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Prevalence and management of central sleep apnea in heart failure patients.
There is increasing awareness of sleep-disordered breathing, which may manifest as obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea (CSA), or a mixture of the two. Obstructive sleep apnea and CSA are strongly associated with heart failure (HF) and risk factors for developing HF. CSA may be considered a manifestation of the pathophysiology of HF; hence, approaches to optimize pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment of HF should help to ameliorate CSA. However, if CSA also contributes to HF progression, CSA may represent a potential therapeutic target. There was hope that CSA prevalence would decline with better HF therapies. However, contemporary studies of HF patients on optimal medical therapy have shown that CSA prevalence remains 30% to 40%. Treating CSA poses significant challenges. Presently, the role of routine continuous positive airway pressure remains unclear, although newer ventilatory strategies may prove effective. Currently, CSA treatment involves standard optimal HF therapies, although growing evidence indicates that newer ventilation modes and cardiac resynchronization therapy may prove to be useful.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Taylor Park (disambiguation)
Taylor Park may refer to:
In the United States
Taylor Park Reservoir, Colorado
General James Taylor Park, Kentucky
Pete Taylor Park, Mississippi
Elsewhere
Taylor Park, England
Fred Taylor Park, New Zealand
See also
Samuel P. Taylor State Park, California
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Kabul urged to end 'moral crimes' prosecutions
New York, June 24: The government of Afghanistan should adopt recommendations from UN member countries to abolish prosecution of women for so-called "moral crimes," Human Rights Watch said Tuesday.
Afghanistan rejected the recommendations in its Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Outcome Report issued on June 16 at the UN Human Rights Council. Other issues addressed include the death penalty, anti-gay discrimination, and impunity.
The government's rejection of the recommendations to end prosecutions for "moral crimes" undercuts its acceptance of recommendations supporting women's rights and its explicit avowal that "women's rights and gender equality remained a top priority," Human Rights Watch said.
The action also runs counter to directives from Afghanistan's attorney general and the justice ministry to decriminalize "running away" and "attempted zina," or sex outside marriage.
"The Afghan government's rejection of recommendations to protect women from 'moral crimes' prosecutions underlines the glaring gap between its women's rights rhetoric and its frequent failure to actually protect women from serious abuses," said Phelim Kine of Human Rights Watch.
"Afghanistan's failure to protect women adds insult to the injury endured by the hundreds of women and girls victimized by the 'moral crimes' prosecutions."
The Universal Periodic Review involves a review of the human rights records of all UN member countries under the auspices of the Human Rights Council.
The UPR obligates countries to list the actions they have taken to improve the human rights situations in their countries and to fulfil their human rights obligations.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Check if relations exists for a parent node before deleting it so that we don't have any orphan child node
Here I am trying to delete a parent node but only if it doesn't have any child node. Please review this code.
PostController.php
/**
* Delete the given post.
*
* @param int $post_id
* @return void
*
* @throws \App\Exceptions\RelationExistsException
*/
public function deletePost($post_id)
{
$relations = ['tags', 'comments'];
$hasRelations = $this->postRepo->hasRelations($post_id, $relations);
if ($hasRelations) {
throw new RelationExistsException($relations);
}
$this->postRepo->delete($post_id);
}
RepositoryTrait.php
/**
* Check if any relation exists.
*
* @param int $id
* @param array $relations
* @return bool
*/
public function hasRelations($id, array $relations)
{
if (count($relations) == 0) {
throw new \Exception('No relation is provided.');
}
$modelName = $this->model;
$query = $modelName::where('id', $id);
$query->where(function($q) use($relations) {
foreach ($relations as $relation) {
$q->orHas($relation);
}
});
return $query->exists();
}
RelationExistsException.php
namespace App\Exceptions;
use Exception;
class RelationExistsException extends Exception
{
/**
* Create a new exception instance.
*
* @param array $relations
* @return void
*/
function __construct($relations)
{
parent::__construct(sprintf(
'Cannot delete because there exists relations - %s.', implode(', ', $relations))
);
}
}
I have one more issue with the following code:
$modelName = $this->model; // contains '\App\Models\Post'
$query = $modelName::where('id', $id);
I have to save the $this->model in $modelName to use it with the where function. Is there a better solution for it. I have tried {}, () but nothing worked.
GitHub Gist for above code
A:
Some thoughts below:
I would encourage you to think about validating parameters more thoroughly on your public methods. For example, in deletePosts(), you do nothing to validate that you even have an integer value (or whatever) to work with. You do it in some cases such as type-hinting for array and validating non-empty array on hasRelations(), but it is not consistent. What if non-array is passed to your exception constructor? What if non-integer (or whatever) is passed to deletePosts()?
You may not think it matters now because you are currently working in this application area and understand where all the calls are made against these methods, but think about in the future when you try to leverage these classes in new ways. The call patterns may be different. If, for example, you introduce a buggy use case that passes a non-array to your exception class, you want that class to complain loudly, rather than silently fail so that you can focus your debugging efforts more quickly on the problem code.
$relations = ['tags', 'comments'];
Why is this hard-coded here? I would think this should, at a minimum, be a property on the class, if not derived from configuration.
$hasRelations = $this->postRepo->hasRelations($post_id, $relations);
Consider placing this code in a try-catch block since hasRelations() can throw. I know that since $relations is hard-coded here that we would never expect to get into a state where that exception is thrown, however I think it best practice to always use try-catch block in such a case so that as someone working in this code, you have quick understanding of how methods you are calling might perform. Who knows, maybe the implementation of RepositoryTrait changes at some point and throws exceptions for other reasons besides the passed relations parameter.
throw new \Exception('No relation is provided.');
Consider throwing InvalidArgumentException if you want to be more specific here. I actually find it a bit odd that you use custom exception types in the code calling this but not here. It might call into question how you are using custom exceptions throughout the application.
Your custom exception seems to have a very limited use case. It really only exists to format the message string from a passed array, functionality that might rightfully live in the code where the exception is thrown not within the logic of the exception.
Is this message even meaningful to caller as is? You can't tell what kind of relationship exists amongst the types provided, nor the specific ID's of the relationships that exist, so there is questionable value in preparing this specific message string vs. just a simple 'Cannot delete because this post has relations' message in the exception. You could easily provide this message in context of where the exception is thrown totally eliminating the need to override the constructor (or maybe even this class altogether).
Is this class going to be used elsewhere in your application? If not, should it even exist (vs. using other exception types)? If so, are you always going to want to pass this class an array of relation types as parameter to format into message string?
I actually question whether you should even be throwing an exception here at all if a relationship exists. Since you are specifically building this functionality, my guess is that you are expecting the application to handle deletion requests against posts that have relationships as part of normal operation of the application. If so, should this really be an exception or just an alternate code path that needs to be followed to handle this condition? Only if you truly never expect the application to be put into this state would it make sense to have this code throw an exception.
To your question about how to call model dynamically while avoiding having to set $modelName, you could use something like:
call_user_func($this->model . '::where', 'id', $id);
but I honestly find what you have in place to be easier to read, and I would not be concerned about the cost of having the additional variable in memory (that seems like a micro-optimization type of concern).
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
April 24, 2005
Goodbye, Syria
Posted by Michael J. Totten
Yesterday I took a much-needed day off (my first since I got here) and cruised over Mount Lebanon to the Bekaa Valley to look at the Roman ruins at Baalbeck. As my tour bus approached the city our guide pointed out a small garrison of Syrian troops off to the right. Soldiers huddled around tents in the rain below a gigantic portrait of their goon-in-chief Bashar Assad. "Don't take pictures of them," she said. "It will cause trouble."
I decided to take some pictures anyway. To hell with them. What were they going to do? Shoot down a tourist bus as their final act in the country?
I raised my camera to the window. The soldiers looked like miserable dogs that had been kicked in the ribs with steel-toed boots. The popular uprising in Lebanon had totally thrashed and demoralized them. Every one of them stared into the windows of the bus as we drove past. Many saw my camera and stared at me personally. I decided then that I would follow the tour lady's advice and not take a picture. There was no way I was going to sneak in a photo without them knowing it. So I pointed my camera down and lowered it into my lap.
I did feel slightly intimidated. As individuals many of these men may be exemplary human beings. But the Syrian military is a monstrous thing that should probably not be messed with by anyone who isn't very well-armed.
That's the extent of my personal contact with the Syrian Baath regime. It sure isn't much. It's practically nothing at all - and thank Heaven for that. But it's just enough that I read the following article with a wee bit more satisfaction than I would have otherwise.
BEIRUT, Lebanon -- Syrian troops burned documents and dismantled military posts in their final hours in Lebanon Sunday, before deploying toward the border and effectively ending 29 years of military presence in the country.
A few score Syrian troops will remain in Lebanon for a farewell ceremony Tuesday that the Lebanese Army plans to hold in a town close to the Syrian border.
In Damascus, the Syrian capital, a government official said: "Within the next few hours, all the troops will be out of Lebanon."
"What will be left are those who will take part in the official farewell" on Tuesday, the official said, speaking on condition of anonymity.
In the border town of Anjar, home of Syria's chief of military intelligence in Lebanon, Syrian officials appeared to be going about their business as usual Sunday.
But at the Deir el-Ahmar base, Syria's last major garrison in the Bekaa Valley, 15 tanks rolled on to flatbed trucks, ready for the drive home, witnesses told The Associated Press. Soldiers burned papers, knocked down walls and loaded ammunition on to trucks.
Syrian troops had already vacated at least 10 positions in the northern part of the Bekaa Valley on Saturday. Dozens of trucks carrying hundreds of soldiers and at least 150 armored vehicles, towing artillery pieces and rocket launchers, crossed the border into Syria, witnesses said.
"Tomorrow everything will be over," a Lebanese military officer said Saturday.
Michael,
You should have taken the pic without the flash?
Easy for me to say though.
QUESTIONS -1) They're even 'supposedly' pulling out of the Bekka Valley too? I thought most of Lebanon but were going to remain in the Bekka Valley? (I'm sure they've got tons of plain clothed agebts all over the Bekka and Beirut anyway)2) What was your impression of the Bekka Valley? There is a lot suspected to be there? Terror training centers, terrorists from the world over, Iraqi Wmd's, Hezballah 'militarists' etc...
They really are pulling out of the Bekaa. The city of Baalbeck (it's a modern Shi'ite city, as well as a ruins site) has now been retaken by the Lebanese Army. I only saw the one little outpost.
I am absolutely certain there are plainclothes agents all over the country. But after a free election and with the military ousted, they will no longer be able to intimidate people as they once did. The people here are really quite defiant.
The Syrian spooks could still plant bombs, but they will not be able to give orders to the Lebanese government once their puppet regime is beaten at the polls. Many of their old puppets have already switched sides partly because they can, and partly so they will get re-elected.
Every one of them stared into the windows of the bus as we drove past. Many saw my camera and stared at me personally.--MJT
Thanks for this post.I think you captured the 'feel' of being under the control of forces such as Baathist Syria.
Armed guys are,almost by definition,somewhat intimidating,but what makes the ' goons of the Assad regime,and others like it, so powerful is not what they will do.It's what they can do .
You are correct in saying:" What were they going to do? Shoot down a tourist bus as their final act in the country?"But if you were Lebanese,you would have to always have it in the back of your mind,that tomorrow, or next week,or next month,or next year,maybe,perhaps,possibly,someone might decide to make an example of YOU.
Who or what, after all,would stop them? Candidly,who would YOU be?
Your post makes it easy to see how pervasive fear can maintain these regimes almost indefinately.
The Syrian pullout is excellent news. And, yes, taking out Saadam, despite all of the problems it has caused, indeed may have contributed to the withdrawal -- focusing the mind of Assad in particular. So let's congratulate Bush. And Chirac and Annan, for supporting Bush in the effort to get Syria out. And Assad, for not being a fool. And most of all the Lebanese people.
Lebanon will need now to show that it can govern itself. It would be helpful if progress was made on Israel leaving the West Bank, so that the Palestinian refugees who make up 10% of the population of Lebanon could return to their own country.
Offpost: An interesting site about the little-known religion of Mandaeism, most of whose adherants live in southern Iraq. They are very concerned about possible Shiite oppression in post-Saadam Iraq.
http://www.mandaeanworld.com/
But after a free election and with the military ousted, they will no longer be able to intimidate people as they once did. The people here are really quite defiant.
Michael,1) I still look at the full Syrian withdrawal with a scant eye. Too quick, neat etc... what gives? Something must.. this is Assad's son, even if he is no Hafez poker player....
2)Do you really expect a 'free and fair election' or better how much of one can be reasonably expected?
3)Furthermore, I've read (Tony at Across the Bay & Jonathan Head Heeb) quite a bit about the districting or gerrmandering (if you will) problem of Lebanon which minimizes/splits/diminishes the voting impact of urban centers like Beirut as a voting bloc. And this assumably is where most of the moderate secularists are? But again, I thought there were in the 70's & 80's a large Maronite community in the South? Are they all gone now in SAmerica and the US?
Of course, any decent election in Lebanon will be great for the Middle East and the world.... defanging Hezballah, is another story.
unfortunately the palestinian leadership has for decades been unwilling to educate their people about the hard realities on the ground.
On the contrary, they believe they can use the refugee's unrealistic expectations to create a war of attrition, and for their own personal advantage and enrichment. The result is never-ending war because they think they can outlast the soft decadent westernized jews.
But they won't outlast the jews. They are an ancient people, and they have outlasted all their enemies, and they'll outlast the Arabs. Sooner the refugees are made to understand that, the sooner they can move on with their lives.
I'd be interested to know what you think of the elections in Saudi Arabia, where so much of the winning element was 'golden list', and so much of the campaign was conducted by private email. My understanding is that the winning candidates were of a religious though not terrifically reactionary character.
Michael, I can't say when I've enjoyed a series as much as your Lebanon posts. What a brave and courages peoples. Their new cross/crescent symbol may end up being a new icon for peace in the middle east. Now, if someone somewhere had the guts to add the Star of David to the other side of the cross......
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
We became aware of a potential fulfillment issue with the Ultimate Work Station Bundle. In the best interests of the community, and to avoid any undue complications, we've decided for now that we're going to shut this drop down. Once the issues have been sorted we'll be sure to bring this drop back. Thanks everyone.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
For this specialty toy store in Grand Central’s Lexington Concourse, Robin Andrade designed a playful, oversized oval-shaped floating counter and floor-to-ceiling shelves that maximized the display of inventory in a tiny, 400-square-foot space. With a base comprised of layers of bright, multicolored Corian, the counter was a dynamic element that besides displaying hundreds of toys eased circulation and served as a sales center, enabling staff to show merchandise and easily monitor the space. Even the lighting cables, hidden within a stainless steel cylinder and suspended from the ceiling, were used as a display element: attached to high-intensity lights, they were arranged in the pattern of a spider web, under which a toy bug could be tucked. Toy-packed shelves covering every square inch of wall space conjured up an old-fashioned candy store. The positive reviews garnered by the store, which stocked high-quality toys ranging from stuffed animals to wooden toys to board games to books, was in part a tribute to the design. “Claustrophobic in the best possible way” quipped New York Magazine, adding that “the studio-size shop’s categorized shelves are stocked to the ceiling with timeless, gimmick-free toys.” Other reviewers praised the space as “a cute little toy store” and “unique.”
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Tailoring and modifications of a ZnO nanostructure surface by the layer-by-layer deposition technique.
Different ZnO nanostructures have been modified using the layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte deposition process. The polymer multilayers were deposited on free standing ZnO tetrapods, ZnO tetrapods on a substrate and ZnO nanorod arrays. In addition, attachment of metallic (Au) nanoparticles to the ZnO nanostructure surface using layer-by-layer deposition was demonstrated. The properties of the ZnO nanostructures with modified surfaces were investigated by electron microscopy, absorption and photoluminescence measurements. A linear increase in polymer thickness with the number of polymer multilayers was confirmed by absorption and transmission electron microscopy. The technique can be readily extended to different nanoparticles and different morphologies of ZnO.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE pkgmetadata SYSTEM "http://www.gentoo.org/dtd/metadata.dtd">
<pkgmetadata>
<maintainer type="project">
<email>haskell@gentoo.org</email>
<name>Gentoo Haskell</name>
</maintainer>
<longdescription>
A new all Haskell "tagged" DFA regex engine, inspired by libtre
</longdescription>
</pkgmetadata>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
the buffalo fiscal stability authority ad
just found that you just from buffalo new
york i've spent ninety million dollars on
cosmetic procedures
and this is not million dollars
that was supposed to be used for public schools
by was looking is negotiated uh...
and dot
now we've been doing some stories on if teachers
across countries and with uh... with a lot
of our viewers for
public school teachers and may be given to
scrap over the so uh... i'd like to made clear
that hey listen if you're
of before succumbing dot
uh... war or you know a facelift this perfectly
okay
that's what's been a little bit
right that is causing a liberal position but
i know you're not buying that bullshit and
minimizing and i think it is not supposed
to have a position
that look it this union happening get better
benefits
and they say authenticate even a real life
makes you really up that some of the outlets
give credit to that the union in this case
before we decide talking crap about
the situation because
yet they realize that this is wasteful spending
they change date in this isn't gonna happen
anymore ok fit there that cop it stopped it
and if it's a bit okay
but for the year two thousand nine
these teachers five hundred teachers and school
employees in buffalo new york
like i said spent nine million dollars for
cosmetic procedures these included face facial
peels
uh... tummy truck that kinda stuff
at the same time this particular school district
uh... for the year of twelve twenty ten to
twenty eleven
face a thirty four million dollar deficit
which means that sixty nine percent of the
funding for their arts program
which means that which mean library
hands were fired stop s_l_ exhibits in so
unacceptable
these teachers need to friend of mine
that's what i want that someone acceptable
please how do you do that with a good time
with a conscience
by the way the union says well look the numbers
might be a little of plated because now they
know when to stop the program direction more
instead we get somebody did stop for me
not let the only way this helps of the schools
at all is that because you get in blue
downplaying just come down today
at a new job lance
alright at in all seriousness mrs
the most obviously greeted story
right obviously shouldn't be spending
kids money in having library inspired about
politics
ordered et cetera 'cause somebody wanted a
boob job or somewhat lagata plastic surgery
but luckily there fixing it for next year
it's crazy
you don't in year two thousand eight they
spent one million dollars for cosmetic surgery
and i was acceptable a million dollars right
it doesn't have built a bit net
he does present a wildfire i'm sure somebody
got like some sort of surgery done they like
you know they cover right there was a really
that's exactly what happened
and there because chris
you know one doctor build the district
four point three million dollars
one doctor one what is your ready
so to keep his you know you know what that
means right everybody wants it back i'd like
to uh... it was word of mouth these out i
discovered you should go to my plastic surgeon
right
i guarantee you that guy put the word on the
street
the doctor
like i a m
you know
he discovered
demilitarized spotlight look at it as a area
this area
|
{
"pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles"
}
|
Q:
Finding list entry with the highest count
I have an Entry data type
data Entry = Entry {
count :: Integer,
name :: String }
Then I want to write a function, that takes the name and a list of Entrys as arguments an give me the Entrys with the highest count. What I have so far is
searchEntry :: String -> [Entry] -> Maybe Integer
searchEntry _ [] = Nothing
searchEntry name1 (x:xs) =
if name x == name1
then Just (count x)
else searchEntry name xs
That gives me the FIRST Entry that the function finds, but I want the Entry with the highest count. How can I implement that?
A:
My suggestion would be to break the problem into two parts:
Find all entries matching a given name
Find the entry with the highest count
You could set it up as
entriesByName :: String -> [Entry] -> [Entry]
entriesByName name entries = undefined
-- Use Maybe since the list might be empty
entryWithHighestCount :: [Entry] -> Maybe Entry
entryWithHighestCount entries = undefined
entryByNameWithHighestCount :: String -> [Entry] -> Maybe Entry
entryByNameWithHighestCount name entires = entryWithHighestCount $ entriesByName name entries
All you have to do is implement the relatively simple functions that are used to implement getEntryByNameWithHighestCount.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
WHEN A POP SINGER/SONGWRITER JOINS FORCES with classical musicians, we usually know what to expect: luxuriant remakes of the artist's hits, augmented by lush strings, burbling woodwinds, and coloristic splashes of percussion. But when Ben Folds ventures into classical terrain, something far more compelling occurs.
WITH 15 YEARS OF INSPIRED GIGS in the '90s and '00s, Ben Harper and the Innocent Criminals earned a reputation as one of the world's great roots-rock bands. Harper's accomplices conveyed the range and nuance of his passionate songs while bringing out the best in Ben's explosive guitar work. But after years of relentless touring, the band needed a break.
BILLY SHEEHAN IS ONE OF HISTORY’S MOST INFLUENTIAL electric bassists. With stunning virtuosity, he brings a guitar hero’s flash and flair to the instrument, exploring countless new techniques in his work with Talas, David Lee Roth, Steve Vai, Mr. Big, and Niacin. Yet Sheehan never loses touch with the bass’ foundational rhythm section role. His playing is a savvy blend of fretboard wizardry and good old-fashioned groove.
For all the great music that came out of the 1980s, it wasn’t the most inspiring era for players whose passion was jamming and improvisation. When the young members of Blues Traveler first ventured from their Princeton, New Jersey hometown to play New York City clubs, their raw, blues-based performances were far from fashionable. But the band had the right idea at the right time.
WHAT DO THE TOP 10 HITS of pop diva Halsey have in common with the virtuosic and metrically complex jazz-fusion of the band Polyrhythmic? Not much—except for the inspired participation of keyboardist/composer Greg Spero.
IT’S NO SURPRISE THAT THE BAND RIVAL SONS WAS PICKED TO TOUR with such classic rock acts as Aerosmith, Deep Purple, and Black Sabbath. The band’s music harks back to an era when all you needed to rock the world were a muscular rhythm section, a leather-lunged singer, and blazing blues-rock guitars.
IT’S BEEN A HECTIC FIVE YEARS for Will Wells. Since arriving in Los Angeles in 2011 after studying at Berklee College of Music, he’s worked with Quincy Jones, Barbra Streisand, Ariana Grande, Demi Lovato, RZA, John Mayer, and many other artists. He completed a tour as keyboardist for Imagine Dragons and recently scored his first songwriting hit after co-writing “Can’t Sleep Love” for the a cappella group Pentatonix. Meanwhile, he helped make Broadway history as a sound designer for the smash show Hamilton.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the MIT License. See LICENSE in the project root for license information.
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using FluentAssertions.Equivalency;
using Microsoft.R.ExecutionTracing;
using Microsoft.R.StackTracing;
using NSubstitute;
namespace Microsoft.R.Host.Client.Test {
internal class TracebackBuilder : IReadOnlyList<IRStackFrame> {
public struct AnyType {
public static implicit operator string (AnyType any) => "<ANY>";
public static implicit operator int (AnyType any) => -1;
}
public static readonly AnyType Any = default(AnyType);
private readonly List<IRStackFrame> _frames = new List<IRStackFrame>();
private Func<EquivalencyAssertionOptions<IRStackFrame[]>, EquivalencyAssertionOptions<IRStackFrame[]>> _config = options => options;
public int Count {
get {
return _frames.Count;
}
}
public IRStackFrame this[int index] {
get {
return _frames[index];
}
}
public IEnumerator<IRStackFrame> GetEnumerator() {
return _frames.GetEnumerator();
}
IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() {
return _frames.GetEnumerator();
}
public EquivalencyAssertionOptions<IRStackFrame[]> Configure(EquivalencyAssertionOptions<IRStackFrame[]> options) {
return _config(options);
}
public void Add(string fileName, int? lineNumber, string call, string environmentName) {
string itemPath = "[" + _frames.Count + "].";
var frame = Substitute.For<IRStackFrame>();
if (fileName != Any) {
frame.FileName.Returns(fileName);
}
if (lineNumber != Any) {
frame.LineNumber.Returns(lineNumber);
}
if (call != Any) {
frame.Call.Returns(call);
}
if (environmentName != Any) {
frame.EnvironmentName.Returns(environmentName);
}
_frames.Add(frame);
var oldConfig = _config;
_config = options => {
options = oldConfig(options);
if (fileName != Any) {
options = options.Including(ctx => ctx.SelectedMemberPath == itemPath + nameof(IRStackFrame.FileName));
}
if (lineNumber != Any) {
options = options.Including(ctx => ctx.SelectedMemberPath == itemPath + nameof(IRStackFrame.LineNumber));
}
if (call != Any) {
options = options.Including(ctx => ctx.SelectedMemberPath == itemPath + nameof(IRStackFrame.Call));
}
if (environmentName != Any) {
options = options.Including(ctx => ctx.SelectedMemberPath == itemPath + nameof(IRStackFrame.EnvironmentName));
}
return options;
};
}
public void Add(string fileName, int lineNumber, string call) {
Add(fileName, lineNumber, call, Any);
}
public void Add(string fileName, int lineNumber) {
Add(fileName, lineNumber, Any);
}
public void Add(SourceFile sourceFile, int lineNumber, string call, string environmentName) {
Add(sourceFile.FilePath, lineNumber, call, environmentName);
}
public void Add(SourceFile sourceFile, int lineNumber, string call) {
Add(sourceFile.FilePath, lineNumber, call);
}
public void Add(SourceFile sourceFile, int lineNumber) {
Add(sourceFile.FilePath, lineNumber);
}
public void Add(RSourceLocation location, int offset, string call) {
Add(location.FileName, location.LineNumber + offset, call);
}
public void Add(RSourceLocation location, int offset = 0) {
Add(location.FileName, location.LineNumber + offset, Any);
}
public void Add(RSourceLocation location, string call) {
Add(location.FileName, location.LineNumber, call);
}
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
<?php
/*
Template Name: Page No Title
*/
get_header(); ?>
<?php
if( have_posts() ):
while( have_posts() ): the_post(); ?>
<h1>This is my Static Title</h1>
<small>Posted on: <?php the_time('F j, Y'); ?> at <?php the_time('g:i a'); ?>, in <?php the_category(); ?></small>
<p><?php the_content(); ?></p>
<hr>
<?php endwhile;
endif;
?>
<?php get_footer(); ?>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
If 1 is the identity of the multiplicative (semi)group what is the term for 0?
Broadly given an operator $*$ the term identity is used for an element $e$ such that $x * e = x$ for all elements. However is there a term for a value $ x * O = O$ for all values? This was brought to mind by this question What is the identity in the power set of $\Sigma^*$ as a monoid? that shows that the empty language has this property under concatenation. False has this property under the and operator.
A:
There is no such element in a nontrivial group. Every element of a group has an inverse.
Let $G$ be a group and suppose (for purpose of contradiction) $G$ contains your proposed element $O \neq e$. Then there is a $p = O^{-1} \in G$ such that $pO = e \neq O$. But this contradicts the definition of $O$. Therefore, there is no nontrivial group, $G$, containing an $O \neq e$ as described.
Another way to get at this, using the required existence of inverses, is that from
$$ x O = O \text{,} $$
we have
$$ x = xO O^{-1} = O O^{-1} = e \text{.} $$
So the assumed multiplication properties of $O$ are incompatible with its membership in a group unless the only element of the group is $e$ (in which case $e = O$ does satisfy the properties of both the multiplicative identity in a multiplicative group and the properties of the $O$ element you describe). (This is why I wrote "$O \neq e$" in the second paragraph: to avoid the case that we were secretly only talking about the group with one element.)
A:
Excepting the special case of a group with only one element, groups cannot have $0$ as an element, and multiplication as its operation, as it is required that every element have an inverse, and what is the multiplicative inverse of $0$?
It sounds like you are interested in Rings.
Rings take a set with two binary operations, one operation is analogous to addition and the other is analogous to multiplication. A ring has an additive identity ($0$) and an multiplicative identity ($1$) and requires that multiplication distribute over addition. As consequence $a\cdot 0 = 0.$
(Yes, there is also the special case here, where the ring has one element.)
Rings have a generalization of $0$, which is called an "ideal." An ideal is a subset of the ring such that for every element in the ideal multiplied by a member of the ring gives an element in the ideal.
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"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Q:
Perl writes LF as CRLF on Windows
I have gotten some stray Windows-style line endings in a couple of files and I am trying to resolve it on my Windows machine with the following command:
perl -pi -e s/\R/\n/ example.txt
After running this all line endings in the files this was run on have been changed to CRLF, which is the opposite of my intention. Why is perl doing this, and is there anything I can change to make this work as I expect it to?
I am using Strawberry Perl version 5.28.
A:
Windows builds of Perl adds a :crlf layer to handles by default. This converts CRLF to LF on read, and LF to CRLF on write. (Some other languages do something similar.)
You need to tell Perl it's not a text file. Unfortunately, one can't do that with ARGV, the special handle you are using.
perl -pe"BEGIN { binmode STDOUT }" example.txt >example.new.txt
move example.new.txt example.txt
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"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Joanne Hogg
Joanne Hogg is a Northern Irish singer and songwriter, best known for her work as the lead singer and songwriter with the Celtic Christian progressive rock and pop band Iona (named after the island Iona).
Early life and education
Hogg was born in Ballymena, Northern Ireland. Her father is a Presbyterian minister, her mother a nurse; her family also includes three sisters and two brothers. With medicine strong in the family, it was natural for Hogg to become a doctor. Thus, she studied medicine at Queen's University Belfast. In her third year, Hogg was singing at the Christian Artists talent event and was convinced to sing in a school ministry at Youth for Christ in Denmark. After a year, Hogg returned to the University to complete her two remaining years of schooling.
After graduating, Hogg interned as a junior doctor at Belfast City Hospital to complete her registration. Six months into working at the hospital, she was taken ill and stopped working for seven months to recover. After recovering, she completed her registration as a doctor, but was advised on medical grounds not to continue in full-time medical work. During her convalescence, she had been contacted by Dave Bainbridge and Dave Fitzgerald, who had considered forming a band. In 1989, Hogg ceased practising medicine, and Iona was born. Since then, Hogg has sung all over Europe and America. Iona's recordings have become successful worldwide, making them Europe's best-selling contemporary Christian band.
Musical career
Hogg recorded her first solo album in 1999, entitled Looking into Light. The tracks that feature on this album are a selection of re-arranged traditional hymns, with Iona providing the instrumental melodies. In 2001, Hogg collaborated with vocalists Máire Brennan and Margaret Becker for the release New Irish Hymns. There have been a further three volumes of the New Irish Hymns series of albums involving other vocals. Iona also provided the instrumentals.
In 2008, Hogg released two solo albums, Raphael's Journey and Personal. Raphael's Journey is available only as a download and features friend Moya Brennan of Clannad. The album is available only through Kingsway Music UK. Hogg, in her personal press release, says:
Musically, this album is a collection of songs with a few instrumentals. Frank Van Essen has been working with me on this for several years not only as producer, but also co-writing and playing. There are beautiful performances from all my mates in Iona, gorgeous string arrangements from Frank, beautiful guest vocals from the amazing Moya Brennan and piano and vocals from myself......so, please download it and tell others about it."
Her Personal album was also released with a press release by Hogg, "to give fans the true story of the album".
Her vocals were further featured in the 1998 PlayStation role-playing video game Xenogears. Composed by Yasunori Mitsuda, the ending-theme song "Small Two of Pieces", along with an extra track "Stars of Tears" (not featured in the game) were recorded. Mitsuda also invited her to record the vocal themes for the spiritual prequel to Xenogears, Xenosaga: Episode One released four years later in 2002. Two tracks were recorded for this game: the ending-theme "Kokoro", and the song "Pain", which plays during the final cutscene of the game. Soundtracks were released for both of these videogames on the Digicube label. The song "Kokoro" was also released as a CD single. Hogg's vocals were not featured in any of the later Xenosaga releases, as Yasunori Mitsuda was replaced with Yuki Kajiura as the game's musical composer.
Discography
Looking into Light (1999)
Celtic Hymns (2006; reissue of Looking into Light)
Raphael's Journey (2008 download only, 2010 CD)
Personal (2008)
Uncountable Stars (2014)
MAP Project (2018)
Road from Ruin (2018)
Collaborations
New Irish Hymns (2002) (with Moya Brennan and Margaret Becker)
New Irish Hymns 2 (2003) (with Margaret Becker and Kristyn Getty)
New Irish Hymns 3: Incarnation (2004) (with Margaret Becker and Kristyn Getty)
New Irish Hymns 4 (2005) (with Margaret Becker and Kristyn Getty)
Songs for Luca (with other Iona members and various other artists)
Veil of Gossamer (with Dave Bainbridge)
Xenogears Original Soundtrack (with Yasunori Mitsuda)
Xenosaga: Episode One Original Soundtrack (with Yasunori Mitsuda)
Xenosaga: Episode One "Kokoro" Single (with Yasunori Mitsuda)
The Unseen Stream (solo release by Troy Donockley)
The Pursuit of Illusion (solo release by Troy Donockley)
The Cave Sessions Vol.1 (with Andy Rogers)
References
External links
Official Iona Band biography
Iona Band biography
Joanne Hogg's page
Profile at Square Enix Music Online
Category:Female singers from Northern Ireland
Category:British performers of Christian music
Category:People from Ballymena
Category:Presbyterians from Northern Ireland
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
Category:Women medical doctors from Northern Ireland
Category:Musicians from County Antrim
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The chlorine contents and chain lengths influence the neurobehavioral effects of commercial chlorinated paraffins on zebrafish larvae.
Increasing concern has arisen regarding ubiquitous environmental distribution and potential ecological and health risks of chlorinated paraffins (CPs), especially short chain congeners. Four commercial CP products with different carbon chain lengths and chlorine contents were employed to investigate and compare the possible neurotoxic effects on zebrafish larvae at 5 days post fertilization using behavioral tests, including locomotion, path angle, and two-fish social interaction. The high-chlorinated short-chain CP-70 product resulted in the strongest effects in all three tests, while the low-chlorinated long-chain CP-42 product was on the other end of the spectrum. The consequences of the chain length of two CP-52 products could be clearly distinguished by the tests. Although exposure to the two products both caused inhibition in the locomotion test, they resulted in different kinds of effects in the path angle and interaction tests. Our results suggested, as evidenced by the sensitivity and resolution of the behavioral tests, that the influence of the chain length and chlorine content of CPs could be well characterized and that chlorine content consistently showed a more significant impact than chain length. The health threats of long-chain CPs could also not be overlooked when they contained relatively high chlorine contents.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Q:
Aggregate variables in list of data frames into single data frame
I am performing a per policy life insurance valuation in R. Monthly cash flow projections are performed per policy and returns a data frame in the following format (for example):
Policy1 = data.frame(ProjM = 1:200,
Cashflow1 = rep(5,200),
Cashflow2 = rep(10,200))
My model returns a list (using lapply and a function which performs the per policy cashflow projection - based on various per policy details, escalation assumptions and life contingencies). I want to aggregate the cash flows across all policies by ProjM. The following code does what I want, but looking for a more memory efficient way (ie not using the rbindlist function). Example data:
Policy1 = data.frame(ProjM = 1:5,
Cashflow1 = rep(5,5),
Cashflow2 = rep(10,5))
Policy2 = data.frame(ProjM = 1:3,
Cashflow1 = rep(50,3),
Cashflow2 = rep(-45,3))
# this is the output containing 35000 data frames:
ListOfDataFrames = list(Policy1 = Policy1, Policy2 = Policy2)
My code:
library(data.table)
OneBigDataFrame <- rbindlist(ListOfDataFrames)
MyOutput <- aggregate(. ~ ProjM, data = OneBigDataFrame, FUN = sum)
Output required:
ProjM Cashflow1 Cashflow2
1 55 -35
2 55 -35
3 55 -35
4 5 10
5 5 10
I have looked for examples, and R aggregate list of dataframe performs aggregation for all data frames, but do not combine them into 1 data frame.
A:
With data.table syntax the one step approach would be to create the big data.table first and then do the aggregation:
library(data.table)
OneBigDataFrame <- rbindlist(ListOfDataFrames)
OneBigDataFrame[, lapply(.SD, sum), by = ProjM]
or, more concise
rbindlist(ListOfDataFrames)[, lapply(.SD, sum), by = ProjM]
ProjM Cashflow1 Cashflow2
1: 1 55 -35
2: 2 55 -35
3: 3 55 -35
4: 4 5 10
5: 5 5 10
Now, the OP has requested to avoid creating the big data.table first in order to save memory. This requires a two step approach where the aggregates are computed for each data.table which are then aggregated to a grand total in the final step:
rbindlist(
lapply(ListOfDataFrames,
function(x) setDT(x)[, lapply(.SD, sum), by = ProjM])
)[, lapply(.SD, sum), by = ProjM]
ProjM Cashflow1 Cashflow2
1: 1 55 -35
2: 2 55 -35
3: 3 55 -35
4: 4 5 10
5: 5 5 10
Note that setDT() is used here to coerce the data.frames to data.table by reference, i.e., without creating an additional copy which saves time and memory.
Benchmark
Using the benchmark data of d.b (list of 10000 data.frames with 100 rows each, 28.5 Mb in total) with all answers provided so far:
mb <- microbenchmark::microbenchmark(
malan = {
OneBigDataFrame <- rbindlist(test)
malan <- aggregate(. ~ ProjM, data = OneBigDataFrame, FUN = sum)
},
d.b = d.b <- with(data = data.frame(do.call(dplyr::bind_rows, test)),
expr = aggregate(x = list(Cashflow1 = Cashflow1, Cashflow2 = Cashflow2),
by = list(ProjM = ProjM),
FUN = sum)),
a.gore = {
newagg <- function(dataset) {
dataset <- data.table(dataset)
dataset <- dataset[,lapply(.SD,sum),by=ProjM,.SDcols=c("Cashflow1","Cashflow2")]
return(dataset)
}
a.gore <- newagg(rbindlist(lapply(test,newagg)))
},
dt1 = dt1 <- rbindlist(test)[, lapply(.SD, sum), by = ProjM],
dt2 = dt2 <- rbindlist(
lapply(test,
function(x) setDT(x)[, lapply(.SD, sum), by = ProjM])
)[, lapply(.SD, sum), by = ProjM],
times = 5L
)
mb
Unit: milliseconds
expr min lq mean median uq max neval cld
malan 565.43967 583.08300 631.15898 600.45790 605.60237 801.2120 5 b
d.b 707.50261 710.31127 719.25591 713.54526 721.26691 743.6535 5 b
a.gore 14706.40442 14747.76305 14861.61641 14778.88547 14805.29412 15269.7350 5 d
dt1 40.10061 40.92474 42.27034 41.55434 42.07951 46.6925 5 a
dt2 8806.85039 8846.47519 9144.00399 9295.29432 9319.17251 9452.2275 5 c
The fastest solution is the one step approach using data.table which is 15 times faster than the second fastest. Surprisingly, the two step data.table approaches are magnitudes slower than the one step approach.
To make sure that all solutions return the same result this can be checked using
all.equal(malan, d.b)
all.equal(malan, as.data.frame(a.gore))
all.equal(malan, as.data.frame(dt1))
all.equal(malan, as.data.frame(dt2))
which return TRUE in all cases.
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"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Recent design changes in fabrication of area array packages (e.g., Ball Grid Arrays (BGAs) and Chip Scale Packages (CSPs)) have resulted in a change in the reflectivity of the solder balls placed on these devices. In previous area array package designs, solder ball surfaces were relatively uneven and rough. When illuminated by a laser beam, for instance, the uneven and rough solder ball surfaces resulted in a strongly diffused and scattered incident light. More recent area array packages are characterized by solder balls that maintain a smooth and highly reflective surface.
Laser triangulation systems for the measurement of solder ball height and position on area array devices typically use a light emission source (e.g., a laser) and a receiver arrangement (e.g., a laser beam sensor). The laser projects a laser beam vertically down onto the surface of the area array device such that the surfaces of the solder balls are illuminated. Position sensing devices then record the position of the reflected light. The position sensing devices in the receiver arrangement of the sensor typically are arranged to operate at an angle between 20° to 30° from the normal plane of the solder ball, but may also operate in a range from 10° to 45°. When the solder ball surfaces are highly reflective, as in the case of new area array devices, the intensity of the reflected light in the receiver section varies over a very large range as the laser beam traverses across the surface of the solder ball.
When the laser beam reaches the apex (the highest elevation) of the solder ball, the solder ball surface is generally normal to the incoming laser beam. As a result of the positioning of the laser beam relative to the solder ball surface, as well as the reflectiveness of the solder ball surface, most of the laser beam light is reflected back towards the laser. The smooth surface of the solder ball results in minimal scattering of light toward the receiver arrangement. The receiver arrangement signal reception intensity and signal-to-noise ratio are low, resulting in very low signal quality. When the laser beam reaches a point on the solder ball surface where the ball surface normal is at approximately half the receiver angle, in most instances 10° to 15°, the laser beam is strongly specularly reflected directly into the receiver arrangement. This strong reflection results in a high amount of reflected laser beam light and a high signal intensity at the receiving arrangement. The large amount of reflected laser light often saturates the receiver arrangement and consequently the position sensing devices, resulting in poor overall signal quality at this location on the solder ball surface. Beyond this point, (i.e. progressing down the sides of the solder ball towards the bottom of the solder ball) most of the laser light is reflected more horizontally, and eventually towards the device floor, away from the receiver arrangement and corresponding position sensing devices. A single laser beam intensity may not be able to provide high quality receiver signals over the entire ball surface.
There is therefore a need to provide a method to accurately measure highly reflective solder balls placed upon area array packages.
U.S. Patent No. 4,991,968 describes conventional methods and apparatus for obtaining three dimensional object surface determination. As can be seen in FIG. 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,991,968, included as FIG. 1 of the present application, the prior art system 1 includes a projector assembly 3 with a projector 3A, variable power supply 3B, power controller 3C, video amplifer 8, processing unit 9, master timing control 29, and control circuitry 14. The method and apparatus disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,991,968 have a significant drawback of being costly to produce due to the number of components used. Additionally, these conventional system are bulky to operate and do not adapt to chip scale packages used today. There is therefore an additional need to provide a method and apparatus for scanning the surface of an object that is not cumbersome to the user.
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{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
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Phytoplankton bloom produced by a receding ice edge in the ross sea: spatial coherence with the density field.
Measurements of chlorophyll, particulate carbon, and biogenic silica concentrations near a receding ice edge off the coast of Victoria Land, Antarctica, indicated the presence of a dense phytoplankton bloom. The bloom extended 250 kilometers from the ice edge and was restricted to waters where the melting of ice had resulted in reduced salinity. The region involved was one of enhanced vertical stability, which may have favored phytoplankton growth, accumulation, or both. Epontic algae released from melting ice may have served as an inoculum for the bloom. Ratios of organic carbon to chlorophyll and biogenic silica to carbon were unusually high, resulting in high biogenic silica concentrations despite only moderately high chlorophyll levels.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Q:
Цикл с заданными параметрами при get запросе
Работаю с джанго. На первый get запрос создается объект модели CurrentGame с заданными полями, в котором имеется поле small_blind_seat(номер места). После завершения всех операция, посылается новый get запрос и создается новый объект модели CurrentGame. Нужно чтобы поле small_blind_seat для каждого нового объекта модели Game увеличивалось на 1 и так пока не станет равной 6, потом опять с 1. В голову только приходит переменная, которая будет увеличиваться на 1, после каждого get запроса, но у меня ничего не вышло с ее описанием, вернее не знаю как сделать так чтобы она увеличивалась после нового запроса.
class StartGame(View):
def get(self, request):
game_1_start = CurrentGame.objects.create(
small_blind=1,
big_blind=2,
bank=3,
small_blind_seat=i,
)
A:
Не понимаю зачем Вам это. Но ладно.
Сохраняйте свой счетчик "i" где-нибудь (в БД хотя бы) с дефолтным значением 0.
Перед тем, как создавать объект модели CurrentGame, проверяйте равен он 6 или нет. Если не равен увеличивайте на 1. Если равен: i = 1.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Peer review: a simplified approach.
One hundred and thirteen grant applications were initially reviewed with only a brief outline of the applicant and the proposal and were later reviewed in more detail with the reports of outside experts. The detailed discussion and referees' reports had little impact on the original ratings.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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An opposition party resorted to quite an original way of disrupting the plenary meeting at the Kosovo Assembly – deploying teargas. The unorthodox parliamentary maneuver resulted in two people being hospitalized and one fainting.
The MPs in Pristina had just finished a reading of several drafts when the leader of the far-right ‘Vetevendosje’ (‘Self-determination’) party Aljbin Kurti suddenly threw a teargas grenade into the hall, Serbia’s Novosti.rs reports.
The move was meant to be in protest of a recent EU-brokered deal between Belgrade and Pristina that established Serbian-majority municipalities in Kosovo, and another deal relating to borders between Kosovo and Montenegro, another former part of Yugoslavia.
An MP from the majority Flora Brovina party fell unconscious shortly after the teargas was released. At least four ambulances were dispatched to the scene. In the end, two female MPs also had to be hospitalized.
The 120-seat Assembly has faced roadblocks since September owing to the activity of opposition MPs who control about a quarter of the seats. They have been physically obstructing the plenary sessions as well as trying to prevent majority MPs from speaking.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Post subject: It ain't hype if it's true - the Cloud is the real deal.....
Posted: Wed Jul 24, 2013 4:13 am
Rare Poster
Joined: Tue Oct 04, 2011 9:15 pmPosts: 13Location: Jupiter, FL
I'm a sold intermediate kiter, 6'4 225 lbs. Like many of you, I have work and family obligations that prohibit running to the beach every time the wind is on. Accordingly, when I can kite I want to have great sessions, and I want to get on the water no matter how light the wind is (not easy at my weight).
I've been intrigued by the new strutless Maui Boardriding Cloud kites. I have read and viewed everything online about them, most of which has been overwhelmingly positive. However, I wanted to try them before buying.
Two local kiters here in Jupiter were kind enough to loan me a 17M and 13M Cloud kite today. Conditions were light winds ranging from 10 – 15 mph at most. The fact that I could get up on my twintip was amazing, and the fact that I had a great day on the water that otherwise would have been a bust is priceless.
Some characteristics of the Cloud kites:
-Light and Stable in the air
-Smooth Seamless Power
-Quick Turning (Yes, even the 17M)
-Light Bar pressure, much less fatiguing
-Extremely Efficient
I got going on my regular twintip board in winds far lighter than I have with any other kite. You can kite in lighter winds and/or ride smaller kites
I watched an advanced rider shredding on a surfboard with the 13M Cloud in 10-14 mph wind, carving turns I like a maniac.
Some people have commented on the occasional “luffing” the kite exhibits. This is true, and it is analogous to a sail. When a sail is luffing, it needs to be sheeted to return to the optimal aerodynamic shape. A quick sheet adjustment tightens up the kite and you know you are back to optimum aerodynamic performance. Also, this kite needs some power for steering, if the kite is fully depowered your steering is limited.
If you need kites, I strongly encourage you to consider the Cloud. The fact that it's much cheaper than other kites is just a bonus.
I have no vested interest in this or any other kite brands or products.
Post subject: Re: It ain't hype if it's true - the Cloud is the real deal.
Posted: Thu Jul 25, 2013 3:23 pm
Frequent Poster
Joined: Tue Jul 15, 2008 1:40 pmPosts: 266
Disclaimer: not ridden a cloud yet, just trying to make some sense of the feedback from riders who have ridden it.
CFS wrote:
I watched an advanced rider shredding on a surfboard with the 13M Cloud in 10-14 mph wind, carving turns I like a maniac.
Did he have to depower the kite so as to not be pulled off the pocket?Was there a moving wall pushing him towards the kite while he linked his turns?
CFS wrote:
Some people have commented on the occasional “luffing” the kite exhibits. This is true, and it is analogous to a sail. When a sail is luffing, it needs to be sheeted to return to the optimal aerodynamic shape. A quick sheet adjustment tightens up the kite and you know you are back to optimum aerodynamic performance. Also, this kite needs some power for steering, if the kite is fully depowered your steering is limited.
One of the most important characteristics of a surf kite is steering/reactiveness with slack lines.
There are two kinds of slack line scenarios: one is the slack of the backlines from depowering the kite (what you do in order to not pulled off the pocket), the other is the slack of all lines from riding towards the kite (which happens when turns are not tight enough and/or onshore wind components are involved). In the first, small angles of attack are involved. In the second, not necessarily.
Both kinds of slack (and usually a combination of the two) happen all the time in the surf. Which of the two happens the most will depend on style/conditions.
Am I wrong in assuming that a depowered slouch is also a slack line (in the riding towards the kite sense) slouch, or could it be that at higher angles of attack the kite behaves a bit better?
In other words: when you ride towards the kite and generate slack in the lines with the bar fully pulled in, how does it respond to steering? Does it also luff?
