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Stephen Brown (composer)
Stephen John Brown (born August 16, 1948) is a Canadian composer. He holds ARCT Diplomas in both Theory and Composition from the Royal Conservatory of Music and is an Associate of the Canadian Music Centre. Brown, composer-in-residence, at the Victoria Conservatory of Music, British Columbia, was the Composition and Theory Department Head, and an examination designer and syllabus design consultant for the Royal Conservatory of Music of Toronto. He served as a juror for the British Columbia Arts Council (performance & composition), and is a clinician and adjudicator in Western Canada.
References
External links
www.stephenbrown.ca Official website
Category:1948 births
Category:20th-century classical composers
Category:21st-century classical composers
Category:Canadian classical composers
Category:People from Nottingham
Category:Living people
Category:The Royal Conservatory of Music alumni
Category:Canadian male classical composers
Category:20th-century Canadian composers
Category:20th-century Canadian male musicians
Category:21st-century Canadian male musicians
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Risk differences between children and adults in road traffic injuries: a descriptive study from a tertiary-care hospital in a low-income country.
Our study attempted to describe the differences in circumstances, risk groups, and severity of road traffic injuries (RTIs) among injured children (1-15 years) and adults (≥16 years) coming to the tertiary-care hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. Past medical records from June 2006 to May 2007 of injured patients coming to the Emergency Department of the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi were reviewed. Data were recorded regarding the basic epidemiological features, hospital stay, body parts that are injured, and severity of injuries. Of 411 RTI patients, males outnumbered females by a ratio of 4 : 1 accounting for 81% (n = 333) of injured. Among pedestrians (82; 20%), females were injured more than males (38 vs. 16%; P < 0.01). When compared with adults, injured children were mostly pedestrians (18 vs. 36%; P = 0.01) and presented with severe Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) (9 vs. 18%; P = 0.02). Among adults, most RTIs were caused by two wheelers crashing with four wheelers (16 vs. 19%; P = 0.01). Motor vehicle occupants (adjusted odds ratio: 3.04; 95% confidence interval: 1.382-6.668) were more likely to have severe GCS (GCS < 8) even after adjusting for injury severity. The study may assist local authorities in Karachi to prioritize interventions to address common injuries among those who are at a high risk for RTIs. Further quantitative and qualitative studies are needed to assess the factors leading to RTIs among pedestrians in Karachi.
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}
|
CHENGKOUZHEN, China — Li Jinzi’s apartment lost its heat when the kilns went cold.
Ms. Li works at a Chinese aluminum factory, the sort of hulking industrial installation that has helped set off a global trade fight. President Trump imposed steep new tariffs on steel and aluminum imports last week, amid complaints from American companies that the Chinese government props up too many wasteful factories.
But here in the small Chinese town of Chengkouzhen, officials last year let the factory go idle. That cut off the steam that once heated the apartments where its workers live.
Officials in Washington say that China has too many steel and aluminum factories — and many Chinese officials agree. In that way, Mr. Trump’s tariffs are aimed at trade battles of the past.
Even as China makes veiled threats to retaliate against the United States, it is forcing many Chinese companies to close wasteful, polluting factories to fix its economy and clean up its skies. It wants them to make more high-value, high-tech products instead — the kind that would compete with American goods on a whole new level. China has already moved away from exporting sheets of steel or chunks of aluminum, and toward selling prefabricated steel bridges and lightweight alloy aluminum car wheels.
In the years ahead, it wants to emphasize more sophisticated goods like robotic arms and electric cars that count steel and aluminum only as ingredients.
Take the Chengkouzhen plant. It is involved in the process of turning raw materials into raw aluminum, which will be hit by Mr. Trump’s tariffs.
But the same owner operates another plant — and that plant is still humming. That plant, in the city of Zouping 90 miles away, takes raw aluminum and turns it into car parts. Most of those won’t be affected by the tariffs.
“Every day here, the factory is working as usual,” said Geng Peiguo, a 67-year-old in a reflective yellow safety vest who cleans the street in front of the parts factory. A loud clanging emerged from the factory, which was the size of several football fields.
Even before the tariffs, China’s vast steel exports to the rest of the world were falling, stemmed by Beijing’s efforts to shrink the industry as well as by improved demand at home. China’s aluminum exports are rising, but at only a fraction of their earlier pace.
China will not give up its old ways overnight, as some local officials look to bolster local employment and short-term economic growth. Even as the Chengkouzhen factory lies dormant, more raw aluminum operations are set to open. Morgan Stanley, the American bank, estimates that Chinese aluminum companies are set to expand capacity by 11 percent, though it noted that the government might discourage some of those projects.
Last year, Beijing propped up the publicly traded subsidiary of debt-laden Aluminum Corporation of China Limited, converting about $2 billion in loans into equity to be held by China’s state-controlled firms. The move was part of a broader effort to keep debt from hobbling the economy.
Still, China contends that it is addressing its wasteful factory problem and that American tariffs are unnecessary. Last week, the government-controlled association that oversees aluminum production called for retaliation against a wide variety of American products.
China accounts for only a small fraction of American aluminum and steel imports. As with the steel industry, aluminum manufacturers in the United States say China sends its cheap aluminum to other markets. That drives down global prices, and prompts producers elsewhere, notably Canada, to ship more to the United States instead.
The two factories, in Chengkouzhen and Zouping, show how Chinese officials will help some factories even as they allow others to close.
Their owner, Qixing Group, employs about 12,000 people across Shandong Province in eastern China. Qixing ran out of money after it overextended itself into real estate and other businesses. Last year it looked as if it might close.
The two factories then met different fates.
In Zouping, after some workers demonstrated, local officials stepped in. They helped provide two-thirds pay for the workers and get the company partly back in operation, according to two people familiar with the payments who asked not to be identified because the local authorities consider the matter sensitive.
While it is not clear how many people Qixing employs in Zouping, the aluminum industry is a major presence. Factories owned by Qixing and others get power from a chain of huge coal-fired plants sporting 13 hourglass-shaped, 300-foot-tall cooling towers, about six times as many as a traditional coal plant. An overhead cobweb of ultra-high-voltage power lines connects the power stations to the city’s voracious aluminum smelters.
The Zouping factory’s workers are still nervous. They worry that the American tariffs will end up hitting the business, or that the government may decide to let the factory close after all. While the factory remains open, two of the four kilns at Qixing’s smelter in Zouping have been shut down.
“If Qixing goes bankrupt and my husband is laid off, how could we make a living?” said Liu Guifang, a full-time mother whose husband and sister work for Qixing. “I have a 13-year-old daughter and a 1-year-old son.”
Zhang Hui, a Qixing electrician, criticized Mr. Trump’s tariffs. But he was just certified as a master electrician and plans to look for a job at an electronic devices manufacturer if Qixing shuts down entirely.
“I am very grateful to Qixing, which let me afford to buy an apartment and car and raise two sons,” Mr. Zhang said. “But I don’t feel appalled at Qixing’s current situation. It was going to happen at some point.”
In Chengkouzhen, local officials saw fewer reasons to keep the factory open.
The streets around the factory are silent. The factory, with its 15 hulking concrete silos as tall as eight-story buildings, used to import bauxite ore mined from West Africa and Australia. The factory would mix the ore with chemicals and heat it to separate alumina from the ore — the first step in producing raw aluminum.
When Ms. Li and her husband moved to Chengkouzhen five years ago from a town a half-hour’s drive inland, they thought that their new jobs would bring them firmly into China’s increasingly prosperous class of heavy-industry workers.
Then came the shutdown last spring. By late summer, with the equipment polished to a shine, maintenance duty became a mandatory holiday for all but a handful of workers. Autumn and then winter’s snows arrived, and the kilns at the factory never turned back on.
The remaining workers subsist on partial pay, commonly disbursed with government assistance in China to stem unrest. Some are paid to keep the lights on.
“We had heard the Qixing factory had good profits and offered high salaries,” Ms. Li said. “Who knew it would just collapse?”
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Sebastian Kurz speaks to media after a meeting with Austrian President Alexander Van der Bellen | Thomas Kronsteiner/Getty Images Austria’s (not so) pro-European government Incoming chancellor vows to stay close to the EU, but some raise doubts about his far-right coalition partners.
Austria's incoming right-leaning coalition took pains over the weekend to reassure partners the country would remain firmly "pro-European," amid growing concern over the populist influence at Europe’s geographic and political crossroads.
After two months of talks, Austria’s center-right People’s Party (ÖVP) and the far-right Freedom Party (FPÖ) agreed to form a government. The country’s president is expected to inaugurate the new coalition Monday, making Austria the only Western European nation with a government that includes an anti-immigrant, populist force.
“We have two parties forming a coalition here that want to actively help shape Europe,” said Sebastian Kurz, the ÖVP's leader and the future chancellor, as he presented the new government on Saturday.
But that’s exactly what worries some European capitals.
“It’s never good news when the extreme right joins a government,” said Sandro Gozi, Italy’s state secretary for European affairs. Rome has been annoyed by Freedom Party calls to impose border checks on the Brenner Pass, Europe's key north-south trade corridor, in order to keep out migrants.
“Democrats that believe in European values must keep a watchful eye on the coalition that is now in power in Austria,” said Pierre Moscovici, European commissioner for economic and financial affairs, on Twitter Sunday.
The Freedom Party, whose last foray into government in 2000 sparked censure from Austria’s EU partners, has flirted with anti-European positions for years and considers France’s National Front a close ally.
Europe’s political mainstream is concerned that Vienna will drift right on hot button issues such as migration and the future of the EU, positioning Austria closer to the more nationalist stances taken by some Central and Eastern European capitals.
Over the weekend, FPÖ leader Heinz-Christian Strache, who recently suggested Austria join Central Europe’s Visegrad Group alongside EU renegades Hungary and Poland, struck a more conciliatory note.
“We stand by the European Union, we stand by Europe’s peace project,” he said standing alongside Kurz. “We view one or the other position critically and have different positions that we will naturally articulate and look for partners on. That’s the democratic game.”
Just what game Strache is really playing isn’t clear, however. The FPÖ belongs to the Euroskeptic Europe of Nations and Freedom in the European Parliament, an affiliation critics say is inconsistent with a “pro-European” philosophy.
Even as Strache was intoning his allegiance to the EU, National Front leader Marine Le Pen and Dutch populist leader Geert Wilders were calling for its dissolution at a far-right summit in Prague. An FPÖ representative was also present. Le Pen called the party’s participation in the new government “excellent news for Europe."
“We are opponents of the European Union," Le Pen told the gathering, adding that the EU was “killing” Europe.
"I think this is something we have in common because the European Union is a disastrous organization, which is leading our Continent to destruction through dilution by drowning it in migrants, by the negation of our respective countries, by the draining of our diversity."
The Freedom Party’s position on Russia is also full of contradictions. The party, which struck a partnership agreement with Vladimir Putin’s political party earlier this year, opposes the international sanctions regime against Russia, but will nonetheless support the sanctions at the EU level, Strache said.
It’s unclear how much influence the Freedom Party will have on EU policy. Though it nominally will control the foreign ministry, its nominee, Middle East expert Karin Kneissl, doesn’t belong to the party. More importantly, Kurz, who served as Austria’s foreign minister in the previous government, plans to shift core responsibilities for the EU to the chancellery. That means he will have firm control of EU policy, much like Angela Merkel in Berlin and Viktor Orbán in Budapest.
“Tusk is right when he says that mandatory refugee quotas in the EU are not working” — Sebastian Kurz, future chancellor of Austria
While the ÖVP, which has been in government in various constellations since 1987, is solidly pro-European, Kurz has shown a willingness to divert from the political mainstream, most notably during the 2015 refugee crisis. He spearheaded an effort to close the migration route through the Western Balkans in the face of strong resistance from Merkel.
With Europe poised to make important decisions in the coming months on how to handle refugees fleeing Africa and other regions, Kurz’s voice will likely be an important one in the debate. Vienna is also due to take over the EU’s rotating presidency in the second half of 2018, offering him a prominent stage.
After recent comments by European Council President Donald Tusk reopened the divide over migration, Kurz made it clear on which side he stands.
“Tusk is right when he says that mandatory refugee quotas in the EU are not working,” Kurz said. “I’m going to push to change this dysfunctional refugee policy.”
That could end up putting Vienna in direct conflict with Merkel, who continues to insist on a quota system.
Many German conservatives, especially those to the right of Merkel, have welcomed Kurz’s ascension. Some Merkel opponents who believe the chancellor has taken her party into the center left regard Kurz as a model for re-energizing their own conservative values.
That’s also true within the European People’s Party, the alliance of center-right parties to which both Kurz’s ÖVP and Merkel’s conservatives belong. Kurz’s success in turning around the moribund People’s Party at just 31 to become the world’s youngest government leader has made him the group’s star.
While some in the group might frown over the fact that the Freedom Party will control both the interior and defense ministries, Kurz has met with little resistance at the European level.
The new Austrian coalition’s top priorities — security and migration — mirror those in most European countries and Kurz’s law-and-order approach has many adherents.
He is likely to make that case on Tuesday when he travels to Brussels for dinner with Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker and Tusk. The purpose of Kurz's first foreign trip as chancellor: to underscore the new government's commitment to Europe.
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It’s a global, multigenerational world of work. And as if that’s not enough to deal with,many leaders find themselves managing geographically distributed work teams, often with wildly divergent schedules, personalities, cultural nuances, work habits, and – this is the difficult part – job expectations.
In a distributed work team, perhaps more than in a centralized physical office, strong leadership and process are necessary to retain your talent.
1) An acknowledged and respected team leader. While we all aspire to collaborate effectively, a strong, decisive and sensitive leader is critical to team functioning. The team leader must be directive without micromanaging, sympathetic without being easily manipulated, a good listener and coach, and a project manager focused on achieving results. Perhaps most importantly, the leader must be committed to the team’s success, as well as the success of each team member.
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Kollam Thulasi was addressing a public gathering in Kerala's Kollam city
Malyali actor Kollam Thulasi made a shocking statement today, saying women entering Sabarimala temple should be ripped into half. Hitting out at both the central and the state governments, he said one half should be sent to Delhi while the other half should be thrown towards Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan's house.
"Women coming to Sabarimala temple should be ripped into half," the actor said while addressing a public gathering in Kerala's Kollam city, according to news agency ANI.
The Lord Ayyappa temple in Sabarimala has traditionally barred all women of menstruating age. The temple's rule followed the still widely-held belief in India that menstruating women are "impure". The custom in the temple was challenged by a clutch of petitioners who argued that women cannot be denied the constitutional right to worship.
In a four-one majority verdict last month, the top court had revoked restrictions on women entering the temple following a 20-year legal battle, ruling that patriarchy cannot be allowed to trump faith.
The verdict has received mixed reactions from people in the state. The Kerala government and the Travancore Devaswom Board, which runs the shrine, have accepted the verdict. Mr Vijayan has said all necessary arrangements will be made for the safety and comfort of women pilgrims and that state government would not go in for a review of the ruling of the Supreme Court.
The opposition Congress, BJP and various Hindu outfits have launched protests, demanding that the state government file a review petition against the September 28 top court order.
Four review petitions have already been filed against the Sabarimala judgement, but the Supreme Court earlier this week said there will be no urgent hearing. "It will be listed in due course," a bench headed by Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi said on Tuesday.
The LDF has alleged that the ongoing stir over the Lord Ayyappa shrine was to "destabilise' the government.
With inputs from agencies
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The openly difficult relationship between Saudi Arabia and Muslim Brotherhood chapters across the region has become a salient feature of Middle East politics since the advent of the “Arab Spring.” This mutual mistrust has increased in the wake of the Kingdom's recent support for the military takeover in Cairo and the generals' subsequent repression of the Brotherhood there. But how is the Islamist organization affected by this dynamic in Syria, where the Muslim Brothers and the Saudis both battle against Bashar al-Assad?
The question has become ever more relevant since Saudi Arabia's takeover of the “Syrian file” from the hands of the Qataris last May.[1] Yet the answer is steeped in ambiguities. On the one hand, the relationship between Riyadh and the Syrian Brotherhood suffers from political contradictions and a lack of genuine trust. On the other hand, the two actors know each other well and have a common short and medium-term interest: to see the Iran and Hezbollah-backed Syrian regime replaced by a new political system dominated by Sunnis. But the moving sands of Egypt might soon reach Syria too, and the consequences for the local Brotherhood branch there may one day be significant.
A Long-standing Relationship
To understand the relationship between the Syrian Brotherhood and Saudi Arabia, often described by Syrian Brothers themselves as “complex,”[2] one first needs to look a few decades back. For it was after the Syrian Brotherhood's rebellion in the late 1970s that both actors really started to know each other. Fleeing harsh repression in the early 1980s, tens of thousands of Muslim Brothers escaped Syria and took refuge in Jordan, Iraq, and, to a lesser extent, Turkey and Saudi Arabia. It is estimated that the number of Brothers residing in the Kingdom today is in the low thousands.
This relatively sizeable presence initially posed challenges to Saudi rulers, who considered the Brotherhood's goal of politicizing Islam a threat to the apolitical nature of their deeply conservative Wahhabi society. “The Saudi government believes that the implementation of the Brotherhood's political project—calling for elections and the formation of parties—would mean the end of its own model, which depends on the control of a ruler who has all powers,” argued a leader of the Syrian Brotherhood who has family in the Gulf. The Kingdom therefore regulated the Syrian Brothers’ presence in Saudi Arabia by allowing them to carry out political activities in private but forbidding any politicization of Saudi society, with the promise of an uncompromising and harsh response as a deterrent. “We would be very cautious not to cross these lines,” recounted another Brother who was raised in Saudi Arabia. “There would be Syrian Brotherhood gatherings in houses or mosques but, to be discreet, we would only go and leave by a group of two or three individuals. We wouldn't mix with members of other Brotherhood chapters, and we would almost never disclose our political affiliation in the presence of Saudi citizens.”
Thus, despite a sometimes heavy intelligence surveillance, the Kingdom nonetheless allowed the Syrian Brotherhood to operate underground. Saudi Arabia even became the place of residence for two leaders of the organization: Hassan al-Houeidi from Deir Ezzor, who lived in Medina, and Abdel Fatah Abu Ghuddah, a distinguished Islamic scholar from Aleppo who was based in Riyadh. This 30-year presence of an important share of the Syrian Brotherhood in the Kingdom helps explain why, short-term mutual interests aside, the Saudi rulers have for a long time tolerated the group more than its Egyptian counterpart.
Caught in the Crossfire: Between Qatar and Saudi Arabia
Yet the advent of the Arab Spring and the rise of Qatar as a major backer of Brotherhood chapters in the region have changed the Saudi-Brotherhood equation, and the Syrian chapter is no exception. The backing it received from Doha, mainly through political and material support for the Brotherhood-dominated Syrian National Council (SNC), helped reinforce the perception that the group had sided with Qatar in the emirate's emerging competition with the Kingdom for regional influence.
The political reality, however, sometimes differed. It was not primarily the Syrian Brotherhood but a group of “local” Syrian activists headed by Mustafa Sabbagh that supported Qatari interests and positions within the SNC and its successor, the National Coalition (NC). But because the Brotherhood often voted with Sabbagh’s group, the Saudis started making the organization's life difficult—within opposition bodies but also at home.
In the Kingdom, it became difficult to fundraise for the Syrian Brotherhood. “You don't fundraise for the Brotherhood but for the Syrian revolution; otherwise you risk being thrown in jail by the police,” explained a Syrian Brother who travels regularly to Saudi Arabia. Those who nonetheless want to give to the group must now operate through complex financial channels. “It's not like donating to Oxfam,” another Muslim Brother with family in the Kingdom summed up ironically. The Saudis also started to support the inclusion of secular activists in exiled Syrian opposition bodies, with the idea that the activists would dilute the Brotherhood's influence.
The Kingdom's takeover of the Syrian file from the hands of the Qataris became effective in July, when the opposition elected as its new head Ahmad Assi al-Jarba,[3] a tribal leader nicknamed by many as “the man of Bandar bin Sultan,” chief of Saudi intelligence. “The election of Jarba changed the NC's landscape,” recounted a prominent Syrian opposition activist. With the Qatari-Saudi competition for influence diminished, Mustafa Sabbagh's group became sidelined from the decision-making process, and the Syrian Brotherhood was left looking for new allies. Over the summer, some figures in and around the group began to advocate for an effort to reach out to the Saudis and improve relations on a pragmatic basis. “After all, we both need each other,” whispered a high-ranking member of the Brotherhood. One man in particular seems to entertain a particularly close relation to the Saudi rulers—Farouk Tayfour, deputy head of the group and also deputy leader of the NC. Two months ago, he called on Syrian activists to vote in favor of Jarba, and therefore may have been the one tipping the balance for the Saudi-sponsored candidate. There are also reports that he enjoys friendly relations with Saad Hariri and Okab Sakr, both Lebanese nationals in charge of lending Saudi support to the Syrian opposition, and that he is getting closer to Louay Meqdad, Michel Kilo, and Ahmad Assi al-Jarba, who all act as important channels for Saudi influence in the NC.
But the extent to which Tayfour's rapprochement with Saudi Arabia was sanctioned by Brotherhood leadership is disputed. When Tayfour argued for Jarba's election as head of the NC, he actually did so against the collective decision of the Brotherhood to support Sabbagh and was afterward severely reprimanded by the leadership. “We welcomed Saudi support for the Syrian opposition, but our opinion was that Sabbagh would have been a better candidate than Jarba,” explained a leader of the Brotherhood. “Farouk Tayfour…thought that welcoming Saudi support should translate into voting for the Kingdom's candidate.” Long seen as the group's strongman, Tayfour’s position within the Brotherhood's hierarchy is now being questioned.
Bringing in a “Syrian el-Sisi?”
Tayfour's unilateral rapprochement with Saudi Arabia coincided with the Kingdom's support for the crackdown of General Abdul-Fattah el-Sisi on the Brotherhood in Egypt, and as a result gave rise to suspicion that the Kingdom was devising strategies to politically crush the Syrian group as well.
“If, by allying with Tayfour, the Saudis are trying to use a divide and rule tactic to break the Brotherhood's neck, they are failing,” asserted one of the Brotherhood's leaders, hinting at the fact that even Tayfour's usual allies in the Hama and Idlib leadership had joined in his reprimand. Mistrust of the Kingdom's intentions is heightened by the parallel improvement of relationships between Riyadh and the National Action Group (NAG), a platform of former Muslim Brothers led by Ahmed Ramadan that split from the Brotherhood a few years ago and broke all relations with the group recently.
“The Brotherhood is now dealing with Jarba and with Saudi Arabia but there is a fear that the group risks being used by the Kingdom before eventually being completely neglected—if not one day even repressed,” explained an NC official who has knowledge of such matters.
An anti-Brotherhood source in the Free Syrian Army (FSA) went as far to hope that the Saudi support for el-Sisi in Egypt would one day translate into a similar process that could also remove the group in Syria. “Some of us want to issue arrest warrants for those Brotherhood leaders who go back to Syria because of what they have done to the revolution,” the source said. “We also want to shut down their new office in Aleppo and confiscate their weapons and ammunitions inside the country.”
Such intentions, though unlikely to represent the entire FSA leadership or to become reality in the near future, are sources of deep concern to many Brotherhood members and leaders who, on the ground, have started to rebuild a degree of influence after 30 years of exile and to gather some armed groups under the umbrella of the “Shields of the Revolution.” But what seems to worry Brotherhood leaders the most is the Saudi temptation, resurfacing regularly, to negotiate an “authoritarian transition” with a prominent defector who would get rid of the Assad clan while keeping his hands on Syria's strong security apparatus. Such figures could include Brigadier General Manaf Tlass, son of a former defense minister, or Chief of Staff Ali Habib. Both are highly prominent defectors from the Syrian military.
“If the Saudi agenda in Syria is similar to that of Egypt and aims at bringing in a ‘Syrian el-Sisi,’ things will not go down well with many of us,” a leader of the Brotherhood said. “We do share the same short-term goals with the Kingdom,” he insisted, “but our long-term relationship is currently being reevaluated.”
[1] Hassan Hassan, “Syria is now Saudi Arabia’s Problem,” Foreign Policy, 6 June 2013, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/06/06/syria_is_now_saudi_arabias_problem. [2] Sources quoted in this article are the product of a series of interviews carried out in August and September 2013 with high-ranking members of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, the National Coalition, and the Free Syrian Army. [3] “Saudi-backed Jarba Defeats Qatar’s Point Man in Syria Opposition,” Middle East Online, 6 July 2013, http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=59926.
Also See: The Syrian Brotherhood: On the Sidelines, by Aron Lund
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//
// ActionSheetColors.swift
// Sheeeeeeeeet
//
// Created by Daniel Saidi on 2019-08-10.
// Copyright © 2019 Daniel Saidi. All rights reserved.
//
import UIKit
/**
This enum specifies standard action sheet colors, which are
just aliases for system colors. Use the `color` property to
get the resolved `UIColor` representation.
The enum cases are aliases for iOS 13 semantic and adaptive
colors, but provide fallbacks to older, non-adaptive colors
on iOS 12 and earlier.
*/
public enum ActionSheetColor: CaseIterable {
case actionText
case background
case danger
case disabledText
case discreteText
case overlay
case separator
case text
case tint
}
// MARK: - Public Extensions
public extension ActionSheetColor {
/**
Get the UI color representation of the semantic color.
*/
var color: UIColor {
if #available(iOS 13.0, *) {
return adaptiveColor
} else {
return legacyColor
}
}
}
// MARK: - Private Extensions
private extension ActionSheetColor {
var overlay: UIColor {
UIColor.black.withAlphaComponent(0.6)
}
@available(iOS 13.0, *)
var adaptiveColor: UIColor {
switch self {
case .actionText: return .systemBlue
case .background: return .tertiarySystemBackground
case .danger: return .systemRed
case .disabledText: return .secondaryLabel
case .discreteText: return .secondaryLabel
case .overlay: return overlay
case .separator: return .separator
case .text, .tint: return .label
}
}
var legacyColor: UIColor {
switch self {
case .actionText: return .blue
case .background: return .white
case .danger: return .red
case .disabledText: return .lightGray
case .discreteText: return .lightGray
case .overlay: return overlay
case .separator: return .lightGray
case .text, .tint: return .darkText
}
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Project 365 is based on the concept of taking one picture a day for a whole year to chronicle a year in your life. I will be scrapbooking these pictures using something similar to Becky Higgins Project 365 kit and I will post pictures of the layouts here when finished!
Tuesday, March 24, 2009
Project 365 - Day 24: The Raging Red!
Well its spring time again in Southern Manitoba and spring in this neck of the woods quite often means flooding and this year is no different.
The Red River has its roots down in the United States and the water flows up from Fargo and Grand Forks to empty into Lake Winnipeg north of Winnipeg. The Red is rising very high, very fast. In 1997, we had a severe flooding situation and many communites built up dikes to help protect their properties. Currently it looks like we will have a situation similar to that which occurred in '97. Many of the communities in and around Morris Manitoba will need to be evacuated when they close the dikes in those areas. I have friends there and I feel for them. This is just another way that Mother Nature tells us who is really boss.
To find out the current flood forecast which is being updated daily go here: Flood ForecastIf you want to learn more about the Red River, visit wikipedia at The Red River
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Ways of thinking: from crows to children and back again.
This article reviews some of the recent work on the remarkable cognitive capacities of food-caching corvids. The focus will be on their ability to think about other minds and other times, and tool-using tests of physical problem solving. Research on developmental cognition suggests that young children do not pass similar tests until they are at least four years of age in the case of the social cognition experiments, and eight years of age in the case of the tasks that tap into physical cognition. This developmental trajectory seems surprising. Intuitively, one might have thought that the social and planning tasks required more complex forms of cognitive process, namely Mental Time Travel and Theory of Mind. Perhaps the fact that children pass these tasks earlier than the physical problem-solving tasks is a reflection of cultural influences. Future research will hope to identify these cognitive milestones by starting to develop tasks that might go some way towards understanding the mechanisms underlying these abilities in both children and corvids, to explore similarities and differences in their ways of thinking.
|
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|
NUMBER 13-06-340-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH
DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS
CHRISTI - EDINBURG
IN RE: BEVY LEE WILSON
On Petition for Writ of Mandamus
MEMORANDUM
OPINION
Before
Justices Rodriguez, Castillo, and Garza
Memorandum
Opinion Per Curiam
Relator,
Bevy Lee Wilson, filed a petition for writ of mandamus in the above cause on
June 12, 2006 in which he alleges that the Respondent, the Honorable Patrick
McGuire, counsel appointed by the 117th District Court of Nueces County, Texas
to represent relator in his appeal, abused his discretion by failing to perform
his ministerial duties by not providing the appellate record to the
relator. The relator=s petition asks this Court to compel the respondent
to provide the relator with the appeals record, clerk=s record, and court reporter=s record in cause numbers 13-05-279-CR and
13-05-280-CR, free of charge due to his indigence.
The Court, having examined and fully considered
the documents on file and petition for writ of mandamus, is of the opinion that
relator has not shown himself entitled to the relief sought and the petition
for writ of mandamus should be denied. See
Tex. R. App. P. 52.8. Accordingly, the petition for writ of
mandamus is DENIED.
PER CURIAM
Memorandum
Opinion delivered
and filed this
the 13th day of June, 2006.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
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Search form
You are here
Mehmet Karakus
Role: Subcommittee Member
Biography:
Mehmet received his bachelor degree in Faculty of Science in Izmire, Turkey. He received his PhD in the field of Epidemiology & Parasitology at Ege University, Facult of Medicine. His dissertation was focused on Leishmaniasis among Syrian refugees in Turkey. He is a Postdoctoral Associate in the Aksoy Lab in LEPH and his studies focus on paratransgenic control of Trypanasomiasis.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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#!/bin/sh
# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
# Simple script to update the version of DTC carried by the Linux kernel
#
# This script assumes that the dtc and the linux git trees are in the
# same directory. After building dtc in the dtc directory, it copies the
# source files and generated source file(s) into the scripts/dtc directory
# in the kernel and creates a git commit updating them to the new
# version.
#
# Usage: from the top level Linux source tree, run:
# $ ./scripts/dtc/update-dtc-source.sh
#
# The script will change into the dtc tree, build and test dtc, copy the
# relevant files into the kernel tree and create a git commit. The commit
# message will need to be modified to reflect the version of DTC being
# imported
#
# TODO:
# This script is pretty basic, but it is seldom used so a few manual tasks
# aren't a big deal. If anyone is interested in making it more robust, the
# the following would be nice:
# * Actually fail to complete if any testcase fails.
# - The dtc "make check" target needs to return a failure
# * Extract the version number from the dtc repo for the commit message
# * Build dtc in the kernel tree
# * run 'make check" on dtc built from the kernel tree
set -ev
DTC_UPSTREAM_PATH=`pwd`/../dtc
DTC_LINUX_PATH=`pwd`/scripts/dtc
DTC_SOURCE="checks.c data.c dtc.c dtc.h flattree.c fstree.c livetree.c srcpos.c \
srcpos.h treesource.c util.c util.h version_gen.h yamltree.c Makefile.dtc \
dtc-lexer.l dtc-parser.y"
LIBFDT_SOURCE="Makefile.libfdt fdt.c fdt.h fdt_addresses.c fdt_empty_tree.c \
fdt_overlay.c fdt_ro.c fdt_rw.c fdt_strerror.c fdt_sw.c \
fdt_wip.c libfdt.h libfdt_env.h libfdt_internal.h"
get_last_dtc_version() {
git log --oneline scripts/dtc/ | grep 'upstream' | head -1 | sed -e 's/^.* \(.*\)/\1/'
}
last_dtc_ver=$(get_last_dtc_version)
# Build DTC
cd $DTC_UPSTREAM_PATH
make clean
make check
dtc_version=$(git describe HEAD)
dtc_log=$(git log --oneline ${last_dtc_ver}..)
# Copy the files into the Linux tree
cd $DTC_LINUX_PATH
for f in $DTC_SOURCE; do
cp ${DTC_UPSTREAM_PATH}/${f} ${f}
git add ${f}
done
for f in $LIBFDT_SOURCE; do
cp ${DTC_UPSTREAM_PATH}/libfdt/${f} libfdt/${f}
git add libfdt/${f}
done
sed -i -- 's/#include <libfdt_env.h>/#include "libfdt_env.h"/g' ./libfdt/libfdt.h
sed -i -- 's/#include <fdt.h>/#include "fdt.h"/g' ./libfdt/libfdt.h
git add ./libfdt/libfdt.h
commit_msg=$(cat << EOF
scripts/dtc: Update to upstream version ${dtc_version}
This adds the following commits from upstream:
${dtc_log}
EOF
)
git commit -e -v -s -m "${commit_msg}"
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
There is an increasing amount of noise surrounding “freedom of speech,” “fake news,” and everyone’s right to be heard. This has particular bearing on the gaming community, where the term “freedom of speech” is often used incorrectly.
On the other hand, online personalities are often playing a role in game marketing, and issues with GamerGate and other hate groups latching onto gaming means that games, studios and publishers are confronted with the task of moderating community and forum posts and interactions while being told they are censoring others. Hence, depriving someone of their right to free speech.
As an entertainment attorney with over seven years of experience in a practice dedicated exclusively to gaming culture and industry, this has been an ongoing cause for concern. It’s an issue my clients face daily.
Legally, there’s no argument to be had. Let me explain why.
No One is Entitled to a Platform
Felix Kjellberg, aka PewDiePie, blamed the press immediately after apologizing for his bad judgement, which brings up some interesting legal points about his situation.
He seemed to be operating under the assumption that the Wall Street Journal and mainstream media intentionally destroyed his business relationships. However, based on his own explanation, it’s more than likely he broke his contract under any number of contract theories, as we’ll examine below.
This was my first notice of PewDiePie, so I’m not bringing any baggage into this debate. I don’t like him or dislike him. I just know he’s being widely discussed, and I’m familiar with the legal aspects of these situations.
His departure from Google and Disney seems like a no-brainer to anyone with a basic understanding of entertainment contracts. His first mistake likely came from his presumption that either Google or Disney have a sense of humor, or value him for his comedic chops.
Companies typically won’t support you when doing so will harm their brand or otherwise expose them to liability
The contracts he signed with Google (through YouTube) and Disney (through Maker Studios) should have made it apparent that they do not. Any tolerance on their part would be based on financial interest, not out of any respect for his freedom of expression or his budding career as a “rookie comedian.” That is not the business they are in, as evidenced by how quickly they dropped him when his humor became a liability.
Companies typically won’t support you when doing so will harm their brand or otherwise expose them to liability. That’s why YouTube has a code of conduct, and why most contracts for endorsement include rather robust non-disparagement/no disparaging effect clauses. Disney includes this in its terms of use:
“You may not submit or upload User Generated Content that is defamatory, harassing, threatening, bigoted, hateful, violent, vulgar, obscene, pornographic, or otherwise offensive or that harms or can reasonably be expected to harm any person or entity, whether or not such material is protected by law.”
Or, if you’d like a more direct example from one of my own agreements:
“Influencer may not: [….] engage in conduct or a pattern of behavior that may: (i) diminish Influencer’s reputation as a personality in the gaming community; or (ii) as a result of [Company’s] association with Influencer, harm [Company’s] reputation.”
Typically a non-disparagement clause won’t act alone to limit influencer conduct in an agreement. Some agreements will include strong “moral” clauses, broad warranties and representations, and at will termination as additional means of controlling the influencer or providing backers a buffer if the Influencer’s conduct creates a problem.
For example, a moral provision may prohibit an influencer from engaging in behavior in his or her private life that may amount to a scandal, while almost any reps and warranties provision will include a proviso prohibiting content that is defamatory or otherwise subject to legal action. The goal is to make sure, if you get into a scandal, you can be cast off quickly and with little legal repercussion.
Read every word of your contract
In the interest of fairness, it is possible that the relevance of such provisions weren’t made clear to Kjellberg. In an effort to court lucrative talent, backers may treat such verbiage as boilerplate until and unless something triggers it. I’ve heard “they said we don’t need to worry about that part,” from more than a few clients.
This doesn’t absolve responsibility on the part of the talent. You should read and treat as enforceable anything you want to sign. If you’re not sure, consult an attorney and save yourself trouble down the road. However, it’s generally common sense that companies like Google and Disney are in this for two main reasons: it helps their bottom line, and it’s good for brand building.
When an influencer under contract does something that harms that brand, that influencer is materially breaching their contract. That means termination.
It’s possible that the relationship can still be repaired. However, he broke the rule any competent attorney would advise in a matter concerning an open dispute: the less you say, the better. An eight minute diatribe placing blame on third parties and treating your business partners as complicit in the conspiracy against you probably isn’t going to help smooth this out.
Thus my surprise when Kjellberg admitted that his content was offensive and he crossed the line, that he exhibited poor judgment and that his amateurish attempt at comedy was a failure. He effectively admitted to breaching his contracts with Disney and Google, and then immediately sought to blame the press.
The context for his “joke,” and whether mainstream media took it out of context, never really had anything to do with it. It’s reasonable for companies like Disney and Google to consider mainstream media as the litmus test for what is considered offensive; their respective brands cater to a far broader demographic than PewDiePie’s followers, after all.
Welcome to the wonderful world of entertainment, Felix. You’ve joined an elite club of performers, comedians and artists who crossed the line. No one is entitled to a platform, and your platform is a privilege that you will lose if you breach the terms under which that platform operates. In all likelihood you broke your contract. You even explained how you broke that contract in a video. It’s irrational to conclude that a third party is responsible for the failure of your contract.
This Has Nothing to do With Free Speech
More alarming is the response by supporters, or rather, the response against detractors. The idea that companies or institutions are infringing on someone’s freedom of speech is commonly expressed, often in very strong language. When Twitter banned Milo Yiannopolous, we heard the same refrain. Kjellberg himself has already confirmed that a subset of his fan base consists of white supremacists. As many of us have witnessed, that particular subset is known to be more vocal about a perceived injustice than your average netizen.
Let me go ahead and get this out of the way:
A private individual’s right to tell you to shut up, and a company’s right to censor your offensive content, are both protected by the first amendment.
If a client of mine terminates a player’s subscription because they violated a game’s code of conduct by spamming a chat channel with anti-Semitic rhetoric, they are well within their contractual rights to terminate that subscription. Your participation on a platform like Twitter, YouTube or one of the excellent games offered by my clients, however, is not. That is strictly governed by the Terms of Service or EULA you agree to when you sign up.
If you are an Influencer, your continued support from your backers is contingent on your compliance with whatever non-disparagement language you’ve agreed to. Almost every platform available to you is offered by a private entity. Surprise! Welcome to Capitalism!
The first amendment isn’t prohibitive against society at large; it protects society from government action. This typically shouldn’t be a point of confusion, as the text itself is clear and unequivocal:
“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”
The context of “free speech,” in roughly every territory where free speech exists, is uniformly a limitation on government power to suppress that right. Your personal feelings about censorship notwithstanding (or mine, for that matter), your only recourse against censorship on a platform provided by a private company is to not use that platform. There is no legal recourse. In fact, if there were, that really would violate the First Amendment. Clearly no one wants that.
When someone decries “censorship” and claims “free speech,” they generally are not talking about the right to say what they want. They are talking about the right to say what they want wherever they want to share it, and that is a distinction that crosses the line between “fundamental human right” and “moral rationalization.”
No one is morally obligated to listen to another person’s opinion. No one should feel morally obligated to offer a platform for someone’s message when they consider that message offensive. Freedom of speech does not place one person’s rights above another person’s right, simply because the other provides the platform. That rationale subverts the fundamental right to freedom of speech generally.
What does this all mean?
We like to see the Internet as an open platform for the free exchange of ideas. Many of the companies who make the Internet possible, and they are each and every one private corporations, do their best to make that a reality.
But as we begin to recognize the risks associated with that free exchange, companies must take measures to safeguard the privacy and happiness of their consumers. This necessarily means censoring the content shared online. We are comfortable with censorship intended to protect us (e.g., prohibitions against sharing your personally identifiable information, passwords, etc. online), but we are less comfortable with censorship designed to protect others (e.g., codes of conduct).
The bottom line is that when you engage in free speech online, you typically do so as a consumer of the platform you are using. Normally you won’t have the opportunity to negotiate the contracts you are bound to (whether it be a ToS or EULA) when you use those services.
Even the most successful influencers, Kjellberg included, are bound by provisions that limit their behavior. Ironically, they are often subject to greater restrictions because of their influence on the brand. The reality is that your right to free speech may directly conflict with the agreement you’ve entered, and engaging in some kinds of speech will almost certainly cost you a contract.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
DONATE
Saturday, November 5, 2011
The Open Door
Truth is an open door to the blessings of God. Responding to life’s challenges with a “but” begins to close the door limiting the conduit of blessings in Christ from the Father to usward who believe in the death, burial and Resurrection of Christ. If the heart becomes hardened the door closes all the way. For clarity’s sake one should know God is not the one closing the door of blessings toward a hardened heart. Rather it is the person who feeds their mind with data that is contrary toward walking the Life of God that closes that door to blessings.
Scriptures:
Jesus is the Door:
7 Then Jesus said to them again, “Most assuredly, I say to you, I am the door of the sheep. 8 All who ever came before Me[a] are thieves and robbers, but the sheep did not hear them. 9 I am the door. If anyone enters by Me, he will be saved, and will go in and out and find pasture. 10 The thief does not come except to steal, and to kill, and to destroy. I have come that they may have life, and that they may have it more abundantly. (John 10: 7-10 NKJV)
Having the mind of Christ: Garbage in – Garbage out. God-kind-of-Life in – God-kind-of-Life out:
22 “The lamp of the body is the eye. If therefore your eye is good, your whole body will be full of light. 23 But if your eye is bad, your whole body will be full of darkness. If therefore the light that is in you is darkness, how great is that darkness! (Matthew 6: 22-23 NKJV)
33 “Either make the tree good and its fruit good, or else make the tree bad and its fruit bad; for a tree is known by its fruit. 34 Brood of vipers! How can you, being evil, speak good things? For out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaks. 35 A good man out of the good treasure of his heart[a] brings forth good things, and an evil man out of the evil treasure brings forth evil things. 36 But I say to you that for every idle word men may speak, they will give account of it in the day of judgment. 37 For by your words you will be justified, and by your words you will be condemned.” (Matthew 12: 33-37 NKJV)
Knock on the Door in Faith and it Will Open
9 “So I say to you, ask, and it will be given to you; seek, and you will find; knock, and it will be opened to you. 10 For everyone who asks receives, and he who seeks finds, and to him who knocks it will be opened. (Luke 11: 9-10 NKJV)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
The al-Qaeda-Inspired Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has ordered all girls and women between the ages of 11 and 46 in and around Iraq's northern city of Mosul to undergo female genital mutilation, the United Nations said on Thursday.
“It is a fatwa (or religious edict) of ISIS, we learnt this this morning,” said Jacqueline Badcock, the number two U.N. official in Iraq.
Read the latest on this story: Iraq NGO: ISIS likely to implement FGM fatwa
The “fatwa” would potentially affect 4 million women and girls, Badcock told reporters in Geneva by videolink from Arbil.
“This is something very new for Iraq, particularly in this area, and is of grave concern and does need to be addressed,” she said, according to Reuters.
“This is not the will of Iraqi people, or the women of Iraq in these vulnerable areas covered by the terrorists,” she added.
No one was immediately available for comment from Islamic State which has led an offensive through northern and western Iraq.
Also read:
ISIS takes jihadists on honeymoon in Iraq and Syria
Photos surface of ISIS leader Baghdadi’s wife
ISIS unveils ‘cabinet’ lineup: report
How ISIS conquered social media
The world body has “zero contact” with ISIS, but works through tribal leaders in the affected areas, Badcock said. “I can't give you any more details until we have been on the ground to get information,” she said of the directive.
Doubts over the fatwa
The text of the purported “fatwa” being circulated on the internet, however, has raised questions of authenticity. It appeared dated July, 11, 2013 and referred to the group as the “The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria.” Since the group declared an “Islamic Caliphate” last month, it rebranded itself as the “Islamic State.”
ISIS FGM
Besides, the document appeared to be stamped in the city of Aazaz, north of the Syrian province of Aleppo. ISIS has reportedly withdrawn from Aazaz under pressures by the Syrian Free Army several months ago.
FGM, the partial or total removal of external female genitalia, is a tradition practiced widely in many countries and often justified as a means of suppressing a woman's sexual desire to prevent “immoral” behavior.
Female Genital Mutilation in U.S. sparks warnings
Worldwide, more than 130 million girls and women have undergone FGM and more than 700 million women alive today were children when they were married.
The practice of FGM previously occurred only in isolated pockets of Iraq, mainly Kurdistan, according to Badcock.
Mosul city currently has some two million people, more than half of whom are women as there are many female-headed households in the area, she said. Several more million people live in surrounding areas, she added.
“There are reports of rapes of women, of forced marriages,” Badcock added.
Last Update: Wednesday, 20 May 2020 KSA 09:42 - GMT 06:42
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Bat colonization in buildings is often undesired in America because (1) one bat among hundreds or thousands may develop paralytic rabies, fall down, and bite people who handle it, (2) in the Southeastern United States and in tropical areas of the world, bat guano may contain infective spores of the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which if inhaled in sufficient quantity can produce histoplasmosis in man and animals, or (3) the bats are considered a nuisance. The fear of rabies is the greatest problem.
An estimated 75% of the rabies-infected bats found in California live in trees or other natural harborages. However, a significant quantity find shelter as colonies in buildings. Pest control operators and public health and animal control agencies used to destroy bat colonies in buildings using pesticides or other toxicants, an approach now known to be counterproductive. Killing the bats or repelling them chemically is a waste of time and other resources, because other bats soon colonize the open roost. Moreover, toxicants (and chemical repellents, often misapplied on the bats instead of the roost) scatter sick bats that bite inquisitive persons and pets, increasing manifoldly the numbers of antirabies treatments given people and the numbers of pets that must be destroyed or quarantined and a "treated" roost can produce downed bats for four years or longer.
It has long been known that the only permanent way to rid buildings of bat colonies is to stop up their exit holes after the bats leave to migrate elsewhere for the winter or after they fly out at night to feed on flying insects or in select situations by installing physical repellents such as lights or other disturbing factors. Exterminators claim the displaced bats which then move to a new or alternate roost take with them an impending rabies outbreak, despite abundant evidence that rabies outbreaks do not occur in insectivorous bats. It can be suspected that batproofing eliminates a renewable source of income for exterminators, who would be called to destroy successive groups of bats that move into unsealed roosts.
It is frequently difficult to find someone to do the batproofing work for many reasons including the necessity to work at night, frequently requiring ladder work at night, the mistaken fear of retaliatory attacks by either rabid or nonrabid bats, the fear of acquiring rabies infection through inhalation, and the fear of taking antirabies inoculations either after exposure or the abbreviated preexposure series.
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{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
[Effect and mechanism of intermedin in acute rat cardiac ischemic injury].
To investigate the effect and potential mechanism of intermedin (IMD) in acute cardiac ischemic injury and to provide a new approach for exploring mechanism of sudden cardiac death. Seventy-two healthy male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control, ischemic and the IMD-treated group. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in heart blood were tested by enzyme chemistry method. The mRNA changes of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) and receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) in cardiac were measured by real-time PCR analysis. Myocardial cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) content was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Apoptosis related factors Bcl-2 and Bax were detected by immunohistochemistry. Comparing with the control group, LDH and MDA activity of ischemic group in heart blood increased and SOD activity decreased. The concentration of cAMP increased in ventricular muscle, Bcl-2 and Bax proteins expression ratio level decreased. The intravenation of IMD decreased the level of increased activity of LDH and MDA, and lessened the level of decreased activity of SOD. The mRNA expression of CRLR and RAMPs obviously increased in ventricular muscle. The protective effect of IMD against myocardial ischemic injury could be caused by decreasing the oxidative stress of ischemia and inhibiting the myocardial apoptosis.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Italian Soccer Player Piermario Morosini, Dies During Match
All Italian soccer matches were cancelled for the weekend after Livorno midfielder Piermario Morosini, age 25, died Saturday from cardiac arrest.
His death happened just 31minutes after the Italian Serie B soccer match against Pescara began.
Morosini was taken off the field by stretcher after collapsing several times. According to ESPN, “A consultant in the hemodynamic department at the hospital, who was watching the game and rushed to help before the ambulance arrived, said Morosini never regained consciousness.”
“Morosini never had a single heartbeat again,” Leonardo Paloscia said. “From when I arrived, he never gave a sign of revival, not in his respiration nor his heartbeat. When I arrived everything (his heart, respiration) was stopped. No one can say what the cause was; I think nothing will come out until after the autopsy.”
A defibrillator was used to try to bring him back to consciousness as he was taken off the pitch to a nearby hospital.
De Blasio told reporters that Morosini was already dead by the time he got to the hospital. Cardiologist Eduardo De Blasio at Pescara’s Santo Spirito hospital made the official pronouncement that Morosini was dead.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Puerto de las Nieves
Puerto de las Nieves is a fishing village on the north-western coast of Gran Canaria, and the port of the town Agaete at a few kilometres' distance.
Ferries leave five times a day for Santa Cruz de Tenerife. The crossing takes 80 minutes with catamarans.
Galleri
Category:Populated places in Gran Canaria
Category:Transport in the Canary Islands
Category:Transport in Gran Canaria
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Ontario Passes Law Allowing Gov't to Seize Children From Parents Who Oppose Gender Transition
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Canada's Ontario province has passed legislation that allows the government to seize children from families that refuse to accept their child's chosen "gender identity" or "gender expression."
The so-called Supporting Children, Youth and Families Act of 2017, or Bill 89, was approved by a vote of 63 to 23, according to The Christian Times.
It requires child protection, foster, adoption service providers, and judges to take into account and respect a child's "race, ancestry, place of origin, color, ethnic origin, citizenship, family diversity, disability, creed, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity and gender expression."
"I would consider that a form of abuse, when a child identifies one way and a caregiver is saying no, you need to do this differently," Minister of Child and Family Services Michael Coteau, who introduced the bill, was quoted as saying. "If it's abuse, and if it's within the definition, a child can be removed from that environment and placed into protection where the abuse stops."
The bill replaces the Child and Family Services Act, or Bill 28, which governs child protection, foster care and adoption services.
Bill 28 stated that the parent of a child in care retains the right "to direct the child's education and religious upbringing." However, the new law amends it thus: "to direct the child or young person's education and upbringing, in accordance with the child's or young person's creed, community identity and cultural identity."
Irwin Elman, Ontario's provincial advocate for children and youth, said in a statement, "I believe that this new Act, in its principles, represents a paradigm shift for the province with its commitment to the participation of children and youth in every decision that affects them, the creation of a child-centered system of service, and commitment to anti-racism and children's rights."
Jack Fonseca, senior political strategist for Campaign Life Coalition, disagrees, and was quoted as saying, "With the passage of Bill 89, we've entered an era of totalitarian power by the state, such as never witnessed before in Canada's history. Make no mistake, Bill 89 is a grave threat to Christians and all people of faith who have children, or who hope to grow their family through adoption."
Get The Christian Post newsletter in your inbox. The top 7 stories of the day, curated just for you!
Delivery: Weekdays
In April, a Christian couple filed a lawsuit against Hamilton Children's Aid Society for removing two foster children from their home because they refused to lie to the girls by saying that the Easter bunny is real.
"We have a no-lying policy," Derek Baars, one of the foster parents, said at the time, pointing out that a child support worker insisted that he and his wife, Frances Baars, tell the two girls in their care, aged 3 and 4, the Easter bunny is real. "We explained to the agency that we are not prepared to tell the children a lie. If the children asked, we would not lie to them, but we wouldn't bring it up ourselves."
The eligibility of the Baars, members of the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America, was canceled and the children were taken away. The CAS worker, who insisted that the Baars teach the kids that the Easter bunny is genuine, told them that the Easter bunny was an important part of Canadian culture.
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
The invention is concerned with a hybrid-line circuit for connecting a two-wire line to a four-wire switching system.
In telephone networks a hybrid-line circuit is required for connecting each two-wire line to the four wires of a switching center, that circuit providing transfer of voice signals in both directions, providing line termination impedance, providing high voltage separation from the switching center, and fulfilling a number of other functions. The main component of the hybrid line circuit in use today is a transformer which provides many of the necessary functions (signal transfer, electrical separation, symmetric feeding). Because of its simplicity and flexibility the transformer is particularly useful for this application and it has proven to be a reliable component.
