the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事). Traditionally, an officials from one of the three bureaus i.e., the executive, the legislative, and the examination (門下省, Menxia Sheng) were elevated to chancellorship, he would give an amount of money to the officials under him to thank them for their service under him, but that tradition did not include the office of the imperial scholars (翰林院, Hanlin Yuan). Lu, in a break with that tradition, gave money to the officials at the office of the imperial scholars to thank them, and they felt honored.
However, Lu did not remain chancellor long on this occasion. His elevation to chancellorship was intended to replace Cui Yin, and was carried out at a time when Emperor Zhaozong and the imperial officials had fled Chang'an and gone to Zhenguo Circuit (鎮國, headquartered in modern Weinan, Shaanxi) to flee an attack that Li Maozhen the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit was carrying out against Chang'an; once they got to Zhenguo, Zhenguo's military governor Han Jian, with the emperor under his physical control, instigated Cui's removal and exile (to be the military governor of Wu'an Circuit (武安, headquartered in modern Changsha, Hunan). However, soon thereafter, Cui elicited the aid of the powerful warlord Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), and Zheng submitted a petition protesting Cui's removal and further suggesting that Emperor Zhaozong move the capital to the eastern capital Luoyang (i.e., out of Han's reach and in Zhu's territory). Han, in fear, cancelled Cui's removal and had him made chancellor again. Thereafter, Cui, resenting Lu for replacing him, falsely accused Lu of being an ally of Li Maozhen's and had Lu demoted to be the prefect of Xia Prefecture (硤州, in modern Yichang, Hubei). (Both Lu's biographies in the Old Book of Tang and the New Book of Tang blamed Lu's demotion on, according to them, Lu's opposition to the launching of a campaign against Li Maozhen that led to Li Maozhen's attack on Chang'an; however, as Lu's elevation to the chancellorship came after Li Maozhen's attack, that appears to be unlikely.)
Between chancellorships
In summer 897, Lu Yi was recalled to serve as the minister of public works (工部尚書, Gongbu Shangshu). In fall 897, he was made the minister of defense (兵部尚書, Bingbu Shangshu), and soon thereafter he subsequently accompanied Emperor Zhaozong on the emperor's return to Chang'an.
Second chancellorship
In 899, Lu Yi was again made chancellor, replacing Cui Yin. In 900, he was created the Duke of Wu Commandery. He was subsequently made Menxia Shilang (門下侍郎) — deputy head of the examination bureau — and put in charge of editing the imperial histories. Later in 900, Emperor Zhaozong was forced to abdicate in favor of his son and crown prince Li Yu, Prince of De after a coup by a group of powerful eunuchs led by Liu Jishu, but in spring 901, a group of Shence Army officers loyal to Emperor Zhaozong in turn overthrew the eunuchs and restored Emperor Zhaozong to the throne. Soon thereafter, Cui (who was chancellor again by that point) and Lu submitted a joint proposal to have the two Shence Armies, which were traditionally under the command of eunuch commanders, placed under the two chancellors' command instead. However, this proposal was opposed by the Shence Army officers who restored Emperor Zhaozong, as well as Li Maozhen (who was then in a rapprochement stance with the imperial government), and Emperor Zhaozong rejected it, placing the Shence Armies under the commands of the eunuchs Han Quanhui and Zhang Yanhong (張彥弘) instead. Meanwhile, Emperor Zhaozong secretly suspected that Lu did not support his return to the throne, but the imperial scholar Han Wo spoke in Lu's defense, and Emperor Zhaozong took no action against Lu.
Subsequently, Han and Zhang, fearing that Emperor Zhaozong and Cui were going to slaughter the eunuchs, kidnapped Emperor Zhaozong and took him to Fengxiang. Zhu, at Cui's request, put Fengxiang's capital Fengxiang Municipality under siege. In 903, with Fengxiang in desperate straits, Li Maozhen killed Han, Zhang, and their supporters, and turned Emperor Zhaozong over to Zhu to sue for peace. Lu's actions during the Fengxiang siege were not recorded in history. However, after Zhu returned Emperor Zhaozong to Chang'an, Emperor Zhaozong issued an edict to the circuits — but specifically left Fengxiang out of the edict's distribution list. Lu argued that singling Fengxiang out showed a lack of magnanimity. Cui, in anger, suggested to Emperor Zhaozong that Lu be demoted, and Lu thereafter was made the teacher of Emperor Zhaozong's son Li Yan (李禋) the Prince of Yi, but with his office at Luoyang. He was also reduced in his honorary title of Tejin (特進) down to Zhengyi Daifu (正議大夫).
After second chancellorship
In 904, after Zhu Quanzhong killed Cui Yin and forced Emperor Zhaozong to move the capital to Luoyang, Lu Yi was made the minister of civil service affairs (吏部尚書, Libu Shangshu) and restored to the rank of Tejin, but was not again chancellor. He accompanied Emperor Zhaozong on the journey to Luoyang. Later in the year, Zhu had Emperor Zhaozong assassinated and replaced with his son Emperor Ai. In 905, Zhu, at the advice of his close associates Liu Can and Li Zhen, began demoting and killing Tang aristocrats en masse, and Lu was first demoted to be the census officer at Pu Prefecture (濮州, in modern Heze, Shandong), and then ordered to commit suicide at Baima Station (白馬驛, in modern Anyang, Henan), with fellow former chancellors Pei Shu, Dugu Sun, Cui Yuan, Wang Pu, as well as the officials Zhao Chong (趙崇) and Wang Zan (王贊). At Li Zhen's request (as Li Zhen, who was unable to pass the imperial examinations, resented these traditional aristocrats for claiming to be free from taint), Zhu had their bodies thrown into the Yellow River (as Li Zhen put it, to taint them).
Notes and references
Old Book of Tang, vol. 179.
New Book of Tang, vol. 183.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 260, 261, 262, 264, 265.
Category:847 births
Category:905 deaths
Category:Politicians from Sanmenxia
Category:Tang dynasty historians
Category:Forced suicides of Chinese people
Category:Historians from Henan
Category:Executed Tang dynasty people
Category:Chancellors under Emperor Zhaozong of Tang
Category:10th-century executions by the Tang dynasty
Category:Executed people from Henan
Category:Tang dynasty politicians from Henan
Category:Writers from Sanmenxia
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Work of Art type TV Show
Finally, the second season of Work of Art: The Next Great Artist has arrived on Bravo, and with it, the Sucklord. Work of Art must have thought it died and went to heaven when this guy strolled in, disfiguring stormtrooper dolls and calling it art. The Sucklord — real name: Morgan Phillips — is a 42-year-old artist/huckster in the tradition of Jeff Koons who looks a bit like Jimmy Fallon doing an impersonation of a gelled twit. With this guy around, everyone becomes an inadvertent comedian. When another contestant, Michelle, said in the opening moments, “I don’t want to be the one who sucks” — well, Lordy, supply your own just-look-to-your-right punchline.