Post subject: Re: It ain't hype if it's true - the Cloud is the real deal.
Posted: Fri Jan 17, 2014 8:03 pm
Frequent Poster
Joined: Tue Jul 15, 2008 1:40 pmPosts: 266
For the Cloud waveriders out there:
Decided to ressurect this thread, as I still haven't been able to try a Cloud (none around here!) even though this kite really intrigues me.
Almost all reviews say that it luffs (and thus creates a lot of drag) when depowered, and needs tight backlines in order get back on shape and react to steering. Many reviews also say this is a great wave kite because of its drift characteristics (which I assume is because of its light weight + low AR + drag when it luffs making it "go with the wind").
I guess my main question is, when all your lines go slack in the surf (which will happen sooner or later, much sooner in side-on and later in side-off), how fast does the Cloud react to steering input?
Post subject: Re: It ain't hype if it's true - the Cloud is the real deal.
Posted: Fri Jan 17, 2014 8:30 pm
Very Frequent Poster
Joined: Thu Jun 05, 2003 3:37 amPosts: 2543
When all the lines are slack, my experience is that the cloud hangs in the air and drifts back until sheeting in can tighten the lines, and does this more easily than most because it has a shorter bar stroke from depowered to full power. With 4 slack lines, I don't think any kite will steer much, but the cloud and other good wave kites at least will not hindenberg or backstall easily. If there is light wind and a big wave pushes you too fast under the kite though, no guarantees of a great result with any kite, to my knowledge.
It may seem that other kites turn better when depowered, but keep in mind, if you sheet them all the way out (meaning to full depower, not necessarily to limit of bar travel), do they still turn well? The difference is that with the cloud, sheeting all the way out is only moving the bar foot or so, not a meter. Another thing to consider: what will the cloud version 2 be like?The website shows a shorter, no-pulley bridle and thinner LE.To change the LE and bridle that much, a lot of work must have been done.It will be interesting to see how the new ones are...
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Face and facial expression memory in temporal lobe epilepsy patients: preliminary results.
Right temporal lobe structures are involved in face and facial expression processing and in mnestic functions. Face and facial expression memory was investigated in 15 patients with left (LTLE) and 18 patients with right (RTLE) temporal lobe epilepsy as well as 13 healthy controls. Pairs of pictures combining four faces and four emotions had to be matched according to face identity or facial expression. In the memory tasks, the two pictures of a pair were divided by a memory interval of 2000 milliseconds, whereas in the perception tasks (control condition) both pictures were presented simultaneously. RTLE patients had significantly lower scores than healthy controls in face memory. LTLE patients had significantly lower scores than healthy controls in face and facial expression memory. The data confirm impaired face memory in RTLE patients and show that LTLE patients display deficits in face as well as in facial expression memory. Results are discussed according to functional reorganization, memory strategies, perception performance, naming problems, and group characteristics.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
Making a toroidal array in C# (console) for my Conway's game of life, need a little help
Hey there, the way my program works so far is...
I have a class called Grid, so far this works,
Grid contains a member, 'board' which is a 2D array of bools.
I manage to load values from a file into the grid fine,
in fact I manage to preform Conway's life iterations just fine,
however the program behaves as if the cells outside the grid are dead (not toroidal)
here's the code (C#) for the member of Grid which I use to find neighbours:
public bool Peek(int Horz, int Vert)
{
int X = x + Horz, Y = y + Vert;
if (X < 0)
X = width - 1;
else if (X > width - 1)
X = 0;
if (Y < 0)
Y = height - 1;
else if (Y > height - 1)
Y = 0;
return board[X, Y];
}
this appears to be where the problem is,
Horz and Vert are defining the relative position in the array 'board'
x and y are the 'current position' members of the Class Grid.
I just can't see what's wrong, It should be in here.
in case you need it here is the code (in Program.Main) that counts neighbours
int neighbours = 0;
for (i = -1; i < 2; i++)
{
if (grid.Peek(i, -1))
neighbours++;
if (grid.Peek(i, 1))
neighbours++;
}
if (grid.Peek(-1, 0))
neighbours++;
if (grid.Peek(1, 0))
neighbours++;
if (grid.Cell)
{
if (neighbours == 2 || neighbours == 3)
next.Cell = true;
else next.Cell = false;
}
else
{
if (neighbours == 3)
next.Cell = true;
else next.Cell = false;
}
the value of grid.Cell (grid being an instance of Grid) is the same as grid.Peek(0, 0) and then the x and y positions in the grid object move to the next cell. (as part of the get and set methods)
A:
x and y are the 'current position' members of the Class Grid.
I don't see a bug in the code snippet but this statement raises a Big Red Flag. The grid doesn't have a current position, only a Cell does. You cannot keep track of the 'next.Cell' state for the grid, it must be computed for each individual cell. The next grid is created from the new cells after evaluating all the grid positions. Or use two grids and swap them.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Redox-Regulated, Targeted Affinity Isolation of NADH-Dependent Protein Interactions with the Branched Chain Aminotransferase Proteins.
Isolation and identification of protein targets for redox-active proteins is challenging. The human branched chain aminotransferase (hBCAT) proteins are redox active transaminases that can be regulated through oxidation, S-nitrosation and S-glutathionylation. This metabolic protein was shown to associate with the E1 decarboxylase component of the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex in a NADH-dependent manner, where mutation of the CXXC center was shown to prevent complex formation. To determine if the redox state of the CXXC motif can influence other NADH-dependent protein-protein interactions, proteins were extracted from neuronal cells treated under reduced and oxidized conditions and then isolated using targeted affinity chromatography, resolved using 2D electrophoresis. Select proteins spots were excised and identified using a quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer (Thermo) with a precursor tolerance of 10 ppm and subsequently analyzed using Proteome Discoverer 2.1 with Swiss-Prot human DB. Mass tolerances for precursor/product were set to 10 ppm/0.6 Da and data were filtered by peptide confidence with PD2.1. It was determined that the protein profile considerably altered in both number and abundance dependent on the redox state of the cell and also on the availability of the redox active thiol groups. The biological relevance of the newly identified partners was determined using DAVID, the bioinformatics database, which indicated that proteins important to cytoskeletal function, protein transport, protein synthesis, chaperone activity, and cell signaling.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Rákóczi March
The "Rákóczi March" (Hungarian: Rákóczi-induló), sometimes known as the "Hungarian March" was the unofficial state anthem of Hungary before Ferenc Kölcsey wrote the Himnusz.
History and usage
The first version of this march-song was probably created around 1730 by one or more anonymous composers, although tradition says that it was the favourite march of Francis Rákóczi II. That early version, the Rákóczi-nóta (Rákóczi Song), a setting of a Kuruc poem, was a lament complaining about the misfortune of the Magyars and the Habsburg oppression. The song called back Francis Rákóczi II to save his people. It was very popular in the 18th century but in the 19th century the more refined Rákóczi March became prevalent. It became a folksong with more than 20 versions and was sung even after the 1848 revolution. It gave inspiration to the poets Sándor Petőfi, Ferenc Kölcsey and Kálmán Thaly.
The "Rákóczi March" was played by Gypsy violinist János Bihari between 1809–1820, and the music is sometimes misattributed to him. Hector Berlioz included the music in his composition La Damnation de Faust. Between 1823–1871 Franz Liszt wrote a number of arrangements, including his Hungarian Rhapsody No. 15, based on the theme. Pianist Vladimir Horowitz composed a variation on the "Rákóczi March" with elements of both the Liszt and Berlioz versions, which greatly expands on the bravura and flash of the Liszt composition.
Today the tune is heard usually as an instrumental, without the lyrics. The Berlioz version has become a popular folk-music selection in Hungary, especially for weddings. The March is played at state and military celebrations and is the official inspection march of the Hungarian Defence Forces. The tune was used for decades as the morning signal of Kossuth Rádió at the beginning of the daily broadcast. The march gave its name to a 1933 Austrian-Hungarian feature film—Rakoczy-Marsch—starring Gustav Fröhlich (who also directed), Camilla Horn, Leopold Kramer and others. The March is also featured prominently in the French historical drama La Grande Vadrouille.
See also
The national anthem of Hungary, Himnusz.
Traditional unofficial national anthem of Hungary, Szózat
References
Images of the sheet music
Web Gallery of Art
External links
Category:Hungarian patriotic songs
Category:Hungarian military marches
Category:European anthems
Category:National symbols of Hungary
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Off-pump coronary artery bypass is associated with improved risk-adjusted outcomes.
The impact of off-pump median sternotomy coronary artery bypass grafting procedures on risk-adjusted mortality and morbidity was evaluated versus on-pump procedures. Using the Department of Veterans Affairs Continuous Improvement in Cardiac Surgery Program records from October 1997 through March 1999, nine centers were designated as having experience (with at least 8% coronary artery bypass grafting procedures performed off-pump). Using all other 34 Veterans Affairs cardiac surgery programs, baseline logistic regression models were built to predict risk of 30-day operative mortality and morbidity. These models were then used to predict outcomes for patients at the nine study centers. A final model evaluated the impact of the off-pump approach within these nine centers adjusting for preoperative risk. Patients treated off-pump (n = 680) versus on-pump (n = 1,733) had lower complication rates (8.8% versus 14.0%) and lower mortality (2.7% versus 4.0%). Risk-adjusted morbidity and mortality were also improved for these patients (0.52 and 0.56 multivariable odds ratios for off-pump versus on-pump, respectively, p < 0.05). An off-pump approach for coronary artery bypass grafting procedures is associated with lower risk-adjusted morbidity and mortality.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Bronchiolitis obliterans in workers exposed to flavoring chemicals.
Medical and environmental surveys at microwave popcorn plants and flavoring production plants have revealed a risk for bronchiolitis obliterans in workers exposed to flavoring chemicals. Workers in other food industries may also be at risk. This review summarizes the available information on disease characteristics and natural history and provides information on workplace characteristics associated with disease development. Investigations carried out in flavoring plants in California have identified severely affected current and former workers in four plants. Affected former workers have also been identified at a plant in the Netherlands that manufactured diacetyl, a predominant chemical in butter flavorings which has been implicated as a causal agent for lung disease in microwave popcorn workers. Workers who manufacture or use flavorings can be subjected to repeated intense exposures to flavoring chemicals. Affected workers can progress to severe fixed airways obstruction in as little as 7 months. Since medical treatment is generally ineffective, early identification of affected workers and removal from further exposure, along with control of exposures to protect coworkers, are essential to minimize this hazard.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Punit Paranjpe / AFP/Getty Images
Paytm is one of India's biggest e-retailers, and it doesn't want to end up plagued by counterfeiters like Chinese backer Alibaba.
More than three quarters (or 85,000) of sellers on the company's online shopping platform were axed in what could be the market's largest crackdown on dubious sellers, reported Bloomberg on Wednesday. Consequently, only 30,000 sellers remain on Paytm Mall.
The move is an effort to clamp down on questionable sellers and fraudulent practices in order to earn trust from its customers. While the problem of fakes may not be as pervasive in India as it is in China, the country sits among the top 10 exporters of counterfeit goods, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
"It is a drastic measure but we need to do that to create the right kind of e-commerce platform," Amit Sinha, Paytm's chief operating officer, told Bloomberg. "We wanted to clean up our house and reset Paytm Mall on the trust count."
The move is also seen as part of Paytm's battle for a larger piece of the market against more established rivals in the country such as Amazon and Flipkart, which boast hundreds of thousands of sellers on their respective platforms. Given that the number of internet users in India will keep growing, Google India expects the country's e-commerce market to reach $100 billion by 2020.
CNET has reached out to Paytm for a comment.
Tech Enabled: CNET chronicles tech's role in providing new kinds of accessibility.
Batteries Not Included: The CNET team reminds us why tech is cool.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Introduction {#S0001}
============
Bipolar disorder (BP) is a mental disorder that consists of manic/hypomanic and depressive episodes or manic episodes separated by periods of a stable mood. Manic episodes include elevated or irritable mood, hyperactivity, pressure of speech, inflated self-esteem, and a decreased need for sleep.[@CIT0001] Lifetime prevalence of BP is 1.0% for BP-I, 1.1% for BP-II, and 2.4% for subthreshold BP.[@CIT0002] BP is a debilitating disorder due to its early onset, severity, and chronicity.[@CIT0003] Moreover, there is huge caregivers' burden related to patient behavior and patients' and caregivers' role dysfunction.[@CIT0004]
The general public's beliefs and attitudes toward mental illness may affect the level of care and treatment those with the illness receive.[@CIT0005] The public's knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes toward BP are discussed extensively in the literature. A study in the United Kingdom explored the beliefs of lay people about the cause and treatment of BP. Brain's chemical imbalance, drug use, emotional childhood trauma, and genetics were the most highly reported causes.[@CIT0006] A study in Spain[@CIT0007] on the opinions and beliefs about schizophrenia and BP found that 72% of the Spanish population endorsed psychological treatments as an effective therapeutic choice. This study also demonstrated prevalent concerns, including social rejection and lack of information and resources. Furthermore, more than half of participants in the first national survey of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors toward BP in France[@CIT0008] cited stressful life events, lifestyle/environment, and drugs and alcohol abuse as the most important risk factors for BP, whereas one-quarter of participants selected genetic factors. Although both biomedical and psychosocial causes of BP were endorsed over fate causes by United Kingdom residents,[@CIT0009] this may not be same in other cultures that have supernatural beliefs.
In a Saudi Arabia, a misunderstanding of psychiatric disorders was demonstrated by the staff in general hospital.[@CIT0010] Poor knowledge and negative attitudes were reported by both doctors and patients in another Saudi general hospital, which negatively influenced the referral rates.[@CIT0011] A qualitative research conducted in Saudi primary healthcare centers has reported traditions, cultural norms as a main reason of stigma associated with psychiatric disorders. In addition, other significant reasons of stigma were reported, e.g. fear the reaction of psychiatric patients, lack of community awareness about psychiatric disorders and the role of psychiatrist, belief that psychiatric disorders cannot be cured, and that psychiatric disorders are hereditary. Whether patients will seek psychiatric help for BP also varies. The participants in the qualitative research have frequently mentioned seeking help from family or friends before consulting psychiatrist. On the other hand, going to "sheiks" (religious people) for Qur'an treatment was also reported.[@CIT0012] Regarding patients with BP, a study from Egypt conducted on patients with BP showed that 40.8% sought help from traditional healers before seeking psychiatric services.[@CIT0013] Other studies conducted in Saudi Arabia and Sudan have also reported patients with BP as being among visitors to traditional healers who interpret psychiatric disorders as being caused by spiritual and supernatural causes, e.g. jinn, evil eye, and witchcraft. This likely represents an important cause of delay in seeking psychiatric services, which may worsen the patients' prognosis.[@CIT0014]--[@CIT0017] Due to lack of data from Saudi Arabia, the objective of this study was to determine the public's knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes toward BP.
Materials And Methods {#S0002}
=====================
Study Design {#S0002-S2001}
------------
Data for this study were obtained using a cross-sectional survey during September and October, 2016. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at the Faculty of Medicine at King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Informed written consent was obtained from the participants after a detailed explanation of the aims of the study.
Sample Population {#S0002-S2002}
-----------------
This study included both male and female, who are Arabic speakers over 17 years old currently living in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Survey participants under the age of 18 were permitted and approved by the Institutional Review Board at the Faculty of Medicine at King Saud University. People without the capacity to consent were excluded.
Recruitment {#S0002-S2003}
-----------
Eighteen medical students were trained to distribute the questionnaire to the residents of all regions of Riyadh (North, South, East, West). Medical students had small booths in shopping malls, public parks, hospitals, and on the walkway streets. Participants were selected conveniently.
Data Collection {#S0002-S2004}
---------------
A data collection tool was constructed from the literature on assessing mental health literacy in Arab regions.[@CIT0018]--[@CIT0021] It was adapted mainly from a validated questionnaire which has been used in Saudi study on depression literacy with its parametrized answers.[@CIT0018] We chose items that assess BP awareness based on causes and treatments. We also added items that assess beliefs and attitudes toward people with BP. The questionnaire was translated into Arabic, approved by four psychiatrists, and then tested for both comprehension and readability by 20 subjects who were not included in the study. The time required to complete the survey was targeted to be around five minutes.
The final questionnaire consisted of the following sections: 1) sociodemographic characteristics including age, gender, marital status, nationality, educational level, and working status; 2) BP awareness based on: a) information had two items, b) sources of information used by participants were structured from none to eight potential sources (internet, social media, television, newspapers/magazines, leaflets/posters, hospitals/clinics, pharmacist/chemist, and relatives/friends/spouses), c) knowledge about the causes of BP had nine items, and d) knowledge about the treatment of BP had ten items; and 3) beliefs and attitudes toward patients with BP. Responses for BP awareness (Sections a--d) were either "yes" or "no". Responses for beliefs and attitudes toward patients with BP were: "strongly agree," "agree," "neutral," "disagree," and "strongly disagree". The scale of BP awareness was created from the sum of responses to the 21 items in Sections a, c, d. Positive responses were considered by answering "yes" to the positive statements: 2 items in section (a), 7 items in section (c), and 3 items in section (d). On the other hand, positive responses were considered by answering "no" to incorrect statements; 2 items in section (c) and 7 items in section (d). The 21 statements are illustrated in [Table 1](#T0001){ref-type="table"}.Table 1Percentages Of Positive Responses Toward Bipolar Awareness, Including Information And Knowledge (N=416)Item NumberStatementsPositive Response (%)**Information**1Heard about Bipolar Disorder\*49.52Bipolar is a common disorder in Saudi Arabia\*57.0**Causes of Bipolar**3Neurophysiologic or neurochemical imbalance\*45.24Certain medical conditions, e.g. Cancer, Diabetes, Heart diseases, hypothyroidism \*26.05Heredity or genetic\*34.16Unhealthy lifestyle\*50.27Weakness of character, e.g. Weak personality59.98Substance abuse49.09Medications\*23.110Weak faith52.211Traumatic event in life, e.g. Death of a close one, physical injury, theft, disaster, etc.\*59.9**Treatment of Bipolar**12Psychiatric medications (e.g. antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, sedatives)\*47.613Talk to family or friends48.114Head bandage by traditional therapist58.715Smoking96.616Having an occasional alcoholic drink96.917Amphetamine or Hash97.418Electroconvulsive therapy under psychiatrist supervision\*12.719Using brief counselling therapies (e.g. cognitive and/or behavioral therapies)\*44.020Hitting and choking by faith healers97.821Involve in recreational activities46.4[^1]
Statistical Analysis {#S0002-S2005}
--------------------
Data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS 22; IBM Corp., New York, NY, USA). Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and categorical variables were expressed as percentages. A Student's *t*-test was used for continuous variables and the chi-square test was used for categorical variables. Because bipolar awareness score had a normal distribution, participants scoring more than or equal to the mean score of 12 points (\~\>70%) were defined arbitrary as bipolar literate.[@CIT0018] The differences in BP awareness were examined by sociodemographic characteristics, using BP awareness score ≤12 as a low awareness and BP awareness score \>12 as a high awareness, which is illustrated in [Table 2](#T0002){ref-type="table"}. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Low score (≤12) for BP awareness was used as an outcome (dependent variable) while sociodemographic variables were used as predictors (independent variables). Variables that were significant in univariate analysis were adjusted in multivariate analysis. A p-value \<0.05 was considered statistically significant.Table 2Univariate And Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis To Predict Poor Bipolar Awareness Using Sociodemographic Characteristics (N=416)VariablesLow Awareness(Score ≤12)\*High Awareness(Score \>12)Univariate AnalysisMultivariate Analysis\*\*N(%)N(%)OR95% CIOR95% CI**Age** \<25 years109(40.1)70(48.6)1.00.50--2.17 25--44 years133(48.9)54(37.5)1.70.78--3.46 ≥45 years30(11.0)20(13.9)1.0**Gender** Male112(41.2)49(34.0)1.40.89--2.07 Female160(58.9)95(65.97)1.0**Marital Status** Married142(52.21)47(35.34)1.5\*\*\*1.01--2.311.080.56--2.06 Single130(47.79)86(64.66)1.01.0**Nationality** Non-Saudi60(22.1)13(9.0)2.6\*\*\*1.40--4.871.220.56--2.66 Saudi212(77.9)131(90.97)1.01.0**Educational level** High school or less82(30.2)23(15.97)2.0\*\*\*1.20--3.361.930.98--3.79 College and above190(69.9)121(84.0)1.01.0**Monthly income** Less than 5000 SR119(43.8)79(54.9)1.80.78--2.821.890.77--4.62 5000--10,000 SR93(34.19)16(11.1)2.2\*\*\*1.41--6.002.080.91--4.75 10,000--15,000 SR30(11.0)17(11.8)1.50.66--3.581.520.58--3.94 More than 15,000 SR30(11.0)32(22.2)1.01.0**Career status** Student68(25)75(52.1)1.01.0 Employed139(51.1)52(36.1)2.7\*\*\*1.69--1.692.44\*\*\*1.13--5.27 Unemployed65(23.9)17(11.8)3.6\*\*\*1.89--6.652.80\*\*\*1.10--7.11**Healthcare professions status** Yes35(48.6)37(51.4)1.01.0 No237(68.9)107(31.1)2.3\*\*\*1.40--3.922.15\*\*\*1.14--4.04[^2]
Results {#S0003}
=======
Sociodemographic Characteristics {#S0003-S2001}
--------------------------------
Of the 542 questionnaires distributed, 416 were completed (response rate of 76.75%). The demographic characteristics of the surveyed population are presented in [Table 3](#T0003){ref-type="table"}.Table 3Socio-Demographic Characteristics (N=416)CharacteristicsNumber\*%\***1- Age** (Mean ± SD)\*29.5 ± 10.7**2- Gender** Male16138.7 Female25561.3**3- Marital Status** Single21551.7 Married19045.7 Divorced61.4 Widowed51.2**4- Nationality** Saudi34382.5 Non-Saudi7317.5**5- Educational level** No formal education51.2 Elementary school education30.7 Intermediate school education174.1 High school education8119.5 Diploma degree286.7 Bachelor degree25060.1 Master degree266.3 PhD degree51.2 Other10.2**6- Career** Student13833.2 Employed19446.6 Unemployed8420.2**7- Health professional status** Yes14133.9 No27566.1**8- Monthly income** Less than 5000 SR19145.9 5000--10,000SR12329.6 10,000--15,000SR4711.3 More than 15,000 SR5513.2[^3]
BP Awareness Based On Information And Knowledge {#S0003-S2002}
-----------------------------------------------
[Table 1](#T0001){ref-type="table"} displays the positive responses from the 21-items scale provided by the participants on BP awareness based on information and knowledge about causes and treatments. Of the 416 participants, 50.5% had heard about BP, mainly from the internet (22.4%), social media (13%), and spouse/partner/relatives/friends (9.4%), while only 7% had heard it from clinics or hospitals. Moreover, 50% think that BP is common in Saudi Arabia. About half (45.2%) of the participants believed that neurophysiological or neurochemical imbalance is a cause of BP and 47.6% believed that psychiatric medications are a treatment for BP. In terms of BP origin, heredity or genetics was considered by 34.1% of participants and certain medical conditions were considered by 26% of them. Almost half of the participants believed that substance abuse is a cause of BP and most of them believed that smoking, having an occasional alcoholic drink, and amphetamine or hash use are not valid treatments to be used for BP (96.6%, 96.9%, and 97.4%, respectively). In addition, a traumatic life event, e.g., death of a close one, physical injury, theft, and other disaster, was considered as a cause of BP by 59.9% of the participants. Using brief counseling therapies (e.g. cognitive and/or behavioral therapies) was considered to be a treatment for BP by 44% of the participants. Less than half of the participants believed that weakness of character and a weak faith represented causes of BP, at 40.1% and 47.8%, respectively. Moreover, supernatural causes of BP were mentioned in addition to the provided scale, e.g. evil eye, magic, and jinn possessions at 19.2%, 18.8%, and 17.1%, respectively. On the other hand, prayer and faith-healing were mentioned as treatments for BP by 66.6% and 42.3% of the participants, respectively.
Differences In The Awareness Of BP Based On Sociodemographic Characteristics {#S0003-S2003}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Using univariate analysis, all sociodemographic characteristics except age and gender were significantly associated with low awareness (BP awareness score ≤12). In multivariate analysis adjusted for the significant variables in univariate analysis including marital status, nationality, educational level, career, health professional status, and monthly income, only career status and healthcare professional status were significantly associated with low awareness ([Table 2](#T0003){ref-type="table"}). As indicated by adjusted odds ratios, students and healthcare professionals had significantly higher levels of awareness about BP ([Table 2](#T0003){ref-type="table"}). Students earned significantly higher numbers of positive responses in seven items compared to the employed or unemployed participants. Three items were from the causes of BP: "Neurophysiologic or neurochemical imbalances," "Medications," and "Weak faith" (p-value \<0.001, 0.005, and 0.013, respectively). The other four items were from the treatments of BP: "Psychiatric medications," "Having an occasional alcoholic drink," "Electroconvulsive therapy under psychiatrist supervision," and "Hitting or choking by faith healer" (p-value \<0.001, 0.049, \<0.001, and 0.001, respectively). Healthcare professionals also showed significantly more positive responses on four items compared to non-healthcare professionals. "Neurophysiologic or neurochemical imbalances" and "Medications" were endorsed by 66.7% and 33.3% of healthcare professionals as causes of BP compared to 40.7% and 20.9% of non-healthcare professionals (p-value \<0.001 and 0.023, respectively). "Psychiatric medications" and "Using brief counseling therapies" were endorsed by 62.5% and 55.6% of healthcare professionals as treatments for BP compared to 44.5% and 41.6% of non-healthcare professionals (p-value 0.005 and 0.030, respectively). In general, the level of awareness toward BP was not affected by the level of education. Nevertheless, compared with participants with lower education (high school or less), the participants with higher education (college and above) believed less that certain medical conditions may cause BP (22.3% versus 37.3%; p-value 0.003), believed more that certain medications may cause BP (25.7% versus 15.7%; p-value 0.039), and believed more that BP can be treated with psychiatric medications (50.7% versus 34.3%; p-value 0.004).
### Attitudes And Beliefs About BP {#S0003-S2003-S3001}
For approaches to patients with BP, a substantial number (85.8%) believed that a person with BP can work effectively, 46.7% believed that patients with BP have to pull themselves together to get over it, and 31.8% considered it a shame to mention that someone in the family has BP. Regarding having a relationship with person with BP, 21.9% were not willing to maintain a friendship with someone with BP, 39.3% were not willing to marry a person who was previously diagnosed with BP, 19% were not willing to marry a person who has family members diagnosed with BP, and 16.8% would not consider telling their future spouse if they were diagnosed with BP ([Table 4](#T0004){ref-type="table"}).Table 4Attitudes And Beliefs About Bipolar Disorder (N=416)In Your Opinion:Agreement PercentageIf someone is suffering from bipolar, he/she has to pull him/herself together for getting over it46.7A person with bipolar disorder can work effectively85.8It is a shame to mention that someone in a family has bipolar disorder31.8You would not be willing to maintain a friendship with someone with bipolar disorder21.9You would not be willing to marry a person who was previously diagnosed with bipolar disorder39.3You would not be willing to marry a person who has family members diagnosed with bipolar disorder19You would not tell your future spouse if you were diagnosed with bipolar disorder16.8
Discussion {#S0004}
==========
This study represents the first community-based survey of current public information, knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes toward BP in Saudi Arabia. This study showed that the internet and social media (35.4%) were major sources of information about BP, instead of clinics or hospitals (7%). This is not surprising as 77% of patients with BP reported using the internet to look up information about BP in an international multisite survey.[@CIT0022] Similarly, in the Arab world, there is a high interest in searching for online health information due to its fast and easy accessibility.[@CIT0023]--[@CIT0025] However, the lack of reliable and credible Arabic online health information has led to improving the quality of the Arabic health web through launching the King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz Arabic Health Encyclopedia website by the National Guard Health Affairs (NGHA), in collaboration with the Health On the Net Foundation (HON) and the World Health Organization (WHO). This Encyclopedia has multiple articles about mental health, including BP[@CIT0026] Such certified websites need more advertisement on the internet to be used by the general population.
The causes of BP cited by the Saudi population in this study, in descending order, were: traumatic life event, unhealthy lifestyle, substance abuse, neurophysiological or neurochemical imbalance, and heredity or genetics. These results are similar to those found in the United Kingdom and France.[@CIT0006],[@CIT0008],[@CIT0009] On the other hand, the highly endorsed treatments for BP by the Saudi population were: psychiatric medications and brief counseling therapies, which are also similar to the United Kingdom and Spain.[@CIT0006],[@CIT0007],[@CIT0009]
However, in our study, supernatural beliefs and weak faith were endorsed by half of the participants as causes of BP. Therefore, unsurprisingly, prayer and faith-healing were highly endorsed as a treatment for BP. Head bandaging by a traditional therapist was also a highly recognized treatment for BP. In this historical traditional method, a bandage is applied to the head, usually by wrap-around technique, that uses bony prominences as anchors or stays in order to treat mental illnesses.[@CIT0027] As per some traditional therapists' claims, this will prevent any air from entering between the skin and the scalp which may cause headache and other neuropsychiatric and somatic complaints.[@CIT0028] Comparable findings from a study conducted in Saudi Arabia investigating the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among visitors to faith healers reported that 12.3% of participants attributed their psychiatric illnesses to evil eye, magic (5.5%), social and financial stress (16.5%), and 49.3% reported more than one of the aforementioned reasons. However, none of the participants attributed psychiatric illness to a biological reason. In the same study, the most commonly used treatment was the Holy Quran (95.9%) and using blessed water (71.3%).[@CIT0015] In an Egyptian study, 40.8% of the patients with BP sought traditional faith healers and, of those, 62.2% did so before seeking psychiatric services.[@CIT0013] Also, a study conducted in Sudan reported that 20.7% attributed their mental illness to jinn, 19.3% to Shiatan, 28.4% to evil spirits, and 43.7% to magic.[@CIT0014] The belief in supernatural causes could be explained by poor knowledge about psychiatric conditions, projections, and defense mechanisms from the patients and their relatives to blame their problem on an external influence (supernatural causes), to relieve their guilty feelings regarding their responsibility for their illness, and to avoid the stigma associated with mental disorders and psychiatric medications[@CIT0017] As faith healers are highly appreciated and trusted by general population, we suggest to establish a mutually respectful relationship between mental health providers and faith healers, form a two-way dialogue to understand each other, in addition to licensing faith healers to formalize their practice, as well as educating them and promoting their training needs to recognize common psychiatric symptoms and refer in need patients to clinical care.[@CIT0015],[@CIT0017],[@CIT0029] These practitioners can also have a great impact on patients, so their role should not be neglected, and they should work in collaboration with the health mental system as per the WHO[@CIT0030]
In our study, we found that only 12.7% believe that ECT can treat BP despite it being a safe and highly effective tool to manage BP that is severe, treatment resistant, or occurs during pregnancy.[@CIT0031] Brief educational intervention has been found to improve ECT knowledge and attitudes toward ECT.[@CIT0032] Nevertheless, ECT, but not antidepressant medication utilization, is associated with global government expenditures on mental health. In Saudi Arabia, although the overall health budget has been increasing annually, there is still no independent budget for mental health.[@CIT0033]
Although the mortality rate for serious mental illnesses, including BP, was not significantly associated with recreational activities,[@CIT0034] involvement in recreational activities was highly endorsed as a treatment for BP in our study. Also, almost half of the participants in our study believe that if someone has BP, he/she has to pull him/herself together to get over it. These results hint at the tendency of underestimating the seriousness of BP and blaming the patient for having the illness.
Adjusted estimates from our study showed that students and healthcare professionals had significantly higher awareness about BP, especially in terms of causes and treatments. Similar findings were reported by other studies that showed both psychiatrists and nurses had greater biopsychosocial understandings of mental illness than the lay public, likely from their training and experience[@CIT0035] Another study showed that non-physician mental health clinicians were generally knowledgeable about BP but less knowledgeable about the pharmacotherapy for treating it[@CIT0036] Also, a Saudi study found that males with lower levels of education and income were more likely to use faith-healing[@CIT0037] It calls to attention the high rate of bachelor's degrees in the sample (60%), which is comparable to the results of the demographic survey of Saudi Arabia that was done by the General Authority for Statistics in 2016, and showed that (52.7%) of Saudi population have high level of education (high school and above).[@CIT0038] The increased knowledge among students may be attributed to their frequent chatting, discussion, and file sharing on social network sites.[@CIT0039] These findings support the benefit of extending the training efforts of health clinicians (physician and non-physician)[@CIT0036] and of developing reliable information about BP for student and healthcare professionals on social networks using professional channels.
Although our study reflected the positive attitudes and beliefs about BP in terms of ability to work effectively (85.8%), a recent study conducted in Saudi Arabia on stigma in mood disorders found that 66% of people with BP were unemployed mainly due to psychiatric or medical problems.[@CIT0040] In the social domain, negative attitudes in our study included (in descending order): being unwilling to marry a person who was previously diagnosed with BP, considering it a shame to mention that someone in the family has BP, being unwilling to maintain a friendship with someone with BP, to marry a person who has family members diagnosed with BP, or to tell their future spouse if they were diagnosed with BP. These negative attitudes about marriage may be explained by believing in heredity or genetic causes of BP, which was endorsed by a third of the participants. Similarly, a previous qualitative research study in Saudi Arabia revealed that the widely held belief that psychiatric disorders were either hereditary or incurable was a reason behind their stigma. Other potential reasons for the stigma held by the Saudi community that may contribute to the negative attitudes found in our study include traditions, cultural norms, upbringing, lack of public awareness, and fear of aggression and violence from psychiatric patients (Koura et al, 2012). The experience of stigma in Saudi Arabia has affected patients with BP in terms of their quality of life (36%), ability to interact with family (24%), and ability to make or keep friends (20%). Patients with BP also think that the average person is afraid of someone with a serious mental illness (48%) and they try to avoid situations that may be stigmatizing (56%) (Alateeq et al, 2018). This may lead them to stop taking their medications prior to marriage -- which is a stressful event -- resulting in relapses during their honeymoon. Also, getting married in a conservative Islamic country like Saudi Arabia, where a man will usually marry a woman without a prior personal relationship, may lead people to not choose a future wife who has a psychiatric disorder. Eventually, this may contribute to a high rate of being spouseless among patients with psychiatric illnesses in Saudi Arabia[@CIT0041] Moreover, higher levels of burden and depressed mood and lower levels of social support were associated with more perceived stigma among caregivers[@CIT0042] Therefore, it is crucial to consider the caregivers of patients with BP in addition to the patients themselves.
Limitations {#S0005}
===========
Although our study represents the first community-based survey of BP literacy among residents of the largest city in Saudi Arabia, we acknowledge a number of limitations. One of them is the convenient sampling of only one city in Saudi Arabia, which may limit generalizability of the study finding. Moreover, the cross-sectional design precludes making causal conclusions. Also, face validity was used as the main form of validity, which is a weak form of validity. It is subjective and cannot be quantified. Future studies should be longitudinal prospective ones, have a more representative samples, and use well-validated survey.
Conclusions {#S0006}
===========
This study is the first national survey in Saudi Arabia to document some of the misconceptions in public information, knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes about BP. The internet and social media were the participant's major sources of information, which highlights the need to support and improve the quality of and advertisement for Arabic online health information due to the fast and easily accessible nature of these sources. The impact of using social networking sites may also explain the high levels of awareness about BP's causes and treatments among students and healthcare professions in addition to their training and experience. Although the general population showed positive responses about BP's causes and treatments, supernatural beliefs are still predominant, which emphasizes the role of faith healers. Based on our findings, faith healers should be educated on the detection and treatment of mental diseases. When necessary, they can then refer patients to the mental health specialists and prevent any further delay in seeking help and appropriate treatment. Implementing a national community awareness program may raise the level of awareness through mass media communication strategies and schools' curriculum resources.[@CIT0043]--[@CIT0045] However, further studies are needed to investigate which potential public interventions will best improve the literacy of BP and other mental illnesses.
The authors would like to thank Dr. Mohammed Alangari and Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Muhanna for their great cooperation and participating in data collection. This research was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University through the Fast-track Research Funding Program. The abstract of this study was presented as a poster in the 19th Annual Conference of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders, Washington DC, USA, and in the 25th European Congress of Psychiatry (EPA 2017), Florence, Italy. Mental health literacy in bipolar disorder: A cross-sectional survey in Saudi Arabia. Alosaimi F, et al. *European Psychiatry*, Volume 41, S418.
Disclosure {#S0007}
==========
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
[^1]: **Notes:** \*Indicates positive statements, where positive responses were given for agreement. As the rest of statements were incorrect, positive responses were given for disagreement.
[^2]: **Notes:** \*The outcome is low awareness (BP awareness score ≤12). \*\*Multivariate analysis is adjusted for the significant variables in univariate analysis including marital status, nationality, educational level, career, health professional status, and monthly income. \*\*\*Significant (p\<0.05).
**Abbreviations:** OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.
[^3]: **Notes:** \*Number and percentage except otherwise marked; mean ± standard deviation.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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Anmer Lodge redevelopment in Stanmore to go-ahead
The redevelopment of a former day care centre for 120 new homes and supermarket has been given the go-ahead by councillors.
Planning permission for the Anmer Lodge site, in Stanmore, was granted by members of Harrow Borough Councils Planning committee last night.
Work on the site will include a new Marks & Spencer supermarket and cafe, a multi-storey car park and 120 new homes.
During the meeting Councillor Marilyn Ashton, who represents Stanmore Park, said: “This is an over development of the site and the traffic surveys are wrong.
“I urge the committee to defer this decision to give us more time to look at this.”
Cabinet member for planning and development Cllr Stephen Greek said: "I have lived in Stanmore all my life and when residents raise traffic issues I recognise them as they are the issues I have to deal with.
“Whatever happens this evening and if we do approve this project it will be up to all of us to make sure it works for everyone in Stanmore.”
Speaking in favour of the plans, Cllr Sachin Shah said: “I like these and I like the fact there is more housing for the borough.
“There is a shortage of housing in Harrow, London and the whole country. There is a housing crisis and this is what Harrow needs.”
The plans were passed with four members voting in favour of the plans and three others abstaining.
Proposals for the site in Coverdale Close were announced in August last year following a deal between Harrow Council, Notting Hill Housing and Marks & Spencer.
Since the announcement there have been concerns from people living near the site at the size and scale of the housing on the site and possible increase in traffic.
MP Bob Blackman had lodged his objections to the plans which included an excessive number of homes for the site and the increase in traffic in the surrounding area.
So this is the same Cllr Sachin Shah wishing an overdevelopment of a site with the ensuing traffic problems of squeezing a quart into a pint pot who objects to Barnet's stand which is in the middle of a field? Double standards and nimby - ist or what? Oh sorry she's taking Bob's line win votes by choosing your campaigns
So this is the same Cllr Sachin Shah wishing an overdevelopment of a site with the ensuing traffic problems of squeezing a quart into a pint pot who objects to Barnet's stand which is in the middle of a field? Double standards and nimby - ist or what? Oh sorry she's taking Bob's line win votes by choosing your campaignsDuke of Chandos
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|
Monitoring Cyp2b10 mRNA expression at cessation of 2-year carcinogenesis bioassay in mouse liver provides evidence for a carcinogenic mechanism devoid of human relevance: the dalcetrapib experience.
Dalcetrapib is a cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) modulator in clinical assessment for cardiovascular outcome benefits. In compliance with regulatory requirements, dalcetrapib was evaluated in rodent 2-year carcinogenesis bioassays. In the mouse bioassay, male mice demonstrated increased liver weight and statistically increased incidences of hepatocellular adenoma/carcinoma. Hepatic cytochrome p450 (Cyp) 2b10 mRNA induction and increased Cyp2b10 enzyme activity signify activation of hepatic nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), a widely established promoter of rodent-specific hepatic tumors. We therefore monitored hepatic Cyp2b10 mRNA and its enzyme activity in a subset of dalcetrapib-treated male mice from the bioassay. Liver samples were obtained from ~1/3 of male mice from each dose group including vehicle-controls (mean and earliest study day of death 678 and 459 respectively). Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to determine Cyp2b10 mRNA expression and Cyp1a-, Cyp2b10- and Cyp3a-selective activities were monitored. Cyp2b10 mRNA was strongly induced by dalcetrapib with an expected wide inter-individual variation (5-1421-fold). Group average fold-induction versus vehicle-controls showed a dose-related increase from 48-fold (250mg/kg/day) to 160-fold (750mg/kg/day), which declined slightly at 2000mg/kg/day (97-fold). Cyp enzyme activities showed approximate doubling of total Cyp P450 content per milligram protein and a 9-fold increase in Cyp2b10-selective pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activity (750mg/kg/day). These data from hepatic Cyp2b10 monitoring are strongly suggestive of CAR activation by dalcetrapib, a mechanism devoid of relevance towards hepatocarcinogenesis in humans; results show feasibility of Cyp2b10 as a surrogate marker for this mechanism at cessation of a carcinogenesis bioassay.
|
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Next story in Europe
Video: Vatican denounces reports as smear campaign
Closed captioning of: Vatican denounces reports as smear campaign
>>>now we turn to the latest crisis for the
catholic church
today as holy week approaches. the influential
national catholic reporter
published in this country urged
pope benedict
to answer growing questions about what it called mismanagement of
sexual abuse
cases in the '80s. there are other new publish reports tonight the
vatican
is denouncings a
smear campaign
. our own jim maceda has the latest.
>>reporter: it looked routine, but was anything but usual today facing questions about his role in a
sexual abuse
scandal that engulfed the
catholic church
. in today's "new york times," more revelations suggesting in
1980
in munich, the pope, then archbishop
joseph ratzinger
, was consulted by memo that a self-confessed priest would be allowed to continue his pastoral work, even with
young boys
. the church is fighting back, rejecting the "times" article as pure speculation saying
cardinal ratzinger
's deputy made the staffing decision, taking full responsibility for the ear rowan yus decision. that's little comfort for some 300 german victims whose story of
clerical abuse
that have come out since january. 40 years later this man is still shaken asking to describe life in
pope benedict
's home region. "the priest really
abused children
, sometimes every night in the dormitory." with every new case, the crisis grows, adding more cracks to the church's and the pope's credibility. some
vatican
insiders say only total transparency will work.
>>it will be really, really hard to take,
cold turkey
, total medicine, do it now, get it out of the way.
>>reporter: even if it means replacing bishops with a new generation of leaders.
>>whether that means reassigning bishops or priests, asking for resignations or rebuking individuals, the bar here is the church has to restore credibility for its own people. it hasn't done that yet.
>>reporter: until it does, some
vatican
experts say the biggest crisis in the church's
modern history
will likely spread. jim maceda, nbc news, london.
VATICAN CITY — The Vatican is facing one of its gravest crises of modern times as sex abuse scandals move ever closer to Pope Benedict XVI — threatening not only his own legacy but also that of his revered predecessor.
Benedict took a much harder stance on sex abuse than John Paul II when he assumed the papacy five years ago, disciplining a senior cleric championed by the Polish pontiff and defrocking others under a new policy of zero tolerance.
But the impression remains of a woefully slow-footed church and of a pope who bears responsibility for allowing pedophile priests to keep their parishes.
In an editorial on Friday, the National Catholic Reporter in the United States called on Benedict to answer questions about his role "in the mismanagement" of sex abuse cases, not only in the current crisis but during his tenure in the 1980s as archbishop of Munich and then as head of the Vatican's doctrinal and disciplinary office.
It all comes down to the question of what the pope knew and when. The answer will almost certainly determine the fate of Benedict's papacy.
Scandal in France
As he approaches Holy Week, the most solemn period on the Christian calendar, victims groups and other critics are demanding Benedict accept personal responsibility. A few say he should resign.
Some fear the crisis will alienate Catholics from the church, with a survey in Benedict's native Germany already showing disaffection among Catholics while there is deep anger in once very Catholic Ireland.
Another scandal broke Friday in France, where a priest in a town southeast of Paris was hit with sexual assault and child pornography charges after a 22-year-old former choirboy accused him of abuse.
The French probe was opened after the man told authorities that he had been assaulted by the priest as an adult, the prosecutor of Troyes, Alex Perrin, said Friday.
Police searched the priest's home and found two or three pornographic photos of a child parishioner in Marcilly-le-Hayer, the prosecutor said by telephone.
"This news is upsetting to everyone," the bishop of Troyes, Marc Stenger, wrote in a statement published in Friday in the local paper, L'Est- Eclair. But, he said, "this must not be the hour of judgment and condemnation. We must wait to know the truth."
The bishop asked the priest to be moved elsewhere during the probe, according to the prosecutor, who said the investigation could take several months.
Perrin said the priest was detained Wednesday for questioning. Preliminary charges of "sexual assault" and "illegal possession of images characteristic of child pornography," were issued Friday, opening the way for a formal investigation. The priest was freed after questioning, but ordered to receive treatment and forbidden any contact with minors, Perrin said.
Vatican: Smear campaignAs the climate worsens, the Vatican is showing increasing impatience and even anger, denouncing what it says is a campaign to smear the pope.
L'Osservatore Romano, the Vatican newspaper, said this week there was a "clear and despicable intention" to strike at Benedict "at any cost."
But as attention focuses on Benedict, a perhaps thornier question looms over how much John Paul II, beloved worldwide for his inspirational charisma and courageous stand against communism, knew about sex abuse cases and whether he was too tolerant of pedophile priests.
John Paul presided over the church when the sex abuse scandal exploded in the United States in 2002 and the Vatican was swamped with complaints and lawsuits under his leadership. Yet during most of his 26-year papacy, individual dioceses and not the Vatican took sole responsibility for investigating misbehavior.
Professor Nick Cafardi, a canon and civil lawyer and former chairman of the U.S. bishops lay review board that monitored abuse, said Benedict was "very courageous" to reverse Vatican support for the Legionaires of Christ, a sex scandal-tainted organization staunchly defended by John Paul.
John Paul was already ailing from Parkinson's disease when the U.S. scandal erupted, a factor supporters say may have kept him from initially realizing its scope.
Denouncing 'filth'
While Cardinal Bernard Law became the most high-profile church figure to fall, resigning as archbishop of Boston over the scandal, John Paul gave him a soft landing, appointing him as head of a Rome basilica and keeping him on various Vatican committees.
The world-traveling John Paul has been put on a fast track for sainthood by Benedict in response to popular demand. Cardinal Jose Saraiva Martins, the emeritus head of the Vatican's saint-making office, said this week that historians who studied the pope's life didn't find anything problematic in John Paul's handling of abuse scandals.
"According to them there was nothing that was a true obstacle to his cause of beatification. They are very strict," Saraiva Martins said.
For Benedict, a quiet intellectual who will be 83 next month, the scandal must be trying.
Until recently, Benedict had received high marks for his handling of sex abuse — seen as a bright spot amid turmoil over his remarks linking Islam to violence and his rehabilitation of an ultraconservative bishop who denies the Holocaust.
Shortly before his election as pope in 2005 he had denounced "filth" in the church — widely viewed as a reference to clerics who abused children. He proclaimed a policy of zero tolerance for offenders and met and prayed with victims while traveling in the United States and Australia.
Benedict won praise for moving against the Legionaries of Christ, the conservative order once hailed by John Paul that fell into scandal after it revealed that its founder had fathered a child and had molested seminarians.
Scandal spreadsThe Vatican began investigating allegations against the Rev. Marcial Maciel of Mexico in the 1950s, but it wasn't until 2006, a year into Benedict's pontificate, that the Vatican instructed Maciel to lead a "reserved life of prayer and penance" in response to the abuse allegations — effectively removing him from power.
But reaction changed as the abuse scandal moved across Europe and into Benedict's native Germany in recent months, touching his older brother and getting close to the pontiff himself with a case dating to his own tenure as archbishop of Munich.
The former vicar general of the Munich archdiocese has absolved the pope of responsibility in the case of the Rev. Peter Hullermann, accused of abusing boys.
While then Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger was involved in a 1980 decision to transfer Hullermann to Munich for therapy, Ratzinger's then-deputy took responsibility for a subsequent decision to let the priest return to pastoral duties. Hullermann was convicted of sexual abuse in 1986.
However, the New York Times reported Friday that Ratzinger was copied in on a memo stating Hullermann would be returned to pastoral work within days of beginning psychiatric treatment. The archdiocese insisted Ratzinger was unaware of the decision and that any other version was "mere speculation."
Light discipline
In another case, documents show the Vatican office responsible for disciplining priests, while headed by Ratzinger, halted a church trial of a Milwaukee priest accused of molesting some 200 deaf boys from 1950-1975.