But the use of transformers also has disadvantages. These include particularly its space requirements which prevent the high packing density of circuit cards now usual in modern equipment, as well as its cost. It is, therefore, desirable to eliminate the use of transformers in hybrid line circuits. It has previously been suggested that high-voltage capacitors be used for signal transfer. However, rather large capacitors were required, and, furthermore, these solutions did not provide for a very good rejection of common-mode signals.
It has heretofore been proposed that isolation between the lines and the central equipment can be provided at a substantial reduction in both size and cost through the use of optical couplers. U.S. Pat. No. 3,987,257, issued Oct. 19, 1976, utilizes a light-emitting diode and a phototransistor connected in series in each wire of a two-wire line, a pair of photo-transistors connected in series in one wire of the four-wire line, and a pair of light-emitting diodes connected in series in another wire of the four-wire line. Optical coupling between the two-wire and four-wire lines is provided by light generated within the light-emitting diodes and received by the photo-transistors of the respective two-wire and four-wire lines.
One of the difficulties believed to reside in such an arrangement is matching the transfer characteristics of the optical couplers used so that signals to or from the two-wire line are symmetrical. The transfer characteristics of such opto-couplers also may vary with temperature and age, causing further non-symmetry.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a circuit arrangement using opto-couplers which has the advantages of high voltage protection of the switching system (up to .+-. 1500V) and medium voltage protection of the hybrid-line circuit itelf (up to 300V), stable insertion loss in both transfer directions, high return loss (20 dB at 600.OMEGA. source impedance, high earth symmetry independent of frequency, high longitudinal balance of outgoing signals, and low idling noise. Furthermore, cross-talk over the battery is prevented because almost no voice signal current flows through the battery. The disclosed hybrid circuit further provides line termination at 600.OMEGA. and the necessary 2-to-4 wire conversion.
In addition, selection of the opto-couplers in the incoming and outgoing paths is less critical in the present invention compared to the above identified patented circuit. Also, the arrangement is less sensitive to temperature and aging effects with influence gain and linearity.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
// VulcanizeDB
// Copyright © 2019 Vulcanize
// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
// along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package shared
// These types serve as very loose wrappers around a generic underlying interface{}
type RawChainData interface{}
// The concrete type underneath StreamedIPLDs should not be a pointer
type ConvertedData interface {
Height() int64
}
type CIDsForIndexing interface{}
type CIDsForFetching interface{}
type IPLDs interface {
Height() int64
}
type Gap struct {
Start uint64
Stop uint64
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Breast Health
Telling Family and Friends about Your Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Shelley Volz, now age 59, got the news about her breast cancer diagnosis 10 years ago, right before she was headed from San Francisco to New York for the wedding of her younger brother.
After much thought, she decided to tell only her mother before the wedding and to hold off telling other family members.
"My mother had a typical mother's reaction, tears and hugs, and we moved on," says Volz. "She really appreciated the fact that I didn't want to steal the limelight there."
Volz waited until after the wedding celebration to calmly tell others. Ten years later, after successful treatment, she is doing fine.
While she says she does not think she found it as difficult as many people to disclose the diagnosis, she did think about others' reactions.
Time to Care for Yourself
In that sense, she is typical, according to a new study.
"Even when women are facing a breast cancer diagnosis, they are still concerned about caring for everyone else, especially the emotions of others," says study author Grace J. Yoo, Ph.D., a medical sociologist at San Francisco State University's Biobehavioral Research Center.
She presented the findings at a recent American Sociological Association meeting.
Dr. Yoo and her team interviewed 164 San Francisco-area breast cancer survivors, average age 57, of different ethnicities to evaluate the "emotion work" involved in telling others about the diagnosis.
In interviews with the researchers, the women talked about their feelings and actions after getting the diagnosis.
Women react in different ways - stifling their own emotions so they do not appear vulnerable, paying attention to the timing of their news, or sometimes letting it all out, she says.
Women find it somewhat easier to tell friends than family members, she found.
"Women are trying to protect older, aging parents and younger children and even their spouses, even during illness,” she says. “Women are socialized to care about others."
Ideally, notes Dr. Yoo, women should do less of that at this time.
"It's a time they should be caring about themselves, what decisions they should be making about breast cancer,” says Dr. Yoo. “They shouldn't emotionally burn themselves out by caring for others' emotions."
One woman, for instance, told the interviewer that she did not tell her mother about her breast cancer until after the surgery, because she knew her mother would worry.
Tell Others When You Are Ready
Many women said once they were told about the diagnosis, they were surprised about the outpouring of help, even from acquaintances. But some feared that if they told, people may not care enough to help.
The findings ring true with what another expert has seen in clinical practice. This has "documented what we have known instinctively," says Lori Worden, MSW, LCSW, an oncology social worker in Grants Pass, Ore.
Her advice to women?
"You don't need to tell people today," she says.
Feel free to process it yourself first. Practicing what you will say, by saying it out loud to yourself or writing it down, can help, says Worden.
Dr. Yoo's advice: "We tell women to seek out other breast cancer survivors, other women who understand, to increase their resources."
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Replication of mitochondrial DNA occurs throughout the mitochondria of cultured human cells.
Replication of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is dependent on nuclear-encoded factors. It has been proposed that this reliance may exert spatial restrictions on the sites of mtDNA replication within the cytoplasm, as a previous study only detected mtDNA synthesis in perinuclear mitochondria. We have studied mtDNA replication in situ in a variety of human cell cultures labeled with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine. In contrast to what has been reported, mtDNA synthesis was detected at multiple sites throughout the mitochondrial network following short pulses with bromodeoxyuridine. Although no bromodeoxyuridine incorporation was observed in anuclear platelets, incorporation into mtDNA of fibroblasts that had been enucleated 2 h prior to labeling was readily detectable. Blotting experiments indicated that the bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into mtDNA observed in situ represents replication of the entire mtDNA molecule. The studies also showed that replication of mtDNA occurred at any stage of the cell cycle in proliferating cells and continued in postmitotic cells, although at a lower level. These results demonstrate that mtDNA replication is not restricted to mitochondria in the proximity of the nucleus and imply that all components of the replication machinery are available at sufficient levels throughout the mitochondrial network to permit mtDNA replication throughout the cytoplasm.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Recent cancer trends in the United States.
Cancer incidence rates have been reported to be increasing in the United States, although trends vary according to form of cancer. We identify the cancers accounting for the rising incidence, quantify the changes that have occurred from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s, and contrast incidence and mortality trends to provide clues to the determinants of the temporal patterns. Sex-, race-, and age-specific and age-adjusted incidence rates for the 5-year periods 1987-1991 versus 1975-1979 were calculated for 28 cancers among men and 30 cancers among women using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of cancer registration covering about 10% of the U.S. population. Similar rates were computed using national mortality data. Cancers were ranked according to the change in incidence rates over the two periods. Age-adjusted incidence rates for all cancers combined increased by 18.6% among males and 12.4% among females from 1975-1979 to 1987-1991, due largely to rising rates for prostate cancer among men and for breast and lung cancers among women. National mortality rates for all cancers combined rose less steeply, 3% and 6% among men and women, respectively, driven mostly by continuing increases in lung cancer mortality, while death rates for the majority of the cancers were steady or declining. Total cancer incidence rose at all ages, but with different tumors responsible for the increases at different ages: leukemia and brain/nervous system cancer among children; testicular cancer, nonmelanoma skin cancer (largely Kaposi's sarcoma), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and melanoma among young and middle-aged adults; and prostate, breast, and lung cancers among older individuals. In contrast, mortality rates for all cancers combined declined among both males and females under age 55 years, increasing only among older persons. Trends in cancer incidence and mortality differ. For most cancers, incidence rates are rising, while mortality rates are generally stable or declining. Much of the recent increase in cancer incidence can be explained by known factors. Improved detection appears to account for most of the increases in breast cancer among women and prostate cancer among men. On the other hand, cigarette smoking is the major determinant of the rise in lung cancer among women, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has led to increases in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma among young and middle-aged men, and sunlight exposure patterns have affected the trends in melanoma. Some trends remain unexplained, however, and may reflect changing exposures to carcinogens yet to be identified and clarified.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Ideal CdSe/CdS Core/Shell Nanocrystals Enabled by Entropic Ligands and Their Core Size-, Shell Thickness-, and Ligand-Dependent Photoluminescence Properties.
This work explored possibilities to obtain colloidal quantum dots (QDs) with ideal photoluminescence (PL) properties, i.e., monoexponential PL decay dynamics, unity PL quantum yield, ensemble PL spectrum identical to that at the single-dot level, single-dot PL nonblinking, and antibleaching. Using CdSe/CdS core/shell QDs as the model system, shell-epitaxy, ligand exchange, and shape conversion of the core/shell QDs were studied systematically to establish a strategy for reproducibly synthesizing QDs with the targeted properties. The key synthetic parameter during epitaxy was application of entropic ligands, i.e., mixed carboxylate ligands with different hydrocarbon chain length and/or structure. Well-controlled epitaxial shells with certain thickness (∼3-8 monolayers of the CdS shells) were found to be necessary to reach ideal photoluminescence properties, and the size of the core QDs was found to play a critical role in determining both photophysical and photochemical properties of the core/shell QDs. Effects of shape of the core QDs were unnoticeable, and shape of the core/shell QDs only affected photophysical properties quantitatively. Surface ligands, amines versus carboxylates, were important for photochemical properties (antiblinking and antibleaching) but barely affected photophysical properties as long as entropic ligands (mixed carboxylate ligands with distinguishable hydrocarbon chain lengths) were applied during epitaxy. Chemical environment (in polymer or in air), coupled with surface ligands, determined photochemical properties of the core/shell QDs with a given core size and shell thickness.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Seattle is Leading on Education Reform
There has been lots of discussion lately about the best path forward on public school reform. There has even been a public airing of the frustration some Democrats feel over the slow pace of reform and their belief that teachers’ unions are dragging their feet and resisting substantive changes to the status quo.
While these debates continue, Seattle is purposefully moving forward with an initiative predicated on a fundamental tenet of education reform—that we should measure student academic performance and adjust our strategies when performance lags. This initiative, the Families and Education Levy, is backed by a broad coalition of teachers, parents, education leaders, community organizations, and by the local teachers union, the Seattle Education Association.
Later today, the City Council will vote on legislation establishing the implementation and evaluation plan for the Levy. Seattle voters approved this measure by a 64% margin last November, agreeing to tax themselves $232 million over the next seven years to fund special interventions to help the city’s most academically at risk students and schools.
Frankly, the Levy is a radical departure from the status quo in public education. While the argument about linking teacher evaluations to student performance continues, the Levy takes the step of linking funding of our partners (schools and nonprofit organizations) to student performance. The focus is on student academic achievement, not the good intentions of the adults or school administration. At the same time, it does honor the crucial importance of effective teachers, strong principals and family engagement.
The Levy is meticulously managed by the City’s Office for Education, not the School District. Levy funds are awarded on a competitive basis to community-based nonprofit organizations and schools that demonstrate an ability to achieve specific academic improvement targets. Twenty percent of contract dollars are tied directly to achieving outcomes, meaning these funds can be withheld if the desired outcomes are not met. Program interventions that don’t work are canceled.
Levy investment decisions are based on what works to improve student academic achievement. For example, the new Levy will invest much more heavily in pre-kindergarten education and elementary schools since research evidence strongly demonstrates that such early interventions pay huge dividends in student success.
The ultimate goal of the Levy is that all Seattle schoolchildren will graduate from high school prepared for college or some form of post-secondary career certification.
Some schools in Seattle have consistently failed to provide a quality education to their students. Many of these schools have high concentrations of students living in poverty and students of color. The city is particularly focused on improving these schools. But the city will not invest in these schools if we have insufficient confidence that the principal and faculty will wisely and effectively use the Levy’s funds.
Recognizing that sometimes new thinking and strategies are needed to address persistent failure, state law allows for “innovation schools” to adopt different governing rules. They have greater flexibility in setting curriculum, extending class periods and school days, and in hiring teachers, as well as a host of other options for modifying standard operations. Over the past two years, as we developed plans for renewal of our city’s Levy, we had the “innovation school” option clearly in mind. The implementation and evaluation plan we will vote on later today is designed to provide significant funding to a few of our weakest schools.
Unfortunately, on February 15, the School Board approved a memorandum of agreement with the teachers’ union that will govern how and when innovation schools can be utilized in Seattle. Besides changing the name to “creative approach” schools, the agreement requires 80 percent of a school’s faculty to approve switching to innovation school status. This unusually high threshold will likely be impossible to meet in the very schools our Levy is designed to help.
I fear that as a consequence, only schools already providing a quality education, with stable and unified faculties, will be able to take advantage of the latitude offered by the state’s innovation school provisions. And I fear that for our struggling schools, the 80 percent threshold will maintain the status quo, blocking them from unique opportunities to implement approaches that help their youngsters succeed. I hope I’m wrong and that our principals and teachers will continue to embrace innovation for the sake of our children.
The new Families and Education Levy is a strong, bold and very necessary tool designed to help those Seattle schoolchildren most in need. Let’s not put obstacles in the way of the Levy or of the schools and students it seeks to serve.
Please help us keep this community civil. We retain the right to remove or edit comments containing personal attacks or excessive profanity, and comments unrelated to the editorial content. Consult our Terms of Use for more details.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Forum will examine undocumented detainees in county
GREENFIELD — The town’s Human Rights Commission will hold a public forum Monday to inform the community about the status of undocumented immigrants being held at the Franklin County Jail.
“There is obviously a question about undocumented detainees in the community, so we wanted to give the Sheriff’s Department and the community a chance to find out from one another what their concerns are and what is actually going on at the Franklin County House of Correction,” Commission Chairman Philippe Simon said. “It’s a great opportunity for people to find out what kind of resources are available for the undocumented detainees, what their condition is and what their status is in relation to utilizing the services that other inmates have there.”
The forum will take place in the Planning Office, 114 Main St., at 6 p.m. According to Simon, the sheriff’s office will make a short presentation addressing concerns about detainees, listen to comments and answer questions during the meeting. The Human Rights Commission, along with the general public, will make inquiries.
In June, the nine-member commission passed a unanimous motion to form a committee and begin a formal inquiry into the matter.
The Franklin County Jail has regularly housed about 75 undocumented immigrants for years. All were brought in from around the country though an Immigration and Customs Enforcement Contract.
Money from the federal government has supplemented state money for operation of the Elm Street jail and house of correction. Most recently, ICE paid about $3 million to the state for using the Greenfield jail — about $1 million of which goes toward the jail’s budget.
The ICE detainees held at the jail are usually being held pending deportation, following a final judge’s order. Sheriff Christopher Donelan, back in February, said his officers are not trained to be ICE agents, nor does he or his staff plan on training to be ones.
The Human Rights Commission will also review the mayor’s recent executive order about the town’s status as a “safe community” for immigrants and introduce a study on if and how gentrification affects rental rate increases and housing costs in Greenfield, as well as an examination of income disparity between jobs in the public and private sector.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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By now you've got your go-to apps on your iPhone. But if you've been wondering what to add next, take a look at our top 20 must-haves. These 50 apps will transform your iPad, iPad mini, or iPad Pro into the ultimate slate computer for work and play. So instead I present this list, the essential apps that you need, whether you're on the best and newest Android phone or still plodding along.
It http://www.wmbfnews.com/story/35637015/diabetes-week-2017-allen-carrs-addiction-clinics-claim-sugar-is-the-new-smoking-epidemic-for-the-uk your app ruby training online free, shortcuts, and widgets. Diese Website benutzt Cookies. Enter Dashlane, the app which saves all sinnlose spiele them so you can easily copy and paste these into online forms when necessary. The ninja fruit app transforms your Android smartphone or tablet into a digital long box that houses and syncs your purchases across multiple devices. Next to the shutter are big 'expose' and 'focus' buttons, for locking each feature. For notetaking darkest dungeon to-do lists you'll struggle to find http://mobile.behoerden-spiegel.de/icc/Internet/nav/a32/a3270a33-23dd-6411-c9b9-a612700266cb&conOrder=mc.dContentStartAt&conOrderDirection=DESC&mobile=true.htm better app than Osiris casino mobile, but for more serious, longer form writing, iA Writer http://www.psychforums.com/gambling-addiction/topic33636.html a superior choice. There's a free version of the app, but most of the content is locked behind a one-time payment, which it's well worth making if your PC is your primary device for media consumption. The app also supports Swype-like input, over languages, and 80 colorful themes. But who wants to merely accept what they're given? Android Authority newsletter The best way to stay connected to the Android pulse. But the LinkedIn app itself is more focused on networking than applying, which is where LinkedIn Job Search comes in. Import a photo and you can overlay multiple layers of text, artwork and further images, all of which can be edited and rearranged at any point. You can also track your weight and BMI, connect with friends and motivate one another.
Apps best - Casino
Results can be hit-and-miss, but are always surprising. You can also create time-based profiles, if for example you want your phone to switch to silent at midnight. The tree, whether alive or dead, will then appear on a patch of ground, alongside any others you grow that day, with each day having a new forest. Deliveroo gives riders GoPros following London acid attacks Deliveroo 1 day ago. It does a pretty accurate job of it too, and you can make it more accurate by adjusting the sensitivity. Apple's come a long way with its photo app, but it still lags behind the one built by its biggest competitor. There may come a time in the distant future when Twitter's own app is our favourite or Twitter bans third party clients entirely , but until then, there's Tweetbot. Facer allows you to create your very own watch faces. Similarly, you can tweak settings, for example having the screen go brighter automatically when you launch Netflix. Burstio is all about turning such images into animations. Beer lovers, keep track of every brew you drink with Untappd, a mobile social network of sorts. Free Browsers tend to either be feature-packed, or light on your battery and data, but not both.
Apps best Video
The Best Android Apps - January 2017! If you're trying to build a washboard set, consider Runtastic's Six Pack Ab Workout app. It's serious stuff for competitive people and a seriously good tool for getting or staying in shape. Between Netflix, Amazon, iTunes and dozens of other services there are numerous ways to legally watch content that don't require you to go anywhere near a TV schedule, but with different libraries and different payment models finding the specific things you want can sometimes be a chore. While that might still be true, the LinkedIn app aims to be a companion to LinkedIn Web service that you check every day. Being able to control your computer with your phone though can be far more beneficial, especially if you're using it to watch or listen to something, without being sat right at your desk.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
How to update package?
when I use `<< PhysicalConstants`` I get the message like :General::obspkg: PhysicalConstants is outdated... see the Compatibility Guide for more infomation... The question is how to update it? My version is MA9.0.
A:
It can't be updated. The Physical Constants package is obsolete as of 9.0 and is no longer updated. You can ignore that warning message and still use it if you want, but mostly the same functionality is now provided by the Units framework (new in 9.0).
In addition to the warning message you saw, there's a note at the top of the Physical Constants package guide page to this effect. That note is suffixed with an unfortunately barely visible link to the Units framework guide page.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Q:
Twitter Trending List Printing First Character Instead of First Entry
I'm having an issue where I can get the Twitter API to provide me with the top 10 list of trending topics in a given area, but I can only get the entirety to print, or the first character to print, but not the first entry in the list.
The following code is what I tried to just print the first entry in the list (entry 0) but I get the first character for each list entry instead (character 0).
from twitter import *
access_token = "myaccesstoken"
access_token_secret = "myaccesstokensecret"
consumer_key = "consumerkey"
consumer_secret = "consumersecret"
t = Twitter(auth=OAuth(access_token, access_token_secret, consumer_key, consumer_secret))
results = t.trends.place(_id = 2442047)
#I used the Los Angeles WOEID
for location in results:
for trend in location["trends"]:
trendlist = trend["name"]
print trendlist[0]
If I just use a simple list like this, I can get Python to just print the first entry:
trendlist = ['one', 'two', 'three']
print trendlist[0]
Can anyone provide a pointer on why this behavior is different and how to just get one entry to print from the Trending list?
Thank you!
A:
The trends api returns something like this:
"trends": [
{
"events": null,
"name": "#GanaPuntosSi",
"promoted_content": null,
"query": "%23GanaPuntosSi",
"url": "http://twitter.com/search/?q=%23GanaPuntosSi"
}...]
With your second for loop you iterate through each of the above trend "objects".
trendlist = trend["name"]
doesn't get you a list, but the trend name.
print trendlist[0]
prints out the first letter of the name.
Just print trend["name"] and you are done.
Here's a little repl.it for you https://repl.it/BLww/1. You are printing all 10 because you are looping through them all. If you want to print just the first one, you can do this:
for location in results:
print location["trends"][0]['name']
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Oral administration of lyophilized Dunaliella salina, a carotenoid-rich marine alga, reduces tumor progression in mammary cancer induced rats.
Dunaliella salina is a photosynthetic cell factory used for the commercial production of food additives, cattle stock feed and cosmetics as well as active ingredients for pharmaceutical industries. The investigation of the in vivo antitumor activity of D. salina lyophilized powder (DSLP) against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced mammary carcinogenesis in female Wistar rats indicated a dose-dependent effect of DSLP. We studied the effect of DSLP at two different dosages of 500 and 1000 mg per kg bw on DMBA induced mammary cancer in rats by measuring the status of antioxidant enzymes, phase I and phase II detoxification enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and glycoconjugated proteins and by investigating the expression pattern of cell proliferation (Ki-67), hormonal receptor (ER, PR and HER2) status by immunohistochemical analysis, and apoptotic (caspase-3 and -9) and pro-inflammatory (COX-2) markers by colorimetric analysis. After 16 weeks of the study, we observed 100% tumor formation (including high tumor incidence and tumor volume) and a significant increase in the level of hormonal receptors, cell proliferation, and pro-inflammatory and apoptosis markers in tumor-bearing animals compared to the control. The oral administration of DSLP (1000 mg per kg bw) to the DMBA treated animals showed up to 83.4% reduction of tumors and effectively restored the levels of biochemical markers in the mammary tissues in addition to the downregulation of the expression of molecular markers. In conclusion, DSLP was found to show a chemopreventive effect against breast cancer induced in rats through the suppression of cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Q: Can it be used as swim diapers? A: It better not.The covers are supposed to be water proof but pee leaks through.
Q: How to avoid mold problems? A: We recommends bleaching once a month, try bleach, or sun drying, making sure they dry completely between uses.
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Google yourself. Go ahead, we'll wait. Include some easily discoverable details: the city where you live, the name of your employer, and maybe your middle name.
If you're like most people, the results page will be full of data brokers offering anyone doing a cursory online search a host of information including your address, your phone number, your email, the names of your relatives and their addresses, and so much more. In a world rife with random doxxings, swattings, and scams, this is a problem.
Thankfully, there's something you can do about it.
While removing all personally identifiable information from the internet is extremely difficult, there are a few simple steps you can take in your spare time to snip the low-hanging fruit. To be clear, if you have a specific reason to be concerned about a stalker or threats to your safety, then you'll want to take steps above and beyond what's laid out here. However, if you're simply worried about your privacy in general and want to clean up your online footprint, then this act of privacy hygiene can go a long way.
A good first stop is the World Privacy Forum, a nonprofit "dedicated to reimagining privacy in a digital era." The organization has an extremely detailed opt-out list for data brokers, with the respective links and steps needed to remove your info from the companies' clutches. More broadly, the WPF put together what it calls the top 10 opt-outs — a detailed step-by-step guide to pulling your information from the data brokers of the world.
Want the schools you've attended to stop releasing your home address and phone number? Check the FERPA opt out information. How about an easy and direct way to get on the National Do Not Call Registry? WPF has you covered, too.
SEE ALSO: The only app that matters this year is Signal
But why stop there? Stop Data Mining Me, a website that bills itself as the "Do Not Call" list for data brokers, has its own opt-out list. Consumer Reports also has a helpful list of its six recommended opt-outs.
Importantly, the above is by no means an exhaustive list, and should not be considered as such. However, if you have an afternoon to spare and want to better protect your privacy in this mixed up and crazy world, it's a great place to start.
So go ahead and get clicking now. Your newfound privacy will thank you later.
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
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Variation in the aerobic demand of running among trained and untrained subjects.
Variation in the aerobic demand (VO2) of submaximal running was quantified among trained and untrained subjects stratified by performance capability. Based on a retrospective analysis of seven published studies, maximal aerobic power (VO2max), and submaximal VO2 values were analyzed in three groups of trained distance runners (Category 1 (C1) (elite runners; N = 22), Category 2 (C2) (sub-elite runners; N = 41), and Category 3 (C3) (good runners; N = 16), and one group (N = 10) of untrained subjects (Category 4; C4). Results indicated that VO2max differed significantly (P < 0.05) across groups, such that C1 > C2 > C3 > C4. Analysis of submaximal VO2 data also revealed that C4 was more uneconomical than C1, C2, and C3 and that C2 and C3 were less economical than C1. Average within-group variability in submaximal VO2 was similar across categories and a marked overlap of minimum, mean and maximal economy values existed across categories. These data suggest that 1) trained subjects are more economical than untrained subjects, 2) elite runners display better economy compared to less-talented counterparts, and 3) economical and uneconomical runners can be found in all performance categories.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Volunteering Community Partnerships
Maimonides Medical Center is fortunate to have developed successful relationships with a diverse group of community agencies and organizations. These partnerships not only help us provide a wide range of volunteer services for our patients, but also keep us in contact with the communities we serve.
Community Organizations
Bikur Cholim Chesed Organization
Chai Lifeline
Ezras Cholim Yad Ephraim
Federation of Italian-american Organizations of Brooklyn
N’shei C.A.R.E.S. Agudah Women of America
Ohel Children’s Home and Family Services
Pesha Elias Bikur Cholim D’Bobov
Rivkah Laufer Bikur Cholim
Starlight Children’s Foundation
Sunrise on Wheels
The Good Dog Foundation
Women’s League
Given the religious, cultural and ethnic diversity of Maimonides patients, our goal is to continue outreach activities in an effort to engage volunteers from the varied surrounding communities.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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There are concerns to be addressed first because people have gone unpaid in this country for nearly six months. They should pay the salaries before they bring the new budget, said lawmaker Kuany Mayom.
Ahmed Mohamed Musa, another MP, said the finance ministry should ensure all civil servants are paid before the budget is passed.
Meanwhile, Abuk Payiti Ayiik said most cabinet members were absent during Thursday's sitting, making it difficult for the country's lawmakers to question why civil servants and soldiers are not getting salaries.
Even parliamentarians have gone unpaid for six months, that's why Parliament is asking because oil production has resumed, she said.
The deputy chairperson for MPs' affairs, Mary Nyayom Lual said they are unhappy because civil servants and soldiers have not been paid for several months.
Why should we pass another budget when our civil servants and soldiers protecting the country are not getting salaries? she Lual.
The ministers are busy with trips abroad every year. This is corruption. We want to know how oil revenues are managed in the country, she added.
Dhoruai Mabor Teny, a legislator representing Western Lakes state said, Cabinet is trying to joke with the parliament. I don't know how the executive, headed by the president, thought of bringing the budget before MPs when they have not paid salaries for six months.
He added, And our message is very short, the financial bill will never be tabled before us until the arrears are paid.
On his part, national assembly speaker, Anthony Lino Makana had to adjourn Thursday's siting to next week.
Last week, the Council of Minister passed a proposed draft budget of 208.156 billion SSP, with allocation of 57% for capital expenditures.
South Sudan currently pumps about 175,000 barrels per day of crude oil.
Last month, the Commissioner General of South Sudan Revenue Authority revealed that they collect nearly 4 billion SSP every month.
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About
Sudan News Gazette
The “Sudan News Gazette”, has been designed to publish news from all the sectors and that shows its attribute of catering to the interest of various kinds of readers, which has also helped it to mark its existence among the African region’s top news website.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
package utils
import (
"testing"
)
func TestCompareVersionVersion(t *testing.T) {
v1 := "v1.12.1"
v2 := "v1.11.2"
ret, err := CompareVersion(v1, v2)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
if !ret {
t.Fatal("Version comparison failed.")
}
}
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{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
<section>
<section>
<title>Properties</title>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
</tr>
</thead>
</table>
</section>
<section>
<title>Methods</title>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
</tr>
</thead>
</table>
</section>
</section>
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{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
714 F.2d 135
Walkerv.Allsbrook
83-6222
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Fourth Circuit
7/18/83
1
E.D.N.C.
DISMISSED
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{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
Here in Sothern California there is a weather condition known as the Santa Ana Winds.Fire wind oh desert windShe was born in a desert breezeAnd wind her wayThrough Canyon WayFrom the desert to the silvery seaIn every directionSee the perfectionAnd see the San Gabriel Mountain sceneSanta Ana winds keep blowin' across my eyesSanta Ana winds keep blowin' across my eyesFill my sailsOh desert windAnd hold the waves high for meThen I will comeAnd test my skillWhere the Santa Ana winds blow freeIn waves of elationMy part of creationBecoming one with the boundless seaSanta Ana winds keep blowin' across my eyesSanta Ana winds keep blowin' across my eyesI am the windOh desert windOn my pilgrimage to the seaI will prevailI will not failTo bring life into humanityMy song is creation(???)the nationWhispering the wisdom and its puritySanta Ana winds keep blowin' across my eyesSanta Ana winds keep blowin' across my eyesSanta Ana winds keep blowin' across my eyesSanta Ana winds keep blowin' across my eyesSanta Ana winds...
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Sencor SDF 731 black
Frame Sencor 731 SDF offers a variety of basic functions sober and modern design. The seven-inch diagonal widescreen displays a resolution of 800 x 480 pixels. Screen backlight caters to modern LED system that ensures low fuel consumption and excellent image. You can even set its brightness or contrast. In addition to regular screenings picture frame will also offer the calendars and clocks. Simple operation provides navigation buttons. It is powered by the adapter and the power outlet.
Sencor was founded in 1969 in Japan. The name "Sencor" means "a thousand hearts" in Japanese. The company currently distributes its products in more than 25 countries, with extremely diverse offerings in consumer electronics, tablets and phones, office equipment, electronics, cars, and products for the home and kitchen. Sencor is known for dependable quality and attractive design at a reasonable price.
Online chat
Dear customer, your question you can send us a message via the contact form here, respectively. you can solve your query online using chat. If you want to use the chat log , please.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
While proofreading one project these days ago, I found several points and wanted to share with us here. For this project, though the client just asks to proofread the words in the figure and keeps consistent with that in the context, if the client gives more enough time to handle the project, it would be better to read the whole text in the target language, so as to ensure there is no major error in the text, for instance, unnecessary error words, untranslated button in UI interface, the formatting error etc. Here I’d like to list several samples, for your reference.
Unnecessary error words
To continue, click Next.
(Original Translation)若要继续，请单击“下
(Suggested Translation) 若要继续，请单击“下一步”。
The Layers pane lists Areas of Interest (AOIs), annotations, gauges, and other items you can add to the check image.
(Original Translation)“层”窗格中列出了感兴趣区域（AOI）、注解、比对模板以及其它？可以添加到支票图像中的项目。
(Suggested Translation)“层”窗格列出了感兴趣区域（AOI）、注解、比对模板以及其他您可以添加至支票图像的项目。
In this sentence, there is unnecessary question mark in the target translation, so as the proofreader should point out this mistake and confirm with the translator.
A table that lists the errors found in the MICR line.
(Original Translation) 表格中列出在MICR码中发现错误。
(Suggested Translation) 表格列出在MICR码中发现的错误。
Zoom out button Decreases the size of the current report image while maintaining the image’s original aspect ratio.
(Original Translation) 缩小按钮 在保持图像原始长宽比不变的情况下减小当前报表图像的大小。
(Suggested Translation) 缩小按钮 在保持图像原始长宽比不变的情况下缩小当前报表图像的大小。
Would be better to use ‘缩小’ in this sentence.
2. Untranslated button in UI interface
In this interface, the two buttons ‘Cancel’ and ‘Help’ should be translated, not just keep English, so while proofreading such words in the figure, as a proofreader should pay attention to these subtle points, so that avoid the unnecessary complaints.
In this figure, some item names in UI all should be translated, e.g., ‘Main’, ‘Home’, ‘Tools’, ‘Run –F2’, ‘magnetic’ etc, however, they are all untranslated here, so the proofreader still need to pay great attention and point out to the client, and get the final confirmation from the client.
In this figure, I think the word ‘Image’ should also be translated, however, it is not translated here. For this, in my opinion, should confirm with the clients, since these figures are all provided by the client.
In the above figure, for the word ‘Templates’ should also be translated. However, it is not translated either. In my opinion, we also need to confirm with the client and ensure if it needs to be translated or not.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Product dispensers that receive and dispense products from a removable and replaceable cartridge or reservoir are known. For example, many hand cleaning liquid dispensers have a housing that is configured to receive a replaceable cartridge containing the liquid to be dispensed. Once all of the liquid contained in the cartridge has been dispensed, the cartridge is removed from the housing and replaced with a new cartridge.
Often, the housing portion of these dispensers is provided to customers at a low cost, and the supplier is compensated through sales of the replaceable cartridges. This source of revenue may be lost, however, if customers begin using replacement cartridges purchased from a competitor. To avoid this loss of revenue, dispensers are often provided with manufacturer-specific lockout systems that are designed to prevent the use of third-party refill products. These lockout systems may be expensive to design and implement, may increase the complexity of the replacement operation, and may not always offer complete protection against the use of third-party products.
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{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Tools & Resources:
Description
Spacious 1744 sq ft, 4 bdrm, 1.5 bath home. 1st floor master bedroom with half bath. Formal dining area and large kitchen. 2 car garage with metal roof and fenced in back yard. Newer windows throughout. New roof in 2017. Within walking distance of grocery store, downtown, library and post office. Great price on this home. Ask about the NEIRHTF down payment assistance. Up to $10, 000 for those who qualify. Call today for more details.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
BETTY DUKES; PATRICIA SURGESON;
CLEO PAGE; DEBORAH GUNTER;
KAREN WILLIAMSON; CHRISTINE
KWAPNOSKI; EDITH ARANA, No. 04-16688
Plaintiffs-Appellees, D.C. No.
v. CV-01-02252-MJJ
WAL-MART, INC.,
Defendant-Appellant.
BETTY DUKES; PATRICIA SURGESON;
CLEO PAGE; DEBORAH GUNTER;
KAREN WILLIAMSON; CHRISTINE No. 04-16720
KWAPNOSKI; EDITH ARANA,
Plaintiffs-Appellants, D.C. No.
CV-01-02252-MJJ
v. ORDER
WAL-MART, INC.,
Defendant-Appellee.
Filed February 13, 2009
ORDER
KOZINSKI, Chief Judge:
Upon the vote of a majority of nonrecused active judges, it
is ordered that this case be reheard en banc pursuant to Circuit
Rule 35-3. The three-judge panel opinion shall not be cited as
precedent by or to any court of the Ninth Circuit.
1935
1936 DUKES v. WAL-MART, INC.
Judges McKeown, Rawlinson and Bybee did not participate
in the deliberations or vote in this case.
PRINTED FOR
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE—U.S. COURTS
BY THOMSON REUTERS/WEST—SAN FRANCISCO
The summary, which does not constitute a part of the opinion of the court, is copyrighted
© 2009 Thomson Reuters/West.
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{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
Q:
How does trading work?
During the last event (The one that spawned a ton of Ralts with increased shiny chance) I got multiple shiny Ralts. My friend didn't get any so I wanted to trade him one of mine. But when I tried it said that I didn't have enough stardust. It doesn't say how much more I need it just says I can't trade. How much stardust do I need to trade?
Then later I traded with another friend and we tried to trade again but it said I can only do one special trade per day. Is there another way to trade pokemon so we can do it multiple times in one day?
A:
Special trades are unregistered, shiny or Legendary Pokemon.
The amount of stardust depends on your friendship level and what you are trading it can be between 100- 1,000,000 stardust.
You can find the exact value of the trade you want to do with a quick search.
For shiny Pokemon that is new:
Good - 1,000,00
Great - 800,000
Ultra - 80,000
Best - 40,000
The only time they have allowed multiply special trade in one day is if you are at a go fest.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
StartChar: u1EE61
Encoding: 126561 126561 5990
Width: 436
Flags: HW
LayerCount: 2
Fore
Refer: 6051 126588 N 1 0 0 1 0 0 3
Refer: 194 -1 N 1 0 0 1 244 -239 2
EndChar
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Bill Schuck
Bill Schuck is a former member of the Ohio House of Representatives.
References
Category:Ohio Republicans
Category:Members of the Ohio House of Representatives
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Deposit calculator - Mobile App
Use this Fixed Deposit, Recurring Deposit & Return on Investment Calculators to find out how much do you earn through your investment and the rate at which your investment has earned. FD & RD Calculators let you know the Interest earned & maturity amount of your investment through Fixed Deposit & Recurring Deposit.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
The present invention relates to color data conversion and more particularly to devices and methods for converting color data from a color space to a print space.
Certain image processing devices, such as printers, displays, image rendering systems and output files may use a different color space than other image processing devices such as a color driver for a computer system, camera, display or input graphics file. For example, a cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK) color space is used for a color printer. However, a red, green and blue (RGB) color space may be used for certain graphics files. Accordingly, a color transformation is needed for converting the RGB color space into the CMYK color space.
One method of color transformation uses a look-up table to store a plurality of color values associated with the CMYK color space. A conversion between the RGB color space and the CMYK color space is performed by indexing the CMYK values in the look-up tables using addresses corresponding with RGB color values, one look-up table per output color.
A large amount of memory is required for the look-up table. For example, a 24-bit RGB color system may use 8 bits for red color values, 8 bits for green color values and 8 bits for blue color values. This 24-bit RGB color system can require a table size of 16 MegaBytes (MBs) or larger per output color.
To reduce memory requirements, some color transformation devices combine interpolation with the color mapping process. The hybrid transformation process first identifies a set of vertices that surround or neighbor an input color point in the color space. A value for the second color space is then derived by interpolating the identified vertices to the relative position of the input color point. However, this interpolation process is computationally intensive.
A color data converter includes a plurality of memories configured to store lattice points for a color space. The lattice points of the first axis are assigned to memories in a sequential manner. The lattice points along the other two axes are assigned to memories in an alternating manner.
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{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Effect of intrarectal povidone-iodine in the incidence of infectious complications after transrectal prostatic biopsy.
To assess the incidence of genitourinary infections associated with transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-BX) using endorectal povidone-iodine gel as a bactericidal agent. We prospectively studied a total of 530 patients who were given 30g of 10% povidone-iodine intrarectally before TRUS-BX. Each patient received antibiotic prophylaxis with ciprofloxacin, starting the previous day (1g/day x 3 days), as well as cleansing enemas. One patient (0.20%) presented with an E. coli acute bacterial epididymitis after biopsy. In our study, the intrarectal use of 10% povidone-iodine gel in TRUS-BX is associated with a much lower rate of infectious complications compared to those described in recent literature.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Isoflurane-induced dilation of porcine coronary microvessels is endothelium dependent and inhibited by glibenclamide.
Isoflurane has been reported to cause dose-dependent constriction in isolated coronary microvessels. However, these results are inconsistent with data from in situ and in vivo heart preparations which show that isoflurane dilates the coronary vasculature. To clarify the direct effects of isoflurane on coronary tone, we measured the response of isolated porcine resistance arterioles (ID, 75 +/- 4.0 microm; range, 41-108 microm) to isoflurane in the presence and absence of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive and Ca2+-activated potassium channel blockers and also after endothelial removal. Subepicardial arterioles were isolated, cannulated, and pressurized to 45 mmHg without flow in a 37 degrees C vessel chamber filled with MOPS buffer (pH = 7.4). After all vessels developed spontaneous (intrinsic) tone, dose-dependent (0.17-0.84 mm; approximately 0.5-2.5 minimum alveolar concentration) isoflurane-mediated effects on vessel ID were studied in the presence and absence of extraluminal glibenclamide (1 microm; an adenosine triphosphate-sensitive channel blocker) or iberiotoxin (100 nm; a Ca2+-activated potassium channel blocker) or before and after endothelial denudation using the nonionic detergent CHAPS (0.4%). Vessel ID was measured using an inverted microscope and videomicrometer, and vasomotor responses were analyzed by normalizing changes in arteriole ID to the dilation observed after exposure to 10-4 m sodium nitroprusside, which causes maximal dilation. Isoflurane caused dose-dependent dilation of all coronary arterioles. This vasodilation was 6.0 +/- 0.7 microm at an isoflurane concentration of 0.16 mm (approximately 0.5 minimum alveolar concentration) and 25.3 +/- 2.1 microm at 0.75 mm (approximately 2.5 minimum alveolar concentration). These values represent 18.1 +/- 1.7% and 74.1 +/- 3.3%, respectively, of that observed with 10-4 sodium nitroprusside (34 +/- 3 microm). Glibenclamide, but not iberiotoxin, exposure affected arteriolar dilation in response to isoflurane. Glibenclamide caused a downward displacement of the isoflurane dose-response curve, reducing isoflurane-mediated dilation by an average of 36%. Denuded arterioles showed a marked (approximately 70%) reduction in their ability to dilate in response to isoflurane. The authors conclude that isoflurane dilates coronary resistance arterioles in a dose-dependent manner, and that this dilation is partially mediated by adenosine triphosphate-sensitive channels and is highly dependent on the presence of a functioning endothelium.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Tokugawa Mochinaga
was a Japanese samurai who was an influential figure of the Bakumatsu period. His childhood name was Shizasaburo (鎮三郎).
Biography
The son of Matsudaira Yoshitatsu of Takasu han, his brothers included the famous Matsudaira Katamori, Matsudaira Sadaaki, and Tokugawa Yoshikatsu. Together, the four men were known as the Takasu yon-kyōdai 高須四兄弟, or "Four Brothers of Takasu". First serving as daimyō of his native Takasu Domain, and then the Owari Domain, Mochiharu retired before succeeding to the headship of the Hitotsubashi branch of the Tokugawa house. An important figure in the Bakumatsu period, he eventually retired the Hitotsubashi headship in favor of his son Satomichi.
Family
Father: Matsudaira Yoshitatsu (1800-1862)
Mother: Norihime, daughter of Tokugawa Harutoshi
Wife: Masahime, daughter of Niwa Nagatomi
Children:
Matsudaira Yoshimasa (1858-1860) by Masahime
Tokugawa Satomichi by Masahime
References
Notes
Further reading
Hitotsubashi genealogy
Bolitho, Harold. The Collapse of the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1862–1868. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1980.
|-
|-
Category:1831 births
Category:1884 deaths
Category:Lords of Owari
Category:Meiji Restoration
Category:Owari-Tokugawa family
Category:Owarirenshi-Matsudaira clan
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
The lawyers behind the suit maintain that customers have a direct relationship with Apple (and thus an antitrust case) since they send money to that company, not the individual app developers. The attorneys further argue that Apple has extensive control over pricing, to the point where prices must end in 99 cents.
Don't expect to learn the outcome for a while. A decision in the case is expected by late spring. And if the Supreme Court allows the lawsuit to go forward, it could be longer than that before there's a verdict. Should the lawsuit succeeed, though, it could have significant repercussions for how Apple operates the App Store in the US. Apple may have to lower its slice of app revenue, or give customers easier ways to find apps outside the App Store.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
General Terms
General terms and conditions of visitor registration and participation at the Who’s Next & Premiere Classe trade shows
Preamble
You are about to use the visitor pre-registration service for the trade fairs WHO’S NEXT & PREMIERE CLASSE, operated by WSN DEVELOPPEMENT.
These General Terms and Conditions apply to all pre-registration requests made online by users (hereafter “Clients”) via the website http://register.whosnext.com (hereafter “the Website”), and are given for the purpose of specifying the conditions governing all pre-registration requests to attend the trade fair/event WHO’S NEXT & PREMIERE CLASSE (hereafter “the Trade Fair”, or “the Event”), organised by WSN DEVELOPPEMENT (hereafter “the Company”) as a visitor.
These general terms and conditions may be modified by the Company at any time. Users will be notified of all modifications to these general terms and conditions, and any of the documents to which they refer, upon their first visit to the Website after the modifications have been made.
Pre-registration request process
Before submitting a request for pre-registration, Clients explicitly declare that they are aware of these general terms and conditions and accept them unconditionally, by ticking the box “I have read and accepted the general terms and conditions of the pre-registration process” before clicking “Confirm my request.”
Entrance passes
It should be clearly understood that the entrance passes sold on this Website (hereafter “the Entrance passes”) are reserved for professional clients.
Prices
The prices of Entrance passes are expressed in Euros before VAT and, as per the applicable legal and regulatory requirements, will be supplemented with value added tax at the rate currently in force.
Payment
Entrance passes are payable at time of ordering.
All orders, whatever their source, must be paid for in Euros.
Payment for entrance passes must be made online, by means of a bank card.
Accepted payment cards are: Carte Bleue / Visa and Mastercard.
The full value of your order will be charged to your bank card as soon as it has been confirmed.
Charging of the payment to your bank card is independent of the actual printing of badges or delivery of other articles purchased.
As an exception to this rule, “Group” clients who have a code provided for this purpose by the Company may settle their orders by bank transfer or cheque sent to the Company 7 days before each edition of the trade shows.
Cheques made payable to"WSN DEVELOPPEMENT" or copies of payment orders should be sent to the following address accompanied by the order summary: WSN DEVELOPPEMENT - Visitor department - 27-29 rue Guénégaud 75006 Paris - France.
Unless evidence is provided to the contrary, the data recorded by the Company constitutes proof of all transactions between the Company and its Clients.
The data recorded by our payment system constitutes proof of transaction.
Security of payments and personal data
Secure payments
Our websites are covered by a security system.
Our Company has adopted the SSL encryption process developed by OGONE, encrypting and securing all confidential information.
Personal data
Information and personal data are required to manage Client‘s participation to the Event, including his introduction to partners participating in the Event and his relationships with the Company within the framework of these General Terms and Conditions. This information and data are also processed for security purposes, in order for to meet legal and regulatory obligations, and also to enable the Company to improve and personalise the services and information it provides.
Depending on the choices made by the Client in the context of his participation request, the Client may also receive through all channels commercial proposals and news relating to the Company’s activity and services. The Client’s personal data may be processed, on the basis of consent that it may withdraw at any time, to send to him, through all channels, commercial proposals and news concerning other events of WSN DEVELOPPEMENT, the COMEXPOSIUM Group and/or their partners.
Only the Company’s in-house teams, approved service providers in connection with the Event management and organisation have access to Clients’ personal data. This data may also be provided to third parties, if the Client has authorised such sharing (WSN DEVELOPPEMENT, COMEXPOSIUM GROUP and/or partners).
The personal data to be provided in a mandatory manner are indicated as such on the forms and are necessary for the conclusion and execution of the contract between the Clients and the Company. Without this data, the Company will not be able to process the Clients’ requests.
In accordance with the applicable regulations, Clients have the right to access, a right of rectification, a right to delete personal data and if applicable, a right to object to the processing of their data, a right to erase and limit processing and a right to the portability of their data. The Partner may exercise these rights at any time by writing to the Company by post at WSN DEVELOPPEMENT – WHO’S NEXT & PREMIERE CLASSE – 27-29 rue Guénégaud 75006 Paris - France or by email: [email protected]. Finally, the Guest has the right to address a complaint with the Commission nationale de l’informatique et des libertés (Cnil).
Confirmation of pre-registration request
The Company will systematically confirm all pre-registration requests by means of an email sent to the Client.
If you do not receive your confirmation email, please write to the Company at [email protected].
Delivery of entrance passes
Once the order has been placed and paid for online, or once payment has been received by cheque or bank transfer, the Company will send the Client an email inviting them to print their Entrance pass(es), attached to this email in PDF form, on a standard printer (inkjet or laser) with internet access.
One PDF file will be created for each Entrance pass.
Entrance passes are STRICTLY personal (pass holders may be requested to show proof of ID at the entrance) and non-transferable.
Entrance passes can also be displayed via the website, in the Client’s personal space.
Conditions for the printing and validity of Entrance passes
In order to be considered valid, Entrance passes must be printed in portrait (vertical) format on a sheet of white A4 paper, with no other text or images on either side, without modifications to the print format or text size.
No other format excluding mobile phones or tablets (PC screens, etc.) will be accepted.
Entrance passes must be printed in good quality. Partially printed, dirty, damaged or illegible badges will not be accepted and shall be considered as invalid. If the printing quality is insufficient, Clients must reprint their own passes.
Entrance passes feature a unique bar code allowing one person to access the Event, throughout the period of validity of the Entrance pass. The validity of Entrance passes will be checked at the entrance to the Event, with bar code scanners.
It is forbidden to reproduce, duplicate or copy Entrance passes in any way.
As a result, the Company may refuse entrance in cases where multiple printed versions, reproductions, copies or imitations of the same Entrance pass are found to be in circulation, and if access to the Event has already been granted to a person holding one such print-out, reproduction, copy or imitation of the Entrance pass in question.
The Company cannot accept any liability from anomalies arising during the ordering, processing or printing of Entrance passes.
In cases of loss, theft or unauthorised usage of Entrance passes, Clients will not be issued with replacements or certificates of any kind, with the exception of Entrance passes to be printed by Clients themselves as specified above.
The exhibitors’ stands may be equipped with pass readers
When presenting its pass on the reader, the Client consents to provide to the exhibitor its personal data (name, surname, electronic address) in order to receive business proposals.
Whether the Client is not willing to share its personal information with an exhibitor, the Client must not present its pass on the exhibitor’s reader. Data collected by badge readers will also be used by the Company for statistical purposes and for analysing visitor numbers and interaction.
Cancellation, modification, refunds, use
All orders placed online are firm and definitive, constituting an irrevocable commitment to pay the corresponding price in full.
As a result, no refunds will be offered for any reason whatsoever, including partial or total cancellation of the order.
The Company will not accept any modifications to the Entrance passes as originally ordered (bearer’s name, title, company etc.).
Clients are encourage to check all information carefully before confirming their orders.
Waiver of the right of withdrawal
In accordance with Article L221-28 of the French Consumer Code, Entrance passes to trade fairs and similar events are not covered by the right of withdrawal.
Please remember that passes cannot be transferred
Touting of Entrance passes in public places, private settings or via the internet is a criminal offence punishable by arrest and prosecution, with a maximum fine of €15,000 (Art. 313-6-2 of the French Criminal Code).
If the Event to which the Client has purchased Entrance passes is cancelled, or the dates or times are changed, the Client accepts that the Company may use the contact details provided when placing the order online in order to inform them of the measures to be taken.
If the Event is cancelled by the Company on account of an incident of force majeure, as defined in French law, the Company will inform all Clients without delay. In such cases, no damages or interest will be payable and all sums received by the Company will be returned to the Clients.
Order tracking
For further information and questions, please contact our Communication Department by email at the following address [email protected].
Image rights
The Client explicitly authorises, without any expectation of remuneration, the Company and the COMEXPOSIUM Group:
to record, if they so wish, photos and/or videos featuring the Client in their capacity as visitor to the Trade Fair or other events relating thereto;
to make free use of these images in any format, particularly for promotional purposes (including online), in France and internationally, for a period of five years starting from the date on which the Client’s pre-registration request is confirmed.
Clients who do not wish to feature in photographs or films made during the Event must notify the Company in writing before the start of the Event.
Any Clients wishing to take their own photos/videos of the Event must also inform the Company in writing in advance. Clients will take sole responsibility for obtaining the necessary authorisations for any images recorded during the Event, and for respecting the image rights of all exhibitors, visitors and participants present at the Event.
External links
The Website may provide access to the websites of the Company’s partners via hyperlinks, or by integrating content from partner sites into the Website.
The Company cannot be held responsible for the content, legality or operations of these sites, and cannot accept any liability for their usage by users.
Intellectual property
All elements, texts, logos, images, sounds, software and icons contained on the Website and reproduced on the Website are protected by intellectual property rights all over the world. As such it is strictly forbidden to modify, represent or reproduce all or part of the Website and its content in any form or by any means.
Applicable law, disputes
The pre-registration service provided by the Company on the Website is covered by French law.
In the event of a dispute, the only competent courts shall be those closest to the Company’s headquarters.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy in children: Our experience.