The first challenge of the season was to take a piece of kitschy, garage-sale amateur art and “transform it into something that has your own style in it.” This was a poor choice to start off the series, since it actually raised more art questions than it asked. Work of Art invited us to sneer at an array of sentimental sculptures and near-outsider-art paintings as, as various contestants said, “junk” or “garbage.” Only (wouldn’t you know it) the Sucklord appreciated this stuff on its own terms — as expressions of genuine passion on the part of untalented but sincere artists. Or as the Sucklord said of his choice, a garish painting of The Lord of the Rings‘ Gandalf, “This picture is already perfect.” And it was, on its own stunted terms.
We were able to get a fix on some of the 14 artists on the basis of a combination of the challenge, the show’s introductory filmed bios, and the artists’ catty comments about one another. For instance:
• Jazz-Minh was raised on a “hippie commune” and is therefore pegged as a ditzy free spirit; beware of countercultural stereotypes.
• Bayete chose a painting of Scarlett O’Hara and chose to make an African-American mirror image of the Southern belle; he glued dollar bills around the canvas and tried to pass it off as an example of “cultural hybridity.”
• Lola is “this sprightly sexpot,” said one opponent. In other words, this season’s Jaclyn Santos. They wish.
• Kathryn, who in her own time makes three-dimensional gush that looks like bloody cow intestines — excuse me, “visceral tableaux out of dough and jelly.”
• Tewz, the “street artist” seen spray-painting graffiti and groaning “I don’t really, like, do sculpture,” which is this show’s version of Top Chef’s “I don’t do desserts” — i.e., the what-the-hell-are-you-thinking-of-course-you’re-going-to-be-asked-to-make-some-sculpture-wise-up-jerk-and-come-prepared contestant.
• Michelle, who came on all gee-golly but demonstrated some serious paper-cutting-and-pasting chops in her intricate, sophisticated audition-tape work.
• Dusty, an Arkansas elementary-school art teacher who made a very cute self-portrait out of raised Crayola crayons to qualify for this show. I was gravely disappointed that Dusty chose as his kitsch piece a paint-by-numbers portrait of a clown that was clearly the comedian Ed Wynn, but not one person on Work of Art knew enough to point this out.
• Leon, who, I’m sorry, but given the way he was presented, will, until he distinguishes himself more, inevitably be referred to initially as the deaf artist with the interpreter.
• Ugo, the French guy who’s very good-looking but who forgot to put an H in the front of his name.
• The Sucklord explained both his choice of objet de schlock (“The Lord of the Rings is sort of a religious text for me”) and his name: “the suckiness, which is my self-deprecating, misanthropic side, and the lord, which is my megalomaniacal, self-aggrandizing side.” His biggest surprise: Some of his work has been bought and auctioned off by Work of Art “mentor” Simon de Pury. The guy’s legit. Or as legit as you need to be to live in New York City and get Simon to simper over your work.
Whoever I left out hasn’t made an impression yet.
During the final “crit” session, we were reintroduced to the judging panel of hostess-with-the-mostest China Chow, New York magazine art critic Jerry Saltz, and Bill Powers; the guest judge was the photographer Mary Ellen Mark.
The judges were quick to decide whose piece they liked best. Michelle’s The Eternal Woodsman had a witty delicacy that contrasted nicely with the stolid piece of kitsch she personalized and “transformed.” It was a worthy winner.
In the bottom three were Ugo, Bayete, and the Sucklord. Everyone from the contestants to the judges had been dismissing Ugo’s painted drawing as too similar to work by Keith Haring. Nobody was buying Bayete’s racially charged but slapdash mess as “complex” (“Just because the topic is complex doesn’t mean your piece is complex,” sneered Powers). And the Sucklord did not help himself (but completely won me over) by responding to Saltz’s simple question about what was original about his work by answering, “Wow, you really got me there. I think I might die here.”
But as cute as he is, Ugo was dismissed from Work of Art. Personally, I thought Bayete’s piece was a tad more banal. And the way the hour was edited, the Sucklord received a greater degree of vehement criticism for his lack of originality. But Mary Ellen Mark said with equal force that the modified Gandalf “spoke” to her. (What did it say? “Look at me.”)
And thus the Sucklord was permitted to coin his own catchphrase in bidding adieu to Ugo — “It sucks for all of us” — and add with casual menace, “I’m a super-villain and better him than me.”
Is it, though? What did you think of Work of Art‘s season premiere? And where do you stand on the Sucklord: Lord of the Zings, or Trying Too Hard?
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Today life standards cannot be imagined without communication systems for individuals and groups, e.g., Internet, TV. Those communication systems have been evolving from old standards and currently, there is a full array of interactive tools allowing people to communicate in different ways. With current standards, one person can broadcast a message to a practically unlimited number of persons.
However, there is no way such unlimited number of persons can send a message to the person who has broadcasted the message to them. Such techniques for communication do not exist using a back channel. Social networks, email, sms, video, and any other current communication tools, are powerful tools for communications one to one and one to many but, when a big group of people looks for a way to express its will, there is no tool that can help this group.
FIG. 31 shows a picture of a large group of people. This large group is expressing something as a group. A need exists to determine what the group is expressing.
A need exists for a Global Social Communication System. A further need exists for a turning point in the development of social communication media.
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Type II Diabetes Mellitus Accelerates Age-Dependent Aβ Pathology in Cynomolgus Monkey Brain.
Accumulating evidence suggests that diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the strongest risk factors for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains unclear how DM accelerates AD pathology in the brain. Cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) is one of the nonhuman primates used for biomedical research, and we can observe spontaneous formation of AD pathology, such as senile plaques (SPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), with the advance of aging. Furthermore, obesity is occasionally observed and frequently leads to development of type II DM (T2DM) in laboratory-housed cynomolgus monkeys. These findings suggest that cynomolgus monkey is a useful species to study the relationship between T2DM and AD pathology. In T2DM-affected monkey brains, SPs were observed in frontal and temporal lobe cortices almost 5 years earlier than healthy control monkeys. Moreover, age-related endocytic pathology, such as intraneuronal accumulation of enlarged endosomes, was exacerbated in T2DM-affected monkey brains. Since accumulating evidences suggest that endocytic dysfunction is involved in Aβ pathology, T2DM may aggravate age-related endocytic dysfunction, leading to the acceleration of Aβ pathology.