Two Wisconsin bishops had urged the Vatican to approve the proceeding against the Rev. Lawrence Murphy, arguing that even though it was years after the alleged abuse, the deaf community in Milwaukee was demanding justice. The trial was approved in 1997, only to be halted after an appeal by the priest to Ratzinger. Murphy died in 1998.
Murphy's eventual punishment was a restriction on celebrating Mass and on visiting the deaf community.
Such light disciplinary measures remain the norm in the majority of sex abuse cases.
Of the 3,000 cases the Vatican has received since 2001, only 20 percent have gone to a full canonical trial, the Vatican's chief prosecutor Monsignor Charles Scicluna said. Disciplinary sanctions were imposed in 60 percent, such as priests being ordered to live a retired life of prayer and not celebrate Mass publicly; in only 10 percent were the accused priests defrocked.
Covering up?
The abuse crisis in the United States, which involved 4 percent of the American priesthood, showed a pattern of bishops covering for errant clerics, at times moving them from parish to parish. The latest documents point to Vatican complicity, although the Vatican denies there was any cover-up.
Papal resignationsDefenders of Benedict, such as British Archbishop Vincent Nichols, say that as cardinal he made important changes in church law to crack down on offenders and was not an "idle observer."
French bishops rallied around Benedict in a letter on Friday, saying while they deplored clerical sex abuse, the issue "is being used in a campaign to attack you personally."
Still, it is in Germany where Benedict's popularity has taken a real hit.
A poll in Stern magazine released this week shows only 39 percent of Germany's Catholics trust the pope, down from 62 percent in late January. Some 34 percent trust the Catholic church as an institution, down from 56 percent in January. The margin of error was 2.5 percentage points.
Rainer Kampling, a professor of Catholic theology at Berlin Free University, says the idea that the pope might resign — slipping polls not withstanding — is hardly realistic. "The pope is not a politician," he said.
Herbert Kohlmaier, chairman of an Austrian Catholic group that has criticized Benedict, also said a resignation shouldn't be expected. "They certainly won't let a symbolic figure like that go."
While church law allows for the resignation of a pope, there are few precedents over the church's two millennium history. The last was by 15th-century Pope Gregory XII, and that was not over scandal but rather a schism in the church.
Copyright 2010 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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|
Q:
Why don't researchers publish failed experiments?
The following might be a slight generalization for all fields but something I've noticed especially in the field of Scientific Computing:
Why don't people publish failures? I mean, if they tried some experiment and realized at the end that they tried everything and nothing worked. Why don't they publish this? Is it because such content won't get published or is it because it is shameful to have a failed experiment in a journal alongside prize-winning papers?
I spent a better part of a year working on, what now looks like, a dead problem. However, most papers that I read initially took you to the point of feeling optimistic. Now that I re-read the papers, I realize that I can say (with much confidence) that the author is hiding something. For instance, one of the authors who was comparing two systems, gave an excellent theoretical foundation but when he tried to validate the theory with experiments, there were horrible discrepancies in the experiments (which I now realize). If the theory wasn't satisfied by the experiments, why not publish that (clearly pointing out parts of the theory which worked and which didn't) and save the future researchers some time? If not in a journal, why not ArXiv or their own websites?
A:
"Why don't people publish failures?"
Actually, they do.
Journal of Negative Results (ecology and evolutionary biology)
Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine
Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results
Journal of Interesting Negative Results (natural language processing and machine learning)
Journal of Negative Results in Environmental Science (no issues yet?)
Journal of Errology (no issues yet?)
and so on...
(You might also want to see the Negative Results section of the Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism.)
A:
Null results are hard to publish. They just are. Interestingly enough however, in my field they are not the hardest thing to publish. The general order goes:
Well powered (big) studies that find what people expect
Poorly powered (small) studies that find what people expect
Poorly powered studies that find the opposite of what people expect or null findings
Well powered studies that find the opposite of what people expect
Those middle two categories are where you'll find most "failures", at least in terms of finding a statistically meaningful effect. That being said, there's an increasing push to see these types of studies published, because they're an important part of the literature, and several medical journals have made fairly remarkable steps in that direction - for example, if they accept a paper on the protocol for an upcoming clinical trial, they also commit to publishing the results of the trial (if they pass peer review) regardless of the finding.
When it comes down to it, I think there's three reasons negative results aren't published more beyond "it's hard":
Lack of pay off. It takes time and thought to get a paper into the literature, and effort. And money, by way of time and effort. Most null findings/failures are dead ends - they're not going to be used for new grant proposals, they're not going to be where you make your name. The best you can hope for is they get cited a few times in commentaries or meta-analysis papers. So, in a universe of finite time, why would you chase those results more?
Lack of polish. Just finding the result is a middle-step in publishing results, not the "and thus it appears in a journal" step. Often, its easy to tell when something isn't shaping up to be successful well before its ready for publication - those projects tend to get abandoned. So while there are "failed" results, they're not publication ready results, even if we cared about failures.
Many failures are methodological. This study design can't really get at the question you want to ask. Your data isn't good enough. This whole line of reasoning is flawed. Its really hard to spin that into a paper.
Successful papers can be published on their own success - that is interesting. Failed papers have the dual burden of being both hard to publish and having had to fail interestingly.
A:
It is not completely true that failures are not published. Lack of signals, or lack of correlation are published. The point is that everything that pushes knowledge forward is worthy of publication. That said, there are other factors you have to keep into account
some failures are methodological, that is, you are doing something wrong. That is not a scientific signal. it's something you have to solve.
knowing what doesn't work gives you a competitive advantage against other research groups.
negative signals almost never open new fields. If they do, it's because they steered attention to find a positive signal somewhere else. You don't open a new cancer drug development if a substance is found not to have an effect. You close one. For this reason, negative papers generally don't receive a lot of attention, and attention from peers is a lot in academia.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
Why does HP Update at remote system trigger RDP printing at local system?
This is obscure.
When connected with RDP to another system that has HP Update installed on it, either directly running the HP Update or having the notification pop up to ask if you want to run HP Update causes the local system to try to print something to peculiarly-chosen-local-printer.
Case 1: Desktop Win 7 Ult system RDP connected to HP Laptop Win 7 Ult system. When HP Update runs on the laptop a dialog for XPS Writer Save As... appears on Desktop system.
Even if you put in a name, nothing gets generated and the dialog repeats. And repeats. Until you (a) close the RDP connection and (b) clean out the queued entries.
If the HP Update pops up the request to run the update and you are not at the desk when this happens, there can be dozens of queued requests for this bogus printing.
NOTE: the XPS Writer is not selected as a default printer on either system.
Case 2: (Different) HP Laptop Win 7 Ult system RDP connected to XP Pro "brand X" desktop system but with HP printer drivers installed.
If the request to run HP Update notification pops on the XP system, dozens of attempts to print, in this case to a Versa Check Printer driver, are queued.
Dismissing the HP request, closing RDP, and cleaning out the queue are required to stop this.
NOTE: the Versa Check Writer is not selected as a default printer on either system.
THE QUESTION: What the heck is going on here? Some kind of scripting or COM activity that is misdirected?
A:
RDP forwards printer shares by default; it sounds like HP Update is apparently mis-seeing those printer shares as file shares and doing a file test that gets turned onto a print job. (I'm aware of a similar bug in a different package.) A workaround would be to disable forwarding printer shares to the remote.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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|
<html>
<head>
<link href="PLUGINS_ROOT/org.robotframework.ide.eclipse.main.plugin.doc.user/help/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
</head>
<body>
<a href="RED/../../../../../help/index.html">RED - Robot Editor User Guide</a> > <a href="RED/../../../../../help/user_guide/user_guide.html">User guide</a> > <a href="RED/../../../../../help/user_guide/launching.html">Launching Tests</a> > <a href="RED/../../../../../help/user_guide/launching/debug.html">Debugging Robot</a> >
<h2>Hitting a breakpoint during debug execution</h2>
<p>Whenever debugger suspends the execution there are many useful informations presented to user as well as new
opportunities to influence the running tests appear. First of all the toolbar buttons gets activated:
</p>
<img src="images/debug_toolbar.png"/>
<p>moving from left to right:</p>
<ul>
<li><b>Skip All Breakpoints</b> - allow to continue execution onwards without stopping on defined breakpoints
(globally disabling all the breakpoints)
</li>
<li><b>Resume</b> - <kbd>F8</kbd> described in <a href="../exec_control.html">Controlling execution</a></li>
<li><b>Suspend</b> - as above</li>
<li><b>Terminate</b> - <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>F2</kbd> as above</li>
<li><b>Disconnect</b> - as above</li>
<li><b>Step Into</b> - <kbd>F5</kbd> - each <kbd>F5</kbd> key press will execute active line and move to next
one. If active line consists Keyword or embedded TestCase, test executor will jump into item and execute
it line by line. To exit from executing inherited items use Step Return (<kbd>F7</kbd>)</li>
<li><b>Step Over</b> - <kbd>F6</kbd> - each <kbd>F6</kbd> key press will execute active line and move to next
one. If keyword exists in current line, keyword result will be returned without going into Keyword content</li>
<li><b>Step Return</b> - <kbd>F7</kbd> - allows to return to main TestCase execution from embedded TestCase
or Keyword if Step Into was used before</li>
</ul>
<h3>Debug view</h3>
<p>When execution is suspended the <b>Debug</b> view shows all the frames on current path in execution tree.
Bottom part of this path directly corresponds to the tree which can be seen in <b>Execution</b> view as
depicted below:
</p>
<img src="images/debug_debug_view.png"/><br/>
<img src="images/debug_execution_view.png"/>
<p>The bottom frame corresponds to <code>Project</code> suite (this is a directory in file system, so there is a
little directory decoration visible). Next frame corresponds to <code>Calculations</code> suite (which is a
<code>calculations.robot</code> file) and the frame above it represents <code>Divisions</code> test inside that
suite. Next frames do not correspond to any node inside the execution tree visible in <b>Execution</b> view. It
can be read that stopped execution is currently inside <code>Divisions</code> test at instruction in line
<code>35</code>, which called a keyword <code>Divide</code> which then called another keyword
<code>BinaryDivision</code> from line <code>57</code> which finally called library keyword <code>Evaluate</code>
coming from <code>BuiltIn</code> library at line <code>61</code>.
</p>
<p>Additionally you may see that there is a single execution thread (RF executes tests in single thread); the
execution is suspended and agent is communicating with RED using localhost at port <code>59344</code>.
</p>
<h3 id="debug_shell_view">Debug Shell view</h3>
<p>Whenever execution is suspended and a frame inside <b>Debug</b> view is selected then it is possible to use
<b>Debug Shell</b> view in order to evaluate different expressions. The view is not opened in <b>Debug</b>
perspective by default and needs to be opened using <a class="command" href="javascript:executeCommand('org.eclipse.ui.views.showView(org.eclipse.ui.views.showView.viewId=org.robotframework.ide.DebugShell)')">
Window -> Show View -> Other... -> Robot -> Debug Shell</a>.
</p>
<img src="images/debug_shell.png"/>
<p>The view allows to evaluate expressions in 3 modes:
</p>
<ul>
<li><b>ROBOT</b> in which <b>keyword</b> calls can be executed; under the hood it uses <code>BuiltIn.Run Keyword</code>
keyword from standard library,
</li>
<li><b>VARIABLE</b> in which variable-like expressions can be evaluated,
</li>
<li><b>PYTHON</b> which allows to evaluate Python expressions; under the hood the expression is passed to
<code>BuiltIn.Evaluate</code> keyword which effectively calls Python <code>eval()</code>.
</li>
</ul>
<p>Switching between modes is done using view buttons or through <kbd>Ctrl + T</kbd> shortcut. The view
remembers last 5 exuected expressions so it is possible to switch between them using up/down arrows.
In <b>ROBOT</b> and <b>PYTHON</b> mode it is possible to continue expression in multiple lines using
<kbd>Shift+Enter</kbd> keys.
</p>
<h3>Variables view</h3>
<p>Whenever you select some frame inside <b>Debug</b> view the Robot variables defined inside it are shown in
<b>Variables</b> view. This view handles scalar, list and dictionary variables. The scalar variable only shows
its value while the other two types are showing also the their contents inside it. Depending on the type of
variable the icon have different color assigned as visible on image below:
</p>
<img src="images/debug_variables.png"/>
<p>As you can see some of the variables are displayed under <b>Automatic Variables</b> node. This is a place
where all the variables which are built-in into the Robot are gathered together (refer to <a class="external" href="http://robotframework.org/robotframework/latest/RobotFrameworkUserGuide.html#built-in-variables" target="_blank">
RF User Guide</a>). All the user variables are displayed on top-level.
</p>
<p>Variable scope (see <a class="external" href="http://robotframework.org/robotframework/latest/RobotFrameworkUserGuide.html#variable-scopes" target="_blank">
User Guide</a> on this topic) is reflected in this view using icon decoration: <b>G</b>, <b>S</b>, <b>T</b> or <b>L</b>
is placed on variable icon for <b>Global</b>, <b>Suite</b>, <b>Test</b>, <b>Local</b> scopes. You may find out
that global-scoped variables are visible for every single stack frame, suite-scoped variables are only visible
in a suite frame and frames below, test-scoped variables only in test frame and below while local-scoped variables
only in current frame. Of course for example <code>${SUITE_NAME}</code> automatic variable (which has suite scope)
may be visible for all suite frames, however it may have different values as the suites are nested.
</p>
<p>For both dictionaries and lists the actual type of the python object is written in <b>Value</b> column. On the picture above
<b>DotDict[3]</b> for <code>&{dictionary}</code> variable mean that in python this object has type <b>DotDict</b>,
the rest mean that there are <code>3</code> elements inside it. Lists are labeled in the same way.
Additionally you may display <b>Actual Type</b> column which would also show types of
objects for scalar variables and for objects inside list/dictionaries. To do it click on arrow icon in the top
right corner of the Variables view, choose <b><code>Layout -> Select Columns...</code></b> and select <b>Actual Type</b>
column.
</p>
<p>Variables are send from Robot to RED every time when RED is ordered to suspend the execution. Sometimes you may observe
that variables are highlighted with yellow color:
</p>
<img src="images/debug_vars_changed.png"/>
<p>
This mean that variable <code>${scalar}</code> either changed the value comparing to previous time when variables
were send to RED or it didn't existed previously. Same highlighting will be used if you manually change the value.
</p>
<h3>Changing variables</h3>
<p>Apart from displaying variables, it is possible to change their values when execution gets suspended.
This can be done through <b>Variables</b> view in 3 possible ways:
</p>
<ul>
<li>by editing the cell with value in <b>Value</b> column,
</li>
<li>by choosing <b>Change Value...</b> from context menu of selected variable,
</li>
<li>inside the panel at the bottom of <b>Variables</b> view.
</li>
</ul>
<h4>Variable types</h4>
<p>Scalar variables are assigned with provided value. In case of lists or dictionaries just use usual RobotFramework
separators in order to provide whole new list/dictionary. For example writing:
</p>
<code>1 2 3 4
</code>
<p>for list - variable will create a new list consisting 4 elements while writing:
</p>
<code>a=1 b=2 c=3
</code>
<p>for dictionary - variable will create a new dictionary consisting 3 key-value pairs. Alternatively list or
dictionary elements may be provided in comma-separated syntax using brackets:</p>
<code>[1,2,3,4]</code> and: <code>{a=1,b=2,c=3}</code>
<p>for lists and dictionaries respectively.
</p>
<dl class="note">
<dt>Note</dt>
<dd>Beside changing values of top-level variables it is also possible to change the values inside the lists or
dictionaries just the way it is described above.
</dd>
</dl>
<p>If the value changes successfully the whole variable will be highlighted with yellow color, otherwise
you will be presented with error message in case of problems.
</p>
<h3>Editor</h3>
<p>After suspension you may open source file related to any frame by double clicking on it. By default editor for
top frame is opened. Of course some frames may not have related source (for example frame representing a suite made
from directory). Remember that RED debugger only supports debugging Robot code so you will not be able to debug
python code for library keywords (you may however setup a session in which <a href="robot_python_debug.html">both
RF & python code is debugged</a>). Frames created for library keywords have special kind of editor which
allows to find the source code for this keyword.
</p>
<img src="images/debug_editor.png"/>
<h4>Instruction pointers</h4>
<p>The editor opened for any frame displays <b>instruction pointer</b> - by default it's a green background
displayed in line which relates to chosen stack frame. You may also notice that instruction pointer for
top frame is a bit darker than pointers for other frames. The way the instruction pointers are displayed can be configured
in preferences: <code><a class="command" href="javascript:executeCommand('org.eclipse.ui.window.preferences(preferencePageId=org.eclipse.ui.editors.preferencePages.Annotations)')">
General -> Editors > Text Editors > Annotations</a></code> (change annotations <b>Debug Call Stack</b> for
ordinary frame or <b>Debug Current Instruction Pointer</b> for top frame)
</p>
<p>You may also encounter situation in which current frame is somehow erroneous. This situation is rather unusual
in local launches (although may happen) but it can be more common in remote debugging sessions. There may be many
different causes for such debugging errors but in general it happens when remote code under execution differs
from the code found locally in RED workspace. For example picture below presents situation in which remotely
executing <code>types.robot</code> suite calls <code>Log</code> keyword, but in local code there is a call to
<code>Log many</code> keyword. As you can see instruction pointer in this situation is RED and there is a problem
explanation when you hover the cursor over the problematic line.
</p>
<img src="images/debug_editor_error.png"/>
<p>Similarly as with usual instruction pointer the outlook of erroneous annotations can be also changed in preferences
(look for <b>Red Erroneous Debug Call Stack</b> and <b>Red Erroneous Debug Current Instruction Pointer</b>).
</p>
<h4>Showing variables</h4>
<p>The editor shows current values of variables when hovering mouse cursor over any variable name. This is depicted
on image above, where <code>${scalar}</code> variable is shown to have current value of <code>100</code>.
</p>
<h4 id="assist_editor">Assistance editor</h4>
<p>Library keyword frames do not display the code, but instead special kind of <b>debugger assistance</b> editor
is used. For example if you <b>Step Into</b> the library keyword you will see following editor opened:
</p>
<img src="images/debug_assist_editor.png"/>
<p>One may change <a href="preferences.html">Debugger preferences</a> in order to never suspend inside the
library keyword this way.
</p>
<p>Additionally assistance editor may also describe erroneous debugger states if there is no source in which
instruction pointer can be shown. You may found yourself in this situation even in local launches when your test
call some unknown keyword:
</p>
<img src="images/debug_assist_editor_error.png"/>
<h3>Continuing</h3>
<p>Whenever you're ready to resume tests execution simply hit <b>Resume</b> button (or <kbd>F8</kbd>) and
debugger will suspend on next breakpoint or in next erroneous state (if not disabled in preferences) or whenever
you explicitly pause the execution. Apart from that you may perform step. There are 3 kinds of steps:
</p>
<ul>
<li><b>Step Into</b> <kbd>F5</kbd> - this kind of step is only possible for top stack frame. When performing
<b>step into</b> the execution will resume only for a single step which will enter inside into the keyword from current
line.
<p></p></li>
<li><b>Step Over</b> <kbd>F6</kbd> - this kind of step is possible for every frame on stack and it will
behave differently for each of them. In general this kind of step means 'suspend the execution on next keyword
from instruction pointed by selected stack frame on the same level'.
<p></p></li>
<li><b>Step Return</b> <kbd>F7</kbd> - similarly to <b>Step Over</b> this action is possible for every frame
on stack and will have different behavior. This kind of step means 'suspend the execution on next keyword which
will be executed after selected frame have ended'. For frame related to user keyword this mean that debugger
will pause on next instruction after this user keyword ends. For test-related frame the debugger will suspend
at the very first instruction in next test (if any). For suite-related frame the debugger will suspend at very
first keyword in next suite (if any).
<p></p></li>
</ul>
<p>Of course the debugger will suspend if it encounter e.g. breakpoint inside the code which should be stepped over.
</p>
</body>
</html>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
---
abstract: 'Determining the properties of starbursts requires spectral diagnostics of their ultraviolet radiation fields, to test whether very massive stars are present. We test several such diagnostics, using new models of line ratio behavior combining Cloudy, Starburst99 and up-to-date spectral atlases [@pauldrach01; @hillmill]. For six galaxies we obtain new measurements of [ $1.7$ ]{}/, a difficult to measure but physically simple (and therefore reliable) diagnostic. We obtain new measurements of [ $2.06$ ]{}/ in five galaxies. We find that [ $2.06$ ]{}/ and \[\]/ are generally unreliable diagnostics in starbursts. The heteronuclear and homonuclear mid–infrared line ratios (notably \[\] $15.6$ / \[\] $12.8$ ) consistently agree with each other and with [ $1.7$ ]{}/; this argues that the mid–infrared line ratios are reliable diagnostics of spectral hardness. In a sample of $27$ starbursts, \[\]/\[\] is significantly lower than model predictions for a Salpeter IMF extending to $100$ . Plausible model alterations strengthen this conclusion. By contrast, the low–mass and low–metallicity galaxies II Zw 40 and NGC 5253 show relatively high neon line ratios, compatible with a Salpeter slope extending to at least $\sim40$–$60$ . One solution for the low neon line ratios in the high–metallicity starbursts would be that they are deficient in $\ga 40$ stars compared to a Salpeter IMF. An alternative explanation, which we prefer, is that massive stars in high–metallicity starbursts spend much of their lives embedded within ultra–compact regions that prevent the near– and mid–infrared nebular lines from forming and escaping. This hypothesis has important consequences for starburst modelling and interpretation.'
author:
- 'J. R. Rigby and G. H. Rieke'
nocite:
- '[@mrr]'
- '[@pauldrach01]'
- '[@kbfm; @ho3; @doherty95]'
- '[@thornley]'
- '[@dpj]'
- '[@doherty95]'
- '[@lph320]'
- '[@shields]'
- '[@vanzi]'
- '[@vr]'
- '[@chad]'
- '[@fs-m82]'
- '[@lph328]'
- '[@seaquist]'
- '[@sb]'
- '[@chip]'
- '[@guseva]'
- '[@schmutz]'
- '[@lejeune]'
- '[@kurtz]'
- '[@hanson]'
- '[@depree]'
- '[@garcia]'
- '[@btk]'
- '[@thb]'
- '[@kj99; @vjc]'
- '[@ccm]'
title: 'Missing Massive Stars in Starbursts: Stellar Temperature Diagnostics and the IMF'
---
INTRODUCTION {#sec:intro}
============
In the very local ($D<5 h_{100}^{-1}$) Universe, the circumnuclear regions of just four galaxies (M82, NGC 253, NGC 4945, and M83) are responsible for $\sim25\%$ of the current massive star formation [@heckman97]. In these “circumnuclear starburst galaxies”, the star formation is confined to the inner $0.2$ to $2$ kpc, in a dense, gas–rich disk where star formation rates can reach $1000$ [@robhubble]. If the starburst initial mass function (IMF) includes significant numbers of low–mass stars, then each starburst is currently building up the stellar component of its host galaxy as well. A starburst enriches and heats its interstellar medium, as well as the local intergalactic medium. Starbursts can also drive large–scale winds that eject interstellar gas, presumably casting metals into the voids and heating the gas between galaxies. Starburst galaxies thus play a number of important roles in galaxy evolution.
If starbursts could be dated, then a sequence could be pieced together, charting starburst evolution from triggering to post–starburst quiescence. Starburst ages are most directly determined by understanding the population of rapidly evolving massive stars. The feedback effect of a starburst on its gas supply is transmitted through massive stellar winds and supernovae–driven superwinds. Thus, understanding the evolution of starbursts and their effects on the interstellar and intergalactic media both critically depend on understanding the populations of massive stars.
Unfortunately, since starburst galaxies are too far away to count individual stars, the high-mass IMF must be determined indirectly, in ways that are model–dependent and crude. @leithconf reviews these techniques and divides them into three categories: techniques to determine a lower mass cutoff by measuring the mass–to–light ratio; to find the slope of the IMF above $\sim10$ ; and to determine an upper mass cutoff from the hardness of the ionizing radiation field.
The ionizing spectrum is set by the starburst’s age, IMF, and star formation history. Consequently, the shape of the ionizing field spectrum is an important boundary condition on starburst models [@ghr-confproc]. Ionizing continua are often parameterized by an effective temperature (), as if one stellar spectral type were responsible for the flux. The UV spectrum cannot be measured directly because little ionizing continuum radiation escapes from a starburst [@lfhl]. Instead, the presence or absence of massive stars must be inferred using spectral diagnostics. Extinction in circumnuclear starbursts means that infrared diagnostics are preferred.
Many line ratios have been used to estimate starburst : forbidden line ratios, mixed forbidden–recombination line ratios like $[{\hbox{{\rm O}\kern 0.1em{\sc iii}}}]/{\hbox{{\rm H}\kern 0.1em$\beta$}}$, optical lines of , the near–infrared line [ $2.06$ ]{}, and mid–infrared fine structure lines for example. Unfortunately, these diagnostics disagree by $2,000$ to $5,000$ K [@vr; @thornley; @ghr-confproc], and suffer variously from intrinsic faintness, susceptibility to shocks and reddening, dependence on nebular conditions, and uncertain atomic constants.
In this paper, we use the ratio of [ $1.7$ ]{} to Brackett 10 () to diagnose the hardness of starburst ionizing fields. The faintness of the [ $1.7$ ]{} line restricts its measurement to nearby galaxies with strong emission lines. In these galaxies, the / ratio should allow estimates of that are largely independent of reddening or nebular conditions. We then use / to assess the accuracy of diagnostics that can reach distant galaxies. Using diagnostics we find reliable, we confirm that few massive starburst galaxies have high–excitation spectra. While this may occur because the IMF is biased against high–mass stars, we propose that high–excitation spectra are scarce because the massive stars spend most of their main sequence lifetimes embedded in ultracompact regions.
OBSERVATIONS, DATA REDUCTION, AND CALIBRATION {#sec:whatwedid}
=============================================
To assist in evaluating T$_{eff}$ diagnostics, we have obtained new measurements of [ $1.7$ ]{}/. This diagnostic is unaffected by metallicity, shocks, or level pumping. Regrettably, the [ $1.7$ ]{} line is very weak, less than $10\%$ the intensity of . Thus, the [ $1.7$ ]{}/ ratio can only be measured in nearby starbursts with bright lines.
For our sample, we chose six nearby starburst galaxies with large measured fluxes and, when possible, supporting observations in the literature such as mid–infrared spectra. Near–infrared spectra were obtained on the nights of 2001 April 6 and 7, using the FSPEC near–infrared spectrometer [@williams] on the Steward Observatory Bok $2.3$ m telescope.
Table \[tab:obs\] lists target objects and integration times. All observations were taken with the $600~$lines mm$^{-1}$ grating, which produces effective resolutions of $R\approx 2000$ at $1.7$ and $R\approx 3000$ at $2.1$ . The slit was $2.4$ by $90$. All exposures were guided by hand using an H–band camera that images the mirrored slit. Spectra of the six targets were obtained in H–band ($1.7$ ). K–band ($2.1$) spectra were also obtained unless high–quality spectra already existed in the literature.
The angular sizes of the nuclear starburst regions are small compared to the length of the FSPEC slit. For each integration, nuclear spectra were obtained at four successive positions along the slit. For the calibration stars, six spectra were taken along the slit. (For brevity, we will call each resulting two-dimensional spectrum a “frame”, and each group of frames in an integration a “set”.)
Data Reduction {#sec:datared}
--------------
The infrared and lines are faint, making the data reduction approach critical. We therefore describe it in detail. The data were reduced using `iraf`.[^1] First, dark frames were subtracted from the object frames. Each frame was then flat–fielded using a median–averaged lamp flat. The airglow and bias were removed by differencing neighboring frames. For the first and last frames of a set, the neighbor was subtracted. For each middle frame, the mean of the immediately–bracketing frames was subtracted. For the calibration stars the subtraction was simple. Over the longer integration times required for the galaxies ($\sim4$ minutes per frame), the sky background is variable. Accordingly, prior to subtraction, we scaled each galaxy frame by a constant, generally within a percent of unity, to optimize the sky cancellation. This technique of differencing neighboring two–dimensional spectra usually removes the sky emission lines accurately. For a few galaxies, the resultant sky subtraction was not adequate. In these exposures, the sky lines in a set of frames were offset along the dispersion axis by $0.005$ to $0.01$ pixels, suggesting a slight, monotonic shift in the grating tilt. To improve the cancellation, we used `onedspec.identify` and `onedspec.reidentify` to fit, for each frame, a linear shift in the position of the airglow lines with respect to a reference frame. We then used `images.imgeom.imshift` to shift the frames, using linear interpolation, to zero the offsets. This was done for H–band frames of NGC 4861, He 2–10, NGC 4102, and NGC 3504 as needed.
The next step in the reduction was to combine the frames within a set. Offsets were determined by summing each frame down the dispersion axis and measuring the location of the continuum peak in the resulting one-dimensional image. Frames were magnified by a factor of six to permit fractional pixel shifts, which minimizes smearing of the data and maximizes preservation of flux during the next step of straightening. Magnified images were then remapped to make the spatial axis perpendicular to the dispersion axis. This remapping is accomplished by fitting the tilt of the dispersion axis as a cubic polynomial; this function is well–defined and does not vary with time. Straightening the spectra in this manner simplifies subsequent extraction, stacking, and wavelength calibration [@chad_reduction].
Frames were then median combined with `imcombine` using no rejection, and using scale and weight factors determined from each frame’s median continuum strength (generally within $20\%$ of unity). Frames were then de-magnified. Bad pixels were replaced with the average of their immediate two neighbors along the dispersion axis.
A similar procedure created two–dimensional sky frames suitable for wavelength calibrations. The frames were straightened and median combined as before, but without weights, scales, or offsets. The resulting images have no continua, only sky lines. A high signal–to–noise 1–D sky spectrum was then created by taking, at each wavelength, the median value over all spatial positions.
We then extracted the spectra of the galaxies and calibration stars. Using `apall` in `iraf`, we traced each continuum interactively using low–order Legendre polynomials. The aperture width was chosen to be where the signal at the brightest part of the continuum dropped to $30\%$ of peak. No extra background was subtracted at this point; trials with additional subtraction (to remove residual sky lines) added more noise than they eliminated. Spectra were extracted from the sky frames by using the apertures fitted for the corresponding objects.
Next, the spectra were corrected for telluric absorption. To do this, each galaxy spectrum was first divided, in pixel space, by the spectrum of a calibration star. When a target observation was bracketed by calibration star observations, the average of the two stellar spectra was divided into the target spectrum. Otherwise, the calibration spectrum taken closest in time to the target was used. Calibration stars were dwarfs of spectral types F6 to G0, most within $5\degr$ of the target object. Such stars have relatively featureless intrinsic spectra at $\sim2$ , so their observed spectra reflect the variable absorption of the Earth’s atmosphere.
We wavelength–calibrated the sky spectra of the galaxies, using `onedspec.identify` and tabulated vacuum wavelengths of the OH lines calculated by C. Kulesa (1996, private communication). Scatter in the wavelength calibration of the galaxies was less than $\pm0.2$ [Å]{}, and usually below $\pm0.1$ [Å]{}.
Wavelength solutions of the sky spectra were transferred to the \[target/calibrator\] spectra. Due to the longer integration times, the sky spectra derived from galaxy frames give wavelength solutions more precise than those derived from sky spectra of the star frames. The wavelength solution is quite stable with time.
The calibration stars are not completely featureless; their metal absorption lines produce spurious emission lines in the \[target/calibrator\] spectra. To correct for this effect, we multiplied the \[target/calibrator\] spectra by the solar spectrum, which has been corrected for atmospheric absorption [@lwsun]. The solar spectrum was first normalized and broadened to $10$ [Å]{} in H and $9$ [Å]{} in K to match our observations. Since the calibration stars are similar in spectral type to the Sun, the solar multiplication cures the final spectrum of the metal lines and the global Rayleigh–Jeans slope that the calibration star introduced. The resulting spectrum is \[target/calibrator\]$*$\[$\sun$\]. This procedure is explained more fully by Maiolino, Rieke, & Rieke (1996).
At this point, NGC 4861 and NGC 4214 still showed residual sky lines. The spectra were improved by subtracting a scaled, extracted sky spectrum. For both galaxies, and [ $1.7$ ]{} are uncontaminated by OH lines, whereas is somewhat contaminated in NGC 4861 and seriously contaminated in NGC 4214 (the lowest redshift galaxy in our sample). Accordingly, we will consider only in lieu of both and for these two galaxies.
Combining Spectra {#sec:combspec}
-----------------
For the H–band spectra, we observed targets for $0.5$ hr between calibrators. Because our total integration times on each galaxy were substantially longer than this, the spectra must be combined. To do this, we used `onedspec.scombine`, median combining groups of $\ge4$ images, and average combining otherwise.
The [ $2.06$ ]{} and lines were covered by different grating settings. We spliced together the two grating settings for each target by scaling the $2.085$ spectrum by a constant until it matched the flux level of the $2.15$ spectrum in the region of overlap. Scaling constants were between $1.08$ and $1.3$. We then joined the spectra using `scombine`.
Subtracting the Stellar Continuum {#sec:contsub}
---------------------------------
The nebular lines we seek sit atop a stellar continuum, whose absorption lines can mask or alter the emission line ratios. Before faint emission line fluxes can be measured, the stellar continuum must be removed.
The lines of interest at K ( and [ $2.06$ ]{}) are strong enough that subtraction of the stellar continuum is not necessary. For H–band, we used a stellar continuum template made by combining the $15$ stars from a stellar atlas (observed with the same spectrometer: V. D. Ivanov, in preparation) which minimized the residuals when subtracted from NGC $253$ [@chad]. Thus, the template was chosen to be a good fit to a $\sim$solar metallicity starburst galaxy, and was not made by modelling the stellar populations of each galaxy in our sample. The stars in the template are of stellar types K0 to M3, with metallicities between solar and half–solar. Two of the stars are supergiants, five are bright giants, five are giants, and three are dwarfs.
The resolution of the template is $130$ in H. To match the intrinsic velocity dispersion of the galaxy spectra, we convolved this template with a Gaussian kernel as necessary to lower the resolution. He 2–10 and NGC 3077 were best fit with no convolution; NGC 3504 required a template with $150$ resolution, and NGC 4102 required a $175$ template. For NGC 4214 and NGC 4861, continuum subtraction was unimportant because the continua are much weaker than the nebular emission lines.
The stellar continuum template has an absorption feature at $1.7010$ . By comparison with spectra of the Sun [@lwsun] and Arcturus [@mont], we identify this feature as a blend of three nickel lines and four (weaker) iron lines. At a resolution of $130$ , the blend has an equivalent width of $\le 1.5$ [Å]{}, and dips to $94\%$ of the continuum level. Because the absorption feature is a metal line blend, its strength will depend on metallicity.
Besides a simple subtraction of the stellar continuum, we also added a $20\%$ featureless continuum to the template, renormalized, and subtracted the new continuum from the galaxy spectra. This procedure crudely approximates the effect of lower metallicity. These two realizations of the continuum subtraction provide some estimate of the associated uncertainty.
Continuum–subtracted H–band spectra of the galaxies and the stellar template are plotted in figure \[fig:spec\_17\]. K–band spectra are plotted in figure \[fig:spec\_20\].
Measuring Line Ratios {#sec:lineratios}
---------------------
To set the continuum level, we fit a low–order Chebyshev function across each spectrum, excluding emission lines from the fit. Each line was fit by a Gaussian to measure the line fluxes listed in table \[tab:waves\]. For the noisy, non–Gaussian line profiles of NGC $4102$, we directly summed flux rather than fit Gaussians.
To measure the relative strength of [ $1.7$ ]{}, we considered two ratios: [ $1.7$ ]{}/, and $[{\hbox{{\rm He}\kern 0.1em{\sc i}}~$1.7$~{\micron}}/ {\hbox{{\rm Br}\kern 0.1em$11$}}]\times[{\hbox{{\rm Br}\kern 0.1em$11$}}/ {\hbox{{\rm Br}\kern 0.1em$10$}}]_{case B}$. We assumed the value $[{\hbox{{\rm Br}\kern 0.1em$11$}}/ {\hbox{{\rm Br}\kern 0.1em$10$}}]_{case B} = 0.75$, which is appropriate for $n = 10^2$ and $T_e = 5,000$ K [@chad; @hs87]. For each galaxy, we computed both these ratios for both realizations of the continuum subtraction (with or without the $20\%$ featureless continuum), and used the mean of these four values as the [ $1.7$ ]{}/ ratio, and the standard deviation as an estimate of the uncertainty associated with the continuum subtraction. We also computed the ratio [ $2.06$ ]{}/. Our measured line ratios are listed in table \[tab-line-rats\], along with values of [ $2.06$ ]{}/ from the literature, and a weighted mean for [ $2.06$ ]{}/ that combines new and literature values. (The quoted uncertainty for the weighted mean is the error in the mean.)
Because of the $1.7$ stellar absorption feature, studies that do not subtract the continuum in galaxies with weak [ $1.7$ ]{} will somewhat underestimate the [ $1.7$ ]{} line strength and therefore underestimate . To test the magnitude of this effect, in table \[tab-line-rats\] we list both continuum–subtracted and raw (un–subtracted) [ $1.7$ ]{}/ ratios. For galaxies NGC 3504 and NGC 4102, the lines are so weak relative to the stellar continuum that the [ $1.7$ ]{}/ cannot be measured without continuum subtraction. For the other galaxies in table \[tab-line-rats\], the raw and continuum–subtracted line ratios are very similar; for these galaxies (He 2–10, NGC 3077, NGC 4214, and NGC 4861), the continuum subtraction is not an important source of uncertainty.
MODELLING LINE RATIO BEHAVIOR {#sec:models}
=============================
Because the emission lines used to diagnose effective temperature have different excitation energies, one cannot verify that a particular diagnostic works by simply testing whether it exhibits a one-to-one correlation with another diagnostic. Instead, one must test diagnostics in light of photoionization models that, given realistic hot stellar ionizing spectra, predict line ratios appropriate to idealized nebulae. One can then ask a) whether the observed ratios populate the line ratio space permitted by models; and b) whether many observed line ratios for a particular galaxy are consistent, that is, can all be produced by one set of physical parameters. Thus, translating a nebular line ratio to a statement about stellar content is necessarily model–dependent.
Past studies have run series of models in which a single main sequence star photoionizes a nebula, producing tabulated line ratios as a function of stellar . A measured galactic line ratio is then translated into an effective temperature using this tabulation [@dpj; @al; @vr; @bkl; @fs-m82]. This method has its uses: namely, to compare model inputs and assumptions, and understand what line ratios different stellar classes can produce. However, in § \[sec:specsynth\] we will argue that, especially for mid–infrared line ratios and [ $1.7$ ]{}/, starbursts are poorly approximated by single main sequence stars; to translate a line ratio into a meaningful statement about a stellar population, one must consider the flux from *all* the stars as a function of time. First, though, we will consider the insights and limitations of simple one–star models.
All our models (single–star and population synthesis) are radiation–bounded thin shells created by the photoionization code Cloudy 94.00 [@hazy]. Using parameters determined by @fs-m82 for M82, we set the total hydrogen number density to $n_H = 300$ and inner radius to $R=25$ pc. This choice of radius produces line ratios within $2\%$ of the plane–parallel ($R=\infty$) case. This is because the shell is thin. Thus, the choice of radius only slightly affects the models, which are effectively plane–parallel. For single–star models, we use a constant ionization parameter of $\log U = -2.3$. We ran two sets of models, one with gas–phase abundances of solar, and the other with $1/5$ solar abundances (“the low–Z models”); neither abundance set includes depletion onto dust grains. (We address the effects of dust in § \[sec:caveats\].) Because Cloudy does not predict the intensity of [ $1.7$ ]{}, we scaled the intensity from [ $4471$]{} Å, which shares the same upper level. For Case B and T$_e=5,000$ K, the [ $1.7$ ]{} line is a factor of $7.4 \times 10^{-3}$ fainter than [ $4471$]{} Å.
Models Using Individual Stars {#sec:indystars}
-----------------------------
We first consider the ratio of \[\] $15.6$ to \[\] $12.8$ . For reference, it requires $22$ eV to make singly–ionized neon, and $41$ eV to make doubly–ionized neon. We took ionizing spectra from the O star models of Pauldrach, Hoffmann, & Lennon (2001), as prepared by @snc, and also the CoStar model spectra of @sk as hardwired in Cloudy. These two stellar libraries predict dramatically different line ratios. Dwarf, giant, and supergiant Pauldrach stars all produce a maximum \[\]/\[\] ratio of $10$ at $=50,000$ K. By contrast, the CoStar dwarf and giant atmospheres yield \[\]/\[\]$=40$ at $=50,000$ K. At $=35,000$ K, the predicted line ratios disagree by an order of magnitude. @fs-m82 used Pauldrach atmospheres and an earlier version of Cloudy to make their figure 8, which our Pauldrach models reproduce.
The other mid–infrared line ratios also show this discrepancy. CoStar models predict ten times higher \[\]/\[\] and \[\]/\[\] ratios than Pauldrach models for most of the $25,000<{\hbox{T$_{eff}$}}<50,000$ K range; for \[\]/\[\] and \[\]/\[\], CoStar gives $2$ and $3$ times higher ratios, respectively. The near–infrared line ratios [ $1.7$ ]{}/ and [ $2.06$ ]{}/ are not sensitive to the choice of stellar atlas.
It is sobering that current O star models predict such different mid–infrared line ratio strengths. On the bright side, this sensitivity suggests that mid–IR line ratios may provide astrophysical tests of O star spectral models in simple regions. @giveon performed such a test in Galactic regions; they find that @pauldrach01 atmospheres fit the observed \[\]/\[\] versus \[\]/\[\] relation, whereas stellar models that assume LTE do not. In another test, @pauldrach01 argued that their models successfully reproduce the observed far–UV spectra of hot stars, as opposed to other models. Finally, @snc argue that @pauldrach01 atmospheres should be more realistic than those of @sk because the latter neglect line broadening, and thus underestimate line blanketing. As a result, CoStar atmospheres have significantly higher ionizing fluxes, especially at energies exceeding the He$^+$ edge.
Given these problems, and that the CoStar atmospheres predict much higher \[\]/\[\] line ratios than are observed, we will use the @pauldrach01 atmospheres in this paper. Still, that the Pauldrach spectra are better does not mean they are correct; the CoStar–Pauldrach discrepancy should serve as some warning of the current uncertainties regarding hot star spectra—a critical input to the models.
We also consider Wolf–Rayet (WR) stars in simple nebulae. We use WN and WC model spectra compiled by @snc, which were generated using the code of @hillmill. For a given , these model WR stars yield much lower \[\]/\[\] ratios compared to Pauldrach O stars: at ${\hbox{T$_{eff}$}}=50,000$ K, the difference is a factor of $30$ for WN, and a factor of $10^4$ for WC stars. This is because of the very strong line blanketing found in WR stars. Since Wolf–Rayet stars can reach much hotter temperatures than main sequence stars, a ${\hbox{T$_{eff}$}}\la 140,000$ K WC star can reach $[{\hbox{{\rm Ne}\kern 0.1em{\sc iii}}}]/[{\hbox{{\rm Ne}\kern 0.1em{\sc ii}}}]\sim10$ (comparable to the ratio produced by a ${\hbox{T$_{eff}$}}=50,000$ K Pauldrach O star). Similarly, a $120,000$ K WN star can reach \[\]/\[\]$=100$. Thus, given these stellar atmospheres, only a WN star can give rise to a neon ratio between $10$ and $100$.
As a result, there are mid–infrared line ratio regimes that only Wolf–Rayet stars can populate (again assuming solar metallicity.) For maximum effective temperatures of $^{MS}=50,000$ K, $^{WN}=120,000$ K, and $^{WC}=150,000$ K, for [@pauldrach01] model O stars and @hillmill WR stars, we find the following:
- Main sequence O stars can only produce $[{\hbox{{\rm Ar}\kern 0.1em{\sc iii}}}]/[{\hbox{{\rm Ar}\kern 0.1em{\sc ii}}}] \le 18$, whereas WN and WC stars can reach ratios of $40$.
- MS O stars can only produce \[\]/\[\]$=0.5$, while WC stars can reach $1.2$, and WN can reach $3$.
- MS O stars can only produce \[\]/\[\]$=4$, whereas WC can reach $12$ and WN can reach $130$.
- MS O stars and WC stars can only produce \[\]/\[\]$=2.5$, whereas WN stars can reach $14$.
We have just seen that the conversion from mid–infrared line ratio to is very different for main sequence stars than for Wolf–Rayet stars. Thus, even a modest portion of WR stars within a hot stellar population can significantly affect the line ratios. We also conclude that in a solar–metallicity starburst, if the line flux ratios exceed the maximum that main sequence stars can produce, then WR stars dominate the ionizing flux.
Spectral Synthesis Models {#sec:specsynth}
-------------------------
Given the influence of WR stars, we must consider the more realistic scenario of an evolving stellar population as the ionizing source. We used the spectral synthesis code Starburst99 version 4.0 [@starburst99] to create instantaneous starbursts with an initial mass function of Salpeter–slope [@salpeter] and initial stellar masses between $1$ M$_{\sun}$ and a variable upper mass cutoff, “” ($=100$, $75$, $60$, $50$, $40$, and $30$ .) ( in this paper always refers to the IMF, not the present-day mass function.) As in our single–star models, this version of Starburst99 uses O star model spectra from @pauldrach01 and Wolf–Rayet model spectra from the code of @hillmill, as prepared by @snc.
We created two suites of models: the first set assumed solar metallicity in Starburst99 and Cloudy, and the “solar metallicity, high–mass loss” option, which is recommended as the default for Starburst99. (The alternative “standard mass loss” option gives qualitatively similar results.) The second set of models used a gas–phase metallicity of $1/5$ solar in Cloudy, and the “high–mass loss, Z=$1/5$ solar” and “uvlines = Magellanic” settings in Starburst99. Dust was ignored (and will be addressed in § \[sec:caveats\].) Other parameters were set as for the single–star models. Starburst99 calculated the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the burst every $0.1$ Myr for $10$ Myr after the starburst. The ionization parameter was normalized to a maximum value of $\log U = -2.3$, and scaled by the number of hydrogen–ionizing photons present in the SED. Given the SEDs as input, Cloudy calculated line ratios as a function of starburst age.
Figure \[fig:models\] plots line ratios as a function of time for these simulations. Table \[tab-s99\] summarizes the spectral synthesis models with $=100$ and compares to line ratios from the single–star models. Line ratios versus time for the low–metallicity models are shown in figure \[fig:lowZmodels\].
Figure \[fig:models\] shows that in the first $2$ Myr, the mid–infrared line ratios fall from an initial plateau. By $2$ Myr, the O3 through O5 dwarfs (${\hbox{T$_{eff}$}}>44,500$ K) stars in the models have left the main sequence; by $2.5$ Myr, no O3 or O4 star of any luminosity class remains. Wolf–Rayet stars, together with the remaining main sequence stars, create a second period of relatively high line ratios from $3.5$ to $5$ Myr.[^2] While the line ratios predicted for the Wolf–Rayet phase are lower than predicted for WR–only nebulae, clearly the Wolf–Rayet stars are important: they produce a renaissance of high line ratios after the O stars have left the main sequence. It does not make sense to parameterize a mid–infrared line ratio as though the flux came from a single main sequence star; the ensemble of stars, including the Wolf–Rayets, must be considered.
The models of @thornley, which otherwise used similar input spectra and nebular parameters to this work, did not include Wolf–Rayet stars. As a result, \[\]/\[\] drops monotonically with time in their figures 6 and 10, while our solar–metallicity curves (figure \[fig:models\]) are double–peaked.
DIAGNOSTICS OF STELLAR IN STARBURST GALAXIES {#sec:diags}
=============================================
Approaches to Estimating
-------------------------
In general, line ratios capable of indicating also depend on metallicity, electron temperature, density, ionization parameter, and the morphology of the ionized regions. Without constraints on these other parameters, can be difficult to determine (e.g., @morisset-apj). However, in the extreme conditions in starbursts, we expect less range in ionization parameter and morphology than in broad samples of regions, and starburst metallicities can be constrained by other line ratios. Therefore, it is plausible that useful constraints on can be derived for these regions. We return to this topic in § \[sec:depends\].