Epiphora affects approximately 20% neonates, but most resolve spontaneously. Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is indicated only when conservative management fails. To observe clinical presentation, treatment modalities and effectiveness of endoscopic DCR in paediatric population. It is a prospective study of 21 children done at our tertiary care hospital from 2011 to 2016. All were initially subjected to a trial of conservative management. Those that responded and didn't require surgery were excluded. The age group ranged from 40 days to 11.5 years. 19 underwent unilateral & 2 underwent bilateral endoscopic DCR. After a 6 month follow-up, 20 children were benefitted by surgery, 2 had an incomplete resolution and 1 required revision surgery. The overall success rate was 95.23% and failed cases were mainly due to post-traumatic distortion of the anatomy. No major complications were noted. Endoscopic DCR is safe and effective in children presenting with persistent epiphora.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Ouéoulo
Ouéoulo is a village in southwestern Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Grand-Béréby, San-Pédro Department, San-Pédro Region, Bas-Sassandra District.
Ouéoulo was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.
Notes
Category:Former communes of Ivory Coast
Category:Populated places in Bas-Sassandra District
Category:Populated places in San-Pédro Region
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Executive Summary: The sample size is estimated correctly for the one-sided test. The medical reviewer should decide whether the one-sided test is acceptable. If the two-sided test is recommended, the sample size should be increased to 32 patients.
The primary endpoint of the study is the estimate of the probability P that a patient meeting entry criteria and initiating the dose escalation algorithm will be classified as a success. Overall study success is defined as finding evidence consistent with P≥ 20%, where P≤ 5% is regarded as ignorable. Thus, the null hypothesis is that P ≤5% and the specific alternative hypothesis is that P≥ 20%. Based on this specification of hypotheses and a target type I error probability of one-sided 0.05 and a target power of 80% the following table defines the requi£red study size and provides the statistical operating characteristics:
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
This invention relates to perforated return mailers that incorporate machine readable data.
Perforated information mailers are known. Computer forms that might enclose additional forms and carbons, or forms adapted to act like carbons, are sealed about their periphery to define a mailing envelope. Perforations are provided to facilitate the opening and subsequent removal of only the form of interest from the envelope. The envelope itself is of no interest and is discarded.
Return mailers are also known, for example in the form of parking tickets. In the past, an errant motorist receiving a parking ticket was required to mail a payment using his own envelope. Compliance improved when the parking ticket was actually printed on one panel of a weather-resistant return envelope or mailer. The recipient of the ticket inserted a check and placed the envelope in the mail. Upon receiving the mailer, the processor removed the enclosed payment and separated the two panels of the mailer, retaining the panel with the ticket printed on it. If the panel included machine readable information such as the ticket number, it would then be scanned by an optical reader, and the motorist's debt would be cleared. One difficulty with this system arises when the two panels are separated, and the panels rip or gnarl, causing the reader to jam or read only a portion of the panel.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Ultrathin materials made up of only a single layer of atoms are sometimes referred to as two-dimensional (2D) or single layer materials. Applications for 2D materials and their heterostructures in fields such as communications, high speed computing, sensing, and energy harvesting are currently limited by the absence of direct and repeatable synthesis methods for cost effective device fabrication. While conducting (e.g., graphene, TaS2), and semiconducting (e.g., MoS2, WS2) 2D materials are being rapidly advanced for next-generation 2D devices, ultrathin and high strength dielectric materials for transistor gates, capacitors, memory devices, and barrier layers for electrical and ambient environment isolation are far less developed.
This circumstance is primarily a result of the fundamental challenge in synthesis of ultrathin insulating materials at moderate temperatures (generally less than 900° C.) needed for direct growth over large lateral dimensions. In silicon-based electronics, silicon dioxide (SiO2), prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), has proven to be a suitable dielectric material due to the large band gap (9 eV), well-matched interfacial properties with silicon, and simple, repeatable processing. However, there is a continuing desire to develop additional ultrathin dielectric materials which unique 2D benefits such as optical transparency and mechanical flexibility, for use in flexible electronic devices and other premium areas of nanotechnology innovation. Attempts to provide suitable ultrathin dielectric alternatives have included Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) of HfO2 and Al2O3 and thermal activated growth of crystalline hexagonal form boron nitride (h-BN) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). To date, however, such ultrathin dielectrics have been found to suffer from significant scaling, process tuning, and pinhole-free uniformity challenges.
Thus, there is a continuing need to further develop ultrathin, 2D dielectric materials which do not suffer from the aforementioned difficulties.
|
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a railway car underframe having a fishbelly type center sill and in particular to a reinforcing structure for the transition sections of the center sill.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A fishbelly type center sill for a railway car underframe typically includes a pair of longitudinally extending transversely spaced parallel webs and a top plate and a bottom cover plate secured thereto and conforming to the shape of the webs. The center sill includes a center section, end sections, and transition sections connecting the end sections to the center section. Since the center section is of a considerably deeper and wider design than the end sections, each transition section includes a downward and outward taper which facilitates connecting the sections together as substantially a unitary construction; however, this results in the development of deleteriously high stress concentrations in the bottom coverplate and the vertical webs where it is bent or formed to conform to the cross-section of the center and end sections.
The prior art is exemplified by U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,145,666 and 3,577,934 assigned to Pullman Incorporated and incorporated by reference herein. U.S. Pat. No. 3,145,666 discloses a structure providing for reduced stress concentrations in the transition section by incorporating a plurality of smaller bends in the bottom cover plate of the center sill instead of a single larger bend; and, U.S. Pat. No. 3,577,934 shows a transition section structure having local stiffeners or reinforcing plates which reduce the stresses in the bottom cover plate by locally increasing the cross-sectional area of the load carrying member. Attention is also directed to U.S. Pat. Nos. 998,697 and 1,097,800 which show related fishbelly center sill constructions.
|
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[Formation of virulent antigen-modified mutants (Fra-, Fra-Tox-) of plague bacteria resistant to rifampicin and quinolones].
Experiments were performed with two strains of plague bacteria--231 (isolated from marmot) and 358 (isolated from human) and their isogenic variants with Fra- and Fra-Tox- phenotype. Mutants resistant to rifampicin (Rifr) and nalidixic acid (Nalr) appeared independently of pathogen phenotype and genotype with frequency n.10(-8)-n.10(-9), subsequently. Rifr mutation influenced on virulence manifestation at albino mice and antigendeficient variants with Fra- and Fra-Tox- phenotype. In every group of strains highly virulent subcultures were registered. Resistance to nalidixic acid mainly was not associated with virulence loss. Nalr mutants of parent and antigenmodified mutants were cross resistant to fluoroqinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, lomefloxacin). LD50 for untreated albino mice did not differ from LD50, for mice treated with rifampicin (when mice were infected with strain resistant to rifampicin) or with nalidixic acid and fluoroquinolones (when animals were infected with Nalr mutants). Antigenmodified strains of plague bacteria and their Rifr, Nalr mutants were able to overcome specific immune reaction. The drugs should be used in synergic combinations (with aminoglycosides or cephalosporines of III generation) to prevent appearance of virulent strains resistant to rifampicin and fluroquinolones.
|
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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|
Health
The Daniel Plan: A Diet for the Mind, Body and Spirit
With the help of metabolic expert Dr. Mark Hyman and brain specialist Dr. Daniel Amen, Pastor Rick Warren is waging a holy war on fat. They’ve developed a comprehensive plan that combines spirituality, community support and science to create lasting weight loss. Learn the basics of this breakthrough plan!
Who Is Daniel?
In the Old Testament, before he faces the fiery furnace and the lion’s den, Daniel’s resistance to the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar begins by refusing to eat the king’s lavish meals and opting to eat vegetables instead. After the Babylonians ransacked Jerusalem and abducted young Israelites like Daniel to serve the king, it was expected that they would adhere to all the king’s customs. However, Daniel was concerned about his health and challenged the king. After a 10-day trail, Daniel and his friends are prove to be healthier than the men in Nebuchadnezzar’s service. Inspired by this story, Pastor Rick Warren changed his diet and challenged his friends and family to do the same.
Step 1: Banish Sugar
The average American eats 130 pounds of sugar and 134 pounds of flour a year. Combined that’s almost one pound of sugar per day! These sugary foods that cause your blood sugar to spike promote the production of insulin, a hormone linked to fat-storage. Avoiding sweets and refined grains is key to losing weight.
Step 2: Load Up on Clean Carbs
The Daniel Plan is a high-carb diet, those carbohydrates just come from foods we don’t traditionally think of as rich in carbohydrates. Instead of eating breads, pastas and cereals, you’ll be eating fresh fruits and vegetables. These clean carbohydrates are the most important part of your diet and are essential for long-term weight loss. They are loaded with the vitamin and nutrients the body needs to heal itself.
Step 3: Make Protein a Side Dish
When it comes to protein on the Daniel Plan, start thinking of it as a side dish. When you’re only eating a small serving of protein with every meal, you can focus on quality: fresh fish, whole eggs, organic chicken. Eating the right amount of protein will help regulate blood sugar, build muscle and balance brain chemistry.
Step 4: Do It Together
The Daniel Plan requires the support of friends and family. When people try to lose weight on their own, they use willpower. Which works for a while, but for most people, the burden is too much to bear alone. Forming a support group, however, is the best way to make change last. The encouragement, support and feedback you get is essential to success. In Rick Warren’s Saddleback congregation, 12,000 members worked together to lose more than 250,000 pounds! They found that when people worked together in small groups, they lost twice as much than people who did the program alone.
Directions
Heat olive oil in a large soup pot over medium heat. Add onion, carrot, celery, and salt and sweat until onions are translucent, approximately 5 minutes.
Add the lentils, tomatoes, broth, peppers, and cumin. Stir to combine. Increase the heat to high and bring just to a boil.
Reduce the heat to low, cover and cook at a low simmer until the lentils are tender, approximately 35 to 40 minutes.
Using a sharp knife make a cut on one end of the sausage links.
Remove sausage meat from link casing by squeezing meat through the cut on the link. Heat olive oil in a large pan over medium heat. Add sausage meat and cook until golden brown, breaking up the meat as you cook it.
Drain any excess fat. Add to finished lentil soup and serve hot.
Snack: Pear with 25 raw almonds
Dinner: Ground turkey and broccoli pasta
The Daniel Plan: Ground Turkey and Broccoli Pasta
Slim down using your mind, body and spirit with the Daniel Plan from Pastor Rick Warren. Make protein and clean carbs a regular part of your diet and curb your appetite with this take on pasta.
Add chopped onions to turkey. Cook for 5 minutes until onions are translucent. Add chopped tomatoes, broccoli, mustard, soy sauce, salt and pepper. Cook until broccoli is tender, but not mushy, and the ingredients have created a light sauce on the bottom of pan.
In a large bowl, combine pasta with turkey sauce. Serve at warm or room temperature.
Healthy Treat: Chocolate and walnut-dipped frozen banana pops
The Daniel Plan: Chocolate and Walnut Dipped Frozen Banana Pops
Slim down using your mind, body and spirit with the Daniel Plan from Pastor Rick Warren. Diminish sugar from your diet with this take on frozen bananas.
Ingredients
Makes 4 servings
8 oz 70% (or higher) dark chocolate, broken into pieces or chunks
2 bananas, cut in half
4 tbsp crushed walnuts
4 wooden skewers or popsicle sticks
Directions
Melt chocolate in a double boiler or microwave. If using a microwave, be careful not to “cook” the chocolate; nuke it for 30 seconds at a time until soft and gooey. Let chocolate sit for about 5 minutes to cool slightly.
Place crushed walnuts on a plate. Thread banana onto skewer or popsicle stick. Dip half of banana into melted chocolate and roll carefully into crushed walnuts.
Repeat until all banana pieces are dipped. Place dipped onto a tray lined with wax paper and freeze for at least 4 hours, preferably overnight.
7 Surprising Sources of Protein
If you feel tired and hungry all the time, you may not be getting enough protein. Proteins are the building blocks of the body. They help boost energy, curb appetite and burn fat. You should be eating a minimum of 50 grams of protein every day. If you’re having trouble reaching that goal or are simply looking for ways to mix up your diet, these surprising sources of protein are great additions to any meal!
Avocado
From antioxidants to mono-unsaturated fats, avocados are loaded with good-for-you nutrients including protein. Nature’s butter, as Dr. Oz likes to call it, contains over four grams of protein per cup. Add it to salads, sandwiches and even smoothies! Feeling adventurous?
Gruyère Cheese
One ounce of this popular hard cheese contains eight grams of protein – more than an egg! Pair this sweet, nutty cheese with fruit or crackers for a protein-rich snack.
Chickpeas
A half-cup of this versatile snack contains more than seven grams of protein. Add chickpeas to a salad, purée them with tahini, garlic, vinegar and some oil to make hummus or roast them for an on-the-go protein boost.
Hemp Seeds
This superfood is loaded with protein and essential amino acids. One ounce of hemp seeds contains six grams of protein – about as much as an egg! It can be added to almost any meal with ease, just sprinkle it over cereals, salads or rice dishes.
Green Peas
Did you know a serving of green peas contains as much protein as single serving of peanut butter? A single cup of peas contains eight grams of protein as well as nearly 100% of your daily vitamin C needs and plenty of satiating fiber.
Pumpkin Seeds
Pumpkin seeds are popular in the fall but they’re a protein-packed food you should be eating year-round: one ounce contains nine grams of protein!
If you’re looking for a new way to eat this favorite, try adding them to your morning oatmeal.
Sundried Tomatoes
Think outside the pasta bowl! Sundried tomatoes are the perfect addition to chili and other bean dishes as well as salads and salsas. Bring viewer Jennifer’s sundried tomato dip to your next party.
One cup of this nutrient-packed superfood contains eight grams of protein.
Protein-Packed Sundried Tomato, Feta and White Bean Dip
Make the most out of your snack time by munching on this cannellini bean dip from Jennifer Paquette.
Ingredients:
Yield: about 2 cups
1/2 cup sundried tomatoes (not packed in oil), coarsely chopped
1 can (15-oz) cannellini beans, rinsed and drained
1 cup crumbled feta cheese
3 tbsp lemon juice
2 garlic cloves, coarsely chopped
2 tbsp extra virgin olive oil
1/2 tsp salt
1/2 tsp pepper
1 tsp dried oregano
Directions:
To soften the sundried tomatoes: Bring one cup of water to a boil in a saucepan. Add tomatoes, cover and remove from heat. Let stand 10 minutes.
Drain tomatoes in a colander over a bowl and reserve the liquid. Chop tomatoes coarsely.
Place sundried tomatoes, beans, garlic, lemon juice, olive oil, salt and pepper in the bowl of a food processor. Process until smooth, adding the reserved tomato liquid in small amounts until desired consistency is obtained. Add the feta and oregano and pulse until combined.
Transfer the dip to a bowl and enjoy with vegetables or toasted whole-wheat pita.
This dip can be covered tightly and refrigerated for up to three days.
Protein-Packed Avocado Brownies
When you’re looking for something sweet, try this gluten and dairy-free dessert from Megan McWilliams.
Once all is well combined, put away the electric mixer and start using a wooden spoon to blend in the cacao powder, almond meal, salt and vanilla extract.
Preheat oven to 350°F.
Mash up the avocados. After mashing by hand, use an electric mixer to get it as smooth as possible. If you have chunks of avocado, they will definitely show up in your brownies.
Now fold in the avocados to your thick chocolate mix. You can use the electric mixer again if you want.
Pour into an 8×8 baking pan and bake for about 30 minutes. Use a wooden toothpick or chopstick to test the middle. When it comes out clean, you are done!
Antibiotics in Animals, DDT and Norovirus
FDA allows antibiotics in animal feed despite potential risk to human health, report claims: A report from an environment advocacy group claims that “the Food and Drug Administration has continued to allow dozens of antibiotics to be used in feed for livestock, despite findings from its researchers that the drugs could expose humans to antibiotic-resistant bacteria through the food supply.” The records, obtained by the Natural Resources Defense Council, showed that FDA officials reviewed approximately 30 animal feed additives between 2001 and 2010 and rated 18 of them “high risk” of contributing to human health problems. The report also stated that at least 26 of the additives “did not meet standards set by the agency in 1973, which required companies to submit scientific studies proving the drugs were safe.” (The Washington Post)
DDT exposure linked to Alzheimer’s disease: “A new study links exposure to the insecticide DDT with Alzheimer’s disease.” Researchers found that 80% of patients with Alzheimer’s had evidence of exposure to the pesticide, which was widely used from the 1940s to 1972 to kill mosquitos that cause malaria. About 70% of people without Alzheimer’s also had evidence of DDT exposure, but the levels of DDE, a breakdown product of DDT, “were nearly four times higher in the blood of people with Alzheimer’s.” DDT was banned by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1972 due to concerns about the risk to wildlife, but “DDT persists in the environment and in human blood and tissue.” (USA Today)
CDC to stay on cruise ship with nearly 650 sickened: “The CDC says more than 620 have been sickened on Royal Caribbean’s Explorer of the Seas.” Federal health officials are on board the cruise ship, which will arrive back to a port in New Jersey later this week, “keeping an eye on patients and trying to find the source of a nasty stomach bug that’s sickened more than 620 people.” Officials say norovirus, a common and highly infectious virus that commonly causes diarrhea and vomiting, is most likely to blame. “It can make as many as 21 million people sick every year and put 50,000 to 70,000 into the hospital,” but fortunately it is not usually fatal. After the ship returns to port, it will be fully disinfected, according to Royal Caribbean. (NBC News)
Breaking: Gynecologists Recommend Birth Control Pills Be Made Available Over-the-Counter!
Mexico is known for beautiful beaches, great guacamole and, as any woman who’s forgotten to bring along that all-important pack of pills knows, over-the-counter hormonal contraception. That’s right. You can wander into any pharmacy in Mexico and pick up a pack of birth control pills without a prescription – a convenience that doesn’t exist in the US.
A lot of people, including most gynecologists, think that should change. And, in a bold move, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) has just released a position statement recommending that oral contraceptive pills be sold over-the-counter.
The reasons for that endorsement are clear. According to the Guttmacher Institute, 50% of the pregnancies that occur in the United States each year are unplanned. By age 45, half of all American women will experience an unintended pregnancy. Every year, failed contraception, or no contraception, contributes to 3.2 million unintended pregnancies.
Barriers to obtaining contraception, such as the prescription requirement, contribute to our nation’s sky-high unintentional pregnancy rate. ACOG states that increasing availability of pills will improve usage of contraception. Other studies have consistently proven that when barriers such as cost and access are eliminated, unplanned pregnancy rates plummet.
Getting a prescription is a huge burden to many women who have no regular physician, no insurance, and a job that doesn’t allow the luxury of taking an afternoon off to go to see a doctor. The college student without a gynecologist (and without a car) doesn’t have it any easier. Not to mention, many insurance companies only release one month of pills at a time. It’s understandable how a prescription can lapse.
Opponents to the OTC initiative say it is too dangerous. They express concern that high-risk women are likely to take birth control pills which will lead to in an increase in serious side effects such as blood clots and heart attacks. Please! Women deserve a little more credit. The average woman is more than capable of self-screening and determining if taking pills would be dangerous or inappropriate. No woman wants to have a stroke. If someone is 40, overweight, and a smoker, she is going to be informed that she is not a candidate for hormonal contraception just as a man with kidney failure is informed that over-the-counter painkillers are not safe. ACOG, known to be a medically conservative organization, strongly states that the benefits far outweigh the risks.
Truth be told, the same people that say pills shouldn’t be sold over-the-counter are often the same people that think insurance shouldn’t cover contraception in the first place. And that abstinence education actually works. Or that easy access to contraception will increase teenage sexual activity. In other words, their political agenda, not women’s health, is their priority.
Mexican women are more likely to stay on their pills and have no higher rates of complications than American women! In addition, evidence shows that even if the pill is available without a prescription, women will continue to show up for their annual checkups, Pap tests and STD screens.
Most women spend the majority of their reproductive years trying to avoid becoming pregnant. The solution to lowering the country’s high unintended pregnancy rate is not going to be completely solved by increasing access to contraception, but it’s a really good start and I’m all for it.
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**PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT**
**Exploring Grammar**
**PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT**
# **Exploring Grammar**
**Gary Robert Muschla**
Copyright © 2011 by Gary Robert Muschla. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
ISBN: 978-0-07-174712-7
MHID: 0-07-174712-5
The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN 978-0-07-174548-2, MHID 0-07-174548-3.
All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps.
McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please e-mail us at bulksales@mcgraw-hill.com.
Trademarks: McGraw-Hill, the McGraw-Hill Publishing logo, Practice Makes Perfect, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of The McGraw-Hill Companies and/or its affi liates in the United States and other countries and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. The McGraw-Hill Companies is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
**TERMS OF USE**
This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ("McGraw-Hill") and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill's prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms.
THE WORK IS PROVIDED "AS IS." McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting there from. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise.
_For Judy and Erin, as always._
## **Contents**
About This Book
How to Use This Book
**Part 1 Sentences**
**Tip Sheet: Kinds and Structures of Sentences**
1.1 E. B. White ( _Recognizing Types of Sentences_ )
1.2 Special States ( _Understanding Sentence Structure, 1_ )
1.3 A Space First ( _Understanding Sentence Structure, 2_ )
**Tip Sheet: Subjects and Predicates**
1.4 A President's Ride in an Automobile ( _Identifying Complete Subjects and Complete Predicates, 1_ )
1.5 First Settlement ( _Identifying Complete Subjects and Complete Predicates, 2_ )
1.6 Hungry Toads ( _Identifying Simple Subjects, 1_ )
1.7 Above the South Pole ( _Identifying Simple Subjects, 2_ )
1.8 Native American Explorer ( _Identifying Simple Predicates, 1_ )
1.9 First Flight ( _Identifying Simple Predicates, 2_ )
1.10 Two of a Kind ( _Identifying Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates, 1_ )
1.11 The Biggest Turtle of All ( _Identifying Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates, 2_ )
1.12 American Flag Maker ( _Identifying Compound Subjects_ )
1.13 Center of the Land ( _Identifying Compound Predicates_ )
1.14 Passing Time ( _Identifying Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates_ )
**Tip Sheet: Fragments and Run-On Sentences**
1.15 Big Mouth ( _Recognizing Sentence Fragments_ )
1.16 Outlaw Hero ( _Recognizing Run-On Sentences_ )
1.17 Famous Woodpecker ( _Recognizing Sentences, Fragments, and Run-Ons_ )
1.18 Nickname for a President ( _Review of Sentences, 1_ )
1.19 First Phone Call ( _Review of Sentences, 2_ )
1.20 Famous Woman Dentist ( _Review of Sentences, 3_ )
1.21 Cool Creation ( _Review of Sentences, 4_ )
**Part 2 Nouns**
**Tip Sheet: Nouns**
2.1 Frontier Hero ( _Identifying Nouns, 1_ )
2.2 Snakes ( _Identifying Nouns, 2_ )
2.3 Surrounded States ( _Identifying Common and Proper Nouns, 1_ )
2.4 Going West ( _Identifying Common and Proper Nouns, 2_ )
**Tip Sheet: Forming Plural Nouns**
2.5 Famous Signature ( _Identifying Plural Nouns, 1_ )
2.6 Up, Up, and Away ( _Identifying Plural Nouns, 2_ )
**Tip Sheet: Nouns with Special Plural Forms**
2.7 Fast-Food First ( _Identifying Irregular Plural Nouns_ )
**Tip Sheet: Possessive Nouns**
2.8 Famous Crime Fighter ( _Understanding Singular and Plural Possessive Nouns, 1_ )
2.9 Guide to Freedom ( _Understanding Singular and Plural Possessive Nouns, 2_ )
2.10 Famous Monument ( _Understanding Singular and Plural Possessive Nouns, 3_ )
2.11 Pluto ( _Review of Nouns, 1_ )
2.12 Sources of Energy ( _Review of Nouns, 2_ )
2.13 Snowy City ( _Review of Nouns, 3_ )
2.14 Game for Kids ( _Review of Nouns, 4_ )
**Part 3 Verbs**
**Tip Sheet: Two Kinds of Verbs**
3.1 Author of a Classic Story ( _Identifying Action Verbs, 1_ )
3.2 Flying While Sleeping ( _Identifying Action Verbs, 2_ )
3.3 A Philadelphia First ( _Identifying Action Verbs, 3_ )
3.4 Planets and Stars ( _Identifying Verb Phrases, 1_ )
3.5 Aiming for the Stars ( _Identifying Verb Phrases, 2_ )
3.6 Nighttime Animals ( _Identifying Linking Verbs, 1_ )
3.7 Not an Ordinary Tornado ( _Identifying Linking Verbs, 2_ )
3.8 Related to Mickey ( _Identifying Action and Linking Verbs, 1_ )
3.9 Busy Bees ( _Identifying Action and Linking Verbs, 2_ )
3.10 Hurricanes by Another Name ( _Identifying Action and Linking Verbs, 3_ )
**Tip Sheet: Direct Objects**
3.11 What's the Weather? ( _Identifying Direct Objects, 1_ )
3.12 Walking on a Tightrope ( _Identifying Direct Objects, 2_ )
**Tip Sheet: Nouns and Adjectives That Follow Linking Verbs**
3.13 Favorite Cookie ( _Identifying Words After Linking Verbs That Rename or Describe Subjects_ )
**Tip Sheet: Contractions with _Not_**
3.14 Naming America ( _Recognizing Contractions with Verbs and_ Not)
**Tip Sheet: Verb Tenses**
**Tip Sheet: Rules for Forming the Tenses of Verbs**
3.15 Earthquakes ( _Identifying Verb Tenses, 1_ )
3.16 Food for Plants ( _Identifying Verb Tenses, 2_ )
3.17 Coral Reef ( _Identifying Verb Tenses, 3_ )
**Tip Sheet: Agreement Between Subjects and Verbs**
3.18 What a Hoot! ( _Understanding Subject and Verb Agreement, 1_ )
3.19 Sports Fans ( _Understanding Subject and Verb Agreement, 2_ )
3.20 E. L. Konigsburg ( _Understanding Subject and Verb Agreement, 3_ )
**Tip Sheet: Regular and Irregular Verbs**
3.21 Gateway to a New Life ( _Understanding Irregular Verbs, 1_ )
3.22 Big Ears ( _Understanding Irregular Verbs, 2_ )
3.23 Men on the Moon ( _Understanding Irregular Verbs, 3_ )
**Tip Sheet: Two Special Verbs: _Be_ and _Have_**
3.24 Small Dog ( _Understanding the Forms of_ Be _and Have, 1_ )
3.25 Searching Everywhere ( _Understanding the Forms of_ Be _and Have, 2_ )
3.26 Warriors and Explorers ( _Review of Verbs, 1_ )
3.27 Three Special Sets of Letters ( _Review of Verbs, 2_ )
3.28 Great Explorer ( _Review of Verbs, 3_ )
3.29 Step up to the Plate ( _Review of Verbs, 4_ )
**Part 4 Pronouns**
**Tip Sheet: Pronouns**
4.1 Fairy Tale Author ( _Identifying Pronouns, 1_ )
4.2 Tinkering Around ( _Identifying Pronouns, 2_ )
4.3 Hot Dogs ( _Identifying Pronouns, 3_ )
4.4 Flat State ( _Identifying Pronouns, 4_ )
**Tip Sheet: Subject Pronouns**
4.5 Word Game ( _Identifying Subject Pronouns_ )
**Tip Sheet: Object Pronouns**
4.6 Moving Along . . . Slowly ( _Identifying Object Pronouns_ )
**Tip Sheet: Two Special Pronouns: _I_ and _Me_**
4.7 Big Eyes ( _Identifying Subject and Object Pronouns, 1_ )
4.8 Brothers and Sisters ( _Identifying Subject and Object Pronouns, 2_ )
4.9 Dr. Seuss ( _Identifying Subject and Object Pronouns, 3_ )
**Tip Sheet: Possessive Pronouns**
4.10 Astronauts ( _Identifying Possessive Pronouns, 1_ )
4.11 American Composer ( _Identifying Possessive Pronouns, 2_ )
4.12 Plenty of Prairie ( _Identifying Possessive Pronouns, 3_ )
**Tip Sheet: Pronoun Contractions**
4.13 Born on the Fourth of July ( _Understanding Contractions with Pronouns, 1_ )
4.14 Discoverer of Antibiotics ( _Understanding Contractions with Pronouns, 2_ )
4.15 Animals with Great Memories ( _Identifying Antecedents_ )
4.16 Dangerous Fish ( _Review of Pronouns, 1_ )
4.17 Tiny Mammal ( _Review of Pronouns, 2_ )
4.18 Pets ( _Review of Pronouns, 3_ )
**Part 5 Adjectives**
**Tip Sheet: Adjectives**
5.1 Great Athlete ( _Identifying Adjectives, 1_ )
5.2 A Fact About the Cells of Your Body ( _Identifying Adjectives, 2_ )
5.3 Unusual Colony ( _Identifying Adjectives, 3_ )
5.4 The Civil War ( _Identifying Proper Adjectives_ )
**Tip Sheet: Comparing with Adjectives**
**Tip Sheet: Special Adjectives and Comparing**
5.5 Radio Signals ( _Understanding Comparison of Adjectives, 1_ )
5.6 Calling Mr. President ( _Understanding Comparison of Adjectives, 2_ )
5.7 Manhattan ( _Understanding Comparison of Adjectives, 3_ )
5.8 Inventor of the Very First Computer ( _Review of Adjectives, 1_ )
5.9 Studying the Earth ( _Review of Adjectives, 2_ )
**Part 6 Adverbs**
**Tip Sheet: Adverbs**
6.1 Bones of the Human Body ( _Identifying Adverbs, 1_ )
6.2 Journey Westward ( _Identifying Adverbs, 2_ )
6.3 Bats ( _Identifying Adverbs, 3_ )
**Tip Sheet: Comparing with Adverbs**
6.4 Fairy Tales ( _Understanding Comparison of Adverbs, 1_ )
6.5 Standing Tall ( _Understanding Comparison of Adverbs, 2_ )
6.6 By Another Name ( _Understanding Comparison of Adverbs, 3_ )
**Tip Sheet: Negative Words and Double Negatives**
6.7 Dangerous Lizard ( _Identifying Negative Words_ )
6.8 Giant Storm ( _Recognizing Double Negatives_ )
6.9 Bacteria and Disease ( _Review of Adverbs, 1_ )
6.10 Start of a Star ( _Review of Adverbs, 2_ )
6.11 Rescue Dogs ( _Review of Adverbs, 3_ )
**Part 7 Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections**
**Tip Sheet: Prepositions**
7.1 _A_ States ( _Identifying Prepositions, 1_ )
7.2 Insects ( _Identifying Prepositions, 2_ )
7.3 Special Animals ( _Identifying Prepositions, 3_ )
**Tip Sheet: Prepositional Phrases**
7.4 President's Plane ( _Identifying Prepositional Phrases, 1_ )
7.5 Body System ( _Identifying Prepositional Phrases, 2_ )
7.6 Long Before E-Mail ( _Identifying Objects of Prepositions, 1_ )
7.7 Soccer ( _Identifying Objects of Prepositions, 2_ )
7.8 Miniature Golf ( _Identifying Objects of Prepositions, 3_ )
**Tip Sheet: Conjunctions**
7.9 One of the Very First Cars ( _Using Conjunctions_ )
**Tip Sheet: Interjections**
7.10 Ancient Astronomer ( _Identifying Interjections_ )
7.11 Puzzling Pastime ( _Review of Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections_ )
7.12 Studying Bugs ( _Review of Prepositional Phrases_ )
7.13 Lots of Animals ( _Review of Objects of Prepositions_ )
7.14 Ski Tournament ( _Review of Parts of Speech_ )
**Part 8 Punctuation and Capitalization**
**Tip Sheet: Abbreviations**
8.1 More Common than You May Think ( _Understanding Abbreviations, 1_ )
8.2 Born in the U.S.A. ( _Understanding Abbreviations, 2_ )
**Tip Sheet: End Punctuation**
8.3 Bachelor President ( _Understanding End Punctuation, 1_ )
8.4 Stargazer ( _Understanding End Punctuation, 2_ )
**Tip Sheet: Commas**
8.5 Big Boulder ( _Understanding Commas_ )
8.6 First Settlement ( _Understanding End Punctuation and Commas, 1_ )
8.7 Mighty River ( _Understanding End Punctuation and Commas, 2_ )
**Tip Sheet: Colons and Hyphens**
8.8 Leaky Faucet ( _Understanding Colons and Hyphens_ )
**Tip Sheet: Apostrophes**
8.9 Famous Artist ( _Understanding Apostrophes, 1_ )
8.10 End of the Revolutionary War ( _Understanding Apostrophes, 2_ )
8.11 First Vice President ( _Understanding Apostrophes, 3_ )
**Tip Sheet: Quotation Marks**
8.12 Meteors ( _Understanding Quotation Marks for Dialogue_ )
8.13 Volcanoes and Earthquakes ( _Understanding Quotation Marks for Dialogue and Titles, 1_ )
8.14 Landlocked ( _Understanding Quotation Marks for Dialogue and Titles, 2_ )
**Tip Sheet: Italics**
8.15 First Female Police Officer ( _Understanding Italics, 1_ )
8.16 Discoverer of Bacteria ( _Understanding Italics, 2_ )
8.17 Ellis Island First ( _Understanding Quotation Marks and Italics, 1_ )
8.18 Speedy Dog ( _Understanding Quotation Marks and Italics, 2_ )
8.19 Measuring the Power of Earthquakes ( _Review of Punctuation, 1_ )
8.20 Explorer of Florida ( _Review of Punctuation, 2_ )
8.21 Is There a Doctor in the House? ( _Review of Punctuation, 3_ )
8.22 Constellation ( _Review of Punctuation, 4_ )
8.23 Much Bigger than a Mouse ( _Review of Punctuation, 5_ )
8.24 Minus Snakes ( _Review of Punctuation, 6_ )
8.25 American Legend ( _Review of Punctuation, 7_ )
8.26 Down by the Sea ( _Review of Punctuation, 8_ )
8.27 Turning from Side to Side ( _Review of Punctuation, 9_ )
8.28 American Royalty ( _Review of Punctuation, 10_ )
**Tip Sheet: Capitalization**
8.29 Butterfly by Another Name ( _Understanding Capitalization, 1_ )
8.30 South Pacific Explorer ( _Understanding Capitalization, 2_ )
8.31 Flowing Backward ( _Understanding Capitalization, 3_ )
8.32 Heading to Brazil ( _Understanding Capitalization, 4_ )
8.33 Peninsula State ( _Understanding Capitalization, 5_ )
8.34 Lands Down Under ( _Review of Capitalization_ )
**Part 9 Usage and Proofreading**
**Tip Sheet: Confusing Words**
9.1 Strange Creature ( _Understanding Confusing Words, 1_ )
9.2 Around the World ( _Understanding Confusing Words, 2_ )
9.3 First Football Game in the United States ( _Understanding Confusing Words, 3_ )
9.4 The Green Earth ( _Understanding Confusing Words, 4_ )
**Tip Sheet: Proofreading for Mistakes in Grammar**
9.5 Bug-Eating Mammal ( _Finding Mistakes in Grammar, 1_ )
9.6 Meet the Flintstones ( _Finding Mistakes in Grammar, 2_ )
9.7 One of Science's Greats ( _Finding Mistakes in Grammar, 3_ )
9.8 Arbor Day ( _Finding Mistakes in Grammar, 4_ )
9.9 Early Colonist ( _Finding Mistakes in Grammar, 5_ )
9.10 Father's Day ( _Finding Mistakes in Grammar, 6_ )
9.11 Tallest Mountain ( _Finding Mistakes in Grammar, 7_ )
9.12 Cool Idea ( _Finding Mistakes in Grammar, 8_ )
9.13 Basics of English ( _Finding Mistakes in Grammar, 9_ )
9.14 A Puzzle About You ( _Finding Mistakes in Grammar, 10_ )
**Answer Key**
## **About This Book**
Most students find the rules of English grammar to be confusing if not outright overwhelming. Adding to the muddle are the many exceptions to the rules that are just plain maddening. But understanding grammar is essential for students to speak and write with competence and clarity.
_Practice Makes Perfect: Exploring Grammar_ can be a valuable resource in learning grammar. It can be used by both students and teachers. Students (working alone or with their parents) can complete the worksheets, while teachers will find the materials of the book to be useful for classroom instruction. Tip sheets throughout the book highlight grammatical facts and rules, while self-correcting worksheets provide students with an interesting way to learn and practice grammar skills.
Learning grammar is challenging. It is my hope that this book will make the study of grammar an enjoyable and successful experience.
## **How to Use This Book**
P _ractice Makes Perfect: Exploring Grammar_ is divided into nine parts. Each part concentrates on grammar skills and includes tip sheets and worksheets. An answer key for the worksheets is included at the end of the book.
**Part 1** "Sentences" includes three tip sheets and seventeen worksheets that focus on sentence types, sentence structure, subjects, predicates, fragments, and run-on sentences. In addition, four review worksheets are included at the end of Part 1.
**Part 2** "Nouns" includes four tip sheets and ten worksheets that focus on singular nouns, plural nouns, common nouns, proper nouns, irregular plural nouns, and possessive nouns. Part 2 concludes with four review worksheets.
**Part 3** "Verbs" contains nine tip sheets and twenty-five worksheets that cover action verbs, verb phrases, linking verbs, direct objects, nouns and adjectives that follow linking verbs, contractions with verbs, tenses, subject-verb agreement, and irregular verbs. Four review worksheets conclude this part of the book.
**Part 4** "Pronouns" contains six tip sheets and fifteen worksheets on personal pronouns, subject pronouns, object pronouns, possessive pronouns, contractions with pronouns, and antecedents. Three review worksheets are also included.
**Part 5** "Adjectives" contains three tip sheets and seven worksheets on identifying adjectives, proper adjectives, and the comparison of adjectives. Two review worksheets conclude Part 5.
**Part 6** "Adverbs" includes three tip sheets and eight worksheets on identifying adverbs, the comparison of adverbs, and double negatives. Part 6 also includes three review worksheets.
**Part 7** "Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections" contains four tip sheets and ten worksheets on prepositions, prepositional phrases, objects of prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Part 7 ends with four review worksheets.
**Part 8** "Punctuation and Capitalization" contains eight tip sheets and twenty-three worksheets on end punctuation, commas, colons, hyphens, apostrophes, quotation marks, italics, and capitalization. Eleven review worksheets are also included.
**Part 9** "Usage and Proofreading" contains one tip sheet and four worksheets on common words that cause confusion, and one tip sheet and ten worksheets on proofreading to find grammatical mistakes.
The tip sheets and worksheets throughout the book are designed to make learning grammar easier. Each tip sheet serves as a resource, providing facts and information about topics and skills in grammar. The worksheets have easy-to-follow directions and require no additional materials. You may want to check the tip sheets if you need help in completing the worksheets. The worksheets are self-correcting. You are presented with a trivia-type question at the top of the worksheet, which you can answer by completing the worksheet correctly.
The skills covered in this book follow the typical language arts and grammar curriculum for grades 4–5. The skill or topic addressed in each worksheet is included with the number and title of the worksheet in the table of contents. The table of contents therefore serves as a skills list.
You will find that some skills and topics are addressed by two, three, or more worksheets. In such cases, the worksheets progress in degree of difficulty from basic to more challenging—the first worksheet of the set being designated by 1, the second by 2, the third by 3, and so on.
The tip sheets and worksheets throughout this book offer 206 separate activities. They offer a variety of exercises that will help you gain a greater understanding of grammar.
## **PART 1
Sentences**
Asentence is an arrangement of words that expresses a complete thought. Sentences are the foundation of communication in English.
The tip sheets and worksheets in this part focus on sentences. One tip sheet and Worksheets 1.1 through 1.3 focus on sentence kinds and structures. One tip sheet and Worksheets 1.4 through 1.14 concentrate on subjects and predicates. The final tip sheet and Worksheets 1.15 through 1.17 concentrate on fragments and run-on sentences, while Worksheets 1.18 through 1.21 review sentences.
### **TIP SHEET
Kinds and Structures of Sentences**
Sentences may be one of four kinds:
1. A _declarative_ sentence makes a statement. It ends with a period.
The game begins at seven.
2. An _interrogative_ sentence asks a question. It ends with a question mark.
Did you finish your homework?
3. An _imperative_ sentence gives an order or asks someone to do something. It ends with a period.
Please answer the phone.
4. An _exclamatory_ sentence shows strong emotion. It ends with an exclamation point.
Watch out!
Sentences have different structures. Here are two of the most common:
• A _simple_ sentence has one complete subject and one complete predicate.
Manuel plays the drums.
• A _compound_ sentence contains two or more simple sentences joined by a conjunction such as _and_ , _but_ , or _or_. A comma usually comes before the conjunction.
Sara has brown hair, but her brother has blond hair.
#### **1.1 E. B. White**
E. B. White was the author of _Charlotte's Web_. What do the initials _E. B._ stand for?
To answer the question, label each sentence below as _declarative_ , _interrogative_ , _imperative_ , or _exclamatory_. Select your answers from the choices after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. The first letter is given.
. E. B. White was born in Mount Vernon, New York, in 1899.
N. Declarative
R. Interrogative
D. Imperative
W. Exclamatory
. He wrote many books for children.
R. Declarative
O. Interrogative
A. Imperative
T. Exclamatory
. Do you know that he wrote _Stuart Little_?
R. Declarative
W. Interrogative
N. Imperative
J. Exclamatory
. Please hand me that book on the shelf.
M. Declarative
I. Interrogative
S. Imperative
L. Exclamatory
. He also wrote _The Trumpet of the Swan_.
B. Declarative
U. Interrogative
H. Imperative
Y. Exclamatory
. That's a great book!
H. Declarative
L. Interrogative
A. Imperative
K. Exclamatory
. Isn't _Charlotte's Web_ one of the most popular children's books of all time?
T. Declarative
L. Interrogative
U. Imperative
E. Exclamatory
. E. B. White is one of my favorite authors.
O. Declarative
D. Interrogative
N. Imperative
E. Exclamatory
. Check the Internet for more information on E. B. White.
S. Declarative
A. Interrogative
Y. Imperative
M. Exclamatory
#### **1.2 Special States**
The biggest state in the United States is Alaska. What is the smallest state?
To answer the question, name each sentence below. Select your answers from the choices after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Kim's favorite subject in school is geography.
S. Simple
N. Compound
. She likes learning about different places and people.
E. Simple
A. Compound
. Kim knows a lot about the states, and she plans to visit each one someday.
O. Simple
A. Compound
. At one time our country had only thirteen states, but today there are fifty.
T. Simple
I. Compound
. Alaska and Hawaii were the last two states to join the Union.
O. Simple
G. Compound
. Texas was once the biggest state, but now Alaska is the biggest.
G. Simple
L. Compound
. Canada is north of the United States, and Mexico is south of our country.
E. Simple
N. Compound
. Alaska is separated from the lower forty-eight states by Canada.
D. Simple
J. Compound
. Canada is larger than the United States, but it has a smaller population.
N. Simple
R. Compound
. Kim would like to travel around the world someday.
H. Simple
E. Compound
#### **1.3 A Space First**
This woman was the first African American woman to travel in space. Who was she?
To answer the question, name each sentence below. Select your answers from the choices after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. Astronauts are space travelers and explorers.
E. Simple
I. Compound
. Many astronauts are pilots, but others are scientists.
K. Simple
A. Compound
. Astronauts spend many hours training.
N. Simple
I. Compound
. Flying in space is exciting, but it is also dangerous.
C. Simple
J. Compound
. Accidents have happened, and lives have been lost.
E. Simple
M. Compound
. On May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American to fly in space.
I. Simple
E. Compound
. On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first human to walk on the moon.
O. Simple
W. Compound
. Other trips to the moon followed, and scientists learned much about the moon.
N. Simple
S. Compound
. Scientists dream of visiting Mars, but that mission is many years away.
H. Simple
M. Compound
. Someday human beings will travel throughout the stars.
E. Simple
I. Compound
### **TIP SHEET
Subjects and Predicates**
Sentences are built around subjects and predicates.
• The _complete subject_ of a sentence includes all the words that tell who the subject is or what it is about.
_Tara_ is a piano teacher.
_The powerful earthquake_ caused much damage.
_The thunder_ will scare the puppy.
• The _simple subject_ is the most important word or words in the complete subject. The simple subject is usually a noun or pronoun.
_Tara_ is a piano teacher.
The powerful _earthquake_ caused much damage.
The _thunder_ will scare the puppy.
• Subjects may be compound. A _compound subject_ has two or more simple subjects.
_Jason_ and _Joanna_ are cousins.
• The _complete predicate_ of a sentence includes all the words that tell what the subject is or does.
Tara _is a piano teacher_.
The powerful earthquake _caused much damage_.
The thunder _will scare the puppy_.
• The _simple predicate_ is the most important word or words in the complete predicate. It is a verb or a verb phrase.
Tara _is_ a piano teacher.
The powerful earthquake _caused_ much damage.
The thunder _will scare_ the puppy.
• Predicates may be compound. A _compound predicate_ has two or more simple predicates.
Roberta _sang_ and _danced_ in the school play.
#### **1.4 A President's Ride in an Automobile**
This president was the first to ride in an automobile. Who was he?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Decide if the slash divides the sentence into its complete subject and complete predicate. If it does, write the letter for _yes_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If the sentence is not divided correctly, write the letter for _no_.
. The first automobiles / were called horseless carriages.
S. Yes
K. No
. Many inventors worked / on early automobiles.
E. Yes
H. No
. Henry Ford built one / of the first cars in 1893.
S. Yes
D. No
. Early cars / broke down often.
E. Yes
O. No
. Many people thought / of "motoring" as a sport.
H. Yes
L. No
. Many improvements in / automobiles were made.
K. Yes
R. No
. Soon people / looked upon automobiles as a means of transportation.
T. Yes
G. No
. Many companies / began making automobiles.
V. Yes
F. No
. Today many families / own more than one automobile.
O. Yes
R. No
#### **1.5 First Settlement**
An English settlement was founded in Virginia in 1607. What was the name of this settlement?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the slash that divides the sentence into a complete subject and complete predicate. Write the letter that is below the correct slash in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page.
#### **1.6 Hungry Toads**
Toads are related to frogs, but toads spend more time on land. Scientists believe that toads eat a lot of insects during the summer. About how many insects might a single toad eat in one summer?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the simple subject. Choose your answers from the underlined words. Write the letter that is below each simple subject in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. are in most of the world.
. cannot tell the between a toad and a frog.
. Unlike usually live on
. A is rough.
. A toad's back are than the back legs of
. can farther than
. In the hide in dark, cool places.
. hunt at night.
. hibernate the
#### **1.7 Above the South Pole**
In 1929, this American explorer was the first man to fly over the South Pole. Who was he?
To answer the question, read the article below. Find the simple subject of each sentence. Start with the first sentence. Then write the letters beneath the simple subjects in order in the spaces at the bottom of the page.
The is in is the largest on the Earth. is a barren land. covers most of Antarctica. in the is extremely cold. a few grow in small ice-free far from the South Pole. The on the is too cold for trees. are the numerous in Antarctica. live in the around the continent. The did not reach Antarctica until the 1800s. carry out in this icy land.
#### **1.8 Native American Explorer**
In the early 1800s, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored the American west. A Native American woman helped them. Who was she?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the simple predicates. Choose your answers from the underlined words. Write the letter beneath each simple predicate in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. In 1803, the United States a big from France.
. land the Purchase.
. Thomas Jefferson Lewis Clark explore the land.
. In 1804, St. Louis.
. They the wilderness.
. in 1805, the Pacific.
. Lewis and Clark journey.
. more 8,000 miles.
. In time, the of the Louisiana Purchase several
#### **1.9 First Flight**
Orville and Wilbur Wright were the first men to fly an airplane. Where in North Carolina did this first flight take place?
To answer the question, read the article below. Find the simple predicate in each sentence. Start with the first sentence. Then write the letters beneath the simple predicates in order in the spaces at the bottom of the page.
Wilbur Orville Wright At one they bicycles. But to fly. they gliders. A glider an an engine. It the wind. The Wright brothers much about from their gliders. Next, they with a propeller. In 1903, Orville the first airplane flight.
#### **1.10 Two of a Kind**
Hawaii is one of only two states that have three consecutive vowels in its name (Haw **aii** ). What is the other state?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the simple subject and simple predicate. Match your answer with the possible answers that are given after each sentence. Only _one_ of the possible answers for each sentence is correct. Write the letter that follows each correct answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. Josh's class learned about the states.
Subject: states, S
Predicate: learned, A
. The students discovered many interesting facts.
Subject: students, S
Predicate: interesting, I
. Fifty states belong to the United States.
Subject: Fifty, N
Predicate: belong, I
. Each state is special in its own way.
Subject: state, A
Predicate: special, S
. The thirteen colonies became the first thirteen states.
Subject: thirteen, T
Predicate: became, I
. Delaware was the first state to join the Union.
Subject: Delaware, O
Predicate: first, U
. Over the years, the country grew steadily.
Subject: years, A
Predicate: grew, N
. Settlers moved westward in search of new homes.
Subject: Settlers, L
Predicate: search, M
. In time, the country stretched across the continent.
Subject: time, N
Predicate: stretched, U
#### **1.11 The Biggest Turtle of All**
This turtle can grow to weigh up to 1,300 pounds. It is thought to be the biggest turtle in the world. What kind of turtle is this?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the simple subject and simple predicate. Match your answer with the possible answers that are given after each sentence. Only _one_ of the possible answers for each sentence is correct. Write the letter that follows each correct answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. All turtles have hard shells.
Subject: All, E
Predicate: have, H
. A turtle's shell protects it from predators.
Subject: shell, R
Predicate: from, T
. Some turtles are only a few inches long.
Subject: turtles, C
Predicate: only, K
. Others grow to be several feet long.
Subject: Others, T
Predicate: several, M
. Some kinds of turtles weigh more than one thousand pounds.
Subject: pounds, U
Predicate: weigh, B
. Some turtles enjoy very long lives.
Subject: Some, N
Predicate: enjoy, K
. A few types live up to a hundred years.
Subject: few, B
Predicate: live, L
. All female turtles lay eggs.
Subject: female, T
Predicate: lay, A
. They bury their eggs in sand to keep them safe.
Subject: They, E
Predicate: sand, L
#### **1.12 American Flag Maker**
Many people believe that this person made the first flag for the United States. What was this person's name?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Decide if each sentence has a compound subject. If a compound subject is underlined correctly, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. If a compound subject is not underlined correctly, write the letter for _incorrect_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Selina and her group did a project on the Revolutionary War.
O. Correct
S. Incorrect
. Billy and Selina studied the causes of the war.
S. Correct
T. Incorrect
. Rachel, Alberto, and James read about important battles.
E. Correct
A. Incorrect
. Two students checked the Internet for information.
E. Correct
S. Incorrect
. All of the group members presented information to the class.
I. Correct
Y. Incorrect
. Many students asked excellent questions.
R. Correct
T. Incorrect
. Ahmed and Thomas learned much about George Washington.
J. Correct
R. Incorrect
. Jason and other students were curious about the Founding Fathers.
B. Correct
N. Incorrect
. Mrs. Carter, their teacher, was pleased with the project.
E. Correct
S. Incorrect
#### **1.13 Center of the Land**
A monument marks the geographic center of the United States. This monument is in a pasture just northwest of this town. What is the name of the town, and in what state is it?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Decide if the sentence has a compound predicate. If the compound predicate is underlined correctly, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. If the compound predicate is not underlined correctly, write the letter for _incorrect_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Amanda and her family went on a vacation last month.
N. Correct
B. Incorrect
. Before leaving, Amanda folded and packed her clothes.
L. Correct
D. Incorrect
. They drove from their home to a park in the mountains.
N. Correct
K. Incorrect
. The drive was long and tiring.
I. Correct
E. Incorrect
. Along the way, they stopped and ate lunch.
O. Correct
M. Incorrect
. They arrived at the park and found their campsite.
A. Correct
C. Incorrect
. The family walked to the lake and rented a canoe.
N. Correct
G. Incorrect
. Swimming and hiking were Amanda's favorite activities.
N. Correct
S. Incorrect
#### **1.14 Passing Time**
The average American does about four hours of this each day. What is it?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the compound subject or compound predicate. Match your answers with the given possible answers. Only _one_ of the possible answers for each sentence is correct. For most sentences, a compound subject (CS) _or_ a compound predicate (CP) will be correct. For some sentences, neither is correct. Write the letter that follows each correct answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into a word and the initials of a word.