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//
// ParseEnabled.h
// Monal
//
// Created by Anurodh Pokharel on 2/2/15.
// Copyright (c) 2015 Monal.im. All rights reserved.
//
#import "XMPPParser.h"
@interface ParseEnabled : XMPPParser
/**
supports resume on server
*/
@property (nonatomic, assign, readonly) BOOL resume;
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) NSString *streamID;
/**
server's max resumption time
*/
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) NSNumber *max;
/**
where to reconnect to -- not implemented
*/
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) NSString *location;
@end
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{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
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Q:
Did Salman the Persian meet Isa AS?
‘Asim b. ‘Umar b. Qatada on the authority of a trustworthy informant
from ‘Umar b. ‘Abdu’l-‘Aziz b. Marwan said that he was told that
Salman the Persian told the apostle that his master in ‘Ammuriya told
him to go to a certain place in Syria where there was a man who lived
between two thickets. Every year as he used to go from one to the
other, the sick used to stand in his way and everyone he prayed for
was healed. He said, ‘Ask him about this religion which you seek, for
he can tell you of it.’ So I went on until I came to the place I had
been told of, and I found that people had gathered there with their
sick until he came out to them that night passing from one thicket to
the other. The people came to him with their sick and everyone he
prayed for was healed. They prevented me from getting to him so that I
could not approach him until he entered the thicket he was making for,
but I took hold of his shoulder. He asked me who I was as he turned to
me and I said, ‘God have mercy on you, tell me about the Hanifiya, the
religion of Abraham.’ He replied, ‘You are asking about something men
do not inquire of today; the time has come near when a prophet will be
sent with this religion from the people of the haram. Go to him, for
he will bring you to it.’ Then he went into the thicket. The apostle
said to Salman, ‘If you have told me the truth, YOU MET JESUS THE SON
OF MARY.’
(Guillaume, The Life of Muhammad, p. 98)
What is the authenticity of this report? Did Salman the Persian really meet Prophet Isa AS?
A:
There is an unknown (potentially weak) narrator between Asim and Umar and a break in the chain between Umar and Salman so its authenticity is questionable.
Ibn Kathir in البداية والنهاية comments on this tradition as follows:
هكذا وقع في هذه الرواية. وفيها رجل مبهم وهو شيخ عاصم بن عمر بن قتادة.
وقد قيل إنه الحسن ابن عمارة ثم هو منقطع بل معضل بين عمر بن عبد العزيز
وسلمان رضي الله عنه. قوله لئن كنت صدقتني يا سلمان لقد لقيت عيسى بن
مريم غريب جدا بل منكر. فإن الفترة أقل ما قيل فيها أنها أربعمائة سنة،
وقيل ستمائة سنة بالشمسية، وسلمان أكثر ما قيل أنه عاش ثلاثمائة سنة
وخمسين سنة. وحكى العباس ابن يزيد البحراني إجماع مشايخه على أنه عاش
مائتين وخمسين سنة. واختلفوا فيما زاد إلى ثلاثمائة وخمسين سنة والله
أعلم. والظاهر أنه قال لقد لقيت وصى عيسى بن مريم فهذا ممكن بالصواب.
وقال السهيلي: الرجل المبهم هو الحسن بن عمارة وهو ضعيف وإن صح لم يكن
فيه نكارة. لأن ابن جرير ذكر أن المسيح نزل من السماء بعد ما رفع فوجد
أمه وامرأة أخرى يبكيان عند جذع المصلوب فأخبرهما أنه لم يقتل وبعث
الحواريين بعد ذلك. قال وإذا جاز نزوله مرة جاز نزوله مرارا ثم يكون
نزوله الظاهر حين يكسر الصليب ويقتل الخنزير ويتزوج حينئذ امرأة من بني
جذام وإذا مات دفن في حجرة روضة رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم.
English translation by Trevor LeGassick
That, then, is how this anecdote is worded. There is (in its chain of
authorities) one man of questionable reliability {unknown}, he being Sheikh { teacher of; from whom narrates}
'Asim b. Umar b. Qatada. That link is also said to have been al-Hasan
b. Umara. The tradition is also missing a link, indeed untraceable,
between Umar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz and Salman, may God be pleased with him.
As for his words, "If you have told me the truth, O Salman, you have
met Jesus son of Mary," these are very strange, if not unacceptable.
For the period involved must, by all accounts, be one of 400 years,
perhaps even 600 years by the solar calendar. The longest anyone
suggests that Salman lived is some 350 years. Al-Abbas b. Yazid
al-Bahrani related that the consensus of his elders was that he lived
for 250 years; they differed as to whether it could have been as much
as 350 years. But God knows best. And it seems that he was saying,
"You met a (good) follower of Jesus, son of Mary." And that could well
be true.
Al-Suhayli stated, "The man of questionable reliability (in the above
chain of authorities) is al-Hasan b. Umara, a weak authority. But if
he was correct, then there is nothing unacceptable about it. Because
Ibn Jarir related that Jesus came down again to earth after he had
been resurrected { raised up } and that he found his mother and another woman
weeping at the cross of the crucified man. Jesus told them that he had
not been killed, and after that he sent his disciples." He went on:
"And if it is possible that he came down once, then it is possible he
did so many times. Moreover there is his evident return when he broke {will break}
the cross and killed {will kill} the pig and thereafter married {marry} a woman of Banu
Jidham and finally was {be} buried in a chamber of the grave (usually
referred to as the garden) of the Messenger of God (SAAS)."
Note that this translation contains several errors I've added some corrections in {}.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Distal radius fractures are the most common fractures occurring in childhood and a substantial proportion of these patients will develop malunions initially. Fortunately, malunions in children often show a tremendous remodeling potential and initial treatment can usually be restricted to the reassurance of the parents of the involved child. However, although this is a well-known practice for most doctors treating children with fractures, surprisingly few studies (*n* = 7) are available with quantitative data on the dynamics of remodeling. The time needed for the remodeling process is unknown, which impedes the prediction of outcome and, thus, proper patient information. Reported remodeling times (RT) to full correction vary between a mean of 4 months \[[@CR1]--[@CR3]\] and 5 years \[[@CR4]\] in the literature. In addition, the speed of remodeling has been shown to vary between 0.9° to 2.5°/month \[[@CR5]--[@CR7]\]. Greater angulated fractures tend to remodel at a faster rate \[[@CR5], [@CR7]\]. Hence, the use of a general remodeling speed to predict RT to full correction is not feasible. Friberg, therefore, developed a (exponential) model using the primary malunion angulation (*A*~0~) to describe the residual angulation (*A*~T~) in distal radius malunions \[[@CR5]\]. The model, however, lacks accuracy and is, therefore, only rarely used in orthopedic practice.