At optical wavelengths, the ratio of \[\] $5007$ to is frequently used as a diagnostic since both lines are easily observed (see for example @SL96.) They are relatively close in wavelength, and Balmer ratios can be used to correct for residual extinction. However, large optical depths of interstellar extinction can make \[\]/reflect the conditions of the outer skin of starbursts only. Thus, \[\]/ may not indicate the average conditions throughout a highly–extincted starburst. Also, a ratio composed of a forbidden metal line and a hydrogen recombination line is particularly sensitive to the metallicity, electron temperature, and density of the nebular region. Additionally, \[\] can be shock excited [@cygloop].
@vp have proposed an all–forbidden line diagnostic $\eta^{\prime}$, which uses lines of \[${\hbox{{\rm O}\kern 0.1em{\sc ii}}}$\], \[${\hbox{{\rm O}\kern 0.1em{\sc iii}}}$\], \[${\hbox{{\rm S}\kern 0.1em{\sc ii}}}$\], and \[${\hbox{{\rm S}\kern 0.1em{\sc iii}}}$\] with wavelengths from $3726$ [Å]{} to $9532$ [Å]{}. This diagnostic was initially reported to work well for regions [@kbfm], but it is sensitive to morphology and shocks [@oey]. Moreover, the diagnostic is poorly suited to starburst galaxies because it involves red lines that are seldom observed, and is extremely subject to reddening.
More robust optical line diagnostics can be made by comparing strengths of helium recombination lines with recombination lines of hydrogen (Kennicutt [et al.]{} 2000; Ho, Filippenko, & Sargent 1997; Doherty [et al.]{} 1995). [ $6678$]{} Å and [ $4471$]{} Å are attractive for this purpose because their proximity to H$\alpha$ and H$\beta$, respectively, reduces reddening effects. However, these diagnostics still sample only the outer skin of the starburst, and the helium lines are weak, as discussed further in § \[sec:optical\].
Because they suffer less extinction, infrared spectral diagnostics probe more deeply into a starburst than optical ones. For example, $10$ magnitudes of extinction at $5500$ Å corresponds to only $1.1$ magnitudes at $2.2$ , and $0.8$ magnitudes at $10$ [@rl1985]. The mid–infrared fine structure lines are the most successful tools in this spectral region to estimate [@roche; @kunze; @al; @thornley; @fs-m82]. These lines are less dependent on electron temperature than optical forbidden lines. However, their atomic constants are not well known [@f97; @f01; @vanhoof; @fe-proj-co], and they are still sensitive to metallicity and ionization parameter (see figure 10 of Thornley [et al.]{} 2000).
Because of the lack of strong atomic lines, attempts to use near–infrared lines to measure have focused on recombination lines of helium and hydrogen. For stellar ionizing sources, the hardness of the ionizing continuum determines the volume of He$^+$ relative to H$^+$ [@osterbrock]. For ${\hbox{T$_{eff}$}}> 40,000$ K, the He$^{+}$ and H$^{+}$ regions coincide; the Strömgren radii are approximately equal. For lower , the zone of ionized H extends beyond the central zone of singly–ionized He (see figures 2.4 and 2.5 of Osterbrock (1989), and figure 1 of Shields (1993)). Thus, by measuring the relative volumes of He$^+$ and H$^+$ within a nebula, one can constrain the effective temperature of the ionizing stellar source(s).
The line ratio of ${\hbox{{\rm He}\kern 0.1em{\sc i}}~$2.06$~{\micron}}/ {\hbox{{\rm Br}\kern 0.1em$\gamma$}}$ has been used to estimate in starbursts (Doyon, Puxley, & Joseph 1992; Doherty [et al.]{} 1995) and planetary nebulae (Lumsden, Puxley, & Hoare 2001a). However, the strength of the ${\hbox{{\rm He}\kern 0.1em{\sc i}}~$2.06$~{\micron}}$ $2^1P \rightarrow 2^1S$ line is not determined simply by recombination cascade, but also by the population in the $2^1$P state [@shields]. This level is pumped from the ground state by $\lambda = 584$ [Å]{} photons in the resonance transition $1^1S \rightarrow 2^1P$ [@shields; @bs]. Photoionization of hydrogen, dust absorption, or Doppler shifting can change the resonance efficiency and thus the occupation of the $2^1P$ state. The state can be further populated by collisions from the triplet states, primarily from $2^3S$ [@shields]. A small ${\hbox{{\rm He}\kern 0.1em{\sc i}}~$2.06$~{\micron}}/ {\hbox{{\rm Br}\kern 0.1em$\gamma$}}$ ratio should indicate a soft continuum where there are few $584$ Å photons and few helium recombinations. Otherwise, the ratio is likely to be a poor measure of starburst due to the dependence on nebular dust content, electron temperature, and density, as well as on the ionizing continuum. Some of this complex behavior is seen in photoionization models (figure 1d of Shields 1993).
The ${\hbox{{\rm He}\kern 0.1em{\sc i}}~$1.7$~{\micron}}/ {\hbox{{\rm Br}\kern 0.1em$10$}}$ ratio was proposed as a diagnostic by @vanzi, and has been measured in several starburst galaxies (Vanzi [et al.]{} 1996; Vanzi & Rieke 1997; Engelbracht, Rieke, & Rieke 1998; Förster Schreiber [et al.]{} 2001) and planetary nebulae (Lumsden, Puxley, & Hoare 2001b). The [ $1.7$ ]{} line and are close in wavelength, and A$_{1.7~\micron}$ is only one-sixth of A$_V$, making their ratio nearly reddening-independent and also allowing the photons to escape from relatively obscured regions. Unlike [ $2.06$ ]{}, the [ $1.7$ ]{} $4^3D \rightarrow 3^3P^0$ transition arises almost entirely from recombination cascade. The relevant levels are triplet states, so they cannot be pumped from the ground state, because an electron spin flip would be required [@bs]. As a result, the line ratio is insensitive to nebular conditions, and is determined almost entirely by the relative sizes of the H and He ionization zones.
Figure 8 of @fs-m82 plots the behavior of the [ $1.7$ ]{}/ ratio as a function of , as predicted by photoionization models for a starburst environment ionized by hot main sequence stars. The [ $1.7$ ]{}/ ratio is small for $ < 30,000$ K because there are many more photons capable of ionizing hydrogen (ionization potential of $13.6$ eV) than neutral helium (ionization potential of $24.6$ eV). For $>30,000$ K, the ratio rapidly increases as the zone of singly–ionized helium overlaps more of the hydrogen Strömgren sphere. The ratio then saturates for $> 40,000$ K, as the He$^+$ and H$^+$ regions coincide. For $n_e = 100$ , the saturated ratio is $${\hbox{{\rm He}\kern 0.1em{\sc i}}}\ 1.7 / {\hbox{{\rm Br}\kern 0.1em$10$}}\ = 3.60~C_{1.7}~[n(He) / n(H)] ,
\label{eq:saturated}$$ where $n(He)/n(H)$ is the gas–phase abundance of helium (by number) relative to hydrogen, and the term C$_{1.7}$ expresses the weak dependence on electron temperature [@vanzi]. For T$_e = 10^4$ K, C$_{1.7} = 1.000$; other values are listed in table \[tab:c17\]. The helium abundance $n(He)/n(H)$ increases from the primordial value of approximately $0.08$ [@ih-he; @bono] to $0.1$ for the Milky Way. Thus, [ $1.7$ ]{}/ should saturate at a value of $0.27$ to $0.38$.
The diagnostics discussed above do not necessarily agree. For example, in the starburst galaxy He 2–10, \[\]/and \[\]/ indicate $>39,000$ K [@he2-10opt], whereas mid–infrared line ratios indicate $<37,000$ K [@roche]. The [ $2.06$ ]{}/ observed by @vr would indicate $=39,000$ K using the conversion of @dpj. At poor signal–to–noise, @vr measure [ $1.7$ ]{}/ and find $=36,000$ K. This few thousand Kelvin disagreement translates into a serious disagreement in stellar mass: a of $36,000$ K corresponds to approximately an O8V spectral type, which from eclipsing binaries should have a mass of $\sim 22$ to $25$ [@andersen; @ostrov; @niemela; @gies]; whereas a of $40,000$ K corresponds to an O6.5V to O7V spectral type, which should have a mass of $\sim 35$ [@gies; @niemela].
We now test diagnostics against each other in light of the stellar synthesis models detailed above. Because the line physics of [ $1.7$ ]{}/ is simple and well–understood (see § \[sec:diags\]), we assume this diagnostic is unbiased, and thus accurately reflects the ionizing continuum, within the limitations of measurement error.
Testing [ $2.06$ ]{}/ {#sec:heh_hek}
---------------------
In this section we consider the galaxies for which we obtained [ $1.7$ ]{}/ measurements, as well as three galaxies with [ $1.7$ ]{}/ measurements available in the literature: NGC 253 [@chad], for which the stellar continuum was subtracted as in this work; M82 [@fs-m82], for which representative stellar spectra were subtracted; and NGC 5253 [@vr], for which the stellar continuum is weak enough to ignore. These three galaxies, together with the six galaxies for which we observed [ $1.7$ ]{}/, we term our expanded sample. We also take measurements of [ $2.06$ ]{}/ from the literature for the galaxies in the expanded sample.
Figure \[fig:heh\_hek\] plots [ $2.06$ ]{}/versus [ $1.7$ ]{}/. NGC 3077, NGC 4861, NGC 4214, and He 2–10 all have [ $1.7$ ]{}/ ratios consistent with the saturated value of $\approx 0.3$, within the measurement errors and the expected variation of helium abundance. Thus, these starburst regions appear to contain massive stars ($> 39,000$ K if main sequence stars.) By contrast, NGC 253, NGC 4102, and the nucleus of M82 have [ $1.7$ ]{}/$<0.15$, and thus are inferred to have softer ionizing continua ($\lesssim 37,000$ K if main sequence stars.) NGC 3504 and the two off–nuclear regions of M82 have line ratios intermediate to these extremes.
Figure \[fig:heh\_hek\] illustrates that [ $2.06$ ]{}/ does not trace [ $1.7$ ]{}/ as the models predict. The nucleus of M82 demonstrates that [ $2.06$ ]{} may be strong while [ $1.7$ ]{} is weak, contrary to the expected behavior (but expected if [ $2.06$ ]{} is pumped.) However, for most galaxies, [ $2.06$ ]{} is *too weak* for the measured [ $1.7$ ]{}. This is the first direct demonstration that [ $2.06$ ]{}/ is a poor diagnostic of in starburst galaxies. Radiative transfer considerations have predicted that the behavior of [ $2.06$ ]{} should not be a simple function of [@shields]. @lph320 confirm this complex behavior for planetary nebulae, though they attempt to constrain the dependence on T$_e$ and density by also considering optical lines [@doherty95]. However, the data do not contradict the expectation that a very low [ $2.06$ ]{}/ ratio (below $\sim0.2$) indicates that the continuum is fairly soft, because there would be few ionizing photons and also few resonantly scattered photons.
We further consider the reliability of the [ $2.06$ ]{}/ ratio in figure \[fig:ne\_206\], by comparing it to the mid–infrared line ratio \[\] 15.6/\[\] 12.8. Here, too, [ $2.06$ ]{}/ is too low for a given \[\]/\[\] (compared to model predictions) and there is no obvious correlation between the two ratios. An alternative interpretation of figure \[fig:ne\_206\] would be that [ $2.06$ ]{}/ is correct and \[\]/\[\] is systematically overproduced; we feel this is unlikely because, as we will demonstrate in § \[sec:midir-test\], \[\]/\[\] is *underproduced* in starburst galaxies with respect to the predictions of a Salpeter IMF extending to $100$ .
Testing Optical Indicators {#sec:optical}
---------------------------
How well do optical forbidden and recombination line ratios estimate in starbursts? Figures 9 and 10 of @kbfm show that the recombination ratios [ $5876$]{}/ and [ $6678$]{}/, as well as \[\]/, all track well in Milky Way, LMC, and SMC regions, where could be determined by classifying all the ionizing stars. How well do these diagnostics perform in starburst galaxies?
In figure \[fig:optical\], using dereddened data from @ho3, we compare the behaviors of [ $6678$]{}/ and \[\]/ in nuclear starbursts to the predictions of Starburst99/Cloudy photoionization models. Galaxies with \[\]/$<0.5$ generally have low [ $6678$]{}/, indicating general agreement that is low in these galaxies. At higher line ratios, there is considerable scatter. For most of the plotted galaxies, \[\]/ is systematically high for a given [ $6678$]{}/, compared to a solar–metallicity, $=100$ track. Lowering the metallicity of the model reduces but does not eliminate the disagreement between diagnostics. Only an extreme model (low metallicity, $=30$ ) can fit the data reasonably well.
A possible explanation would be that \[\] in starbursts is often shock–excited by supernovae [@cygloop], which would be a rare effect in regions and thus not affect the @kbfm plots. In particular, \[\]/ values above $\sim 2.5$ require sub–solar metallicity or excitation by shocks. Thus, figure \[fig:optical\] suggests that \[\]/is systematically high or [ $6678$]{}/ is systematically low in starburst galaxies.
As a further test, figure \[fig:o3\_heh\] plots \[\]/ versus [ $1.7$ ]{}/ for our expanded sample. Overplotted are Starburst99/Cloudy models as in figure \[fig:optical\]. For low values of \[\]/, the error bars are too large to judge whether the two diagnostics correlate. As in figure \[fig:optical\], the highest \[\]/values observed require sub–solar metallicity or shock excitation of \[\].
Next, we examine the behavior of \[\]/ versus \[\]/\[\] in figure \[fig:o3\_Ne\] (omitting for now NGC 5253, II Zw 40, and NGC 55 because of their low metallicity.) Optical line ratios are from the literature, and *ISO* observations of \[\]/\[\] are from @thornley. Galaxies with \[\]/$<0.5$ generally have line ratios consistent with the overplotted Starburst99/Cloudy models. With higher \[\]/, the scatter increases. Without accurately knowing the metallicity of each galaxy in figure \[fig:o3\_Ne\], it is difficult to judge how much of the scatter in \[\]/ versus \[\]/\[\] is due to the sensitivity of \[\]/ to metallicity rather than effective temperature.
According to the Cloudy models, metallicity alone cannot explain the line ratios of NGC 6240, IC 1623A, Arp 220, NGC 3690A, and NGC 7469 (and possibly NGC 972) in figure \[fig:o3\_Ne\]. Low metallicity and a upper mass cutoff of $30$ could together explain all but IC 1623A and NGC 6240. Alternatively, aperture mismatch, severe extinction, or shock excitation of \[\] could be at work. NGC 972 is not strongly centrally concentrated in optical emission line images, so the explanation may lie in aperture mismatch: the optical line ratios were measured with slitwidths of a few arcseconds, while the *ISO* neon lines were measured with a $14$ by $27$ aperture. The remaining discrepant galaxies all have very heavily obscured star formation regions, and it is likely that the discrepancy arises because the optical and mid–infrared spectra sample distinctly different regions along the line of sight. We also note that NGC 278 has extremely low \[\]/ for its measured \[\]/\[\]. Higher–spatial resolution mid–infrared spectroscopy (e.g., with SIRTF) may resolve this discrepancy. We will delay discussion of whether \[\]/\[\] is a reliable diagnostic until § \[sec:midir-test\].
Next, we consider the optical helium and hydrogen recombination lines, which should form more accurate starburst diagnostics than a forbidden/recombination pair like \[\]/. To reduce reddening effects, we select lines close in wavelength to H lines. Unfortunately, the helium lines are weak: [ $6678$]{} saturates at $0.014$ of the strength of , and [ $4471$]{} saturates at $0.05$ of . As such, in the spectral atlas of @ho3, [ $6678$]{} was detected in only $108$ of $418$ galactic nuclei, and [ $4471$]{} in only $16$ nuclei. The small sample indicates that [ $4471$]{} is only marginally detected, and we do not consider it further.
Figures \[fig:optical\] and \[fig:o3\_Ne\] have already implicated \[\]/ as an unreliable indicator for \[\]/$\ga0.5$. This makes it hard to gauge the reliability of [ $6678$]{}/ in figure \[fig:optical\]. Also, the sample sizes are too small to compare the optical recombination line ratios to \[\]/\[\], [ $1.7$ ]{}/, or [ $2.06$ ]{}/individually. Instead, we use the latter three indicators together to test how well the optical recombination line ratios correlate with . In table \[tab-opt\], we list galaxies with measurements of at least two different indicators, in order of increasing , as determined from \[\]/\[\], [ $1.7$ ]{}/, and [ $2.06$ ]{}/ (when $\le 0.2$), as available. Due to measurement error and uncertainty in the relative calibrations of the diagnostics, the ordering is somewhat uncertain. The published plots of the @ho3 spectra lack the dynamic range to assign upper limits to the undetected optical recombination lines. These are marked as “non det” in table \[tab-opt\].
In general, table \[tab-opt\] shows some correlation between [ $6678$]{}/ and , though with considerable scatter. Using Kendall’s $\tau$ rank correlation test on the eight galaxies with measured [ $6678$]{}/, there is only a $5\%$ chance that and [ $6678$]{}/ are uncorrelated.
Testing the Mid–Infrared Fine Structure Line Ratios {#sec:midir-test}
---------------------------------------------------
In the mid–infrared, ratios of the fine structure lines \[\] $15.6$ , \[\] $12.8$ , \[\] $8.99$ , \[\] $6.99$ , \[\] $10.5$ , and \[\] $18.7$ have been used to test for the presence of hot stars in starbursts. From space, *ISO* measured these lines at low spatial resolution ($14$ by $27$ aperture for \[\]/\[\]) [@thornley; @fs-m82; @kunze]. Ground–based observations [@roche; @al] provide higher spatial resolution, but only the \[\], \[\], and \[\] transitions can be observed through the atmosphere. As a result, ground–based studies must use heteronuclear line ratios, which are less ideal than homonuclear ratios available from space because they are much more sensitive to elemental abundances and dust depletion.
In table \[tab-midir\], we collect measurements of the mid–infrared line ratios and [ $1.7$ ]{}/ in starburst galaxies, including five regions within M82. M82 provides a testing ground for the accuracy of the mid–infrared line ratios as diagnostics; *ISO* measured homonuclear line ratios in the center [@fs-m82], and this region has been mapped at 1 resolution in \[\], \[\], and \[\] [@al], identifying the nucleus and three infrared–bright regions nearby (all regions defined in the footnotes to table \[tab-midir\].)
Based on the heteronuclear mid–infrared line ratios and [ $1.7$ ]{}/, we find that region W2 and the nucleus of M82 both require $<65$ , region E1 requires $<60$ , and region W1 requires $<50$ . The heteronuclear and homonuclear mid–infrared line ratios and [ $1.7$ ]{}/ within the SWS/ISO aperture require $<50$ . Models with $=100$, $75$, $70$, or $65$ do not produce the observed ratios in any of these regions. Thus, we find that the heteronuclear line ratios give consistent ages and upper mass cutoffs for individual regions near the center of M82, in agreement with [ $1.7$ ]{}/, and when averaged over the *SWS/ISO* aperture, give answers consistent with the homonuclear line ratios.
We further test the mid–infrared line ratios using the five other solar–metallicity galaxies listed in table \[tab-midir\]. For NGC 4102 and NGC 6240, the constraints are poor, and the line ratios can be fit by $=40$ to $100$ . In NGC 6946, [ $2.06$ ]{}/ and \[\]/\[\] disagree unless $<65$ , but as we cautioned in § \[sec:heh\_hek\], [ $2.06$ ]{} is not a reliable diagnostic. For NGC 253, [ $1.7$ ]{}/ and the neon ratio cannot be simultaneously matched by the $=100$ model, but models with $\le 75$ can fit the ratios. For He 2–10, the line ratios require $<65$ , mostly because of low observed \[\]/\[\].
Our conclusion is that in individual regions and entire starbursts, the different heteronuclear and homonuclear mid–infrared line ratios and [ $1.7$ ]{}/ give consistent answers as to age and . This agreement supports use of the mid–infrared line ratios as diagnostics of the ionizing radiation field. The mid–infrared lines have large equivalent widths and a range of excitation energies, making them potentially powerful diagnostics.
DIAGNOSING IONIZING CONDITIONS IN STARBURSTS {#sec:neon}
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Mid–Infrared Line Ratio Dependencies {#sec:depends}
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The mid–infrared line ratios depend on several physical parameters: metallicity, ionization parameter, morphology, and the strength and shape of the ionizing continuum. To be confident in applying these ratios, we need to disentangle these various effects. We consider each parameter in turn.
[**Metallicity**]{}. As metallicity decreases, the relative high–excitation line emission increases, because lower–metallicity stars have harder spectra and because lower–metallicity nebulae cool less efficiently. Another effect is that Wolf-Rayet stars require larger progenitor masses with decreasing metallicity. These effects can be seen by comparing the low–metallicity models (figure \[fig:lowZmodels\]) with the solar–metallicity models (figure \[fig:models\]). Using Starburst99 and Cloudy, we find that Z$= 0.2$ times solar models have initial mid–infrared line ratios that are $\sim 3$ times greater than solar–metallicity models; these line ratios fall more slowly with time than in solar–metallicity models.
While metallicity affects the mid–infrared line ratios, metallicity can be measured and corrected for. Within galaxy samples that have similar measured metallicity, uncertainties in the metallicity should affect the mid–infrared line ratios by factors that are much smaller than the orders–of–magnitude changes in line ratio values expected due to (as discussed in § \[sec:specsynth\]).
[**Ionization parameter and morphology**]{}. The ionization parameter, as the ratio of the spectral intensity to the gas density, combines two of the fundamental parameters that determine the degree of ionization in a nebula. In a Galactic region, the ionization parameter changes rapidly with radius because of the 1/R$^2$ falloff and absorption of UV photons by the nebula (which also alters the spectral shape.) Morphology then determines which parts of the nebula influence others. A starburst galaxy, however, is much messier than an assembly of pseudo-spherical regions: the ISM is generally fragmented, and gas parcels are ionized by many stars. For example, in M82, it appears that the interstellar medium is highly fractionated (e.g., Seaquist, Frayer, & Bell 1998) and that the whole $\sim 450$ pc nuclear starburst and individual $\sim 20$ pc star–forming clusters can be described by a single ionization parameter (@thornley, citing the dissertation of N. Förster Schreiber.) Thus, it seems more appropriate to model a starburst as though the gas and stars are thoroughly mixed (by employing a mean UV spectrum and mean ionization parameter), rather than as a collection of spherical clouds, each with a single ionization source. This “mixed gas and stars” model is achieved in practice by assuming plane–parallel geometry and a composite ionizing spectrum.
Ionization parameters (U) have been estimated in several nearby starburst galaxies by measuring the number of Lyman continuum photons and the size of the starburst region. [@thornley] summarize measurements in NGC 253, NGC 3256, and M82, which are all consistent with $\log U = -2.3$. Measurements have also been obtained for Arp 299 [@arp299]; NGC 1614 [@ngc1614]; NGC 1808 [@ngc1808]; IC 342 [@ic342]; NGC 6946 [@ngc6946]; and NGC 3049 [@ngc6946]. In addition, @hbt measure the Lyman continuum flux in fourteen nearby galaxies. Six of these galaxies have multiple measurements of $\log U$, which gives some estimate of the (often considerable) uncertainty.
In figure \[fig:IP-local\] we plot the ionization parameters derived from these studies. It should be noted that each of these $U$ values is actually a *lower limit*, since we use the maximum radius of the starburst region to compute the ionization parameter. When the gas density was not measured, we assume $n_e = 300$ ; the true ionization parameter scales as $IP = IP_{300} - \log (n_e / 300~{\hbox{cm$^{-3}$}})$. Figure \[fig:IP-local\] shows that the ionization parameter used in our simulations, $\log U \le -2.3$, is a reasonable average value given the measurements available for nearby starbursts.
How sensitive are the mid–infrared line ratios to the ionization parameter? Reducing $U$ in our models by a factor of $10$ lowers the \[\] $15.6$ / \[\] $12.8$ line ratio by a factor of $\sim 7$. Therefore, if the ionization parameters of starburst galaxies vary by a factor of $\sim10$ or more, this parameter could account for considerable spread in observed mid–infrared line ratios. However, there is no tendency for galaxies with small \[\]/\[\] to have low ionization parameters in figure \[fig:IP-local\], indicating that $U$ is not the dominant parameter determining this flux ratio. Comparing with the restricted range of [*U*]{} observed in starbursts, we conclude from the modeling in § \[sec:specsynth\] that dominates variations in this line ratio in such regions.
Starburst ISM morphologies are far too complex to reproduce in simulations; fortunately, parameterization of a starburst by a single, global ionization parameter and a mean ionizing spectrum is physically motivated, agrees with observations, and simplifies the problem sufficiently to allow modeling.
Another test of the diagnostic usefulness of the mid–infrared line ratios is provided by studies of Galactic regions. @mh2 found that, in compact regions, the line ratios \[\] $15.6$ / \[\] $12.8$ , \[\] $8.99$ / \[\] $6.99$ , and \[\] $10.5$ / \[\] $18.7$ correlate very well with each other, suggesting their reliability. @morisset-apj has also demonstrated the use of these lines to estimate and $U$ in Galactic regions, though as demonstrated by @morisset-aa, outside constraints on ionization parameter and metallicity are usually necessary.
The Spectrum of the Ionizing Radiation
--------------------------------------
We now focus on using the fine structure line ratios to estimate the spectrum of the ionizing radiation in starbursts. As figure \[fig:models\] illustrates, once an instantaneous burst is older than $6$ Myr, \[\]/\[\], \[\]/\[\], and \[\]/\[\] are so low ($<0.001$) that the higher–ionization line should not be detected. \[\]/\[\] and \[\]/\[\] fall off more slowly, but still require a dynamic range exceeding $100$ to detect both lines in each ratio. Such very low line ratios are not seen in @thornley, which with $27$ \[\] $15.6$ /\[\] $12.8$ measurements is the largest sample to date of mid–infrared fine structure lines in starburst galaxies. The lowest ratio detected by @thornley is $0.05$, and $5$ galaxies have upper limits. The simplest explanation of this behavior is that massive stars continue to form at low rates after the peak of a starburst.
In the @thornley sample, all but $3$ galaxies have \[\]$<$\[\]. The three outliers, with neon ratios from $1$ to $12$, are all low–mass, low–metallicity galaxies (NGC 55, NGC 5253, and II Zw 40). We will consider the higher–metallicity galaxies now, in the context of the solar–metallicity models, and defer discussion of the low–mass, low–metallicity galaxies to § \[sec:lowZspecsynth\].
In figure \[fig:models\], as decreases, the line ratios decrease during the main sequence phase (because the ionizing spectrum softens), and the gap widens between the two phases of high line ratios (because fewer stars become Wolf–Rayets.) We now consider these models in light of the measured neon ratios of @thornley, which are overplotted in figure \[fig:ne-newplot\].
In the $=100$ model, for $46\%$ of the first $5$ Myr, the predicted \[\]/\[\] exceeds the highest line ratio measured by @thornley for a high–mass, $\sim$solar–metallicity galaxy; thus, this model poorly fits the data. A much better fit is the $Z=Z_{\sun}$, $=40$ model. For only $6\%$ of the first $5$ Myr does this model predict \[\]/\[\]$>1$; for $65\%$ of that time, it predicts neon line ratios within the range of the Thornley detections. The $=40$ model fits markedly better than the $=50$ and $30$ models. Because one–quarter of the Thornley datapoints are upper limits (excluding the three low–mass, low–metallicity galaxies), the M$_{up}=40$ model is a better fit to the Thornley data than the above percentages indicate.
One draws the same conclusion from continuous star formation models, as shown in figure \[fig:continuous\]. Such models with $=100$ and $75$ predict a constant neon ratio above $1$, while the neon ratio for the $=30$ model falls below the Thornley range. The $=40$ and $50$ models predict neon line ratios within the Thornley range; the $=40$ model comes closer to the median.
These results are consistent with those of § \[sec:midir-test\], which found that the heteronuclear and homonuclear mid–infrared line ratios within four regions of M82 required $<50$ to $<65$ (depending on the region), that He 2–10 required $<65$ , and that NGC 253 required $<100$ . Thus, \[\]/\[\] in the high–mass, solar–metallicity @thornley galaxies, and a concordance of line ratios in M82 and He 2–10, are all significantly lower than the predictions of a Salpeter IMF extending to $100$ . An IMF that is deficient in massive ($\ga40$ ) stars could produce the observed line ratios.
Ionizing Conditions in Low Metallicity Starbursts {#sec:lowZspecsynth}
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We now discuss mid–infrared line ratios in low metallicity starbursts. Lowering the metallicity from solar elevates the mid–infrared line ratios, and fills in the valley between the MS and WR phases. [ $1.7$ ]{}/ is completely saturated until the WR stars die, by contrast to its double–peaked behavior for solar metallicity. Overplotted in figure \[fig:lowZmodels\] are the line ratios for II Zw 40, NGC 5253, and NGC 55, in order of decreasing \[\]/\[\] ratio from @thornley. All three of these galaxies have low metallicity: II Zw 40 has measured \[O/H\] $=0.20\pm0.01$ [@diazetal] and \[O/H\]$=0.19\pm0.04$ [@garnett89], \[S/H\]$=0.12\pm0.03$ [@garnett89], and \[Ne/H\]$=0.3$ [@martinhernandez], all linear and relative to solar abundance. NGC 5253 has measurements of \[O/H\]$=0.28$ (Storchi–Bergmann, Kinney, & Challis 1995) and \[Ne/H\]$=0.58$ [@martinhernandez]. NGC 55 has measured \[O/H\]$=0.25$ to $0.37$ [@websmith].
We consider the line ratios of these galaxies in light of the low–metallicity models. For NGC 55, the only mid–infrared line ratio available in the literature is \[\]/\[\]; the observed value can easily be produced by any from $30$ to $100$ . For II Zw 40, the observed \[\]/\[\]$=12$ cannot be achieved by Starburst99/Cloudy models with solar metallicity. With the low metallicity models, we find that the observed \[\]/\[\], \[\]/\[\], and \[\]/\[\] line ratios cannot be produced at any age unless is greater than $40$ . The [ $1.7$ ]{}/ ratio agrees that the ionizing field is rather hard, but is insensitive to . For NGC 5253, unless the burst is $<0.5$ Myr old, the measured \[\]/\[\] requires $>40$ . This constraint is strengthened if we consider the \[\]/\[\], \[\]/\[\], and [ $1.7$ ]{}/ ratios, which all predict ages within $3$ to $5$ Myr, for a broad range of ($40$ to $100$.) The [ $1.7$ ]{}/ constraint is particularly insensitive to . If one assumes this age range, the \[\]/\[\] ratio requires $>60$ .
Thus, while high–mass, solar–metallicity starburst galaxies are seen to have lower \[\]/\[\] ratios than a Salpeter IMF with $=100$ predicts, the low–metallicity galaxies II Zw 40 and NGC 5253 have the high neon ratios expected if they contain very massive stars.
Caveats and Assumptions {#sec:caveats}
-----------------------
How robust is the conclusion that the nebular line ratios indicate that most high–mass, solar–metallicity starbursts have soft ionizing continua? First, we have assumed that the Thornley galaxies are generally of solar metallicity. If they were more metal–poor, this would raise the predicted line ratio curves, and thus increase the discrepancy between the predicted and observed ratios. The opposite effect (weakening our constraint) occurs if the Thornley galaxies have super–solar metallicity. @thornley use the strong–line method to derive metallicities of $1.9\pm 1$ Z$_{\odot}$ for $13$ of their galaxies (excluding NGC 5253 and II Zw 40.) This result is consistent with the metallicities from optical line ratios, but we prefer the Thornley mid–infrared estimate because it should be reddening-independent. Starburst99 is not optimized for such metallicities, but we use twice–solar models nonetheless to crudely estimate whether super–solar metallicities could void our result. For $=100$, $75$, and $60$ , doubling the metallicity from solar lowers the \[\]/\[\] line ratios and increases the duration of the WR phase by $\sim0.5$ Myr, which brings the models closer to agreement with observations, but deepens the trough between the main sequence and WR phases to $100\times$ below the lowest Thornley detection. These models predict neon line ratios within the observed Thornley range for $\sim40\%$ of the first 6 Myr—little better than the solar–metallicity $=100$ model. To summarize, while uncertainties remain because metal–rich stellar evolution is not well understood, current models indicate that the low line ratios observed in starburst galaxies are unlikely to be explained away by metallicity effects.
Another way to negate the conclusion would be for the high–mass, solar–metallicity starburst galaxies to have much lower ionization parameters than we assumed. For the observed neon line ratios to arise in starbursts with $=100$ , the starbursts must have $U$ about $10$ times weaker than our assumed $\log U_{max}=-2.3$. None of the 18 galaxies in figure \[fig:IP-local\] has a measured ionization parameter this low.
In fact, because in our models the ionization parameter starts at $\log U = -2.3$ and falls with the ionizing flux, the ionization parameter in our models is already fairly low. (For example, 5 Myr after a solar–metallicity, $ = 100$ burst, the ionization parameter has fallen to $\log U = -3.15$.) Thus, our ionization parameter assumptions are conservative in that they tend to predict low line ratios for a given ; as a result, when comparing to observed line ratios, the models will be slightly biased toward finding high . Thus, the choice of ionization parameter is not the reason we find generally low in starburst galaxies; the models are actually biased against finding this result.
For simplicity, we have modelled star formation as an instantaneous burst. Starburst galaxies are of course more complicated. An instantaneous burst is the *most conservative* assumption of star formation history for the purpose of constraining . As illustrated in figure \[fig:continuous\], extended star formation or a series of bursts would elevate predicted line ratios above the instantaneous–burst case for most of the burst duration. As such, extended star formation would increase the discrepancy between the low ratios observed in starbursts and the high ratios predicted by high– models.
Dust grains harden the ultraviolet ionizing continuum, as pointed out by @aannestad. Thus, if dust competes for the ionizing photons, this elevates the line ratios, and our conclusions are strengthened. Figure \[fig:ne-newplot\] shows this effect in Starburst99/Mappings models with and without dust. These models were created using the Starburst99/Mappings III web interface, beta test version 3q [@mappings]. That figure also shows that the two different photoionization codes Mappings and Cloudy, given the same input spectra and nebular conditions, predict very similar neon line ratios. This helps address the concern that our results depend on the reliability of photoionization codes and their input atomic constants.
The other major assumptions in our work are the choice of stellar evolution tracks and hot stellar spectra. Had we used the (hard–spectrum) CoStar models, they would have increased the predicted line ratios and made the @thornley galaxies seem even more deficient in high–mass stars. Thus, our use of the softer @pauldrach01 atlas is conservative in terms of existing hot star models. However, our conclusions could be invalidated if real stars have much softer ionizing continua than @pauldrach01.
We note that NGC 3077, 4214, and 4861 now have well–measured, saturated [ $1.7$ ]{}/, but no published mid–infrared spectra. Mid–infrared spectra of these galaxies should further test the trends in nebular line behavior discussed in this paper (all of these galaxies would appear to fall into the low–mass, low–metallicity category).
UV and Nebular Diagnostics in Conflict? {#sec:UV}
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The very massive stellar populations of a number of starburst galaxies have been constrained by ultraviolet spectroscopy. In cases where the burst age is more than $\sim5$ Myr, the UV spectra cannot test for stars above $40$ because the most massive stars have already exploded as supernovae or evolved off the main sequence (e.g., @delgado99). A small number of starbursts have strong P Cygni profiles indicative of a very young burst and the presence of very massive stars. Thus, there appears to be a tendency for ultraviolet spectra of stellar populations to indicate larger than do the nebular lines (although the galaxy samples observed in the UV and mid–infrared hardly overlap). We now consider the cases of He 2–10 and NGC 3049; the UV spectra of both these starburst galaxies show P Cygni profiles, and nebular spectra are available (mid–infrared for the former galaxy, and optical for the latter.)
He 2–10 is an extremely rare case of a starburst which has available ultraviolet spectra of adequate quality to search for P Cygni line profiles as well as high–quality mid–infrared line measurements. Although He 2–10 is of low mass and metallicity globally, the abundances in its nuclear regions are approximately solar (Kobulnicky, Kennicutt, & Pizagno 1999). Best fits to the UV spectrum require $\ge 60$ [@chandar]. From our modelling of the mid–infrared line ratios, we find $<65$ . Thus, these observations permit a discrepancy between the diagnostics, but do not require one.
For NGC 3049, mid–infrared spectra are not available, but optical and UV spectra are. This galaxy is of solar (or slightly higher) metallicity in the starburst regions (Guseva, Izotov, & Thuan 2000) although it is of low mass and luminosity, and hence probably of low global metallicity. @delgado find that the P Cygni line profiles of and in NGC 3049 require $\ge60$ , and rule out ages younger than $2.5$ Myr and older than $4$ Myr. Further, they find that the UV diagnostics disagree with optical nebular lines as to whether massive stars are present; they fit the optical nebular lines by a $=40$ , t$=2.5$ Myr model—parameters which would not create the observed P Cygni profiles in the UV. Given these results, the authors question whether nebular line ratios can reliably indicate the presence of massive stars.
We therefore re–examine the nebular line results for NGC 3049. In modelling these lines, @delgado used an older version of Starburst99 that employed pure helium WR models (Schmutz, Leitherer, & Gruenwald 1992) and Kurucz O star atmospheres prepared by Lejeune, Cuisinier, & Buser (1997). An update of Starburst99 incorporating new stellar models (@pauldrach01 and @hillmill, as packaged by @snc) became available after submission of their paper. The authors note that these new stellar models would soften the ionizing spectrum and reduce the discrepancy with the UV results, but they did not make a detailed reconciliation.
Using our models, which make use of these new stellar atmospheres, we re–examine the nebular lines of NGC 3049. In @delgado, $\log U$ is fixed with time, and varies with radius ($\log U = -2.58$ at R$_{max}=100$ pc) in a spherical model. This results in a generally stronger $U$ than in our models, in which $U$ falls with time. To compare with the results of @delgado, we ran new models with $\log U$ fixed at $-2.3$. This value for $\log U$ is within the measurement uncertainties of n$_H$ and Q(H) of the value used by @delgado. This choice of slightly higher ionization parameter biases our test toward low values of (and agreement with the results of @delgado).
We consider the age range $3\le t \le 4$ Myr, as required by the UV lines [@delgado]. Over this time period, 5876/ can be fit by $40< {\hbox{M$_{up}$}}\le 100$ , and \[\] 5007/ by $40 \le {\hbox{M$_{up}$}}\le 100$ . \[\] 6584/ only requires $<75$, \[\] 6716/ and \[\] 3727/ can be fit by any from $30$ to $100$, and \[\] 6731/ and \[\] 6300/ cannot be fit by any model. Thus, even using a high $U$ model, we do not find that low is required. The updated stellar models remove the inconsistency between the UV and nebular lines noted by @delgado in NGC 3049.
DISCUSSION
==========
We have used a number of tests to show that the nebular line ratio \[\] $15.6$ /\[\] $12.8$ is a robust measure of the hot stellar population in starbursts. The line ratio is virtually unaffected by extinction, and as a homonuclear ratio involving a rare gas it is not subject to abundance variation or depletion onto dust. Where it can be compared to other reliable indicators, the agreement is good. Since the mid–infrared neon lines vary over several orders of magnitude during a few million years of starburst evolution, measurements of moderate precision can give good constraints.
The neon ratio indicates low in all members of a reasonably large sample of massive, high–metallicity starburst galaxies [@thornley]. We have shown that plausible modifications to the interpretive models (adding dust, lowering the metallicity, changing the ionization parameter) leave the basic constraint of low unchanged or strengthened.
The conclusion from \[\] $15.6$ /\[\] $12.8$ contrasts with the evidence for massive, hot stars from P Cygni line profiles in the ultraviolet spectra of two galaxies, He 2–10 and NGC 3049. In the first case, we find that the infrared nebular lines are consistent with the hot stellar spectrum indicated in the UV. In the second case, no mid–infrared spectrum exists, and the optical spectrum of @delgado does not conflict with the UV result. Thus, there is no overt conflict between the P Cygni lines in UV starburst spectra and the limits on set by nebular lines. However, to account for the observed low–excitation nebular spectra of starbursts, galaxies like NGC 3049 must represent a very rare stage in starburst evolution. Can the UV wind observations, infrared nebular line results, and starburst models be reconciled, given this new constraint?
Our calculations of the emission–line properties of starbursts are based on traditional synthesis modelling, as introduced by @rieke1980. Such modelling makes the assumption that newly–formed stars appear on the main sequence according to an assumed formation rate with masses given by an initial mass function. It has recently become popular to assume a Salpeter IMF, although @rieke-m82 derived a very similar IMF [*ab initio*]{} to fit the starburst properties of M82. (Both of these IMFs differ significantly from estimates of the local IMF, in that both have a substantially larger portion of massive stars).
Assuming a Salpeter IMF extending to $100$ , we have shown that these models predict an early phase in starburst evolution, of duration $3$ to $4$ million years, when hot, massive stars should produce high–excitation emission lines. “Starbursts” are identified as–such up to ages of $15$ to $20$ Myr; thus, about $20\%$ of active starbursts should be in the early $<4$ Myr phase. However, the data of @thornley show no starbursts in massive, high–metallicity galaxies with the line ratios predicted for this early phase. One explanation for this discrepancy would be that the Salpeter IMF substantially overestimates the numbers of very massive stars. We have shown that the mid–infrared line ratios can be explained if the IMF cuts off at $40$ to $50$ . Parameterizing the IMF by a cutoff is an oversimplification; a substantial steepening of the IMF slope is probably a more appropriate description. One advantage of such an IMF is that it suppresses the production of oxygen, which can otherwise reach very high abundances in starbursts [@rieke-m82].
However, in addition to the indications from UV spectra that stars more massive than $40$ can form in substantial numbers in starbursts, the Arches Cluster near the center of the Milky Way has a large population of $\sim100$ stars [@figer]. (The mid–infrared line ratios in the Arches [@giveon] are consistent with a burst of age $2$–$3$ or $6$ Myr in our models, assuming twice–solar metallicity.) None of these observations can confirm the standard assumption of a Salpeter IMF extending to $100$ , and the possibility of rolloff in the IMF toward very high masses needs to be considered in detail. However, the Arches and the UV starburst results suggest it is unlikely that the lack of high–excitation emission lines can be explained entirely in terms of a substantial steepening in the IMF above $40$ – $50$ .
We have therefore searched for other causes for this behavior. We believe an explanation can be found in an incorrect assumption in the standard synthesis models: that the full luminous output of newly–formed stars escapes into surrounding diffuse gas. This assumption justifies modelling starbursts as traditional low–density regions. Instead, we suggest that the majority of massive stars in starbursts spend a substantial part of their main sequence lifetimes embedded within dense, highly–extincted regions—similar to the ultracompact regions of the Milky Way—and are thus invisible to optical, near–infrared, and mid–infrared nebular line studies.
In the solar neighborhood, it appears that about $15\%$ of the main sequence life of a massive star is spent within an ultracompact region (Kurtz, Churchwell, & Wood 1994). Hanson, Luhman, & Rieke (1996) have detected in the near–infrared about half of a sample of radio–selected ultracompact regions. They conclude that the detected regions typically are obscured by A$_V$ $= 30$ – $50$. Since the undetected regions in their sample should be even more heavily obscured, we take a typical case to be A$_V$ $\sim 50$. Thus, these objects would not contribute to the optical or near–infrared emission–line spectra of the Milky Way. The heavy extinction would even diminish the fluxes of the mid–infrared fine structure lines such as \[\] $12.8$ and \[\] $15.6$ by a magnitude or more. More importantly, the densities in many ultracompact regions exceed the critical densities for these lines (e.g., $2 \times 10^5$ cm$^{-3}$ for \[\] $15.6$ ). Thus, even in the solar neighborhood, the accuracy of traditional synthesis models would be improved by assuming that massive stars contribute their bolometric luminosity to the region for their entire main sequence lifetimes, but influence the usual indicators in emission line spectra for only $85\%$ of their lives.
The correction suggested above would be small for synthesis modelling of the solar neighborhood. However, if the ultracompact region lifetimes were significantly greater, a substantial deviation from traditional synthesis models would be expected. For nuclear starbursts in massive galaxies, the external pressure is large, due to both the high density and high temperature of the interstellar medium. As a result, the ultracompact regions of starbursts should be small and their expansion retarded compared with Galactic ones (De Pree, Rodríguez, & Goss 1995; Garciá-Segura & Franco 1996). The gravitational field of the central star(s) should also play an important role, slowing the expansion further [@keto]. Thus, it is likely that the massive stars in nuclear starbursts spend a substantial fraction of their lifetimes embedded in high–extinction regions. It is even plausible that this phase is only terminated when these stars begin to lose mass in strong winds—the evolutionary phase seen in UV spectra of starbursts. This possibility is suggested by the failure, to date, to detect any nuclear starburst that appears younger than about 3 million years, based on either nebular line ratios or UV spectroscopy.
Another indication supporting the UC hypothesis is that starburst models under–predict the observed bolometric luminosities of starbursts. Further evidence is that radio recombination lines and free–free continua in starbursts indicate substantially more extinction than indicated by the Brackett lines. For example, @chad deduced A$_V$ $\sim 50$ to the ionized gas in NGC 253 and suggested that much of this gas lies in very compact regions.
In addition, Beck, Turner, & Kovo (2000) found a substantial population of sources in young starburst galaxies whose spectra *rise* from $\lambda=6$ cm to $\lambda=2$ cm, indicating self–absorbed (optically thick to electron scattering) emission. Parsec–scale estimated sizes and large ionizing fluxes (estimated at roughly $10^3$ to $10^4$ OB stars) suggest that these sources are highly obscured young superstar clusters—similar to ultracompact regions, but containing many more stars. Ironically, these results apply to low–metallicity, low–luminosity galaxies similar to those that emit high–excitation nebular lines. The other galaxies known to have non-AGN rising spectrum sources are NGC 5253 (Turner, Ho, & Beck 1998) and He 2–10 (Kobulnicky & Johnson 1999; Vacca, Johnson, & Conti 2002). Massive spiral starburst galaxies do not show this self–absorbed emission, though it is plausible that such sources exist but are are hidden by non-thermal emission from supernovae.
There are a number of consequences for starburst modelling. Because the duration of the obscured phase may depend on the mass of the central star, it may be difficult to deduce an accurate IMF in starbursts using nebular diagnostics. The derivation of the IMF from fitting UV spectra would also be suspect, since there could be a mass/age dependence on the stars contributing to these spectra rather than their providing a snapshot of the integrated hot stellar population. In addition, by suppressing the signatures of the youngest stars, the UC stage will tend to make the duration of starbursts appear artificially short.
CONCLUSION {#sec:summary}
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We have obtained $1.7$ and $2.1$ spectra for six nearby circumnuclear starburst galaxies to measure the [ $1.7$ ]{}/and [ $2.06$ ]{}/ line ratios. Simple recombination physics and independence from nebular conditions and extinction make [ $1.7$ ]{}/ an accurate diagnostic of the hardness of the ionizing continuum (“”). The lines are too weak to be used in distant galaxies, but in nearby galaxies can test more detectable but potentially problematic diagnostics.
We present models for the behavior of the diagnostics discussed in this paper. SEDs were generated by the spectral synthesis code Starburst99, which uses the most current O star and Wolf–Rayet model spectra [@pauldrach01; @hillmill]. Although T$_{eff}$ remains a useful shorthand term, accurate models of the ionizing continuum must consider the entire population of hot main sequence and Wolf–Rayet stars. Wolf–Rayet stars maintain high line ratio values after the O stars have left the main sequence. Our updated models may aid interpretation of IRS spectra from SIRTF.
We then test whether the observed line ratios are consistent with these new models. By comparison with [ $1.7$ ]{}/, we confirm that [ $2.06$ ]{}/ is a problem–ridden diagnostic, as predicted [@shields]. [ $2.06$ ]{}/also fails to correlate with the mid–infrared diagnostic \[\]/\[\]. However, we point out that a low [ $2.06$ ]{}/ ratio may indicate a soft UV continuum. NGC 4102, in which [ $1.7$ ]{}/ and [ $2.06$ ]{}/ are both low, is an example.
We test \[\] 5007 Å/ as a diagnostic in starburst galaxies. In comparison to [ $6678$]{}/, \[\]/\[\], and [ $1.7$ ]{}/, we find that \[\]/ is systematically elevated. While aperture mismatch may contribute to the poor correlation with \[\]/\[\], the other two diagnostics were observed with apertures comparable to that for \[\]/. We suggest that shock–excitation of \[\] by supernovae is the likely cause of very high \[\]/, and that this effect plus differing sensitivities to extinction may explain the considerable scatter and lack of correlation with the other diagnostics.