. Jonathan and James are brothers and best friends.
CS: Jonathan, James, S
CP: are, best, U
Neither, O
. They live in Smithton and go to Smithton Elementary School.
CS: They, Smithton, C
CP: live, go, C
Neither, E
. The two boys are members of a big family.
CS: two, boys, R
CP: are, members, I
Neither, E
. Of all the family members, Jonathan and James are most alike.
CS: Jonathan, James, T
CP: are, alike, R
Neither, H
. They read the same kinds of books and watch the same kinds of TV shows.
CS: books, TV shows, E
CP: read, watch, A
Neither, I
. The boys and their younger sister like sports.
CS: boys, sister, H
CP: like, sports, L
Neither, N
. Jenna, their younger sister, is an excellent softball player.
CS: Jenna, sister, L
CP: is, excellent, F
Neither, W
. Jessica, the oldest child, sings and dances in the school play each year.
CS: Jessica, school, T
CP: sings, dances, V
Neither, C
. Jessica hopes to be an actress someday.
CS: Jessica, actress, S
CP: hopes, to, M
Neither, T
### **TIP SHEET
Fragments and Run-On Sentences**
A complete sentence has a subject and a predicate. It expresses a complete thought. Sentence fragments and run-on sentences are incorrect sentences.
• A _fragment_ is a group of words that make up only part of a sentence. A fragment does not express a complete thought. A fragment may be missing a subject, a predicate, or both.
A birthday card to Anna.
Listened to music.
The cute kitten.
• To correct a fragment, rewrite it to form a complete sentence.
I sent a birthday card to Anna.
Alex listened to music.
The cute kitten played with the toy mouse.
• A _run-on sentence_ is made of two or more sentences that are joined incorrectly.
The girls went shopping they rented a movie.
The clown was funny, the audience laughed at his tricks.
• To correct a run-on sentence, write it as a compound sentence or as two separate sentences. You may also combine the ideas into one sentence.
The girls went shopping, and they rented a movie.
The girls went shopping. They rented a movie.
The girls went shopping and rented a movie.
The clown was funny, and the audience laughed at his tricks.
The clown was funny. The audience laughed at his tricks.
#### **1.15 Big Mouth**
After the whale, this animal has the biggest mouth of any mammal. What is it?
To answer the question, decide if each example below is a complete sentence or a sentence fragment. Write the letter of each answer in the space above the example's number at the bottom of the page.
. Mammals are found all over the world.
T. Complete Sentence
H. Fragment
. Live on land and in rivers, lakes, and oceans.
N. Complete Sentence
S. Fragment
. Mammals are warm-blooded and have hair or fur.
I. Complete Sentence
O. Fragment
. Some mammals are very large.
M. Complete Sentence
N. Fragment
. Mice, for example, tiny mammals.
E. Complete Sentence
A. Fragment
. Whales are mammals, too.
O. Complete Sentence
A. Fragment
. But not all animals are mammals.
U. Complete Sentence
E. Fragment
. Cold-blooded animals such as snakes and other reptiles.
E. Complete Sentence
H. Fragment
. Insects, fish, frogs, and other creatures.
U. Complete Sentence
P. Fragment
#### **1.16 Outlaw Hero**
Long ago, Robin Hood was an outlaw hero in England. It was said that he robbed from the rich and gave to the poor. Where did Robin Hood and his men live?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Decide if it is correct or if it is a run-on sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Robin Hood was an outlaw, he lived in England.
U. Correct Sentence
W. Run-On
. Some historians believe that Robin was a real person.
F. Correct Sentence
O. Run-On
. Others believe he was only a legend.
H. Correct Sentence
O. Run-On
. There are many stories of Robin Hood all are interesting.
T. Correct Sentence
D. Run-On
. Robin robbed the rich, and he gave money to the poor.
T. Correct Sentence
S. Run-On
. Robin had many friends, his best friend was Little John.
N. Correct Sentence
E. Run-On
. The sheriff of Nottingham sent men to capture Robin.
S. Correct Sentence
L. Run-On
. The men searched everywhere they could not find him.
D. Correct Sentence
R. Run-On
. Robin Hood is the most famous English outlaw of all time.
O. Correct Sentence
N. Run-On
#### **1.17 Famous Woodpecker**
Most people know of Woody Woodpecker, the famous cartoon character. But most people do not know he has a niece and a nephew. The name of Woody's niece is Knothead. What is the name of his nephew?
To answer the question, read each example below. Decide if it is a correct sentence, a run-on sentence, or a sentence fragment. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its number at the bottom of the page.
. More than two hundred kinds of woodpeckers.
E. Sentence
T. Run-On
I. Fragment
. Woodpeckers are found in much of the world, they live in forests.
V. Sentence
E. Run-On
Y. Fragment
. Most woodpeckers eat insects.
P. Sentence
A. Run-On
I. Fragment
. They find insects by pecking at trees with their bills.
T. Sentence
U. Run-On
H. Fragment
. Ben Hardaway created Woody Woodpecker in 1940.
R. Sentence
E. Run-On
J. Fragment
. Woody's first film was _Knock Knock_ , he soon became a cartoon star.
J. Sentence
N. Run-On
L. Fragment
. Starring in many cartoons over the years.
P. Sentence
R. Run-On
S. Fragment
. Children around the world know Woody they enjoy his cartoons.
D. Sentence
L. Run-On
M. Fragment
#### **1.18 Nickname for a President**
Andrew Jackson was the seventh president of the United States. He had an unusual nickname. What was it?
To answer the question, name each of the examples below. Select your answers from the choices after each example. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. When was Andrew Jackson born?
N. Declarative Sentence
I. Interrogative Sentence
U. Fragment
. Andrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767, in South Carolina.
R. Declarative Sentence
H. Run-On Sentence
N. Fragment
. He became an orphan, he was raised by an uncle.
D. Compound Sentence
K. Run-On Sentence
S. Fragment
. Jackson was a man of great courage and a strong will.
L. Declarative Sentence
R. Run-On Sentence
C. Fragment
. Became a leader of the state of Tennessee.
P. Interrogative Sentence
N. Run-On Sentence
Y. Fragment
. Jackson fought in the War of 1812, and he was a hero.
H. Compound Sentence
N. Run-On Sentence
L. Fragment
. He was given a nickname for his toughness.
B. Interrogative Sentence
D. Declarative Sentence
O. Run-On Sentence
. Did Andrew Jackson win the election for president in 1828?
U. Declarative Sentence
O. Interrogative Sentence
I. Compound Sentence
. Was elected for a second term in 1832.
T. Declarative Sentence
O. Exclamatory Sentence
C. Fragment
#### **1.19 First Phone Call**
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. He made the first telephone call to his assistant. What was the name of Bell's assistant?
To answer the question, read each example below. Decide if it is a correctly written sentence. If the example is a correct sentence, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above its number at the bottom of the page. If it is not correct, write the letter for _incorrect_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. The telephone is one of the greatest inventions of all time, people make billions of calls each day.
U. Correct
M. Incorrect
. Alexander Graham Bell made the first telephone call in 1876.
N. Correct
S. Incorrect
. Greatly changed the lives of people all over the world.
A. Correct
H. Incorrect
. Soon telephones became common.
W. Correct
T. Incorrect
. In time, the whole country was linked by telephone.
A. Correct
E. Incorrect
. Today, using cell phones every day.
N. Correct
S. Incorrect
. Ana takes her cell phone everywhere.
O. Correct
L. Incorrect
. She uses her phone to call people she takes pictures with it.
W. Correct
T. Incorrect
#### **1.20 Famous Woman Dentist**
In 1866, this woman graduated from dental school in the United States. She was the first woman to do this. Who was she?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Name the underlined part. Choose your answers from the choices after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Clean, strong teeth are important to your health.
G. Simple Subject
B. Complete Subject
T. Compound Subject
. Teeth help you chew your food.
U. Simple Subject
L. Compound Subject
A. Simple Predicate
. Dentists care for people's teeth.
M. Simple Predicate
S. Compound Predicate
C. Complete Predicate
. Your dentist checks your teeth for cavities.
S. Simple Predicate
K. Compound Predicate
M. Complete Predicate
. Dentists fill cavities and clean your teeth.
O. Compound Predicate
A. Complete Predicate
K. Simple Predicate
. Carla and her brother brush their teeth at least twice each day.
C. Complete Subject
H. Compound Subject
L. Simple Predicate
. They also use dental floss to clean their teeth.
C. Simple Subject
L. Simple Predicate
S. Complete Predicate
. The children visit their dentist two times each year.
U. Simple Subject
J. Compound Subject
B. Complete Subject
. Their teeth are clean and healthy.
Y. Simple Subject
R. Simple Predicate
I. Compound Subject
#### **1.21 Cool Creation**
In 1874, Robert N. Green invented this wonderful treat. What did Green invent?
To answer the question, read each statement below. Decide if it is true or false. If a statement is true, write the letter for _true_ in the space above the statement's number at the bottom of the page. If a statement is false, write the letter for _false_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. An interrogative sentence ends with an exclamation point.
O. True
S. False
. A complete sentence has a subject and a predicate.
R. True
L. False
. The complete subject of a sentence is the main word or words in the simple subject.
H. True
M. False
. A declarative sentence asks a question.
C. True
I. False
. A fragment is a very short complete sentence.
R. True
O. False
. A compound predicate is made of two or more simple predicates that have the same subject.
E. True
N. False
. A run-on sentence is correct if it ends with a period.
P. True
D. False
. An imperative sentence gives an order.
A. True
E. False
. The complete predicate tells what the subject of a sentence is or does.
C. True
A. False
## **PART 2
Nouns**
Nouns are words that name a person, place, thing, or idea. There are many different kinds of nouns you should know.
The tip sheets and worksheets that follow will help you in your study of nouns. The first tip sheet and Worksheets 2.1 through 2.4 focus on identifying common and proper nouns. Two tip sheets and Worksheets 2.5 through 2.7 focus on plural and irregular plural nouns; a tip sheet and Worksheets 2.8 through 2.10 address possessive nouns; and Worksheets 2.11 through 2.14 offer a review of nouns.
### **TIP SHEET
Nouns**
A _noun_ names a person, place, thing, or idea. There are many different kinds of nouns.
• _Common nouns_ name any person, place, thing, or idea.
Examples: boy, girl, school, town, river, puppy, mountain, freedom
• _Proper nouns_ name a particular person, place, thing, or idea.
Examples: James, Maria, the United States of America, North America, Rio Grande River, Washington Monument, Canada, Pacific Ocean
• _Singular nouns_ name one person, place, thing, or idea.
Examples: student, day, night, bird, town, church, valley, city, tomato
• _Plural nouns_ name more than one person, place, thing, or idea.
Examples: students, days, nights, birds, towns, churches, valleys, cities, tomatoes
• _Possessive nouns_ show ownership. They can be singular or plural. They require an apostrophe.
Examples: James's book, the dog's bed, the girls' softball team, the puppies' toys, the children's bikes
#### **2.1 Frontier Hero**
This man was an American frontiersman. He led settlers into Kentucky. Who was he?
To answer the question, find the noun in each set of words below. Write the letter of the noun in the space above its line number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
#### **2.2 Snakes**
Most snakes are harmless to people. But some are poisonous. The biggest poisonous snake can grow up to eighteen feet long. What is its name?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find a noun. Choose your answers from the underlined words. Write the letter that is below the noun in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
#### **2.3 Surrounded States**
These two states each touch eight other states. What states are they?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the underlined common or proper noun. Only one noun is underlined in each sentence. Write the letter of the noun in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Traci is states.
. She information on the
. California has the state.
. Alaska is the state in
. Swedish the log cabins in Delaware.
. in Kentucky is a cave.
. people live in Wyoming in any other
. Rainbow Bridge in Utah stone
. Hawaii is by the
#### **2.4 Going West**
Many American settlers traveled west in this vehicle. What was it?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Decide if the underlined word is a common or proper noun. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Settlers went west to find new homes.
S. Common
N. Proper
. St. Louis was the starting point for many pioneers.
K. Common
A. Proper
. Their journey was long and dangerous.
E. Common
M. Proper
. They crossed rivers, plains, and mountains.
T. Common
R. Proper
. People might die of disease or a lack of food.
G. Common
B. Proper
. The Rocky Mountains must be crossed.
U. Common
W. Proper
. Many hoped to settle in California.
P. Common
N. Proper
. Others hoped to build homes in Oregon or Washington.
U. Common
C. Proper
. Men, women, and children traveled westward.
O. Common
C. Proper
### **TIP SHEET
Forming Plural Nouns**
Follow the rules below to form plural nouns.
• For most nouns, add _-s_.
Examples: student—students, tree—trees, river—rivers
• For nouns that end in _-s_ , _-x_ , _-ch_ , _-sh_ , or _-zz_ , add _-es_.
Examples: guess—guesses, box—boxes, church—churches, bush—bushes, buzz—buzzes
• For nouns that end with a vowel and _-y_ , add _-s_.
Examples: day—days, toy—toys, turkey—turkeys
• For nouns that end with a consonant and _-y_ , change the _-y_ to _-i_ and add _-es_.
Examples: country—countries, puppy—puppies
• For some nouns that end in _-f_ or _-fe_ , change the _-f_ to _-v_ and add _-s_. For some change the _-f_ to _-v_ and add _-es_. For some others, only add _-s_.
Examples: wife—wives, calf—calves, chief—chiefs
• For nouns that end with a vowel and _-o_ , add _-s_.
Examples: radio—radios, video—videos
• For most nouns that end with a consonant and _-o_ , add _-es_. For some, add _-s_.
Examples: tomato—tomatoes, hero—heroes, silo—silos
#### **2.5 Famous Signature**
This man was the first to sign the Declaration of Independence. Who was he?
To answer the question, match each singular noun with its plural form. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its line number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
#### **2.6 Up, Up, and Away**
The first hot-air balloon to carry people was invented by two French brothers. What was their last name?
To answer the question, complete each sentence below with the correct form of the plural noun. Choose your answers from the words after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. The first names of the brothers are given.
. Amanda's uncle enjoys flying in hot-air _____.
U. balloones
T. balloons
. Uncle Charlie tells her _____ of his adventures.
K. storys
F. stories
. He tells her how he loves flying in clear _____.
E. skies
U. skys
. One time, he flew over four ______.
N. counties
C. countys
. Another time, he landed in thorny ______.
G. bushes
M. bushs
. Still another time, he landed in a tree's ______.
O. branchs
I. branches
. Once, he landed in the middle of a flock of wild ______.
R. turkies
L. turkeys
. Uncle Charlie visited Amanda's class and told the _____ about flying.
R. studentes
M. students
. He explained that manned balloon _____ began in 1783 in France.
O. flights
I. flightes
. To Uncle Charlie, those people were real ______.
R. heroes
S. heros
Joseph and Jacques
### **TIP SHEET
Nouns with Special Plural Forms**
The plural forms of most nouns are made by adding _-s_ or _-es_. But some nouns are not made plural by adding _-s_ or _-es_. These nouns have _irregular_ plural forms. For some of these nouns, the singular and plural forms are spelled differently. For others, the singular and plural forms are the same.
The following are examples of nouns that have different singular and plural forms:
child—children
foot—feet
mouse—mice
goose—geese
ox—oxen
man—men
woman—women
tooth—teeth
The following are examples of nouns that have the same singular and plural forms:
sheep—sheep
moose—moose
deer—deer
trout—trout
series—series
traffic—traffic
salmon—salmon
wheat—wheat
#### **2.7 Fast-Food First**
Most Americans like hamburgers. The first fast-food hamburger company was started in 1921. This company is still serving hamburgers today. What is this company's name?
To answer the question, match each singular noun with its plural form. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its line number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
### **TIP SHEET
Possessive Nouns**
A _possessive noun_ shows ownership. It shows that a thing belongs to someone or something. Apostrophes are used to show the possessive case. Possessive nouns may be singular or plural.
• To write the possessive form of a singular noun, add an apostrophe and _-s_.
Example: a cell phone that belongs to Cara—Cara's cell phone
More examples: Joni's gloves, James's pen, the hamster's cage, New Jersey's beaches
• To write the possessive form of a plural noun that ends in _-s_ , add an apostrophe after the _-s_.
Example: the bikes of the students—the students' bikes
More examples: the puppies' bed, the boys' basketball team, the Smiths' boat
• To write the possessive form of a plural noun that does not end in _-s_ , add an apostrophe and _-s_.
Example: the coats of the children—the children's coats
More examples: the women's ski team, the mice's nest, the oxen's plow
#### **2.8 Famous Crime Fighter**
Most Batman fans know that Bruce Wayne is Batman. What were the names of Bruce Wayne's parents?
To answer the question, match each singular noun with its called for singular possessive or plural possessive form. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its line number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
#### **2.9 Guide to Freedom**
This former slave helped guide other slaves to freedom. She was called the "Moses of her people." Who was she?
To answer the question, find the correct possessive noun in each pair of words below. The correct noun may be singular or plural. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
#### **2.10 Famous Monument**
Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt are shown in this famous memorial. What is the name of this memorial?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the singular or plural possessive noun. Decide if the possessive noun is used correctly. If it is correct, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. If it is incorrect, write the letter for _incorrect_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Jessica's class is learning about the presidents.
S. Correct
I. Incorrect
. Each students' assignment includes a report.
G. Correct
E. Incorrect
. Armando's report was about George Washington.
T. Correct
N. Incorrect
. Washington's leadership helped win the Revolutionary War.
H. Correct
D. Incorrect
. He was our country's first president.
N. Correct
S. Incorrect
. Thomas Jefferson helped write our young nations' laws.
A. Correct
O. Incorrect
. Abraham Lincolns' Gettysburg Address was a great speech.
M. Correct
U. Incorrect
. Theodore Roosevelt was one of Americas' youngest presidents.
C. Correct
M. Incorrect
. Mrs. Harris, the schools' principal, praised the students for their good work.
J. Correct
R. Incorrect
#### **2.11 Pluto**
The astronomer Clyde William Tombaugh discovered Pluto in 1930. But several years earlier, another astronomer predicted that Pluto would one day be found. Who was this astronomer?
To answer the question, read the article below. Decide if the underlined words are nouns. Not all of the nouns in the article are underlined. Start with the first sentence. Then write the letters beneath the underlined nouns in order in the spaces at the bottom of the page.
a dwarf solar system. Some believe Pluto was once a Neptune is the planet from the sun. Pluto is named after the Roman of the Pluto is and It can be seen through powerful Astronomers that Pluto's is made of and It will be a before any visit this world.
#### **2.12 Sources of Energy**
Most of the energy produced in the United States comes from these sources. What are these sources of energy?
To answer the question, match the noun on the left with its most accurate label on the right. Write the letter of each answer in the space above the noun's number at the bottom of the page.
#### **2.13 Snowy City**
Except for places in Alaska, this city in New York is the snowiest in the United States. It receives about 110 inches of snow each year. What city is this?
To answer the question, complete each sentence below with the correct form of the noun. Choose your answers from the words after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. A big snowstorm hit _____ town yesterday.
C. Jennifer's
M. Jennifers'
. _____ throughout the area were closed.
L. Schooles
S. Schools
. Two _____ of snow fell overnight.
E. foots
R. feet
. Jennifer and her sister Rachel built three _____.
S. snowmans
E. snowmen
. Rachel and some _____ built a snowfort.
A. friends
R. friendes
. All of the _____ had an exciting snowball fight.
E. childrens
U. children
. Rachel's team declared themselves the _____.
S. winners
B. winner's
. It turned out to be one of the best _____ of the year.
Y. days
I. dayes
#### **2.14 Game for Kids**
Eleanor Abbott invented this popular game for children. What is the name of the game?
To answer the question, read each statement below. Decide if it is true or false. If the statement is true, write the letter for _true_ in the space above its number at the bottom of the page. If the statement is false, write the letter for _false_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. A noun names a person, place, or thing, but not an idea.
O. True
N. False
. Nouns may be singular or plural.
N. True
O. False
. Some nouns have the same form in both the singular and the plural.
A. True
E. False
. Not all proper nouns must be capitalized.
U. True
A. False
. Plural nouns always end in _-s_ or _-es_.
L. True
Y. False
. Possessive nouns show ownership.
D. True
H. False
. Common nouns can never be plural.
T. True
C. False
. Possessive nouns must have an apostrophe.
D. True
E. False
. Proper nouns only refer to people.
T. True
L. False
## **PART 3
Verbs**
Verbs are words that express action or state of being. Along with a subject, every sentence must have a verb.
The following tip sheets and worksheets focus on verbs and verb usage. The first tip sheet and Worksheets 3.1 through 3.10 cover action verbs, verb phrases, and linking verbs. Another tip sheet and Worksheets 3.11 and 3.12 focus on direct objects. One tip sheet and Worksheet 3.13 concentrate on nouns (predicate nominatives) and adjectives (predicate adjectives) that follow linking verbs. A tip sheet and Worksheet 3.14 concentrate on verb contractions with _not_. Two tip sheets and Worksheets 3.15 through 3.17 cover verb tenses. One tip sheet and Worksheets 3.18 through 3.20 cover subject and verb agreement. One tip sheet and Worksheets 3.21 through 3.23 address irregular verbs, and one tip sheet and Worksheets 3.24 and 3.25 provide added material for the verbs _be_ and _have_. Finally, Worksheets 3.26 through 3.29 provide reviews of verbs.
### **TIP SHEET
Two Kinds of Verbs**
There are two kinds of verbs in English: action and linking.
• An _action verb_ tells what the subject of a sentence does or did.
Anthony plays the drums in the school band.
Elena watched a scary movie last night.
The deer ran across the field.
• A _linking verb_ links, or connects, the subject of a sentence with a noun or adjective in the predicate. A word that follows a linking verb names or describes the subject. Forms of the verb _be—am_ , _is_ , _are_ , _was_ , _were_ , _being_ , and _been_ —are linking verbs.
Lindsay was happy.
Joe is a great soccer player.
I am thirsty.
• Other verbs such as _appear_ , _become_ , _feel_ , _grow_ , _sound_ , _seem_ , _look_ , and _taste_ can also be linking verbs. To be linking verbs, these verbs must be able to take the place of a form of the verb _be_ in a sentence.
Megan seemed shocked.
Megan was shocked.
The kittens look sleepy.
The kittens are sleepy.
• A verb that contains more than one word is called a _verb phrase_. The last word in the phrase is the _main verb_. All other words in the phrase are _helping verbs_. There are many helping verbs. Here are some of the most common: _am_ , _are_ , _is_ , _was_ , _were_ , _be_ , _have_ , _has_ , _had_ , _do_ , _does_ , _did_ , _will_ , _would_ , _shall_ , _should_ , _can_ , _could_ , _may_ , _might_.
Kim is studying for her math test.
Bryan has finished his science report.
We will be going to Europe this summer.
#### **3.1 Author of a Classic Story**
P. L. Travers wrote _Mary Poppins_. What do the initials _P. L._ stand for?
To answer the question, find the action verb in each set of words below. Write the letter of the action verb in the space above its line number at the bottom of the page. The first letter of the author's name is given.
#### **3.2 Flying While Sleeping**
This big seabird can sleep while flying over the ocean. What kind of bird is this?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the action verb. Choose your answers from the underlined words. Write the letter beneath the verb in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. Birds of the world.
. Feathers the of all birds.
. birds their to fly.
. of birds with great speed.
. Penguins smoothly and
. A hawk
. Ducks by the our house.
. birds eggs.
. Many people the bird-watching.
#### **3.3 A Philadelphia First**
In 1752, Philadelphia was the first city in the thirteen colonies to have one of these. What was this "first"?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the action verb. Choose your answers from the underlined words. Write the letter beneath the verb in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. Swedish to this in the 1640s.
. William Penn in the 1680s.
. He city Philadelphia.
. Penn with religious
. Soon many Europe
. The city rapidly in and importance.
. Ben Franklin Philadelphia 1729.
. Philadelphia in the Revolutionary War.
#### **3.4 Planets and Stars**
The word _planet_ comes from the ancient Greeks. What did the Greeks call a planet?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the verb phrase. In the parentheses after each sentence, a letter is called for. Find this letter in the verb phrase. Write the letter in the space above the verb phrase's sentence number at the bottom of the page. The first one is done for you.
. A clear night is fille **d** with stars. (eighth letter)
. People have studied the night sky for thousands of years. (ninth letter)
. The ancient Greeks were puzzled by the stars and planets. (second letter)
. Ancient astronomers would imagine pictures in the night sky. (ninth letter)
. Most people can see these pictures today. (fourth letter)
. These pictures are known as constellations. (seventh letter)
. You may have trouble finding planets. (fifth letter)
. People might confuse planets with stars. (eighth letter)
. Unlike a planet, a star will twinkle. (fifth letter)
. Planets will travel slowly across the night sky on their own paths. (sixth letter)
#### **3.5 Aiming for the Stars**
On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union sent the first satellite into space. What was the name of this satellite?
To answer the question, read the article below. Decide if the underlined words are verb phrases. Start with the first sentence. Then write the letters beneath the verb phrases in order in the spaces at the bottom of the page.
For thousands of years, people of exploring space. But spaceflight This in 1957. That year the first satellite into space. The satellite space for twenty-one days. This satellite by others. Both the Soviet Union and the United States satellites. By the mid-1960s, scientists much about space. Many humans in space. The United States land astronauts on the moon. This a great achievement. Finally, on July 20, 1969, American astronauts the moon. Travel to another world Space the new frontier.
#### **3.6 Nighttime Animals**
Most animals are active during the daylight hours. But some are active at night. What are these "night" animals called?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Decide if the underlined verb is a linking verb. If the verb is a linking verb, write the letter for _yes_ in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. If the verb is not a linking verb, write the letter for _no_.
. Many animals are more active at night than during the day.
U. Yes
H. No
. These animals sleep during the day.
A. Yes
O. No
. Owls hunt during the night.
R. Yes
L. No
. Owls have excellent eyesight for seeing in the dark.
E. Yes
A. No
. An aardvark is a large animal.
R. Yes
S. No
. Aardvarks eat ants and other insects during the night.
T. Yes
C. No
. Last night Lisa and her brother were outside.
N. Yes
S. No
. They saw a bat chasing moths.
H. Yes
T. No
. The bat was a swift flier.
N. Yes
M. No
#### **3.7 Not an Ordinary Tornado**
Tornadoes do not always occur on land. Sometimes a tornado forms over water. What is this kind of tornado called?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the linking verb. Choose your answers from the underlined words. Write the letter beneath each linking verb in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. A tornado storm.
. Tornadoes storms of winds.
. Even from tornadoes terrifying.
. grandfather forecaster.
. He and experts on tornadoes.
. I tornadoes.
. To of a tornado unstoppable.
. They storms.
. No safe a tornado.
#### **3.8 Related to Mickey**
Mickey Mouse, the famous cartoon character, has two nephews. What are their names?
To answer the question, find the called for action or linking verb in each set of words below. Write the letter of the verb in the space above its line number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
#### **3.9 Busy Bees**
Bees make honey from the nectar of flowers. To make a pound of honey, bees must collect nectar from a lot of flowers. About how many flowers must bees visit to collect enough nectar to make one pound of honey?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Decide if the underlined verb is an action verb or a linking verb. If it is an action verb, write the letter for _action_ in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. If it is a linking verb, write the letter for _linking_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Honeybees are busy insects.
S. Action
W. Linking
. Honeybees gather the nectar of flowers to make honey.
O. Action
G. Linking
. Bees use honey for food.
N. Action
E. Linking
. Bears and other animals eat honey.
T. Action
N. Linking
. Most kinds of honey taste sweet.
I. Action
L. Linking
. The queen bee is the most important bee in the hive.
T. Action
I. Linking
. Worker bees collect nectar and pollen.
I. Action
S. Linking
. A beehive becomes home to thousands of bees.
L. Action
M. Linking
. Roberto found a beehive in his backyard.
L. Action
C. Linking
. He was careful not to disturb the hive.
E. Action
O. Linking
#### **3.10 Hurricanes by Another Name**
Hurricanes are powerful storms that form in the Atlantic Ocean. What are the powerful storms that form in the Pacific Ocean called?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the verb. Decide if the verb is an action verb or a linking verb. If it is an action verb, write the letter for _action_ in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. If it is a linking verb, write the letter for _linking_.
. Hurricanes are mighty ocean storms.
N. Action
H. Linking
. Upon reaching land, they cause great destruction.
N. Action
S. Linking
. The winds of a powerful hurricane reach two hundred miles per hour.
O. Action
M. Linking
. My grandmother owns a house near the coast.
S. Action
I. Linking
. She is afraid of hurricanes.
S. Action
Y. Linking
. Last summer a storm became a hurricane.
N. Action
O. Linking
. My grandmother was ready to travel inland to safety.
H. Action
T. Linking
. Fortunately, the hurricane did not come near land.
P. Action
E. Linking
### **TIP SHEET
Direct Objects**
In some sentences an action verb is followed by a noun or pronoun. This noun or pronoun is called a _direct object_. Here are some facts and examples of direct objects:
• A direct object is a noun or pronoun in the predicate of a sentence.
• A direct object follows an action verb and receives the action of the verb. (Direct objects do not follow linking verbs.)
• A direct object answers the question _whom?_ or _what?_
• A sentence may have one, two, or more direct objects.
Miguel found the book. (What did Miguel find? _book_ )
Hannah called me. (Whom did Hannah call? _me_ )
Catalina plays the violin and piano. (What does Catalina play? _violin_ and _piano_ )
#### **3.11 What's the Weather?**
When we want to know what the weather is going to be, we watch or listen to a weather forecast. What is a person who studies and reports the weather called?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Decide if the underlined word is a direct object. If the word is a direct object, write the letter for _yes_ in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. If the word is not a direct object, write the letter for _no_.
. Beth's father builds houses for a living.
I. Yes
A. No
. He listens to the weather report every morning.
N. Yes
L. No
. He wears light clothing in hot weather.
R. Yes
J. No
. He takes his raincoat for stormy weather.
E. Yes
L. No
. Beth is interested in the weather too.
E. Yes
S. No
. She was caught in the rain yesterday.
E. Yes
G. No
. Beth likes to swim on sunny summer days.
S. Yes
M. No
. Beth's brother enjoys the winter.
T. Yes
I. No
. He plays hockey in a junior league.
O. Yes
W. No
#### **3.12 Walking on a Tightrope**
Tightrope walkers perform in circuses and carnivals. What is a person who walks a tightrope called?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the direct object. In the parentheses after each sentence, a letter is called for. Find this letter in the direct object. Write the letter in the space above the direct object's sentence number at the bottom of the page. The first one is done for you.
. Jenna's Uncle Jimmy entertains peop **l** e. (fifth letter)
. Jenna watched her uncle's show at the circus. (first letter)
. Uncle Jimmy crossed a wire high above the ground. (second letter)
. Jenna clapped her hands in appreciation of his skill. (third letter)
. The audience enjoyed the performance. (fourth letter)
. Uncle Jimmy heard the applause. (first letter)
. Someone threw a bouquet of flowers to him. (first letter)
. He flashed a smile to the crowd. (second letter)
. Each day he practices his act. (third letter)
. He loves the circus. (fifth letter)
### **TIP SHEET
Nouns and Adjectives That Follow Linking Verbs**
Linking verbs do not show action. They link the subject of a sentence to a word in the predicate. This word may be a noun or adjective. Here are some facts and examples:
• A noun that follows a linking verb renames the subject of the sentence.
Danny is a student. ( _Student_ renames _Danny_.)
Mr. Simon was a teacher. ( _Teacher_ renames _Mr. Simon_.)
Brian and Ashley are cousins. ( _Cousins_ renames _Brian_ and _Ashley_.)
• An adjective that follows a linking verb describes the subject.
The storm was powerful. ( _Powerful_ describes the _storm_.)
The kitten was cute. ( _Cute_ describes _kitten_.)
The puppies were afraid of the thunderstorm. ( _Afraid_ describes _puppies_.)
• Linking verbs may be followed by two or more words that rename or describe the subject.
Mr. Simon was a teacher and a pilot.
The kitten was cute and cuddly.
#### **3.13 Favorite Cookie**
According to the "experts," this is the most popular cookie. What is it?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Decide if the underlined word renames or describes the subject of the sentence. If it does, write the letter for _yes_ in the space above the word's sentence number at the bottom of the page. If the word does not rename or describe the subject, write the letter for _no_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Yesterday I was working at a bakery.
A. Yes
E. No
. The bakery's owner is my uncle.
A. Yes
S. No
. He is an expert on cookies.
I. Yes
O. No
. His shop is filled with cookies.
E. Yes
L. No
. He became a baker many years ago.
T. Yes
A. No
. His cookies taste great.
P. Yes
N. No
. They are the best in the world.
T. Yes
O. No
. The cookies are very tasty.
H. Yes
A. No
. I am his biggest customer.
J. Yes
C. No
### **TIP SHEET
Contractions with _Not_**
A _contraction_ is a short form of two words. An apostrophe is used to show that a letter or letters have been left out. Here are some facts and examples about contractions:
• Many contractions are made with verbs and the word _not_.
• A special contraction is _won't_ , which is made from _will not_.
#### **3.14 Naming America**
The name _America_ comes from the name of an Italian explorer. This man explored the coast of the New World shortly after Columbus. Who was he?
To answer the question, match each pair of words on the left with the contraction they make on the right. Write the letter of each answer in the space above the number of each pair at the bottom of the page.
### **TIP SHEET
Verb Tenses**
The tense of a verb shows time. Tense shows when something in a sentence happens, happened, or will happen. The three main tenses of verbs follow.
• The _present tense_ shows action that is happening now.
Christy and her brother walk their dog.
• The _past tense_ shows action that has happened.
They walked their dog yesterday.
• The _future tense_ shows action that will happen. It is formed by adding the helping verbs _will_ or _shall_ to the present-tense form of the verb.
They will walk their dog tonight.
### **TIP SHEET
Rules for Forming the Tenses of Verbs**
The forms of most verbs change when their tense changes.
#### **Present Tense**
Follow these rules when the subject is a singular noun.
• To form the present tense of many verbs, add _-s_.
talk—talks
call—calls
climb—climbs
• To form the present tense of verbs ending in _-s_ , _-ch_ , _-sh_ , _-x_ , and _-z_ , add _-es_.
guess—guesses
fix—fixes
catch—catches
buzz—buzzes
push—pushes
• To form the present tense of verbs ending in a consonant and _-y_ , change the _-y_ to _-i_ and add _-es_.
try—tries
hurry—hurries
carry—carries
#### **Past Tense**
• To form the past tense of most verbs, add _-ed_. For verbs ending with _-e_ , add _-d_.
walk—walked
jump—jumped
hike—hiked
• To form the past tense of verbs ending with a consonant and _-y_ , change the _-y_ to _-i_ and add _-ed_.
try—tried
hurry—hurried
carry—carried
• To form the past tense of verbs ending with a single vowel and a consonant, double the final consonant and add _-ed_.
stop—stopped
slip—slipped
wrap—wrapped
#### **3.15 Earthquakes**
An earthquake is a violent shaking of the earth. Most earthquakes are caused by the movement of rocks far underground. What is a person who studies earthquakes called?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Decide if the underlined verb is in the past, the present, or the future tense. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. Danielle will learn about earthquakes in science.
R. Past
K. Present
M. Future
. She enjoys learning about the earth.
A. Past
E. Present
H. Future
. She lives in California.
V. Past
L. Present
D. Future
. Two years ago an earthquake occurred in her area.
T. Past
N. Present
L. Future
. Fortunately, it caused only a little damage.
G. Past
L. Present
N. Future
. Danielle plans to be a scientist someday.
L. Past
I. Present
J. Future
. She will go to college to study earthquakes.
Y. Past
S. Present
O. Future
. She hopes to learn more about earthquakes.
O. Past
S. Present
E. Future
#### **3.16 Food for Plants**
Plants use sunlight and water and minerals from the soil to make food. What is this process called?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the verb. Decide if the verb is in the past, the present, or the future tense. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. Most plants make their own food.
A. Past
E. Present
J. Future
. They need the energy of sunlight.
I. Past
Y. Present
R. Future
. Our class studied plants last week.
N. Past
C. Present
T. Future
. We grew bean plants in class.
I. Past
Y. Present
T. Future
. Next we will study animals in science.
U. Past
I. Present
T. Future
. I like learning about things in nature.
T. Past
O. Present
K. Future
. Maybe someday I will be a scientist.
E. Past
A. Present
P. Future
. My brother wanted to be a scientist, too.
H. Past
O. Present
I. Future
. Now he plans to become a doctor.
N. Past
S. Present
L. Future
#### **3.17 Coral Reef**
The biggest coral reef in the world is found off the coast of Australia. It is about 1,250 miles long. What is the name of this reef?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Decide if the verb tense is correct. If the tense is correct, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If the tense is incorrect, write the letter for _incorrect_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Next summer Hallie and her family planned to go on vacation.
L. Correct
H. Incorrect
. They will go to Australia in July.
B. Correct
N. Incorrect
. Yesterday Hallie's mother will meet with a travel agent.
T. Correct
I. Incorrect
. Hallie hopes to see kangaroos in Australia.
A. Correct
O. Incorrect
. The flight to Australia from California will be long.
G. Correct
R. Incorrect
. Last year the family visits the Grand Canyon.
B. Correct
T. Incorrect
. They traveled to the Grand Canyon by car.
E. Correct
U. Incorrect
. Hallie enjoyed the upcoming trip to Australia.
N. Correct
R. Incorrect
### **TIP SHEET
Agreement Between Subjects and Verbs**
Subjects must agree with their verbs in number. A singular subject needs the singular form of a verb. A plural subject needs the plural form of a verb.
• In the present tense, add _-s_ or _-es_ to the verb when the subject is singular. Do not add _-s_ or _-es_ when the subject is plural.
Sean plays soccer on the middle school team. (singular, present tense)
The brothers play soccer on the middle school team. (plural, present tense)
Sean goes to practice after school. (singular, present tense)
The brothers go to practice after school. (plural, present tense)
• In the present tense, the pronouns _I_ and _you_ need the plural forms of verbs. Do not add _-s_ or _-es_ to the verbs.
I walk to school each day.
You walk to school each day.
The brothers walk to school each day.
• In the past tense, the singular and plural forms of most verbs end in _-ed_.
Sean played soccer on the middle school team. (singular, past tense)
The brothers played soccer on the middle school team. (plural, past tense)
• Compound subjects that are joined by _and_ need the plural form of the verb.
Tara and Cheryl walk to school.
My brothers and I walk to school.
#### **3.18 What a Hoot!**
This large owl has a wingspan of about five feet. It is found in much of North and South America. Sometimes it is called a hoot owl because of its deep call. What is the actual name of this owl?
To answer the question, complete each sentence below with the correct present-tense form of the verb. Choose your answers from the verbs after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. This animal _____ during the night.
E. hunt
O. hunts
. Owls _____ their nests at nightfall.
A. leave
S. leaves
. An owl's big eyes _____ for prey in the night.
N. look
S. looks
. An owl _____ swiftly through the darkness.
E. fly
D. flies
. It _____ small birds, animals, and insects.
T. eat
H. eats
. Owls _____ in most parts of the world.
R. live
C. lives
. On some nights I _____ the hoot of an owl.
T. hear
C. hears
. My sister _____ for the owl, too.
S. listen
G. listens
. She and I _____ learning about wildlife.
E. enjoy
R. enjoys
#### **3.19 Sports Fans**
In 1895, W. G. Morgan invented this game. What game did he invent?
To answer the question, complete each sentence below with the correct present-tense form of the verb. Choose your answers from the verbs after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. My family _____ all kinds of sports.
M. like
E. likes
. My brothers _____ baseball, basketball, and soccer.
L. play
C. plays
. My sister _____ softball and soccer.
S. love
L. loves
. My mother and father _____ for exercise each day.
B. walk
N. walks
. Sometimes they _____ hiking and bicycling.
O. go
A. goes
. I _____ hockey the best of any sport.
Y. enjoy
S. enjoys
. We _____ sports events on TV.
L. watch
R. watches
. My father and I never _____ a championship game.
A. miss
H. misses
. My mom _____ at our love of sports.
S. smile
L. smiles
. She _____ a lot about sports.
B. know
V. knows
#### **3.20 E. L. Konigsburg**
E. L. Konigsburg is the author of _From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frank-weiler_. What do the initials _E. L._ stand for?
To answer the question, complete each sentence below with the correct present-tense form of the verb. Choose your answers from the verbs after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. The first letter of the author's name is given.
. Many authors _____ initials instead of their full names.
N. use
S. uses
. Instead of their own name, some writers _____ "pen" names.
O. choose
I. chooses
. They _____ stories under a name other than their own.
A. write
M. writes
. I _____ at least one novel every two weeks.
L. read
E. reads
. My best friend Leandra _____ a novel every week.
O. finish
I. finishes
. Leandra _____ to a book club.
E. belong
B. belongs
. She and I _____ the best stories.
L. discuss
W. discusses
. My mother _____ me about some of her favorite books.
J. tell
L. tells
. She _____ books from the library.
J. borrow
E. borrows
### **TIP SHEET
Regular and Irregular Verbs**
Verbs have different forms. Three common verb forms are the present, the past, and the past participle.
Most verbs are known as _regular verbs_. Their past and past participle forms are made by adding _-d_ or _-ed_ to the present form. The past participle needs the helping verbs _have_ , _has_ , or _had_. Here are some examples:
Some verbs are known as _irregular verbs_. The past and past participle forms of irregular verbs do not end in _-d_ or _-ed_. They may change their spelling, or they may not change at all. Here are some examples:
Learning the forms of irregular verbs will help you use them correctly.
#### **3.21 Gateway to a New Life**
Opened in 1892, this place welcomed millions of immigrants to America. What was the name of this place?
To answer the question, match the present-tense form of the irregular verb on the left with its past-tense form on the right. Write the letter of the past form in the space above the verb's number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
#### **3.22 Big Ears**
With ears about three feet wide and five feet long, this adult animal has the biggest ears on earth. What animal is this?
To answer the question, match the present-tense form of the irregular verb on the left with its past-tense form on the right. Write the letter of the past form in the space above the verb's number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
#### **3.23 Men on the Moon**
On July 20, 1969, Neil A. Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon. A second astronaut soon joined him. What is the name of the second man to walk on the moon?
To answer the question, complete each sentence below with the correct form of the irregular verb. Choose your answers from the verbs after the sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. People _____ about going to the moon for a long time.
E. thinked
L. thought
. In 1969, American astronauts _____ to the moon.
N. flown
R. flew
. They _____ a safe landing on the surface.
W. made
M. maked
. The astronauts _____ many pictures of the moon's surface.
A. took
J. taked
. They _____ several experiments.
J. done
E. did
. They _____ Earth in space more than 240,000 miles away.
I. saw
A. seen
. The astronauts _____ back to Earth safely.
D. came
A. comed
. They _____ samples of moon rocks and soil back with them.
D. brung
N. brought
### **TIP SHEET
Two Special Verbs: _Be_ and _Have_**
_Be_ and _have_ are special verbs. They may be used alone or as helping verbs. They have special forms in order to agree with their subjects.
#### **Be**
Here are some examples of subjects with forms of the verb _be_ :
#### **Have**
Here are some examples of subjects with forms of the verb _have_ :
#### **3.24 Small Dog**
This breed of dog is thought to be the smallest of all breeds. What is it?
To answer the question, complete each sentence below with the correct verb. Choose your answers from the verbs after the sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. Our school _____ an animal show every year.
K. have
I. has
. Dogs, cats, birds, and other animals _____ the stars of the show.
E. is
U. are
. Aimee and her sister _____ a pet cat.
N. has
H. have
. That cat _____ the fluffiest cat at the show.
A. is
O. are
. Last year my dog _____ the winner of the Biggest Dog Award.
U. was
I. were
. He _____ an Irish setter.
H. is
E. are
. Lila's turtles _____ the smallest animals at the show.
W. was
H. were
. I _____ always curious to see all the animals.
T. is
C. am
. A snake and a white rabbit _____ the winners for the Most Unusual Pets.
E. was
A. were
#### **3.25 Searching Everywhere**
According to researchers, the average American spends a lot of time during his or her life looking for things. How much time is this?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Decide if the verbs are used correctly. If a sentence is correct, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above its number at the bottom of the page. If a sentence is incorrect, write the letter for _incorrect_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Paulo is always misplacing things.
N. Correct
W. Incorrect
. Last month he has lost the keys to his house.
E. Correct
U. Incorrect
. He were searching everywhere for them.
M. Correct
T. Incorrect
. He have never lost his keys before.
O. Correct
E. Incorrect
. Unlike Paulo, his sister and brother be very responsible.
N. Correct
B. Incorrect
. They have never lost anything important.
O. Correct
I. Incorrect
. Yesterday Paulo has misplaced his math homework.
H. Correct
R. Incorrect
. His brother and sister were helping him look for it.
Y. Correct
O. Incorrect
. Paulo's homework was in his science book.
A. Correct
T. Incorrect
#### **3.26 Warriors and Explorers**
From about A.D. 800 to 1100, fierce warriors attacked parts of Europe. What were these warriors called?
To answer the question, read the paragraph below. Decide if the underlined words are verbs or verb phrases. Some of the underlined words are _not_ verbs or verb phrases. Start with the first sentence. Then write the letter beneath each correct verb or verb phrase in order in the spaces at the bottom of the page.
About 1,200 years ago, warriors from northern Europe . They the countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Today these countries Scandinavia. The warriors sailors. At first they the coasts of Europe. Then some of them They Iceland and Greenland. They even North America. This 500 years before Columbus. Their adventures in stories. These stories as sagas.
#### **3.27 Three Special Sets of Letters**
Only three sets of letters on a standard computer keyboard are in order. What are these three sets of letters?
To answer the question, complete each sentence below with the correct form of the verb. Choose your answers from the verbs after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. Mrs. Harris _____ computers in our school.
R. teach
K. teaches
. She _____ her students how to type on a computer keyboard.
G. taught
M. teached
. My friend Debbie _____ one of her students.
P. is
L. am
. Debbie _____ type much faster now.
L. can
N. could
. She _____ words very quickly.
Q. type
H. types
. All of the students _____ improved their typing skills.
E. has
O. have
. I _____ able to type much faster now, too.
J. am
H. is
. I _____ my book report on my computer.
P. writ
F. wrote
#### **3.28 Great Explorer**
Samuel de Champlain was one of Canada's most famous explorers. Historians have given him a special title. What is this title?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the verb or verb phrase. If the verb or verb phrase is used correctly, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. If the verb or verb phrase is used incorrectly, write the letter for _incorrect_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Samuel de Champlain is born in France about 1567.
E. Correct
W. Incorrect
. He sailed to the New World in 1599.
T. Correct
A. Incorrect
. In 1603, he make his first trip to North America.
L. Correct
C. Incorrect
. He explore the St. Lawrence River.
X. Correct
O. Incorrect
. He helped start a new settlement.
H. Correct
T. Incorrect
. This settlement became the city of Quebec.
N. Correct
U. Incorrect
. Samuel de Champlain build a trading post at Montreal.
R. Correct
E. Incorrect
. He spent many more years exploring Canada.
A. Correct
R. Incorrect
. In 1633, he was made governor of French lands in Canada.
F. Correct
N. Incorrect
. Samuel de Champlain dies in 1635.
E. Correct
R. Incorrect
#### **3.29 Step up to the Plate**
The first professional baseball team was organized in 1869. In what city and state did the team play?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Match the underlined word or phrase with the term that best describes it. Choose your answers from the terms that follow the sentences. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. One of our country's favorite sports is baseball.
. Baseball is played in many parts of the world.
. The first professional baseball team was the Red Stockings.
. I play second base for my team.
. Our coach taught us the rules of the game.
. In our last game I hit the ball hard.
. In my opinion, baseball is great.
##### **Answers**
O. Action Verb
A. Linking Verb
I. Irregular Verb
T. Verb Phrase
H. Noun After Linking Verb
N. Adjective After Linking Verb
C. Direct Object
## **PART 4
Pronouns**
Pronouns are words that replace nouns. There are many different kinds of pronouns.
The tip sheets and worksheets that follow address the different pronouns and their usage. The first tip sheet of this part introduces pronouns. Worksheets 4.1 through 4.4 concentrate on identifying pronouns. Three tip sheets and Worksheets 4.5 through 4.9 cover subject and object pronouns. One tip sheet and Worksheets 4.10 through 4.12 focus on possessive pronouns, while a tip sheet and Worksheets 4.13 and 4.14 address pronoun contractions. Worksheet 4.15 addresses antecedents, and Worksheets 4.16 through 4.18 conclude Part 4 with reviews.
### **TIP SHEET
Pronouns**
_Pronouns_ are words that take the place of nouns. Two of the most important kinds of pronouns follow.
• _Personal pronouns_ take the place of persons, places, things, or ideas. They may be singular or plural.
• _Possessive pronouns_ are personal pronouns that show _who_ or _what_ owns something. They may be singular or plural.
#### **4.1 Fairy Tale Author**
This author wrote "The Ugly Duckling," "The Snow Queen," and "The Little Mermaid." Who was he?
To answer the question, find the pronoun in each set of words below. Write the letter of the pronoun in the space above its line number at the bottom of the page.
#### **4.2 Tinkering Around**
This man invented Tinkertoys. Who was he?
To answer the question, find the pronoun in each set of words below. Write the letter of the pronoun in the space above its line number at the bottom of the page.
#### **4.3 Hot Dogs**
Most Americans like hot dogs. In the past, hot dogs had many different names. One of these names was based on a real breed of dog. What was this name for hot dogs?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the pronoun. Choose your answers from the underlined words. Write the letter of the pronoun in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
#### **4.4 Flat State**
This is the flattest state in the United States. Its highest point is only 345 feet above sea level. What state is it?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Replace each underlined word or group of words with a pronoun that makes a correct sentence. Choose your answers from the pronouns listed after the sentences. Write the letter of each pronoun in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. Some pronouns will not be used.
. Jenna and Eduardo were learning about the states.
. Jenna was born in Ohio.
. Eduardo was born in New York.
. Eduardo's mother and father once lived in New Jersey.
. Jenna's family originally came from Pennsylvania.
. Mrs. Riley, the librarian, helped Jenna and Eduardo find information.
. The information was very interesting and helpful.
##### **Answers**
I. he
L. them
O. she
R. his
D. her
N. we
A. they
F. it
T. us
J. their
### **TIP SHEET
Subject Pronouns**
The subject of a sentence tells whom or what the sentence is about. Pronouns can be used as subjects of sentences.
• The _subject pronouns_ are _I_ , _you_ , _he_ , _she_ , _it_ , _we_ , and _they_.
I watched a movie last night.
You won the contest.
He is a great soccer player.
She plays the violin.
It (the book) is on the desk.
We will go to the library.
They went to a basketball game.
• Subject pronouns are also used after linking verbs.
The student of the month was she.
The two new members of the band were Martin and he.
#### **4.5 Word Game**
One of the early names of this popular game was Criss-Cross Words. Its name was changed long ago. What is the name of this game today?
To answer the question, read the story below. Decide if the underlined pronouns are subject pronouns. Start with the first sentence. Then write the letters beneath the subject pronouns in order in the spaces at the bottom of the page.
Saturday afternoon was rainy. Serena and friends were disappointed. had planned to play soccer.
Jason looked out the window at the rain. frowned. There seemed to be little for to do.
"What can do?" asked Serena.
" don't know," said Jason, shaking head.
"Do have a new CD?" he asked
"Yes," told . " can listen to music."
"That sounds like a good idea to ," Meg said.
listened to music for the rest of the day.
### **TIP SHEET
Object Pronouns**
Pronouns can be used as objects in a sentence.
• The _object pronouns_ are _me_ , _you_ , _him_ , _her_ , _it_ , _us_ , and _them_.
• Object pronouns follow action verbs. They receive the action of the verb.
Tess called him yesterday.
Sammi asked her about the tickets.
John left it (the umbrella) home.
Mia sent them a package.
• Object pronouns may also follow prepositions. Prepositions are words such as _at_ , _before_ , _for_ , _into_ , _to_ , and _with_.
I sent the package to you.
Do these keys belong to him?
Is that book for me?
Tom is driving with us.
#### **4.6 Moving Along . . . Slowly**
Many animal experts believe that the three-toed sloth is the slowest moving mammal on land. About how far does the sloth go in a minute?