The aim of the present study is to develop a model which accurately predicts the dynamics of the remodeling process. We use the remodeling data of two previously published studies to modify Friberg's model in order to enhance its accuracy. In addition, we develop a model to calculate the time needed for complete remodeling. These models should allow to provide a more evidence-based patient education and select those malunions that will not sufficiently remodel and require intervention.
Patients and methods {#Sec2}
====================
We used data from two published cohorts of children with distal radius fractures with dorsovolar angulation. Cohort A is from a study on the remodeling of malunions of forearm fractures which presents a table with patient data on 36 children \[[@CR4]\]. From this table, were selected the malunions in the distal third of the forearm in dorsovolar dislocation (*n* = 31). Cohort B was derived from a study on the remodeling speed of distal radius fractures with dorsovolar angulation more than 15° (*n* = 32) \[[@CR7]\]. Angle measurements in both cohorts were identical: the central longitudinal intramedullary axis was determined in both the proximal and (angulated) distal fragment. The angle between these two axes was used as the angulation angle. This method was described by Hansen et al. \[[@CR8]\].
From all the included patients, we assessed age at time of fracture, gender, malunion angulation (*A*~0~) in the dorsovolar direction, angulation at follow-up, and time of follow-up (= RT). Because both studies were retrospective, the follow-up times (= RT) differ. The difference between initial malunion angulation (*A*~0~) and angulation at follow-up (*A*~T~) was defined as remodeling, measured in degrees.
Using the data from the combined cohort, two models were evaluated: Firstly, a prediction model was formulated based on the findings by Friberg \[[@CR5]\]: $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$A_{T} = A_{0} \times e^{ - C \times RT}$$\end{document}$ and, secondly, we modified this model with a second coefficient to study the influence of *A*~0~: $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$A_{T} = B \times A_{0} \times e^{ - C \times RT}$$\end{document}$ (the coefficients were calculated using the nonlinear regression function of SPSS, see below).
Statistical analysis {#Sec3}
--------------------
All data were analyzed using SPSS (version 15.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The results are presented as means (standard deviation, SD). Nonlinear regression was used to estimate the coefficients of the models. For the Friberg-based model, we started with the coefficient found in that study. For the modified model, the starting value for the second coefficient was the value found in the study of Jeroense et al. \[[@CR7]\]. The significance of the difference of the parameters and differences between subgroups was tested using the *t* test. To test the precision of the prediction of the models, we compared predicted and observed RT using parametric techniques (*t* test). The best of the two models was subsequently used to estimate time needed to complete remodeling. All tests are two-tailed and considered significant if *p* \< 0.05.
Results {#Sec4}
=======
Data are based on the analysis of 63 dorsovolar malunions of the distal radius: 31 from the study by Gandhi (A) (cases 1--31 in the patient data table) and 31 patients (32 malunions) from the study by Jeroense (B) (see [Appendix](#Sec11){ref-type="sec"}). There were 38 boys, with a mean age of 8.5 years (range 2--14.5 years). The mean malunion angulation was 25° (SD 7.8), mean remodeling time 22 (SD 18) months, and mean angulation at follow-up 6.7° (SD 5.8). The cohorts showed differences in follow-up time (35 vs. 9 months) and final angulation (see Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}).Table 1Summary of the data from 62 patientsGandhi cohort (A), *N* = 31Jeroense cohort (B), *N* = 31DifferenceSignificanceAge (years)7.79.11.3 years0.043Remodeling time (months)35925 months0.000Malunion angulation (*A* ~0~)26°24°2.5°0.1Angulation at FU5°8°3.5°0.02Comparison of the two subgroups
Prediction of remodeling {#Sec5}
------------------------
### Friberg's exponential model {#Sec6}
Using Friberg's model for the combined cohort, the prediction coefficient was 0.13 \[confidence interval (CI): 0.1--0.16), with a low precision (*R*^2^ = 0.11). Using the model for subgroup analysis (cohorts A and B), we found significant differences in the coefficient of remodeling with B coefficients of 0.06 (95 % CI: 0.068--0.045) and 0.17 (95 % CI: 0.21--0.13), respectively (*p* \< 0.05).
### Modified exponential model {#Sec7}
We developed a modified model by adding a second coefficient to modify A~0~. The best fit is the model $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$A_{T} = 0.51 \times A_{0} \times e^{ - 0.034 \times RT}$$\end{document}$ (51 % of the starting angulation and a coefficient of 0.034 for RT). This improves prediction for the combined cohort: *R*^2^ = 0.47. With this model, the subgroups did not differ (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}). Adding age or gender did not improve the model. Analysis excluding the four patients older than 12 years of age only marginally influenced the results of this nonlinear regression.Table 2Models of observed remodeling (*A* ~T~) and initial malunion angle (*A* ~0~) and RT (*n* = 63 malunions)ModelDependent variableIndependent variablesModel95 % CI of coefficient of RT*R* ^2^Model of FribergA~T~RT, *A* ~0~$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$A_{T} = A_{0} \times e^{ - 0.13 \times RT}$$\end{document}$0.1--0.160.1Modified modelA~T~RT, *A* ~0~$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$A_{T} = 0.5 \times A_{0} \times e^{ - 0.034 \times RT}$$\end{document}$0.024--0.0440.47*A* ~T~ remodeling angle, *RT* remodeling time, *A* ~0~ initial malunion angulation
Precision of the exponential models {#Sec8}
-----------------------------------
In both models, the predicted values of remodeling were not significantly different from the observed values. The mean difference between the observed and predicted remodeling based on the Friberg model with the present coefficient was 1.1°. The modified model had a mean difference of 0.07° with the observed values (see Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}).Table 3Differences between the observed and predicted remodeling of malunions angulations (*n* = 63)Observed remodeling (mean)Predicted remodeling (mean)Difference (*p*)95 % CI of differenceNumber of predictions \<5°Friberg model6.7°5.6°1.1° (*p* = 0.1)−0.2 to 2.541/63Modified model6.7°6.6°0.07° (*p* = 0.89)−0.9 to 1.148/63
Although the mean differences between predicted and observed values of the original Friberg model was small, the SD was substantial. Using the Friberg model, the values in 41/63 fractures were within 5° of predicted values and, in four cases, differed by more than 10°. Using the modified model, the mean difference was 0.07° (SD 4.2°) and with a smaller SD; 48/63 were within 5° (see Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 1Observed and predicted angulation at follow-up (*A* ~T~) of distal radius malunions. On the horizontal axis is the remodeling time, and on the vertical axis, the observed remodeling angulations (°) are shown next to the predicted angulation (*filled circles*) based on the model $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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Time needed for remodeling {#Sec9}