We attempt to test optical He and H recombination line ratios. Sample sizes in the literature are too small to compare [ $6678$]{}/ or [ $4471$]{}/ to each other or to \[\]/\[\], [ $1.7$ ]{}/, or [ $2.06$ ]{}/. Instead, we estimate in galaxies by the latter three diagnostics, and test for a correlation with [ $6678$]{}/. We find a correlation at $2\sigma$ significance. We re-evaluate the optical nebular lines of NGC 3049, and find them consistent with the age and IMF inferred from the UV spectrum; this removes the discrepancy between the UV and nebular diagnostics noted previously using less sophisticated stellar atmospheres.
We show that the mid–infrared lines and [ $1.7$ ]{}/ give consistent answers for well-studied starbursts, lending credibility to the mid–infrared lines’ use as diagnostics of starburst ionizing fields. We also demonstrate theoretically that the behavior of these lines in starbursts should be dominated by T$_{eff}$ for galaxies with similar metallicity.
Having found the mid–infrared line ratios to be credible diagnostics, we use them to address the conditions in starbursts. @thornley found low values of the \[\] $15.6$ / \[\] $12.8$ ratio in their sample of $27$ starburst galaxies. In the context of our models, this result would suggest that high–mass, solar–metallicity starbursts form fewer M$\ga40$ stars than a Salpeter IMF. Adding dust, lowering the metallicity, choosing a different stellar atlas, or choosing a more extended star formation history would strengthen this conclusion.
However, another more likely possibility can account for this result. The relatively high density and temperature of the interstellar medium in nuclear starbursts should increase the duration of the ultracompact region phase. As a result, most of the very massive stars may spend virtually their entire main sequence lifetimes embedded within dense, highly extincted regions, and thus will be nearly undetectable to conventional optical or near-to-mid– infrared spectroscopy. This situation will make it difficult to determine the high–mass IMF in starbursts.
In contrast to the high–mass, solar–metallicity starbursts, in the low–mass, low–metallicity galaxies II Zw 40 and NGC 5253, high neon line ratios seem to require stars more massive than $\sim40$–$60$ . This contrast can be understood if these galaxies form stars in regions where the interstellar medium is less effective at confining ultracompact regions, or if the lifetimes of these regions are reduced at low metallicity.
We thank the Steward Observatory TAC for time allocation, telescope operator Dennis Means and the SO Kitt Peak staff, and Chad Engelbracht for his FSPEC–specific `iraf` scripts. We thank Gary Ferland for making Cloudy available to the astronomical community, and Claus Leitherer for making Starburst99 available. We also thank Doug Kelly and Lisa Kewley for modelling advice, and Luis Ho for assistance using his atlas. Don McCarthy, Ann Zabludoff, Ed Olszewski, and Dave Arnett provided comments that improved this paper. An anonymous referee provided an exceptionally helpful critique of the original version of this paper. JRR was partially supported by an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship. This work was also partially supported by the MIPS Project, under contract to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France.
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G. 1998, Supplement, 127, 521
\[fig:spec\_17\]
\[fig:spec\_20\]
\[fig:models\]
\[fig:lowZmodels\]
\[fig:heh\_hek\]
\[fig:ne\_206\]
\[fig:optical\]
\[fig:o3\_heh\]
\[fig:o3\_Ne\]
 \[fig:IP-local\]
\[fig:ne-newplot\]
\[fig:continuous\]
[^1]: IRAF is distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatories, which are operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation.
[^2]: The Starburst99 model for $t=3.0$ Myr and M$_{up}=100~$ predicts line ratios that are sharply discontinuous from ratios at $2.8$, $2.9$, $3.1$, and $3.2$ Myr. (The \[\]/\[\] spike is 25 times higher than the surrounding points.) The M$_{up}<100$ models and sub-solar metallicity models have no spike. Though we have been unable to pinpoint the cause from the Starburst99 output, we feel the $3$ Myr spike is spurious, not a physical effect, and we have removed it from the figures.
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{
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
}
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Fluoroscopic versus laparoscopic implantation of peritoneal dialysis catheters: a retrospective cohort study.
A previous clinical trial showed that radiologic insertion of first peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheters by modified Seldinger technique is noninferior to laparoscopic surgery in patients at low risk in a clinical trial setting. The present cohort study was performed to confirm clinical effectiveness of radiologic insertion in everyday practice, including insertion in patients with expanded eligibility criteria and by fellows in training. Between 2004 and 2009, 286 PD catheters were inserted in 249 patients, 133 with fluoroscopic guidance in the radiology department and 153 by laparoscopic surgery. Survival analyses were performed with the primary outcome of complication-free catheter survival and secondary outcomes of overall catheter survival and patient survival. Outcomes were assessed at last follow-up, as long as 365 days after PD catheter insertion. In the radiologic group, unadjusted 365-day complication-free catheter, overall catheter, and patient survival rates were 22.6%, 81.2%, and 82.7%, respectively, compared with 22.9% (P = .52), 76.5% (P = .4), and 92.8% (P = .01), respectively, in the laparoscopic group. Frequencies of individual complications were similar between groups. Adjusting for patient age, comorbidity, and previous PD catheter, the hazard ratio (HR) for catheter complications by radiologic versus laparoscopic insertion is 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.62-1.31); the HR for overall catheter survival is 1.25 (95% CI, 0.59-2.65); and that for death is 2.47 (95% CI, 0.84-7.3). Radiologic PD catheter insertion is a clinically effective alternative to laparoscopic surgery, although there was poorer long-term survival with radiologic catheter placement, possibly because of preferential selection of radiologic insertion for more frail patients.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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メイド５人によるロックバンド・BAND-MAIDが12月11日、3rdアルバム『CONQUEROR』をリリース。前作『WORLD DOMINATION』から約２年ぶりと今作は、過去最大のボリュームでシングル曲２曲と、お給仕（ライブ）で披露されている「endless Story」、David BowieやT.Rexなどを手がけた世界的音楽プロデューサー・トニー・ヴィスコンティからのオファーを受け制作された「The Dragon Cries」など全15曲を収録。ジャケットからも変化を感じられるように、５人の進化への想いが十二分に反映された１枚に仕上がった。インタビューでは、時間を掛けて制作されたアルバムの制作背景や、今彼女たちが考えるBAND-MAIDの未来について５人に話を聞いた。【取材＝村上順一／撮影＝富田味我】
もっと近いゴールを立てる
――15曲と大ボリュームのアルバムが出来たわけですが、BAND-MAIDはアルバムとなると基本曲数多いですよね。
小鳩ミク 確かに多いんですけど、15曲というのは初めてですっぽ。実は今回も前作と同じくらい12曲から13曲ぐらいになる予定でした。気づいたら15曲になってましたっぽ。
――なんでも、最初はアルバムを作るという感じではなかったみたいですね。
小鳩ミク そうですっぽ。途中からアルバムを制作しようとなって、作ってあった曲を集めたものになりました。なので、楽曲の時系列はバラバラなんですっぽ。
――アルバムの中で最初に作った曲は？
KANAMI 「endless Story」と「輪廻」が割と最初の方に出来ました。「輪廻」はストックとしてあった曲だったので。
SAIKI レコーディングした順番だと「endless Story」と「輪廻」、「Wonderland」「azure」だったと思います。
――「endless Story」からは、アリーナやスタジアムなど大きな会場でのパフォーマンスを想定して作られたということもあり、スケールの大きな楽曲になっていますが、昨年から皆さんの意識変化があったとお聞きしたのですが、そのあたりも関係しているのでしょうか。
小鳩ミク １〜２年前からみんなで話し合う機会が増えたんですっぽ。その中で１年後、２年後のビジョンを考えながら計画を立てていくというのを始めたので、そこからみんなの意識が変化していったんじゃないのかなと思うんですっぽ。
SAIKI 世界征服が目標というところではメンバーの意識は一緒だったんですけど、具体的なところを話し合って。その中で近々の予定を立てたほうがいいんじゃないかとなりまして。もっと近いゴールを立てて、逆算して活動していくのが、私達の性に合っているんです。
小鳩ミク そこでまずアリーナやスタジアムでお給仕が出来るようになりたいと、目標を立てて「endless Story」が出来たんですっぽ。
SAIKI ２年後には立ちたいですね。
――目標は明確に決めたほうがいいですよね。話し合いが多くなると、意見のぶつかり合いとかもあったんじゃないですか。
小鳩ミク ぶつかりあいはそんなにないと思うんですけど、ふざけてしまうことはよくありますっぽ。特にMISAとAKANEのリズム隊の２人がきっかけになって、ヒートアップして盛り上がってグルーヴを作り始めて（笑）。
――最高のリズム隊ですね（笑）。「endless Story」はどのように作っていかれたのでしょうか。
KANAMI この曲は私があるアーティストさんのライブを観に、千葉のzozoマリンスタジアムに行ったのがきっかけでした。自分たちもここに立ちたい、というイメージが浮かんできたので、帰りのバスの中でスマホのボイスメモにメロディを録音しました。少し時間が経ってからなんですけど、そこから形にしていきました。やっぱり他のアーティストさんのライブを観ることは良い刺激になるなと思いました。この曲をお給仕で成長させてアリーナやドームに連れていけたらなと思います。
――さて、今作で特にお気に入り、聴いてほしい曲をそれぞれ教えて下さい。
MISA 「flying high」は私の趣味が全開の楽曲になっています。UK調のブリットポップのベースがイメージできたので、それを思い浮かべながら弾きました。（※1990年代にロンドンやマンチェスターを中心に発生したイギリスのポピュラー音楽ムーブメント）
小鳩ミク 今回はベースがすごく動いている曲がたくさんあるっぽ。
――「輪廻」もアグレッシブですよね。
MISA 「輪廻」もベースはすごく動いています。今回は制作時間、考える時間がけっこうあったので、フレーズも練りました。逆に短時間で作ったのが「Dilemma」なんですけど、それも動き続けているフレーズで（笑）。ずっと走り続けているかのような感じなんです。
――コピーするのも難しそうですね…。今回もSAIKIさんにベースのフレーズを送って確認してもらったり？
MISA 送りました（笑）。
SAIKI きっと褒めてほしんだなと思ったので「あなたは天才だ！」と返事をしました（笑）。
――AKANEさんはいかがですか。すごくリズムの振り幅が大きいアルバムなんじゃないかなと思ったのですが。
AKANE 幅というのはすごくあります。例えば「PAGE」や「Mirage」、「At the drop of a hat」、「Wonderland」はすごくこまかいビートが多くて、間のとり方というのを意識してレコーディングに臨みました。あと、「PAGE」に関しては、生音と打ち込みの音をミックスするということで、初めてバスドラを外して、それ以外のパーツだけでレコーディングしました。
――チャレンジングな１曲だったんですね。
AKANE やりづらかったんですけど、すごく新鮮なレコーディングでした。あと、「輪廻」は遂にここまでバスドラを踏む時がきたかと（笑）。デモを聴いたときはびっくりしましたから。「輪廻」と「カタルシス」はかなり大変なのでチャレンジのしがいがありました。「輪廻」は足が大変で、「カタルシス」は体全体が大変で、ドラマーとしてすごく難しいビートになっているので、一番苦戦した曲です。
――キッズに挑戦してもらいたいですね。小鳩さんはいかがでしょうか。
小鳩ミク 「The Dragon Cries」以外は全部歌詞を書かせていただいたんですけど、制作期間が長かったので、締切に追われるような感じではなかったんですっぽ。なので、これまでのようにスケジュールが切羽詰まっているときは、同じ雰囲気にならないようにと気を遣って書いたりしていたんですっぽ。
――時期が近いから似てきてしまうと。
小鳩ミク そうなんですっぽ。でも今回は書いている時期がバラツキがあったので、歌詞も幅広く書けたんじゃないかなと思っていますっぽ。ストーリーだったり、使いたかった言葉だったり。あと、今回は宗教的な難しい用語を取り入れました。
――確かに聞き馴染みのない言葉もあります。
小鳩ミク 海外のご主人さま、お嬢さまはBAND-MAIDの曲で日本語を勉強してくださっている方も多くて、意味について質問もきたりするんですっぽ。特に今回は海外の方には勉強になる日本語も多く入っていると思っていて、「Blooming」に出てくる＜不妄語戒に背いて＞とかは日本の方でも馴染みがないと思いますっぽ。今回は色んな方に聴いてほしいなと特に思っていて、男女関係なく、自分の感覚に置き換えてもらって感じてもらえたらいいなと思って歌詞を考えましたっぽ。
――日本語もそうなんですけど、英語も攻めた使い方をしているなと思いました。
小鳩ミク 英語は勉強しつつなんですけど、英語でこういう気持ちを伝えたいんですけど、なんて言ったらいいのか実際に英語を話せる先生に相談しながら書いていきました。口語で使われるような言葉になっていると思います。海外の方にもニュアンスが伝わればいいなというのは意識しましたっぽ。
――SAIKIさんの特にこだわった曲は。
SAIKI 小鳩は曲のイメージを反映した歌詞を書いてくれていると思うんですけど、あえて歌詞の意味は聞かないようにして、私が最初に受けたインスピレーションで歌うようにしています。
――最初に感じたイメージを大切にしているんですね。特に歌詞を見てグッと来た曲はありましたか。
SAIKI どの曲ももちろん良いんですけど「PAGE」かな。この曲の歌詞を書いたのがアルバム制作の最後の方で、小鳩から「歌詞のネタがほしい」と言われて美容系と私が提案して出来たので。今まで強い女性とか一緒に戦うというものが多かったので、いつまでも女性は美しくいたいものだし、化粧品のタイアップが取れたらなと思って美容を提案したんです。
――そういう計算も入っていて（笑）。
SAIKI 最近はお嬢さまのファンも増えてきたので、お嬢さまに向けての言葉とか気持ちを書いたらいいんじゃないかと思いました。
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2015 Mille lacs edition 8x20 bought this brand new late last year used it for one season. Selling to go bigger. This does not have the artic package. Text or call me with any questions at 763 two two eight 7539.
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Question of the Day
Have you been impacted by the government shutdown?
Michael Jordan wants his young Washington Wizards teammates to keep an eye on him and watch everything he does. But he doesn't want them to take it to extreme measures, which is exactly what he and coach Doug Collins noticed the team doing in their last preseason game.
Jordan played 32 minutes Thursday night in the Wizards' 114-88 loss to the Detroit Pistons in Grand Rapids, Mich., his longest stint of the preseason. And there were too many times when his teammates just stood back and watched the action. They watched when Jordan went one-on-one and didn't make themselves available for what could have been better shots.
They made even more egregious mistakes at the defensive end, which is clearly their weak spot. In the fourth quarter when Detroit outscored them 31-10, the Pistons cruised by defenders for easy layups. And too often the Wizards' big men sat back and didn't attempt to play help defense when one of their teammates was beaten off the dribble. The porous defense resulted in the Pistons shooting 52 percent from the floor.
Making matters worse, the Wizards have not gotten consistent play from their big men. Rookie center Brendan Haywood is out for at least the next three weeks with torn ligaments in his thumb. Jahidi White, battling tendinitis in his left knee and at the same time mending from an Achilles' heel injury, has seen limited action so far.
Asked to assess the way the big men are playing, Collins noted the eight-point, 13-rebound effort by Etan Thomas, who is really a power forward disguised as a center.
"We cannot stand around and watch Michael," Collins said following the game. "I thought we got caught spectating."
The Wizards will try to reverse this trend tonight when they play their only preseason game at MCI Center against the New Jersey Nets.
"This team lacks defensive principles in terms of habits where collectively we're on a string and everybody knows everybody's tendencies," Jordan said Thursday. "This is what Doug's trying to institute so that everybody is on the same page. Defense wins games; defense holds games close until we can find our rhythm from an offensive standpoint."
Compounding their bad defense, the Wizards turned the ball over 19 times compared to just eight by the Pistons, a surprisingly low number considering the number of points Detroit scored.
"It's tough when you've got a lot of young kids. But we've still got 12 days to get us to where we've got to go," Jordan said. "We're going to make mistakes. We've just got to minimize those mistakes. So we'll struggle now and it hurts. But struggle in the season and that's a problem."
Note Richard Hamilton has a bruised right elbow and might not play tonight against the Nets.
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CALGARY – La société TransAlta a volontairement interrompu le service dans certaines de ses centrales albertaines afin de faire monter les prix de l’électricité, a tranché la Commission des services publics de l’Alberta, lundi.
Celle-ci avait lancé une enquête après que l’administrateur de la surveillance des marchés de la province eut accusé l’entreprise établie à Calgary d’avoir manipulé le marché de l’électricité en fermant des centrales en 2010 et en 2011 afin de faire monter les coûts de production en période de pointe.
Selon la Commission, TransAlta aurait pu différer chacune de ses fermetures mais a décidé d’aller de l’avant en période de pointe ou en super période de pointe afin d’en faire profiter au maximum son propre portefeuille.
Elle a notamment reproché à l’entreprise d’avoir permis à un de ses employés, le courtier Nathan Kaiser, d’utiliser des informations privilégiées au sujet des fermetures de centrale afin que TransAlta puisse en profiter sur les marchés.
Toutefois, la Commission a estimé que l’administrateur n’a pas pu prouver ses accusations voulant que les politiques, pratiques et mécanismes de surveillance de TransAlta soient inadéquats et déficients.
L’entreprise n’a pu être jointe.
Des audiences auront lieu afin de déterminer les sanctions qui seront prises contre TransAlta.
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China está manobrando para conquistar a liderança internacional à medida que os Estados Unidos vacilam
Por Kurt M. Campbell e Rush Doshi
Agora, com centenas de milhões de pessoas se isolando em todo o mundo, a nova pandemia de coronavírus se tornou um evento verdadeiramente global. E embora suas implicações geopolíticas devam ser consideradas secundárias a questões de saúde e segurança, essas implicações podem, a longo prazo, provar-se igualmente importantes – especialmente quando se trata da posição global dos Estados Unidos. As ordens globais tendem a mudar gradualmente no princípio e depois de uma só vez. Em 1956, uma intervenção fracassada no Suez desencadeou a decadência do poder britânico e marcou o fim do reinado do Reino Unido como potência global. Hoje, os formuladores de políticas dos EUA devem reconhecer que, se os Estados Unidos não se levantarem para enfrentar o momento, a pandemia de coronavírus poderá marcar outro “momento de Suez”.
Agora está claro para todos, exceto para os partidários mais míopes, que Washington fracassou na sua resposta inicial. Os erros cometidos por instituições importantes, da Casa Branca e do Departamento de Segurança Interna aos Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças (CDC), minaram a confiança na capacidade e competência da governança dos EUA. As declarações públicas do presidente Donald Trump, sejam declarações do Salão Oval ou tweets matutinos, serviram amplamente para semear confusão e espalhar incertezas. Tanto o setor público quanto o privado se mostraram mal preparados para produzir e distribuir as ferramentas necessárias para testes e respostas. E internacionalmente, a pandemia ampliou os instintos de Trump para seguir sozinho e expôs o quão despreparado Washington é para liderar uma resposta global.
O status dos Estados Unidos como líder global nas últimas sete décadas foi construído não apenas em riqueza e poder, mas também, e igualmente importante, na legitimidade que flui da governança doméstica dos EUA, fornecimento de bens públicos globais e capacidade e vontade de reunir e coordenar uma resposta global às crises. A pandemia de coronavírus está testando todos os três elementos da liderança dos EUA. Até agora, Washington está falhando no teste.
À medida que Washington vacila, Pequim está se movendo rápida e habilmente para aproveitar a abertura criada pelos erros dos EUA, preenchendo o vácuo para se posicionar como líder global em resposta a pandemia. Está trabalhando para promover seu próprio sistema, fornecer assistência material a outros países e até organizar outros governos. É difícil exagerar o descaramento da ação da China. Afinal, foram os próprios erros de Pequim – especialmente seus esforços no início para encobrir a gravidade e a propagação do surto – que ajudaram a criar a crise que agora afeta grande parte do mundo. No entanto, Pequim entende que, se for visto como líder, e Washington for incapaz ou não querer fazê-lo, essa percepção poderá alterar fundamentalmente a posição dos Estados Unidos na política global e a disputa pela liderança no século XXI.
ERROS FORAM COMETIDOS
Logo após o surto do novo coronavírus, que causa a doença agora denominada COVID-19, os erros dos líderes chineses colocaram uma mancha na posição global de seu país. O vírus foi detectado pela primeira vez em novembro de 2019 na cidade de Wuhan, mas as autoridades não o divulgaram por meses e até puniram os médicos que o denunciaram, desperdiçando um tempo precioso e adiando pelo menos cinco semanas as medidas que educariam o público, interromperiam o deslocamento e permitiriam testes generalizados. Mesmo quando a escala completa da crise emergiu, Pequim controlou com rigor as informações, evitou a assistência do CDC, limitou a viagem da Organização Mundial da Saúde a Wuhan, provavelmente subestimou infecções e mortes e alterou repetidamente os critérios para registrar novos casos de COVID-19 – talvez em um esforço deliberado para manipular o número oficial de casos.
À medida que a crise piorava entre janeiro e fevereiro, alguns observadores especularam que o coronavírus poderia até minar a liderança do Partido Comunista Chinês. Foi chamado de “Chernobyl” da China. O Dr. Li Wenliang – o jovem denunciante silenciado pelo governo que depois sucumbiu a complicações do COVID-19 – foi comparado ao “homem-tanque” da Praça da Paz Celestial.
No entanto, no início de março, a China estava reivindicando a vitória. Quarentena em massa, uma parada nas viagens e um encerramento completo da maioria das vidas diárias em todo o país foram creditados por terem invertido a tendência; estatísticas oficiais, como são, informaram que novos casos diários caíam na casa de um dígito em meados de março, em relação às centenas no início de fevereiro. Surpreendendo a maioria dos observadores, o líder chinês Xi Jinping – que estava estranhamente quieto nas primeiras semanas – começou a se colocar diretamente no centro de resposta. Este mês, ele visitou pessoalmente Wuhan.
Embora a vida na China ainda não tenha retornado ao normal (e apesar das perguntas contínuas sobre a precisão das estatísticas da China), Pequim está trabalhando para transformar esses primeiros sinais de sucesso em uma narrativa maior a ser transmitida para o resto do mundo – uma que faça a China ser o ator essencial em uma recuperação global que se aproxima e afaste sua má administração anterior da crise.
Uma parte crítica dessa narrativa é o suposto sucesso de Pequim na luta contra o vírus. Um fluxo constante de artigos de propaganda, tweets e mensagens públicas, em uma ampla variedade de idiomas, elogia as conquistas da China e destaca a eficácia de seu modelo de governança doméstica. “A força, eficiência e rapidez marcantes da China nessa luta foram amplamente aclamadas”, declarou o porta-voz do Ministério das Relações Exteriores, Zhao Lijian. A China, acrescentou, estabeleceu “um novo padrão para os esforços globais contra a epidemia”. As autoridades centrais instituíram rígido controle informacional e disciplina nos órgãos estatais para extinguir narrativas contraditórias.
Essas mensagens são ajudadas pelo contraste implícito com os esforços para combater o vírus no Ocidente, particularmente nos Estados Unidos – a falha de Washington em produzir um número adequado de kits de teste, o que significa que os Estados Unidos testaram relativamente poucas pessoas per capita, ou a desmontagem do governo Trump da infraestrutura de resposta a pandemia do governo dos EUA. Pequim aproveitou a oportunidade da narrativa oferecida pela desordem americana, com sua mídia e diplomatas estatais lembrando regularmente uma audiência global da superioridade dos esforços chineses e criticando a “irresponsabilidade e incompetência” da “chamada elite política em Washington” como a agência estatal de notícias Xinhua publicou em um editorial.
As autoridades chinesas e a mídia estatal até insistiram que o coronavírus não saiu de fato da China – apesar de evidências opostas – para reduzir a culpa da China pela pandemia global. Esse esforço tem elementos de uma campanha de desinformação ao estilo russo, com o porta-voz do Ministério das Relações Exteriores da China e mais de uma dúzia de diplomatas compartilhando artigos de fontes precárias acusando os militares dos EUA de espalhar o coronavírus em Wuhan. Essas ações, combinadas à expulsão em massa sem precedentes da China de jornalistas de três importantes jornais americanos, danificam as pretensões da China à liderança.
A CHINA FAZ, O MUNDO RECEBE
Xi entende que o fornecimento de bens globais pode polir as credenciais de liderança de uma potência crescente. Ele passou os últimos anos pressionando o aparato de política externa da China a pensar mais sobre liderar reformas à “governança global”, e o coronavírus oferece uma oportunidade para colocar essa teoria em ação. Considere as exibições cada vez mais divulgadas da China de assistência material – incluindo máscaras, respiradores, ventiladores e medicamentos. No início da crise, a China comprou e produziu (e recebeu como ajuda) grandes quantidades desses bens. Agora está em posição de entregá-los a outras pessoas.
Quando nenhum estado europeu respondeu ao apelo urgente da Itália por equipamentos médicos e equipamentos de proteção, a China se comprometeu publicamente a enviar 1.000 ventiladores, dois milhões de máscaras, 100.000 respiradores, 20.000 roupas de proteção e 50.000 kits de teste. A China também enviou equipes médicas e 250.000 máscaras para o Irã e enviou suprimentos para a Sérvia, cujo presidente considerou a solidariedade europeia um “conto de fadas” e proclamou que “o único país que pode nos ajudar é a China”. O co-fundador da Alibaba, Jack Ma, promete enviar grandes quantidades de kits de teste e máscaras para os Estados Unidos, além de 20.000 kits de teste e 100.000 máscaras para cada um dos 54 países da África.
A vantagem de Pequim em assistência material é aprimorada pelo simples fato de que muito do que o mundo depende para combater o coronavírus é fabricado na China. Já era o maior produtor de máscaras cirúrgicas; agora, por meio da mobilização industrial do tipo guerra, aumentou mais de dez vezes a produção de máscaras, dando-lhe a capacidade de fornecê-las ao mundo. A China também produz aproximadamente metade dos respiradores N95, essenciais para a proteção dos trabalhadores da saúde (forçou fábricas estrangeiras na China a produzi-los e depois vendê-los diretamente ao governo), dando a ele outra ferramenta de política externa na forma de equipamentos médicos. Enquanto isso, os antibióticos são críticos para tratar infecções secundárias emergentes do COVID-19, e a China produz a grande maioria dos ingredientes farmacêuticos ativos necessários para produzi-los.
Os Estados Unidos, por outro lado, carecem de oferta e capacidade para atender muitas de suas próprias demandas, e muito menos para fornecer ajuda em zonas de crise em outros lugares. A imagem é sombria. Acredita-se que o Estoque Nacional Estratégico dos EUA, reserva nacional de suprimentos médicos críticos, possua apenas um por cento das máscaras e respiradores e talvez dez por cento dos ventiladores necessários para lidar com a pandemia. O restante deverá ser compensado pelas importações da China ou pelo aumento da produção doméstica. Da mesma forma, a participação da China no mercado de antibióticos dos EUA é superior a 95% e a maioria dos ingredientes não pode ser fabricada no mercado interno. Embora Washington tenha oferecido assistência à China e a outras pessoas no início da crise, agora é menos capaz de fazê-lo, à medida que suas próprias necessidades crescem; Pequim, por outro lado, está oferecendo ajuda precisamente quando a necessidade global é maior.
A resposta à crise, no entanto, não é apenas sobre bens materiais. Durante a crise do ebola de 2014-15, os Estados Unidos se reuniram e lideraram uma coalizão de dezenas de países para combater a propagação da doença. Até agora, o governo Trump evitou um esforço de liderança semelhante para responder ao coronavírus. Até falta coordenação com os aliados. Washington parece, por exemplo, não ter avisado previamente seus aliados europeus antes de instituir uma proibição de viagens de/para a Europa.
A China, por outro lado, empreendeu uma campanha diplomática robusta para reunir dezenas de países e centenas de funcionários, geralmente por videoconferência, para compartilhar informações sobre a pandemia e lições da própria experiência da China na luta contra a doença. Como grande parte da diplomacia chinesa, esses esforços de convocação são amplamente realizados em nível regional ou através de órgãos regionais. Eles incluem chamadas com estados da Europa Central e Oriental por meio do mecanismo “17 + 1”, com o secretariado da Organização de Cooperação de Xangai, com dez estados das Ilhas do Pacífico e com outros grupos na África, Europa e Ásia. E a China está trabalhando duro para divulgar essas iniciativas. Praticamente todas as matérias na primeira página de seus órgãos de propaganda voltados para o exterior anunciam os esforços da China para ajudar diferentes países com bens e informações, enquanto enfatizam a superioridade da abordagem de Pequim.
COMO LIDERAR
O principal ativo da China na busca pela liderança global – diante do coronavírus e de maneira mais ampla – é a inadequação percebida e o foco interno da política dos EUA. O sucesso final da busca da China, portanto, dependerá tanto do que acontece em Washington quanto do que acontece em Pequim. Na crise atual, Washington ainda pode virar a maré se provar ser capaz de fazer o que se espera de um líder: administrar o problema em casa, fornecer bens públicos globais e coordenar uma resposta global.
A primeira dessas tarefas – impedir a propagação da doença e proteger populações vulneráveis nos Estados Unidos – é mais urgente e, em grande parte, uma questão de governança doméstica, e não de geopolítica. Mas como Washington vai agir terá implicações geopolíticas, e não apenas na medida em que restabelece ou não a confiança na resposta dos EUA. Por exemplo, se o governo federal imediatamente apoiar e subsidiar a expansão da produção doméstica de máscaras, respiradores e ventiladores – uma resposta condizente com a urgência em tempo de guerra dessa pandemia – isso salvaria vidas americanas e ajudaria outras pessoas em todo o mundo, reduzindo a escassez de suprimentos globais.
Embora atualmente os Estados Unidos não sejam capazes de atender às demandas materiais urgentes da pandemia, sua contínua vantagem global nas ciências da vida e na biotecnologia pode ser fundamental para encontrar uma solução real para a crise: uma vacina. O governo dos EUA pode ajudar, incentivando os laboratórios e empresas dos EUA a empreender um “Projeto Manhattan” médico para conceber, testar rapidamente em ensaios clínicos e produzir em massa uma vacina. Como esses esforços são caros e exigem investimentos iniciais assustadoramente altos, financiamentos governamentais generosos e bônus pela produção bem-sucedida de vacinas podem fazer a diferença. E vale a pena notar que, apesar da má administração de Washington, os governos estaduais e locais, organizações sem fins lucrativos e religiosas, universidades e empresas não esperam que o governo federal tome as providências antes de tomar uma ação. As empresas e os pesquisadores financiados pelos EUA já estão progredindo em direção a uma vacina – embora, mesmo no melhor cenário, levará algum tempo até que alguém esteja pronto para o uso generalizado.
No entanto, mesmo concentrando-se nos esforços internos, Washington não pode simplesmente ignorar a necessidade de uma resposta global coordenada. Somente uma liderança forte pode resolver problemas de coordenação global relacionados a restrições de viagens, compartilhamento de informações e fluxo de mercadorias críticas. Os Estados Unidos forneceram essa liderança com sucesso por décadas e devem fazê-lo novamente.
Essa liderança também exigirá cooperação efetiva com a China, em vez de ser consumida por uma guerra de narrativas sobre quem respondeu melhor. Pouco se ganha enfatizando repetidamente as origens do coronavírus – que já são amplamente conhecidos apesar da propaganda da China – ou realizando trocas retóricas mesquinhas com Pequim. Como as autoridades chinesas acusam os militares dos EUA de espalhar o vírus e criticam os esforços dos EUA, Washington deve responder quando necessário, mas geralmente resiste à tentação de colocar a China no centro de suas mensagens de coronavírus. A maioria dos países que lidam com o desafio prefere ver uma mensagem pública que enfatize a seriedade de um desafio global compartilhado e possíveis caminhos a seguir (incluindo exemplos bem-sucedidos de resposta ao coronavírus em sociedades democráticas como Taiwan e Coreia do Sul). E há muito o que Washington e Pequim poderiam fazer juntos para o benefício do mundo: coordenar pesquisas de vacinas e ensaios clínicos, além de estímulos fiscais; partilhando informação; cooperar na mobilização industrial (em máquinas para produzir componentes críticos do respirador ou peças do ventilador, por exemplo); e oferecendo assistência conjunta a outras pessoas.
Por fim, o coronavírus pode até servir como alerta, estimulando o progresso em outros desafios globais que exigem cooperação entre EUA e China, como as mudanças climáticas. Tal passo não deve ser visto – e não seria visto pelo resto do mundo – como uma concessão ao poder chinês. Em vez disso, ajudaria a restaurar a fé no futuro da liderança dos EUA. Na crise atual, como na geopolítica hoje em geral, os Estados Unidos podem se dar bem fazendo o bem.
FONTE: Foreign Affairs
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Tolix Marais Stool 18, Perforated
A new perforated version of the Tolix line, originally designed by Xavier Pauchard in 1934, the stool comes in two sizes and many colors - only a fraction of which is available here at DWR (but the DWR price and shipping is great). You can find the whole line at Melissa Edelman Antiquaire out of Chicago.
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Tag Archives: Cartoon Porn One Piece
Hentai Picture: Looks like for Boa Hancock this is not the first encounter with tentacles… but for Nami it’s definitely first! Undoubtedly, alcohol, confectionery and a schlong in her head and twat is all chick covets… Be on your guard because this One Piece stuff is much more skillful than you could have ever expected it to be: well-hung dudes pump firm pussies here! A whore from One Piece squeezed between a couple of monstrous baby-makers that have her face dumped with semen rain!
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Shenzhen One Among Nine Cities that Passed New Air Quality Standards
For the first half of this year Shenzhen is nine among 161 Chinese cities that has reached the goal of the new and stricter air quality monitoring standard that was implemented by the Ministry of Environmental Protection. The nine cities are Zhoushan, Zhanjiang, Yunfu, Beihai, Sanya, Zhuhai, Lhasa and Shenzhen.
All of these cities have reached the standards and is around 6 percent of the 161 cities have passed the air quality standard that is deemed safe under the new stricter standards. The new standards are placed into use at the beginning of the year and at 161 cities across China.
The air quality in Shenzhen is at the excellent or safe level as 171 out of 181 days in the first half of the year was recorded. And of five of the major pollutants that are monitored the only average ozone density increased slightly compared to the same period last year. The city has recorded a PM2.5 density of an average 33 mg per cubic meters in the first six months which is significantly lower compared to a year ago. This figure is also the third lowest among the 74 major cities with air qualities that are being monitored by the Ministry of Environmental Protection.
In February 2012, China has issued a new air quality monitoring standard which includes monitoring carbon dioxide, the ozone layer and PM 2.5 particles in which they added PM10, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide.
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USA Scrum, Photo Credit: Aaron Castro
The best way to explain this is overhaul. In total, 15 changes. 5 players move from starting to the bench. 3 Players from the training squad have been activated with three players being dropped. All players were available for selection. You can look at the changes being performance based against the Red Roses and also the need to try more combinations with the young squad. The best way to explain this is overhaul. In total, 15 changes. 5 players move from starting to the bench. 3 Players from the training squad have been activated with three players being dropped. All players were available for selection. You can look at the changes being performance based against the Red Roses and also the need to try more combinations with the young squad.
Working from the pack: The big changes are Katy Augustyn earning starting selection and first appea rance in the 2019 Super Series pushing Joannna Kitlinski to the Bench. Nic James moves from reserve hooker to starting THP, flipping with Catie Benson who's moved to the Bench. Then in the engine room, Stacey Bridges slides to 4 and Alycia Washington earns starting selection at 5 with Kristine Sommer moving to the Bench. Asinate Serevi is dropped, which changes the back row with Elizabeth Cairns being activated and starting at Blindside. Captain Kate Zackary slides over from the Blindside to start at No 8. Overall some of these changes look to be made to address our overall strength in the scrum, but it seemed from the match against the Red Roses that the unit just wasn't strong enough rather than being a simple individual that could change the dynamic. Sommer, Benson, and Serevi were quite consistent on the day.
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[Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle: questions remaining after 50 years of research].
The excitation-contraction coupling mechanism was defined as the entire sequence of reactions linking excitation of plasma membrane to activation of contraction in skeletal muscle. By using different techniques, their regulation and interactions have been studied during the last 50 years, defining until now the importance and origin of the calcium ion as a contractile activator and the main proteins involved in the whole mechanism. Furthermore, the study of the ultrastructural basis and pharmacological regulation of the excitation-contraction coupling phenomenon has begun. The excitation-contraction coupling is thought to be altered in situations as ageing, muscle fatigue and some muscle diseases. However, many questions remain to be answered. For example, (1) How excitation-contraction coupling develops and ages? (2) What role does it play in muscle fatigue and other diseases? (3) What is the nature of the interaction between the proteins believed to be involved? The present review describes excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle and techniques used to better understand it as an introduction for discussing unanswered questions regarding excitation-contraction coupling.
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Through nearly 20 years of constant change and disruption in the technology space, Vonage has been a leader. Now Vonage is leading through change once again, emerging as a B2B communications SaaS company for a new era.
Vonage, Nexmo, Tokbox, and NewVoiceMedia have come together as Vonage. The consolidation brings together leaders in Communications APIs, Unified Communications, and Contact Centers, to create the world's most flexible cloud communications platform. Together we make communications more flexible, intelligent, and personal, so our customers stay ahead.
Why this role matters
This role will support the Business Operations function through the analysis of data and trends about quality, revenue, profits, payments, fraud and client behaviour. It is a key role to help the team scale by allowing the Managers to turn data into insights and thus have an impact in the business side.
IF THIS SOUNDS LIKE YOU, CONTINUE READING BELOW...
What you'll do
Own part of the Business Intelligence framework for Business Operations (Create Reports, Verify data, Analyse data, Build presentations and Dashboards) with focus on Quality and Innovation functions.
Perform complex analysis: business cases, What If Scenarios and Forecasting.
Create Alerts for Internal and external stakeholders to maintain QoS.
Manipulate and transform data into insight to support the business
Identify and develop possible data sources that are not currently covered.
Provide Data analysis for other function stakeholders (Product, Marketing, Sales etc) to support cross-functional needs.
Perform operational day-2-day tasks and work towards automation.
What you'll bring
Some experience in a similar position.
Proficient in MS Office or Google equivalent data analysis Tools.
Experienced on Tableau Business Intelligence tool or similar.
Highly proficient in SQL.
Good Level on a scripting language (Python preferred).
Strong analytical skills.
Ability and willingness to work in a global, fast-paced environment.
Flexible, with the ability to adapt your working style to meet objectives.
Excellent communication and analytical skills.
Nice to have:
Project Management experience
Telecommunications industry exposure.
API and Cloud communications Industry exposure.
Degree level educated
What's in it for you
This a great opportunity to grow your career in a rapidly developing, successful and profitable organisation. Our API business is experiencing hyper growth and we have the structure, financial stability and culture to be able to maximise the opportunities this offers. We want smart people who like doing difficult things with like-minded colleagues, clear reward and recognition. In addition to providing career advancement opportunities and a collaborative work environment, Vonage provides great pay and benefits, including unlimited discretionary time off.
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"The Emory community mourns this tragic and senseless loss of two members of our university family. Our thoughts and prayers go out on behalf of Faraaz and Abinta and their families and friends for strength and peace at this unspeakably sad time," the school said in a statement.
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Although Mladenovic's campaign was ended swiftly, there were no such problems for defending champion Christina McHale, who overcame Danka Kovinic 6-2 6-4.
Three-time winner Samantha Stosur followed Mladenovic in becoming an early casualty, as Sara Sorribes Tormo fought back from a set down to prevail 3-6 7-5 6-1 while Zarina Diyas, runner-up to Stosur in 2014, came from behind to defeat Misaki Doi 3-6 6-1 6-1.
There were first-round wins for Kurumi Nara, Shuai Zhang and Yulia Putintseva while Elise Mertens, Aleksandra Krunic and Miyu Kato all booked their places in the quarter-finals.
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We’re available for your needs 24 hours a day,
7 days a week, and on holidays as well.
Main Line Taxi
Call 610-272-1000 . Main Line Taxi and Limousine Company is your source for premier transportation in the Main Line area. We provide quality transportation to Villanova, Ardmore, and King of Prussia, PA. Our fleet of over 100 modern vehicles including taxi cabs, minivans, and SUVs are nearby, ready to assist you and provide for all of your transportation needs. Main Line’s cabs are serviced and maintained to provide you the safest transportation in the Main Line area.
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Call a Taxi : 610-272-1000
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Q:
Submit a new request to the controller upon changing form_dropdown
I'm not sure if there is a better way of doing this than with JavaScript, but I'm trying to call a controller when the select state of a form_dropdown is changed. I don't need to change some part of my page, I need to just call the controller again with new parameters.
I'm having the hardest time trying to do this with javascript/jquery.
Does anyone have a solution to this?
Here is my attempt...
View
<?php
echo form_label('Select day', 'days[]', '');
echo form_error('days[]');
$day = array( '0' => 'Monday', '1' => 'Tuesday', '2' => 'Wednesday', '3' => 'Thursday', '4' => 'Friday', '5' => 'Saturday', '6' => 'Sunday' );
echo form_dropdown('days[]', $day, '', 'id="select_day"');
$controller_uri = $this->uri->slash_segment(1).$this->uri->slash_segment(2).$this->uri->slash_segment(3).$this->uri->slash_segment(4).$this->uri->slash_segment(5);
?>
<script>
var controller_uri = "<?php echo $controller_uri ?>";
var select_day = document.getElementById('select_day');
$( "select" ).change(function() {
console.log( controller_uri ); // see what it looks like
// add the day (final argument) to the controller
var controller_uri = controller_uri + select_day.value;
// How to submit this as a controller request?
});
</script>
Thanks.
A:
Well, it seems I forgot to add the base_uri() to the beginning of the controller_uri. So just changing the line...
var controller_uri = "<?php echo base_url().$controller_uri ?>";
and then calling
window.location = controller_uri;
// or
location.href = controller_uri;
Did the trick.
I hope this helps someone. If you know of a better way to do this, leave your own answer.
Thanks.
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When the Bough Breaks (1993 film)
When the Bough Breaks is a 1994 American thriller film directed by Michael Cohn and starring Ally Walker, Martin Sheen, Ron Perlman and Tara Subkoff. The screenplay concerns a serial killer.
Plot summary
Following a gruesome discovery, State Profiler Audrey Macleah is called in to help investigate. She discovers a connection between the serial killings and young Jordan Thomas, who has been institutionalized since he was 4. As Audrey grows closer to the troubled youth, so to does the truth. Just what ties Jordan to the serial killer and can Audrey solve the mystery before another young girl meets the same fate as the previous victims?
The storyline itself is somewhat confused and illogical. The local police have been baffled by finding, year after year, severed hands, evidently very cleanly cut from the bodies of teenage girls - coupled with annual reports of missing teenage girls. FBI-trained profiler Audrey Macleah is presented with the case - and also with the troubling fact that a silent teenage boy who has long been kept in the county psychiatric hospital painted a hand on the wall of his cell every year at about the date that each girl had gone missing. It is speculated that this boy, who has no visitors, has some telepathic ability related to these crimes. Macleah makes an enormous effort to communicate with this boy (who, although institutionalized and mute since the age of four, somehow learned how to write) and learns that although his name is Jordan he has a secret alter-ego named Jenny. Further investigation reveals that the disappearances of the girls, and Jordan's painting of a hand, occur each year on Jordan's birthday. The effort to look up the hospital records of Jordan's birth reveals even more. The denoument owes something to Hitchcock's PSYCHO (1960) and even more to SILENCE OF THE LAMBS (1991). Despite the identification of the villain, enormous chunks of the mystery remain unexplained.
Cast
Ally Walker: Audrey Macleah
Martin Sheen: Captain Swaggert
Ron Perlman: Dr. Douglas Eben
Tara Subkoff: Jordan Thomas / Jennifer Lynn Eben
Robert Knepper: Lt. Jimmy Creedmore
Scott Lawrence: Sergeant Footman
John P. Connolly: Sergeant Belvin
Awards
Grand Prix Vidéo from the Cognac Festival du Film Policier 1995 for Michael Cohn.
References
External links
Category:1994 films
Category:1990s thriller films
Category:American thriller films
Category:Films about autism
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For the syrup
Oval in shape, with a pronouced bulge on one end, lemons are one of the most versatile fruits…
100g golden caster sugar
Method
Heat oven to 160C/fan140C/gas 3. Prepare the inside and outside of a 23cm tin, as before. Cream the butter and sugar together until light and fluffy, then gradually beat in the eggs a little at a time. Add a tbsp of the plain flour if it starts to split. Fold in the flours and a pinch of salt, followed by the lemon zest and juice.
Spoon the mix into the tin and bake for 1 hr 35 mins or until well-risen and golden and a skewer inserted comes out clean. Meanwhile, make the syrup by heating the sugar, lemon zest and juice in a small pan until the sugar dissolves. Set aside.
Once the cake is out of the oven, leave to cool until it’s just warm, then use a skewer to poke holes down to the bottom all over the cake. Pour the syrup over, letting it completely soak in after each addition. Leave to cool completely, then either wrap or fill and ice the cake. The unfilled cake will keep well if you wrap it with baking parchment and cling film for up to 4 days, or in the freezer for up to a month.
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Comments, questions and tips
I made this for my brother's wedding 6 years ago and since then has been my go to lemon cake recipe. I scale it up and down as needed and even make cupcakes with it. One of the best lemon cakes i've ever eaten (if I do say so myself :))
ginnypeace
6th Jan, 2017
I made the whole wedding cake for my daughter's best friend's wedding and it was very successful - everyone loved it! Have just used the Zingy Lemon Cake recipe to make a Baby Shower cake for the same friend. Again it worked really well. As a previous person commented, it is important that the eggs and butter are at room temperature. I always assume large eggs when baking. And yes, I have produced a great 4" deep cake each time!
KeinEngel
27th Nov, 2016
Lemon juice in cake mix meant it didn't rise at all. Went in the bin
The White Monk
20th Apr, 2017
Sorry to hear your cake did not go well. Don't give up. This recipe really does work but needs carful attention. Not suggesting you were not carful in anyway. Did you weigh out the correct amount of lemon juice in the recipe? If you put too much it can mean the cake becomes too moist and does not rise correctly. Weigh everything out carefully and don’t use more than 100 mL lemon juice. Just by the feedbacks on this page its worth having one more go :)
I have had my disasters too with cakes and I once doubled the lemon juice on this recipe with terrible consequences! I wanted even more lemon flavour!!
All the best with your future bakes.
Emzie_essex
25th Sep, 2016
5.05
My first attempt at a two tier cake...this is very easy and tastes of lovely zingy lemon.
licciem
2nd May, 2016
To all those who got a flatter, dense cake: I just made this for my wedding and my first attempt was about 2-3 inches tall and felt pretty dense. My mistakes were:
I didn't beat the butter and sugar together enough - for those using a kitchen aid, a flex edge beater attachment is a must for this recipe!
My butter was too cold
My eggs were too cold - make sure both eggs and butter are at warm room temperature when you start baking
Basically, because there is no rising agent in the cake (other than in the SRF), it relies heavily on the air you beat in at step 1. Another tip, gently fold in the flour, do not beat at this stage.
I followed the above, and my second attempt was a soft, bouncy, 4inch high cake that can definitely be sliced twice for filling.
Good luck!
vintagemunchkin
9th Apr, 2016
Made this for my wedding. As others have commented, there's no way this could be sliced into three, really didn't rise as much as I'd hoped. I made the lemon buttercream and added a layer of lemon curd too. Was all lovely. Flavours great.
Check out my blog for details: http://itsonlyvintagebutilikeit.com/food-2/its-only-a-wedding-cake-but-i-like-it/
lebrant
21st Oct, 2015
Why why why, when spending money on expensive ingredients to make this cake, do you not give the size of eggs? I'd love to see the cake "good food" made before it was decorated. I followed the recipe exactly and the result was an almost 2" height (once levelled) cake. The photos show a three layered cake, I would only get two layers from this cake. I used to rate this website, now I don't.
jantho61
6th Sep, 2016
I always weigh my eggs in the shell so it weighs a little over, to compensate the shell..... that way the weights are all the same!
Ghd22
17th Jan, 2016
It says if you click on eggs large eggs
Pages
I have made a 14 inch square fruit cake for my brothers wedding. next tier is going to be a 12 or 10 inch which goes better. Can anyone help which Size to go for and how to scale this recipe up. Thanks
melp7922
22nd Jun, 2017
Hi, I was searching for a 10" square lemon cake and this one came up. Is this recipe for that shape/size?
goodfoodteam
28th Jun, 2017
Hi there, we're not sure why this cake came up, it's actually a 9" round cake. The mixture will not be sufficient for a 10" square cake tin.