To answer the question, read the story below. Decide if the underlined pronouns are object pronouns. Start with the first sentence. Then write the letters beneath the object pronouns in order in the spaces at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
Jordan and father like hiking. Last week, for the first time, took Jordan's younger sister Shiloh with packed lunches and plenty of water.
Shiloh helped Jordan load the car. She handed a knapsack to Jordan placed in the trunk.
"Here," father said to Jordan. "This is for ."
handed Jordan a compass.
" will have to keep heading in the right direction," said.
"What about ?" asked Shiloh. "What can do?"
" can help, too," father said. He gave a compass to
### **TIP SHEET
Two Special Pronouns: _I_ and _Me_**
_I_ is a subject pronoun. _Me_ is an object pronoun. To use these pronouns correctly, remember these tips:
• _I_ can replace a noun that is a subject of a sentence. _I_ can also follow a linking verb.
I went to the library. (subject of sentence)
Shane and I went to the library. (subject of sentence)
The spelling bee champion was I. (follows linking verb _was_ )
• _Me_ can replace a noun that follows an action verb or a preposition. A preposition is a word such as _at_ , _before_ , _for_ , _from_ , or _into_.
Susan called me last night. (follows action verb _called_ )
Tom gave me the report. (follows action verb _gave_ )
The package was for me. (follows preposition _for_ )
• Never use _me_ as a subject.
Laurie and me are best friends. (incorrect)
Laurie and I are best friends. (correct)
#### **4.7 Big Eyes**
This mammal has the biggest eyes of all mammals. They are about five inches in diameter. What is the name of this mammal?
To answer the question, complete each sentence below with the correct subject or object pronoun. Choose your answers from the pronouns after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. My big sister Amy took _____ to a museum last week.
T. I
A. me
. She and _____ learned much about nature.
E. I
P. me
. Amy and _____ visited all of the exhibits.
W. I
R. me
. The exhibits on mammals were most interesting to _____.
C. I
E. me
. A guide showed Amy and _____ around.
F. I
L. me
. _____ asked our guide many questions.
L. I
N. Me
. The guide told Amy and _____ many fascinating facts.
E. I
U. me
. The most interested visitors were Amy and _____.
B. I
E. me
. _____ enjoyed visiting the museum.
H. I
E. Me
#### **4.8 Brothers and Sisters**
What is a name (other than brothers and sisters) for people who have the same parents?
To answer the question, complete each sentence below with the correct subject or object pronoun. Choose your answers from the pronouns after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. Mark and _____ are twins.
S. I
D. me
. Some people have trouble telling _____ apart.
R. we
I. us
. But _____ can't fool our parents.
I. we
E. us
. _____ always recognize the two of us.
G. They
T. Them
. There are a lot of differences between Mark and _____.
L. I
B. me
. For _____, baseball is the most exciting game.
U. he
N. him
. But _____ like soccer best.
S. I
R. me
. To most people, _____ seem more alike than different.
L. we
T. us
#### **4.9 Dr. Seuss**
Just about everybody knows of the stories of Dr. Seuss. What was Dr. Seuss's full name?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. If the pronouns in the sentence are used correctly, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If a pronoun is used incorrectly, write the letter for _incorrect_. Part of his full name is provided.
. My sister Samantha and me love to read.
R. Correct
D. Incorrect
. Her and I especially like the stories of Dr. Seuss.
Y. Correct
I. Incorrect
. I think _The Cat in the Hat_ is his best book.
L. Correct
A. Incorrect
. She agrees with me.
H. Correct
M. Incorrect
. Our friend Marci gave us some books about Dr. Seuss.
S. Correct
N. Incorrect
. Samantha and I read the books.
R. Correct
K. Incorrect
. Afterward I returned them to she.
E. Correct
T. Incorrect
. My mother gave Samantha and I books for our birthdays.
V. Correct
E. Incorrect
. We have many of his books.
G. Correct
M. Incorrect
10. Me and Samantha think Dr. Seuss is a great author.
J. Correct
O. Incorrect
### **TIP SHEET
Possessive Pronouns**
_Possessive pronouns_ show who or what owns something. They take the place of possessive nouns. Unlike possessive nouns, possessive pronouns do not have apostrophes.
• The following are possessive pronouns: _my_ , _mine_ , _your_ , _yours_ , _his_ , _her_ , _hers_ , _its_ , _our_ , _ours_ , _their_ , and _theirs_.
• Some possessive pronouns are used with nouns in sentences: _my_ , _your_ , _his_ , _her_ , _its_ , _our_ , and _their_.
Your pen is on the table.
Where are my books?
He found his book.
Her car is in the driveway.
Their house is on Main Street.
• Some possessive pronouns are used alone: _mine_ , _yours_ , _his_ , _hers_ , _its_ , _ours_ , and _theirs_.
That math book is his.
That coat is hers.
That folder is yours.
Hers is on the desk.
That house is theirs.
• Do not confuse possessive pronouns with pronoun contractions.
#### **4.10 Astronauts**
The word _astronauts_ comes from ancient Greek. What is the original meaning of _astronauts_?
To answer the question, find the possessive pronoun in each set of words below. Write the letter of the possessive pronoun in the space above its line number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
#### **4.11 American Composer**
A composer is a songwriter. This American composer wrote some of America's most popular songs, including "God Bless America." Who was he?
To answer the question, complete each sentence below with the correct possessive pronoun. Choose your answers from the pronouns after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. The school band was practicing for _____ winter concert.
E. they're
L. their
. I am a member of _____ school's band.
V. my
H. mine
. Of all the school bands in the county, _____ is the best.
K. our
G. ours
. My friend Natalie could not find _____ flute.
B. her
L. hers
. "Is that _____ on that table?" I asked.
R. your
N. yours
. "No," she said. "My flute is in _____ case."
E. its
X. it's
. "That one is _____," said Rachel.
D. my
R. mine
. _____ teacher, Mrs. Kelly, called for quiet.
I. Our
T. Ours
. "Everyone, please give me _____ attention," she said.
I. your
B. you're
#### **4.12 Plenty of Prairie**
A prairie is mostly flat land covered with tall grass. This state has so much prairie that only about 1 percent of it has forest. This is less than any other state. What state is this?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the possessive pronouns and decide if they are used correctly. If the possessive pronouns are used correctly, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If a possessive pronoun in a sentence is used incorrectly, write the letter for _incorrect_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Carlos and his family are moving.
H. Correct
N. Incorrect
. They're new home is in Oregon.
W. Correct
K. Incorrect
. Carlos and his sister helped pack their family's car.
O. Correct
K. Incorrect
. His suitcase was bigger than his sister's.
A. Correct
S. Incorrect
. But hers had more room inside.
R. Correct
U. Incorrect
. "Where is the box with you're CDs and videos?" Carlos's father asked him.
R. Correct
D. Incorrect
. "Its already in the car next to my suitcase," said Carlos.
M. Correct
T. Incorrect
. "Mine things are already packed, too," said his sister.
S. Correct
N. Incorrect
### **TIP SHEET
Pronoun Contractions**
A pronoun contraction is the short form of two words. It is made up of a pronoun and a verb. An apostrophe is used to show where a letter or letters have been left out.
• Many subject pronouns form contractions with verbs. Here are common examples:
#### **4.13 Born on the Fourth of July**
This president was born on July 4, 1872. Who was he?
To answer the question, match the words on the left with the contraction they make on the right. Write the letter of each answer in the space above the word's number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
#### **4.14 Discoverer of Antibiotics**
Antibiotics are medicines that fight germs that cause infections. Dr. Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic in 1928. Which antibiotic did he discover?
To answer the question, match the words on the left with the contraction they make on the right. Write the letter of each answer in the space above the word's number at the bottom of the page.
#### **4.15 Animals with Great Memories**
These animals have excellent memories. It is said that they never forget. What animals are these?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the word that each underlined pronoun replaces. In the parentheses after the sentence, a letter is called for. Find this letter in the word the pronoun replaces. Write this letter in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. The first one is done for you.
. The member **s** of the Smith family say they are forgetful. (seventh letter)
. Eddie is always misplacing his things. (first letter)
. Eddie's mother misplaced her car keys yesterday. (third letter)
. Yesterday morning, Eddie's father couldn't find his wallet. (second letter)
. Liz explains that she always seems to lose things. (first letter)
. Eddie's aunt forgets where she puts things, too. (third letter)
. Even Happy, the family's puppy, loses his toys. (first letter)
. Only Grandpa never loses any of his things. (sixth letter)
. Fortunately, the people in this family always find what they are looking for. (second letter)
#### **4.16 Dangerous Fish**
To many skin divers, this fish is more dangerous than a shark. What fish is this?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the pronoun. Choose your answers from the underlined words. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
#### **4.17 Tiny Mammal**
This mammal lives in Thailand, a country in southeast Asia. It is thought to be the world's smallest mammal. It weighs less than a penny. What is it?
To answer the question, match each pronoun on the left with its most accurate label on the right. Write the letter of each answer in the space above the pronoun's number at the bottom of the page.
#### **4.18 Pets**
Millions of people around the world have pets. In the United States, dogs, cats, birds, hamsters, and fish are popular pets. In Japan, a particular insect is often kept as a pet. What insect is a popular pet in Japan?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Decide if the pronouns are used correctly. If the pronouns are used correctly, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If a pronoun in a sentence is used incorrectly, write the letter for _incorrect_.
. Ashley and her sister Megan take care of Duke, they're dog.
E. Correct
I. Incorrect
. They feed him and play with him.
E. Correct
A. Incorrect
. "You and me should give Duke a bath," said Ashley to Megan.
N. Correct
S. Incorrect
. "I don't think he will like that," said Megan.
R. Correct
P. Incorrect
. "We can try," said Ashley. "You're job will be to hold him."
R. Correct
T. Incorrect
. Her and Megan got a big tub and filled it with water.
D. Correct
C. Incorrect
. They quickly found that Duke didn't like getting his feet wet.
C. Correct
S. Incorrect
. Their mother came to help them.
K. Correct
N. Incorrect
## **PART 5
Adjectives**
Adjectives are words that modify nouns or pronouns. Adjectives provide details and tell _what kind_ , _which one_ , _how many_ , or _how much_.
The tip sheets and worksheets of this part address various topics and skills related to adjectives. The first tip sheet and Worksheets 5.1 through 5.3 concentrate on identifying adjectives, while Worksheet 5.4 focuses on proper adjectives. The next two tip sheets and Worksheets 5.5 through 5.7 focus on the comparison of adjectives, and Worksheets 5.8 and 5.9 provide reviews.
### **TIP SHEET
Adjectives**
_Adjectives_ are words that describe a noun or pronoun. There are different kinds of adjectives.
• Most adjectives tell _what kind_ or _how many_.
The chilly rain made me shiver. (what kind)
Ten inches of snow fell. (how many)
• Adjectives usually come before the nouns they describe. But they can also follow linking verbs.
The stars were bright.
The movie was great.
• The words _a_ , _an_ , and _the_ are special adjectives. They are called _articles_. Use _a_ before a noun that starts with a consonant. Use _an_ before a noun that starts with a vowel sound. Use _the_ before specific persons, places, or things.
Have a sandwich for lunch.
Here is an apple for a snack.
I had the tomato soup for lunch.
• When used before nouns, the words _this_ , _that_ , _these_ , and _those_ are _demonstrative adjectives. This_ and _that_ come before singular nouns. _These_ and _those_ come before plural nouns.
This book is interesting.
These books are interesting.
That tree is tall.
Those trees are tall.
• _Proper adjectives_ are adjectives formed from proper nouns.
#### **5.1 Great Athlete**
This woman was an Olympic gold medal winner. She also became a champion golfer. Although she died in 1956, she is still thought to be one of the greatest woman athletes of all time. Who was she?
To answer the question, find the adjective in each set of words below. Write the letter of the adjective in the space above its line number at the bottom of the page.
#### **5.2 A Fact About the Cells of Your Body**
Individual cells make up your body. A newborn human baby has about twenty-six billion cells. An adult has far more. About how many cells make up an adult human body?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the adjective. Choose your answers from the underlined words. Write the letter beneath the adjective in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
#### **5.3 Unusual Colony**
The capital city of this country was once a place for British prisoners. What country is this?
To answer the question, read the article below. Decide if the underlined words are adjectives. Not all adjectives in the article are underlined. Start with the first sentence. Then write the letters beneath the underlined adjectives in order in the spaces at the bottom of the page.
Deena and her are going on a vacation. She and her brother can't to leave. The children their parents pack suitcases. They planned to in morning. They will drive New York to Florida. It will be trip. Deena hopes that they have weather for their vacation. Everyone is looking to having a time.
#### **5.4 The Civil War**
The first shots of the American Civil War were fired in South Carolina on April 12, 1861. Confederate troops attacked Union soldiers. Where did this happen?
To answer the question, match each proper noun with its correct proper adjective. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its number at the bottom of the page.
### **TIP SHEET
Comparing with Adjectives**
Many adjectives have three forms. These forms are used when nouns or pronouns are compared.
• To compare two things, add _-er_ to most adjectives. To compare three or more things, add _-est_.
• For adjectives that end in _-e_ , drop the final _-e_ and add _-er_ or _-est_.
• For adjectives that end with a consonant and _-y,_ change the _-y_ to _-i_ and add _-er_ or _-est_.
• For adjectives of one syllable that end with a single vowel and a consonant, double the consonant and add _-er_ or _-est_.
Here is an example of comparing with adjectives.
The brown puppy is big.
The white puppy is bigger than the brown puppy.
The black puppy is the biggest puppy of the litter.
### **TIP SHEET
Special Adjectives and Comparing**
With some adjectives of two or more syllables, use _more_ or _most_ when comparing nouns or pronouns.
• Use _more_ to compare two things and _most_ to compare three.
Sara is a helpful person.
Nan is more helpful than Sara.
Justine is the most helpful person I know.
• Do not use _more_ or _most_ with the _-er_ or _-est_ form of an adjective.
This tree is more taller than that tree. (incorrect)
This tree is taller than that tree. (correct)
• The words _good_ and _bad_ are adjectives. They have special forms.
John is a good soccer player.
Martin is a better soccer player than John.
Tom is the best player on the soccer team.
#### **5.5 Radio Signals**
In 1899, Guglielmo Marconi sent the first international radio signals. What country did he send the signals from? And what country did he send the signals to?
To answer the question, find the correct adjective form. Choose the correct form from the words following the numbered adjective. Only one of the choices for each adjective will be correct. Write the letter of the correct form in the space above the adjective's number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
#### 5.6 Calling Mr. President
Herbert Hoover was the first president to have one of these on his desk. What was it?
To answer the question, complete each sentence below with the correct adjective. Choose your answers from the words after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Julie's cell phone is _____ than Ali's cell phone.
O. smaller
C. smallest
. Ali's phone is _____ than Julie's.
P. old
E. older
. Ali's phone is also _____ than Julie's.
A. heavier
E. heaviest
. Bradley's phone is the _____ phone of all.
R. better
H. best
. His phone is the _____ phone of them all.
G. newer
E. newest
. The reception on Julie's phone is very _____.
N. clear
O. clearer
. Julie's phone is the _____ phone of all.
N. thinner
L. thinnest
. The battery in Julie's phone lasts _____.
T. long
M. longer
. Her phone is _____ to use than her brother's phone.
P. easier
A. easiest
. Julie feels that cell phones are the _____ invention ever.
C. greater
E. greatest
#### **5.7 Manhattan**
In 1626, Peter Minuit bought Manhattan from Native Americans. The name Manhattan comes from an Algonquian Indian term. What did this term mean?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Decide if the underlined adjective is used correctly. If the form of the adjective is correct, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. If it is incorrect, write the letter for _incorrect_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. To James, history is the most interesting subject in school.
O. Correct
S. Incorrect
. He likes learning about brave explorers.
D. Correct
R. Incorrect
. Some of the greatest explorers sailed to the New World.
H. Correct
W. Incorrect
. Some searched for the most shortest route to India.
D. Correct
A. Incorrect
. Others looked for more greater wealth.
D. Correct
N. Incorrect
. Some met the baddest of all misfortunes.
P. Correct
F. Incorrect
. Many explorers discovered wonderful lands.
S. Correct
A. Incorrect
. Settlements were built in the most good locations.
L. Correct
I. Incorrect
. Some settlements became big cities.
L. Correct
N. Incorrect
#### **5.8 Inventor of the Very First Computer**
Many historians agree that the first computer was built in the seventeenth century. It was a mechanical adding machine. A French mathematician invented it. What was his name?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the adjective. Only _one_ adjective appears in each sentence. In the parentheses that follow each sentence, a letter is called for. Find this letter in the adjective. Then write the letter in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. The first one is done for you.
. Basic computers were built centuries ago. (fifth letter)
. These machines could only add numbers. (fourth letter)
. They were very simple. (fourth letter)
. Several inventors worked on computers. (seventh letter)
. Modern computers were developed in 1946. (fourth letter)
. This computer was called ENIAC. (third letter)
. ENIAC was extremely big. (first letter)
. It weighed many tons. (second letter)
#### **5.9 Studying the Earth**
Some scientists study the structure of the earth. What are these scientists called?
To answer the question, complete each sentence below with the correct adjective form. Choose your answers from the words after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. Rashid's _____ brother studies the earth.
A. old
O. older
. He told Rashid many _____ facts.
S. interesting
U. more interesting
. The Pacific Ocean is the _____ ocean of all.
S. largest
M. most largest
. Mount Everest is _____ than any other mountain on earth.
O. taller
T. more taller
. The _____ mountain in North America is Mount McKinley.
E. higher
I. highest
. Greenland is the _____ island on our planet.
R. bigger
L. biggest
. Asia has the _____ population of any continent.
D. greater
G. greatest
. Antarctica has the _____ population of any continent.
G. smallest
Y. most small
. An atlas is a _____ book for learning about the earth.
E. good
S. better
. Rashid says his brother has the _____ job in the world.
K. better
T. best
## **PART 6
Adverbs**
Adverbs are words that describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. They most often modify verbs and tell _how_ , _when_ , _where_ , _to what degree_ , or _how often_ the action of the verb is done. Many, but not all, adverbs end in _-ly_.
The tip sheets and worksheets that follow address various topics and skills related to adverbs. The first tip sheet and Worksheets 6.1 through 6.3 focus on identifying adverbs. The next tip sheet and Worksheets 6.4 through 6.6 focus on the comparison of adverbs. The final tip sheet and Worksheets 6.7 and 6.8 focus on double negatives, and Worksheets 6.9 through 6.11 offer reviews for adverbs.
### **TIP SHEET
Adverbs**
_Adverbs_ are words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
• Adverbs usually answer one of the following questions in a sentence: _How? When? Where? How often?_
Tom walked quickly. (how)
He will go later. (when)
Marie stood there. (where)
She practices her flute daily. (how often)
• Many adverbs describe verbs. In each example below, _carefully_ tells how Sue checked her math.
Carefully, Sue checked her math.
Sue carefully checked her math.
Sue checked her math carefully.
• An adverb that describes an adjective or another adverb usually comes directly before the word it modifies.
That tree is very tall. (adverb _very_ modifying adjective _tall_ )
You must check your work very carefully. (adverb _very_ modifying adverb _carefully_ )
• Many, but not all, adverbs end in _-ly_. Following are some examples of common adverbs.
#### **6.1 Bones of the Human Body**
The average human baby is born with more than three hundred bones. As the baby gets older, some of the bones grow together. An adult has fewer bones than a baby. How many bones does the average human adult have?
To answer the question, find the adverb in each set of words below. Write the letter of the adverb in the space above its line number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
#### **6.2 Journey Westward**
Many pioneers followed this route westward. What is the name of this route?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the adverb. Choose your answers from the underlined words. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
#### **6.3 Bats**
Bats are mammals. They have a special ability that no other mammal has. What is this ability?
To answer the question, read the article below. Decide if the underlined words are adverbs. Start with the first sentence. Then write the letters beneath the adverbs in order in the spaces at the bottom of the page.
Many people that bats are animals. Some people have been of bats. But most bats are not a to people. In fact, they are Bats hunt at They streak and the darkness in search of prey. bats eat insects. This the insect population. In the morning bats to their roosts.
### **TIP SHEET
Comparing with Adverbs**
Like adjectives, adverbs can be used to compare two or more things.
• To compare two things, add _-er_ to most adverbs. To compare three or more things, add _-est_.
• For most adverbs of two or more syllables, use _more_ or _most_ for comparing.
Here is an example of comparing with adverbs.
James came early to school.
Cory came earlier than James.
Vinny came earliest of all.
#### **6.4 Fairy Tales**
In the late 1600s, this French author wrote down many fairy tales. These stories had been told for generations. Two of the most famous are "Cinderella" and "Sleeping Beauty." What was this man's name?
To answer the question, find the correct adverb form. Choose the correct form from the words following the numbered adverb. Only one of the choices for each adverb will be correct. Write the letter of each answer in the space above the adverb's number at the bottom of the page.
#### **6.5 Standing Tall**
In ancient Rome, giraffes were known by another name. What did the Romans call a giraffe?
To answer the question, complete each sentence below with the correct adverb form. Choose your answers from the words after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Africa is home to a _____ large number of animals.
O. very
R. more very
. Giraffes reach _____ into trees to eat leaves.
R. high
N. more higher
. Gazelles run _____ across the plains than other animals.
N. gracefully
M. more gracefully
. Ostriches run _____ than many four-legged animals.
D. fast
P. faster
. Of all the animals in Africa, which one runs _____?
N. slow
D. slowest
. Hippopotamuses rest _____ in the cool water of a river.
A. lazily
O. more lazily
. Scientists study the animals _____.
C. patiently
L. more patiently
. Some animals are studied _____ than others.
E. easily
L. more easily
. Of all animals, lions are studied _____ by scientists.
G. more carefully
E. most carefully
#### **6.6 By Another Name**
This salamander is found in some rivers and lakes of the central and eastern United States. It has a very misleading name. What is its name?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. If the underlined adverb is used correctly, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. If the adverb is used incorrectly, write the letter for _incorrect_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Justin clearly is interested in animals.
U. Correct
R. Incorrect
. Of all the books he reads, he most eagerly reads books about animals.
U. Correct
M. Incorrect
. He finds animals to be more very interesting than any other subject.
E. Correct
P. Incorrect
. He reads every book about animals most completely.
A. Correct
M. Incorrect
. Justin often watches TV shows about animals.
Y. Correct
S. Incorrect
. Sometimes he stays up later at night to watch them.
K. Correct
P. Incorrect
. He always seems to be learning something new.
P. Correct
A. Incorrect
. He greatly enjoys learning about animals.
D. Correct
P. Incorrect
### **TIP SHEET
Negative Words and Double Negatives**
A _negative word_ is a word that means "no." Some negative words are used as adverbs. Some negative words are contractions of verbs and the word _not_. The following are common negative words.
• Use only one negative word in a sentence. Using two usually makes the sentence incorrect. Such a sentence is called a _double negative_.
I have no pet. (correct)
I do not have a pet. (correct)
I do not have no pet. (double negative, incorrect)
• To correct a double negative, drop one of the negative words. You may also change one of the negative words to a positive word.
I don't have no pencils. (double negative)
I have no pencils. (correct)
I don't have any pencils. (correct)
#### **6.7 Dangerous Lizard**
This poisonous lizard is found in the desert regions of the southwestern United States. What is its name?
To answer the question, find the negative word in each set of words below. Write the letter of each negative word in the space above its line number at the bottom of the page.
#### **6.8 Giant Storm**
Many astronomers think that the biggest storm in our solar system is on Jupiter. What is this storm called?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. If a sentence has only one negative word, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above its number at the bottom of the page. If a sentence has two negative words, write the letter for _incorrect_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Nobody doesn't know how big space is.
U. Correct
D. Incorrect
. Our solar system isn't the only solar system.
S. Correct
N. Incorrect
. Humans haven't explored very much of outer space.
O. Correct
L. Incorrect
. Some planets have many moons, and others have none.
A. Correct
T. Incorrect
. Mercury and Venus don't have no moons.
O. Correct
E. Incorrect
. These two planets do not have no life.
E. Correct
P. Incorrect
. Our moon has no atmosphere.
H. Correct
T. Incorrect
. It doesn't have no life either.
A. Correct
R. Incorrect
. No one knows if other planets have life.
T. Correct
S. Incorrect
. Astronauts haven't visited no other planets yet.
R. Correct
G. Incorrect
#### **6.9 Bacteria and Disease**
This French scientist found that bacteria can cause disease. Who was he?
To answer the question, find the adverb in each sentence below. Only one adverb appears in each sentence. In the parentheses after each sentence, a letter is called for. Find this letter in the adverb. Then write the letter in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. The first one is done for you.
. Tia has always been interested in science. (first letter)
. Recently her father bought her a microscope. (first letter)
. Tia has wanted a microscope for a very long time. (second letter)
. Curiously, she opened the box. (fourth letter)
. She carefully put the microscope on the table. (sixth letter)
. She would be looking at slides soon. (second letter)
. She slowly put a slide under the microscope. (first letter)
. Happily she looked at the slide. (third letter)
. She could see bacteria clearly. (second letter)
. She knew that she would use her microscope often. (third letter)
#### **6.10 Start of a Star**
Donald Duck first appeared in a cartoon in 1934. He soon went on to become a cartoon star. What was the name of this cartoon?
To answer the question, write the correct form of the adverb for comparing two or three things. After writing the correct form, find the letter called for in your answer. Write this letter in the space above the adverb's number at the bottom of the page. The first one is done for you. You will need to divide the letters into words.
#### **6.11 Rescue Dogs**
In the past, these dogs were trained to rescue people lost in the snow. It is believed that they saved thousands of lives. What is the name of this breed of dog?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. If the adverb is used correctly, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If an adverb is used incorrectly, write the letter for _incorrect_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Dogs are clearly popular pets.
E. Correct
I. Incorrect
. Dogs more oftener become a "member" of the family.
O. Correct
I. Incorrect
. Some dogs bark more loudly than others.
D. Correct
N. Incorrect
. Greyhounds run fastest than most other dogs.
M. Correct
T. Incorrect
. A dog may act very bravely when protecting its owner.
A. Correct
L. Incorrect
. If you have patience, you will most easily train a dog.
H. Correct
S. Incorrect
. Dogs most usually become excited when visitors come.
M. Correct
R. Incorrect
. Puppies will chase a ball happily.
N. Correct
T. Incorrect
. Most dogs wait eagerly for their owners to come home.
B. Correct
R. Incorrect
## **PART 7
Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections**
The final three parts of speech are prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Each has a specific function in a sentence.
A _preposition_ relates a noun or pronoun to another word in a sentence. All of the words related by a preposition, as well as the preposition itself, are a part of a prepositional phrase. The first two tip sheets and Worksheets 7.1 through 7.8 focus on prepositions, prepositional phrases, and objects of prepositions.
A _conjunction_ is a word that joins words or groups of words in a sentence. One tip sheet and Worksheet 7.9 focus on _coordinating conjunctions_.
An _interjection_ is a word that shows feeling or emotion. One tip sheet and Work-sheet 7.10 focus on interjections.
Part 7 concludes with Worksheets 7.11 through 7.13, which review prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections, and Worksheet 7.14, which reviews parts of speech.
### **TIP SHEET
Prepositions**
A _preposition_ is a word that relates a noun or pronoun to another word in a sentence. The following are examples of common prepositions:
• The noun or pronoun that follows a preposition is called the _object of the preposition_.
Sara likes reading about history.
We walk to school.
I had a lot of homework.
• Remember that only object pronouns can be used as objects of a preposition. The following are the object pronouns:
The phone call was for me.
I gave the book to her.
The gift was from them.
#### **7.1 _A_ States**
The names of these three states begin and end with the letter _A_. What states are they?
To answer the question, find the preposition in each set of words below. Write the letter of the preposition in the space above its line number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
#### **7.2 Insects**
This insect has been bred for more than two thousand years. It is very important for making a certain kind of clothing. What is the name of this insect?
To answer the question, read the article below. Decide if the underlined words are prepositions. Start with the first sentence. Then write the letters beneath the prepositions in order in the spaces at the bottom of the page.
Insects found the world. They live forests, fields, deserts. They live everywhere. They are your home. Some insects destructive. They eat crops cause damage homes. Some cause disease. But others helpful. Honeybees spread pollen flowers. This the flowers bloom. Other insects harmful bugs. Insects an important life planet.
#### **7.3 Special Animals**
Some mammals have flippers instead of feet. They belong to a special group of animals. What group of animals do these mammals belong to?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the preposition. Choose your answers from the underlined words. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
### **TIP SHEET
Prepositional Phrases**
A _prepositional phrase_ includes a preposition, its object, and any words that describe the object.
• A prepositional phrase always starts with a preposition.
• A prepositional phrase always ends with a noun or pronoun. The noun or pronoun is the _object of the preposition_.
• Only object pronouns— _me_ , _you_ , _him_ , _her_ , _it_ , _us_ , _them_ —can be the object in a prepositional phrase.
• Prepositional phrases can be at the beginning of a sentence, in the middle, or at the end. Here are some examples:
Without my key, I couldn't get into the house.
The roses in their yard are beautiful.
We went to the mall yesterday.
We rode in the new car.
Maria was ill with a cold.
#### **7.4 President's Plane**
The president of the United States flies in a special jet. What is the name of the president's plane?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Decide which underlined words are prepositional phrases. Write the letter of each prepositional phrase in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
#### **7.5 Body System**
Your body has several systems. These systems are made up of organs that you need to live. One of these systems is made up of your heart, lungs, blood, and blood vessels. What is the name of this body system?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the prepositional phrase. In the parentheses after each sentence, a letter is called for. Find the letter in the prepositional phrase, and write the letter in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. The first one is done for you.
. You can think of your heart as a pump. (ninth letter)
. Your heart is divided into four parts, or chambers. (fourth letter)
. Your heart pumps blood throughout your body. (fifth letter)
. Your heart is always working, even during sleep. (fourth letter)
. Blood carries oxygen to your cells. (ninth letter)
. Your blood gets oxygen in your lungs. (sixth letter)
. An average adult's heart beats about seventy times each minute. (fifth letter)
. Regular exercise is good for your heart. (fourth letter)
. During exercise, your heart beats faster. (eleventh letter)
#### **7.6 Long Before E-Mail**
Long ago, it might have taken weeks to send a letter from one part of the country to another. In the 1860s, riders on horses carried letters between St. Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California. What was the name of this mail service?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the object in the prepositional phrase. Choose your answers from the words after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Kevin would be lost without his computer.
S. lost
X. computer
. He uses his computer for school.
E. computer
O. school
. He researches topics on the Internet.
N. topics
R. Internet
. For entertainment, Kevin plays computer games.
N. entertainment
S. games
. Each day he sends e-mail to his friends.
R. e-mail
P. friends
. In the evening he checks his messages.
E. evening
P. messages
. His friends send many messages to Kevin.
E. messages
S. Kevin
. In seconds he answers them.
Y. seconds
T. them
#### **7.7 Soccer**
This soccer tournament was first played in the country of Uruguay in 1930. What is the name of this soccer tournament?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the object of the preposition. In the parentheses that follow each sentence, a letter is called for. Find this letter in the object of the preposition. Write the letter in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. The first one is done for you. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Steve likes playing soccer with his friends. (second letter)
. Sometimes they play after school. (fourth letter)
. On Saturday they play too. (fourth letter)
. If they have time, they will play on Sunday. (fourth letter)
. During the week Steve finishes his homework first. (first letter)
. Last summer Steve went to camp and played soccer. (first letter)
. With practice, Steve will become a better player. (first letter)
. The other members of his family enjoy soccer. (fifth letter)
#### **7.8 Miniature Golf**
Miniature golf was first played in this country in 1867. What country was this?
To answer the question, complete each sentence with the correct object pronoun. Choose your answers from the words after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. Playing miniature golf is fun for Jessica and _____.
E. I
T. me
. Her brother spoke to _____ about the history of the game.
A. us
U. we
. The information was interesting to _____.
O. I
C. me
. It was interesting to _____, too.
S. she
D. her
. We met some friends and played miniature golf with _____.
O. them
L. they
. "I will keep score for _____," I said.
P. we
S. us
. I told Jessica that I had a golf club for _____.
N. her
C. she
. I told her brother that I also had a club for _____.
Y. he
L. him
### **TIP SHEET
Conjunctions**
_Conjunctions_ are words that join words or groups of words in a sentence. They can also join two sentences to form a compound sentence. Three of the most common conjunctions are _and_ , _but_ , and _or_.
• Use _and_ to join words, groups of words, or sentences.
Sean and Pete are friends.
Cori and her sister are twins.
Kristen finished her homework, and she went to dance practice.
• Use _but_ to join two sentences that show contrast.
I hoped for snow, but it rained.
Heather wanted to watch TV, but she had too much homework.
• Use _or_ to join words or sentences that show choice.
Ricky or Sam will be the starting pitcher.
Jasmine will practice her flute, or she will read her novel.
#### **7.9 One of the Very First Cars**
In 1885, Karl Benz of Germany test-drove a gas-powered vehicle. It had only three wheels, but many historians consider it to be one of the first cars. What was it called?
To answer the question, complete each sentence with the correct conjunction. Choose your answers from the words after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. Karl Benz _____ Henry Ford were inventors of automobiles.
A. and
E. or
. Benz worked in Germany, _____ Ford worked in the United States.
E. but
U. or
. Inventors in England _____ France also built early automobiles.
N. but
R. and
. Many men tried to build automobiles, _____ not all were successful.
L. and
T. but
. Ford built his first car in 1893, _____ Benz tested his many years earlier.
N. but
S. and
. These early machines were often called "horseless carriages," _____ they had other names, too.
R. or
W. but
. In time, the new machines were called automobiles _____ cars.
V. but
M. or
. My mother _____ father have their own cars.
G. and
J. or
. My father drives either his car _____ his truck to work each day.
O. or
K. and
### **TIP SHEET
Interjections**
An _interjection_ is a word or group of words that expresses strong feeling. The following list contains common interjections.
• An interjection that expresses strong feeling is followed by an exclamation point. Such interjections stand alone, either before or after a sentence.
Oh, no! I forgot to do my homework.
Wow! What a catch.
I got an A on my test. Phew!
• An interjection that expresses a milder feeling usually appears at the beginning of a sentence. It is followed by a comma.
Oh, that's how you got the answer.
Gee, I never thought of that.
#### **7.10 Ancient Astronomer**
People once believed that the earth was the center of the universe. This ancient Greek was one of the first people to believe that the earth traveled around the sun. Who was he?
To answer the question, find the interjection in each sentence below. In the parentheses after each sentence, a letter is called for. Find this letter in the interjection. Then write the letter in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. The first one is done for you.
. **H** ey, my class is learning about the solar system. (first letter)
. We are going on a class trip to a planetarium. Great! (fifth letter)
. The buses are here. Terrific! (fifth letter)
. Watch out! Always look before crossing the street to get on a bus. (fourth letter)
. Ugh! I have to sit in the front seat. (first letter)
. Oops, I think I left my lunch at home. (fourth letter)
. Aha, here it is in the bottom of my knapsack. (first letter)
. Good grief, the ride to the planetarium is taking forever. (sixth letter)
#### **7.11 Puzzling Pastime**
In 1760, Englishman John Spilsbury invented this enjoyable amusement. It is still popular today. What did Spilsbury invent?
To answer the question, match the word or words with their most accurate label. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its line number at the bottom of the page. If the given labels do not apply, write the letter for _neither_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
#### **7.12 Studying Bugs**
This scientist studies insects. What is this scientist called?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Decide if all of the underlined words make up prepositional phrases. If all of the underlined words make up prepositional phrases, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above their sentence number at the bottom of the page. If any underlined words in the sentence are not a part of a prepositional phrase, write the letter for _incorrect_.
. Tyler often looks for bugs with his father.
M. Correct
U. Incorrect
. His father is a scientist who studies insects.
T. Correct
N. Incorrect
. Tyler knows many different kinds of insects.
R. Correct
I. Incorrect
. Insects are found in most parts of the world.
L. Correct
N. Incorrect
. Insects live on land and also in water.
E. Correct
I. Incorrect
. Many people are afraid of insects.
G. Correct
I. Incorrect
. Some insects, such as mosquitoes, cause disease.
N. Correct
S. Incorrect
. Bees help spread pollen among flowers.
T. Correct
C. Incorrect
. Tyler thinks studying insects is a lot of fun.
H. Correct
O. Incorrect
#### **7.13 Lots of Animals**
This is the largest of all animal groups. It includes insects, arachnids (spiders), and crustaceans (shrimp and lobsters). What is the name of this animal group?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Decide if the sentence has a prepositional phrase. If it does, find the object of the preposition. Choose your answers from the words after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. If a sentence has no prepositional phrase, write the letter for _none_.
. There are many different kinds of animals.
M. kinds
H. animals
C. none
. Animals are found all around the world.
H. all
P. world
R. none
. Some animals are very small, and others are very big.
T. small
N. others
S. none
. Fish are animals that breathe with gills.
W. animals
T. gills
I. none
. They live in water and have scales.
D. water
R. scales N. none
. Birds have feathers and fly with wings.
E. feathers
A. wings
O. none
. Mammals are an important animal group.
S. animal
C. group
R. none
. A few mammals hatch from eggs, but most are born live.
O. eggs
U. live
E. none
#### **7.14 Ski Tournament**
In 1892, the first international ski tournament was held in a Scandinavian country. The tournament took place near a city called Christiania. Today that city has a different name. What is the name of this city today? In what country is it located?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Name the part of speech of the underlined word. Choose your answers from the parts of speech after the sentences. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Stacey lives in New England.
. Her town receives a lot of snow each winter.
. She and her friends like to ski.
. They wait for the first snowfall each season.
. Stacey bought new skis this year.
. She loves skiing swiftly down the mountain.
. "Great! It's going to snow," Stacey said.
. The next morning she looked outside at the deep snow.
##### **Answers**
L. Noun
R. Verb
A. Adjective
N. Conjunction
W. Preposition
S. Pronoun
Y. Adverb
O. Interjection
## **PART 8
Punctuation and Capitalization**
Understanding punctuation and capitalization is important to understanding grammar. Punctuation and capitalization help make writing clear. Imagine a paragraph composed of sentences with no punctuation marks or capital letters. Such a paragraph would be a challenge to read.
The tip sheets and worksheets that follow concentrate on punctuation and capitalization. The first tip sheet and Worksheets 8.1 and 8.2 address abbreviations. The next six tip sheets and Worksheets 8.3 through 8.18 focus on punctuation—end marks, commas, colons, hyphens, apostrophes, quotation marks, and italics—while Worksheets 8.19 through 8.28 offer general reviews of punctuation. The final tip sheet and Worksheets 8.29 through 8.33 focus on capitalization, with Worksheet 8.34 providing a review of capitalization.
### **TIP SHEET
Abbreviations**
Abbreviations are shortened forms of words. Many abbreviations start with a capital letter and end with a period. A list of common abbreviations follows.
#### **8.1 More Common than You May Think**
About 45,000 of these occur each day around the world. What are they?
To answer the question, match each word with its abbreviation. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its number at the bottom of the page.
#### **8.2 Born in the U.S.A.**
This president was the first U.S. president to be born a U.S. citizen. All of the presidents before him were born citizens of England. Who was he?
To answer the question, write the full word that makes up each abbreviation. In the parentheses after each term, a letter is called for. Find this letter in your answer. Then write it in the space above the abbreviation's number at the bottom of the page. The first one is done for you. You will need to divide the letters into words.
### **TIP SHEET
End Punctuation**
_End punctuation_ includes periods, question marks, and exclamation points. Use end punctuation to end a sentence.
• A period ends a statement or command.
It is a sunny day.
We will go to the movies tonight.
Please open the window.
• A question mark ends a question.
Will it snow tonight?
Do we have homework?
What is our math homework?
• An exclamation point ends an exclamation.
Look out!
Oh, no! I left my report home.
What a catch! Wow!
• Use a period in most abbreviations and after initials.
#### **8.3 Bachelor President**
This U.S. president was the only president never to have been married. Who was he?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Choose the correct end punctuation. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Luis and his friends are learning about the presidents
U. Period
E. Question Mark
S. Exclamation Point
. George Washington was the first president of the United States
H. Period
P. Question Mark
C. Exclamation Point
. Do you know who was the second
F. Period
J. Question Mark
W. Exclamation Point
. Abraham Lincoln was the president during the Civil War
C. Period
I. Question Mark
R. Exclamation Point
. He was also the tallest president
E. Period
M. Question Mark
A. Exclamation Point
. How tall was he
M. Period
B. Question Mark
H. Exclamation Point
. Franklin Roosevelt was elected for four straight terms
M. Period
T. Question Mark
K. Exclamation Point
. That's amazing
G. Period
R. Question Mark
N. Exclamation Point
. Bill Clinton was the first left-handed president
S. Period
U. Question Mark
R. Exclamation Point
. Who do you think will be the next president
E. Period
A. Question Mark
I. Exclamation Point
#### **8.4 Stargazer**
This American astronomer studied stars and galaxies. He found that the universe is filled with galaxies. A famous telescope is named in honor of him. Who was he?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. If the end punctuation is correct, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If the end punctuation is incorrect, write the letter for _incorrect_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. The sun is at the center of our solar system.
N. Correct
W. Incorrect
. The planets travel around the sun.
U. Correct
A. Incorrect
. How many planets are in our solar system!
J. Correct
W. Incorrect
. Our solar system is a part of a galaxy.
L. Correct
R. Incorrect
. I wonder what the name of our galaxy is?
S. Correct
I. Incorrect
. Please check its name in that science book?
G. Correct
E. Incorrect
. Isn't it called the Milky Way!
A. Correct
D. Incorrect
. It contains about two hundred billion stars.
H. Correct
M. Incorrect
. Wow. That's an incredible number.
L. Correct
B. Incorrect
### **TIP SHEET
Commas**
Commas have many uses in sentences. Use a comma for the following:
• To separate the words in a series
Laurie had math, science, and history for homework.
• Before the conjunctions _and_ , _but_ , and _or_ when forming a compound sentence
Casey wanted to play baseball, but his brother wanted to play soccer.
• To set off introductory words and phrases
No, the team hasn't scored yet.
Scared by the thunder, the puppy hid behind the couch.
• To set off appositives (An appositive is a group of words that tells about a noun.)
Kimberly, John's younger sister, was always causing mischief.
Mrs. Williams, our principal, is always smiling.
The snowstorm, the first of the season, made driving dangerous.
• To set off nouns in direct address
Danny, it's time to leave.
The book is on the desk, Tierra.
I told you, Carly, we have to be home by two.
• Between the name of a city or town and its state
Miami, Florida
Los Angeles, California
Chicago, Illinois
• Between the day and year in a date
September 1, 2010
December 31, 2010
• After the greeting in a friendly letter, and after the closing in all letters
Dear Aunt Mary,
Sincerely,
Yours truly,
• To set off direct quotations in a sentence
"The movie begins at seven," said Ashley.
Geena said, "I hope the sun comes out."
"After I get home," said Tom, "I'll start my science project."
#### **8.5 Big Boulder**
This granite boulder in Wyoming covers about twenty-seven acres. Some five thousand names of pioneers are carved on it. What is the name of this boulder?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. If the commas in the sentence are used correctly, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If a comma in the sentence is missing or is used incorrectly, write the letter for _incorrect_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Angelina her little brother, and her parents went on a vacation.
R. Correct
O. Incorrect
. They went, to Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming.
E. Correct
I. Incorrect
. They left from Chicago Illinois, and they drove to Yellowstone.
W. Correct
H. Incorrect
. Angelina enjoyed the drive, but her brother didn't.
F. Correct
L. Incorrect
. "Angelina there it is," said her brother as they neared the park.
O. Correct
G. Incorrect
. Angelina, and her brother soon learned many things about the park.
L. Correct
D. Incorrect
. Yellowstone, the first national park in the United States, is known for its great beauty.
T. Correct
F. Incorrect
. The park was established on March 1, 1872.
S. Correct
E. Incorrect
. It is a wonderful park, and the family enjoyed their visit.
R. Correct
T. Incorrect
. Someday they might go to California, or they might go to Florida.
E. Correct
H. Incorrect
#### **8.6 First Settlement**
The Spanish built this settlement in 1565. It became the first permanent European settlement in what was to become the United States. Today it is a city. What is its name?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. If the end punctuation and commas are used correctly, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If punctuation is missing or is used incorrectly, write the letter for _incorrect_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. The English Spanish French and Dutch all claimed parts of the New World.
T. Correct
G. Incorrect
. Life was hard in the New World, and some of the first settlements failed.
I. Correct
M. Incorrect
. Do you know what the first English settlement was.
C. Correct
T. Incorrect
. I'm not sure if it was Jamestown?
N. Correct
E. Incorrect
. The _Mayflower_ , a small ship brought the Pilgrims to the New World.
R. Correct
A. Incorrect
. Did the Pilgrims settle in Massachusetts, or did they settle in New York?
S. Correct
J. Incorrect
. They reached the New World on Nov. 21 1620.
M. Correct
U. Incorrect
. The Pilgrims built the first permanent English settlement in Massachusetts.
N. Correct
E. Incorrect
#### **8.7 Mighty River**
This is the longest river in the world. It is 4,160 miles long. What is its name? On what continent is it found?
To answer the questions, read each sentence below. Decide if the end marks and commas are used correctly. If an end mark is missing or is used incorrectly, write the letter for _end mark_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If a comma is missing or is used incorrectly, write the letter for _comma_. If the sentence is correct, write the letter for _no mistake_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Most rivers empty into other rivers lakes, or oceans.
S. End Mark
E. Comma
G. No Mistake
. Some rivers are thousands of miles long but others are only a few miles.
N. End Mark
R. Comma
A. No Mistake
. Many rivers are, more than a thousand miles long.
D. End Mark
C. Comma
R. No Mistake
. What is the longest river in the world.
L. End Mark
W. Comma
O. No Mistake
. The Mississippi River is the longest river in the United States.
U. End Mark
A. Comma
F. No Mistake
. The Amazon River, the second longest river in the world, is in South America.
T. End Mark
R. Comma
N. No Mistake
. The place where a river begins is called its source
A. End Mark
R. Comma
N. No Mistake
. A river always flows downhill to its mouth.
G. End Mark
U. Comma
I. No Mistake
### **TIP SHEET
Colons and Hyphens**
Colons and hyphens have special uses. Use a colon for the following:
• To set off words in a list
Brianna wrote down supplies she needed for school: pencils, pens, paper, and notebooks.
• Between hours and minutes in time
10:30 A.M.
9:45 P.M.
• After the greeting of a business letter
Dear Ms. Hernandez:
Dear Mr. Smith:
Use a hyphen for the following:
• To form certain compound words
able-bodied
brother-in-law
self-made
stand-in
• To break words into syllables
far-ther
nar-row
out-side
riv-er
#### **8.8 Leaky Faucet**
A faucet in Jason's house leaks at a rate of one drop of water each minute. This adds up to a lot of water. About how many gallons of water would Jason's leaky faucet waste in one year?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Decide if the colons and hyphens are used correctly. If a colon is missing or is used incorrectly, write the letter for _colon_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If a hyphen is missing or is used incorrectly, write the letter for _hyphen_. If the sentence is correct, write the letter for _no mistake_. You will need to reverse and divide the letters into words.
. At 9,30 A.M. on Saturday, Jason helped his father fix a leaky faucet.
U. Colon
E. Hyphen
A. No Mistake
. Jason got the following tools for his father: a wrench, a screwdriver, and a flashlight.
N. Colon
T. Hyphen
E. No Mistake
. First they turned the water-off under the sink.
A. Colon
I. Hyphen
O. No Mistake
. Next: Jason's father loosened the faucet.
H. Colon
R. Hyphen
T. No Mistake
. Carefully his father took the faucet off: and he checked it.
R. Colon
A. Hyphen
S. No Mistake
. It was an oldfashioned faucet and had to be replaced.
M. Colon
D. Hyphen
S. No Mistake
. Jason's father had a new faucet, and by 9:55 the job was done.
F. Colon
T. Hyphen
N. No Mistake
### **TIP SHEET
Apostrophes**
Apostrophes are used to show the possessive case of nouns. They are also used to show where letters have been left out in contractions. Use an apostrophe to:
• Show the possessive case of singular nouns by adding an apostrophe and - _s_
• Show the possessive case of plural nouns that end in - _s_ by adding an apostrophe
• Show the possessive case of plural nouns that do not end in - _s_ by adding an apostrophe and - _s_
• Show the letters that are left out in a contraction
#### **8.9 Famous Artist**
This woman is one of Mexico's most famous artists. What is her name?
To answer the question, match the words on the left with their correct form on the right. Choose your answers according to the form called for in the parentheses after the word. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its line number at the bottom of the page.
#### **8.10 End of the Revolutionary War**
The last major battle of the Revolutionary War was fought in Virginia. At what place was this battle fought?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. If the apostrophes are used correctly, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If an apostrophe is used incorrectly or is missing, write the letter for _incorrect_. You will need to reverse the letters.
. British troops' fought American patriots' in the Revolutionary War.
W. Correct
R. Incorrect
. The Americans' fought bravely for independence.
K. Correct
N. Incorrect
. England's king didn't expect the colonists to rebel.
O. Correct
E. Incorrect
. The colonies' leaders signed the Declaration of Independence.
K. Correct
N. Incorrect
. George Washington was the colonial army's general.
T. Correct
Y. Incorrect
. The British couldn't destroy the patriots desire for liberty.
E. Correct
O. Incorrect
. The war lasted for many year's.
N. Correct
Y. Incorrect
. The war's last major battle was fought in Virginia in 1781.
W. Correct
R. Incorrect
#### **8.11 First Vice President**
Just about every American knows that George Washington was our country's first president. Who was the first vice president of the United States?
To answer the question, read the paragraph below. Decide if each underlined apostrophe is used correctly. Start with the first sentence. Then write the letters beneath the correctly used apostrophes in order in the spaces at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
Aunt Jane is an expert on the There many Aunt Jane know about our She knows all of the their and their home . She knows the of each presidency. Aunt Jane wrote about the favorite is about George Washington. The book tells about youth. Aunt Jane believes George Washington was one of our greatest
### **TIP SHEET
Quotation Marks**
Quotation marks are used to set off the words of speakers and to show certain titles.
• Use quotation marks to set off the direct words of a speaker. A direct quote begins with a capital letter. It is usually separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma. Sometimes a quotation ends with a question mark or exclamation point. Commas and end marks are placed inside the quotation marks.
"It is a nice day," said Lindsay.
Anthony said, "The game starts at eight."
"When is our book report due?" asked Rebecca.
• Sometimes the direct words of a speaker are divided by the speaker's name. Use commas to separate the speaker from his or her direct words. If the second part of the quotation starts a new sentence, it must begin with a capital letter.
"On Saturday," said Allie, "we can go shopping."
"It is supposed to rain Saturday," she said. "Let's go shopping."
• Use quotation marks to show the titles of short stories, songs, articles, chapters of books, and poems.
Story: "The Magic Carpet"
Song: "America the Beautiful"
Article: "How to Survive Fifth Grade"
Chapter of book: "Babysitting Tips for Kids"
Poem: "Alligator on the Escalator"
#### **8.12 Meteors**
Meteoroids are rocks that enter the earth's atmosphere from outer space. They usually burn up in the atmosphere. As they burn, they leave a streak of light. This streak of light is called a meteor. Many people mistakenly use another name for a meteor. What is this common name for a meteor?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Decide if the sentence contains a direct quotation and needs quotation marks. If the sentence needs quotation marks, write the letter for _yes_ in the space above its number at the bottom of the page. If the sentence does not need quotation marks, write the letter for _no_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. I like learning about outer space said Natalie.
I. Yes
E. No
. Me too said Michelle, her friend.
A. Yes
U. No
. The girls were studying outer space in their science class.
S. Yes
H. No
. Mrs. Thompson, their teacher, made the class interesting.
N. Yes
G. No
. Mrs. Thompson told the students to open their books.
E. Yes
T. No
. You are to read about meteors she said.
N. Yes
H. No
. Does anyone know what a meteor is? she asked.
R. Yes
D. No
. Natalie raised her hand.
E. Yes
O. No
. Yes, Natalie, said Mrs. Thompson, calling on her.