--------------------------
The modified model was used to derive a formula for remodeling time. However, since remodeling is an asymptotic function, completed remodeling cannot be determined with the model. For practical purposes, the value of 3° was considered as adequate remodeling. With *A*~T~ = 3°, derivation from the modified model yields the formula $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$= \frac{{{ \ln }\left( {\frac{{A_{0} }}{6}} \right)}}{C}$$\end{document}$ (see [Appendix](#Sec11){ref-type="sec"} for derivation). This formula was used to calculate predicted remodeling times with different coefficients in the modified model using values based on the assessed CI (low--mean--high). The mean and low coefficients resulted in RT longer than described in the literature; only the high coefficient yielded values in accordance with the published results. Using the information on remodeling time described in the literature, this study presents an estimated guess of RT depending on malunions angulation in Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"}.Table 4Estimates of remodeling time of distal radius malunions based on the modified model $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$RT = \frac{{{ \ln }\left( {\frac{{A_{0} }}{6}} \right)}}{C}$$\end{document}$ with fast coefficient *C* and on data from the literatureMalunion angulationExpected remodeling time, mean (range), monthsBased on15°12 (2.5--13)Do study30°36 (30--48)Based on modified model using fast coefficient. Confirmed by Johari and Roth study40°40--50Based on modified model using fast coefficient. Confirmed by Gandhi study
Discussion {#Sec10}
==========
This study shows that remodeling of distal radius fractures can be described as an exponential function. The use of the original model of Friberg turned out to be less accurate, with a low *R*^2^ and only 41/63 (65 %) of the malunions showed final remodeling within 5°. Whereas in the original study the exponential coefficient was 0.087 \[standard error (SE) 0.058\], the present study found a coefficient of 0.13 (CI: 0.1--0.16). In addition, the two subgroups (cohorts A and B), when calculated according to the Friberg model, showed statistically different values: the oldest (Study A, UK, 1962) has the slowest remodeling (*B* = 0.057), while the most recent (Study B, The Netherlands, 2015) has the fastest (*B* = 0.16).
Using the modified model resulted in a more accurate prediction of the remodeling process, with 48/63 (76 %) malunions within 5°, with an *R*^2^ of 0.45. Moreover, when using this modified model, no differences were found between the two subgroups. The exponential model is better than a linear model but intuitively difficult. For practical purposes, a table has been presented with estimates which can be used for prediction. As a rule of the thumb, the estimated time for remodeling would be around 1°/month for distal radius fractures, with 1.5° in the first 6 months.
Since the modified model proved to be the most accurate predictor of remodeling, this model was used to derive a formula for the remodeling time. However, we found a discrepancy between the remodeling times calculated with our formula for the mean coefficient compared to earlier studies in the literature. For 15° of malunion, the RT estimates would be between 12 and 38 months, which does not agree with the study of Do et al. \[[@CR1]\], who showed that angulations below 15° correct spontaneously after an average time of 4 months (range 2.5--13 months); apparently, observed remodeling in the literature is faster in the first year than in the presented cohort. The RT calculation using the high coefficient is the best approximation of the literature. Estimates for that value are still longer than the time reported by Johari \[[@CR2]\] (36 months, range 30--48) but agree with Roth et al. \[[@CR3]\], who reported 42 months. Moreover, Gandhi's statement that 95 % of the fractures are corrected after 60 months is correct but might be too conservative.
A limitation of this study is that the distal radius fractures studied are a heterogeneous group with some located proximally in the distal third and some distal in that segment. Since the more proximal fractures remodel slower, this may have caused some of the variability found. In addition, the two cohorts have different follow-up times. This has the advantage of having data with a longer time interval for study but, possibly, differences in the early months are less clearly visible. They are from different decades but that should not affect the underlying biological process. Using the original Friberg model, there seems to be a difference in remodeling behavior, but using the modified model, the differences disappeared. Whether this model only describes the study data or can be generalized remains to be tested.
A final limitation is that the exponential model is asymptotic and never predicts full remodeling. This suggests that corrective growth is not only longitudinal but also shows a tendency to realign to the anatomical axis. For this, the model might be further expanded.
In conclusion, the remodeling process of distal radius malunions in children can be described as an exponential function, with its starting speed dependent on the initial angulation. The current modified model proves to be more accurate than the model derived from the findings of Friberg. In addition, a formula for the prediction of remodeling time, based on the modified model, was described. These models add to our insight of the remodeling process and allow for more evidence-based patient information and optimal planning of eventual surgical intervention. Furthermore, the postulated model could serve as a basis for the description of the correction of other malunions by adaptation of the coefficients in this model.
Appendix {#Sec11}
========
Derivation of RT using the modified model.
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\begin{document}$$A_{T} = 0.5 \times A_{0} \times e^{ - C \times RT}$$\end{document}$$
For remodeling to 3°:
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\begin{document}$$3 = 0.5 \times A_{0} \times e^{ - C \times RT}$$\end{document}$$
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\begin{document}$$1 = \frac{{A_{0} }}{6} \times e^{ - C \times RT}$$\end{document}$$
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\begin{document}$$ln1 = \ln \left( {\frac{{A_{0} }}{6}} \right) - C \times RT$$\end{document}$$
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\begin{document}$$RT = \frac{{\ln \left( {\frac{{A_{0} }}{6}} \right)}}{C}$$\end{document}$$
Table 5Patient data overviewPatientsCaseAge (years)SexMalunion angulation (°)FU angulation (°)RT (months)Cohort A19M32160211F3006034F1506047M3506052M2506068M3006079M1504885M3734894F20448109M330481111M241039127M21436135M24439148M28936159M25736168M25733174M346331812M391227198M3210272010F20427218M16027228M250242310M331324249F351024259M141021265F381218277M331312289M281412297M20012307M130123111M20012Cohort B325.5F181010337F20416346.5M20--1.518359F1594367M1876.5375.5M291110383F191043911F311664010.5M28213418F2576428.5M26153438M30134.544a8F2053.544b"F1703458M29152.5464F491954710F181754810F163294910F177125010F414225110.5F20133529.5M23143.5539F331355411M3143.55511F16227567.5F167165712.5M210235812.5M201385914M15104.56011M28--2176111.5F211116214.5M1682.5*FU* follow-up, *RT* remodeling time
The help of DED van der Sluijs, BSc in econometrics, University of Amsterdam, with the analysis is greatly appreciated.