LindaFeatherby
28th Apr, 2017
Help.....I have made this cake with success before but today (when it matters because I am making it as a wedding cake for a friend's wedding) it is not working. The first one I cooked today seemed to have pockets of uncooked mixture in it and did not rise as much as usual and was denser. Any ideas? thank you
goodfoodteam
28th Apr, 2017
Sorry to here your wedding cake is not working out. How stressful! Make sure you follow the recipe really carefully, using the correct-sized tin. Have all the ingredients at room temperature before beginning and get plenty of air into the butter and sugar - it wants to be really light and fluffy. Add the eggs very gradually and don't be tempted to add too much flour while beating. Fold in the rest of the flour, you don't want to work it too hard. It's also important to make sure the oven is fully up to temperature before putting the cake into the oven. Don't be tempted to check the cake early, opening the oven door, wait until the full cooking time or a few mins before unless it really looks done. We hope these tips help. Good luck!
brinda100
26th Dec, 2016
Does anyone know please if this recipe would work if substituting the butter for a dairy free alternative, such as margarine (or something different if anyone else knows a good dairy free butter substitute!) Thanks :)
goodfoodteam
29th Dec, 2016
Thanks for your question. You can substitute the butter but check the side of the pack to see if whatever you are choosing is suitable for baking. If the substiute contains salt then don't add any extra along with the flour in step 1.
Reader offer: £10 off + 2 free craft beers
Skills & know how
As well as helping you decide what to cook we can also help you to cook it. From tips on cookery techniques to facts and information about health and nutrition, we’ve a wealth of foodie know how for you to explore.
About BBC Good Food
We’re all about good recipes, and about quality home cooking that everyone can enjoy. Whether you’re looking for some healthy inspiration or learning how to cook a decadent dessert, we’ve trustworthy guidance for all your foodie needs.
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All our recipes are tested thoroughly by us to make sure they’re suitable for your kitchen at home. We know many of you are concerned about healthy eating, so we send them to a qualified nutritionist for thorough analysis too.
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BBC Worldwide is a commercial company that is owned by the BBC (and just the BBC). No money from the licence fee was used to create this page. The profits we make from it go back to BBC programme-makers to help fund great new BBC programmes.
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Outlook Data Merge
Publisher's description:
Outlook data merge into one file makes the management of multiple PST files convenient. This Outlook data merge tool can successfully combine all the items of Outlook into single PST file and increase the performance of Outlook.
This software is a perfect solution to be used in order to combine PST file that is unmanageable for the users. Outlook data merge tool can merge journals, calendar, to-do list, email, contacts and many more files to single one file.
A single Outlook PST files provides you lots of easiness like:
* Easy information search: to search from a single Outlook PST files is much simple than to search in bulk of Outlook PST files.
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Outlook merge PST files have many features like:
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2. Support to all windows O.S offered
3. Merge unlimited PST files.
Download demo version to merge 15 items of Outlook PST files into single file. This is for testing of product, after satisfaction you can purchase full version of PST Merge software as personal license is available at $69 and business license is available only at $199. If you are unable to handle this Outlook Data Merge Software, immediately contact to our support team.
System Requirements:
Pentium II 400 MHz, 64 MB RAM, Minimum 10 MB Space
Program Release Status: Major Update
Program Install Support: Install and Uninstall
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189 F.Supp. 265 (1960)
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff,
v.
Alexander L. GUTERMA, Virgil D. Dardi, Lowell M. Birrell, Robert C. Leonhardt, Louis Levin, Pierre A. Duval, Harry W. Bank, and United Dye & Chemical Corporation, Defendants.
United States District Court S. D. New York.
February 2, 1960.
*266 *267 *268 S. Hazard Gillespie, U. S. Atty., Southern Dist. of New York, by Jerome Londin and Leonard Glass, New York City, for plaintiff.
Moss, Wels & Marcus (by Richard H. Wels, New York City), for Guterma.
Lord, Day & Lord, New York City, for Leonhardt.
Corcoran, Kostelanetz, Gladstone & Dowell, New York City, for Dardi and United Dye and Chemical Corp.
John F. Dailey, Jr., New York City, for Duval.
EDELSTEIN, District Judge.
Under an indictment charging a conspiracy to violate and substantive violations of the Securities Act of 1933, 15 U.S.C. § 77a et seq., 15 U.S.C.A. § 77a et seq., 48 Stat. 74, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78a et seq., 15 U.S.C.A. § 78 et seq., 48 Stat. 881, motions to dismiss have been made by four of the defendants: Alexander L. Guterma, Virgil D. Dardi, Robert G. Leonhardt and United Dye and Chemical Corporation. Only Dardi and the corporate defendant are named in all fifteen counts, but the discussion will be applicable to all the grounds advanced against all counts.
The entire indictment is attacked as vague and conclusory, with an extensive elaboration on the lack of factual allegations. It is true that the indictment could have been drawn with more factual specification, but "* * * [t]he true test of the sufficiency of an indictment is not whether it could have been made more definite and certain, but whether it contains the elements of the offense intended to be charged, `and sufficiently apprises the defendant of what he must be prepared to meet, and, in case any other proceedings are taken against him for a similar offense, whether the record shows with accuracy to what extent he may plead a former acquittal or conviction.'" Hagner v. United States, 285 U.S. 427, 431, 52 S.Ct. 417, 419, 76 L.Ed. 861. By this test, I conclude that the indictment withstands attack.
*269 The first count is a conspiracy charge. The elements of the offense of conspiracy are the agreement, the offense-object toward which the agreement is directed, and an overt act. United States v. Offutt, 75 U.S.App.D.C. 344, 127 F.2d 336, 338. The indictment charges that the named defendants did, during a specified time, conspire with each other, with others named as co-conspirators but not as defendants, and with others unknown, to commit certain offenses against the United States. These offenses are defined generally as the violation of specified sections of the Securities Act of 1933 and of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, and further, the defrauding of the United States by impeding, impairing, obstructing and defeating the lawful governmental functions of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Succeeding paragraphs refine this generality with a clear indication of the nature and scope of the offenses, including names and dates, and substantially in statutory language. It is true that these offenses are insufficiently alleged to be properly pleaded as substantive offenses. But such pleading is not required. "It is well settled that in an indictment for conspiring to commit an offense in which the conspiracy is the gist of the crime it is not necessary to allege with technical precision all the elements essential to the commission of the offense which is the object of the conspiracy * * * or to state such object with the detail which would be required in an indictment for committing the substantive offense * * *. In charging such a conspiracy `certainty to a common intent, sufficient to identify the offense which the defendants conspired to commit, is all that is' necessary. Williamson v. United States, 207 U.S. 425, 447, 28 S.Ct. 163, 52 L.Ed. 278 * * *." Wong Tai v. United States, 273 U.S. 77, 80, 47 S.Ct. 300, 301, 71 L.Ed. 545. The offense objects are, in count one, sufficiently identified in accordance with this standard. "The particularity of time, place, circumstances, causes, etc. * *" is not essential to the sufficiency of the indictment. Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 66, 62 S.Ct. 457, 463, 86 L.Ed. 680. To complain of the absence of allegations of specific fact from which it can be determined that a particular defendant entered into a conspiratorial agreement is to complain of the failure to plead evidence from which a jury may ultimately infer his guilt. It is the agreement and the offense-object which must be clearly described, not the detailed participation of each defendant. Inasmuch as it is unnecessary to a finding of guilt under a conspiracy charge that the offense-object be achieved, it is manifestly unnecessary to allege or prove the details of achievement. It is an identification of the offense, rather than its definition, which must be indicated "with certainty to a common intent". Where the indictment alleges, for example, that it was part of the conspiracy for named defendants to file an annual report, Form 10-K, of the corporate defendant for the calendar year 1954 from which they would omit information required to be set forth therein concerning the material interest of another (officer, director and stockholder) defendant in material transactions to which subsidiaries of the corporate defendant were parties, it has unmistakably identified the partial offense-object, without stating the information omitted (or to be omitted), the material interest of the person named or the identity of the transactions. Details of the specificity urged by the defendants to be necessary can by no effort be stretched to essentials. They are a far cry from the allegations omitted in Pettibone v. United States, 148 U.S. 197, 13 S.Ct. 542, 37 L.Ed. 419, where there was no direct allegation that it was the purpose of the conspiracy to interfere with federal court proceedings, there being no allegation that the defendants knew about the injunction; or in Hamner v. United States, 5 Cir., 134 F.2d 592, where there was merely a charge of conspiracy to commit offenses and frauds, followed only by "confused allegations" of what the defendants did; or in Asgill v. United *270 States, 4 Cir., 60 F.2d 780, where the charge merely recited the purpose of the performance of certain unlawful acts. Overt acts having been pleaded, the elements of the conspiracy have been set forth in the indictment with sufficient particularity for the defendants to understand what they are charged with having conspired to do, in "a plain, concise and definite written statement of the essential facts constituting the offense charged * * *", Rule 7(c), Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, 18 U.S.C.A.
Count two charges the willful failure to set forth certain information in an annual report of the corporate defendant required to be filed with the New York Stock Exchange, in violation of sections 78m and 78ff(a) of Title 15 United States Code, 15 U.S.C.A. §§ 78a, 78ff(a). Section 78m commands every issuer of a security registered on a national securities exchange to file with the exchange, in accordance with such rules and regulations as the Commission may prescribe, generally described information and documents, including annual reports, as prescribed by the Commission. Section 78ff (a) provides that any person who willfully violates any provision of the chapter, or any rule or regulation thereunder, the observance of which is required under the terms of the chapter, shall upon conviction be subject to the specified penalties. Thus, the crime consists of the willful failure to set forth identified information required by the Commission in a specified document prescribed by the Commission. Count two adequately incorporates the elements of the crime. It charges three of the defendants by name with willfully and knowingly failing to set forth in an annual report, Form 10-K, prescribed by the Securities and Exchange Commission, the required information about the approximate amount of and material interest, direct or indirect, of Lowell M. Birrell, a director and officer of the corporate defendant, in material transactions during a specified period of time and with specified persons. The defendants are fully and fairly informed of the charges they are required to answer, without any further statement of facts showing how the alleged omission was material, what the particular transactions were, or the amount of and material interest of the defendant-director.
The remaining counts have been drawn substantially in the language of the statute and regulations which the defendants are charged with violating, with particularization of generic language. When statutory language alone embodies all the elements of the crime, clearly informing defendants what the charges are so that they are able to prepare their defenses and plead the judgments in bar of any further prosecutions for the same offense, it is sufficient. United States v. Debrow, 346 U.S. 374, 74 S.Ct. 113, 98 L.Ed. 94. United States v. Achtner, 2 Cir., 144 F.2d 49; United States v. Palmiotti, 2 Cir., 254 F.2d 491; United States v. Varlack, 2 Cir., 225 F.2d 665. The situation is otherwise, of course, where the statute itself omits an essential element of the offense or includes it only by implication. See Robertson v. United States, 5 Cir., 168 F.2d 294, 295. In United States v. Carll, 105 U.S. 611, 26 L.Ed. 1135, for example, an indictment alleging in the words of the statute that the defendant, feloniously and with intent to defraud, did pass, utter and publish a falsely made, forged, counterfeited and altered obligation of the United States, but not further alleging that the defendant knew it to be false, forged and counterfeited, was insufficient. The knowledge of the defendant was an element of the crime. It was, however, not specifically recited in the statute, but inferred by the court as the intent of the legislature. The indictment, therefore, set forth in the statutory language, was insufficient because it omitted an element of the crime. An indictment that does not allege all the elements of the crime is not cured by an allegation that what was done was "in violation of" the statute. Alabama Packing Co. v. United States, 5 Cir., 167 F.2d 179. And if the statute includes generic terms, describing only the general nature of the offense, statutory language is insufficient. *271 For example, in United States v. Hess, 124 U.S. 483, 8 S.Ct. 571, 573, 31 L.Ed. 516, the statute (R.S. § 5480, 18 U.S.C.A. § 1341) was directed against "devising, or intending to devise, any scheme or artifice to defraud", to be effected by communication through the post office. The particulars of the scheme are matters of substance, and an indictment drawn in the statutory language, without alleging any particulars of the scheme, omitted a necessary element of the crime. By these principles, I have concluded, the remaining counts of the indictment are sufficient. Basic facts are alleged in statutory language that contains no fatal omissions, and insofar as generic statutory language is employed there is ample particularization, so that the essential elements of the crimes are alleged in a manner that fairly apprises the defendants of the nature of the charges and enables them to protect themselves from subsequent prosecution for the same offenses.
Counts three, five and fifteen charge the unlawful hindering, delaying and obstructing of the making and filing of current reports of the defendant corporation with the New York Stock Exchange, in violation of sections 78m, 78t (c) and 78ff(a) of Title 15. Section 78m, as indicated, requires the filing of reports prescribed by the Securities and Exchange Commission and the failure to file is made a crime by the overall penal section, 78ff(a). Section 78t(c), making it unlawful to hinder, delay or obstruct the making or filing of documents required to be filed, supplies the charging language of the indictment, and the generic terminology is adequately particularized by the designation in each count of a specific document, the substance of the information required to be filed therein, and the specific months involved, as well as a recital of the administrative regulation requiring filing. It is urged, however, that an element of the crime has not been charged because the regulation which is charged to have been violated defines the necessity of filing in exceptive terminology: "* * * except as provided in paragraph (b) * * *" and "* * * unless the same information * * * has been previously reported * * *". And it is argued that when the very clause imposing a duty or forbidding an act exempts certain persons, acts or circumstances, it is necessary to state in an indictment for its violation that the defendant does not come within the restriction and to negative the exception. But I conceive the true rule to be, under the authority of McKelvey v. United States, 260 U.S. 353, 43 S.Ct. 132, 67 L.Ed. 301, "that if it is impossible to frame the statutory charge without negativing the exception, then it should be negatived; but where, as here, the statute states a clear, definite, and general offense, and then excepts certain classes or acts from its scope, the exception need not be negatived. Nor is it a matter of importance whether the excepting clause is in parentheses, or set off by commas, at the beginning of the sentence, or follows a proviso at the end." Nicoli v. Briggs, 10 Cir., 83 F.2d 375, 379. The exceptions here are not so substantively imbedded in the definition of the offense that it is impossible to frame the statutory charge without negativing the exceptions. A clear, definite and general offense is stated. Moreover, by alleging that the defendants unlawfully did hinder, etc. the filing of the reports required to be filed pursuant to the regulation, the possibility that the reports were not required to be filed was excluded. United States v. Winnicki, 7 Cir., 151 F.2d 56, 58; contra, Sutton v. United States, 5 Cir., 157 F.2d 661; but note dissenting opinion at page 666. The indictment, in these counts, has not omitted an element of the crime, and it is incumbent upon the defendants who rely upon an exception to set it up and establish it. McKelvey v. United States, supra.
Count four charges a violation of section 78n (and of section 78ff(a) by which it is made a crime) in the use of the mails and the facilities of the New York Stock Exchange for a proxy solicitation by means of a proxy statement containing statements which were false *272 with respect to material facts and omitting to state material facts. The charge sets forth the basic facts substantially in the language of the statute and a cited regulation, in addition to being adequately particularized by date, stock, the quotation of the allegedly false statements with a specification of how they were false and misleading, and with a specification of the material facts omitted. The elements of the crime are obviously pleaded, but objection is made that the alleged misstatements and omissions had no materiality, or that such materiality does not appear on the face of the indictment. As Judge Murphy said in United States v. Shindler, D.C., 173 F.Supp. 393, for the purpose of a motion to dismiss, the defendants admit the truth of the allegations of the indictment, including the allegation of materiality, and, in any event, materiality must be judged by the facts and circumstances in the particular case and should properly await the trial to be determined from all the evidence.
Counts six through fourteen charge fraud in the offer and sale of the common stock of the defendant corporation by the use of the mails, in violation of section 77q(a), which is made a crime by section 77x. The counts are identical except for the specific mailings alleged. Again the charges are made in the language of the statute and further particularized by date, stock and a long list of persons said to have been defrauded, and followed by eighteen paragraphs of facts detailing the manner and means by which the defendants carried out the scheme to defraud the investing public. The contention that the indictment must expressly allege an offer or sale of securities by mail or other means of communications is not well made. United States v. Monjar, D.C., 47 F.Supp. 421, affirmed 3 Cir., 147 F.2d 916, certiorari denied 325 U.S. 859, 65 S.Ct. 1191, 89 L.Ed. 1979. The objection to these counts is further made that they do not specifically detail such facts as the substance of false statements and how they are false, and the omissions to state material facts. But the gist of the crime is the use of the mails in executing the scheme. Frank v. United States, 10 Cir., 220 F.2d 559; Harper v. United States, 8 Cir., 143 F.2d 795. At pages 801-802 of the latter case, it is said:
"The devising of a scheme or artifice to defraud or to obtain money by means of fraud or false pretenses is not a crime either under the Securities Act or the Mail Fraud Act. It becomes a crime only in the event that in furtherance of the scheme or artifice to sell securities any means or instruments of transportation or communication in interstate commerce or the mails be employed. Under the Mail Fraud Act it becomes a crime only in the event the United States Mails are used in carrying out the scheme. The use of the United States mails or means or instruments or transportation or communication in interstate commerce in execution of the alleged scheme to defraud is the gist of the offense which these statutes denounce and not the scheme to defraud. * * * The scheme and artifice to defraud is not required to be set forth with that particularity which would be required if the scheme were the gist of the offense. * * *"
The particulars of the scheme are matters of substance and must be described with a degree of certainty sufficient to show its existence or character, and fairly to acquaint the defendant with the particular fraudulent scheme charged against him; but the scheme itself need not be pleaded with all the certainty in respect of time, place and circumstance requisite in charging the mailing of the letter. Cf. United States v. Crummer, 10 Cir., 151 F.2d 958, certiorari denied 327 U.S. 785, 66 S.Ct. 704, 90 L.Ed. 1012. Consequently, cases cited where the gist of the offense is the fraud or false statement are inapposite. Counts six through fourteen adequately charge the substance of the scheme with sufficient detail to show its existence and character and to *273 acquaint the defendants with the nature of the offense.
It is further contended that counts six through fourteen, charging fraud in the offer and sale of stock by the use of the mails, and counts two, three, five and fifteen, charging violations in connection with the filing of reports and information, are duplicitous, each series alleging a course of conduct constituting a single violation, under the authority of United States v. Universal C. I. T. Credit Corp., 344 U.S. 218, 73 S.Ct. 227, 97 L.Ed. 260. But in counts six through fourteen, charging violations under section 77q of Title 15, the gist of the crime is the use of the mails; the scheme, falsehood and deceitful transactions charged become a crime only when the mails are used in execution. Harper v. United States, supra; Frank v. United States, supra. Each mailing, therefore, constitutes a separate offense. Cf. Schumpert v. United States, 6 Cir., 245 F.2d 233; Nelson v. United States, 9 Cir., 178 F.2d 458; Holmes v. United States, 8 Cir., 134 F.2d 125, certiorari denied, 319 U.S. 776, 63 S.Ct. 1434, 87 L.Ed. 1722; United States ex rel. Bernstein v. Hill, 3 Cir., 71 F.2d 159. And although counts two, three, five and fifteen all allege violations of the so-called "housekeeping" provisions of the Securities Exchange Act, they nevertheless do not involve identical kinds of violations, so that it does not follow that the penal section 78ff(a) which makes these violations crimes prescribes only one offense. See United States v. Universal C. I. T. Credit Corp., supra, 344 U.S. note 4 at page 221, 73 S.Ct. 227. Count two defines a violation under section 78m, while counts three, five and fifteen define different violations with distinct requirements under section 78t (c) as well as section 78m. Moreover, count three defines a violation with a requirement distinct from that involved in counts five and fifteen, in that separately prescribed classifications of information are involved. Thus, accepting the course of conduct contention, it is arguable, duplicity attaches only to counts five and fifteen. But, despite the fact that there is a good deal of technical analogy to the C. I. T. case and to United States v. Personal Finance Company, D.C., 174 F. Supp. 871, cited by defendants, I am not persuaded that this is the kind of situation in which the course of conduct theory of violations is applicable. In the C. I. T. case, to have held the offenses alleged to be distinct and separate crimes would have subjected the defendant to a possible fine of $320,000 instead of $30,000, and in the Personal Finance case, the defendant would have been subjected to a possible fine of $1,000,000 instead of $15,000. In both of these cases, a consistent pattern of doing business involved an indefinite potential of violations with a resulting possibility of astronomical fines, and it was felt that Congress could not have intended such results without clearly indicating them. Compare Bell v. United States, 349 U.S. 81, 75 S.Ct. 620, 99 L.Ed. 905, and Ladner v. United States, 358 U.S. 169, 79 S.Ct. 209, 3 L.Ed.2d 199. The kind of acts here involved are not the subject of such a consistent course of business dealingthe paying of employees or the making of loansas to incur the danger as a matter of course. Accordingly, the situation does not pose the same problem or suggest the same answer.
Defendants argue, finally, that sections 78m, 78n, 78t(c) and 78ff (a) of Title 15, are unconstitutional. Sections 78m (in which section 78t(c) is involved by its reference to the documents and information required to be filed by the Commission, under section 78m) and 78n, it is urged, contain impermissibly broad delegations of power to the Commission in violation of the Fifth and Sixth Amendments. The argument is thoroughly shopworn. The standards laid down for the Commission, in section 78m, "for the proper protection of investors and to insure fair dealing in the security", and in section 78n, "in the public interest or for the protection of investors", are adequate by long settled doctrine. American Power & Light Co. v. S. E. C., 329 U.S. 90, 67 S.Ct. 133, 91 L.Ed. 103; Yakus v. United States, *274 321 U.S. 414, 64 S.Ct. 660, 88 L.Ed. 834. The constitutionality of section 78n has been specifically upheld by the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, S. E. C. v. May, 2 Cir., 229 F.2d 123, 55 A.L.R.2d 1123; cf., Charles Hughes & Co. v. S. E. C., 2 Cir., 139 F.2d 434, certiorari denied 321 U.S. 786, 64 S.Ct. 781, 88 L.Ed. 1077. It is true, of course, that a law may be valid in its delegation of administrative power but invalid as a criminal statute, because the statute does not clearly enough define the nature and quality of the offense. Champlin Ref. Co. v. Commission, 286 U.S. 210, 52 S.Ct. 559, 76 L.Ed. 1062. But here the criminal violations are defined by the legislative language taken together with the applicable regulations, and these definitions meet the standards of definiteness required of criminal enactments.
The necessity of filing the information in the annual report Form 10-K (involved in counts one and two) derives from section 78m, which requires the filing of such information and reports and the Commission may require in accordance with its rules and regulations as "necessary or appropriate for the proper protection of investors and to insure fair dealing in the security * *." Rule X-13A-1 (of Regulation X-13A) requires the filing of an annual report. Rule X-12B-1 (of Regulation X-12B) makes all reports required pursuant to section 13 of the Act (15 U.S.C. § 78m, 15 U.S.C.A. § 78m) subject to the rules contained in Regulation X-12B. Rule X-12B-10 of that Regulation requires every report to be on the form prescribed by the Commission as in effect on the date of filing. And the form contains instructions clearly defining the information required. The necessity of filing the information in the current report Forms 8-K (involved in counts one, three, five and fifteen) derives similarly from section 78m. Rule X-13A-11 requires, with exceptions (defined with adequate certainty pursuant to an adequate delegation of authority), those subject to Rule X-13A-1 to file a current report on Form 8-K, in specified circumstances and within a specified time. And Form 8-K contains clear instructions for the information required. The instructions specifically refer to definitions contained in Rule 12B-2, and those definitions adequately explain the terminology of the instructions. It is simply impossible to understand a complaint of the vagueness or indefiniteness of section 78n taken together with Rule X-14A-9 in connection with proxies (involved in counts one and four). The violation described is as clear as a bell.
Defendants have gone to some length to demonstrate that they have, under these provisions, been cast into a hopelessly tangled rat maze. The effort is labored. The statutory and regulatory scheme is certainly more involved than the injunction, "Thou shalt not steal." But the conditions of society giving rise to the necessity for regulation are more involved than in the days of the patriarchs. It is entirely reasonable and proper to employ a relatively sophisticated scheme for the regulation of relatively sophisticated transactions. Clarity is relative to context and in the context of a complex field of human activity clarity is not precluded by a commensurate complexity of regulation. Indeed, it would appear that, in the circumstances, complexity is at a minimum, and those engaging in the regulated dealings are quite fully advised of what is required of them. The paths from statute to regulation, and, where necessary, to instruction sheet, are neither devious nor obstructed even though they are not without turns. The signposts are not hidden and their legends are not obscure. A reasonable degree of certainty is provided. As said in Boyce Motor Lines v. United States, 342 U.S. 337, 340, 72 S.Ct. 329, 330, 96 L.Ed. 367:
"A criminal statute must be sufficiently definite to give notice of the required conduct to one who would avoid its penalties, and to guide the judge in its application and the lawyer in defending one charged with its violation. [Citing Lanzetta v. New Jersey, 306 U.S. 451 [59 S.Ct. *275 618, 83 L.Ed. 888].] But few words possess the precision of mathematical symbols, most statutes must deal with untold and unforeseen variations in factual situations, and the practical necessities of discharging the business of government inevitably limit the specificity with which legislators can spell out prohibitions. Consequently, no more than a reasonable degree of certainty can be demanded. Nor is it unfair to require that one who deliberately goes perilously close to an area of proscribed conduct shall take the risk that he may cross the line. [Citing Nash v. United States, 229 U.S. 373, 377 [33 S.Ct. 780, 57 L.Ed. 1232]. Hygrade Provision Co. v. Sherman, 286 U.S. 497, 502-503 [45 S.Ct. 141, 69 L.Ed. 402]; United States v. Petrillo, 332 U.S. 1, 7-8 [67 S.Ct. 1538, 91 L.Ed. 1877].]"
The statute and regulations, in their language, convey "sufficiently definite warning as to the proscribed conduct when measured by common understanding and practices * * *", United States v. Petrillo, 332 U.S. 1, 8, 67 S.Ct. 1538, 1542. They quite clearly establish an ascertainable standard of guilt.
The penal section 78ff(a) (involved in counts one, two, three, four, five and fifteen), is said to be defective because the first clause makes only a "willful" violation of any provision of the chapter, or rule or regulation thereunder, a crime, but the last clause states: "* * but no person shall be subject to imprisonment under this section for the violation of any rule or regulation if he proves that he had no knowledge of such rule or regulation." A strained reading serves to raise a host of difficulties, including the shifting of the burden of proof to the defendant. But it is difficult to strain the obvious. The clause obviously means that "[i]f a defendant is convicted of willfully violating a rule or regulation, he may be punished by the imposition of a fine even if he proves that he had no knowledge of such rule or regulation. The statutory proviso applies only to punishment by imprisonment. Whether a fine will be imposed at all depends upon the discretion of the judge passing upon the sentence." Herlands, Criminal Aspects of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 21 Virginia L.Rev. 139, 190-191. The writer, now a judge of this court, points out that the provision is a compromise between proposed provisions offered in the bills before Congress, impliedly recognizing that a great mass of rules and regulations would be issued by the Commission, rendering ludicrous a strict adherence to the fiction of presumed knowledge of the law. The section presents no constitutional problems.
The motions to dismiss are denied.
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}
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We Stand On Guard
We Stand On Guard is a science fiction comics series written by Brian K. Vaughan, with art by Steve Skroce and colouring by Matt Hollingsworth. The first issue, a large 44 page book, was published by Image Comics in July 2015.
The series is set in Canada in the year 2112, in a time when it has been invaded by its neighbour the United States of America. The story centres on a band of resistance fighters in the seemingly vanquished Canada, and their exploits involving skirmishes with the United States Army and its vast supply of mechanised weapons, including giant robots.
We Stand On Guard consists of six issues and is a creator-owned work.
Reception
CBC News reviewer Eli Glasner's positive review said the work was more "direct and visually explosive" than any prior comic book treatment of Canada-U.S. relations. Paste called it "intriguing, emotional and engaging enough to stand alone as a story". The collected edition earned a spot on The New York Times hardcover graphic books bestseller list.
See also
War of 1812
External links
We Stand On Guard
References
Category:2015 comics debuts
Category:Canada–United States relations in popular culture
Category:Comics by Brian K. Vaughan
Category:Water scarcity in fiction
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Authored by a member of IFATS.
Significance StatementArthroscopic microfracture (AM) and stem cell therapy have been used clinically to treat osteoarthritis (OA). This study evaluated the clinical effects of AM in the presence (treatment group) and absence (placebo group) of a stromal vascular fraction (SVF) injection in the knee for OA. The SVF was suspended in platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) before injection. Treatment efficacy differed significantly between placebo and treatment groups. All treatment group patients had significantly improved pain and arthritis index scores compared with the placebo group. These findings suggest that the SVF/PRP injection efficiently improved OA after 18 months. This study will be continuously monitored for 24 months.
Introduction {#sct312040-sec-0001}
============
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic progressive disease characterized by cartilage degeneration, osteophyte formation, bone reorganization, and loss of joint function [1](#sct312040-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}. OA is the most frequent cause of disability among adults in the United States, and it occurred in \>10% of the U.S. adult population in 2009. In 2009, 905,000 knee and hip replacements were carried out in OA patients, costing approximately \$42.3 billion in total.
At present, OA is mainly treated with pharmaceuticals [2](#sct312040-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"}, [3](#sct312040-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}, hyaluronic acid [4](#sct312040-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}, and neridronate [5](#sct312040-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}, [6](#sct312040-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}. However, these treatments only reduce symptoms and pain or control the inflammation process [7](#sct312040-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"} [8](#sct312040-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"} [9](#sct312040-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}; none of these drugs actually prevents the progression of OA [10](#sct312040-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}, [11](#sct312040-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}.
Arthroscopic microfracture (AM) has recently gained popularity as a therapy for OA [12](#sct312040-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"} [13](#sct312040-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"} [14](#sct312040-bib-0014){ref-type="ref"}, with some studies reporting significant symptom and functional improvement following the procedure [15](#sct312040-bib-0015){ref-type="ref"}. Consequently, AM is indicated as a routine treatment for OA. However, meta‐ and systematic analyses indicate that although AM initially improves OA symptoms [16](#sct312040-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"}, [17](#sct312040-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}, this effect is only short term [16](#sct312040-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"}. In some cases, particularly among older people, AM can be harmful [16](#sct312040-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"}, [18](#sct312040-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"}, [19](#sct312040-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"}.
As an alternative approach, OA has been treated using platelet‐rich plasma (PRP). PRP contains the pool of cytokines and growth factors stored in platelets [20](#sct312040-bib-0020){ref-type="ref"}. Some studies have shown that PRP improves OA symptoms [21](#sct312040-bib-0021){ref-type="ref"}, [22](#sct312040-bib-0022){ref-type="ref"}. However, this effect has not been not observed for a prolonged period [22](#sct312040-bib-0022){ref-type="ref"} [23](#sct312040-bib-0023){ref-type="ref"} [24](#sct312040-bib-0024){ref-type="ref"} [25](#sct312040-bib-0025){ref-type="ref"} [26](#sct312040-bib-0026){ref-type="ref"} [27](#sct312040-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}. To improve the effects of PRP, previous studies have investigated the combined injection of PRP with stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in conjunction with PRP have been found to mildly improve cartilage healing, and had improved Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score subscores and visual analog pain scores (VAS) compared with PRP‐only therapy [28](#sct312040-bib-0028){ref-type="ref"}. Using this approach, it is hypothesized that MSCs differentiate into chondrocytes, which participate directly in cartilage repair and also contribute to immune modulation to inhibit knee joint inflammation.
To date, various stem cell sources have been used to treat OA, such as bone marrow‐derived MSCs (BM‐MSCs) for autograft [29](#sct312040-bib-0029){ref-type="ref"} [30](#sct312040-bib-0030){ref-type="ref"} [31](#sct312040-bib-0031){ref-type="ref"} [32](#sct312040-bib-0032){ref-type="ref"} or allograft [33](#sct312040-bib-0033){ref-type="ref"}, adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) [34](#sct312040-bib-0034){ref-type="ref"} [35](#sct312040-bib-0035){ref-type="ref"} [36](#sct312040-bib-0036){ref-type="ref"}, and peripheral blood‐derived stem cells [37](#sct312040-bib-0037){ref-type="ref"} [38](#sct312040-bib-0038){ref-type="ref"} [39](#sct312040-bib-0039){ref-type="ref"}. Other MSC sources include enriched mononuclear cells (MNCs) from bone marrow or umbilical cord blood, stromal vascular fractions (SVFs) from adipose tissue (AT) and purified MSCs obtained from culture‐expanded MNCs.
In their published study, Enea et al. [40](#sct312040-bib-0040){ref-type="ref"} combined autologous bone marrow‐derived cells with microfracture to repair cartilage defects. Their results showed that single‐stage treatment of focal cartilage defects of the knee with microfracture followed by coverage with a polyglycolic acid (PGA)‐hyaluronic acid (HA) matrix augmented with autologous BMCs (PGA‐HA‐CMBMC) was safe and improved knee function. To date, no clinical studies have compared the efficacy of arthroscopic surgery with and without SVF injection in the treatment of OA. This study, therefore, aimed to evaluate the clinical effects of AM alone and in combination with SVF injection on the function and satisfaction of patients with OA.
Materials and Methods {#sct312040-sec-0002}
=====================
All experimental protocols were approved by the National Ethical Committee Ministry of Health, Vietnam. This study was registered at [clinicaltrials.gov](http://clinicaltrials.gov) with identifier NCT02142842.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria {#sct312040-sec-0003}
--------------------------------
All patients enrolled in this study were required to sign a consent form. Patient inclusion criteria were as follows: patients must be older than 18 years, have OA with grade 2 to 3 cartilage degeneration at the time of presentation, failed drug treatment and autologous cartilage transplantation, a Lysholm score less than 65, committed with an artheroplasty condition, and be HIV negative.
A total of 30 patients were enrolled in the study: 15 patients were treated using traditional AM and 15 patients were treated with AM plus an injected mixture of SVF and PRP. The follow‐up time was 18 months for all patients.
Liposuction {#sct312040-sec-0004}
-----------
Patients were restricted from taking corticosteroids, aspirin, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and oriental herbal medications for a minimum of 1 week before liposuction. For the liposuction, patients were given spinal anesthesia with 2--3 ml (5 g/L) of bupivacaine hydrochloride. The lower abdomen was also anesthetized. Liposuction was performed using a tumescent solution (500 ml of normal saline and 0.5 ml of 1:1,000 epinephrine). We used a TriPort Harvester cannula (Tulip Medical Products, San Diego, CA, <http://www.tulipmedical.com>) and a 60‐ml BD Luer‐Lock syringe (BD Biosciences, East Rutherford, NJ, <http://www.bd.com>) to harvest 100--500 ml of adipose tissue from each patient.
SVF Isolation {#sct312040-sec-0005}
-------------
The SVF was isolated from the abdominal adipose tissue of each patient. Approximately 100 ml of lipoaspirate collected from each patient was divided into two 50‐ml sterile syringes. The syringes were stored in a sterile box at 2--8°C and immediately transferred to the laboratory. The SVF was isolated using an ADSC Extraction Kit (GeneWorld, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, <http://geneworld.vn>) according to the manufacturer\'s instructions. Briefly, 100 ml of lipoaspirate was placed in a sterile, disposable 250‐ml conical centrifuge tube (Corning Life Sciences, Tewksbury, MA, <https://www.corning.com>) and washed twice with sterile phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) by centrifugation at 400*g* for 5 minutes at room temperature. The adipose tissue was then digested using SuperExtract Solution (GeneWorld) containing collagenase at 37°C, for 30 minutes with agitation at 5‐minute intervals. The suspension was centrifuged again at 800*g* for 10 minutes, and the SVF was harvested as a pellet. The pellet was washed twice with PBS to remove any residual enzyme, and resuspended in PBS so that the cell quantity and viability could be measured using an automatic cell counter (NucleoCounter; Chemometec, Lillerød, Denmark, <https://chemometec.com>).
Activated PRP Preparation {#sct312040-sec-0006}
-------------------------
Activated PRP was derived from the peripheral blood of the same patients as the adipose tissue, using a New‐PRP Pro Kit (GeneWorld) according to the manufacturer\'s guidelines. Briefly, 20 ml of peripheral blood was collected in vacuum tubes and centrifuged at 800*g* for 10 minutes. The plasma fraction was collected and centrifuged at 1,000*g* for 5 minutes to produce a platelet pellet. Most of the plasma was then removed, leaving 3 ml of plasma for resuspension of the platelets. The inactivated PRP was then activated using activating tubes containing 100 µl of 20% CaCl~2~.
Preparation of Product for Injection {#sct312040-sec-0007}
------------------------------------
The final injection product was composed of a mixture of the harvested SVF and activated PRP. Activated PRP was used to dilute the SVF to achieve a suitable dose for injection at 10^7^ SVF cells/ml.
AM and SVF/PRP Injection {#sct312040-sec-0008}
------------------------
All patients in both groups received AM, which was used to confirm the degree of OA in each patient. Local chondral lesions were removed using medical instruments and an arthroscopic shaver. Microfractures were performed in accordance with the methods described by Steadman et al. [41](#sct312040-bib-0041){ref-type="ref"}. The 30 patients were grouped into a treatment group and a placebo group (*n* = 15 per group). After arthroscopic marrow stimulation by AM, the water flow was stopped and excess water was aspirated from the joint cavity. In the treatment group, the SVF and activated PRP mixture (5 ml per knee) was injected. Patients in the placebo group were injected with saline.
Follow‐Up and Evaluation {#sct312040-sec-0009}
------------------------
Patients were monitored in the hospital for 1 week postinjection. During this time, all complications, including shock, infection, and inflammation, were noted. After this, patients were followed for 18 months. Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), Lysholm, and VAS scores were assessed 1, 6, 12, and 18 months after surgery. Radiographic imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed 6 and 12 months post‐treatment. In this study, we used the modified VAS scores. with 4 indicating no pain; 3, mild pain; 2, moderate pain; 1, severe pain; and 0, worst pain possible.
Patients began continuous passive motion 4--5 days post‐treatment. Partial weight bearing was permitted at 2 weeks, progressing to full weight bearing 4 weeks after surgery. Isometric quadriceps and hamstring training with straight‐leg raises were advised during the non‐weight‐bearing period. Light sport activities such as swimming, cycling, or jogging on even, soft ground were permitted at 6 months. Permission to participate in unrestricted sports activity was given after 12 months.
Statistical Analysis {#sct312040-sec-0010}
--------------------
Results were expressed as the mean ± SD. One‐way analysis of variance and two‐tailed *t* tests were used for all statistical analyses, which were performed with GraphPad Prism 4.0 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, <https://www.graphpad.com>). *p* values \<.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results {#sct312040-sec-0011}
=======
Patient Characteristics {#sct312040-sec-0012}
-----------------------
This study was performed from April 2013 to September 2015 at two hospitals (Van Hanh General Hospital and 115 Hospital, both in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam). The 30 patients who satisfied the study standard were divided into 2 groups: placebo (*n* = 15) and treatment (*n* = 15). Demographic analysis found that these groups had an equivocal age, body mass index, sex, and Kellgren‐Lawrence OA grade (Table [1](#sct312040-tbl-0001){ref-type="table-wrap"}). The Kellgren‐Lawrence grade was based on x‐rays, and was confirmed during AM ( supplemental online Fig. 1).
######
Study participant demographic characteristics
--
--
Adverse Effects {#sct312040-sec-0013}
---------------
No adverse events were observed during the study in either group. We identified four cases with complications not related to the AM or SVF injection; these complications included high blood pressure, chest pain, dyspnea, and urinary retention.
Changes in WOMAC Scores {#sct312040-sec-0014}
-----------------------
Figure [1](#sct312040-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"} shows the WOMAC score results. Pretreatment WOMAC scores were equivocal, with a small nonsignificant difference observed between the placebo and treatment group (47.27 ± 17.13 vs. 42.87 ± 16.29, respectively; *p* \> .05). At 6 and 12 months after treatment, the WOMAC scores in both groups significantly decreased compared with the pretreatment scores. In the placebo group, WOMAC scores decreased from 47.27 ± 17.13 to 23.27 ± 15.61 and 25.60 ± 19.69 at 6 and 12 months after surgery, respectively. In the treatment group, WOMAC scores decreased from 42.87 ± 16.19 to 19.27 ± 14.87 and 17.33 ± 14.91 at 6 and 12 months after surgery, respectively. At 6 and 12 months after surgery, the differences in the WOMAC scores between the treatment and placebo groups were nonsignificant (*p* \> .05). However, a slight difference was observed between the 2 groups 12 months after surgery. WOMAC scores in the treatment group gradually decreased at 6 and 12 months compared with the pretreatment scores, although the WOMAC score 12 months after surgery was slightly increased compared with the score 6 months after the procedure.
{#sct312040-fig-0001}
The difference in the WOMAC scores of the placebo and treatment groups became more pronounced after 18 months of monitoring. In the placebo group, the WOMAC score increased from 25.60 ± 19.69 at 12 months to 37.08 ± 21.45 at 18 months. More importantly, WOMAC scores at 18 months in the placebo group were not significantly different compared with pretreatment scores. The WOMAC scores of the treatment group decreased at 6, 12, and 18 months (19.27 ± 14.87, 17.33 ± 14.91, and 12.40 ± 13.44, respectively) after surgery compared with the pretreatment score (42.87 ± 16.29). The 18‐month WOMAC scores were also significantly different between the placebo and treatment groups (*p* \< .05; Fig. [1](#sct312040-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}).
Changes in Lysholm Scores {#sct312040-sec-0015}
-------------------------
The results presented in Figure [2](#sct312040-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"} show that Lysholm scores changed in both the treatment and placebo groups, but in opposite directions. The Lysholm scores increased significantly in both groups 6 months post‐treatment compared with the pretreatment score (*p* \< .05). In the placebo group, however, the Lysholm scores were decreased dramatically 18 months after surgery to a level comparable to the pretreatment score (75.80 ± 16.05, 76.47 ± 12.44, and 65.17 ± 14.74 at 6, 12, and 18 months, respectively, compared with 64.13 ± 10.19 pretreatment). In the treatment group, the Lysholm scores gradually increased over 6, 12, and 18 months compared with pretreatment scores (80.53 ± 7.86, 82.13 ± 8.98, 84.73 ± 19.54, and 53.47 ± 14.56, respectively). At 18 months, the mean Lysholm score of the placebo and treatment groups was significantly different (*p* \< .05).
{#sct312040-fig-0002}
Changes in VAS Scores {#sct312040-sec-0016}
---------------------
Similar to the Lysholm scores, VAS scores in both the treatment and placebo groups changed, but in opposite directions (Fig. [3](#sct312040-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}). In the placebo group, VAS scores significantly increased after 6 months compared with those at pretreatment (2.67 ± 0.62 vs. 1.40 ± 0.51, respectively; *p* \< .05). However, the scores then decreased from 12 to 18 months (2.53 ± 0.83 and 2.08 ± 1.08, respectively). In the treatment group, VAS scores continuously increased from 1.60 ± 0.83 at pretreatment to 3.01 ± 0.59, 3.20 ± 0.68, and 3.47 ± 0.74 at 6, 12, and 18 months, respectively (*p* \< .05).
{#sct312040-fig-0003}
Cartilage Injury Evaluation by MRI {#sct312040-sec-0017}
----------------------------------
Based on the MRI results and the Outerbridge classification system (OS), changes in cartilage injury were recorded and are presented in Figure [4A](#sct312040-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"}. OS scores gradually increased in the placebo group from pretreatment to 6, 12, and 18 months post‐treatment (2.67 ± 1.35, 2.93 ± 1.34, and 3.20 ± 1.08, respectively). However, scores decreased in the treatment group from pretreatment to 12 months post‐treatment (3.33 ± 0.97 vs. 2.93 ± 0.88, respectively).
{#sct312040-fig-0004}
Although differences in OS scores were nonsignificant (*p* \> .05), the trend was clearly different between the two groups: OS scores increased in the placebo group over time but decreased in the treatment group. MRI imaging demonstrated that the cartilage layer was thicker in the treatment group 12 months after AM ( supplemental online Fig. 3).
Bone Marrow Edema {#sct312040-sec-0018}
-----------------
Bone marrow edema (BME) was also recorded based on the MRI results. The results presented in Figure [4B](#sct312040-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"} and supplemental online Figure 2 show that BME was considerably deceased 12 months after surgery in the treatment group, although it was moderately increased in the placebo group. In the treatment group, BME gradually decreased from pretreatment to 6 and 12 months post‐treatment (2.40 ± 0.63, 1.86 ± 0.64, and 1.33 ± 0.62, respectively), with a significant difference at 12 months (*p* \< .05).
In the placebo group, BME increased moderately at 6 to 12 months post‐treatment compared with pretreatment measurements (1.87 ± 0.74 at pretreatment vs. 2.00 ± 0.53; 2.13 ± 0.64 at 6 to 12 months post‐treatment, respectively).
Correlating OA Stage With Treatment Efficacy {#sct312040-sec-0019}
--------------------------------------------
Although the number of patients included in this study was low, we were able to evaluate the relative efficacy of AM plus SVP/PRP treatment between patients with stage 2 (*n* = 4) and stage 3 (*n* = 11) OA.
The results presented in Figure [5A](#sct312040-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"} and [5B](#sct312040-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"} shows that the SVF/PRP injection affected patients with stage 2 and 3 OA differently with respect to both WOMAC and Lysholm scores, with significant differences observed at 18 months post‐treatment. Although the WOMAC and Lysholm scores were significantly improved in both stage 2 and 3 OA groups at 18 months post‐treatment compared with pretreatment, only in stage 2 OA patients were both WOMAC and Lysholm scores significantly improved at 18 months compared with 12 months post‐treatment (*p* \< .05).
{#sct312040-fig-0005}
When we separately compared the stage 2 and stage 3 treatment groups with the placebo group, the differences became clearer (Fig. [6](#sct312040-fig-0006){ref-type="fig"}). Compared with the stage 2 OA members of the placebo group, the stage 2 treatment group had significantly improved WOMAC and Lysholm scores. Compared with the stage 3 OA placebo group, the stage 3 treatment group was improved but to a lesser extent. Patients in the stage 2 treatment group continuously improved in both their WOMAC and Lysholm scores at 12 and 18 months post‐treatment, whereas the improvement rate was slower in the stage 3 OA group.
{#sct312040-fig-0006}
Changes in Knee Joint Function {#sct312040-sec-0020}
------------------------------
The knee joint function of treated patients was significantly improved at 18 months post‐treatment, and their joint motion amplitude (JMA) increased from 116.2 ± 27.1 at pretreatment to 138.8 ± 12.0 at 18 months post‐treatment. JMA also increased in the placebo group from 120.6 ± 24.3 pretreatment to 133.3 ± 17.9 at 18 months post‐treatment but to a lesser extent than in the treatment group.
Discussion {#sct312040-sec-0021}
==========
AM is the conventional method to treat cartilage degeneration, including OA lesions. However, the benefits of AM are gradually lost in the 18 months following treatment. This study aimed to combine the AM approach with an injection of SVF and PRP to improve treatment efficacy. Autologous ADSCs and autologous PRP from the peripheral blood were used in this study. Although previous studies used allogeneic‐derived MSCs to effectively improve OA, we used an autologous source to minimize the side effects relating to host factors, specifically inflammation.
Both SVF and ADSCs (the purified form of SVF) have been used clinically in the treatment of conditions such as multiple sclerosis [42](#sct312040-bib-0042){ref-type="ref"}, femoral head necrosis [43](#sct312040-bib-0043){ref-type="ref"}, [44](#sct312040-bib-0044){ref-type="ref"}, chronic myocardial ischemia [45](#sct312040-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}, critical limb ischemia, progressive supranuclear palsy [46](#sct312040-bib-0046){ref-type="ref"}, and acute respiratory distress syndrome [47](#sct312040-bib-0047){ref-type="ref"}. Our results indicate that AM with a combined SVF/PRP injection significantly improved and prolonged the treatment efficacy of AM for OA. At 6 months post‐treatment, the WOMAC, Lysholm, and VAS scores were significantly improved compared with pretreatment scores. These scores were further and significantly improved at 12 and 18 months post‐treatment in the SVF/PRP group. Some of the patients obtained scores similar to that of healthy individuals. The WOMAC is a widely used, proprietary set of standardized questionnaires used by health professionals to evaluate the condition of patients with OA of the knee and hip, including pain, stiffness, and joint function. Higher WOMAC scores correspond with a higher level of pain, stiffness, and functional limitation. In the treatment group, the mean WOMAC score was 12.40 ± 13.44 at 18 months after surgery. The WOMAC Index is sensitive to change and, therefore, is considered a suitable scale to assess OA.