S. Yes
A. No
#### **8.13 Volcanoes and Earthquakes**
Many volcanoes and earthquakes occur around the Pacific Ocean. What is the special name for all of these volcanoes and earthquakes?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. If the quotation marks and the punctuation with them are correct, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If the quotation marks or punctuation with them is incorrect, write the letter for _incorrect_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. "Volcanoes and earthquakes cause much destruction, said Mrs. Jones."
L. Correct
F. Incorrect
. Mrs. Jones told her students to read Chapter 4, "The Violent Earth."
F. Correct
H. Incorrect
. "I like learning about volcanoes and earthquakes," Geraldo said.
I. Correct
E. Incorrect
. Geraldo recently watched a "TV special" about volcanoes.
T. Correct
E. Incorrect
. "I watched that show, too, said Madison. It was interesting."
L. Correct
N. Incorrect
. Victor told Mrs. Jones that he read an article titled "The Shaking Earth."
I. Correct
A. Incorrect
. "It was about earthquakes, he said.
S. Correct
G. Incorrect
. "A big earthquake can destroy a whole city," Geraldo said.
R. Correct
A. Incorrect
. "That's what happened in San Francisco in 1906," said Mrs. Jones.
R. Correct
M. Incorrect
. "I would never want to be near an earthquake or volcano" said Madison.
E. Correct
O. Incorrect
#### **8.14 Landlocked**
Only two countries of South America are landlocked. This means that they are surrounded by the land of other countries. One of these landlocked countries is Bolivia. What is the other?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. If the quotation marks and the punctuation with them are correct, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If the quotation marks or punctuation with them is incorrect, write the letter for _incorrect_.
. "I'm going to do my social studies report on Bolivia," said Elena.
A. Correct
U. Incorrect
. "That's where my grandfather grew up," she said.
A. Correct
I. Incorrect
. "Isn't Bolivia in South America," said Marc.
R. Correct
A. Incorrect
. "Yes, said Elena, near Brazil."
G. Correct
R. Incorrect
. "Have you chosen a topic for your report?" Elena asked.
Y. Correct
A. Incorrect
. "Yes" said Marc. "My topic is the Panama Canal."
E. Correct
U. Incorrect
. He showed her a magazine article titled The Canal.
A. Correct
P. Incorrect
. "There's a lot of information in this article," he said.
G. Correct
N. Incorrect
### **TIP SHEET
Italics**
Italics are used to show certain titles and names. They are also used to highlight words. Italics are letters that lean to the right in printed material. In handwritten material, underlining is used in place of italics.
Use italics (or underlining) to show the following:
• The titles of books, movies, and TV shows
Book: _Where the Red Fern Grows_
Movie: _The Incredibles_
TV show: _The Simpsons_
• The names of newspapers and magazines
Newspaper: _New York Times_
Magazine: _Cricket_
• Highlighting of words
_It's_ and _its_ do not mean the same thing.
#### **8.15 First Female Police Officer**
In 1910, this woman became a police officer for the Los Angeles Police Department. She was the first female police officer in the nation with the power to arrest lawbreakers. What was her name?
To answer the question, decide if the names and titles below need italics. If a name or title is correctly written in italics, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above its number at the bottom of the page. If a name or title is incorrect, write the letter for _incorrect_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
#### **8.16 Discoverer of Bacteria**
In 1674, Dutchman Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a simple microscope and discovered bacteria. What did Leeuwenhoek call bacteria?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. If the underlined words should be italicized, write the letter for _italics_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If the underlined words should not be italicized, write the letter for _no italics_.
. Allan has always been interested in science.
C. Italics
U. No Italics
. Allan's father bought a microscope for him.
R. Italics
M. No Italics
. His father gave Allan a book titled How to Use a Microscope.
S. Italics
Y. No Italics
. Allan's microscope is different than the one Leeuwenhoek used.
S. Italics
C. No Italics
. Allan's father read an article about bacteria in a magazine called Science.
N. Italics
H. No Italics
. He also read about bacteria in the New York Times.
E. Italics
V. No Italics
. Leeuwenhoek was an excellent scientist.
U. Italics
I. No Italics
. Allan is planning to read a book about the life of Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
M. Italics
A. No Italics
. Tonight Allan will watch a TV show titled Great Scientists of the Past.
L. Italics
E. No Italics
#### **8.17 Ellis Island First**
In 1892, this woman from Ireland became the first immigrant to pass through Ellis Island. What was her name?
To answer the question, decide if each name or title on the left requires quotation marks or italics. Choose your answers from the column labeled "Quotation Marks" or the column labeled "Italics." Write the letter of each answer in the space above its number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
#### **8.18 Speedy Dog**
This breed of dog is considered to be the fastest runner of all dogs. What dog is this?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Decide if the underlined word or words need quotation marks or italics. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. If neither quotation marks nor italics are needed, write the letter for _neither_. You will need to reverse the letters.
. Kayla read a book titled Caring for Your Dog.
L. Quotation Marks
E. Italics
I. Neither
. In Chapter 2, Training Your Puppy, she learned many helpful tips.
O. Quotation Marks
U. Italics
E. Neither
. She learned that puppies need a lot of care.
D. Quotation Marks
T. Italics
Y. Neither
. Her mom handed her a magazine for dog owners.
I. Quotation Marks
U. Italics
N. Neither
. The name of the magazine was Dogs.
O. Quotation Marks
R. Italics
U. Neither
. You may find more information here, her mom said.
U. Quotation Marks
I. Italics
C. Neither
. Kayla turned to an article titled Your Dog and You.
G. Quotation Marks
M. Italics
R. Neither
. Maybe we can find more information on the Internet, said her mom.
D. Quotation Marks
R. Italics
L. Neither
. Of course, Kayla's favorite movie is 101 Dalmatians.
F. Quotation Marks
H. Italics
R. Neither
#### **8.19 Measuring the Power of Earthquakes**
Earthquakes can cause great destruction. In 1935, this man created a way to measure the power of an earthquake. Who was he?
To answer the question, match the phrase describing the use of a punctuation mark on the left with its name on the right. Write the letter of each answer in the space above the phrase's number at the bottom of the page.
#### **8.20 Explorer of Florida**
In the early 1520s, Juan Ponce de León explored Florida. Legend says that he searched for a fantastic spring. He believed that waters from this spring could keep a person young forever. What was this spring called?
To answer the question, read each sentence below and find the missing punctuation mark. Choose your answers from the choices after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Nathans favorite subject in school is history.
W. Comma
E. Period
I. Apostrophe
. He enjoys reading about explorers and their discoveries
A. Comma
U. Period
H. Apostrophe
. "What is your favorite subject" he asked William.
S. Comma
A. Question Mark
H. Apostrophe
. "I really like science" said William.
Y. Comma
F. Period
E. Apostrophe
. Tamara said that her favorite subject is reading
T. Comma
M. Quotation Marks
H. Period
. "Whats your favorite book?" asked William.
O. Comma
S. Quotation Marks
N. Apostrophe
. She told him that the title of the book was Where the Red Fern Grows.
E. Comma
H. Quotation Marks
T. Italics
. "I read that book, Nathan said, in fifth grade."
E. Comma
F. Quotation Marks
R. Colon
. "It was a great book," he said "but my favorite books are about history."
O. Comma
I. Quotation Marks
S. Italics
#### **8.21 Is There a Doctor in the House?**
This doctor specializes in taking care of children. What kind of doctor is this?
To answer the question, read each sentence below and find the missing punctuation mark. Choose your answers from the choices after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. Amy's mom took her to the doctor
L. Comma
R. Period
D. Apostrophe
. They arrived at the office at 230 P.M.
M. Comma
H. Period
C. Colon
. Dr. Williams took Amys temperature.
U. Comma
N. Period
T. Apostrophe
. "A hundred and two, she said.
T. Comma
E. Italics
N. Quotation Marks
. "Does your throat hurt" Dr. Williams asked.
I. Comma
E. Period
A. Question Mark
. Amy tried to answer but she could barely speak.
D. Comma
S. Period
T. Quotation Marks
. Amy was sick for the next few days with a terrible cold
R. Comma
E. Period
A. Hyphen
. She read a novel titled A Wrinkle in Time.
E. Comma
P. Italics
O. Quotation Marks
. "Hurray" she said excitedly when she was able to return to school.
S. Comma
U. Period
I. Exclamation Point
#### **8.22 Constellation**
This constellation is easy to see. Two of its stars point to the North Star. What is the common name of this constellation?
To answer the question, read each sentence below and find the missing punctuation mark. Choose your answers from the choices after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. You will need to reverse and divide the letters into words.
. Toby his brother, and father went to a space museum.
I. Comma
A. Period
O. Apostrophe
. They woke up early and left at 8:00 AM
H. Comma
E. Period
M. Colon
. The drive was long and they didn't arrive until ten.
I. Comma
U. Colon
E. Apostrophe
. They visited all of the exhibits
T. Comma
R. Period
N. Colon
. "Which one did you like the best?" Tobys father asked.
D. Comma
J. Period
P. Apostrophe
. "I liked the one about the stars, Toby said.
W. Comma
T. Period
G. Quotation Marks
. "No I liked the one about the moon," said his brother.
D. Comma
I. Period
T. Quotation Marks
. "Did you like the show in the planetarium" their father asked.
L. Period
S. Comma
B. Question Mark
. They stayed at the museum until 500 P.M.
U. Comma
E. Period
P. Colon
#### **8.23 Much Bigger than a Mouse**
The biggest rodent in the world is found in South America. It can grow to be four feet long and weigh up to a hundred pounds. What is it called?
To answer the question, read each sentence below and find the missing punctuation mark. Choose your answers from the choices after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. One of Emily's favorite books is Stuart Little.
R. Apostrophe
M. Quotation Marks
B. Italics
. "Mice are rodents, she said to her friend Richard.
I. Apostrophe
A. Quotation Marks
E. Italics
. "They are warmblooded animals," she said.
U. Comma
Y. Period
A. Hyphen
. There are almost five thousand different kinds of rodents
N. Comma
Y. Period
S. Quotation Marks
. Richards pet guinea pig is a rodent.
R. Comma
A. Apostrophe
B. Colon
. Most rodents are small but some are big.
C. Comma
L. Period
H. Apostrophe
. "I think," said Richard "that the biggest rodent lives in South America."
R. Comma
E. Period
O. Apostrophe
. "Do you know its name" said Emily.
T. Apostrophe
P. Question Mark
G. Comma
#### **8.24 Minus Snakes**
This is the only major land mass in the world where there are no snakes. What is it?
To answer the question, read each sentence below and find the missing punctuation mark. Choose your answers from the choices listed after the sentences. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. Not all of the answers will be used. Some of the answers will be used more than once.
. Snakes are reptiles and they frighten many people.
. Snakes are coldblooded creatures.
. A snakes body is covered with scales.
. "Do you know how many kinds of snakes there are" asked Melissa.
. There are about twenty-five hundred, said Harrison.
. "I never knew there were so many" said Melissa.
. "Snakes are found in most parts of the world, said Harrison
. "Theres a show about snakes on TV tonight," he said.
. "A good book to read is Snakes Around the World," Harrison said.
. I don't like snakes," said Melissa.
##### **Answers**
A. Quotation Marks
N. Question Mark
T. Comma
E. Colon
I. Italics
M. Exclamation Point
R. Hyphen
C. Apostrophe
O. Period
#### **8.25 American Legend**
According to legend, Pecos Bill was the greatest American cowboy. His horse was as tough as he was. What was the name of Pecos Bill's horse?
To answer the question, read each sentence below and find the missing punctuation mark. Choose your answers from the choices listed after the sentences. If no punctuation mark is missing, write the letter for _none_. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. Not all of the answers will be used.
. Wesleys class is reading tall tales.
. The stories about Pecos Bill are very popular.
. Bill is the greatest cowboy in history and he performed super feats.
. Wesley's alltime favorite story is the one where Bill lassoes a tornado.
. "Wow" said Nicole with great surprise. "I like that one, too."
. "I like the stories of Paul Bunyan better, said Thomas.
. "You can find more of these stories in a book called American Tall Tales," she said.
. "Is it in the library" asked Wesley.
. "Yes," she said, "but the library closes today at 315."
##### **Answers**
T. Period
M. Question Mark
O. Comma
W. Colon
K. Italics
I. None
D. Exclamation Point
E. Hyphen
A. Apostrophe
R. Quotation Mark
#### **8.26 Down by the Sea**
Lobsters, crabs, and shrimp belong to this class of animals. What is this class of animals called?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. If all the punctuation is correct, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If any of the punctuation is incorrect, write the letter for _incorrect_.
. Billy's father is the captain of a fishing boat.
E. Correct
O. Incorrect
. His fathers boat has two crewmen.
G. Correct
U. Incorrect
. Most mornings the men leave the dock by 6-00 A.M.
N. Correct
T. Incorrect
. Fishing is hard work, and they dont return until late in the evening.
E. Correct
N. Incorrect
. They are always watchful for storms.
R. Correct
C. Incorrect
. Rough seas force them back to port early.
S. Correct
M. Incorrect
. Hurricanes, the most powerful ocean storms are a threat during the summer and fall.
U. Correct
A. Incorrect
. Billy loves the sea, and he wants to have his own boat someday.
C. Correct
N. Incorrect
#### **8.27 Turning from Side to Side**
This is the only insect that can turn its head from side to side. What is it?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. If all the punctuation is correct, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If any of the punctuation is incorrect, write the letter for _incorrect_.
. I don't like bugs, said Hannah.
S. Correct
M. Incorrect
. "Me neither" said Jill. "I never did."
D. Correct
T. Incorrect
. "Some insects are important," said Brandon.
R. Correct
H. Incorrect
. "What kind of bug is important," said Hannah.
O. Correct
G. Incorrect
. "Ladybugs," said Brandon, "They eat other bugs."
N. Correct
S. Incorrect
. "And bees," he said, "because they help to spread pollen on flowers."
Y. Correct
A. Incorrect
. Brandon was the bug expert in his class.
A. Correct
I. Incorrect
. "You should read a book about _insects_ ," he said.
E. Correct
N. Incorrect
. "I read _Charlotte's Web_ for my book report," said Hannah.
P. Correct
D. Incorrect
. "That's about a spider," said Brandon, "and spiders are arachnids."
I. Correct
E. Incorrect
#### **8.28 American Royalty**
This is the only place in the United States that has a royal palace. Where is it?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. If all the punctuation is correct, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If any of the punctuation is incorrect, write the letter for _incorrect_.
. "In the past, said Mr. Ortiz, kings ruled many countries."
E. Correct
O. Incorrect
. "Has the United States ever had a king," he asked the class?
I. Correct
O. Incorrect
. Ariel knew the answer, and she quickly raised her hand.
U. Correct
A. Incorrect
. "No," she said when Mr Ortiz called on her.
U. Correct
O. Incorrect
. "Thats right," he said. "The king of England was the king of the thirteen colonies."
R. Correct
L. Incorrect
. "Some kings were wise rulers," he said "but others were mean."
R. Correct
N. Incorrect
. Mr. Ortiz assigned the homework.
L. Correct
N. Incorrect
. Students had to read Chapter 7, _Our First President_ , in their books.
M. Correct
H. Incorrect
### **TIP SHEET
Capitalization**
Always capitalize the following:
• The pronoun _I_
• Proper nouns
• Proper adjectives
• Initials
• Titles when they come before a name
• The days of the week and the months of the year
• The names of cities, states, countries, and continents
• The names of rivers, lakes, oceans, mountains, and other geographical sites
• The names of streets and avenues
• The names of public and religious holidays
• The names of companies, organizations, agencies, and clubs
• The first word in a sentence
Snow fell through the night.
• The first word in a quotation
Sharon said, "The book report is due Friday."
• The first word, last word, and all important words in the titles of books, poems, songs, movies, TV shows, and plays
Book: _Bridge to Terabithia_
Poem: "A Patch of Old Snow"
Song: "America the Beautiful"
Movie: _101 Dalmatians_
TV show: _The Simpsons_
Play: _Beauty and the Beast_
• All of the words of the greeting of a letter (Only capitalize the first word of the closing of a letter.)
Dear Uncle Jim,
Sincerely yours,
Yours very truly,
• Most abbreviations
#### **8.29 Butterfly by Another Name**
Butterflies were not always called butterflies. What was an earlier name for a butterfly?
To answer the question, find the correct capitalization for each item below. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its number at the bottom of the page.
#### **8.30 South Pacific Explorer**
This English explorer discovered the eastern coast of Australia. He explored many of the islands of the South Pacific Ocean. He also was the first to cross the Antarctic Circle. Who was he?
To answer the question, decide which letter in each of the following is incorrect. This may be a letter that needs to be capitalized, or it may be a letter that is capitalized but should not be. Write the letter in the space above its number at the bottom of the page. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Jason's Sister
. Dr. David o. Williams
. Hamilton Hiking club
. a Jellyfish
. ken's Mower Shop
. an Elephant
. Big Pond avenue
. mr. Thomas
. United States Of America
#### **8.31 Flowing Backward**
On December 16, 1811, parts of the Mississippi River flowed backward. What caused this?
To answer the question, find the correctly capitalized term or phrase in each pair. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its line number at the bottom of the page.
#### **8.32 Heading to Brazil**
In 1500, this Portuguese explorer set out to sail around Africa to India. But strong winds and ocean currents pushed him off course. He eventually discovered Brazil. Who was he?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. If all of the capital letters are correct, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If a letter that should be capitalized is not capitalized, or if a letter that should not be capitalized is capitalized, write the letter for _incorrect_.
. After Columbus discovered the new World, European explorers sailed westward.
H. Correct
B. Incorrect
. Spanish and Portuguese explorers sought Routes to Asia.
A. Correct
E. Incorrect
. Some of these men explored South America.
L. Correct
U. Incorrect
. Others sailed around Africa to India.
O. Correct
E. Incorrect
. The French and English explored much of North America.
C. Correct
M. Incorrect
. Sailing across the Atlantic ocean was long and dangerous.
A. Correct
D. Incorrect
. Strong winds and powerful storms forced ships off course.
A. Correct
H. Incorrect
. Many ships were lost in Hurricanes.
G. Correct
P. Incorrect
. Settlers came after the explorers and started Colonies.
J. Correct
R. Incorrect
#### **8.33 Peninsula State**
A peninsula is land surrounded on three sides by water. Which state is made of two major peninsulas?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. If all of the capital letters are correct, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If a letter that should be capitalized is not capitalized, or if a letter that should not be capitalized is capitalized, write the letter for _incorrect_.
. Olivia is the geography Expert in Mrs. Martino's class.
R. Correct
H. Incorrect
. "Is Fargo the capital of North Dakota?" asked Robert.
A. Correct
L. Incorrect
. "No," Olivia said. "it's Bismarck."
A. Correct
I. Incorrect
. "What's the biggest State?" another student asked.
E. Correct
I. Incorrect
. "Alaska," said Olivia, "and the next biggest is Texas."
C. Correct
O. Incorrect
. "Which of the Great Lakes is the biggest?" asked Michael.
N. Correct
A. Incorrect
. "Lake Superior," Olivia said. "The smallest is lake Ontario."
F. Correct
M. Incorrect
. Olivia was able to answer everyone's questions about the Geography of the United States that day.
R. Correct
G. Incorrect
#### **8.34 Lands Down Under**
Geographers give Australia, New Zealand, and many of the Pacific Islands a special name. Together, what are these places called?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the incorrect letter. This letter may be a letter that needs to be capitalized, or it may be a letter that is capitalized but should not be. Write the letter in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. The world is divided into seven Continents.
. The biggest one in the world is asia.
. Africa is the second largest, and north America is the third.
. Do you know what Ocean is the biggest?
. it is the Pacific Ocean, which is twice as big as the Atlantic.
. The Equator divides the world into a northern half and a southern half.
. The United States of america stretches from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
## **PART 9
Usage and Proofreading**
Word usage is an important part of grammar. Words like _accept_ and _except_ , _good_ and _well_ , and _lay_ and _lie_ are easy to mix up. Even if you understand the meanings of these words, you may make mistakes with them if you are not careful. Because these words, and words like them, are easily confused, they may slip into your speaking and writing. You can avoid making usage mistakes by (1) understanding the meanings of easily confused words, and (2) proofreading your written work with care.
The tip sheets and worksheets that follow focus on word usage and proofreading. The first tip sheet identifies several of the most easily confused words, and Work-sheets 9.1 through 9.4 provide practice in recognizing and using these words correctly. The next tip sheet offers guidelines for proofreading for grammar mistakes, and Worksheets 9.5 through 9.14 focus on proofreading practice, which provides a general review of grammar.
### **TIP SHEET
Confusing Words**
Some words in English are easily confused. They result in many mistakes for speakers and writers. The following list contains some of the most common of these words.
• accept—except
accept (verb)—to receive or to agree to
except (preposition)—not including; leaving out; but
• all ready—already
all ready (adjective)—completely prepared
already (adverb)—by this time
• breath—breathe
breath (noun)—air inhaled and exhaled
breathe (verb)—to inhale and exhale air
• council—counsel
council (noun)—an official group
counsel (verb)—to offer advice
counsel (noun)—advice
• country—county
country (noun)—a nation
county (noun)—a part of a state in the United States
• dairy—diary
dairy (noun)—a place where milk is produced or stored
diary (noun)—a personal journal
• desert—dessert
desert (noun)—very dry land
dessert (noun)—food served at the end of a meal
• its—it's
its (pronoun)—possessive form of _it_
it's (contraction)— _it is_
• later—latter
later (adverb)—after a certain time
latter (adjective)—the second of two
• lay—lie
lay (verb)—to set or place something down
lie (verb)—to recline or to rest
• loose—lose
loose (adjective)—not tight
lose (verb)—misplace; not win
• picture—pitcher
picture (noun)—a drawing or photograph
pitcher (noun)—a container for holding a liquid; a baseball player
• quiet—quit—quite
quiet (adjective)—little or no noise
quit (verb)—to stop
quite (adverb)—very
• their—there—they're
their (pronoun)—possessive case of _they_
there (adverb)—in, at, or near a particular place
they're (contraction)— _they are_
• threw—through
threw (verb)—past tense of _throw_ , meaning to toss through the air
through (preposition)—going into one side and out the other
• whose—who's
whose (pronoun)—possessive case of _who_
who's (contraction)— _who is_
• your—you're
your (pronoun)—possessive case of _you_
you're (contraction)— _you are_
#### **9.1 Strange Creature**
Reports of a strange creature in a lake in Scotland go back nearly two thousand years. What is the name of this creature?
To answer the question, match each word on the left with its definition on the right. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its number at the bottom of the page.
#### **9.2 Around the World**
This Portuguese explorer was the first man to sail around the world. Who was he?
To answer the question, match each word on the left with its definition on the right. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its number at the bottom of the page.
#### **9.3 First Football Game in the United States**
The first true football game in the United States was played on November 6, 1869. Two college teams played in New Jersey. One of the teams was Rutgers. What was the other?
To answer the question, complete each sentence below. Choose your answers from the words after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. "I love football," said Larry. "_______________ my favorite sport."
U. Its
E. It's
. "What's _____ favorite sport?" he asked Martin.
I. your
R. you're
. "I think baseball is the best game in the whole _____," Martin said.
T. country
M. county
. "_______________ the most important player on a baseball team?" asked Larry.
J. Whose
N. Who's
. "_______________ are a lot of important players," Martin said.
A. Their
N. There
H. They're
. "But I think the _____ is the most important," he said.
I. picture
C. pitcher
. "We can watch the football game on TV," said Larry. "It has _____ started.
I. all ready
R. already
. "I hope my team doesn't _____," Larry said.
I. loose
O. lose
. "_____ the home team," he said.
V. Their
L. There
P. They're
#### **9.4 The Green Earth**
This scientist studies plants. What is this scientist called?
To answer the question, complete each sentence below. Choose your answers from the words after each sentence. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page.
. "What's _____ class studying in science?" Marta asked Lauren.
A. your
L. you're
. "Plants," said Lauren. "_______________ this week we're going to have a test."
O. Later
I. Latter
. "_______________ is a lot of material to learn," she said.
R. Their
N. There
L. They're
. "Plants are found almost everywhere on earth," Lauren said, "even in _____."
T. deserts
O. desserts
. "They can live in most climates," she said, "_______________ in extreme cold."
N. accept
T. except
. "Plants produce most of the oxygen that we _____," said Lauren.
E. breath
S. breathe
. "_______________ science book is that?" asked Marta.
B. Whose
P. Who's
. "_______________ mine," said Lauren.
U. Its
I. It's
### **TIP SHEET
Proofreading for Mistakes in Grammar**
When you are proofreading to find grammar mistakes, follow the guidelines below.
1. The first word in a sentence, all proper nouns, the pronoun _I_ , and all proper adjectives are capitalized.
2. All sentences have correct ending punctuation:
• Periods for declarative and imperative sentences
• Question marks for interrogative sentences
• Exclamation points for exclamatory sentences
3. Commas are used:
• To separate items in a list
• Before conjunctions in compound sentences
• To set off introductory words and phrases
• Between city and state
• To separate the day from the year in dates
• After direct address
• To set off quotations
4. Apostrophes are used to show possessive nouns and to show the letters left out in contractions.
5. Colons are used for time and to set off a list.
6. Hyphens are used to connect some compound words and to break words into syllables.
7. Quotation marks are used:
• For the titles of stories, songs, and poems
• For the chapters of books
• For the direct words of speakers
8. Italics are used:
• For the titles of books, TV shows, movies, and plays
• For the names of newspapers and magazines
9. Subjects agree with their verbs.
10. Subject, object, and possessive pronouns are used correctly.
11. The tenses of verbs are correct.
12. All words are used correctly.
#### **9.5 Bug-Eating Mammal**
This scaly, short-legged mammal lives in parts of Africa and Asia. It comes out at night and catches bugs with a sticky two-foot-long tongue. What is this animal's name?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the sentence's grammatical mistake. There is no more than _one_ mistake in each sentence. Choose your answers from the choices listed after the sentences. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. If there are no mistakes, write the letter for _correct_. Not all of the answers will be used.
. Many strange creatures' live on our planet.
. Some animals live on the land but others live in water.
. Elephants live in Africa and Asia, the world's biggest Continents.
. Polar bears live in the Arctic.
. Do you know if polar bears live in Antarctica.
. "No, said Jessica. Polar bears don't live in Antarctica.
. "I watched a TV show titled Bears of the North last night," Robert said.
. "It was on at eight PM.," he said.
##### **Answers**
I. Capitalization
G. Period
L. Question Mark
O. Comma
N. Apostrophe
U. Colon
P. Italics
A. Correct
N. Quotation Marks
#### **9.6 Meet the Flintstones**
Just about everybody knows the Flintstones. Fred and Barney were members of the Loyal Order of the Water Buffaloes. What was the title of this group's leader?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the sentence's grammatical mistake. There is no more than _one_ mistake in each sentence. Choose your answers from the choices listed after the sentences. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. If there are no mistakes, write the letter for _correct_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Most americans have heard of the Flintstones.
. The Flintstones are cartoon characters, and they live in the Stone Age.
. Fred, Wilma, Barney, and Betty is cartoon stars.
. They starred in a TV show called The Flintstones.
. Fred, and Wilma had a daughter named Pebbles.
. They also had a pet named "Dino."
. I wonder if they had any other pets?
. The original TV series runs for six years.
. The Flintstones are one of the worlds favorite cartoon families.
##### **Answers**
N. Capitalization
G. Verb Tense
D. Question Mark
A. Comma
O. Apostrophe
B. Subject-Verb Agreement
P. Italics
R. Correct
H. Quotation Marks
#### **9.7 One of Science's Greats**
This Englishman was one of the world's greatest scientists. He lived about 350 years ago. Who was he?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the sentence's grammatical mistake. There is no more than _one_ mistake in each sentence. Choose your answers from the choices listed after the sentences. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. If there are no mistakes, write the letter for _correct_.
. Michael's _report_ was about a famous scientist.
. Many great discoveries were made in the past.
. "Who is your report about," Brittany asked.
. Michael told her, and she smiled
. "Thats the man I'm writing about, too," she said.
. "He was one of the greatest scientists of all time, Michael said."
. "Yes," said Brittany. "He was born in england in 1643."
. He dies in 1727.
. One of his most important discoveries were about gravity.
##### **Answers**
W. Capitalization
S. Period
E. Question Mark
N. Verb Tense
T. Apostrophe
A. Quotation Marks
O. Italics
C. Correct
I. Subject-Verb Agreement
#### **9.8 Arbor Day**
In 1872, Julius Sterling Morton organized the first Arbor Day. In what state did the first Arbor Day take place?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Find the sentence's grammatical mistake. There is no more than _one_ mistake in each sentence. Choose your answers from the choices listed after the sentences. Write the letter of each answer in the space above its sentence number at the bottom of the page. If there are no mistakes, write the letter for _correct_. Not all of the answers will be used.
. Julius Sterling Morton was born on April 22, 1832 in Adams New York.
. Mortons' family moved west, and he was raised in Detroit.
. He went to the University Of Michigan.
. Morton was a newspaper editor, farmer, and politician.
. Amanda said, Julius Sterling Morton founded Arbor Day.
. "Arbor Day is a day for planting trees," she said
. The first Arbor Day is on April 10, 1872.
. Today, all fifty states has an Arbor Day.
##### **Answers**
A. Capitalization
K. Period
B. Subject-Verb Agreement
S. Comma
R. Apostrophe
E. Quotation Marks
O. Italics
A. Correct
N. Verb Tense
#### **9.9 Early Colonist**
This woman was the first woman to start a town in the New World. Who was she?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. If the sentence is grammatically correct, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above its number at the bottom of the page. If the sentence has a mistake, write the letter for _incorrect_.
. This woman founded the town of Gravesend.
A. Correct
E. Incorrect
. Gravesend was a part of New Amsterdam.
M. Correct
E. Incorrect
. The Dutch founded New Amsterdam in 1625
E. Correct
R. Incorrect
. "Didn't the English take control of New Amsterdam in 1664," asked Peter.
A. Correct
E. Incorrect
. "Yes," said Laurie, "They renamed it New York."
I. Correct
H. Incorrect
. The city of New York grew quickly.
Y. Correct
S. Incorrect
. Soon New York became an important city.
B. Correct
T. Incorrect
. Today New York is one of the worlds greatest cities.
E. Correct
D. Incorrect
. "I would like to visit New York, said Peter."
I. Correct
O. Incorrect
#### **9.10 Father's Day**
The first Father's Day in the United States was celebrated on June 9, 1910. But it was celebrated in only one state. What state was this?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. If the sentence is grammatically correct, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above its number at the bottom of the page. If the sentence has a mistake, write the letter for _incorrect_.
. In 1909, Sonora Smart Dodd wanted to honor her father.
S. Correct
K. Incorrect
. Sonoras mother had died, and her father had raised the children.
S. Correct
T. Incorrect
. Her father had been born in June.
I. Correct
N. Incorrect
. Sonora picked June for Father's Day.
A. Correct
E. Incorrect
. Soon other towns, and cities began to celebrate Father's Day.
R. Correct
G. Incorrect
. In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge made the third sunday in June Father's Day.
I. Correct
O. Incorrect
. In 1966, Father's Day became a national holiday.
H. Correct
A. Incorrect
. People throughout the United States honor they're fathers on Father's Day.
A. Correct
W. Incorrect
. Every year our family celebrates Father's Day.
N. Correct
S. Incorrect
#### **9.11 Tallest Mountain**
At 29,078 feet, Mount Everest is the tallest mountain on earth. What mountain range is Mount Everest a part of?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. If the sentence is grammatically correct, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above its number at the bottom of the page. If the sentence has a mistake, write the letter for _incorrect_.
. Mount Everest is a part of a mountain chain in asia.
U. Correct
A. Incorrect
. Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
A. Correct
I. Incorrect
. The conditions at the peak is very dangerous.
E. Correct
A. Incorrect
. Climbers struggle against bitter cold, powerful winds, and thin air.
I. Correct
E. Incorrect
. Do you know how many people have tried to climb Mount Everest.
C. Correct
L. Incorrect
. Many men died in avalanches, and storms.
K. Correct
M. Incorrect
. The top was finally reached on May 29 1953.
N. Correct
S. Incorrect
. Sir Edmund Hillary, an Englishman led the expedition.
C. Correct
H. Incorrect
. Other expeditions have climbed Mount Everest successfully.
Y. Correct
M. Incorrect
#### **9.12 Cool Idea**
In 1911, this man invented air-conditioning. Who was he?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. If the sentence is grammatically correct, write the letter for _correct_ in the space above its number at the bottom of the page. If the sentence has a mistake, write the letter for _incorrect_.
. The air conditioner in Jasmine's home wasn't working.
S. Correct
K. Incorrect
. "Its going to be a hot day," said her mother.
E. Correct
A. Incorrect
. "When will the repairman come," Jasmine asked?
U. Correct
E. Incorrect
. "Soon I hope," her mother said, "It's very warm in here."
T. Correct
W. Incorrect
. "Hurray!" Jasmine said when the truck pulled into the driveway.
R. Correct
N. Incorrect
. "I'll have the air-conditioning working in a little while," the man said.
C. Correct
M. Incorrect
. "I can't wait," said Jasmine.
L. Correct
O. Incorrect
. "Why don't you watch a movie while your waiting?" said her mother.
A. Correct
R. Incorrect
. Jasmine decided to watch a movie called "Ice Age."
T. Correct
I. Incorrect
#### **9.13 Basics of English**
These are the basics of English speaking and writing. What are they?
To answer the question, read each sentence below. Decide if the statement is true or false. If it is true, write the letter for _true_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If it is false, write the letter for _false_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. A noun can only name a person, animal, or place.
C. True
T. False
. A proper noun names only people.
U. True
R. False
. A proper noun always starts with a capital letter.
C. True
E. False
. Only action words are verbs.
M. True
O. False
. An adjective can modify nouns or verbs.
T. True
N. False
. An adverb can modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
E. True
C. False
. A conjunction connects words, groups of words, or sentences.
D. True
A. False
. A prepositional phrase always has a preposition and an object.
W. True
N. False
. Plural nouns always have an apostrophe.
H. True
S. False
#### **9.14 A Puzzle About You**
If you get all of the following right, you will learn something about yourself. What are you?
To answer the question, read each sentence below and decide if the statement is true or false. If it is true, write the letter for _true_ in the space above the sentence number at the bottom of the page. If it is false, write the letter for _false_. You will need to divide the letters into words.
. Eight different kinds of words, called parts of speech, make up English.
W. True
I. False
. A declarative sentence asks a question.
W. True
G. False
. An interrogative sentence gives an order.
O. True
I. False
. An imperative sentence always ends with an exclamation point.
S. True
A. False
. In some sentences, the complete subject and the simple subject are the same.
Z. True
N. False
. A simple predicate is a verb or verb phrase.
H. True
A. False
. A complete sentence must have a subject and a predicate.
R. True
D. False
. Only declarative sentences end with a period.
T. True
M. False
## **Answer Key**
The answers for the worksheets contain the letters of the correct answers for individual items and the answers to the questions at the beginning of each work-sheet. For those activities in which you must read a paragraph as you complete the worksheet, the entire paragraph is shown in the answer key, with the correct answers highlighted in bold. For activities in which you must identify a specific word and letter, both the word and letter are included.
### **Part 1**
#### **1.1**
. N
. R
. W
. S
. B
. K
. L
. O
. Y
Elwyn Brooks
#### **1.2**
. S
. E
. A
. I
. O
. L
. N
. D
. R
. H
Rhode Island
#### **1.3**
. E
. A
. N
. J
. M
. I
. O
. S
. M
. E
Mae Jemison
#### **1.4**
. S
. H
. D
. E
. L
. R
. T
. V
. O
Theodore Roosevelt
#### **1.5**
. E
2. O
3. S
4. A
5. W
6. M
7. N
8. J
9. T
Jamestown
#### **1.6**
. O
. A
. H
. E
. U
. D
. S
. N
. T
ten thousand
#### **1.7**
The is in . is the largest on the Earth. is a , barren land. covers most of Antarctica. in the is extremely cold. a few grow in small ice-free far from the South Pole. The on the is too cold for trees. are the numerous in Antarctica. live in the around the continent. The did not reach Antarctica until the 1800s. carry out in this icy land.
Richard Byrd
#### **1.8**
. A
. J
. E
. C
. W
. A
. A
. A
. S
Sacajawea
#### **1.9**
Wilbur Orville Wright At one they bicycles. But to fly. they gliders. A glider an an engine. It the wind. The Wright brothers much about from their gliders. Next, they with a propeller. In 1903, Orville the first airplane flight.
Kitty Hawk
#### **1.10**
. A
. S
. I
. A
. I
. O
. N
. L
. U
Louisiana
#### **1.11**
. H
. R
. C
. T
. B
. K
. L
. A
. E
leatherback
#### **1.12**
. O
. S
. E
. S
. Y
. T
. R
. B
. S
Betsy Ross
#### **1.13**
. B
. L
. K
. E
. O
. A
. N
. S
Lebanon, Kansas
#### **1.14**
. S
. C
. E
. T
. A
. H
. W
. V
. T
watches TV
#### **1.15**
. T
. S
. I
. M
. A
. O
. U
. H
. P
hippopotamus
#### **1.16**
. W
. F
. H
. D
. T
. E
. S
. R
. O
Sherwood Forest
#### **1.17**
. I
. E
. P
. T
. R
. N
. S
. L
Splinter
#### **1.18**
. I
. R
. K
. L
. Y
. H
. D
. O
. C
Old Hickory
#### **1.19**
. M
. N
. H
. W
. A
. S
. O
. T
Thomas Watson
#### **1.20**
. B
. U
. C
. S
. O
. H
. L
. B
. Y
Lucy Hobbs
#### **1.21**
. S
. R
. M
. I
. O
. E
. D
. A
. C
ice cream soda
### **Part 2**
#### **2.1**
. E
2. E
3. N
4. L
5. O
6. N
7. A
8. B
9. D
10. I
11. O
Daniel Boone
#### **2.2**
. R
2. I
3. C
4. N
5. A
6. O
7. G
8. K
9. B
king cobra
#### **2.3**
. O
. T
. R
. M
. U
. I
. E
. N
. S
Tennessee, Missouri
#### **2.4**
. S
. A
. E
. T
. G
. W
. N
. C
. O
Conestoga wagon
#### **2.5**
. N
2. O
3. H
4. O
5. N
6. K
7. C
8. H
9. A
10. J
11. C
John Hancock
#### **2.6**
. T
. F
. E
. N
. G
. I
. L
. M
. O
. R
Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier
#### **2.7**
. A
2. T
3. E
4. E
5. T
6. H
7. C
8. I
9. L
10. W
11. S
White Castle
#### **2.8**
. S
2. R
3. H
4. O
5. M
6. A
7. A
8. H
9. T
10. T
11. A
12. M
Thomas, Martha
#### **2.9**
. N
2. I
3. U
4. E
5. M
6. H
7. B
8. R
9. T
10. A
Harriet Tubman
#### **2.10**
. S
. E
. T
. H
. N
. O
. U
. M
. R
Mount Rushmore
#### **2.11**
a dwarf in solar system. Some believe Pluto was once a of . Neptune is the planet from the sun. Pluto is named after the Roman of the . Pluto is and . It can be seen through powerful Astronomers that Pluto's is made of and It will be a before any visit this world.
Percival Lowell
#### **2.12**
. E
2. O
3. U
4. I
5. L
6. F
7. S
8. S
9. S
10. F
11. L
fossil fuels
#### **2.13**
. C
. S
. R
. E
. A
. U
. S
. Y
Syracuse
#### **2.14**
. N
. N
. A
. A
. Y
. D
. C
. D
. L
Candy Land
### **Part 3**
#### **3.1**
. N
2. E
3. O
4. A
5. Y
6. M
7. N
8. L
9. L
10. A
11. D
Pamela Lyndon
#### **3.2**
. R
. A
. S
. O
. L
. T
. B
. A
. S
albatross
#### **3.3**
. T
. O
. I
. L
. S
. P
. H
. A
hospital
#### **3.4**
. D (is filled)
. I (have studied)
. E (were puzzled)
. G (would imagine)
. S (can see)
. W (are known)
. A (may have)
. N (might confuse)
. T (will twinkle)
. R (will travel)
wandering star
#### **3.5**
For thousands of years, people of exploring space. But spaceflight . This in 1957. That year the first satellite into space. The satellite in space for twenty-one days. This satellite by others. Both the Soviet Union and the United States satellites. By the mid-1960s, scientists much about space. Many humans in space. The United States land astronauts on the moon. This a great achievement. Finally, on July 20, 1969, American astronauts on the moon. Travel to another world . Space the new frontier.
Sputnik
#### **3.6**
. U
. O
. L
. A
. R
. C
. N
. T
. N
nocturnal
#### **3.7**
. E
. O
. U
. R
. A
. S
. P
. W
. T
waterspout
#### **3.8**
. E
2. O
3. T
4. A
5. F
6. M
7. N
8. D
9. R
10. Y
Morty and Ferdy
#### **3.9**
. W
. O
. N
. T
. L
. I
. I
. M
. L
. O
two million
#### **3.10**
. H
. N
. O
. S
. Y
. O
. T
. P
typhoons
#### **3.11**
. I
. L
. R
. E
. S
. G
. M
. T
. O
meteorologist
#### **3.12**
. L (people)
. S (show)
. I (wire)
. N (hands)
. F (performance)
. A (applause)
. B (bouquet)
. M (smile)
. T (act)
. U (circus)
funambulist
#### **3.13**
. E
. A
. I
. L
. T
. P
. O
. H
. C
chocolate chip
#### **3.14**
. R
2. S
3. V
4. M
5. O
6. P
7. A
8. U
9. I
10. E
11. C
12. G
Amerigo Vespucci
#### **3.15**
. M
. E
. L
. T
. G
. I
. O
. S
seismologist
#### **3.16**
. E
. Y
. N
. I
. T
. O
. P
. H
. S
photosynthesis
#### **3.17**
. H
. B
. I
. A
. G
. T
. E
. R
the Great Barrier Reef
#### **3.18**
. O
. A
. N
. D
. H
. R
. T
. G
. E
great horned owl
#### **3.19**
. E
. L
. L
. B
. O
. Y
. L
. A
. L
. V
volleyball
#### **3.20**
. N
. O
. A
. L
. I
. B
. L
. L
. E
Elaine Lobl
#### **3.21**
. A
2. S
3. I
4. I
5. N
6. L
7. S
8. L
9. D
10. E
11. L
Ellis Island
#### **3.22**
. C
2. I
3. L
4. F
5. H
6. R
7. T
8. P
9. N
10. A
11. E
African elephant
#### **3.23**
. L
. R
. W
. A
. E
. I
. D
. N
Edwin E. Aldrin
#### **3.24**
. I
. U
. H
. A
. U
. H
. H
. C
. A
Chihuahua
#### **3.25**
. N
. U
. T
. E
. B
. O
. R
. Y
. A
about one year
#### **3.26**
About 1,200 years ago, warriors from northern Europe . They the countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Today, these countries Scandinavia. The warriors sailors. At first they the coasts of Europe. Then some of them . They Iceland and Greenland. They even North America. This 500 years before Columbus. Their adventures in stories. These stories as sagas.
Vikings
#### **3.27**
. K
. G
. P
. L
. H
. O
. J
. F
FGH JKL OP
#### **3.28**
. W
. T
. C
. O
. H
. N
. E
. A
. F
. R
Father of New France
#### **3.29**
. H
. T
. A
. O
. I
. C
. N
Cincinnati, Ohio
### **Part 4**
#### **4.1**
. T
2. D
3. C
4. I
5. S
6. H
7. R
8. E
9. A
10. N
Hans Christian Andersen
#### **4.2**
. R
2. J
3. U
4. S
5. P
6. C
7. L
8. H
9. A
10. E
Charles Pajeau
#### **4.3**
. G
2. C
3. E
4. N
5. U
6. A
7. H
8. S
9. D
Dachshund Sausages
#### **4.4**
. A
. O
. I
. R
. D
. L
. F
Florida
#### **4.5**
Saturday afternoon was rainy. Serena and friends were disappointed. had planned to play soccer.
Jason looked out the window at the rain. frowned. There seemed to be little for to do.
"What can do?" said Serena.
don't know," said Jason, shaking head.
"Do have a new CD?" he asked .
"Yes," told can listen to music."
"That sounds like a good idea to ," Meg said.
listened to music for the rest of the day.
Scrabble
#### **4.6**
Jordan and father like hiking. Last week, for the first time, took Jordan's younger sister Shiloh with packed lunches and plenty of water.
Shiloh helped Jordan load the car. She handed a knapsack to . Jordan placed in the trunk.
"Here," father said to Jordan. "This is for ."
handed Jordan a compass.
" will have to keep heading in the right direction," said.
"What about ?" asked Shiloh. "What can do?"
" can help, too," father said. He gave a compass to .
six feet
#### **4.7**
. A
. E
. W
. E
. L
. L
. U
. B
. H
blue whale
#### **4.8**
. S
. I
. I
. G
. B
. N
. S
. L
siblings
#### **4.9**
. D
. I
. L
. H
. S
. R
. T
. E
. G
. O
Theodor Seuss Geisel
#### **4.10**
. E
2. I
3. R
4. A
5. F
6. H
7. O
8. T
9. L
10. S
sailors of the stars
#### **4.11**
. L
. V
. G
. B
. N
. E
. R
. I
. I
Irving Berlin
#### **4.12**
. H
. K
. O
. A
. R
. D
. T
. N
North Dakota
#### **4.13**
. N
2. A
3. D
4. E
5. V
6. I
7. O
8. G
9. C
10. L
Calvin Coolidge
#### **4.14**
. C
2. N
3. L
4. E
5. I
6. L
7. I
8. P
9. N
10. I
penicillin
#### **4.15**
. S (members)
. E (Eddie)
. T (mother)
. A (father)
. L (Liz)
. N (aunt)
. H (Happy)
. P (Grandpa)
. E (people)
elephants
#### **4.16**
. A
2. A
3. C
4. R
5. D
6. A
7. U
8. B
9. R
barracuda
#### **4.17**
. L
2. M
3. A
4. B
5. E
6. U
7. T
8. E
9. B
10. B
11. E
12. B
bumblebee bat
#### **4.18**
. I
. E
. S
. R
. T
. C
. C
. K
crickets
### **Part 5**
#### **5.1**
. O
2. H
3. E
4. K
5. N
6. S
7. I
8. Z
9. A
10. B
11. R
12. D
Babe Didrikson Zaharias
#### **5.2**
. O
2. Y
3. L
4. N
5. R
6. T
7. F
8. I
fifty trillion
#### **5.3**
Deena and her are going on a vacation. She and her brother can't to leave. The children their parents pack suitcases. They planned to in morning. They will drive New York to Florida. It will be trip. Deena hopes that they have weather for their vacation. Everyone is looking to having a time.
Australia
#### **5.4**
. M
2. O
3. E
4. U
5. R
6. T
7. T
8. R
9. F
10. S
Fort Sumter
#### **5.5**
. T
2. R
3. D
4. C
5. A
6. O
7. G
8. N
9. L
10. E
11. F
England to France
#### **5.6**
. O
. E
. A
. H
. E
. N
. L
. T
. P
. E
a telephone
#### **5.7**
. O
. D
. H
. A
. N
. F
. S
. I
. L
Island of Hills
#### **5.8**
. C (basic)
. S (these)
. P (simple)
. L (several)
. E (modern)
. I (this)
. B (big)
. A (many)
Blaise Pascal
#### **5.9**
. O
. S
. S
. O
. I
. L
. G
. G
. E
. T
geologists
### **Part 6**
#### **6.1**
. N
2. E
3. T
4. S
5. W
6. I
7. X
8. O
9. U
10. R
11. H
12. D
two hundred six
#### **6.2**
. E
2. N
3. A
4. T
5. G
6. I
7. R
8. O
9. L
Oregon Trail
#### **6.3**
Many people that bats are animals. Some people have been of bats. But most bats are not a to people. In fact, they are Bats hunt at They streak and the darkness in search of prey. bats eat insects. This the insect population. In the morning bats to their roosts.
flying
#### **6.4**
. T
2. P
3. H
4. U
5. S
6. E
7. A
8. L
9. R
10. C
Charles Perrault
#### **6.5**
. O
. R
. M
. P
. D
. A
. C
. L
. E
camel leopard
#### **6.6**
. U
. U
. P
. M
. Y
. P
. P
. D
mud puppy
#### **6.7**
. N
2. E
3. A
4. M
5. R
6. I
7. S
8. L
9. G
10. O
11. T
gila monster
#### **6.8**
. D
. S
. O
. A
. E
. P
. H
. R
. T
. G
the Great Red Spot
#### **6.9**
. A (always)
. R (recently)
. E (very)
. I (curiously)
. U (carefully)
. O (soon)
. S (slowly)
. P (happily)
. L (clearly)
. T (often)
Louis Pasteur
#### **6.10**
. S (more easily)
2. N (most often)
3. W (most slowly)
4. I (earlier)
5. H (hardest)
6. T (fastest)
7. L (more quickly)
8. E (more carefully)
The Wise Little Hen
#### **6.11**
. E
. I
. D
. T
. A
. S
. R
. N
. B
Saint Bernard
### **Part 7**
#### **7.1**
. S
2. O
3. R
4. N
5. K
6. I
7. L
8. B
9. Z
10. M
11. A
Alabama, Alaska, Arizona
#### **7.2**
Insects found the world. They live forests, fields, deserts. They live everywhere. They are your home. Some insects destructive. They eat crops cause damage homes. Some cause disease. But others helpful. Honeybees spread pollen flowers. This the flowers bloom. Other insects harmful bugs. Insects an important life planet.
silkworm
#### **7.3**
. I
2. E
3. I
4. S
5. N
6. P
7. D
8. P
9. N
pinnipeds
#### **7.4**
. N
2. C
3. I
4. F
5. R
6. E
7. A
8. O
Air Force One
#### **7.5**
. A (of your heart)
. O (into four parts)
. U (throughout your body)
. I (during sleep)
. L (to your cells)
. R (in your lungs)
. T (about seventy times)
. Y (for your heart)
. C (during exercise) circulatory
#### **7.6**
. X
. O
. R
. N
. P
. E
. S
. Y
Pony Express
#### **7.7**
. R (friends)
. O (school)
. U (Saturday)
. D (Sunday)
. W (week)
. C (camp)
. P (practice)
. L (family)
World Cup
#### **7.8**
. T
. A
. C
. D
. O
. S
. N
. L
Scotland
#### **7.9**
. A
. E
. R
. T
. N
. W
. M
. G
. O
Motorwagen
#### **7.10**
. H (hey)
. T (great)
. I (terrific)
. C (watch out)
. U (ugh)
. S (oops)
. A (aha)
. R (good grief)
Aristarchus
#### **7.11**
. A
2. U
3. I
4. E
5. S
6. L
7. P
8. G
9. Z
10. W
11. J
12. Z
jigsaw puzzle
#### **7.12**
. M
. N
. I
. L
. E
. G
. S
. T
. O
entomologist
#### **7.13**
. H
. P
. S
. T
. D
. A
. R
. O
arthropods
#### **7.14**
. R
. L
. N
. S
. A
. Y
. O
. W
Oslo, Norway
### **Part 8**
#### **8.1**
. R
2. N
3. O
4. H
5. E
6. U
7. M
8. R
9. D
10. S
11. T
thunderstorms
#### **8.2**
. A (road)
2. I (captain)
3. E (senior)
4. R (Saturday)
5. U (February)
6. N (governor)
7. N (avenue)
8. N (Wednesday)
9. A (Friday)
10. R (junior)
11. V (boulevard)
12. M (September)
13. T (August)
14. B (October)
Martin Van Buren
#### **8.3**
. U
. H
. J
. C
. E
. B
. M
. N
. S
. A
James Buchanan
#### **8.4**
. N
. U
. W
. L
. I
. E
. D
. H
. B
Edwin Hubble
#### **8.5**
. O
. I
. H
. F
. G
. D
. T
. S
. R
. E
Register of the Desert
#### **8.6**
. G
. I
. T
. E
. A
. S
. U
. N
Saint Augustine
#### **8.7**
. E
. R
. C
. L
. F
. N
. A
. I
Nile, Africa
#### **8.8**
. U
. E
. I
. H
. R
. D
. N
nine hundred (with letters reversed)
#### **8.9**
. A
2. A
3. I
4. H
5. D
6. O
7. R
8. F
9. K
10. L
Frida Kahlo
#### **8.10**
. R
. N
. O
. K
. T
. O
. Y
. W
Yorktown (with letters reversed)
#### **8.11**
Aunt Jane is an expert on the There many Aunt Jane know about our She knows all of the their and their home She knows the of each presidency. Aunt Jane wrote about the favorite is about George Washington. The book tells about youth. Aunt Jane believes George Washington was one of our greatest
John Adams
#### **8.12**
. I
. A
. H
. G
. T
. N
. R
. O
. S
shooting star
#### **8.13**
. F
. F
. I
. E
. N
. I
. G
. R
. R
. O
Ring of Fire
#### **8.14**
. A
. A
. A
. R
. Y
. U
. P
. G
Paraguay
#### **8.15**
. E
2. E
3. I
4. L
5. A
6. S
7. L
8. L
9. C
10. W
Alice Wells
#### **8.16**
. U
. M
. S
. C
. N
. E
. I
. A
. L
animalcules
#### **8.17**
. M
2. I
3. O
4. N
5. E
6. O
7. N
8. R
9. A
10. E
Annie Moore
#### **8.18**
. E
. O
. Y
. N
. R
. U
. G
. D
. H
greyhound (with letters reversed)
#### **8.19**
. S
2. T
3. A
4. I
5. E
6. L
7. C
8. H
9. R
Charles Richter
#### **8.20**
. I
. U
. A
. Y
. H
. N
. T
. F
. O
Fountain of Youth
#### **8.21**
. R
. C
. T
. N
. A
. D
. E
. P
. I
pediatrician
#### **8.22**
. I
. E
. I
. R
. P
. G
. D
. B
. P
Big Dipper (with letters reversed)
#### **8.23**
. B
. A
. A
. Y
. A
. C
. R
. P
Capybara
#### **8.24**
. T
. R
. C
. N
. A
. T
. A
. C
. I
. A
Antarctica
#### **8.25**
. A
. I
. O
. E
. D
. R
. K
. M
. W
Widow-Maker
#### **8.26**
. E
. U
. T
. N
. R
. S
. A
. C
crustaceans
#### **8.27**
. M
. T
. R
. G
. S
. Y
. A
. N
. P
. I
praying mantis
#### **8.28**
. O
. O
. U
. U
. L
. N
. L
. H
Honolulu
#### **8.29**
. R
2. U
3. T
4. Y
5. L
6. B
7. T
8. F
9. E
flutterby
#### **8.30**
. S
. O
. C
. J
. K
. E
. A
. M
. O
James Cook
#### **8.31**
. U
2. T
3. H
4. E
5. A
6. A
7. K
8. Q
9. E
10. R
earthquake
#### **8.32**
. B
. E
. L
. O
. C
. D
. A
. P
. R
Pedro Cabral
#### **8.33**
. H
. A
. I
. I
. C
. N
. M
. G
Michigan
#### **8.34**
. C (continents)
. A (Asia)
. N (North America)
. O (ocean)
. I (it)
. E (equator)
. A (America)
Oceania
### **Part 9**
#### **9.1**
. T
2. M
3. H
4. O
5. N
6. R
7. C
8. E
9. L
10. S
Loch Ness Monster
#### **9.2**
. I
2. R
3. G
4. A
5. M
6. N
7. E
8. L
9. F
10. D
Ferdinand Magellan
#### **9.3**
. E
. I
. T
. N
. N
. C
. R
. O
. P
Princeton
#### **9.4**
. A
. O
. N
. T
. T
. S
. B
. I
botanist
#### **9.5**
. N
. O
. I
. A
. L
. N
. P
. G
pangolin
#### **9.6**
. N
. R
. B
. P
. A
. H
. D
. G
. O
Grand Pooh-Bah
#### **9.7**
. O
. C
. E
. S
. T
. A
. W
. N
. I
Isaac Newton
#### **9.8**
. S
. R
. A
. A
. E
. K
. N
. B
Nebraska
#### **9.9**
. A
. M
. R
. E
. H
. Y
. B
. D
. O
Deborah Moody
#### **9.10**
. S
. T
. I
. A
. G
. O
. H
. W
. N
Washington
#### **9.11**
. A
. A
. A
. I
. L
. M
. S
. H
. Y
Himalayas
#### **9.12**
. S
. A
. E
. W
. R
. C
. L
. R
. I
Willis Carrier
#### **9.13**
. T
. R
. C
. O
. N
. E
. D
. W
. S
words, sentences
#### **9.14**
. W
. G
. I
. A
. Z
. H
. R
. M
a grammar whiz
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Books3"
}
|
Q:
Random graph with $p \ll n^{-1+\epsilon}$ a.a.s has no subgraph with $k$ vertices with at least $k+1$ edges
Let $G=(n,p)$ with $p \ll n^{-1+\epsilon}$ for all $\epsilon >0$. Then
for each $k\in \mathbb{N}$ there are a.a.s no $k$ vertices with at
least $k+1$ edges.