Conflict of interest {#FPar1}
====================
Author J. A. van der Sluijs declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author J. L. Bron declare that he has no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval {#FPar2}
================
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent {#FPar3}
================
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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|
Nice & Smooth — Funky For You lyrics
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Type of man that the girls wanna read about
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Rumble, no, that's not likely
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Teddy Tedd, a hip-hop ambassador
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His cuts exquisite, what is it? A blizzard
The musical wizard you should come visit
The man in the back, without further ado
Teddy Tedd is gonna make it real funky for you
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
<?php
/**
* Magento
*
* NOTICE OF LICENSE
*
* This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
* that is bundled with this package in the file LICENSE.txt.
* It is also available through the world-wide-web at this URL:
* http://opensource.org/licenses/osl-3.0.php
* If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to
* obtain it through the world-wide-web, please send an email
* to license@magento.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
*
* DISCLAIMER
*
* Do not edit or add to this file if you wish to upgrade Magento to newer
* versions in the future. If you wish to customize Magento for your
* needs please refer to http://www.magento.com for more information.
*
* @category Tests
* @package Tests_Functional
* @copyright Copyright (c) 2006-2020 Magento, Inc. (http://www.magento.com)
* @license http://opensource.org/licenses/osl-3.0.php Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
*/
namespace Mage\Admin\Test\Constraint;
use Mage\Admin\Test\Fixture\User;
use Magento\Mtf\Constraint\AbstractConstraint;
use Mage\Admin\Test\Page\Adminhtml\UserIndex;
/**
* Asserts that user is present in User Grid.
*/
class AssertUserInGrid extends AbstractConstraint
{
/**
* Constraint severeness.
*
* @var string
*/
protected $severeness = 'low';
/**
* Asserts that user is present in User Grid.
*
* @param UserIndex $userIndex
* @param User $user
* @param User $customAdmin
* @return void
*/
public function processAssert(
UserIndex $userIndex,
User $user,
User $customAdmin = null
) {
$adminUser = ($user->hasData('password') || $user->hasData('username')) ? $user : $customAdmin;
$filter = ['username' => $adminUser->getUsername()];
$userIndex->open();
\PHPUnit_Framework_Assert::assertTrue(
$userIndex->getUserGrid()->isRowVisible($filter),
'User with name \'' . $adminUser->getUsername() . '\' is absent in User grid.'
);
}
/**
* Return string representation of object.
*
* @return string
*/
public function toString()
{
return 'User is present in Users grid.';
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
The invention set forth in this specification pertains to new and improved disposable, electrochemical sensing devices. More specifically it pertains to sensing devices or sensors which are used in conjunction with appropriate electronic apparatus in order to determine the content of certain specific ions or gases in various different fluids.
In many different medical, ecological and industrial circumstances it is necessary or desirable to determine whether or not a specific ion, ions of a group of closely related ions, a gas or gases of a group of gases of a closely related character are or are not present within a fluid and, if such an ion, gas or group of either is present, the amount of the latter which is present in the fluid. Thus, for example, in the medical field it is often necessary to determine the potassium, oxygen or other content of blood. Similarly, in monitoring various industrial processes it is frequently necessary to determine if a specific ion or gas is present in a solution or in a specific atmosphere such as ambient air, and, if it is, the quantity of the same which is present. Such determinations are needed and used in so many different areas of technology that it would be extremely time consuming to attempt to even suggest them all in this document.
Although determinations as are indicated in the preceding paragraph can be made in different manners in many cases whenever it is reasonably possible it is highly preferable to make such determinations electrochemicaly using ion or gas selective electrodes. The reasons for this are considered to be primarily related to the ease with which electrochemical measurements can be made, the comparatively low costs involved in making such measurements, the relative reliability of electrochemical analysis, and the fact that normally only comparatively limited equipment is required in order to make measurements to determine if an ion, a gas or a group of related ions or gases is present in a fluid, and, if so, the quantity of the latter present in the fluid.
Such equipment is closely related to that used in electrochemically making common pH measurements. It normally consists of a device having two separate electrochemical half cells, means for connecting the half cells by a sample of the fluid which is to be analyzed with the device and of an item of electronic equipment for making measurements in connection with the half cells and for indicating the results of such measurements. Although the physical structures of the cells used in a specific apparatus usually vary normally both cells used include a housing having an internal cavity, an electrode extending into the cavity and an electrolyte in the cavity in communication with the electrode. A half cell as described normally includes a flow control means such as a barrier, membrane or other structure for restricting flow between the electrolyte in the half cell and the means connecting it with the other half cell with which it is used.
The flow control means in one of the half cells is always of such a character as to permit essentially only movement of the ion or ions to be measured in or through such means or to permit a specific reaction or reactions with or absorption of the gas or gases to be measured in or at the surface of such means. Such a half cell is commonly referred to as a "sensing" cell or half cell. In a device employing two half cells as described the other or non-sensing half cell used normally employs a different flow control means than the sensing half cell. This latter half cell is utilized to provide a reference measurement for use in analyzing a corresponding measurement obtained using the sensing cell. Because of this the second cell in a device as described may be referred to as a "reference" cell or half cell.
As a result of its function the flow control means used as a part of the sensing half cell is quite critical to electrochemical sensing devices of the type to which this invention pertains. Ion or gas determinations using an electrochemical sensing device as indicated in the preceding discussion can be made only when an appropriate flow control device having a character as indicated in the preceding paragraph is available. As a consequence of this the flow control structure in a sensing half cell is restricted to an available membrane or barrier which is desirable in making a desired analysis. Fortunately advances in technology have resulted in and are resulting in membranes and barriers which are useful for an apparently ever increasing series of electrochemical determinations or measurements.
For some measurements it is considered necessary or preferable to use solid state membranes or barriers. The latter have been bodies of single crystals; they have also been bodies formed of particles such as small crystalline or other particles by such techniques as pressing such particles into a single, unitary mass. In some cases such particles have been physically held together with and/or within an inert or essentially inert binder. These membranes or barriers have also been prepared by forming polymer gels including one or more polymers and a fluid having desired ion selective or gas reactive or absorptive properties. It is common for the electrolyte in such half cell to contain the same ion or ions which are present in the membrane or barrier.