In addition to the WOMAC Index, the Lysholm scale is one of the most commonly used scoring systems for measuring OA. It was first published in 1982 and comprises 8 questions designed to evaluate joint instability in younger patients. This scale measures disability and focuses on the patient\'s perception of their ability to perform activities of daily living, as well as various intensities of physical activity [48](#sct312040-bib-0048){ref-type="ref"}. According to this scale, a score of 84--90 is considered a good result. The average Lysholm score of patients in the AM plus SVF/PRP group 18 months after treatment was 84.73 ± 19.54.
Supporting the change seen in the WOMAC and Lysholm scores, the VAS scale scores also showed clear improvements in the treatment group. The VAS is a psychometric response scale that can be used in questionnaires. It is a measurement approach for subjective characteristics or attitudes that cannot be directly measured. The VAS scale for pain is divided into 4 points: 4 (no pain), 3 (mild pain), 2 (moderate pain), and 0 (severe pain). The WOMAC, Lysholm, and VAS scores demonstrated that at 18 months post‐treatment, all patients in the treatment group had significantly improved pain, movement, and capacity for physical activity. Some patients' scores appeared similar to those of healthy individuals.
AM resulted in significantly reduced pain and improved knee function 6 months after the procedure, and these persisted for up to 12 months. However, by 18 months post‐AM, the symptoms of OA in the majority of patients reverted back to pretreatment levels. These results support those of several published studies. Thorlund et al. [16](#sct312040-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"} reviewed 1,789 reports of AM used in degenerative knees. They found that AM had a small, inconsequential benefit in the management of OA, was effective for a limited time, and any benefits were absent 1 to 2 years after surgery. Furthermore, in patients with moderate to severe OA of the knee, Risberg [18](#sct312040-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"} showed that the addition of arthroscopy to a regimen of physiotherapy and medication did not improve the physical function, pain, or health‐related quality of life of patients with OA.
Our results showed that SVF in combination with PRP significantly improved the outcomes of AM for OA of the knee. SVF and PRP not only maintained and prolonged the effects of AM, but also increased overall treatment efficacy. All WOMAC, Lysholm, and VAS scores were noticeably improved compared with AM alone at 6 and 12 months post‐treatment.
From the MRI results, we showed that OS scores and BME were significantly improved at 12 months post‐treatment. Whereas OS scores and BME improved after AM in the placebo group, both of these indicators were decreased in the treatment group. In particular, BME was significantly decreased at 12 months post‐treatment. OS classification is a grading system for joint cartilage breakdown: grade 0 represents normal joint cartilage; grade 1 represents cartilage with softening and swelling; grade 2 represents a partial‐thickness defect with fissures on the surface that do not reach the subchondral bone or exceed 1.5 cm in diameter; grade 3 represents fissuring to the level of subchondral bone in an area with a diameter more than 1.5 cm; and grade 4 represents exposed subchondral bone. Our results showed that the OS scores decreased from 3.33 ± 0.97 pretreatment to 2.93 ± 0.88 at 12 months post‐treatment in the treatment group. These results showed that the cartilage layer was thicker 12 months after the knee was injected with SVF and PRP, a finding congruent with our previously published study [36](#sct312040-bib-0036){ref-type="ref"}. Other studies have shown that SVF in combination with PRP stimulates cartilage regeneration, with a thicker cartilage layer observed using post‐treatment MRI evaluation [34](#sct312040-bib-0034){ref-type="ref"}, [44](#sct312040-bib-0044){ref-type="ref"}. We have shown in a mouse model that SVF and PRP can stimulate knee cartilage regeneration [49](#sct312040-bib-0049){ref-type="ref"}. The impact of a SVF/PRP injection in our study was also similar to effects noted in canine [50](#sct312040-bib-0050){ref-type="ref"} [51](#sct312040-bib-0051){ref-type="ref"} [52](#sct312040-bib-0052){ref-type="ref"}, rabbit [53](#sct312040-bib-0053){ref-type="ref"}, [54](#sct312040-bib-0054){ref-type="ref"}, horse [55](#sct312040-bib-0055){ref-type="ref"}, rat [56](#sct312040-bib-0056){ref-type="ref"}, and goat [57](#sct312040-bib-0057){ref-type="ref"} models. Cartilage regeneration in these models was attributed to neocartilage triggered by SVF and PRP. In a rabbit model, Dragoo et al. [58](#sct312040-bib-0058){ref-type="ref"} showed that autologous ADSCs were able to re‐establish the joint surface in rabbits. They found neocartilage was present in 100% of treated rabbits (12 of 12), whereas only 8% of control rabbits (1 of 12) had neocartilage.
The mechanisms of action of SVF and ADSCs have been investigated in previous studies. In 2003, Gimble and Guilak [57](#sct312040-bib-0057){ref-type="ref"} showed that injected ADSCs were able to protect and heal injured cartilage. Other benefits of ADSCs have been reported for cartilage regeneration, including anti‐inflammatory properties [59](#sct312040-bib-0059){ref-type="ref"}, [60](#sct312040-bib-0060){ref-type="ref"} and immune modulation. ADSCs can produce and secrete cytokines and growth factors that can trigger chondrogenesis, including transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP‐2), BMP‐4, BMP‐7, insulin‐like growth factor 1, and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF‐2). ADSCs also produce cytokines that modulate the recipient immune system, including TGF‐β, hepatocyte growth factor, nitric oxide, indolamine‐2,3‐dioxygenase, TNF‐α [61](#sct312040-bib-0061){ref-type="ref"} and interferon‐γ [62](#sct312040-bib-0062){ref-type="ref"}, [63](#sct312040-bib-0063){ref-type="ref"}. In vitro, cultured ADSCs suppress the host\'s immune response and the T‐cell proliferation as effectively as do BM‐MSCs [61](#sct312040-bib-0061){ref-type="ref"}, [64](#sct312040-bib-0064){ref-type="ref"}. Further studies have demonstrated that ADSCs actually stimulate a lesser proliferative response than do allogeneic PBMCs, but a similar response to BM‐MSCs [65](#sct312040-bib-0065){ref-type="ref"} [66](#sct312040-bib-0066){ref-type="ref"} [67](#sct312040-bib-0067){ref-type="ref"}. These findings suggest that ADSCs can replace BM‐MSCs in the field of regenerative medicine [61](#sct312040-bib-0061){ref-type="ref"}.
The anti‐inflammatory roles of ADSCs and PRP were also confirmed in our study by the obvious improvement of BME in the treatment group. BME is a condition characterized by the accumulation of excessive fluid in bone marrow‐related structures. BME is a predictor for the progression of knee OA in the compartment ipsilateral to the bone marrow lesion [68](#sct312040-bib-0068){ref-type="ref"}. BME was significantly reduced and the cartilage layer thickness was increased in the SVF/PRP‐treatment group, indicating that OA was significantly improved. The increased BME observed in the placebo group may have been related to the progression of OA and inflammation after AM.
Cartilage regeneration in OA knees following AM and the combined SVF/PRP injection was likely because of the combination of SVF and PRP. However, SVF is likely to be the main contributor to this healing response. PRP has been used to treat knee OA in previous studies [69](#sct312040-bib-0069){ref-type="ref"} [70](#sct312040-bib-0070){ref-type="ref"} [71](#sct312040-bib-0071){ref-type="ref"}, but almost all of these studies showed that PRP significantly reduced short‐term pain without concurrent cartilage regeneration [21](#sct312040-bib-0021){ref-type="ref"}, [69](#sct312040-bib-0069){ref-type="ref"}, [71](#sct312040-bib-0071){ref-type="ref"}, [72](#sct312040-bib-0072){ref-type="ref"}. In combination with ADSCs, PRP can improve chondrogenesis in vitro and in vivo [73](#sct312040-bib-0073){ref-type="ref"}. The components of PRP play important roles in stimulating grafted and endogenous cell growth and differentiation. PRP contains at least six known growth factors, including: platelet‐derived growth factor, which promotes blood vessel growth and cell division; TGF‐β, which promotes cell mitosis and bone metabolism; vascular endothelial growth factor, which promotes blood vessel formation; epidermal growth factor, which promotes cell growth and differentiation, angiogenesis, and collagen formation; FGF‐2, which promotes cell differentiation and angiogenesis; and IGF, which is a regulator of all of the body\'s cell types [74](#sct312040-bib-0074){ref-type="ref"} [75](#sct312040-bib-0075){ref-type="ref"} [76](#sct312040-bib-0076){ref-type="ref"}.
We also observed that the regeneration response of cartilage to injected SVF/PRP was different between patients with grade 2 and 3 OA. Both WOMAC and Lysholm scores showed that the recovery of patients with grade 2 OA was faster than that of those with grade 3 disease. In particular, the improvement of WOMAC and Lysholm scores in patients with OA grade 2 were significant at 18 months compared with 12 months post‐treatment. This demonstrated that OA grade 2 was treated with higher efficacy than OA grade 3 following SVF/PRP injection. Although this study was limited with respect to the sample size of patients with either grade 2 or 3 OA, these results are similar to other treatment options for OA, such as HA and PRP injections [24](#sct312040-bib-0024){ref-type="ref"}, [25](#sct312040-bib-0025){ref-type="ref"}.
Finally, JMA was compared between treated and placebo group patients. JMA was clearly increased in the treatment group compared with the placebo group, which agrees with both our subjective and radiographic analyses. More importantly, almost all patients in the treatment group exhibited a JMA similar to healthy individuals. The mean JMA was 138.8 ± 12 at 18 months post‐treatment. The mean JMA of healthy individuals has been reported to be 140.0 (range, 113.9--166.4) [77](#sct312040-bib-0077){ref-type="ref"}.
We believe that our study is the first to evaluate AM with and without SVF for OA treatment with an 18‐month follow‐up time. Although Freitag et al. [78](#sct312040-bib-0078){ref-type="ref"} recently performed a similar study to ours, their follow‐up time was only 12 months.
Conclusion {#sct312040-sec-0022}
==========
This study showed that AM with SVF/PRP injection was effective for knee OA and had better long‐term outcomes than AM alone. Our preliminary analysis also showed that grade 2 knee OA was improved to a greater extent than grade 3 disease following AM with SVF injection. AM with SVF injection significantly improved WOMAC, Lysholm, and VAS scores over the entire 18‐month study period. MRI findings showed that the regenerated cartilage layer of patients treated with AM and SVF was thicker at 12 and 18 months after the procedure. Furthermore, the JMA of SVF/PRP‐treatment patients 18 months after surgery was significantly improved and comparable with that of healthy individuals. No adverse effects were recorded in any treated patients. From these findings, we conclude that AM with SVF/PRP injection may be a suitable treatment for grade 2 and 3 OA of the knee.
Author Contributions {#sct312040-sec-0023}
====================
P.D.N.: conception and design, administrative support, provision of study material or patients; T.D.‐X.T., H.T.‐N.N., and H.T.V.: provision of study material or patients, collection and/or assembly of data; P.T.‐B.L.: conception and design, administrative support, provision of study material or patients, collection and/or assembly of data; N.L.‐C.P. and N.B.V.: provision of study material or patients; N.K.P.: conception and design, data analysis and interpretation; P.V.P.: conception and design, data analysis and interpretation, manuscript writing, final approval of manuscript.
Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest {#sct312040-sec-0024}
=============================================
The authors indicated no potential conflicts of interest.
Supporting information
======================
######
Supporting Information
######
Click here for additional data file.
This study was funded in part by GeneWord Ltd.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
Brett Polegato
Brett Polegato (born 1968 in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada) is an operatic baritone. In 1999 he made his Lyric Opera of Chicago debut as Peter Niles in Levy's Mourning Becomes Electra followed by his La Scala debut in 2000 as Ned Keene in Britten's Peter Grimes. He is particularly known for his interpretation of the title role in Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande which he has performed with many companies including the Bavarian State Opera, Opéra National de Paris, Oper Leipzig, and Opéra National du Rhin among others. Other European appearances include Ubalde in Gluck's Armide at Opéra de Nice, the title role in Monteverdi's Orfeo at Opéra d'Avignon, and Frère Lèon in Messiaen's Saint François d'Assise at Opéra National de Paris. He has sung numerous roles with Flanders Opera, including Guglielmo in Mozart's Così fan tutte, Albert in Massenet's Werther, and the Steward in Jonathan Dove's Flight. In his native Canada, Polegato has sung Papageno in Mozart's Die Zauberflöte, Figaro in Rossini's Il barbiere di Siviglia, and Zurga in Bizet's Les pêcheurs de perles with Vancouver Opera. In the United States, he has sung with New York City Opera, Houston Grand Opera, and Michigan Opera Theatre as well as making many concert appearances and recordings with American orchestras. He made his Seattle Opera debut in 2005 as Henry Miles in Jake Heggie's The End of the Affair and returned to the company in 2007 as Orestes in Gluck's Iphigenia in Tauris.
Awards and recognition
During the early stages of his career, he was a finalist at the 1995 Cardiff Singer of the World Competition.
Polegato joined the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra & Chorus to produce a version of Vaughan Williams: A Sea Symphony (Symphony No. 1) which won two Grammy Awards in 2003: Best Choral Performance and Best Classical Album.
External links
Brett Polegato official website
Biography: Brett Polegato
City of Niagara Falls biography: Brett Polegato
Category:1968 births
Category:Living people
Category:Canadian operatic baritones
Category:People from Niagara Falls, Ontario
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
import Common._
import Unfiltered._
import Dependencies._
import ReleaseTransformations._
Common.settings
enablePlugins(ScalaUnidocPlugin)
// unidoc publish settings
name := "unfiltered-all"
artifacts := Classpaths.artifactDefs(Seq(packageDoc in Compile)).value
packagedArtifacts := Classpaths.packaged(Seq(packageDoc in Compile)).value
Defaults.packageTaskSettings(
packageDoc in Compile, (unidoc in Compile).map{_.flatMap(Path.allSubpaths)}
)
releaseCrossBuild := true
releaseProcess := Seq[ReleaseStep](
checkSnapshotDependencies,
inquireVersions,
runClean,
runTest,
setReleaseVersion,
commitReleaseVersion,
tagRelease,
releaseStepCommandAndRemaining("+publishSigned"),
releaseStepCommandAndRemaining("sonatypeBundleRelease"),
setNextVersion,
commitNextVersion,
pushChanges,
)
val specs2ProjectId = "specs2"
val scalatestProjectId = "scalatest"
val filterProjectId = "filter"
// avoid cyclic error
def dependsOnInTest(id: String) =
unmanagedClasspath in Test ++= (fullClasspath in (local(id), Compile)).value
val dependsOnSpecs2InTest = dependsOnInTest(specs2ProjectId)
lazy val library: Project = module("unfiltered")(
dirName = "library",
projectId = "unfiltered"
).settings(
description := "Core library for describing requests and responses",
dependsOnSpecs2InTest,
dependsOnInTest(scalatestProjectId),
dependsOnInTest(filterProjectId),
libraryDependencies ++= Seq(
"commons-codec" % "commons-codec" % commonsCodecVersion,
specs2Dep.value % "test",
"org.scalatest" %% "scalatest" % scalatestVersion % "test",
"org.scalatestplus" %% "scalacheck-1-14" % scalatestScalacheckVersion % "test",
),
libraryDependencies ++= {
CrossVersion.partialVersion(scalaVersion.value) match {
case Some((2, v)) if v >= 11 =>
Seq("org.scala-lang.modules" %% "scala-xml" % scalaXmlVersion)
case _ =>
Nil
}
}
).dependsOn(util)
lazy val directives = module("directives")().settings(
description := "monadic api for unfiltered"
).dependsOn(library, specs2 % "test")
lazy val filters = module(filterProjectId)().settings(
description := "Server binding for Java Servlet filters",
libraryDependencies += servletApiDep,
dependsOnSpecs2InTest
).dependsOn(library)
lazy val filtersAsync = module("filter-async")().settings(
description := "Server binding for Java Servlet 3.0 async filters",
libraryDependencies += servletApiDep
).dependsOn(filters, specs2 % "test")
lazy val agents = module("agents")(
srcPath = "unfiltered/request"
).settings(
description := "User-Agent request matchers",
libraryDependencies += "org.scalatest" %% "scalatest" % scalatestVersion % "test",
libraryDependencies ++= Seq(servletApiDep) ++ integrationTestDeps.value
).dependsOn(
library,
scalatest % "test",
filters % "test"
)
lazy val uploads = module("uploads")(
srcPath = "unfiltered/request"
).settings(
description := "Generic support for multi-part uploads",
libraryDependencies ++= Seq(
"commons-io" % "commons-io" % commonsIoVersion
) ++ integrationTestDeps.value
).dependsOn(library, specs2 % "test")
lazy val filterUploads = module("filter-uploads")(
srcPath = "unfiltered/request"
).settings(
description := "Support for multi-part uploads for servlet filters",
libraryDependencies ++= Seq(
servletApiDep,
"commons-fileupload" % "commons-fileupload" % commonsFileUploadVersion
) ++ integrationTestDeps.value
).dependsOn(uploads, filters, specs2 % "test")
lazy val util = module("util")().settings(
libraryDependencies += specs2Dep.value % "test"
)
lazy val jetty = module("jetty")().settings(
description := "Jetty server embedding module",
libraryDependencies := Seq(
"org.eclipse.jetty" % "jetty-webapp" % jettyVersion
)
).dependsOn(util)
lazy val nettyServer = module("netty-server")(
srcPath = "unfiltered/netty"
).settings(
description := "Netty server embedding module",
dependsOnSpecs2InTest,
libraryDependencies += "javax.activation" % "activation" % javaxActivationVersion,
libraryDependencies ++= integrationTestDeps.value
).dependsOn(netty, util)
lazy val netty = module("netty")().settings(
description := "Netty server binding module",
dependsOnSpecs2InTest,
libraryDependencies ++= {
("io.netty" % "netty-codec-http" % nettyVersion) +:
("io.netty" % "netty-handler" % nettyVersion) +:
("io.netty" % "netty-transport-native-epoll" % nettyVersion classifier "linux-x86_64") +:
("io.netty" % "netty-transport-native-kqueue" % nettyVersion classifier "osx-x86_64") +:
integrationTestDeps.value
}
).dependsOn(library)
lazy val specs2: Project = module(specs2ProjectId)().settings(
description := "Facilitates testing Unfiltered servers with Specs2",
libraryDependencies ++= {
specs2Dep.value :: okHttp
}
).dependsOn(filters, jetty, nettyServer)
lazy val scalatest = module(scalatestProjectId)().settings(
description := "Facilitates testing Unfiltered servers with ScalaTest",
libraryDependencies ++= {
okHttp :+
("org.scalatest" %% "scalatest-core" % scalatestVersion)
}
).dependsOn(filters, jetty, nettyServer)
lazy val json4s = module("json4s")(
srcPath = "unfiltered"
).settings(
description := "Json4s request matchers and response functions",
libraryDependencies ++= {
Seq("org.json4s" %% "json4s-native" % json4sVersion) ++ integrationTestDeps.value
}
).dependsOn(library, filters % "test", specs2 % "test")
lazy val websockets = module("netty-websockets")().settings(
description := "WebSockets plan support using Netty",
libraryDependencies ++= integrationTestDeps.value,
libraryDependencies += "com.ning" % "async-http-client" % asyncHttpClientVersion % "test"
).dependsOn(nettyServer, specs2 % "test")
lazy val nettyUploads = module("netty-uploads")().settings(
description := "Uploads plan support using Netty",
libraryDependencies ++= integrationTestDeps.value,
parallelExecution in Test := false
).dependsOn(nettyServer, uploads, specs2 % "test")
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Michigan Equipment Hauling Overview
Our Michigan equipment hauling services provides complete service to all of North American. We have no limitation as we work with LTL, Full Loads and Oversize loads on a daily basis. Whether it is 500 lbs. or 250,000 lbs., we will take care of your freight door to door. All freight we haul is 100% insured as we can raise our cargo coverage to any limit needed. If your freight requires tarping service, that also is not an issue. Our equipment hauling services come with competitive rates and fast responses for quotes. Feel free to give us a call today or click below to get your online quote now.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
How can I send unicode characters by using tmux command?
Here is my tmux command
tmux send-key -t session:window.pane say 安安 enter
but the result is
root@debian:~# say
(There is no "安安", unicode characters.)
How can I send the non-ASCII Characters???
(my tmux version is 1.8)
A:
This is a known bug in tmux 1.8 and earlier. It is fixed in the SVN version of tmux. See this thread for more information: https://www.mail-archive.com/tmux-users@lists.sourceforge.net/msg04478.html
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
nedi
natural-vision
natural-vision
nedi
Here are two shaders:andAbout: It's a lightweight shader which tweaks and boosts the game colors. It's recommended only for colorless, lifeless or paled games (like Resident Evil Remake and Zero, for example). Nintendo games don't need it for obvious reasons.About: This is based this algorithm: http://chiranjivi.tripod.com/EDITut.html . DO NOT mistake it for NNEDI3, because they're completely different filters. It works in two or three passes, the same way as sxbr.EDIT: I'll include natural-vision as an option in other shaders. natural-vision.zip (Size: 633 bytes / Downloads: 102) nedi.zip (Size: 3.78 KB / Downloads: 99)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
(Reuters) - Italian police have searched the Milan offices of Barclays as part of widening international investigations into alleged rigging of global interest rates, judicial sources and consumer groups said on Tuesday.
Barclays has been fined over $450 million by U.S. and British authorities for manipulating Libor benchmark rates, which are used to set prices for trillions of dollars of financial products across the globe. Its chief executive Bob Diamond was forced to quit over the scandal.
More than a dozen lenders, including UBS and Deutsche Bank, are being probed worldwide by investigators looking at whether Libor, which is priced in pounds, and other global benchmark rates were rigged.
The search at Barclays' Milan offices took place last Friday and was ordered by prosecutors in the southern city of Trani who earlier this month opened a criminal probe over suspected aggravated fraud and market manipulation, the sources said.
The Italian probe - one of a series of investigations in Europe, the United States and Japan - is focusing on Euribor, Libor's counterpart in euros and the base for mortgage rates in the country. The probe was started following complaints filed by consumer groups Adusbef and Federconsumatori.
The two groups said in a joint statement that documents, computer material and emails were seized at Barclays Milan offices "with the aim of looking for evidence that Barclays also manipulated Euribor, as it did with Libor, with a negative impact on mortgage rates paid by Italians."
Barclays declined to comment.
The judicial sources told Reuters neither Barclays nor any other bank had been put under formal investigation by the Trani prosecutors, who have made a speciality of high-profile investigations of international financial institutions.
The office is investigating the big ratings agencies, Moody's, Standard and Poor's and Fitch over their downgrades of Italy's sovereign rating.
Adusbef and Federconsumatori estimate 2.5 million Italian households may have been hurt by the alleged lending rate manipulation, estimating the total financial damage at 3 billion euros.
"Those responsible for financial manipulations will have to pay for their mistakes," Adusbef's president Elio Lannutti told Reuters.
DEUTSCHE PROBE CLEARS MANAGEMENT
Forty-three banks, including Italian lenders Intesa Sanpaolo, UniCredit, Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena and UBI Banca, sit on the Euribor panel, which is hosted by the European Banking Federation.
In Germany, Deutsche Bank said the initial findings of an internal probe into the rigging of rates had found no wrongdoing by management board members.
"Based on current findings, no current or former member of the management board was in any way inappropriately involved in the incidents surrounding interest rates," the bank's supervisory board chairman Paul Achleitner said in a letter to employees.
The bank said the probe had shown that "a small number of employees" had engaged in behaviour which did not meet the standards of the bank, without being more specific.
Three people close to the investigation told Reuters last week that the internal probe found former traders may have been involved in colluding to manipulate global benchmark interest rates but there was no indication of failure at the top of the bank.
With the threat of more banks possibly facing fines and lengthy legal battles, UBS said it had appropriate provisions for all litigation.
Specifically, UBS, which has previously admitted probes into the yen and Swiss franc Libor and euroyen Tibor, has secured leniency from some justice authorities in return for cooperating with probes into the setting of Libor.
UBS signalled its exposure to Libor probes is limited to the three reference rates, and not others such as the Euribor, where several banks are said to be cooperating with EU antitrust regulators.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
943 So.2d 1090 (2006)
Mickey O'CONNOR
v.
WESTBANK INNS, a Louisiana Partnership, John F. Stumpf, Jr., Lincoln T. Case and Harry C. Stumpf.
No. 2005-CC-1134.
Supreme Court of Louisiana.
December 8, 2006.
Denied.
TRAYLOR, J., recused.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
TWO male suspects facing attempted murder charges -- after a man was stabbed last night. It happened at THE PEARL RIDGE COMMUNITY PARK. Police say ... the 27 year old victim was stabbed in the chest -- and taken to the hospital in serious condition. The suspects -- ages 29 and 31 -- fled in a white car -- but was arrested on "Leo-wahine Street" in Wai-pahu -- about 10 minutes later. Police tell us the knife was found in the car -- and one of the suspects had blood on him. The suspects remain in police custody -- but has not yet been charged.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
GA – The Martial Arts of Avatar: The Last Airbender
Sifu Kisu leads a martial arts workshop at UMAS Karate Studios on Saturday May 31st from 1:00 PM to 3:00 PM! Open to all ages and levels! $20 per person (cash only-paid at door) Sign up to reserve your space today!
Sifu Kisu is the fighting instructor and consultant for the Avatar franchise. He is known for his extensive knowledge and abilities with various styles of martial arts. Sifu Kisu related the four bending arts to actual styles of fighting in real life, in order to give bending in the series authenticity. His extensive work with the series is highlighted in the behind-the-scenes featurettes Creating the Legend and The Essence of Bending.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to processing systems and processors, and more specifically to techniques for controlling resources allocated to hardware threads by measuring rates of instruction completion for multiple threads.
2. Description of Related Art
Allocation of resources to hardware threads executing within a simultaneous multi-threaded (SMT) processor has been controlled by a variety of techniques. Typically, various priority values are set by either properties of the programs to which threads belong and the functions of the threads, in order to allocate more resources to high-priority threads and less resources to lower-priority threads. Also typically, the mechanism for controlling the resources allocated to a thread is implemented by controlling the relative instruction fetch rate for the threads. More recently, control of the instruction decode rate for each thread has been used to control relative thread priority.
The input to thread priority control schemes has been determined from various metrics that indicate whether or not a thread will execute efficiently. For example, a thread that is generated a large number of cache misses or translation look-aside buffer (TLB) misses may be throttled to improve performance, e.g., by reducing the fetch rate or decode rate for that thread. Other techniques measure the average memory latency for a thread, or the number of branches present in a thread, as the number of branches is a predictor of how many stalls or speculative instructions may be encountered in execution of a thread, which is a predictor of thread performance. Further, in processors supporting speculative execution of instructions, the speculatively executed instructions are sometimes executed at a lower priority in order to reduce the impact of mis-speculation on performance.
However many of the above techniques require multiple metrics to control thread priority may measure irrelevant events, such as cache misses in non-taken branch paths, and in some cases the events on which thread priority control is based can be difficult to measure.
Therefore, it would be desirable to provide thread scheduling control from single metric that is easy to measure and that has a strong relationship to actual thread performance.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Learning and personality types are related in cavies (Cavia aperea).
The evolution and maintenance of consistent individual differences, so called animal personalities, have attracted much research interest over the past decades. Variation along common personality traits, such as boldness or exploration, is often associated with risk-reward trade-offs. Individuals that are bolder and hence take more risks may be more successful in acquiring resources over the short term. Cautious individuals taking fewer risks may, on the other hand, live longer, but may also gather fewer resources over the short term. According to recent theory, individual differences in personality may be functionally related to individual differences in cognitive performance (i.e., the way in which individuals acquire or use information). Individual differences in the acquisition speed of cognitively challenging tasks are often associated with a speed-accuracy trade-off. Accuracy can be improved by investing more time in the decision-making process or, conversely, decisions can be made more quickly at the cost of making more mistakes. Hence, the speed-accuracy trade-off often involves a risk-reward trade-off. We tested whether 3 personality traits, boldness, activity, and aggressiveness, are correlated with individual learning, associative learning speed, and behavioral flexibility as assessed by reversal learning in wild cavies (Cavia aperea). We found strong positive relationships between all personality traits and learning speed, whereas flexibility was negatively associated with aggressiveness. Our results support the hypothesis that performance reflects individual differences in personality in a predictable way.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Divisions and diversity: the complexities of medical refuge in Britain, 1933-1948.
The experiences of medical refugees who came to the United Kingdom from Nazi Germany and occupied Europe in the 1930s and 1940s reflect the general characteristics of the British response to the refugee crisis. This article analyzes the role of the British medical establishment and its interplay with the government and refugee aid organizations. Processes of decision making and changes of policy are revealed, drawing on the files of the "Aliens Committee" at the archive of the British Medical Association, on the private collection of Yvonne Kapp, former administrative head of the Medical Department of the Central Office for Refugees, and on the medical subseries of the archive of the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning. "Divisions" refer to differing interests and attitudes of the institutions, organizations and individuals involved; "diversity" reflects the response to the various nationalities of medical refugees, mainly German, Austrian, Czech, and Polish.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
When was brehmsstrahlung discovered?
I remember that not long ago wikipedia had somewhere info regarding the discovery of that phenomenon, but apparently all reference hasbeen removed.
Searching the web I found a serbian site claiming that Tesla discovered it in 1892, and published his finding in 1897. Tha is confirmend by Miles Mathis, but apparently he is not a reliable source.
Do you have any precise and reliable details on the issue?
A:
Seems around 1896 by Tesla from here http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/rg.284075206
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
require 'spec_helper'
describe "SignoutStories" do
let(:member) {
FactoryBot.create(:member, password: 'mala', password_confirmation: 'mala')
}
context "when sign in as a member" do
before { login_as(member) }
it {
click_on 'Sign Out'
expect(current_path).to be == '/login'
}
end
end
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
ASKING: $200 shipped
I'm selling my beloved M1060. I ordered these directly from Monoprice last August, and since then they've time and time again survived the headphone gauntlet as I kept buying and trying other headphones. I ended up liking these over the E-MU Teak, the HD650, and the HE4XX, all of which I had bought, tried to love, but ended up deciding that I loved the M1060 more.Mine are modded with the following:At one point last year, I bought and tried the Audeze Vegan pads, but after many weeks of listening, I had to admit to myself that the original pads with my felt mod sounded noticeably better.I stand by that my particular M1060 sounds great. It is a warm, laid back headphone with superb technicalities. My pair has never exhibited ringing; its transient response and instrument separation continue to impress me to this day; and I've yet to hear better bass performance from a headphone or IEM.Condition: superb working condition, cosmetic blemishes due to pad swapping. Also the wood where the hinges are have cracked many months ago (see picture album), but this does not in the slightest affect the use or integrity of the headphones.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
[Effect of processing on chemical composition and medical activity of rhizoma Anemarrhenae].
A comparative study was conducted on the chemical composition and medical activity of different kinds of processed drug of Rhizoma Anemarrhenae. It was found that the content of effective components of zhimu was affected obviously by processing: the rhizome should not be barked when used as drug. It was also observed that different kind of processed drug should be used in line with different particular circumstance.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
/*
* Copyright 2018 The WebRTC project authors. All Rights Reserved.
*
* Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license
* that can be found in the LICENSE file in the root of the source
* tree. An additional intellectual property rights grant can be found
* in the file PATENTS. All contributing project authors may
* be found in the AUTHORS file in the root of the source tree.
*/
#ifndef MODULES_CONGESTION_CONTROLLER_BBR_TEST_BBR_PRINTER_H_
#define MODULES_CONGESTION_CONTROLLER_BBR_TEST_BBR_PRINTER_H_
#include <memory>
#include "modules/congestion_controller/bbr/bbr_factory.h"
#include "modules/congestion_controller/bbr/bbr_network_controller.h"
#include "modules/congestion_controller/test/controller_printer.h"
namespace webrtc {
class BbrStatePrinter : public DebugStatePrinter {
public:
BbrStatePrinter();
~BbrStatePrinter() override;
void Attach(bbr::BbrNetworkController*);
bool Attached() const override;
void PrintHeaders(FILE* out) override;
void PrintValues(FILE* out) override;
NetworkControlUpdate GetState(Timestamp at_time) const override;
private:
bbr::BbrNetworkController* controller_ = nullptr;
};
class BbrDebugFactory : public BbrNetworkControllerFactory {
public:
explicit BbrDebugFactory(BbrStatePrinter* printer);
std::unique_ptr<NetworkControllerInterface> Create(
NetworkControllerConfig config) override;
bbr::BbrNetworkController* BbrController();
private:
BbrStatePrinter* printer_;
bbr::BbrNetworkController* controller_ = nullptr;
};
} // namespace webrtc
#endif // MODULES_CONGESTION_CONTROLLER_BBR_TEST_BBR_PRINTER_H_
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
In order to deliver a personalized, responsive service and to improve the site, we remember and store information about how you use it. This is done using simple text files called cookies which sit on your computer. By continuing to use this site and access its features, you are consenting to our use of cookies. To find out more about the way Informa uses cookies please go to our Cookie Policy page.
TMT Intelligence is part of the Business Intelligence Division of Informa PLC
This is operated by a business or businesses owned by Informa PLC and all copyright resides with them. Informa PLC's registered office is 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG. Registered in England and Wales. Number 8860726.
Introduction
Creating personalized interactions between population health managers and consumers while targeting wider populations is incredibly difficult to do. Welltok can help healthcare and wellbeing providers to bridge the gaps that exist between these two groups with its CaféWell platform.
Highlights
Population health managers realize that "one size fits all" is not the best approach to healthcare and that there is a need to target and connect with consumers at a personal level in order to drive change.
Features and Benefits
Learn how Welltok has developed its CaféWell platform to take advantage of the increasing opportunities in population healthcare management.
Informa UK Limited is a company registered in England and Wales with company number 1072954 whose registered office is 5 Howick Place, London, SW1P 1WG. VAT GB365462636. Informa UK Limited is part of Informa PLC.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
EU jobs crisis continues
A weekly visit to sign on at the local welfare office has become all too familiar for millions of EU citizens. The latest figures from Eurostat, the EU's statistical office, show that unemployment didn't go up or down in August but compared to a year ago the eurozone jobless rate has increased by 895,000.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<configuration>
<appSettings>
<add key="webPages:Enabled" value="false" />
<add key="ViewCache:Enabled" value="false" />
<add key="ViewPath:Value" value="Views" />
<add key="ViewRecursiveDiscovery:Enabled" value="true" />
</appSettings>
</configuration>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
247 F.Supp.2d 90 (2003)
Ilianita SANCHEZ RIVERA, et al., Plaintiffs,
v.
DOCTORS CENTER HOSPITAL, INC., et al., Defendants.
No. CIV. 01-2713(JP).
United States District Court, D. Puerto Rico.
February 25, 2003.
*93 Rafael E. García Rodón, Esq., San Juan, for Plaintiff.
Raphael Peña Ramón, Esq., Enrique Nassar-Risek, Esq., Humberto Vázquez Sandoval, Esq., Ivan Domínguez, Esq., San Juan, for Defendant.
OPINION AND ORDER
PIERAS, Senior District Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION
The Court has before it Defendant Doctors Center Hospital's Motion for Summary *94 Judgment (docket No. 52)[1], and Plaintiffs' opposition thereto (docket No. 61). Plaintiffs Ana Rivera, Tomas Molina, Giovanna Molina, and Cristal Molina (hereinafter "Plaintiffs")[2] bring forth this action under the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act, known as "EMTLA", alleging negligent screening and transfer of their son and brother, Gian Javier Molina Rivera, who died after he was brought to Doctors Center Hospital in Manati, Puerto Rico, after being involved in a violent car accident. Plaintiffs also bring forth causes of action for negligence under Article 1802 of the Puerto Rico Civil Code. For the reasons herein stated, Defendant's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment is hereby GRANTED, and Plaintiffs Ana Rivera, Tomas Molina, Giovanna Molína, and Cristal Molina's EMTLA claims are hereby DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. However, the Court is unclear whether Plaintiffs are suing the hospital alone or are also suing Dr. Javier Rodriguez and Dr. John Psarras Castro. Therefore, it will defer its decision whether to exercise jurisdiction over Plaintiffs' remaining state law claims until this matter has been cleared up.
II. STANDARD
Summary judgment serves to "assess the proof in order to see whether there is a genuine need for a trial." Garside v. Osco Drug, Inc., 895 F.2d 46, 50 (1st Cir. 1990). Under Rule 56(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, summary judgment is in order when the record, including "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affidavits, if any," and viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, [in this case Plaintiffs] "show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); see also Zambrana-Marrero v. Suarez-Cruz, 172 F.3d 122, 125 (1st Cir.1999) (stating that summary judgment is appropriate when, after evaluating the record in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, the evidence "fails to yield a trial worthy issue as to some material fact"); Goldman v. First National Bank of Boston, 985 F.2d 1113, 1116 (1st Cir.1993); Canal Insurance Co. v. Benner, 980 F.2d 23, 25 (1st Cir.1992). A fact is material if, based on the substantive law at issue, it might affect the outcome of the case. See Mack v. Great Atl. and Pac. Tea Co., Inc., 871 F.2d 179, 181 (1st Cir. 1989). The Supreme Court has stated that "only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary judgment. Factual disputes that are irrelevant or unnecessary will not be counted." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).
In a summary judgment motion, the movants, in this case Defendants, bear the initial burden of "informing the district court of the basis for their motion and identifying those portions of the [record] which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact." Celotex *95 Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2553, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). Where the movant does not bear the burden of proof at trial, it must show that no reasonable fact-finder could find that the non-movant, in this case, the Plaintiffs, have established the requisite elements of their claim. Id. at 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548. Once the moving party meets his burden of proof, the burden shifts to the nonmovant, who may not "rest upon mere allegations or denials of ... the pleadings, but ... must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Goldman, 985 F.2d at 1116; see Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. at 2554; Anderson, All U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. at 2511. In view of this standard and after studying the parties' briefs and the documents attached thereto, the Court makes the following findings of fact.
III. FINDINGS OF FACT
1. On July 3, 2000, around 4:15 p.m., Gian Javier Molina Rivera was involved in a violent motor vehicle accident.
2. The accident occurred at Road 685, km 6.5, Manatf, Puerto Rico.
3. The car was being driven by minor Elliot Rosario Morales.
4. Gian Javier was a passenger in the car.
5. Both minors received multiple body traumas.
6. Driver Elliot Rosario died at the scene of the accident.
7. Around 5:00 p.m., 15 year old Gian Javier was brought in an ambulance by state paramedics to the emergency room of Doctors Center Hospital.
8. According to the paramedic's report, the ambulance was called at 4:39 p.m.
9. The ambulance arrived at the scene at 4:44 p.m., departed at 4:50 p.m., and arrived at the emergency room at 4:55 p.m.
10. The record indicates that Gian Javier arrived at the emergency room with multiple traumas, including left otorrhagia, left ear wound, head trauma, left femur displaced fracture, traumatic amputation of the distal portion of the left second finger, peroneal fracture, and was not responding to verbal or pain stimuli.
11. Gian Javier was unconscious upon his arrival at the hospital.
12. His neurological condition was recorded as Glasgow 5, with bilateral midriasis.
13. Gian Javier's condition was a very serious medical emergency condition.
14. Gian Javier was evaluated by Dr. Jorge Rodriguez, the internist and emergency room physician.
15. Dr. Rodriguez' initial diagnosis was: head trauma, pelvis trauma with hematuria, left displaced femoral fracture, left second finger distal partial amputation, suspected left hand phalangeal fracture, left ear auricle wound, otorrhagia and comatose state Glasgow 5.
16. At 5:10 p.m., Dr. Rodriguez ordered cardiac monitoring, endotracheal intubation, oxygen therapy, new peripheral vein canalization, IV fluids with normal saline solution and ringer lactate to run full drip, foley catheter, reduction and traction of the left femoral fracture, laboratories (CBC, arterial blood gases, coagulation test, chemistry test, type and cross match), x-ray (chest, skull, left leg and KUB), *96 Manitol and Decadron, Tetanus Toxoid, antibiotic IV, mechanical ventilation, brain CT Scan, Narcan, nasogastric tube and gastric lavage.
17. A foley catheter was placed on Gian Javier and it showed a gross hematuria, which is a profuse bleeding through the urethra.
18. Gian Javier was a poly-traumatized patient.
19. At 6:05 p.m. Dr. Rodriguez formally consulted with Dr. Peter Psarras, a surgeon, regarding the need for surgical intervention at that moment.
20. Dr. Psarras decided not to operate on Gian Javier, and recommended he be transferred to Puerto Rico Medical Center ("Centro Medico") for neuro-surgical, orthopaedist, and general surgeon evaluation, and treatment at 6:15 p.m.
21. Both doctors stated as their diagnosis that Gian Javier had a soft, depressible abdomen, which is normal and does not present the possibility of an internal rupture.
22. At the time Gian Javier was treated by Doctors Center Hospital, the hospital did not have the facilities for neurosurgery.
23. A CBC was performed upon arrival and no other CBC was ordered.
24. The nursing personnel did not take Gian Javier's vital signs every 15 minutes, but instead did so approximately every 20-30 minutes.
25. The Protocol for poly-traumatized patients required the execution of the necessary arrangements in order to transfer a poly-traumatized patient to the trauma unit of Centro Medico.
26. Dr. Rodriguez consulted with Dr. Maldonado from Centro Medico, and Dr. Maldonado accepted Gian Javier as a patient for surgery screening.
27. Doctors Center Hospital arranged for the transfer of the patient to Centro Medico by air ambulance at 7:45 p.m.
28. Aeromed has a physician performing duties as "medical control", who evaluates the transfer requests pursuant to his medical judgment, based on what the physician treating the patient indicates.
29. Dr. Benjamin Rodriguez, who served as medical control on the evening in question, recommended that Gian Javier be immediately transferred to Centro Medico.
30. Two units of packed red blood cells were ordered, and were available.
31. The blood was never administered to Gian Javier.
32. Dr. Benjamin Rodriguez opined that the administration of the blood to Gian Javier at Doctors Center was going to delay the transfer, and recommended the blood be sent with Gian Javier to the Centro Medico to be administered there.
33. The transfer was accepted by the Puerto Rico Medical Center.
34. The transfer order written by Dr. Rodriguez at 7:15 p.m. indicated head trauma, pelvic trauma, gross hematuria, left femoral fracture and hypovolemic shock.
35. At 8:30 p.m., moments before the time Gian Javier was placed in the Aeromed air ambulance, his blood pressure was 135/62, within acceptable limits.
36. Gian Javier's mother signed the authorization for the transfer.
*97 37. Doctors Center Hospital had the facilities and the personnel necessary to conduct an abdominal surgery.
38. The air ambulance (Aeromed) arrived at 7:45 p.m. at Doctors Center, and departed at 8:45 p.m.
39. The two units of blood were sent with Gian Javier to Centro Medico.
40. A patient cannot receive a blood transfusion during air transport.
41. A physician did not accompany Gian Javier during transport.
42. Gian Javier died after his arrival at Centro Medico.
43. Gian Javier's autopsy revealed abrasions in different external body parts, partial amputation of second distal finger of the left hand, left femur fracture, thoracic muscle contusion, pulmonary contusion, fracture of the seventh right rib, liver laceration, left kidney laceration, spleen laceration and hemoperitoneum.
44. The cause of death was classified as severe corporal trauma.
45. Doctors Center Hospital is a Medicare recipient and subject to ETALA provisions.
IV. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
A. Screening and Treatment
The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act, better known by its acronym, "EMTALA," imposes three duties which "reside in three principal statutory silos." López-Soto v. Hawayek, 175 F.3d 170, 172 (1st Cir.1999). The first duty, codified in subsection (a) of the statute, requires that covered hospitals perform "an appropriate medical screening examination" on "any individual" who comes to an emergency department for treatment. 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(a). The duty to screen applies only in cases of individuals who arrive at the hospital's emergency room. See López-Soto, 175 F.3d at 173.
In order to be able to determine whether a hospital has complied with its duty to screen a patient, the particular hospital's capabilities must be taken into account. See Brooks v. Maryland Gen'l Hosp., Inc., 996 F.2d 708 (4th Cir.1993). Although the statute is not clear in defining what an appropriate medical screening is, case law has defined this duty as providing an examination "reasonably calculated to identify critical medical conditions that may be afflicting symptomatic patients and provides that level of screening uniformly to all those who present substantially similar complaints." Correa v. Hospital San Francisco, 69 F.3d 1184, 1192 (1st Cir.1995); see also Gatewood v. Washington Healthcare Corp., 933 F.2d 1037, 1039 (D.C.Cir.1991) ("`appropriate' screening is properly determined not by reference to particular outcomes, but instead by reference to a hospital's standard screening procedures").
The duty to stabilize patients with emergency conditions and the process of transferring them are set forth in subsections (b) and (c), respectively. If an emergency medical condition is detected during the screening, then an additional duty arises, and the hospital must either: provide further medical examination and treatment required to stabilize the condition, or transfer the individual to another facility in accordance with subsection (c). See 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(b)(1); In Matter of Baby "K", 16 F.3d 590 (4th Cir.1994). Subsection 1395dd(e)(1) defines "emergency medical condition" as: "a medical condition manifesting itself by acute symptoms of sufficient severity (including severe pain) such that the absence of immediate *98 medical attention could reasonably be expected to result in(A) placing the patient's health in serious jeopardy, (B) serious impairment to bodily functions, or (C) serious dysfunction of any bodily organ or part." 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(e)(1). Under this definition, a patient will suffer from an emergency medical condition if he is in "imminent danger of death or serious disability." Thornton v. Southwest Detroit Hosp., 895 F.2d 1131, 1134 (6th Cir.1990).
Therefore, once it is established that a patient appeared at a hospital's emergency department with an emergency medical condition, or when an individual has been diagnosed as presenting an emergency medical condition, the hospital must provide that treatment necessary to prevent the material deterioration of the individual's condition or provide for an appropriate transfer to another facility. The hospital will be liable under EMTALA either if it fails to detect the nature of the emergency condition as a result of a disparate screening or, if the hospital detects the emergency condition, by failing to stabilize the condition prior to releasing the plaintiff. See Deberry v. Sherman Hosp. Ass'n, 741 F.Supp. 1302, 1305 (N.D.IU. 1990).
A plaintiff seeking to show a violation of subsections (b) or (c) must show that the hospital had actual knowledge of his or her emergency medical condition. See Urban v. King, 43 F.3d 523, 525-26 (10th Cir.1994); Baber v. Hospital Corp. of America, 977 F.2d 872, 883 (4th Cir.1992); Cleland v. Branson Health Care Group, Inc., 917 F.2d 266, 270 (6th Cir.1990). Actual knowledge is not required, however, to show a violation of subsection (a), because screening usually precedes a conclusion that an emergency condition exists.
Finally, the Court must clarify that EMTALA does not create a cause of action for medical malpractice. See Gatewood, 933 F.2d at 1041. A faulty screening does not give rise to an EMTALA claim. See Correa, 69 F.3d at 1192 ("A refusal to follow regular screening procedures in a particular instance contravenes the statute, but faulty screening in a particular opposed to disparate screening or refusing to screen at all, does not contravene the statute") (citations omitted); Baber, 977 F.2d at 878 ("While EMTALA requires a hospital emergency department to apply its standard screening examination uniformly, it does not guarantee that the emergency personnel will correctly diagnose a patient's condition as a result of this screening").
Rather, an EMTALA claim may only ensue for failure to screen in a manner comparable to others brought into the emergency room with the same conditions. That is to say, the treatment administered to Gian Javier must have differed significantly from the treatment offered to patients arriving at the emergency room under the same conditions. 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(a); Guadalupe v. Negron Agosto, 299 F.3d 15, 18 (D. Puerto Rico 2002); Correa, 69 F.3d at 1192 ("The essence of EMTALA's screening requirements is that there be some screening procedure and that it be administered evenhandedly"); Reynolds v. MaineGeneral Health, 218 F.3d 78, 84 (1st Cir.2000) (screening received must have been "materially different" than that provided to others in the same condition).