Proof:
We want to show $$\Pr(\exists S\subseteq V: |S|=k, |E_S|\geq k+1) \to 0\quad (n\to \infty).$$
Let $S\subseteq V$ with $|S|=k$. Then there are ${k}\choose{2}$$=\frac{k(k-1)}{2}$ possible subsets with 2 elements. Lets call them $A_i$,
Define the random varibles $1_{A_i}$ such that
$$1_{A_i}=1 \text{ when } A_i \subset{E_S},\quad 0 \text{ else}$$
We have
$$\Pr(|S|=k, |E_S|\geq k+1)=\Pr(\sum_i 1_{A_i} \geq k+1)\leq \frac{E\sum_i 1_{A_i}}{k+1}$$
Then $E\sum_i 1_{A_i}=\frac{k(k-1)}{2}\Pr(1_{A_i}=1)=\frac{k(k-1)}{2}p$ since the probability of the edges is independent.
Now we have
$$\Pr(|S|=k, |E_S|\geq k+1)=\Pr(\sum_i 1_{A_i} \geq k+1)\leq \frac{E\sum_i 1_{A_i}}{k-1}<\frac{k}{2}p \ll \frac{k}{2} \frac{1}{nn^{-\epsilon}}$$
Now pick: $n^{\epsilon}=k$.
is this correct? does the result follow?
A:
The approach you have taken is not strong enough to get the desired conclusion.
The use of $1_{A_i}$ is a bit strange, but everything you've done can be phrased in terms of the random variable $|E_S|$ (for a fixed $S$). You are applying Markov's inequality to $|E_S|$, saying that
$$
\Pr[|E_S| \ge k+1] \le \frac{\mathbb E[|E_S|]}{k+1}.
$$
By linearity of expectation, $\mathbb E[|E_S|] = \binom k2 p$. It is not quite correct that $\binom k2 = \frac{k(k+1)}{2}$; rather, $\binom k2 = \frac{k(k-1)}{2}$. But this is not important, since we still have $\frac{\binom k2 p}{k+1} < \frac {kp}{2} \ll \frac{k}{n^{1-\epsilon}}$.
Here, $k = |S| \le n$, and this inequality is potentially strong enough to prove that for any given $S$, we have $|E_S| \le |S|$ with high probability. But that's not what we want: we want a result that holds for all $S$.
Consider $k=4$, for example: then there are $\binom n4$ sets $S$ we could consider, and if the probability is $\ll \frac{4}{n^{1-\epsilon}}$ for each one, that only tells us that the expected number of sets $S$ with $5$ edges is $\ll \binom n4 \frac{4}{n^{1-\epsilon}}$ or in other words it is $\ll n^{3+\epsilon}$, which still could be very large.
We can improve on Markov's inequality for bounding the probability that a set $S$ induces a subgraph we don't like.
First of all: for any $k$, there is only a constant number of $k$-vertex graphs with $k+1$ edges. So if we show that for a fixed graph $H$ (on $k$ vertices and with $k+1$ edges) the random graph doesn't have an $H$-subgraph a.a.s., then we immediately conclude that the random graph doesn't have any such subgraphs with $k$ vertices and $k+1$ edges a.a.s. (Since the subgraphs are not necessarily induced, this also rules out subgraphs with $k$ vertices and more than $k+1$ edges.)
As an upper bound, the expected number of labeled $H$-subgraphs in $\mathcal G_{n,p}$ is less than $n^{|V(H)|}p^{|E(H)|}$. (The power of $n$ is actually at most $n(n-1)(n-2)\dotsb$ with $|V(H)|$ factors.) If $H$ has $k$ vertices and $k+1$ edges, this is $n^k p^{k+1}$.
We have $p \ll n^{-1+\epsilon}$ for all $\epsilon>0$, so in particular, $p \ll n^{-1 + \frac{1}{k+1}}$. Therefore $p^{k+1} \ll n^{-k}$, and $n^k p^{k+1} \to 0$ as $n \to \infty$. Therefore $\mathcal G_{n,p}$ has no copies of $H$ a.a.s., and by doing this for every $k$-vertex graph with $k+1$ edges we get the statement you want.
A subtle point here is that we are proving the statement "for each $k$, a.a.s., $\mathcal G_{n,p}$ contains no $k$-vertex subgraph with at least $k+1$ edges" not "a.a.s., $\mathcal G_{n,p}$ contains no $k$-vertex subgraph with at least $k+1$ edges for each $k$". That is, $k$ is a constant fixed outside the limit as $n \to \infty$.
If we didn't do this, then the statement would not be true, because $\mathcal G_{n,p}$ for $p \gg \frac1n$ does contain large subgraphs with more edges than vertices (in particular, the whole graph is such a subgraph).
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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<h1 class="bar"><a href="../../../../../com/bumptech/glide/integration/volley/package-summary.html" target="classFrame">com.bumptech.glide.integration.volley</a></h1>
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<h2 title="Interfaces">Interfaces</h2>
<ul title="Interfaces">
<li><a href="VolleyRequestFactory.html" title="interface in com.bumptech.glide.integration.volley" target="classFrame"><span class="interfaceName">VolleyRequestFactory</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 title="Classes">Classes</h2>
<ul title="Classes">
<li><a href="VolleyGlideModule.html" title="class in com.bumptech.glide.integration.volley" target="classFrame">VolleyGlideModule</a></li>
<li><a href="VolleyLibraryGlideModule.html" title="class in com.bumptech.glide.integration.volley" target="classFrame">VolleyLibraryGlideModule</a></li>
<li><a href="VolleyStreamFetcher.html" title="class in com.bumptech.glide.integration.volley" target="classFrame">VolleyStreamFetcher</a></li>
<li><a href="VolleyStreamFetcher.GlideRequest.html" title="class in com.bumptech.glide.integration.volley" target="classFrame">VolleyStreamFetcher.GlideRequest</a></li>
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{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
LGBT+ employees earn 16% less on average than their heterosexual peers, which equates to £6,703 a year
By Amber Milne
LONDON, July 3 (Openly) - LGBT+ people in Britain on average earn almost 7,000 pounds ($8,800) less than their straight colleagues each year, a shortfall that dwarfs the country's gender pay gap, according to a new workplace study.
According to research by networking site LinkedIn and LGBT+ organisation UK Black Pride, gay, bisexual and transgender employees earn 16% less on average than their heterosexual peers, which equates to £6,703 a year.
"LGBT+ people often put huge amounts of time and energy into fitting into their workplaces," said Jon Miller, founder of Open For Business, a group of companies promoting LGBT+ inclusion.
"(The survey results) should be worrying for employers – it shows they aren't getting the most of their LGBT+ employees."
The study, released on Tuesday, canvassed more than 4,000 heterosexual and LGBT+ workers across Britain. It did not say if the pay gap sprang from discrimination or other reasons.
More than a quarter of the LGBT+ respondents said they hid their sexuality or gender identity at work, which could be holding them back professionally, said Joshua Graff, who manages LinkedIn in Britain.
"Concealing such a huge part of your life from colleagues can be extremely stressful and takes up energy that could be spent excelling at your job," Graff said in a statement.
Almost two-thirds of LGBT+ respondents said they had been made to feel uncomfortable due to their sexuality or gender identity, the study showed.
"Business can always do more to promote an inclusive workplace culture - many are doing so – but more need to step up," Iain Anderson, executive chairman of communications agency Cicero Group, told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
Anderson said he was unaware that a pay gap between LGBT+ and heterosexual employees even existed, describing it as "shocking".
Britain's gender pay gap sits at 8.6% for full-time employees, according to the most recent government data, in comparison to the 16% gap suffered by LGBT+ workers.
Many companies have rushed to flag their diversity credentials in recent weeks, as countries around the world celebrated Pride month with parades, events and marches.
However, Phyll Opoku-Gyimah, co-founder of UK Black Pride, said companies should bring inclusive practises into the day-to-day running of a business, "and not just during Pride month". "The more we hear from LGBTQ employees, the more we begin to understand that the fight for equality is far from over," she added.
($1 = 0.7954 pounds)
(Reporting by Amber Milne; Editing by Hugo Greenhalgh and Lyndsay Griffiths. Please credit Thomson Reuters Foundation, the charitable arm of Thomson Reuters, that covers humanitarian news, women's and LGBT+ rights, human trafficking, property rights, and climate change. Visit www.trust.org)
Openly is an initiative of the Thomson Reuters Foundation dedicated to impartial coverage of LGBT+ issues from around the world.
Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
#!/bin/bash
mkdir var/build
#OS X, prevent ._ files
export COPYFILE_DISABLE=true
tar -cvf var/build/Pulsestorm_Modulelist.tar app/code/community/Pulsestorm/Modulelist app/etc/modules/Pulsestorm_Modulelist.xml
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
/*
(c) copyright 1988 by the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
See the copyright notice in the ACK home directory, in the file "Copyright".
*/
/*
Module: SYSTEM
Author: Ceriel J.H. Jacobs
Version: $Id$
*/
/*
An implementation of the Modula-2 NEWPROCESS and TRANSFER facilities
using the topsize, topsave, and topload facilities.
For each coroutine, a proc structure is built. For the main routine,
a static space is declared to save its stack. For the other coroutines,
the user specifies this space.
*/
#include <unistd.h>
#include "libm2.h"
#include <m2_traps.h>
#define MAXMAIN 2048
static struct proc mainproc[MAXMAIN / sizeof(struct proc) + 1];
static struct proc* curproc = 0; /* current coroutine */
extern char* MainLB; /* stack break of main routine */
void _SYSTEM__NEWPROCESS(
int (*p)(void) /* coroutine procedure */,
struct proc* a /* pointer to area for saved stack-frame */,
unsigned int n /* size of this area */,
struct proc** p1 /* where to leave coroutine descriptor,
in this implementation the address of
the area for saved stack-frame(s) */
)
{
/* This procedure creates a new coroutine, but does not
transfer control to it. The routine "topsize" will compute the
stack break, which will be the local base of this routine.
Notice that we can do this because we do not need the stack
above this point for this coroutine. In Modula-2, coroutines
must be level 0 procedures without parameters.
*/
char* brk = 0;
unsigned sz = topsize(&brk);
if (sz + sizeof(struct proc) > n)
{
/* not enough space */
TRP(M2_TOOLARGE);
}
a->size = n;
a->proc = p;
a->brk = brk;
*p1 = a;
if (topsave(brk, a + 1))
/* stack frame saved; now just return */
;
else
{
/* We get here through the first transfer to the coroutine
created above.
This also means that curproc is now set to this coroutine.
We cannot trust the parameters anymore.
Just call the coroutine procedure.
*/
(*(curproc->proc))();
_cleanup();
_exit(0);
}
}
void _SYSTEM__TRANSFER(struct proc** a, struct proc** b)
{
/* transfer from one coroutine to another, saving the current
descriptor in the space indicated by "a", and transfering to
the coroutine in descriptor "b".
*/
unsigned size;
if (!curproc)
{
/* the current coroutine is the main process;
initialize a coroutine descriptor for it ...
*/
mainproc[0].brk = MainLB;
mainproc[0].size = sizeof(mainproc);
curproc = &mainproc[0];
}
*a = curproc; /* save current descriptor in "a" */
if (*b == curproc)
{
/* transfer to itself is a no-op */
return;
}
size = topsize(&(curproc->brk));
if (size + sizeof(struct proc) > curproc->size)
{
TRP(M2_TOOLARGE);
}
if (topsave(curproc->brk, curproc + 1))
{
/* stack top saved. Now restore context of target
coroutine
*/
curproc = *b;
topload(curproc + 1);
/* we never get here ... */
}
/* but we do get here, when a transfer is done to the coroutine in "a".
*/
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
A limited Collector’s Edition Box Set featuring new live orchestra recordings of music from Turrican 1, 2 & 3 + a new Bonus Amiga Album
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Readability and Suitability of Spanish Language Hypertension and Diabetes Patient Education Materials.
Hispanics who speak Spanish are at risk for low health literacy. We evaluated Spanish language hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM) patient education materials from U.S. federal agency public sector sources using the Suitability of Assessment (SAM) instrument. Mean readability for HTN materials was grade 7.9 and for DM materials was grade 6.6. Mean SAM score for HTN materials was 43.9 and for DM materials was 63.2. SAM scores were significantly better for DM than for HTN materials in overall score, content, graphics, layout, stimulation/motivation, and cultural appropriateness (p < .05). Clinicians should evaluate suitability of Spanish language HTN and DM materials that they use in patient teaching.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
While Gearbox Software is no stranger to the Half-Life franchise, having worked with Valve on the Opposing Force and Blue Shift expansion packs, as well as the PS2 version of Half-Life, studio president and CEO Randy Pitchford isn't so sure his team should return to the franchise.
On the latest episode of our monthly interview show IGN Unfiltered , we asked Pitchford if, given the opportunity, Gearbox would be interested in making the long-awaited and seemingly never-coming third episode that continues the Half-Life 2 story, and he replied with an air of uncertainty."I don't know what Half-Life 2: Episode Three is, so I don't know. I don't know that we could or should," Pitchford said. "It's a fun universe, I'd love to spend more time in it. I don't know what way that would make sense, though."After emphasizing that he can't speak for the entirety of Gearbox, which boasts a staff of a few hundred people, Pitchford added, "I feel like we got done with what we wanted to do. We did Opposing Force, we did Blue Shift, we did the PlayStation 2 version of Half-Life, and that was a lot of fun because we got to clean up a lot of things and really tune it."Pitchford noted the PS2 version of Half-Life was helpful in teaching Gearbox how to make console games, as prior to that, the studio had developed games strictly for PC. Gearbox also aided in the development of the Dreamcast version of Half-Life, which was ultimately canceled.Stay tuned for part one of our full IGN Unfiltered interview with Pitchford for more on his thoughts about working on the Half-Life franchise with Valve, as well as his experience working with Bungie on Halo: Combat Evolved for PC.
Alex Osborn is a freelance writer for IGN. Find him on Twitter at @alexcosborn
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<dependenciesRoot>
<dependency className="testLangWithRT.typesystem.TypesystemDescriptor">
<classNode dependClassName="jetbrains.mps.lang.typesystem.runtime.InferenceRule_Runtime" />
<classNode dependClassName="testLangWithRT.typesystem.typeof_Sout_InferenceRule" />
<classNode extendsClassName="jetbrains.mps.lang.typesystem.runtime.BaseHelginsDescriptor" />
</dependency>
<dependency className="testLangWithRT.typesystem.typeof_Sout_InferenceRule">
<classNode dependClassName="jetbrains.mps.lang.typesystem.runtime.IsApplicableStatus" />
<classNode dependClassName="jetbrains.mps.smodel.adapter.structure.MetaAdapterFactory" />
<classNode dependClassName="jetbrains.mps.smodel.builder.SNodeBuilder" />
<classNode dependClassName="jetbrains.mps.typesystem.inference.EquationInfo" />
<classNode dependClassName="jetbrains.mps.typesystem.inference.TypeCheckingContext" />
<classNode dependClassName="org.jetbrains.mps.openapi.language.SAbstractConcept" />
<classNode dependClassName="org.jetbrains.mps.openapi.language.SConcept" />
<classNode dependClassName="org.jetbrains.mps.openapi.model.SNode" />
<classNode dependClassName="org.jetbrains.mps.openapi.persistence.PersistenceFacade" />
<classNode extendsClassName="jetbrains.mps.lang.typesystem.runtime.AbstractInferenceRule_Runtime" />
<classNode extendsClassName="jetbrains.mps.lang.typesystem.runtime.InferenceRule_Runtime" />
</dependency>
</dependenciesRoot>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Amitriptyline treatment of chronic pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders.
Randomized clinical trials of amitriptyline will require data from pilot studies to be used for sample size estimates, but such data are lacking. This study investigated the 6-week and 1-year effectiveness of low dose amitriptyline (10-30 mg) for the treatment of patients with chronic temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain. Based on clinical examination, patients were divided into two groups: myofascial and mixed (myofascial and temporomandibular joint disorders). Baseline pain was assessed by a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain intensity and by the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ). Depression was assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) short form. Patient assessment of global treatment effectiveness was obtained after 6 weeks and 1 year of treatment by using a five-point ordinal scale: (1) worse, (2) unchanged, (3) minimally improved, (4) moderately improved, (5) markedly improved. The results showed a significant reduction for all pain scores after 6 weeks and 1 year post-treatment. The depression scores changed in depressed but not in non-depressed patients. Global treatment effectiveness showed significant improvement 6 weeks and 1 year post-treatment. However, pain and global treatment effectiveness were less improved at 1 year than at 6 weeks.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Bainbridge Island Review
The Bainbridge Island Review is a Friday newspaper in Bainbridge Island, Washington. The Review is primarily focused on Bainbridge Island and its communities; the island population is 22,000. The Review publishes news daily on BainbridgeReview.com.
The Review is part of Sound Publishing's Kitsap News Group.
The Review has won numerous awards for General Excellence in contests presented by the Washington Newspaper Publishers Association and the national Local Media Association. In addition, the Review regularly wins honors for news and sports reporting, feature writing, photography, and page design.
The Woodwards and Japanese internment
In 1942, Bainbridge islanders of Japanese ancestry were the first in the United States to be relocated to internment camps. The Review was the only English-language newspaper on the West Coast to openly criticize President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066. Milly and Walt Woodward, the owners and editors of the Review, continued advocating for members of the community who were interned, and hired several as correspondents. These correspondents reported on camp events for publication in the Review.
A Bainbridge Island school, Woodward Middle School is named in honor of Milly Woodward.
References
External links
Bainbridge Island Review
Kitsap History, Bainbridge Review, 1941-1946
Category:Bainbridge Island, Washington
Review
Category:Black Press
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
/*
* Copyright Beijing 58 Information Technology Co.,Ltd.
*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
package com.bj58.oceanus.exchange.executors;
import com.bj58.oceanus.core.context.StatementContext;
import com.bj58.oceanus.exchange.executors.jdbc.BatchExecutor;
import com.bj58.oceanus.exchange.executors.jdbc.SimpleExecutor;
/**
* 执行器构建
*
* @author Service Platform Architecture Team (spat@58.com)
*/
@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
public class ExecutorsBuilder {
static final Executor DEFAULT_EXECUTOR = new SimpleExecutor();
static final Executor BATCH_EXECUTOR = new BatchExecutor();
public static Executor<?> build(StatementContext context) {
if (context.isBatch()) {
return BATCH_EXECUTOR;
}
return DEFAULT_EXECUTOR;
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
vectorizing a script with cellfun
I'm aiming to import data from various folder and text files into matlab.
clear all
main_folder = 'E:\data';
%Directory of data
TopFolder = dir(main_folder);
%exclude the first two cells as they are just pointers.
TopFolder = TopFolder(3:end);
TopFolder = struct2cell(TopFolder);
Name1 = TopFolder(1,:);
%obtain the name of each folder
dirListing = cellfun(@(x)dir(fullfile(main_folder,x,'*.txt')),Name1,'un',0);
Variables = cellfun(@(x)struct2cell(x),dirListing,'un',0);
FilesToRead = cellfun(@(x)x(1,:),Variables,'un',0);
%obtain the name of each text file in each folder
This provides the name for each text file in each folder within 'main_folder'. I am now trying to load the data without using a for loop (I realise that for loops are sometimes faster in doing this but I'm aiming for a compact script).
The method I would use with a for loop would be:
for k = 1:length(FilesToRead);
filename{k} = cellfun(@(x)fullfile(main_folder,Name{k},x),FilesToRead{k},'un',0);
fid{k} = cellfun(@(x)fopen(x),filename{k},'un',0);
C{k} = cellfun(@(x)textscan(x,'%f'),fid{k},'un',0);
end
Is there a method which would involve not using loops at all? something like cellfun within cellfun maybe?
A:
folder = 'E:\data';
files = dir(fullfile(folder, '*.txt'));
full_names = strcat(folder, filesep, {files.name});
fids = cellfun(@(x) fopen(x, 'r'), full_names);
c = arrayfun(@(x) textscan(x, '%f'), fids); % load data here
res = arrayfun(@(x) fclose(x), fids);
assert(all(res == 0), 'error in closing files');
but if the data is in csv format it can be even easier:
folder = 'E:\data';
files = dir(fullfile(folder, '*.txt'));
full_names = strcat(folder, filesep, {files.name});
c = cellfun(@(x) csvread(x), full_names, 'UniformOutput', false);
now all the data is stored in c
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
How to stop R from creating empty Rplots.pdf file when using ggsave and Rscript
I have an R script that saves some plots using ggsave. When I run the script from the command line, it not only saves my plots but also an empty Rplots.pdf file. How can I prevent R from creating this unnecessary file?
Here is an example script that reproduces the error:
#!/usr/bin/env Rscript
# Code that creates unnecessary Rplots.pdf file
library(ggplot2)
my.data <- data.frame(x = 1:10, y = 1:10)
my.plot <- qplot(x, y, data = my.data)
ggsave('example.png', my.plot)
All the following ways of running the script create the unnecessary file:
Rscript script.R
Rscript --vanilla script.R
chmod a+x script.R
./script.R
Also, when I source the code from within an interactive session, an unnecessary blank R Graphics Device window opens.
Furthermore, I do not have these problems if I use the the following more verbose code in place of ggsave:
#!/usr/bin/env Rscript
# Code that does NOT create unnecessary Rplots.pdf file
library(ggplot2)
my.data <- data.frame(x = 1:10, y = 1:10)
my.plot <- qplot(x, y, data = my.data)
png(file = 'example.png')
print(my.plot)
dev.off()
Here is my session info (which is the same whether running Rscript or interactively):
R version 3.0.1 (2013-05-16)
Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit)
locale:
[1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=C
[3] LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8 LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8
[5] LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8
[7] LC_PAPER=C LC_NAME=C
[9] LC_ADDRESS=C LC_TELEPHONE=C
[11] LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C
attached base packages:
[1] methods stats graphics grDevices utils datasets base
other attached packages:
[1] ggplot2_0.9.3.1
loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
[1] colorspace_1.2-2 dichromat_2.0-0 digest_0.6.3 grid_3.0.1
[5] gtable_0.1.2 labeling_0.1 MASS_7.3-26 munsell_0.4
[9] plyr_1.8 proto_0.3-10 RColorBrewer_1.0-5 reshape2_1.2.2
[13] scales_0.2.3 stringr_0.6.2
Update 5 years later (2018-08-02): This problem comes and goes. ggplot2 2.2.1 does not produce the empty file, ggplot2 3.0.0 does, and the ggplot2 team is currently working to fix this. For development history, see ggplot2 Issues #1326, #2363, #2758, and #2787.
A:
If you look at the defaults for the width and height arguments in ggsave, you'll see that they are par("din")[1] and par("din")[2]. If you run this in the console, you'll see that it opens a graphics window, if one isn't already open.
This sort of makes sense, since in order to get the device width/height in inches, you need an actual device. I suppose one could argue that par("din") should return an error if no device is open, in which case Hadley surely would have written ggsave differently.
Indeed, from ?par:
If the current device is the null device, par will open a new device
before querying/setting parameters.
Hence, specifying a width/height will prevent the spurious device from opening.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
What do you think?
S Residence: Louvered window shutters and an open entryway, are some of the features that in this home allow for a nice airflow, keeping areas cooler.
Architect: Mike Stroh
#trioarchitecture#bymikestroh 📸: @rmstudiocorp
#archdesigndaily Who would you bring?😍
The Semeli Hotel //📍 #Mykonos#Greece // 📸: @_dgtravel_
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Follow @arch design.daily for more...
Tag a friend who would like this!🙂
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Nitric oxide metabolites and arginase I levels in β-thalassemic patients: an Egyptian study.
Stored red blood cells become deficient in nitric oxide that limits their ability to transfer oxygen to tissues that need it. The aims of this study are to assess the endogenous nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) and arginase I levels in transfusion-dependent β-thalassemic patients; to compare these levels in patients transfused with fresh RBCs with patients transfused with old RBCs, β-thalassemic minor patients, and normal control; and to correlate these levels with some clinical variables. Group I was composed of 23 patients with homozygous β-thalassemia on hypertransfusion regimen. They were adequately transfused with fresh RBC. Group II was composed of 17 patients with homozygous β-thalassemia on hypertransfusion regimen. They were adequately transfused with old RBCs. Group III was composed of 30 patients with homozygous β-thalassemia. They were adequately transfused with fresh RBCs. Group IV was composed of 18 patients with homozygous β-thalassemia. They were adequately transfused with old RBCs. Both group III and group IV were supposed to be on hypertransfusion regimen, but they did not follow the regimen. Group V was composed of 21 patients of β-thalassemia minor. Nineteen apparently healthy individuals (HbAA) served as a control group (group VI). In addition to routine laboratory investigations, plasma levels of NOx and serum levels of arginase I were assessed in all subjects. The mean values of plasma NOx were significantly decreased in groups III and IV compared to the other groups. Also, the levels of NOx were significantly decreased in patients who received old RBCs compared to the other groups. There were high serum levels of arginase I in groups III and IV compared to the other groups. There were significant negative correlations between plasma NOx and some hemolytic biochemical markers in groups III and IV. There were significant positive correlations between serum arginase I and some hemolytic biochemical markers in groups III and IV. Also, there was a significant negative correlation between plasma NOx and serum arginase I levels in groups III and IV. In non-adequately transfused patients with β-thalassemia major, inactivation of NO correlates with hemolytic rate and is associated with the erythrocyte release of cell-free hemoglobin, which consumes NO directly, and the simultaneous release of the arginine-metabolizing enzyme arginase, which limits bioavailability of the NO synthase substrate, arginine, during the process of hemolysis. New treatments aimed at improving arginine and NO bioavailability through arginase inhibition, suppression of hemolytic rate, oral arginine supplementation, predonation testing, and transfusion of fresh RBCs or use of NO donors represent potential therapeutic strategies for this common hemolytic disorder.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
[mair-ee-an, mar-] /ˌmɛər iˈæn, ˌmær-/ noun 1. the French Republic, personified as a woman. 2. a female given name. /French marjan/ noun 1. a female figure personifying the French republic after the Revolution (1789) fem. proper name, from French, a variant of Marian; sometimes anglicized as Mary Anne. Name of a republican secret society formed […]
Disclaimer: Marianism definition / meaning should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. All content on this website is for informational purposes only.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Check out our new site Makeup Addiction
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Start American History class Same year Assassin's creed 3 comes out
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Sisal Rug Fringing
As one of the best Sisal fringing repair specialists in New York City, we are often contacted by people who need sisal fringing repair for their rug. The beautiful looks of a contemporary rug should not be ruined by deteriorated fringes, so you should not postpone contacting us for too long.
Damaged Fringes
In some cases, sisal fringing repair is not enough, because the fringes are extensively damaged. The answer for this problem is to change the fringes all together. If you do not want us to replace them with similar ones, you can pick some yourself from a variety of colors and fabrics. Our technicians are there to help you decide which fringes match your Sisal rug perfectly.
The Importance of Fringes
Fringes have a special role in the architecture of a rug, because they are there with the purpose of preserving the structure of a rug. For this reason, they need to be treated with utmost care. Our team of specialists will complete the fringing repair service by reinstating the original look of your sisal rug.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Looping through a range using a msgbox
I have hit a bit of a wall when looping through a range. What I have done is created a table which when a qty is selected in the table a range from that table is transported to another array on the next blank line. What I would like to do to speed up the process is if I would like to add the same information a second time to the next line down a msgbox asking yes or no, and then to loop through.
Below is my code and I have tried a couple variations of this without success
Sub Add()
Dim foundCell As Range
Dim mysearch As Integer
Dim iRow As Long, Last As Long
Dim ws1 As Worksheet, ws2 As Worksheet
Set ws2 = Worksheets("Output")
iRow = ws2.Cells(ws2.Rows.Count, "V").End(xlUp).Row + 1
Last = ws2.Cells(ws2.Rows.Count, "N").End(xlUp).Row
mysearch = ws2.Range("N10").Value
If ws2.Range("N10").Value = 0 Then
MsgBox "No Product Selected"
Exit Sub
Else
Do
Set foundCell = ws2.Range("N12:N" & Last).Find(What:=mysearch, Lookat:=xlWhole)
If Not foundCell Is Nothing Then
ws2.Cells(iRow, 22).Value = foundCell.Offset(0, -3).Value
ws2.Cells(iRow, 23).Value = foundCell.Offset(0, -4).Value
ws2.Cells(iRow, 24).Value = foundCell.Offset(0, -2).Value
ws2.Cells(iRow, 25).Value = foundCell.Offset(0, -1).Value
ws2.Cells(iRow, 26).Value = foundCell.Offset(0, 1).Value
ws2.Cells(iRow, 27).Value = foundCell.Value
ws2.Cells(iRow, 28).Value = foundCell.Offset(0, 2).Value
answer = MsgBox("Would you like to add this product to the next line?", vbYesNo + vbQuestion, "MORE PRODUCTS?")
If answer = vbYes Then
Loop
Else
'Exit Sub
End If
End If
End If
Sheets("Output").Range("N12:N35").ClearContents
End Sub
A:
I'm not sure if i get you right but this is what i understood
Option Explicit
Sub Add()
Dim foundCell As Range
Dim mysearch As Integer
Dim iRow As Long, Last As Long
Dim ws1 As Worksheet, ws2 As Worksheet
Dim answer As Boolean
Set ws2 = Worksheets("Output")
iRow = ws2.Cells(ws2.Rows.Count, "V").End(xlUp).Row + 1
Last = ws2.Cells(ws2.Rows.Count, "N").End(xlUp).Row
mysearch = ws2.Range("N10").Value
If ws2.Range("N10").Value = 0 Then
MsgBox "No Product Selected"
Exit Sub
Else
Set foundCell = ws2.Range("N12:N" & Last).Find(What:=mysearch, Lookat:=xlWhole)
If Not foundCell Is Nothing Then
Do 'this way it'll copy at least once
answer = CopyCells(foundCell, ws2, iRow)
Loop While answer 'copy till user choose NO
End If
End If
Sheets("Output").Range("N12:N35").ClearContents
End Sub
Function CopyCells(SrcRange As Range, DestWs As Worksheet, iRow As Long) As Boolean
Dim UserChoice As Long
DestWs.Cells(iRow, 22).Value = SrcRange.Offset(0, -3).Value
DestWs.Cells(iRow, 23).Value = SrcRange.Offset(0, -4).Value
DestWs.Cells(iRow, 24).Value = SrcRange.Offset(0, -2).Value
DestWs.Cells(iRow, 25).Value = SrcRange.Offset(0, -1).Value
DestWs.Cells(iRow, 26).Value = SrcRange.Offset(0, 1).Value
DestWs.Cells(iRow, 27).Value = SrcRange.Value
DestWs.Cells(iRow, 28).Value = SrcRange.Offset(0, 2).Value
UserChoice = MsgBox("Would you like to add this product to the next line?", vbYesNo + vbQuestion, "MORE PRODUCTS?")
If UserChoice = 6 Then
CopyCells = True
iRow = iRow + 1
Else
CopyCells = False
End If
End Function
Might need some adjustments. Maybe you could post your input and desired output?
|
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}
|
Trillian wrote:
I have heard of people running businesses that come in and clean and organize your home for you. I would be perfect for that (if I didn't have 3 baby Jedi's to care for). I wonder what you could charge for a service like that.
millions?
Ok, well, for millions I guess Zap could stay home with the kids and I could work on that. Orrrr, I could train someone to do the work and work for me and I could continue to stay home with the kids, glue, finger paint and play peek a boo! (Ok, I don't spend much time gluing and finger painting anymore, we are about to study Matter. I'm turning out to be quite the Science Teacher).
Cardno wrote:
I could really use your amazing cleaning abilities. Please ask Zap if I can hire you for a few weeks. All above board - of course.
I see you are in New Zealand. That is a problem. I don't fly. Seriously, I have never flown and now with all the post 911 airport bullshit, I never will. It's a shame too, because I really wanted to go to Italy someday.
I have heard of people running businesses that come in and clean and organize your home for you. I would be perfect for that (if I didn't have 3 baby Jedi's to care for). I wonder what you could charge for a service like that.
Don't worry! I have two possible solutions!
1. I have just purchased a rowboat. Can you row?
2. You could develop and franchise 'Trillian Home executive services'. What do you think? Rowing or franchising?
Idle hands are the devils workshop! (omg, that sounds so bible thumper-y). Come to Ohio and I shall put you to work. Zap can't seem to get it all done!
I need more baby latches installed.
I need one of my 3 scanners hooked up.
The other 2 scanners need sold.
I need some Word Font's installed.
I need some bookcases built.
Take the kids to Pizza Hut and get their free pizza's for Book It.
Oh hell, just take the kids, anywhere!
I need a photo CD burned for Grandma for Christmas.
I need some more bookcases built. And a new stand for the tv. Can you do matching end tables and a coffee table too?
I'm sure the car needs some general maintenance. Oil change and all that.
Somehow, when you have little kids, the simplest of tasks take 5 times as long as they did before you had the kids.
Trillian wrote:Idle hands are the devils workshop! (omg, that sounds so bible thumper-y). Come to Ohio and I shall put you to work. Zap can't seem to get it all done!
I need more baby latches installed.
I need one of my 3 scanners hooked up.
The other 2 scanners need sold.
I need some Word Font's installed.
I need some bookcases built.
Take the kids to Pizza Hut and get their free pizza's for Book It.
Oh hell, just take the kids, anywhere!
I need a photo CD burned for Grandma for Christmas.
I need some more bookcases built. And a new stand for the tv. Can you do matching end tables and a coffee table too?
I'm sure the car needs some general maintenance. Oil change and all that.
Somehow, when you have little kids, the simplest of tasks take 5 times as long as they did before you had the kids.
What the ....@#%$@@@
I'm a MAN!! Having free time does NOT equate to being able (read wanting) to DO things.
and what the heck - this started off with me wanting you to do stuff for me. SO like a chick to turn that around 180 degrees!
Why the world isn't run completly by women with a last remnant of beer swilling, burping men holed up in the hills of Papua New Guina where they hope they won't be found is beyond me!
I wouldn't want to live in a world of mostly women. I'd rather be drinking beer with the men. Most women are serious bitches!
I just thought that if you had TOO much free time on your hands, and were bored, I could help you out. And then when my jobs are done I would have more time to come organize your disaster of a bachelor pad.
Trillian wrote:I wouldn't want to live in a world of mostly women. I'd rather be drinking beer with the men. Most women are serious bitches!
I just thought that if you had TOO much free time on your hands, and were bored, I could help you out. And then when my jobs are done I would have more time to come organize your disaster of a bachelor pad.
I do know where the Yucatan Peninsula is though. And that the Maya Indians lived there. They were the first people to cultivate corn. Their corn was much smaller than the corn we eat today. The average ear of corn was only about 1 inch long. The Maya planted the largest kernels of corn over and over, finally resulting in the corn that we have today......First Grade the second time around is so much more informative.
I'm going to have to go do some research on New Zealand. I have all kinds of questions about it now.
"isn't that in Nemo?"
"Yeah, isn't Italy like, 500 years old or something?"
"you know that Steve Irwin used to live in the Taj Mahal?" "WOW no - I REALLY want to go there now!"
"Mount Rushmore is a copy of the original in Australia". "oh really!"
ps the mayans are about 12,000kms to our east
Trillian wrote:I'm going to have to go do some research on New Zealand. I have all kinds of questions about it now.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Huang Shujing
Huáng Shújǐng (黃叔璥) was the first Imperial High Commissioner to Taiwan (1722). A Beijinger, he was sent by the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Empire, during whose reign Taiwan was annexed in 1684. He recorded his findings in Táihǎi shǐ chá lù (臺海使槎錄 "Records from the mission to Taiwan and its Strait").
Works
Category:Qing dynasty diplomats
Category:1682 births
Category:1758 deaths
Category:Political office-holders in Taiwan
Category:Qing dynasty politicians from Beijing
Category:Taiwanese people from Beijing
Category:Qing dynasty High Commissioners
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Q:
Bad lighting using Phong Method
I'm trying to make a cube, which is irregularly triangulated, but virtually coplanar, shade correctly.
Here is the current result I have:
With wireframe:
Normals calculated in my program:
Normals calculated by meshlabjs.net:
The lighting works properly when using regular size triangles for the cube. As you can see, I'm duplicating vertices and using angle weighting.
lighting.frag
vec4 scene_ambient = vec4(1, 1, 1, 1.0);
struct material
{
vec4 ambient;
vec4 diffuse;
vec4 specular;
float shininess;
};
material frontMaterial = material(
vec4(0.25, 0.25, 0.25, 1.0),
vec4(0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1.0),
vec4(0.774597, 0.774597, 0.774597, 1.0),
76
);
struct lightSource
{
vec4 position;
vec4 diffuse;
vec4 specular;
float constantAttenuation, linearAttenuation, quadraticAttenuation;
float spotCutoff, spotExponent;
vec3 spotDirection;
};
lightSource light0 = lightSource(
vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0),
vec4(100.0, 100.0, 100.0, 100.0),
vec4(100.0, 100.0, 100.0, 100.0),
0.1, 1, 0.01,
180.0, 0.0,
vec3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
);
vec4 light(lightSource ls, vec3 norm, vec3 deviation, vec3 position)
{
vec3 viewDirection = normalize(vec3(1.0 * vec4(0, 0, 0, 1.0) - vec4(position, 1)));
vec3 lightDirection;
float attenuation;
//ls.position.xyz = cameraPos;
ls.position.z += 50;
if (0.0 == ls.position.w) // directional light?
{
attenuation = 1.0; // no attenuation
lightDirection = normalize(vec3(ls.position));
}
else // point light or spotlight (or other kind of light)
{
vec3 positionToLightSource = vec3(ls.position - vec4(position, 1.0));
float distance = length(positionToLightSource);
lightDirection = normalize(positionToLightSource);
attenuation = 1.0 / (ls.constantAttenuation
+ ls.linearAttenuation * distance
+ ls.quadraticAttenuation * distance * distance);
if (ls.spotCutoff <= 90.0) // spotlight?
{
float clampedCosine = max(0.0, dot(-lightDirection, ls.spotDirection));
if (clampedCosine < cos(radians(ls.spotCutoff))) // outside of spotlight cone?
{
attenuation = 0.0;
}
else
{
attenuation = attenuation * pow(clampedCosine, ls.spotExponent);
}
}
}
vec3 ambientLighting = vec3(scene_ambient) * vec3(frontMaterial.ambient);
vec3 diffuseReflection = attenuation
* vec3(ls.diffuse) * vec3(frontMaterial.diffuse)
* max(0.0, dot(norm, lightDirection));
vec3 specularReflection;
if (dot(norm, lightDirection) < 0.0) // light source on the wrong side?
{
specularReflection = vec3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0); // no specular reflection
}
else // light source on the right side
{
specularReflection = attenuation * vec3(ls.specular) * vec3(frontMaterial.specular)
* pow(max(0.0, dot(reflect(lightDirection, norm), viewDirection)), frontMaterial.shininess);
}
return vec4(ambientLighting + diffuseReflection + specularReflection, 1.0);
}
vec4 generateGlobalLighting(vec3 norm, vec3 position)
{
return light(light0, norm, vec3(2,0,0), position);
}
mainmesh.frag
#version 430
in vec3 f_color;
in vec3 f_normal;
in vec3 f_position;
in float f_opacity;
out vec4 fragColor;
vec4 generateGlobalLighting(vec3 norm, vec3 position);
void main()
{
vec3 norm = normalize(f_normal);
vec4 l0 = generateGlobalLighting(norm, f_position);
fragColor = vec4(f_color, f_opacity) * l0;
}
Follows the code to generate the verts, normals and faces for the painter.
m_vertices_buf.resize(m_mesh.num_faces() * 3, 3);
m_normals_buf.resize(m_mesh.num_faces() * 3, 3);
m_faces_buf.resize(m_mesh.num_faces(), 3);
std::map<vertex_descriptor, std::list<Vector3d>> map;
GLDebugging* deb = GLDebugging::getInstance();
auto getAngle = [](Vector3d a, Vector3d b) {
double angle = 0.0;
angle = std::atan2(a.cross(b).norm(), a.dot(b));
return angle;
};
for (const auto& f : m_mesh.faces()) {
auto f_hh = m_mesh.halfedge(f);
//auto n = PMP::compute_face_normal(f, m_mesh);
vertex_descriptor vs[3];
Vector3d ps[3];
int i = 0;
for (const auto& v : m_mesh.vertices_around_face(f_hh)) {
auto p = m_mesh.point(v);
ps[i] = Vector3d(p.x(), p.y(), p.z());
vs[i++] = v;
}
auto n = (ps[1] - ps[0]).cross(ps[2] - ps[0]).normalized();
auto a1 = getAngle((ps[1] - ps[0]).normalized(), (ps[2] - ps[0]).normalized());
auto a2 = getAngle((ps[2] - ps[1]).normalized(), (ps[0] - ps[1]).normalized());
auto a3 = getAngle((ps[0] - ps[2]).normalized(), (ps[1] - ps[2]).normalized());
auto area = PMP::face_area(f, m_mesh);
map[vs[0]].push_back(n * a1);
map[vs[1]].push_back(n * a2);
map[vs[2]].push_back(n * a3);
auto p = m_mesh.point(vs[0]);
deb->drawLine(Vector3d(p.x(), p.y(), p.z()), Vector3d(p.x(), p.y(), p.z()) + Vector3d(n.x(), n.y(), n.z()) * 4);
p = m_mesh.point(vs[1]);
deb->drawLine(Vector3d(p.x(), p.y(), p.z()), Vector3d(p.x(), p.y(), p.z()) + Vector3d(n.x(), n.y(), n.z()) * 4);
p = m_mesh.point(vs[2]);
deb->drawLine(Vector3d(p.x(), p.y(), p.z()), Vector3d(p.x(), p.y(), p.z()) + Vector3d(n.x(), n.y(), n.z()) * 4);
}
int j = 0;
int i = 0;
for (const auto& f : m_mesh.faces()) {
auto f_hh = m_mesh.halfedge(f);
for (const auto& v : m_mesh.vertices_around_face(f_hh)) {
const auto& p = m_mesh.point(v);
m_vertices_buf.row(i) = RowVector3d(p.x(), p.y(), p.z());
Vector3d n(0, 0, 0);
//auto n = PMP::compute_face_normal(f, m_mesh);
Vector3d norm = Vector3d(n.x(), n.y(), n.z());
for (auto val : map[v]) {
norm += val;
}
norm.normalize();
deb->drawLine(Vector3d(p.x(), p.y(), p.z()), Vector3d(p.x(), p.y(), p.z()) + Vector3d(norm.x(), norm.y(), norm.z()) * 3,
Vector3d(1.0, 0, 0));
m_normals_buf.row(i++) = RowVector3d(norm.x(), norm.y(), norm.z());
}
m_faces_buf.row(j++) = RowVector3i(i - 3, i - 2, i - 1);
}
Follows the painter code:
m_vertexAttrLoc = program.attributeLocation("v_vertex");
m_colorAttrLoc = program.attributeLocation("v_color");
m_normalAttrLoc = program.attributeLocation("v_normal");
m_mvMatrixLoc = program.uniformLocation("v_modelViewMatrix");
m_projMatrixLoc = program.uniformLocation("v_projectionMatrix");
m_normalMatrixLoc = program.uniformLocation("v_normalMatrix");
//m_relativePosLoc = program.uniformLocation("v_relativePos");
m_opacityLoc = program.uniformLocation("v_opacity");
m_colorMaskLoc = program.uniformLocation("v_colorMask");
//bool for unmapping depth color
m_useDepthMap = program.uniformLocation("v_useDepthMap");
program.setUniformValue(m_mvMatrixLoc, modelView);
//uniform used for Color map to regular model switch
program.setUniformValue(m_useDepthMap, (m_showColorMap &&
(m_showProblemAreas || m_showPrepMap || m_showDepthMap || m_showMockupMap)));
QMatrix3x3 normalMatrix = modelView.normalMatrix();
program.setUniformValue(m_normalMatrixLoc, normalMatrix);
program.setUniformValue(m_projMatrixLoc, projection);
//program.setUniformValue(m_relativePosLoc, m_relativePos);
program.setUniformValue(m_opacityLoc, m_opacity);
program.setUniformValue(m_colorMaskLoc, m_colorMask);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(m_vertexAttrLoc);
m_vertices.bind();
glVertexAttribPointer(m_vertexAttrLoc, 3, GL_DOUBLE, false, 3 * sizeof(GLdouble), NULL);
m_vertices.release();
glEnableVertexAttribArray(m_normalAttrLoc);
m_normals.bind();
glVertexAttribPointer(m_normalAttrLoc, 3, GL_DOUBLE, false, 0, NULL);
m_normals.release();
glEnableVertexAttribArray(m_colorAttrLoc);
if (m_showProblemAreas) {
m_problemColorMap.bind();
glVertexAttribPointer(m_colorAttrLoc, 3, GL_DOUBLE, false, 0, NULL);
m_problemColorMap.release();
}
else if (m_showPrepMap) {
m_prepColorMap.bind();
glVertexAttribPointer(m_colorAttrLoc, 3, GL_DOUBLE, false, 0, NULL);
m_prepColorMap.release();
}
else if (m_showMockupMap) {
m_mokupColorMap.bind();
glVertexAttribPointer(m_colorAttrLoc, 3, GL_DOUBLE, false, 0, NULL);
m_mokupColorMap.release();
}
else {
//m_colors.bind();
//glVertexAttribPointer(m_colorAttrLoc, 3, GL_DOUBLE, false, 0, NULL);
//m_colors.release();
}
m_indices.bind();
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, m_indices.size() / sizeof(int), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, NULL);
m_indices.release();
glDisableVertexAttribArray(m_vertexAttrLoc);
glDisableVertexAttribArray(m_normalAttrLoc);
glDisableVertexAttribArray(m_colorAttrLoc);
EDIT: Sorry for not being clear enough. The cube is merely an example. My requirements are that the shading works for any kind of mesh. Those with very sharp edges, and those that are very organic (like humans or animals).
A:
The issue is clearly explained by the image "Normals calculated in my program" from your question. The normal vectors at the corners and edges of the cube are not normal perpendicular to the faces:
For a proper specular reflection on plane faces, the normal vectors have to be perpendicular to the sides of the cube.
The vertex coordinate and its normal vector from a tuple with 6 components (x, y, z, nx, ny, nz).
A vertex coordinate on an edge of the cube is adjacent to 2 sides of the cube and 2 (face) normal vectors. The 8 vertex coordinates on the 8 corners of the cube are adjacent to 3 sides (3 normal vectors) each.
To define the vertex attributes with face normal vectors (perpendicular to a side) you have to define multiple tuples with the same vertex coordinate but different normal vectors. You have to use the different attribute tuples to form the triangle primitives on the different sides of the cube.
e.g. If you have defined a cube with the left, front, bottom coordinate of (-1, -1, -1) and the right, back, top coordinate of (1, 1, 1), then the vertex coordinate (-1, -1, -1) is adjacent to the left, front and bottom side of the cube:
x y z nx ny nz
left: -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0
front: -1 -1 -1 0 -1 0
bottom: -1 -1 -1 0 0 -1
Use the left attribute tuple to form the triangle primitives on the left side, the front to form the front and bottom for the triangles on the bottom.
In general you have to decide what you want. There is no general approach for all meshes.
Either you have a fine granulated mesh and you want a smooth appearance (e.g a sphere). In that case your approach is fine, it will generate a smooth light transition on the edges between the primitives.