Fortunately an understanding of the invention does not require a detailed consideration of all of the different membranes or barriers capable of being used in devices in accordance with the invention. Neither does it require a detailed consideration of all of the diverse constructional details of known sensing and reference half cells of cells and of the various electrolytes employed in such cells in making determinations such as can be made using the devices of the present invention. However, an understanding of the reasons as to why the present invention is needed does require a brief, further discussion of prior devices which are related to the devices of the present invention.
Such prior devices are not considered to be completely satisfactory in meeting present and contemplated future needs for electrochemical sensing devices or sensors for one or more of a series of different reasons. Because of the diversity of such prior devices it is impractical to attempt to indicate all of the limitations and disadvantages of them in this document. Frequently such prior devices or sensors have been relatively complex and as a result of this undesirably expensive. Often such prior devices are comparatively difficult to use.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Q:
turbolinks / redirects after a delete
Having a delete response handled via js, I'm reloading the curent page via turbolinks. In other words :
// onclick setup encapsulates the following
axios({
method: "delete",
url: e.target.getAttribute("href"),
headers: Csrf() // passes the csrf token to keep things 'rails'
}).then(() => {
Turbolinks.visit(locationWithoutHash, { action: "replace" });
});
Our signout link is handled like so.
Signing out then redirects to the root_url.
The problem is, Turbolinks.visit seems to preserve the initial method :
Started DELETE "/auth/sign_out" for 127.0.0.1 at 2018-04-22 11:21:12 +0200
Processing by Devise::SessionsController#destroy as HTML
...stuff
Redirected to http://demodemo.lvh.me:3000/
Completed 302 Found in 11ms (ActiveRecord: 1.9ms)
Started DELETE "/" for 127.0.0.1 at 2018-04-22 11:21:12 +0200
ActionController::RoutingError (No route matches [DELETE] "/"): etc...
It might just be a matter of syntax/grammar which I could not spot within the source code
Without discussing the fact that such behaviour makes sense or not, is it possible to specify a method to Turbolinks.visit in order to make sure it effectively passes a GET ? (as I'm just using it to reload the current page no matter what happens, it will always be a GET)
A:
It's happening when the destroy method is like this after delete redirect_to request.referer or any URL something like this if you has like this then change to like this
def destroy
@obj = Model.find(params[:id])
respond_to do |format|
if @obj.destroy
flash[:error] = 'Deleted'
format.html { redirect_to request.referer, status: 303 }
format.js { redirect_to request.referer, status: 303 }
end
end
end
I think it will help
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Thursday, February 25, 2016
And I'm back!
I've had this nagging feeling for the longest time. It says: WRITE! JOURNAL! BLOG! EXPRESS! RECORD! And somehow whenever I get a free second I am just so exhausted that I end up watching Netflix or going to bed instead. (Does anyone else think watching "Netflix" sounds less embarrassing than watching "TV"? I feel like it's less lazy. Yeah, totally.)
The problem is that I have some serious topics to tackle. So here comes the disclaimer: I'm going to be writing about things that really matter to me. I don't claim to be able to back all of my opinions with procedural, analytical, or statistical data. I may do a couple educated google searches to try to back what I'm pretty sure is backable, but I also just feel some of this stuff.
It's okay with me if you disagree. But to be clear, I really don't mean to open up any heated arguments. I don't mean to convince. I am seeking to understand myself and to give others a glimpse into why I feel the way I do. Please read with some effort toward empathy and understanding. If you can't do that, maybe these entries aren't the ones for you. (Or at least not the ones to comment on).
So here I go trying to be true to myself just like Lilly is true enough to herself that if she wants to hide in the fridge, she just goes for it. I hope to someday be that cool. (Pun intended).
I have been asked some excellent questions and I've never answered
any of them to my satisfaction. I'm not always sure if people realize
how big their questions are. I try to be sensitive to not overwhelm or
bore them with my in-depth and often passionate answer. So I am re-purposing this blog to address some of those questions. Because maybe they really want to know.
So, if you really want to know...
Why I'm a feminist?
How I can stand working in such a "depressing field"? (I'm a mental health and drug and alcohol counselor)
How I'm doing following my miscarriage?
Why I haven't left my church despite my many grievances with it?
This is where I'm going to examine those difficult questions as honestly, openly, and vulnerably as I can.
Some
of my entries will be essay-like, responding to particular questions.
But, I also hope to use this blog to track my efforts to answer my own
big questions. These entries will be primarily for me and won't be
polished or essay-like at all. And, because un-polished-learning-as-I-go
is way less intimidating than trying to produce my most-up-to-date and
complete answer to a difficult question, I'll be starting there.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococus) ranks among the five leading causes of infectious death worldwide. This single species accounts for a large proportion of respiratory tract (pneumonia, otitis media) and invasive (sepsis, meningitis) bacterial diseases. The development of efficacious conjugate vaccines for children has been based upon protection against the few capsule types that commonly cause disease. However, this strategy is now being eroded by the selection for and replacement by non-vaccine types. The initial step in the interaction of the pneumococcus with its host is colonization of the nasopharynx. Experience with conjugate vaccines has demonstrated that interrupting colonization results in herd immunity that amplifies prevention of disease in the population. To better understand the biology of colonization, during the prior funding period, we utilized a murine model to characterize bacterial and host factors that allow for pneumococcal persistence and its eventual clearance from the mucosal surface. These studies show that carriage, much like infection in normally sterile sites, induces acute inflammation. However, opsonophagocytic killing by this neutrophil-dominated response is not completely effective in clearing colonizing organisms. Complete clearance of carriage requires cellular immunity, and is mediated by the gradual Th17-dependent influx of tissue macrophages into the nasal lumen. The key to the success of the pneumococcus in colonization (and disease), therefore, is its ability to evade the initial inflammatory response it elicits. In specific aim#1, we will identify and characterize the complete set of pneumococcal genes and gene products contributing to evasion of opsonization and phagocytic killing by neutrophils in vitro and in vivo. The key to resolution of pneumococcal carriage appears to be recognition and uptake by macrophages. It remains unclear how the unique population of upper respiratory tract macrophages recognizes colonizing pneumococci. In specific aim#2, we will identify the macrophage receptor(s) (including scavenger receptors and C-type lectins) required for non-opsonic clearance during colonization. Finally, in specific aim#3, we will examine the role of capsule type in colonization and whether type-specific differences are explained by i) evasion of opsonophagocytic clearance by neutrophils and ii) recognition and uptake by upper respiratory tract macrophages. Together these studies will provide mechanistic insight into the three main features of pneumococcal carriage;why it is common, why it is transient, and why it varies greatly among isolates by capsule type. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Streptococcus pneumoniae colonizes the mucosal surface of the human nasopharynx and blocking this initial step in host interaction is the key to prevention of pneumococcal disease in the population. Our prior studies of bacterial and host factors affecting colonization show that pneumococci evade the neutrophil response it elicits, but is eventually cleared by cellular immunity leading to an influx of nasal macrophages. The proposed studies provide a mechanistic understanding of i) its ability to inhibit uptake and killing by neutrophils, ii) its recognition by macrophages, and iii) the role of its capsule type in these interactions with phagocytes.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
}
|
Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/RNA/Interference RNA
Contents
First discovered in plants, RNA interference was first observed in experiments conducted by Richard Jorgensen and colleagues in which they were trying to change the aesthetic characteristics of petunias. Their goal was to deepen the purpled colored flowers by introducing a key enzyme for flower pigmentation into petunias of normal violet color. The over expressed gene was expected to result in darker flowers, but instead produced less pigmented white flowers, indicating the activity of chalcone synthase had be substantially decreased. The phenomenon was called co-suppression of gene expression but the overall understanding of interference was still very limited at the time. Later on, scientists Andrew Fire and Craig Mello conducted a study in which they injected double stranded (dsRNA) into mRNA and found that it mimicked a phenotype very effectively. From their studies it was concluded that RNAi was systemic, heritable and caused a reduction of the target transcript.