Or you have a mesh with hard edges like a cube. In that case you have to "duplicate" vertices. If 2 (or even more) triangles share a vertex coordinate, but the face normal vectors are different, then you have to create a separate tuple, for all the combinations of the vertex coordinate and the face normal vector.
For a general "smooth" solution you would have to interpolate the normal vectors of the vertex coordinates which are in the middle of plane surfaces, according to the surrounding geometry. That means if a bunch of triangle primitives form a plane, then all the normal vectors of the vertices have to be computed dependent on there position on the plane. At the centroid the normal vector is equal to the face normal vector. For all other points the normal vector has to be interpolated with the normal vectors of the surrounding faces.
Anyway that seems to be an XY problem. Why is there a "vertex" somewhere in the middle of a plane? Probably the plane is tessellated. But if the plan is tessellated, why are the normal vectors not interpolated too, during the tessellation process?
A:
In your image, we can see that the inner triangle (the one that doesn't have point on cube edges, in top left quarter) has an homogeneous color.
My interpretation is that triangles that have points on the edge/corner of the cube share the same vertex and then share the same normal and some how the normal are averaged. So it's not perpendicular to the faces.
To debug this, you should create a simple geometry of a cube with 6 faces and 2 triangles per face. Hence it's make 12 triangles.
Two options:
If you have 8 vertex in the geometry, the corner are shared between triangles of different face and the issue came from the geometry generator.
If you have 6×4=24 vertex in the geometry the truth lies elsewhere.
A:
As mentioned in the other answers the problem is your mesh normals.
Computing an average normal, like you are doing currently, is what you would want
to do for a smooth object like a sphere. cgal has a function for that CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::compute_vertex_normal For a cube what you want is normals perpendicular to the faces
cgal has a functoin for that too CGAL::Polygon_mesh_processing::compute_face_normal
To debug the normals you can just set fragColor = vec4(norm,1); in mainmesh.frag. Here the cubes on the left have averaged (smooth) normals and on the right have face (flat) normals:And shaded they look like this:
shading has to work for any kind of mesh (a cube or any organic mesh)
For that you can use something like per_corner_normals whitch:
Implements a simple scheme which computes corner normals as averages
of normals of faces incident on the corresponding vertex which do not
deviate by more than a specified dihedral angle (e.g. 20°)
And this is what it looks like with a angle of 1°, 20°, 100°:
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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Te Tai Tokerau
Te Tai Tokerau is a New Zealand parliamentary Māori electorate that was created out of the Northern Maori electorate ahead of the first Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) election in 1996. It was first held by Tau Henare representing New Zealand First for one term, and then Dover Samuels of the Labour Party for two terms. From 2005 to 2014, it was held by MP Hone Harawira. Initially a member of the Māori Party, Harawira resigned from both the party and then Parliament, causing the 2011 by-election. He was returned under the Mana Party banner in July 2011 and confirmed at the November 2011 general election. In the , he was beaten by Labour's Kelvin Davis, ending the representation of the Mana Party in Parliament.
Population centres
Te Tai Tokerau's boundaries are similar to those of the pre-Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) Northern Maori electorate. Te Tai Tokerau was created ahead of the first MMP election in 1996. In the 2002 boundary redistribution, the size of the electorate shrank to make room for an increase in the number of Māori electorates from six to seven. The boundaries were not further altered in the 2007 or 2013/14 redistributions.
Te Tai Tokerau is the northernmost Māori electorate, and covers an area between Cape Reinga in the Far North of the North Island to a boundary cutting through West Auckland. The major population centres are Whangarei, the Bay of Islands and north and west Auckland. The electorate contains all of the Ngāpuhi, Te Aupōuri, Ngāti Kuri, Te Rarawa and Ngāti Kahu tribal areas, and part of Ngāti Whātua's territory (rohe).
Its analogous general electorates are , , , , , , , , most of , part of and some of the islands located within .
History
Northern Maori had been held by the Labour Party since the 1938 election, when longstanding Reform MP Taurekareka Henare was beaten by Labour's Paraire Karaka Paikea. In 1993, after 55 years of his party holding the seat, Labour MP Bruce Gregory was beaten by Henare's great grandson, Tau Henare, standing for New Zealand First, ending Labour's unbroken hold on the four Māori seats. Henare went on to win Te Tai Tokerau after the switch to MMP, and New Zealand First won all five of the newly-drawn Māori electorates.
After a tumultuous parliamentary term which saw all but one of the five New Zealand First Māori MPs defect to other parties, (including Henare himself, who went on to found Mauri Pacific), Labour won all six Māori electorates contested at the 1999 election. In Te Tai Tokerau, Tau Henare was beaten into third place behind the New Zealand First candidate and Dover Samuels, who Henare had beaten three years previous.
However, Labour's losing the five Māori electorates in 1996 showed that the Māori vote was contestable for the first time in five decades, as the new electoral system coupled with the rise of small parties meant that non-Labour candidacy in these seats was more feasible than under First Past the Post.
The New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy of 2004–05 proved to be the catalyst for the second challenge to Labour party domination of the Māori electorates, this time from the Māori Party. At the 2005 election, Samuels and three other Labour Māori MPs lost their seats to Māori Party challengers. In Te Tai Tokerau, the winner was Hone Harawira.
Harawira resigned from the Māori Party in early 2011 and became an independent MP. On 11 May 2011, he resigned from Parliament effective 20 May, seeking a mandate for his new party, the Mana Party. This caused the 25 June 2011 by-election, which was contested by five parties, with the main contenders Harawira, Kelvin Davis (Labour Party) and Solomon Tipene (Māori Party). Harawira retained the electorate with a majority of 1,117, his previous majority being over 6,000. In the 2011 general election some months later, Harawira had a similar majority to Davis.
The Mana Party formed a coalition with the Internet Party just prior to the 2014 New Zealand general election. The coalition was registered with the Electoral Commission as the Internet Party and Mana Movement in July 2014, allowing it to contest the party vote. The Internet Party was founded by controversial online millionaire Kim Dotcom, and this strategic coalition resulted in Harawira's main opponent, Labour's Kelvin Davis, getting endorsements from Winston Peters of New Zealand First and the Prime Minister, John Key of the National Party. Even the electorate's candidate for the Māori Party, Te Hira Paenga, reminded voters of the importance of strategic voting. In his fourth challenge in the Te Tai Tokerau electorate, Davis ousted the incumbent Harawira, which ended the representation of the Mana Party in Parliament.
Members of Parliament
Key
List MPs
Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested Te Tai Tokerau. Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections.
1Kelvin Davis also contested the
Election results
2017 election
2014 election
2011 election
1Swings against both Harawira (Mana Party) and Shortland (Māori Party) are calculated against Harawira's Māori Party vote in
Electorate (as at 26 November 2011): 33,797
2011 by-election
2008 election
2005 election
2002 election
1999 election
1996 election
References
Category:Māori electorates
Category:1996 establishments in New Zealand
|
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The top Democrat on the House Intelligence Committee says he plans to not only reignite a full-blown Russia probe if the House flips in November, but he will also prioritize investigating the Trump Organization's ties to Russia.
Rep. Adam Schiff Adam Bennett SchiffPelosi, Democrats unveil bills to rein in alleged White House abuses of power Chris Matthews ripped for complimenting Trump's 'true presidential behavior' on Ginsburg Trump casts doubt on Ginsburg statement, wonders if it was written by Schiff, Pelosi or Schumer MORE (D-Calif.) told The Hill on Wednesday that he specifically intends to look into allegations of Russians laundering money through the Trump Organization.
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"There was one issue we were not allowed to look at and the Senate hasn’t been either that concerns me a great deal and that is the issue of whether Russians were laundering money through the Trump Organization and [if] that is the leverage they have over the president," Schiff said.
"Someone needs to determine whether those allegations are true or they are not. That certainly would be a priority for me."
Republicans on the panel voted along party lines earlier this year to conclude the yearlong Russia probe that became marked by bitter partisan infighting.
Schiff said while the GOP decision limited his party's efforts — since the minority lacked power of subpoena — their efforts to examine ties between the Trump’s campaign and Russia never ended.
"It is ongoing and it will continue if we are in the majority with power of subpoena," the California lawmaker told The Hill, declining to name ”specific individuals" he would like to interview.
“We never closed the Russia investigation. A few months ago the Republicans decided they were going to end their participation. They were solely going to focus on investigating investigators. But we continue to bring in witnesses and review documents,” Schiff added.
Rep. Chris Stewart Christopher (Chris) Douglas StewartAtlanta Wendy's 911 call the night of Rayshard Brooks's death released Tyler Perry offers to pay for funeral of Rayshard Brooks Current, former NHL players form diversity coalition to fight intolerance in hockey MORE (Utah), a Republican member of the panel, dismissed the investigation as a never-ending issue that Democrats are dragging out.
“Of course [Schiff] will [reopen the probe and investigate Trump]. And other allegations as well. It will be years of unending investigations. That's the concern I have had for a year now," Stewart told The Hill. "There is other important work to do and we have been singular[ly] focused on Russia. It's too bad.”
With the upcoming November midterm elections just weeks away, there is increasing buzz on Capitol Hill about what will happen if there is a flip in favor of Democrats while Trump remains in the White House, including what will happen to several congressional committee probes.
The latest FiveThirtyEight forecast rates the chances of Democrats winning control as being highly likely — at nearly 83 percent.
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jimmy played fantastic. he got one of the stars of the game, made like 33 of 34 saves, with the 1 goal coming on a PP. he was absolutely teriffic, but the griffins do not score. they have 1... ONE, player on the team with more than 10 goals.
Never tell people how to do things. Tell them what to do and they will surprise you with their ingenuity. - General George S. Patton
jimmy played fantastic. he got one of the stars of the game, made like 33 of 34 saves, with the 1 goal coming on a PP. he was absolutely teriffic, but the griffins do not score. they have 1... ONE, player on the team with more than 10 goals.
Thanks for that mate, that's very encouraging.
Howard played quite poorly in November but he was outstanding during Decemeber posting numbers of 1.72 GAA and 0.939 S%. His form of late has been one of the few positives to come from the Griffins season.
Kindl should either be packaged in a deadline deal or given a chance to be moved up to forward. There's some things i don't think you can't teach in hockey: two are offensive prowess/playmaking and the anticipation and judgement/poise needed for sound defensive play. Evidence for the latter?Lilja and Fischer played with Nick Lidstrom for a couple of years and never caught from the best. Period. End of story.
Finally someone that can post with actually integrity, nice to see. --Carman
1. He's not going anywhere2. He needs at least another full year in the minors3. It's not like the red Wings need him now and can't afford to let him get better at what he does.
Yes they do... they are decimated. If he was any good, he'd be playing tonight. If they are playing it smart, they will not expose him to ridicule in the NHL and will deal him at the deadline for a scorer or more D.
Finally someone that can post with actually integrity, nice to see. --Carman
The 21-year-old defenseman and former 19th overall pick of the Detroit Red Wings is showing signs of having a turnaround year as an American Hockey League sophomore with the Grand Rapids Griffins.
Kindl, who had an AHL-worst minus-34 last season in a rocky rookie campaign, has three goals and five assists through 14 games.
"All aspects of his game, he's taken up a notch and he seems a lot more comfortable with the puck on his stick and a lot more comfortable in terms of making passes," said Griffins general manager Bob McNamara. "There was a lot more uncertainty last year. He's definitely taken it to another level."
The 6-foot-3, 202-pound Jiri Fischer-type has seen more ice time than in his rookie year and has also shown more poise on the power play. He'll become the main man in Grand Rapids whenever Jonathan Ericsson graduates to Detroit.
Kindl was one of the best defensemen in junior hockey with the Kitchener Rangers in 2006-07, finishing as runner-up to Marc Staal for the Ontario Hockey League's most outstanding defenseman award. McNamara called higher confidence "a big part" of Kindl's improvement in the professional ranks.
"That leads to better passes and better decision making," he said.
Kindl was the first star in Friday's 3-2 win over the Hartford Wolf Pack.
Out of all the prospects we have in our system, he's the guy I want to make it the most. I reckon I’ve followed every single box score he’s played in since we drafted him.
Getting closer by the day. Had 17 points in 75 games last season, he's got 14 in 25 this season. Defensively he is much improved making smarter choices and being more composed. And obviously, the offence is now coming too.
I highly doubt he'll be in Detroit next season, it'll be Ericsson's turn to be promoted. But Kindl should be ready by next season and he'll probably be the teams #1 defenceman.
Kindl's quest is to think positiveBlueliner wants to stay on the plus side of scoring stats
BY GEORGE SIPPLEFREE PRESS SPORTS WRITER
Defenseman Jakub Kindl hopes to be heading in a positive direction this season.
Two seasons ago, Kindl played his first full season with the Grand Rapids Griffins and had a minus-34 rating in 75 games with 17 points and 82 penalty minutes. Last season, he was minus-14 in 78 games with 33 points and 76 penalty minutes.
In the first four exhibition games he played for the Wings he had an even rating and is hoping to stay on the right side of zero this season.
"I'm 22 years old. This is my third year. I've been trying lately to work on my D-zone converage," said Kindl, the 19th overall pick in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. "So far I've been feeling pretty good. Just trying to do my job.
"Definitely this is a really important year for me. I'd like to play solid defense and stay positive."
While Kindl deferred to fellow defensemen Jonathan Ericsson and Garrett Stafford last season, the Griffins expect him to be a leader on the back end this season.
"I think it's a big year for him making certain he's a plus guy," said Griffins general manager Bob McNamara. "He's going to get an opportunity to be a call-up guy.
"Consistency is the biggest thing for him. He needs to get the puck off his stick as quick as possible. This is the year we expect him to provide some leadership on the blue line. He's going to have to be more assertive."
Kindl is encouraged by the progress he made in his two seasons with the Griffins and from spending time in camp with some of the best defensemen in the world, like Wings captain Nicklas Lidstrom.
"He makes the simple plays and sees the ice well and knows where to be," Kindl said of watching Lidstrom. "He's just all over the place. He knows where to be at the right time. That's probably why he's the best defenseman in the world."
If he has the kind of season he's capable of, Kindl could be one of the best defenseman in the American Hockey League this season.
"I came down here a month early and was training with Justin (Abdelkader) at Michigan State," Kindl said. "It helped me a lot and I feel much better now."
Kindl is hoping to get an opportunity to play for the Wings at some point this season.
"I've been in this organization, I think this is my fifth year," Kindl said. "As I'm getting older, I'm feeling I'm getting closer to the lineup. If I don't make the team, life's not going to end. I'm going to go down to Grand Rapids and play a lot of minutes down there.
"There's not many guys in the league that have the chance to put the Red Wings jersey on. That's my dream. To be a part of the success they have here."
Lives in Sumperk, Czech Republic…Best friends in hockey are teammates Justin Abdelkader and Mattias Ritola…Greatest hockey memory is being with the Red Wings during their 2008 Stanley Cup run…Hockey idol as a youth was Nicklas Lidstrom…First job was cutting grass…Most exciting place he’s ever visited is Crete…Also speaks Czech…Played soccer and tennis growing up…Once met Kid Rock…Favorite restaurant is the Bull’s Head Tavern…Favorite music artists are U2 and Coldplay…Favorite movie is You Don’t Mess With The Zohan…Favorite vacation spot is Lake Michigan…Roots for the Michigan State Spartans…Favorite sport to watch besides hockey is tennis.
I'm picking him up in my fantasy league so when BigError s***s the bed, Kindl should get a lot of PP time and assists and goals.
The Best Of BCHankthaTank- Squirrels, they hate to be thrown. / Why is the magical unicorn named Brian... Jedi - I just downloaded the "kids" book, "Go the F--k to Sleep" as narrated by Samuel L. Jackson on my kindle. I am now ready to be a daddy. / *Checks Router* No, I'm positive I didn't hit the "Wings Defense Sucks" button. Electrophile - I'm just glad the Wings were able to win despite the Curse of Brian. ACallToArms - I think Trey needs to put something about payroll tax and deferred income in his sig... Edicius- I'd rather [have] a soundbite of me saying "I like (man sausage)" rather than "I like Crosby".
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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#!/usr/bin/env perl
# [[[ PREPROCESSOR ]]]
# <<< EXECUTE_SUCCESS: "$VAR1 = {'number_hashref' => {'a' => 'number'}};" >>>
# <<< EXECUTE_SUCCESS: "$VAR1 = {'number_hashref' => {'a' => 'number','b' => 'number'}};" >>>
# <<< EXECUTE_SUCCESS: "$VAR1 = {'hashref' => {'a' => 'number','b' => 'integer'}};" >>>
# <<< EXECUTE_SUCCESS: "$VAR1 = {'number_hashref' => {'a' => 'number','b' => 'number','c' => 'number','d' => 'number','e' => 'number'}};" >>>
# <<< EXECUTE_SUCCESS: "$VAR1 = {'hashref' => {'a' => 'number','b' => 'number','c' => 'number','d' => 'integer','e' => 'number'}};" >>>
# [[[ HEADER ]]]
use RPerl;
use strict;
use warnings;
our $VERSION = 0.001_000;
# [[[ CRITICS ]]]
## no critic qw(ProhibitUselessNoCritic ProhibitMagicNumbers RequireCheckedSyscalls) # USER DEFAULT 1: allow numeric values & print operator
## no critic qw(RequireInterpolationOfMetachars) # USER DEFAULT 2: allow single-quoted control characters & sigils
# [[[ OPERATIONS ]]]
$Data::Dumper::Indent = 0;
my hashref $u = { a => 2.2 };
print Dumper( types($u) ) . "\n";
$u = { a => 2.2, b => 3.2 };
print Dumper( types($u) ) . "\n";
$u = { a => 2.2, b => 3 };
print Dumper( types($u) ) . "\n";
$u = { a => 2.2, b => 3.3, c => 5.5, d => 7.7, e => 9.9 };
print Dumper( types($u) ) . "\n";
$u = { a => 2.2, b => 3.3, c => 5.5, d => 7, e => 9.9 };
print Dumper( types($u) ) . "\n";
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Zika is no longer a public health emergency, the World Health Organization has proclaimed.
The mosquito-borne virus sparked global panic this year after millions were infected, causing scores of babies to be born with birth defects such as microcephaly.
New infections are still being reported in Florida, home to the only outbreak zone in mainland America, and Floridians are urging the government for funding to fight it.
However, on Friday global health officials released a report to say Zika is no longer as dangerous as once feared.
Scroll down for video
The mosquito-borne virus sparked global panic this year after millions were infected, causing scores of babies to be born with birth defects such as microcephaly
In a statement, the WHO explained: 'Many aspects of this disease and associated consequences still remain to be understood, but this can best be done through sustained research.'
Dr Peter Salama, executive director of the WHO's health emergencies program, insisted the threat is not over, and we should not underestimate Zika.
But it no longer meets the requirements to be deemed an 'emergency'.
'We are not downgrading the importance of Zika,' said Dr Salama.
'Zika is here to stay, and the WHO's response is here to stay.'
The WHO first declared Zika a public health crisis in February.
It meant member states were somewhat obliged to follow global orders on how to handle the situation.
Now, however, states can more freely explore treatment, research, and control measures.
Some fear this will hamper progress being made in vaccine-development, particularly funding.
Nearly 30 countries have reported birth defects linked to Zika, with over 2,100 cases of nervous-system malformations reported in Brazil alone.
The officials also emphasized that the now-lifted 'Public Health Emergency of International Concern' was declared in February, when Zika clusters were appearing and a sharp increase in research was needed - with the looming Rio Olympics in mind.
WHO said the emergency measures had led the world to an 'urgent and coordinated response.' But the virus has continued to spread.
The agency acknowledged 'many aspects of this disease and associated consequences still remain to be understood, but this can best be done through sustained research.'
'It is a significant and enduring public health challenge, but it no longer represents an emergency,' Dr. David Heymann, who heads the WHO emergency committee on Zika, said after the panel met for the fifth time this year. 'There was no downgrading of this.'
Heymann said recommendations made in recent months were now being 'internalized' at the Geneva-based agency.
'If anything, this has been escalated in importance by becoming activities that will be continued in the long-term in the World Health Organization,' he said.
Containing the spread of the virus was one reason for the February declaration, Heymann said. But its real purpose was to stimulate more study on the alarming link between Zika and devastating birth defects.
Zika, which first was observed as a more minor health threat in 1947, is mainly spread by mosquitoes, but also can be spread through sex. Most infected people don't get sick. It can cause a mild illness, with fever, rash and joint pain.
But the recent outbreak shows it can also cause microcephaly, or abnormally small heads, and brain damage in newborn children whose mothers were infected, leading to severe developmental problems and sowing grave concerns of would-be parents in countries hit by the virus.
Zika has been linked as well to a temporary paralysis condition called Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Since the last emergency committee meeting on September 1, two countries in southeast Asia and six other countries have reported microcephaly potentially linked to Zika virus, WHO said.
Responding to the WHO announcement, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control called the move 'technical' and reiterated its position that pregnant women should avoid traveling to areas with local transmission of Zika.
The WHO's decision is understandable, given that the pace of new Zika infections has dropped off considerably in recent months, said Dr. Anthony Fauci, the infectious disease chief for the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
But he also noted that Brazil - which for a long time was the focus of the international epidemic - is heading into its hottest months, when mosquito activity peaks. And it's possible that the outbreak could re-intensify, he said.
|
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"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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This interview has been edited and condensed.
Known in mainstream media as a young “Bitcoin millionaire,” within the crypto and blockchain industry, Jeremy Gardner is a known more for what he does than how much he makes.
As a serial blockchain entrepreneur, educator and investor, Gardner has founded the global educational nonprofit the Blockchain Education Network and co-founded the blockchain-based prediction platform Augur. Most recently, he launched his own impact investing fund called Ausum Ventures.
Breaking down mass adoption
Olivia Capozzalo: Can you walk me through what mass adoption is — not from the tech or building side of things, but from the side of regular people? What does it look like? What does it mean?
Jeremy Gardner: So, my point during the panel discussion was that mass adoption has nothing to do with education. Mass adoption has to do with building products that people want. Mass adoption happens no other way.
You don’t suddenly educate hundreds of millions or billions of people on the virtues of decentralization and libertarian values and then expect that it is going to make them want to use Bitcoin or use blockchain-based applications.
No. What you’re going to do is create tools that people want in their lives that they don’t have today.
The reason why Bitcoin was initially adopted — the reason why Bitcoin and blockchain technology exists today — is that it exists for primarily one reason and one reason only. People don’t like to say this, but it’s because of the dark markets.
If there was no Silk Road, if there was no reason for people to actually buy and use Bitcoin to buy drugs online, I’m not sure it would exist today. I think otherwise it’s just a libertarian, cypherpunk thought experiment.
It was only once individuals in the developed world actually had a purpose for acquiring these crypto tokens to exchange in commerce that Bitcoin achieved meaningful value — once people understood that Bitcoin allowed people to do something they could not do before.
There are other examples in Cyprus, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe — places that have had really awful hyperinflation — places like India with demonetization, China with capital control, South Korea with capital controls.
The use cases have emerged, but initially, you know, initially the use case of Bitcoin was buying drugs on the internet, and that was great. But it didn’t actually have to do with the underlying ideological ethos that its earlier adherents had been attracted to.
And that’s going to be true with all blockchain technology. We’re simply going to build tools that people want in order to get adoption. No ideology, no education about the virtues.
We could try to act like missionaries and spread the word like a religion, but it’s not the best way to do things. As long as we build tech that people want, they will come, and they will adopt it.
Watch the full interview with Jeremy Gardner here:
Crypto vs. fiat in crime
OC: It’s just funny because I spoke with Jason Bloomberg recently who also says Bitcoin first became popular for buying drugs on the darknet. But he says that’s a problem, and we need to do something about it — we need to outlaw or ban permissionless cryptocurrencies.
JG: Well, that is beyond idiotic. First of all, the DEA (United States Drug Enforcement Agency) recently said that use cases of blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies — or crypto assets, in particular — have dropped from 90 percent [80 percent] being black market to 10 percent today. And it’s only going to get lower because, guess what? blockchains are publicly transparent ledgers.
The whole value of public blockchains are these transparent, immutable, censorship-resistant ledgers that allow for an open world of finance — compared to the closed world of finance that we have today.
I mean, look at what Credit Suisse did in Mexico. They literally made deposit boxes so cartels could fit massive boxes of cash into them. It’s not like the current financial system is protecting us from organized crime and criminal activity.
I mean, who is paying more in fines for fraud than anyone in history? I mean, it’s JPMorgan. These banks are not a better system than today. The financial system today is much more culpable for things like terrorism and crime than blockchain technology perhaps ever will be.
You know what can be used for illegal activity and is actually is used for illegal activity more than anything else in the world?
OC: USD?
JG: $100 bills. Benjamins. More than 80 percent of black market activity is used with American $100 bills. Should we go and ban the dollar? I don’t think anybody in their right mind would argue that — I would, because Bitcoin would go up. Come on, I mean, that is just an absurd statement!
I mean, look, Bitcoin is digital cash, digital gold — whatever you want to call it. It is an online form of value. It is no different than the money systems that we have today, besides the fact that it may be better.
Technology is morally agnostic. It can be used for good, it can be used for evil.
I think collectively — as a community — whether you have that impact thesis or not, you should aim to invest in technology that makes the world better, because blockchains are all about network effects. And so, to suggest that we should ban it, to me, is just mind-boggling. I could never get behind such an option.
OC: I fully agree with you.
Porn and radical innovation
OC: I’m wondering about something like Pornhub using crypto — in terms of what that does for adoption. Is that something that you think is important or impactful?
JG: So, I’m very biased here. I know the MindGeek [Pornhub’s parent company] guys. I’m not a huge fan of the porn industry, but they got in touch with me and told me that they want to get involved in this space. I was nothing short of thrilled.
If you think about what the porn industry has done over the past two decades when it comes to technology adoption, it’s mind-boggling.
I mean, they are the reasons why we used VHS. They are the reasons why we used DVD over Betamax. They have increased streaming capacity and the capacity of content delivery networks more so than any other technology company on the planet.
Porn companies are technology companies. They have been radical innovators in the world of tech.
If they show this technology works — I mean, they are one of the largest content delivery networks on the planet — if they show this tech works, other content delivery networks that may not be in not such a sketchy industry may adopt as well, and they will see a massive upside and increase of their holdings.
So, look, I feel very ambiguous about porn — I’m not a huge fan of it — but their ability to be, kind of, thought leaders and trailblazers in the space is remarkable. And they have historically been in the world of tech, and internet technology and even cinematography.
A lot of other industries are very nervous about adopting blockchain tech because it’s so new, it’s so cutting-edge, and they don’t want to piss off shareholders — they are the largest tech companies in the world. But guess what? MindGeek is privately owned and they have more of a capacity to innovate and adopt new technology than a lot of the big, publicly traded companies that are out there. So, I’m hopeful.
Who needs blockchain?
OC: So, to get a little bit of a bigger picture than the entertainment industry — who needs blockchain adoption? What does it mean that they need it?
JG: Who needs to learn about blockchain technology and who needs it are different. It’s the disenfranchised who need blockchain technology.
And when I say disenfranchised or disadvantaged, I mean a massive subset of the world’s population. I mean, pretty much everyone except for me — like, a white, middle-class, heterosexual man who lives in the United States, who lives in San Francisco. Unless I want to buy drugs off of the internet, I literally have no really strong use cases. Maybe decentralized prediction markets are an exception.
But for the two billion people in the world who have no access to financial services and the four billion that have limited access — that includes that initial two billion — that’s what blockchain technology is made for. That’s where we will see the real adoption.
The ability to have a bank account in your pocket, to have something that is secure and safe in your pocket, cryptographically, in a way that money under your bed or behind your wallet is now — that is revolutionary.
It affects the people that are dealing with predatory institutions — whether they are governments, whether they are financial services, businesses or, you know, governments that exploit their positions of power as middlemen to disenfranchise their consumers and their users.
Because what blockchain technology affords is radical disintermediation.
Blockchain technology is the most radically disintermediated technology that’s ever existed. In that, if you want to transfer value — whether it’s money, the title to your house, the rights to your land — you can now do it in a way that only requires a single counterparty: the person who’s buying it from you.
And that is a massive upgrade from the world that we live in today, in which all sorts of clearing houses and third-party institutions that are necessitated due to a lack of trust in transactions. But with blockchain technology, you can actually have trustless financial or value exchange.
Now, how do we get there? It’s not entirely clear. You know, with remittance solutions today, trials today, about giving directly to folks such as this, but we’ve historically primarily been building the blockchain technology for the people that need it least: you and me, people in the United States, people in the West.
And that’s not where the blockchain technology is going to have its biggest impact.
But first, we need to be bringing in entrepreneurs from these places where they are disenfranchised. Bringing the disenfranchised and having them build products out of their own experiences.
That way it can be paired with technology companies in the West that are probably most well-equipped to build this software and tech.
But, we need to include the people who have the most benefit from this technology, and we haven’t done a great job doing that, yet.
Blockchain and government
OC: And do you see that happening really on the private scale? How is regulation going to affect this process?
JG: We’ve convinced regulators that blockchain technology is the Holy Grail of everything. I don’t find regulators to be any sort of hinderance on getting this tech adopted.
Whether it’s in the EU or U.S., even in Africa or East Asia, governments are getting behind trials of this technology to improve the lives of their people — sometimes for more authoritarian purposes, such as distributed ledger-based money in China and Russia — but overwhelmingly, governments have actually been a massive catalyst for the adoption of trials with this technology.
What I do think about is how we do reach the people that need this most and actually understand how this technology can help them. And that’s just kind of a long-term undertaking that will require the help of many governments and NGOs to really understand.
Because entrepreneurs often have this problem, especially in this industry, where they create solutions for problems that don’t exist. What we have to do is be identifying problems and then seeing if a blockchain can help mitigate that problem.
The general answer is ‘no,’ but you have to take a problem-first approach. Trying to build solutions without problems is probably the greatest fallacy of Silicon Valley and beyond.
Path to mass adoption
OC: What’s your opinion on government-backed cryptocurrencies?
JG: They’re going to do them, but they’re not cryptocurrencies in the traditional sense. They are distributed ledger-based, centrally banked money that is issued and monitored and controlled and validated by central banks.
I think there’s a lot of good evidence that suggests that central bank-issued cryptocurrency — crypto assets or e-money, if you want to call it that — actually would be better than the digital cash that we have today.
But it is the antithesis of what we’ve been building in the blockchain space/cryptocurrency space so far, because this is going to be incredibly Orwellian.
They’re going to see every transaction that’s ever been made, there’s going to be KYC (Know Your Customer) and they’re going to know who’s making those transactions.
And that, in fact, in my view, will be the greatest catalyst for the mass adoption of cryptocurrencies as we know them today, whether it’s Bitcoin or something else.
When there’s government-backed cryptocurrencies and we move to a cashless society in which there is no financial privacy in our daily financial transactions, that is when something like Bitcoin or a stablecoin — something that is not bank- or government-issued — will become popular. That’s when we’ll see mass adoption, not before.
You know, if Bitcoin were going to be mass-adopted this decade, it would have happened five years ago, three years ago. But it’s too volatile, it’s too hard to use, it’s too hard to understand.
But when people are forced to use it — because there’s no longer cash, which is kind of a grey economy and a massive part of the global economy overall — once that economy disappears in its current form without cash, which will happen over the next 50-70 years, that’s when we’ll see mass adoption of cryptocurrencies — decentralized cryptocurrencies — as we know them today.
Because people want to use cash. People want to make financial transactions that the government doesn’t know about — whether it’s paying your babysitter or your illegal immigrant.
OC: You think a lot of people care about that? I just feel like most people don’t care about their privacy.
JG: Literally, almost every family in America pays their nanny in cash and that nanny is not reporting it to the IRS and they are not reporting that to IRS. It is not uncommon that people want to do business in a way that is not being traced by the government or just want some privacy in their financial transactions — virtually almost every person on the planet.
The grey economy is absolutely massive, and the second you take away cash, it becomes much harder to engage in — especially if we’ve moved to a distributed ledger-based financial system, where not only is every transaction traceable, but it’s also tied to your identity, which is way worse than what we have today.
So, you really have to think about the ramifications of a world in which there is no cash, no ability to take place in an informal economy. That, for sure, will lead to the mass adoption of cryptocurrencies.
Outdated laws
JG: We need, kind of, an open sandbox for innovation before we’re really ready for a lot of regulations. But there are certain areas, like securities laws, where it would be great if we could, kind of amend them for the reality of these tokenized securities, which are a very new concept.
OC: How exactly?
JG: So, if you think about the securities today, the reason why they are so heavily regulated is that they are not transparent — you don’t have any insight into the cash flow except for quarterly reports.
But, in theory, a lot of use cases for tokenized securities could be securities that pay automatically based off of the revenue of a software project — like, I should be able to sell tokens from my software project that every user, every transaction goes back to investors, like a portion of revenue. It’s transparent, it’s immutable, it’s on blockchain.
And thus, I shouldn’t have file an S1 and take a company public to offer that to your everyday consumer. People should be able to buy that in an ICO [Initial Coin Offering] and gain access to upside of this new software company that I’m building, because it’s so straightforward how they get paid out — where the revenue or the dividends are coming from.
OC: Right, yeah. And there are just a lot more hoops to jump through. And the law is from the 1930s...
JG: Right. You generally have to assume that a law that was written in the 1930s with regard to financial regulations is going to be at least partly outdated by 2018.
Crypto markets and the media
OC: I still want to talk a little bit more about your personal opinions on crypto, not about regulation. You’ve definitely publicly stated that you own crypto.
JG: Yes. Most of my money is in crypto.
OC: Right. So there is the fact that governments, consumers — people on a mass scale — pay attention to crypto and blockchain in relation to its price.
The price of Bitcoin going up a lot in December got a lot of press, mainstream media started reporting on it, etc. Since you’ve been in it a long time, what do you say to that kind of reaction?
JG: You know, I was somewhere in the world — I was either in India or Greece — when the markets last dropped and I actually didn’t learn about the drop in market price for, like, several days.
I don’t pay attention to the price. I kind of knew from following crypto Twitter that there had been a price drop, but people, kind of, speak about it ambiguously.
I don’t care about the price at all. If there were any underlying investment fundamentals driving the price of the crypto assets, I’d be concerned.
In crypto, price fluctuations are just hocus pocus — it’s just totally sentiment-driven. Nothing really drives the price increases or decreases besides just, like, FOMO [fear of missing out] sentiment and irrationality in the market. I’ve got a hedge fund side of my venture fund and it’s performing pretty abysmally right now because we don’t trade. I don’t try to time the market.
What I do is I invest in crypto assets. I believe we’re going to change the world and I just stopped caring. I don’t pay attention.
OC: You personally never trade?
JG: No, look, I’ve been in the industry since 2014. I wasn’t in that early, I didn’t make my money in Bitcoin, I made my money in other crypto assets — a little bit in Bitcoin.
You know, I’m often lauded or labeled as a Bitcoin millionaire — not really how I made my money. I invested in technology that I really believed in — whether it was Ether or, back then, XRP at a much different price — and I just held them. I never thought about it, I never traded them, I never watched the volatility.
I mean, this whole trader ethos that permeates the industry is just flabbergasting to me. These are illiquid markets. A single individual, a single factor in the trade can totally move the market against the way your Elliot-wave analysis predicted it was going to go.
These are not like traditional financial markets, which are deeply liquid, which are based off of companies with really strong fundamentals, cash flow, P-to-E ratios — you don’t have any of that here.
What you have are very speculative commodities that are potentially going to change the world, but none of them are yet. You know, Bitcoin maybe being the exception. So, if you’re not investing based on the long-term value proposition of a crypto asset or some really fantastic insider information about what that announcement about the crypto asset is, you’re never going to make money trading.
You know, I’ve met a lot of smart traders back in the fall of 2017. I don’t know any of those guys today. These guys were not actually that smart.
Everyone is smart in a bull market. But the guys that are smart in a bear market — or a downward market — are the guys that actually have conviction in their investment.
Now, I may go double-down on some of my investments, but I’m surely not selling right now like many people are. But most people who bought crypto assets in the past year, they just bought it because, “Oh, I have a feeling that this one is going to go up,” but now it’s going down and they’re selling, and there’s panic in the market, and there’s blood in the streets, and I love it.
I just get such masochistic joy, like, “Oh, my net worth is down 80 percent,” but I’m not concerned because I know it’s going to go up another 10,000 or 100,000 percent because the investments I made are valuable.
It’s a massive failure on the part of our industry not to be cynical about these price rises. If you look at my interviews back in mid-late 2017, I was calling these ICOs insanity, I was calling the market insanity, It was irrational, it didn’t make sense.
OC: What do you think about the mainstream media’s involvement in all that?
JG: I mean, can you blame them? You have the fastest appreciating asset class in history just roaring and turning 26-year-olds like me into multi-millionaires. It’s a compelling narrative! You can’t ignore it.
There’s never been an asset class like this that has enriched so many normal people. It’s something that the news is of course going to latch onto. Because what does everybody want? Everyone wants to be rich overnight. Who wants to be a millionaire?
Like, everybody wants to make money and they want to make it easily. And so, there’s this incredible new investment class that’s turning average Joes into very wealthy people. They’re going to report it! You just can’t blame them.
Now, do I wish they educated themselves more? Yes, but it is not their job.
I mean, if you want to be educated on blockchain technology and crypto assets, you’re going to have to immerse yourself for 90 percent of your life for the next six to 12 months of your life before you even have a baseline understanding of how this tech works and what its real purposes are and how it’s used.
And so, to expect the mainstream media to be able to report this accurately is not particularly reasonable. Now, I wish they did a little bit better due diligence, but at the end of a day, you really cannot expect the media to do a very good job.
OC: Okay, but I more mean the effects of this media attention.
JG: I mean, they are awful because they bring average Joes, who have no idea what they are investing in, into this new asset class. I mean, god, I just do not want consumer investors investing in this.
I’d love larger institutions, I’d love people who want to go and educate themselves. Your average consumer is buying Tesla because they think Teslas are cool cars or buying Amazon because they use Amazon every day — hey, maybe they could be good investments, maybe bad investments.
But they are sure as hell not using Bitcoin in their daily lives, so it’s not something they should be investing in. You know, unless you understand what you’re investing in, you shouldn’t be investing in it.
Unless you have a very balanced portfolio — like, look I think everybody should put five to 10 percent of their investment portfolio into Bitcoin and Ether, maybe a couple of other crypto assets — but that’s because when you do that, when you put five percent of your investment portfolio into a highly speculative, uncorrelated asset class, you actually mitigate the overall risk of your investment portfolio simply because it is uncorrelated.
And thus, even a grandma should put a tiny bit of her investment portfolio in Bitcoin, but she shouldn’t be mortgaging her house to do it, and it shouldn’t be a huge amount of money. It should only be a very small, yet respectable amount of portfolio — just due to the historical performance of this asset class. But the media narrative has definitely driven people to put way too much of their money into crypto.
OC: I ask because people do argue that the mainstream media’s attention helps with awareness, or it’s something important for, again, mass adoption. But that’s why we have to clarify what mass adoption means.
JG: Yeah, like, what is mass adoption?
Mass adoption of Bitcoin as a payment system? Yeah right, not going to happen. Not any time soon.
Well I’m saying, when we go to a cashless society, people will really have a use case, but using cash is almost always going to be better than using Bitcoin today.
And so, mass adoption is not going to happen until we create tools that actually catalyze that adoption. But that’s certainly not where we are right now.
OC: Okay, cool. Thank you so much!
Cointelegraph’s editorial team thanks Jeremy Gardner and BlockShow for the interview.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Scottish councils are showing signs of serious financial stress after experiencing further funding cuts, a watchdog has said.
The Accounts Commission, which polices local government finances in Scotland, said several councils were two to three years from draining all their savings to fund services, after the sector experienced average cuts in funding last year of 5.2%.
The total debts amassed by 30 local authorities rose again to near record levels, hitting £14.5bn by the end of March this year, after an increase in borrowing of £836m as councils tried to exploit low interest rates.
At the same time they cut £524m from their budgets and shed 2,200 jobs, spending £33m from their reserves. Although 20 councils dipped into their savings, reserve levels across the sector remained relatively healthy, at £1.1bn for day-to-day spending and £1.9bn overall.
Saying local authorities faced tougher challenges ahead, Ronnie Hinds, the deputy chairman of the Accounts Commission, said: “Our evidence tells us that councils are finding the financial pressures increasingly difficult to manage.”
Conservative councillors in Moray, one of three authorities identified as close to using up all its reserves, were accused by a rebel councillor of being “rightwing extremists” last week after the Tory-led coalition council suggested mothballing libraries and and public toilets and axing school crossings to cut costs.
The Scottish finance secretary, Derek Mackay, faced criticism from the opposition after he said this year that his government was protecting council funding. The commission said it had fallen by 7.6% in real terms since 2010-11.
Mackay is in the final stages of drawing up next year’s draft budget, and is wrestling with serious financial challenges paying for Nicola Sturgeon’s pledges to increase NHS spending by £500m above inflation and to increase public sector pay by more than 1% next year.
Public sector pay rises had been capped at 1%. The commission underlined the pressures facing Mackay and council leaders by pointing out that it would require a 3% increase in council tax rates to fund a 1% pay rise, which would add £68m to local authority wage bills.
A Scottish government spokesman said council borrowing and reserves spending was a matter for councils, but said the overall funding settlement was fair since it included an extra £250m to integrate health and social care.
“We have treated local government very fairly despite the cuts to the Scottish budget from the UK government. Including the extra £250m to support the integration of health and social care, the overall reduction in local government funding in 2016-17 equated to less than 1% of its total estimated expenditure,” he said.
Sturgeon has asked Labour, the Scottish Greens and Scottish Liberal Democrats to discuss some form of compromise deal on income tax rates in Scotland, which are now largely under Holyrood’s control, to help fund a budget shortfall.
Mackay and Sturgeon argue that Scotland’s grant from Whitehall has fallen more than 8% in real terms since 2010–11. Last week’s UK budget offered some relief, however, increasing the Treasury grant for day-to-day spending by £183m more than expected and £340m more for capital spending.
The commission said the funding crisis for councils was worsened by the council tax freeze, which has now ended, and increasing use of national policies directed by Scottish ministers, particularly for schools.
Although councils had been given an extra £250m to pay for the integration of health and social care, central policy drives drained funding for other services. Cultural funding was down 12%, with planning and development down by 14%. Roads and transport spending was down 8%.
The Accounts Commission data does not include Shetland and Orkney councils, which have substantial reserves and investments worth 250% and 300% of their annual income respectively from their oil and gas terminals and harbour charges receipts.
Andy Wightman, the Scottish Green party’s finance spokesman, said the commission’s findings were “stark, damning, but hardly surprising”. After similar warnings from the commission last year, the Greens did a deal with Mackay to modestly increase taxes for middle earners to reduce council funding cuts by £160m.
“The SNP has stalled on local tax reform, but ministers now need to show they seriously want to reverse the cuts made in previous years,” Wightman said.
“The challenge facing Derek Mackay will be in constructing an income tax proposal which meets multiple needs and raises enough revenue to deliver on promises like a real-terms pay rise, without raiding local services to pay for it, and without hitting low earners who are already struggling.”
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
package com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Abilities.Spells;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.core.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.core.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.core.collections.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Abilities.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Areas.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Behaviors.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.CharClasses.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Commands.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Common.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Exits.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Items.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Libraries.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Locales.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.MOBS.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Races.interfaces.*;
import java.util.*;
/*
Copyright 2002-2020 Bo Zimmerman
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
public class Spell_Shatter extends Spell
{
@Override
public String ID()
{
return "Spell_Shatter";
}
private final static String localizedName = CMLib.lang().L("Shatter");
@Override
public String name()
{
return localizedName;
}
@Override
protected int canTargetCode()
{
return CAN_MOBS|CAN_ITEMS;
}
@Override
public int abstractQuality()
{
return Ability.QUALITY_MALICIOUS;
}
@Override
public int classificationCode()
{
return Ability.ACODE_SPELL|Ability.DOMAIN_ALTERATION;
}
public Item getItem(final MOB mobTarget)
{
final List<Item> goodPossibilities=new ArrayList<Item>();
final List<Item> possibilities=new ArrayList<Item>();
for(int i=0;i<mobTarget.numItems();i++)
{
final Item item=mobTarget.getItem(i);
if((item!=null)
&&(item.subjectToWearAndTear()))
{
if(item.amWearingAt(Wearable.IN_INVENTORY))
possibilities.add(item);
else
goodPossibilities.add(item);
}
}
if(goodPossibilities.size()>0)
return goodPossibilities.get(CMLib.dice().roll(1,goodPossibilities.size(),-1));
else
if(possibilities.size()>0)
return possibilities.get(CMLib.dice().roll(1,possibilities.size(),-1));
return null;
}
@Override
public int castingQuality(final MOB mob, final Physical target)
{
if(mob!=null)
{
if((target instanceof MOB)&&(mob!=target))
{
final Item I=getItem((MOB)target);
if(I==null)
return Ability.QUALITY_INDIFFERENT;
}
}
return super.castingQuality(mob,target);
}
@Override
public boolean invoke(final MOB mob, final List<String> commands, final Physical givenTarget, final boolean auto, final int asLevel)
{
final MOB mobTarget=getTarget(mob,commands,givenTarget,true,false);
Item target=null;
if(mobTarget!=null)
{
target=getItem(mobTarget);
if(target==null)
return maliciousFizzle(mob,mobTarget,L("<S-NAME> attempt(s) a shattering spell at <T-NAMESELF>, but nothing happens."));
}
if((target==null)&&(mobTarget!=null))
target=getTarget(mobTarget,mobTarget.location(),givenTarget,commands,Wearable.FILTER_ANY);
else
if((target==null)&&(mobTarget==null))
target=getTarget(mob,mob.location(),givenTarget,commands,Wearable.FILTER_UNWORNONLY);
if(target==null)
return false;
Room R=CMLib.map().roomLocation(target);
if(R==null)
R=mob.location();
if(!super.invoke(mob,commands,givenTarget,auto,asLevel))
return false;
final boolean success=proficiencyCheck(mob,0,auto);
if(success)
{
final CMMsg msg=CMClass.getMsg(mob,target,this,verbalCastCode(mob,target,auto),auto?L("<T-NAME> starts vibrating!"):L("^S<S-NAME> utter(s) a shattering spell, causing <T-NAMESELF> to vibrate and resonate.^?"));
final CMMsg msg2=CMClass.getMsg(mob,mobTarget,this,verbalCastCode(mob,target,auto),null);
if((R.okMessage(mob,msg))&&((mobTarget==null)||(R.okMessage(mob,msg2))))
{
R.send(mob,msg);
if(mobTarget!=null)
R.send(mob,msg2);
if((msg.value()<=0)&&(msg2.value()<=0))
{
int damage=100+adjustedLevel(mob,asLevel)-target.phyStats().level();
if(CMLib.flags().isABonusItems(target))
damage=(int)Math.round(CMath.div(damage,2.0));
switch(target.material()&RawMaterial.MATERIAL_MASK)
{
case RawMaterial.MATERIAL_PAPER:
case RawMaterial.MATERIAL_CLOTH:
case RawMaterial.MATERIAL_VEGETATION:
case RawMaterial.MATERIAL_SYNTHETIC:
case RawMaterial.MATERIAL_LEATHER:
case RawMaterial.MATERIAL_FLESH:
damage=(int)Math.round(CMath.div(damage,3.0));
break;
case RawMaterial.MATERIAL_WOODEN:
damage=(int)Math.round(CMath.div(damage,1.5));
break;
case RawMaterial.MATERIAL_GLASS:
case RawMaterial.MATERIAL_ROCK:
damage=(int)Math.round(CMath.mul(damage,2.0));
break;
case RawMaterial.MATERIAL_PRECIOUS:
break;
case RawMaterial.MATERIAL_ENERGY:
case RawMaterial.MATERIAL_GAS:
damage=0;
break;
}
if((damage>0)&&(target.subjectToWearAndTear()))
target.setUsesRemaining(target.usesRemaining()-damage);
else
{
R.show(mob,target,CMMsg.MSG_OK_VISUAL,L("<T-NAME> seems otherwise unaffected."));
return true;
}
if(target.usesRemaining()>0)
target.recoverPhyStats();
else
{
target.setUsesRemaining(100);
if(mobTarget==null)
R.show(mob,target,CMMsg.MSG_OK_VISUAL,L("<T-NAME> is destroyed!"));
else
R.show(mobTarget,target,CMMsg.MSG_OK_VISUAL,L("<T-NAME>, possessed by <S-NAME>, is destroyed!"));
target.unWear();
target.destroy();
R.recoverRoomStats();
}
}
}
}
else
return maliciousFizzle(mob,null,L("<S-NAME> attempt(s) a shattering spell, but nothing happens."));
// return whether it worked
return success;
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Animal evolution: the enigmatic phylum placozoa revisited.
A recent report of high levels of genetic variation between strains of Trichoplax adhaerens challenges the traditional view that the phylum Placozoa comprises only one species. At the morphological level, placozoans are amongst the simplest extant animals, but molecular evidence suggests that they may have more complex origins.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!--
***************************************************************************
Copyright (c) 2010 Qcadoo Limited
Project: Qcadoo MES
Version: 1.4
This file is part of Qcadoo.
Qcadoo is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License,
or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty
of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
***************************************************************************
-->
<ribbonExtension plugin="basic" view="generalParameters"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns="http://schema.qcadoo.org/modules/ribbonExtension"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://schema.qcadoo.org/modules/ribbonExtension http://schema.qcadoo.org/modules/ribbonExtension.xsd">
<group name="parameters">
<bigButton name="dashboardParameters" icon="generateIcon24.png">
<script>
<![CDATA[
this.addOnChangeListener({
onClick: function() {
if(window.canClose()) {
#{form}.performEvent('redirectToDashboardParameters', []);
}
}
});
]]>
</script>
</bigButton>
</group>
</ribbonExtension>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
Objects are not valid as a React child (found: [object Promise]). If you meant to render a collection of children, use an array instead
I am trying to import data from a json file and render a list of images. But I get an error saying: Objects are not valid as a React child (found: [object Promise]). If you meant to render a collection of children, use an array instead.
This is the file which seems to generate the error:
import React from 'react';
import Product from "./Product/index";
const ProductList = () => {
const renderedList = import("../../../data/data.json").then(json
=> json.goods.map(image => {
return <div><Product images={image.pictures} /></div>
}
));
return <div>{renderedList}</div>
}
export default ProductList;
This is my data.json file:
{
"goods": [
{
"id": "1",
"name": "Cat Tee Black T-Shirt",
"prices": "$ 10.90",
"pictures": "120642730401995392_1.jpg",
"size": "",
"quantity": ""
},
{
"id": "2",
"name": "Dark Thug Blue-Navy T-Shirt",
"prices": "$ 29.45",
"pictures": "51498472915966370_1.jpg",
"size": "",
"quantity": ""
}]
}
This is my Product component:
import React, { Component } from "react";
import Thumb from "../../../Thumb/index";
const Product = props => {
return (
<div className="shelf-item">
<div className="shelf-stopper">Free shipping</div>
<Thumb
classes="shelf-item__thumb"
src={props.images}
/>
<p className="shelf-item__title">product</p>
<div className="shelf-item__price">
productInstallment
</div>
<div className="shelf-item__buy-btn">Add to cart</div>
</div>
);
}
export default Product;
Could someone help me figure it out? Thanks a lot!
A:
In your productList component you are using a promise instead of rendering child, to overcome this you can make it a stateful component fix this like:
import React, { Component } from 'react';
import Product from "./Product/index";
class ProductList extends Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props)
this.state = {
goods: []
}
}
componentDidMount = () => {
import("../../../data/data.json")
.then(json => this.state({ goods: json.goods }))
}
render() {
const { goods } = this.state
return (
<div>
{goods.map(image => <div><Product images={image.pictures} /></div>)}
</div>
)
}
}
export default ProductList;
or alternatively you can import it in beginning like:
import React from 'react';
import Product from "./Product/index";
import goods from "../../../data/data.json"
const ProductList = () => {
const renderedGoods = goods.map(image => {
return <div><Product images={image.pictures} /></div>
})
return <div>{renderedGoods}</div>
}
export default ProductList;
Not an issue, yes you resolved the promise correct,
but as even when you type in console what you are actually returning is a promise and .then or .catch are callbacks called when its either resolved or rejected so you see react wants is something to render and you cannot render a promise
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
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