RNA interference is the degradation of mRNA to silence the expression of target genes. The process starts with long double stranded RNA (dsRNA) that are cleaved into small interfering RNA (siRNA). This is achieved by the cleavage of the target transcript complementary to the dsRNA at sizes similar to small interfering RNA. To do this, RNA duplexes can be synthesized to mimic dsRNA products and as a result these short, synthetic strands target corresponding sites of siRNA. Studies on both siRNA and micro-RNA (miRNA) have also observed a pattern of endonucleolytic cleavage which caused dsRNA to convert to siRNA. From these observations of this enzyme was named Dicer and is responsible for generating small RNA. With the use of ATP the double stranded siRNA is then unwound into two single stranded siRNAs: a passenger strand and a guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is kept.[1] The siRNAs are then assembled in complexes called RNA-induced silencing complexes(RISCs). The RISCs become activated after the siRNAs inside the complexes unwind. The siRNAs then guide the activated RISCs to the target mRNAs for degradation. These cleaved mRNAs are then left dysfunctional and incompatible with the siRNA.
A very important factor in RNA interference is the activation of the RNA induced silencing complexes (RISCs). As such, several models are used to study the challenges of understanding its function. In experiments, conducted by Liu and colleagues, that a Dicer enzyme, Dicer-2, recruits duplex siRNA to enable RISC activation. The studies also found that the Dicer-2 enzyme is required for efficient RISC activity and RNA interference.
Another model, the Helicase model, has also been used to understand RISC activation. In this method, the dsRNA is run through a native gel electrophoresis to resolve double-strand and single-strand siRNA which showed that separation of strands required ATP (Nykanen et al.) . The unwinding of the double strand also concludes that the helicases are important factors in RISC activation. Through these studies, RNA helicases have also been found to have important roles in small RNA pathways such as dsRNA processing, mRNA recognition and the release of cleavage products. The Slicer model is another for RISC activation where the passenger strand is cleaved into fragments leaving the guide strand to create an activated RISC.[2]
Thought to first be around about a billion years ago. siRNA found to be in humans, plants and single cell organisms. It is believed that these RNAi evolved as a defensive mechanism from viral producing mRNA molecules.
RNAi is now believed to be able to help with the study of tissue regeneration. Tissue regeneration is not a very well understood topic at this point; however, the idea is to shut down individual genes using RNAi. By shutting down these genes, scientists expect to understand what genes in amphibians are involved in regenerating tissue when missing limbs are regrown. Scientists hope that understanding the regeneration processes of amphibians will help them learn how to regenerate human tissue.RNAi is of special interest to those studying tissue regeneration. If harnessed, the regenerative powers of RNAi could potentially be used to cure diseases such as Degenerative Disk Disease, heart valve diseases, and all sorts of autoimmune diseases. It goes without saying that if the secrets of RNAi were to be unlocked, it could be used to regenerate limbs, possibly saving lives and even extending human life.
Because this process reduces the production of a gene's encoded protein, many researchers believe this method can be beneficially taken advantage of for defense against disease by eliminating unwanted viral RNA, as alluded to above. Currently, medical researchers are putting RNAi-based drugs to the test against diseases such as HIV and Herpes.[3]
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Identification of inhibitors of urinary alanine aminopeptidase.
Amino acids and ammonia were identified as natural inhibitors of urinary AAP. In urines from healthy volunteers approximately one half of the inhibition could be accounted for by amino acids and ammonia. At the measured concentrations, histidine, ammonia and phenylalanine, in decreasing order, were the most effective inhibitors. Results from kinetic studies with amino acids added to gel-filtered urine are consistent with the presence of two AAP isoenzymes with different inhibition characteristics. The ten amino acids which were tested show the same inhibition kinetics. Differences between amino acids are quantitative.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
I'd like to hear about how you did the SSO integration since I have no clue at all about this either Is it something like the Sign In redirects you to Zimbra login? If yes, then what next? And, if not, please correct my understanding...
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
A fully integrated passive microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip for real-time electrochemical detection of ammonium: Sewage applications.
The present work reports on the development of a new generation of Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) to perform in-situ and real-time potentiometric measurements in flowing water. The device consisted of two differentiated parts: a poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic structure obtained by soft lithography and a fully integrated chemical sensing platform including four working microelectrodes, two reference microelectrodes and one counter microelectrode for detecting ammonium in a continuous mode. The performance of the device was evaluated following its potentiometric response when analyzing ammonium containing samples. As a key parameter, its time of response was compared to that of a commercially available electrical conductivity sensor used as reference sensor during tests in laboratory using flowing tap water and technical scale using flowing wastewater. As a result, the LOC showed a slope of 55 mV/decade, a limit of detection of 4·10-5 M and a time of full response between 10 and 12 s. It was demonstrated that the device can provide fast and reliable data at real time when immersed in a laminar flow of water. Moreover, the test of robustness showed that it was still functional after immersion in sewage for at least 15 min. Besides, the LOC reported here can be helpful for a wide variety of flowing-water applications such as aqua culture outlets control, in-situ and continuous analysis of rivers effluents and sea waters monitoring among others.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Welcome to justdoondo classifieds! You can sell your products or service by posting a free ad on our website. Apologies, if your country is not available but you can send an email to support@justdoondo.com suggesting to add your country. Please select your country from below
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
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