Thus, there is both a substantive and a procedural component to an appropriate medical screening under EMTALA: "[a] hospital fulfills its statutory duty to screen patients in its emergency room if it provides for a screening examination reasonably calculated to identify critical medical conditions that may be afflicting symptomatic patients and provides that *99 level of screening uniformly to all those who present substantially similar complaints." Id.
Guadalupe, 299 F.3d at 19. In the instant case, the parties agree that upon his arrival at the emergency room, Gian Javier presented an emergency condition and that the medical staff knew of this condition. Therefore, the question is whether the hospital failed to detect the nature of the emergency condition as a result of a disparate screening or if it failed to stabilize the condition prior to transferring him. Simply put, the treatment Doctors Center administered to Gian Javier must have differed significantly from the treatment offered to patients arriving at the emergency room under the same conditions in order for this cause of action to ensue.
As an initial matter, the Court finds that Gian Javier almost continuously received treatment after he arrived at Doctors Center Hospital until he departed via Aeromed to the Centro Medico, and therefore this is a prima facie showing that the screening requirement was met. See Reynolds, 218 F.3d at 83-84; see also "Nurse's Notes", Plaintiffs' Exhibit 6 and Defendant's Exhibit III, showing entries in Gina Javier's record for: 5:00, 5:03, 5:05, 5:15, 5:20, 5:20 again, 5:30, 5:30 again, 6:00, 6:20, 6:45, 7:00, 7:15, 7:30, 7:45, 8:15, 8:30, and 8:45 p.m. However, after comparing the procedures ordered by Dr. Rodriguez and the standard hospital Protocol for management of a poly-traumatized patient, the Court finds that out of the 28 procedures contained therein, Dr. Rodriguez complied with 22 of them, and that the staff complied with 21 of them. Compare Plaintiffs' Exhibit 6, Defendant's Exhibit IVto Plaintiffs' Exhibit 6, Defendant's Exhibit III.
Specifically, Dr. Rodríguez ordered: cardiac monitoring (No. 7 on the Protocol) endotracheal intubation (not on the Protocol); oxygen therapy (Nos. 4, 5 on the Protocol); new peripheral vein canalization (No. 9 on the Protocol); IV fluids with normal saline solution and ringer lactate to run full drip (No. 9 on the Protocol); foley catheter (No. 12 on the Protocol); reduction and traction of the left femoral fracture (No. 19 on the Protocol); laboratories (CBC, arterial blood gases, coagulation test, chemistry test, type and cross match) (No. 10 on the Protocol); x-ray (chest, skull, left leg and KUB) (No. 14 on the Protocol); Manitol and Decadron (administration of medication not on the Protocol); Tetanus Toxoid (No. 17 on the Protocol); antibiotic IV (No. 16 on the Protocol); mechanical ventilation (No. 4 on the Protocol); brain CT Scan (not on the Protocol); Narcan (administration of medication not on the Protocol); nasogastric tube (No. 13 on the Protocol) and gastric lavage (not on the Protocol). The Court notes that some of the procedures ordered by Dr. Rodríguez' were not included in the protocol, and thus went further than the Protocol (for instance, the gastric lavage).
In addition, although not explicitly complied with[3] the Court finds that the hospital complied with No. 20(a) in the Protocol (Noting the patient's Glasgow Coma Scale; Defendant's Exhibit III at 1); complied with No. 20(b) in the Protocol (Examining the head for liquids in the earsDefendant's Exhibit III, at 1); complied with No. 20(d)(1) in the Protocol (examining patient for injuries to abdomenDr. Rodríguez' deposition at 85-86, 95; Plaintiffs' Exhibit 6 at 5; Defendant's Exhibit III at 4); and complied with No. 20(e)(1) in the Protocol (examining patient for injuries to the pelvisDr. Rodríguez' deposition at 85-86, Plaintiffs' Exhibit 6 at 5). *100 Only one of all of these, the brain CT scan, which the Court was unable to find in the Protocol, and therefore, was not on the Protocol, was not complied with.
Plaintiffs attempt to raise an issue of material fact by apparently combing through the protocol, detecting all deviations therefrom and labeling them as "disparate" treatment. However, the Court finds no such disparate treatment occurred here as evidenced above. See Feighery v. York Hosp., 59 F.Supp.2d 96 (D.Me.1999) (Holding no EMTALA violation for failure to conduct neuro tests, de minimus deviations from hospital's standard screening examination). For instance, Plaintiffs allege that the hospital failed to document the secondary evaluation in the trauma sheet. However, a second evaluation was in fact performed, as discussed in the previous paragraph, even if it was not documented in the trauma sheet or labeled as such.
Plaintiffs further aver that Gian Javier's vital signs were not taken exactly every fifteen (15) minutes as stated on the protocol. However, the Nurse's Notes indicate that this procedure, even if it was not followed exactly, was substantially complied with. See "Nurse's Notes", showing annotations for vital signs and general monitoring at 5:50, 5:30, 6:00, 6:20, 6:45, 7:15 and before getting on the air ambulance at 8:30 p.m. See also Hutchinson v. Greater S.E. Comm. Hosp., 793 F.Supp. 6 (D.D.C.1992) (Holding that ETALA requires no documentation of screening examination and deviation from this does not establish a cause of action under said statute). A person cannot expect precise and exact times for emergency room procedures, given the fact that it is a high traffic and congested area, and in the midst of other emergencies. Therefore, the Court finds that the taking of the vital signs was not exactly complied with, but was sufficient to meet EMTALA requirements.
In addition, the Court can see that, although not listed in Gian Javier's medical record, even more requirements from the hospital's Protocol were met: moving of the patient to the operating room of emergency room or CPR (No. 1 in the Protocol; uncontested fact No. 7); re-evaluation of vital signs (No. 21 in the Protocol; "Nurse's Notes"); Ordering of blood (No. 23 in the Protocol; uncontested fact No. 30); a consultation with the surgeon on call (No. 24 in the Protocol; uncontested fact 19, Dr. Rodriguez' deposition at 75, 84-86); making the necessary arrangements for the transfer to the Centro Medico (No. 26 in the Protocol, uncontested fact No. 27); obtaining consent for the procedures (No. 25 in the Protocol, uncontested fact No. 36); the use of an adequately equipped ambulance (No. 27 in the Protocol; uncontested fact No. 27); and that the doctor in charge of the patient sign the forms (No. 28 in the Protocol; Plaintiffs' Exhibit 6, Defendant's Exhibit III, pages 1-4).
The Court also notes Plaintiffs' eagerness to point out deviations from the protocol in stating that every single item in the Protocol must be complied with. However, some of the indications in the Protocol were not necessary in order to ascertain the actual level care provided, such as number 3 (listing the factors which the staff must do to prepare for treatment); see Deposition of Dr. Rodríguez at 99 ("Each patient has his own particular way at the moment of an emergency, but that is a guide to be followed, but it's not a cooking recipe"). Therefore, the fact that all the requirements in the protocol were not met is not indicative that an EMTALA claim is presentit is the treatment or care provided that must be administered even-handedly. The fact that Doctors *101 Center might have not filled out specific forms (for instance, regarding the discharge and transfer from the emergency room) does not change the fact that the treatment provided was administered according to the Protocol. The Court further notes that some of the requirements in the Protocol might not have been immediately necessary, and once again, the mere fact that the hospital did not comply with some of them does not automatically give rise to an inference that EMTALA was violated. See Hutchinson, 793 F.Sup. 6 (EMTALA requires no documentation of screening examination and deviation from this does not establish a cause of action under EMTALA).
The Court further notes that Plaintiffs make a series of assumptions, now based on hindsight, and now with the expertise of an expert, that simply cannot be utilized to create a genuine issue of material fact. Dr. Raul Marcial, one of Plaintiffs' expert witnesses, also appears to have combed through the protocol in order to be able to determine what aspects of it were not complied with. Like Plaintiffs, his disparate treatment analysis is reduced to: the recording (or lack thereof) of the vital signs in the trauma page; the performance (or lack thereof) of the secondary evaluation; and the fact that a radiologist was not called to examine x-rays. This is not enough to establish disparate treatment under EMMA. However, even more importantly, the Court must mention that it finds that Dr. Marcial's evaluation of the screening afforded to Gian Javier is flawed, since he begins his analysis by stating "If an adequate and proper evaluation and screening would have been performed on this patient, as it is required, a correct diagnosis would have been established". Dr. Marcial's Report at 4. In other words, Dr. Marcial is of the opinion that a correct diagnosis would have resulted if a proper screening would have been conducted.
This misconstrues the proper focus under EMMA, which only requires that an evaluation and screening be performed equal to that of similarly situated patients. Under this standard, a proper evaluation and screening can be performed, and the result can still be a misdiagnosis. See Baber, 977 F.2d at 878 (4th Cir.1992) (Under EMTALA, the standard screening examination must be applied uniformly, but that does not guarantee that the emergency personnel will correctly diagnose a patient's condition as a result of this screening). Further, the Court finds his report to be centered on standard medical malpractice instead of EMTALA disparate screening violations. "These two procedures ... are mandatory requirements according to the norms established for the good practice of medicine in these circumstances") Dr. Marcial's Report at 5; "The secondary evaluation of the patient, as well as the primary one ... was totally inadequate and does not comply, even remotely, with the Trauma Management Protocol of the American College of Surgeons Advanced Trauma Life Support", Id.; "Dr. Rodriguez Martinez must have recognized that the patient was in shock, probably in hypovolemic shock". Id. at 6.
Dr. Lautz' expert report fares no better. He limits his report to what, in hindsight should have been done in compliance with accepted medical standards to Gian Javier (some procedures which were not on the hospital Protocol), instead of analyzing whether a substantially disparate screening occurred. "In my opinion, this case presents a significant important departure from accepted medical standards in the management of blunt trauma in a number of respects" Dr. Lautz' Report at 2; "To leave a patient who presents as a multitrauma *102 victim with a class four hemorrhagic shock and to then not resuscitate him beyond the first bolus for some two and a half hours is completely outside the standards of care". Dr. Lautz' Report at 3 (emphasis added); "In addition to aggressive and early fluid resuscitation, the patient should have been ordered for a cervical spine series ... Id. (emphasis added); "A head CT may have been useful, but an abdominal CT, which was critical, was not ordered". Id.; "His resuscitation throughout the entire emergency room visit was woefully inadequate ..." Id. at 4. Again, while both expert's reports may create an issue of fact with regard to whether Dr. Rodriguez' treatment of Gian Javier deviated from accepted medical standards of care, a topic not at issue here, it does not create a material question of fact as to whether Dr. Rodriguez examined Gian Javier substantially differently from any other patient with a similar history, signs, and symptoms according to hospital protocol. See Jones v. Wake Cty. Hosp. Sys., Inc., 786 F.Sup. 538 (E.D.N.C.1991) (Holding that hospital is not liable if it acts consistently with its customer screening procedure, even if said procedure would be inadequate under state malpractice law).
Under these circumstances, the Court cannot hold that an inadequate screening and treatment occurred. Doctors Center had a clear manual describing internal procedures for treatment of polytraumatized patients such as Gian Javier. See generally Protocol. Dr. Rodriguez went almost by the book in the procedures and treatment administered to Gian Javier, and even went further than the Protocol dictated and ordered treatments not therein stated. Therefore, Plaintiffs' claims that he did not follow hospital procedure and performed a faulty screening ring hollow. The Court finds that Plaintiffs' criticisms of Dr. Rodriguez' diagnosis and treatment of Gian Javier are indistinguishable from the standard of care criticism that one would hear from an expert in a malpractice case triggered by a misdiagnosis.
Regarding the spleen, Dr. Rodriguez specifically stated that he not only consulted with the surgeon, Dr. Psarras, regarding Gian Javier's spleen (No. 24 in the Protocol), but that when he himself examined Gian Javier's abdomen, it was "depressible, soft", and that "it had given me no indication that it had ruptured". (No. 20(d) in the Protocol; Dr. Rodriguez deposition at 94.) Dr. Psarras came to the same conclusion when he examined Gian Javier: his abdomen was depressible. Plaintiffs' Exhibit 6, Defendant's Exhibit III at 5.[4] Aremoed's notes indicate the same thing. Defendant's Exhibit VI at 5. Further, Dr. Rodriguez performed a gastric lavage and found coagulated blood, which in his opinion, was further evidence that the blood came from the head injury, not from an internal ruptured spleen. Dr. Rodriguez' deposition at 60-61. Plaintiffs' allegations that he "knew" or "should have known" about Gian Javier's ruptured spleen are issues that go to malpractice, not a disparate screening analysis.
Again, the Court must mention that under EMMA, the issue is not what deficiencies in the standard of emergency room care contributed to a mis-diagnosis, but rather whether the procedures followed in the emergency room, even if they resulted in a mis-diagnosis, were reasonably calculated to identify a patient's critical medical condition. See Gatewood, 933 *103 F.2d at 1041; Guadalupe, 299 F.3d at 21; and Green v. Reddy, 918 F.Sup. 329 (D.Kan.1996) (Holding no violation of EMMA when hospital knew emergency condition existed, but there was no evidence that it had specific knowledge of collapsed lung or torn renal artery prior to transfer). The Court thinks the screening and treatment offered by Doctors Center, even if it resulted in a mis-diagnosis, were adequate under the auspices of EMTALA. Therefore, Plaintiffs' claims under EMTALA for inadequate screening are not viable, and are hereby DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.
B. Stabilization Before Transfer
Plaintiffs' second claim comes under the EMMA statute which requires that the hospital or emergency room stabilize the patient before transferring him to another facility. Under 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(c), If an individual at a hospital has an emergency medical condition which has not been stabilized (within the meaning of subsection (e)(3)(B) of this section), the hospital may not transfer the individual unless
(A)(i) the individual (or a legally responsible person acting on the individual's behalf) after being informed of the hospital's obligations under this section and of the risk of transfer, in writing requests transfer to another medical facility,
(ii) a physician (within the meaning of section 1395x(r)(1) of this title) has signed a certification that [FN1] based upon the information available at the time of transfer, the medical benefits reasonably expected from the provision of appropriate medical treatment at another medical facility outweigh the increased risks to the individual and, in the case of labor, to the unborn child from effecting the transfer, or
(iii) if a physician is not physically present in the emergency department at the time an individual is transferred, a qualified medical person (as defined by the Secretary in regulations) has signed a certification described in clause (ii) after a physician (as defined in section 1395x(r)(1) of this title), in consultation with the person, has made the determination described in such clause, and subsequently countersigns the certification; and
(B) the transfer is an appropriate transfer.
42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(c). An appropriate transfer, in turn, is described as one:
(A) in which the transferring hospital provides the medical treatment within its capacity which minimizes the risks to the individual's health and, in the case of a woman in labor, the health of the unborn child;
(B) in which the receiving facility
(i) has available space and qualified personnel for the treatment of the individual, and
(ii) has agreed to accept transfer of the individual and to provide appropriate medical treatment;
(C) in which the transferring hospital sends to the receiving facility all medical records (or copies thereof), related to the emergency condition for which the individual has presented, available at the time of the transfer, including records related to the individual's emergency medical condition, observations of signs or symptoms, preliminary diagnosis, treatment provided, results of any tests and the informed written consent or certification (or copy thereof) provided under paragraph (1)(A), and the name and address of any oncall physician (described in subsection (d)(1)(C) of this section) who has refused or failed to *104 appear within a reasonable time to provide necessary stabilizing treatment; (D) in which the transfer is effected through qualified personnel and transportation equipment, as required including the use of necessary and medically appropriate life support measures during the transfer.
42 U.S.C. § 1395dd((c)(2).
It is clear from the statute that only unstable patients require a certification and consent of the receiving hospital.
On the other hand, a patient who has been stabilized in the emergency room of the transferring hospital may be transferred to a receiving hospital without a certification, as described above, and without obtaining the express agreement of the receiving hospital. In other words, stabilized patients may be transferred without limitation under the language of the statute. Therefore, in order to prove a transfer violation, Plaintiffs must show not only that the transferred patient was not stabilized and was not accepted by the receiving hospital, but also that the doctor was negligent in transferring the patient in the sense that, under the circumstances, "the physician knew or should have known that the benefits [of transfer] did not outweigh the risks." Cherukuri v. Shalala, 175 F.3d 446, 450 (6th Cir.1999). As with screening, in determining whether or not a patient has been stabilized, the Court must consider whether the medical treatment was reasonable in view of the circumstances that existed at the time the hospital discharged or transferred the individual and at the time the diagnosis was made. See Delaney v. Cade, 986 F.2d 387, 393 (10th Cir.1993).
Once again, the Court makes clear that EMTALA liability does not hinge on the result of the plaintiffs condition after the release or transfer, but rather on whether the hospital would have considered another patient in the same condition as unstable that would not warrant his or her release or transfer. See Cleland v. Branson Health Care Group, Inc., 917 F.2d 266, 269 (6th Cir.1990).
The Fourth Circuit has reached a conclusion that to stabilize for purposes of transfer is a relative concept that depends on the situation:
The stabilization requirement is thus defined entirely in connection with a possible transfer and without any reference to the patient's long-term care within the system. It seems manifest to us that the stabilization requirement was intended to regulate the hospital's care of the patient only in the immediate aftermath of the act of admitting her for emergency treatment and while it considered whether it would undertake longer-term full treatment or instead transfer the patient to a hospital that could and would undertake that treatment.
Bryan v. Rectors of the University of Virginia, 95 F.3d 349, 352 (4th Cir.1996). Assuming facts most favorable to the nonmoving party, the Court will assume that Gian Javier was not stable at the time of his transfer. Therefore, the question becomes whether an appropriate transfer was performed. Plaintiffs allege that no relative of Gian Javier ordered the transfer, but instead that it was Dr. Rodriguez who ordered it. However, under EMTLA, a hospital may transfer an unstable patient with an emergency condition if the patient or a legal representative gives informed consent or a physician certifies that the benefits expected from the transfer outweigh the risks of effecting the transfer. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(c)(1); Estate of Robbins v. Osteopathic Hosp. Founders Assoc., 178 F.Sup.2d 1221 (N.D.Okl.2000). Therefore, under the disjunctive *105 language of the statute, either of these circumstances preclude liability.
Applied to the case at bar, Dr. Rodriguez certified in writing that, in his best judgment, it was necessary to transfer Gian Javier to Centro Medico because of his condition at that time and according to the diagnosis. See Dr. Rodriguez' deposition at 86, 94; Defendant's Exhibit VI at 25; and Plaintiffs' Exhibit 6, Defendant's Exhibit VII. In addition, the certification indicated that the benefits of transfer outweighed the risks to the patient. Plaintiffs' Exhibit 6, Defendant's Exhibit VI, "Certification and Transfer Authorization" ("Certification y Permiso de Traslado"). Again, the fact that the diagnosis later turned out to be erroneous is immaterial to this particular analysis. Further, the consultation with Dr. Benjamin Rodriguez of medical control[5] stated that "the patient needed to be in the operating room as soon as possible", and that they "should proceed with the transfer." "Aeromed Progress Notes", Defendant's Exhibit VI at 7. In addition, the Protocol for the treatment of poly-traumatized patients like Gian Javier indicated that the proper procedure in those cases was a transfer of the patient to Centro Medico. See Protocol No. 26. The Centro Medico accepted Gian Javier as a patient. See "Nurse's Notes", Plaintiffs' Exhibit 6 at 15, Defendant's Exhibit III at 15. As a final matter, Gian Javier's mother, Mrs. Molina, signed the certification stating that she understood Dr. Rodriguez' explanations and that she accepted the transfer voluntarily. Plaintiffs' Exhibit 6, Defendant's Exhibit VII.
A hospital is charged only with the responsibility of providing an "adequate first response to a medical crisis" which "means the patient must be evaluated and, at a minimum, provided with whatever medical support services and/or transfer arrangements that are consistent with the capability of the institution and the well-being of the patient." 131 Cong. Rec. 28569 (1985). Obviously a doctor in Dr. Rodriguez' position must weigh what he can do for a patient at his hospital at that moment versus the services available at the receiving hospital. Under the particular circumstances of the case at bar, the Court can find no violation of the transfer requirement. See generally, Cherukuri, 175 F.3d 446.
The Court finds that this case is, maybe, a medical malpractice case. EMMA is not the federal counterpart of a state medical malpractice suit. Plaintiffs EMMA claims for inappropriate transfer are therefore also hereby DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.
C. Malpractice Claims
Plaintiffs also bring forth claims for malpractice against Dr. Psarras and Dr. Rodriguez under Articles 1802 and 1803 of the Puerto Rico Civil Code. After having dismissed all the federal claims in this case, the Court does not reach the issue at this time of whether it will entertain Plaintiffs' malpractice claims brought under Puerto Rico law until the nature of the claims is clarified.
V. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the Court GRANTS Summary Judgment in favor of Defendant Doctors Center Hospital, and hereby DIMISSES Plaintiffs Ana Rivera, Tomas Molina, Giovanna Molina, and Cristal Molina's EMMA claims WITH PREJUDICE. Regarding Plaintiffs' state law *106 claims for malpractice, the Court does not decide at this time whether it will exercise supplemental jurisdiction over them.
IT IS SO ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED.
NOTES
[1] Defendant's Motion is really only a motion for partial summary judgment, since Defendant did not address the causes of action for malpractice brought under diversity by the decedent's relatives living in Pennsylvania and Florida.
[2] Gian Javier's relatives living in Pennsylvania and Florida, Ilianita Sánchez Rivera, Felix Rivera Guerrero and Maria Molina Rodriguez, are also Plaintiffs in this cause of action, but have only brought forth causes of action against Dr. Rodríguez and Dr. Psarras under Puerto Rico law for negligence. They have raised no EMTALA claims, and therefore, are not part of the Court's analysis of this particular issue.
[3] Protocol mandated that these signs be noted in a form called the "trauma sheet".
[4] A depressible, soft abdomen indicates that there hasn't been any type of internal rupture of organs.
[5] As previously stated, the medical control staff receives the calls and decides whether the use of an Aeromed helicopter is justified in light of the particular circumstances of each case.
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Q:
Question has been migrated to an other website
I posted my question on Serverfault.com on a day back. URL: Access Remote files through http path.
But I noticed after a day, a notification alert shown me that "Your question "Access Remote files through http path" was migrated to Unix & Linux Stack Exchange."
I don't know who was the user migrated it or is it a decision from stackoverflow commitee. Not confirmed.
Kindly suggest what could be the reason. I also didn't found any suitable answer for the above question. So I need the help in which stackoverflow account I should posted this question.
Any help would be appreciated.
A:
If your question is better suited for another site on the Stack Exchange site then it is migrated to that site so that it has more chances of receiving better answers. So in a way question migration is for your own good.
Who can migrate a question? A site moderator can do this. Other alternate is that if 5 users, who have relevant privileges, vote to migrate a particular question then it will be migrated.
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"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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Julius Hjulian
Julius Hjulian (né Hjulin; March 15, 1903 – February 1, 1974) was a Swedish-American goalkeeper at the 1934 FIFA World Cup.
Career
Julin started his career playing in Sweden, and became Swedish champion 1921 with IFK Eskilstuna. His name was then Julius Hjulin. Hjulin emigrated in 1922 to the United States together with his brother and settled in Chicago. Hjulian returned to Europe and in 1925–26 he played with Celtic F.C. but did not make any league appearances.
Hjulian spent his career in Chicago. In 1930, he is listed as playing with Chicago Sparta. At the time, Sparta dominated the National Soccer League of Chicago and consistently won the Peel Cup. In 1934, he was playing for the Chicago Wieboldt (Wonderbolts) when they broke Sparta’s hold on the Peel Cup. That year, he was selected as the starting goalkeeper for the U.S. national team at the 1934 FIFA World Cup. Hjulian gained his first cap when the U.S. defeated Mexico, 4–2, in a World Cup qualifier. The U.S. then lost to Italy in the first round of the World Cup by 7–1.
References
External links
1934 Roster with hometowns
FIFA: Julias Hjulian
Category:1903 births
Category:1974 deaths
Category:American soccer players
Category:Swedish emigrants to the United States
Category:United States men's international soccer players
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:1934 FIFA World Cup players
Category:National Soccer League (Chicago) players
Category:Chicago Sparta players
Category:IFK Eskilstuna players
Category:Celtic F.C. players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Scotland
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Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to signal processors and to a signal format. In particular the invention relates to a signal format, a signal encoder for encoding a signal according to the format, a corresponding decoder, and a signal transmission system including the encoder and decoder.
It is desired to transmit packetised signals such as MPEG 2 TS (Transport Stream) packets from one location or piece of equipment to another. It is known to transmit MPEG 2 TS packets via a DVB Asynchronous Serial Interface (ASI). DVB ASI is effective for the transmission of one transport stream from point to point such as between specific items of equipment but is otherwise relatively inflexible.
According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a transmission system in which MPEG 2 TS packets are transmitted via an SDTI system.
Such a system provides greater flexibility than using DVB ASI. The SDTI (Serial Data Transport Interface) is defined in SMPTE 305M. SDTI transmits packets in a signal structure comprising frames of television lines. Ancillary data is carried in the horizontal blanking area of lines and data is carried in a payload area of each line. The payload area is in the active line interval. SDTI allows TS packets to be routed wherever SDI connections are available and also allows TS packets from more than one source to be transmitted. However, the carriage of TS packets over SDTI requires buffering to ensure that the packets are confined to the payload area of the SDTI and to allow multiple packets on each line for efficiency. The buffering process introduces delay and jitter (i.e. variation in the timing of the packets relative to each other) to the packets but, for accurate decoding of an MPEG 2 signal, the packets of that signal must be provided to the MPEG decoder with accurate timing relative to one another to allow correct decoding. Whilst absolute delay of packets is not a problem because it affects all packets equally, there is a need to correct jitter at or before the MPEG decoder.
Whilst the foregoing discussion describes the technical problem faced by the present invention with reference to the transmission of MPEG 2 TS packets via SDTI, similar problems may occur in the transmission of other types of time sensitive packets over other data transmission systems.
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"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
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Q:
asy there any way to change color of UIWebView of Iphone Application
I am using webview to display Data from RSS Feed Can I change color of WebView to Black From white.
I have declare outlet in xib file named RemainingRssViewController
and i am diplaying it from root view controller the code is
NSString *htmlstring =[[blogEntries objectAtIndex: blogEntryIndex] objectForKey: @"description"];
NSURL *baseUrl;
baseUrl = [[NSURL alloc]initWithString:feedurl];
[anotherViewController.maintext loadHTMLString:htmlstring baseURL:baseUrl];
//maintext is the UIWebVeiw outlet in anotherViewController.
A:
Ok, looks good.
With this code:
NSString *htmlstring =[[blogEntries objectAtIndex: blogEntryIndex] objectForKey: @"description"];
You set up an HTML string to go in the UIWebView. However, it's not actually HTML, because right now it's just text. To solve this, we'll instead make the "htmlstring" to be styled HTML with the text from the XML feed.
For example:
NSString *textString = [[blogEntries objectAtIndex: blogEntryIndex] objectForKey:@"description"];
NSString *htmlstring = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"<html><head><style type='text/css'>body { color:#FFFFFF; background-color: #000000; }</style></head><body>%@</body></html>",textString];
Then, when the "htmlstring" is placed inside the UIWebView, it will be styled as you would like it to be.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
British Airways IT Outage Delays Hundreds of Flights Worldwide
A computer issue at British Airways on Tuesday left thousands of passengers stranded and caused massive delays across the globe.
Passengers were unable in many cases to book flights using the company’s website and app, to check-in at the airport, and some flights were simply unable to take off as a result of the IT problem.
“We apologize to our customers for the delay and we appreciate their patience as our IT teams work to resolve this issue,” the world’s favourite airline said on Twitter.
Not surprisingly, hundreds of travelers took to Twitter to complain. “@British_Airways – system down at San Diego manual check in and your staff haven’t got a clue what they are doing. It’s chaos!” posted Andrea Woolley.
One traveler was FBT Editorial Director Jonathan Spira, who tried to book a flight using the iPhone app and repeatedly got the message, “A system error was encountered during the confirmation of your booking.” The message, however, reassured him that “If the booking has been made then tickets will be issued, and travel can continue as normal.”
At airports, many passengers received hand-written boarding passes and baggage claim tags.
Finding a quiet corner in London is near impossible but in Marble Arch, a neighborhood replete with great shops and restaurants, the Arch London is a boutique property that evokes a quiet oasis a world away from the hustle and bustle of the capital city. Madonna and the Beatles seemed to think so too, as the former’s London abode is across the street. Nearby is a home purchased by Ringo …
Those who travel by air during the winter have undoubtedly seen this unusual dance before: trucks circling the aircraft spraying a strange orange-colored fluid, while passengers peer through the plane’s windows.
As your aircraft pushes back from the gate, you probably hear the captain announce, “Well folks, we’re just making a quick stop for deicing, and then we’ll be off.”
Deicing prevents a build-up of snow and ice on the plane’s wings …
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
INCLUDE 'VICMAIN_FOR'
SUBROUTINE MAIN44
C PROGRAM QPLOT2
C 10 JUL 95 ...CRS (CRI) MST S/W CONVERSION (VICAR PORTING)
C 22 AUG 85 ...JHR... CONVERTED TO VICAR2, RENAMED QPLOT2
C 22 APR 82 ...JHR... INITIAL RELEASE
C E,QPLOT2,IN,*,,PARAMS
C THIS PROGRAM PLOTS LINES OF DN VS RELATIVE SAMPLE NUMBER.
C A MAXIMUM OF 10 LINES MAY BE PLOTTED ON THE GRAPH
C A MAXIMUM OF 10 DATA SETS MAY BE USED
C ANY LINE DIRECTION MAY BE SPECIFIED
C IF THE LINE DIRECTION IS NOT HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL
C THE OUTPUT SAMPLE POINTS ARE SPACED THE SAME AS THE X AND Y
C AXES, I.E. IF THE LINE DIRECTION IS 45 DEGREES THE NUMBER OF
C OUTPUT SAMPLES WILL BE THE SQUARE ROOT OF 2 TIMES THE NUMBER
C OF INPUT SAMPLES
C
C * PROCESS IN,SL,SS,EL,ES SPECIFIES THE INPUT NUMBER,
C STARTING LINE, STARTING SAMPLE, ENDING LINE, AND
C ENDING SAMPLE.
C
C
implicit none
EXTERNAL EQUIV
COMMON/C1/ SIZE,displace,RDS,XMIN,XMAX,YMIN,YMAX
& ,XSCLMN,XSCLMX,YSCLMN,YSCLMX,XSCLDT
& ,YSCLDT,XLNGTH,YLNGTH,FORMAT,NORM,NCHAN
& ,xsclset,ysclset
COMMON/C2/ SL,SS,EL,ES,IN,UNIT,ILINE,NLINES
& ,NLI,NSI,NSCHAN,GTYPE,XPAGE,LB,LABTOP
common/files/filename
common/commonheader/headermsg,nheadermsg,iiline,i2line
integer*4 iiline,i2line,nheadermsg(220) !! index into header strings
INTEGER*4 IN(10),SL(10),SS(10),EL(10),ES(10),UNIT(10)
INTEGER*4 GTYPE,TTLTOP,NLI(10),NSI(10),NBI(10)
integer*4 STAT,IPARM(256),TICS
integer*4 i,ii,j,jj,n,icount,idef,iline,ind,isize,psize
integer*4 labtop,lcheck,lx,ly,lb,ni,nlines,np,nschan,ntest
integer*4 ntics,ntitle,ntitx,ntity,nx,ny,nchan,naline
integer*4 plotwid,plotht,ntbl,nplotgpi,nplotout
integer*4 nplotgpi2,nploteps,ntmptbl,charsize,charsteps
integer*4 pttype(20),lntype(20),ptcolorl(20)
REAL*4 RPARM(256),XAXIS(4),YAXIS(4)
REAL*4 XMAX(10),XMIN(10),YMAX(10),YMIN(10)
REAL*4 XSCLMN,XSCLMX,YSCLMN,YSCLMX,XLNGTH,YLNGTH
real*4 displace,rds,size,xpage,xscldt,yscldt
logical*4 XVPTST, NORM, xsclset, ysclset, epsplot, nolabel
character*1 LPARM(1024)
character*4 FORMAT(10),aline
character*8 plotfmt
character*24 tbl,tmptbl
character*30 alinenum
CHARACTER*63 XTTL,YTTL,TTL,CBUF,XTITLE,YTITLE,TITLE
character*63 msg,plotgpi,plotgpi2,ploteps
character*56 headermsg(220) !! Labels * (lines per label+2)
CHARACTER*63 plotout
character*120 filename(10)
c
character*8 ptcolor(20),lncolor(20)
character*4 gpi/'.gpi'/,eps/'.eps'/,asc/'.asc'/
c
character*1 num(5)
character bash
c
data num/'1','2','3','4','5'/
data tmptbl/'tmptbl.'/
data aline/'line'/
C
data pttype/ 5, 9, 7,13,11, 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 7,13,11, 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 7,13/
data lntype/ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1/
data ptcolor/'green','purple','magenta','blue','brown',
1 'red','cyan','orange','green','purple',
2 'magenta','blue','brown','red','cyan',
3 'orange','green','purple','magenta','blue'/
data ptcolorl/5,6,7,4,5, 3,4,6,5,6, 7,4,5,3,4, 6,5,6,7,4/
data lncolor/'beige','red','green','cyan','purple',
1 'blue','orange','magenta','beige','red',
2 'green','cyan','purple','blue','orange',
3 'magenta','beige','red','green','cyan'/
c
call xvmessage('qplot2 version 2015-08-19',' ')
bash=achar(92)
C
C SET DEFAULTS AND INITIALIZE
c tbl='tmptbl.x'
c ntbl=index(tbl,' ') - 1
YTITLE = 'DN VALUE'
XTITLE = 'RELATIVE SAMPLE NUMBER'
TITLE = 'IPL LINE PLOT'
C 'PLOTNAME'
epsplot=.false.
nplotgpi = 0
nplotgpi2 = 0
nplotout = 0
nploteps = 0
ntbl = 0
epsplot = .false.
CALL XVPARM ('PLOTFMT',plotfmt,icount,idef,1)
if (plotfmt .eq. 'EPS' .or. plotfmt .eq. 'eps') epsplot = .true.
PLOTOUT= 'qplot.eps'
nplotout=index(plotout,' ') - 1
plotgpi= 'qplot.gpi'
nplotgpi=index(plotgpi,' ') - 1
plotgpi2= 'qplot.eps.gpi'
nplotgpi2=index(plotgpi2,' ') - 1
tbl='qplot.asc'
ntbl = index(tbl,' ') - 1
CALL XVPARM('PLOTOUT',cbuf,ICOUNT,IDEF,1)
IF (IDEF .EQ. 0) THEN
if (cbuf .eq. "YES" .or. cbuf .eq."yes") then
c epsplot = .true.
plotout='qplot'
nplotout=index(plotout,' ') - 1
plotgpi=plotout(1:nplotout)//gpi
nplotgpi=index(plotgpi,' ') - 1
plotgpi2=plotout(1:nplotout)//eps//gpi
nplotgpi2=index(plotgpi2,' ') - 1
ploteps=plotout(1:nplotout)//eps
nploteps=index(ploteps,' ') - 1
tbl = plotout(1:nplotout)//asc
ntbl = index(tbl,' ') - 1
tmptbl = tbl(1:ntbl)
c Plotout and nplotout from above
elseif (cbuf .eq. "NONE" .or. cbuf .eq."none") then
c epsplot = .false.
plotgpi='qplot.gpi'
nplotgpi=index(plotgpi,' ') - 1
else
plotout = CBUF
nplotout=index(plotout,' ') - 1
plotgpi=plotout(1:nplotout)//gpi
nplotgpi=index(plotgpi,' ') - 1
plotgpi2=plotout(1:nplotout)//eps//gpi
nplotgpi2=index(plotgpi2,' ') - 1
ploteps=plotout(1:nplotout)//eps
nploteps=index(ploteps,' ') - 1
tbl = plotout(1:nplotout)//asc
ntbl = index(tbl,' ') - 1
tmptbl = tbl(1:ntbl)
c epsplot = .true.
endif
ELSE
c epsplot = .false.
plotgpi='qplot.gpi'
nplotgpi=index(plotgpi,' ') - 1
tbl = plotout(1:nplotout)//asc
ntbl = index(tbl,' ') - 1
END IF
GTYPE=0 !graph type: 1=PROCESS 2=SPROCESS
NCHAN=1 !number of channels (bands in MSS data)
! 5 bands
SIZE=.10
isize = 10 !gnuplot file
psize = 16 !eps file
displace=0.
RDS=0.
NTITX=22
NTITY=8
NTITLE=13
NORM=.FALSE.
nolabel=.false. !Put vicar labels on graph
TICS=1 !set default to tics
LABTOP=1
TTLTOP=1
XLNGTH=9.0
YLNGTH=7.0
XSCLMN=1.
XSCLMX=1.
YSCLMN=0.
YSCLMX=0.
xsclset = .false.
ysclset = .false.
TTL='IPL LINE PLOT'
XTTL='RELATIVE SAMPLE NUMBER'
YTTL='DN VALUE'
DO 5 J=1,10
XMIN(J)=0.
XMAX(J)=0.
YMIN(J)=0.
YMAX(J)=255.
5 CONTINUE
XPAGE=0.5
iiline = 1
i2line = 0
C
C OPEN INPUT DATA SETS
C
CALL XVP('INP',LPARM,NI) !max = 10
DO 10 I=1,NI
CALL XVUNIT(UNIT(I),'INP',I,STAT,' ')
CALL XVOPEN(UNIT(I),STAT,'U_FORMAT','REAL',' ')
CALL XVGET(UNIT(I),STAT,'NL',NLI(I),'NS',NSI(I),
& 'FORMAT',FORMAT(I),'NB',NBI(I),' ')
c IF (FORMAT(I) .EQ. 'HALF') HALF(I)=1
c print *, 'Number of bands = ',nbi(i)
if (nbi(i) .gt. 1) then
call xvmessage("??E - Multiband images not supported"," ")
call xvmessage(" Convert to MSS format with TRAN"," ")
call abend
endif
10 CONTINUE
c
CALL XVP('INP',FILENAME,ICOUNT) !INPUT FILENAMES
C
C *** PROCESS PARAMETERS ***
C
C 'NCHAN'
CALL XVPARM('NCHAN',NCHAN,ICOUNT,IDEF,1)
NSCHAN=NSI(1)/NCHAN
c print *,"nchan = ",nchan
C 'PROCESS' - profile plot for
CALL XVPARM('PROCESS',IPARM,ICOUNT,IDEF,50)
c 5 numbers, DataSetNum SL,SS,EL,ES
IF (ICOUNT .NE. 0) THEN
GTYPE=1
NLINES=ICOUNT/5
IF (5*NLINES .NE. ICOUNT) THEN
CALL XVMESSAGE('??E - Invalid count for parameter "PROCESS"',' ')
CALL ABEND
END IF
DO I=1,NLINES
IN(I)=IPARM(5*(I-1)+1)
SL(I)=IPARM(5*(I-1)+2)
SS(I)=IPARM(5*(I-1)+3)
EL(I)=IPARM(5*(I-1)+4)
ES(I)=IPARM(5*(I-1)+5)
IF (IN(I) .LT. 1 .OR. IN(I) .GT. NI) THEN
call xvmessage ('??E - Invalid input number specified',' ')
call abend
ENDIF
IF (SL(I) .LT. 1) CALL MABEND('??E - invalid starting line')
IF (SS(I) .LT. 1) CALL MABEND('??E - Invalid starting sample')
IF (EL(I) .GT. NLI(IN(I))) CALL MABEND('??E - invalid ending line')
IF (ES(I) .GT. NSI(IN(I)))CALL MABEND('??E - invalid ending sample')
IF (SL(I) .EQ. EL(I) .AND. SS(I) .EQ. ES(I)) then
call mabend('??E - null line segment specified')
endif
if (format(IN(I)) .EQ. 'HALF') YMAX(I)=32767
if (format(IN(i)) .EQ. 'FULL') YMAX(i)=65536
if (format(IN(i)) .EQ. 'REAL') YMAX(i)=65536.
END DO
END IF
C 'SPROCESS' - Spectral Plots
CALL XVPARM('SPROCESS',IPARM,ICOUNT,IDEF,20)
c print *,"sprocess icount = ",icount," idef = ",idef
IF (ICOUNT .NE. 0) THEN
IF (GTYPE .NE. 0) THEN
CALL XVMESSAGE
& ('??E - Cannot specify both PROCESS and SPROCESS',' ')
CALL ABEND
END IF
IF (NI .NE. 1) THEN
CALL XVMESSAGE
& ('??E - Spectral plots require 1 input in MSS format',' ')
CALL ABEND
END IF
IF (NCHAN .EQ. 1) THEN
CALL XVMESSAGE('??E - Must specify nchan for spectral plots',' ')
CALL ABEND
END IF
GTYPE=2
NLINES=ICOUNT/2
IF (2*NLINES .NE. ICOUNT) THEN
CALL XVMESSAGE('??E - invalid count for parameter "SPROCESS"',' ')
CALL ABEND
END IF
DO I=1,NLINES
IN(I)=1
SL(I)=IPARM(2*(I-1)+1)
SS(I)=IPARM(2*(I-1)+2)
c print *, "sl,ss = ",sl(i),ss(i)
END DO
TITLE = 'IPL SPECTRAL PLOT'
c NTITLE=17 - change to automatically compute string length if TITLE were to change
ntitle = index(title,' ') - 1
XTITLE = 'CHANNEL NUMBER'
c NTITX=14
ntitx = index(xtitle,' ') - 1
c IF (FORMAT(1) .EQ. 'HALF') YMAX(1)=32767
END IF !IF (ICOUNT .NE. 0)
C 'LABELSIZ'
CALL XVPARM('LABELSIZ',ISIZE,ICOUNT,IDEF,1) !font in points
c print *, 'size = ',isize
C 'LOLABEL'
IF (XVPTST('LOLABEL')) LABTOP=0
c 'Nolabel'
if (XVPTST('NOLABEL')) nolabel=.true.
C 'TICS'
IF (XVPTST('NOTICS')) TICS=0
C 'DISPLACEMENT'
CALL XVPARM('DISPLACE',displace,ICOUNT,IDEF,1)
plotwid = 648 !640 @72dpi = 8.888.. inches 9 inch = 648
plotht = 504 !480 @72dpi = 6.666.. inches 7 inch = 504
C 'XLENGTH'
CALL XVPARM('XLENGTH',XLNGTH,ICOUNT,IDEF,1)
c if idef = 1 then default used
if (idef.eq.0) then
plotwid = 72 * xlngth
endif
C 'YLENGTH'
CALL XVPARM('YLENGTH',YLNGTH,ICOUNT,IDEF,1)
if (idef.eq.0) then
plotht = 72 * ylngth
endif
C 'XSCALE'
CALL XVPARM('XSCALE',RPARM,ICOUNT,IDEF,2)
IF(ICOUNT .EQ. 2) THEN
XSCLMN=RPARM(1)
XSCLMX=RPARM(2)
xsclset = .true.
ENDIF
C 'YSCALE'
CALL XVPARM('YSCALE',RPARM,ICOUNT,IDEF,2)
IF(ICOUNT .EQ. 2) THEN
YSCLMN=RPARM(1)
YSCLMX=RPARM(2)
ysclset = .true.
ENDIF
C 'XVALUES'
CALL XVPARM('XVALUES',RPARM,ICOUNT,IDEF,20)
IF(ICOUNT .GE. 2) THEN
N=ICOUNT/2
IF (2*N.NE.ICOUNT) THEN
CALL XVMESSAGE('??E - invalid count for parameter "XVALUES"',' ')
CALL ABEND
END IF
DO I=1,N
XMIN(I)=RPARM(2*(I-1)+1)
XMAX(I)=RPARM(2*(I-1)+2)
END DO
ENDIF
C 'YVALUES'
CALL XVPARM('YVALUES',RPARM,ICOUNT,IDEF,20)
IF(ICOUNT .GE. 2) THEN
N=ICOUNT/2
IF (2*N .NE. ICOUNT) THEN
CALL XVMESSAGE('??E - Invalid count for parameter "YVALUES"',' ')
CALL ABEND
END IF
DO I=1,N
YMIN(I)=RPARM(2*(I-1)+1)
YMAX(I)=RPARM(2*(I-1)+2)
END DO
ENDIF
C 'LOTITLE'
IF (XVPTST('LOTITLE')) TTLTOP=0
C 'NORM'
NORM = XVPTST('NORM')
IF (NORM) YLNGTH=5.
IF (NORM) YSCLMX=1.
C 'RDS'
CALL XVPARM('RDS',RDS,ICOUNT,IDEF,1)
C 'XTITLE'
CALL XVPARM('XTITLE',CBUF,ICOUNT,IDEF,1)
IF (CBUF .NE. XTTL) THEN
XTITLE = ' '
WRITE(XTITLE(1:),'(A)') CBUF
NTITX=INDEX(CBUF,' ') - 1
IF (NTITX .LE. 0) NTITX=52
END IF
C 'YTITLE'
CALL XVPARM('YTITLE',CBUF,ICOUNT,IDEF,1)
IF (CBUF .NE. YTTL) THEN
YTITLE = ' '
WRITE(YTITLE(1:),'(A)') CBUF
NTITY=INDEX(CBUF,' ') - 1
IF (NTITY .LE. 0) NTITY=52
END IF
C 'TITLE'
CALL XVPARM('TITLE',CBUF,ICOUNT,IDEF,1)
IF (CBUF .NE. TTL) THEN
TITLE = ' '
WRITE(TITLE(1:),'(A)') CBUF
NTITLE=INDEX(CBUF,' ') - 1
IF (NTITLE .LE. 0) NTITLE=52
END IF
C
C FIND LENGTH OF LONGEST LINE
NP=0
IF (GTYPE .EQ. 1) THEN !PROCESS
c NP=0
DO J=1,NLINES
NX=IABS(SL(J)-EL(J))
NY=IABS(SS(J)-ES(J))
NTEST=SQRT(FLOAT(NX*NX+NY*NY))+1
IF (NTEST .GT. NP) NP=NTEST
ENDDO
ENDIF
c print *, "np = ",np
IF (GTYPE .EQ. 2) NP=NCHAN !SPROCESS
C
C LX IS NUMBER OF BYTES NEEDED FOR X ARRAY.
C (ONE FULLWORD FOR EACH PT. PLUS TWO MORE FOR XSCLMN AND XSCLDT)
c used for stacka
LX=4*(NP+2)
LY=LX
LCHECK=LX !check of bytes
C
C DRAW X AXIS
GOTO 230
XSCLDT=(XSCLMX-XSCLMN)/XLNGTH
IF (XSCLDT .NE. 0.) GO TO 230
XAXIS(1)=XMIN(1)
XAXIS(2)=XMAX(1)
DO J=1,NLINES
XAXIS(1)=AMIN1(XAXIS(1),XMIN(J))
XAXIS(2)=AMAX1(XAXIS(2),XMAX(J))
END DO
IF (XAXIS(1) .GE. XAXIS(2)) XAXIS(2)=NP
ccc--- CALL SCALE(XAXIS,XLNGTH,2,1)
XAXIS(4) = XSCLDT
XAXIS(3) = XSCLMN
c -- the following is not really needed with gnuplot
230 continue
IF (TICS .EQ. 1) THEN
C SMALL
NTICS=10*XLNGTH
NTICS=2*XLNGTH
END IF
C
C DRAW Y AXIS
GOTO 330
YSCLDT=(YSCLMX-YSCLMN)/YLNGTH
IF (YSCLDT .NE. 0) GO TO 330
YAXIS(1)=YMIN(1)
YAXIS(2)=YMAX(1)
DO J=1,NLINES
YAXIS(1)=AMIN1(YAXIS(1),YMIN(J))
YAXIS(2)=AMAX1(YAXIS(2),YMAX(J))
END DO
ccc--- CALL SCALE(YAXIS,YLNGTH,2,1)
YAXIS(3) = YSCLMN
YAXIS(4) = YSCLDT
YSCLMX=YSCLMN+YLNGTH*YSCLDT
c -- the following is not really needed with gnuplot
330 Continue
IF (TICS .EQ. 1) THEN
C SMALL
NTICS=10*YLNGTH
NTICS=2*YLNGTH
END IF
C
C DRAW TITLE (DEFAULT = 'IPL LINE PLOT')
headermsg(iiline) = title
iiline = iiline + 1 !+ 3
c -- the following is not really needed with gnuplot
c here is where "line" is called
c labels (1) = ' '
c do II = 1, 10
c write (msg (1:),'(a)') 'Line '
c write (msg (6:),'(i2)') II
c write (msg (9:50),'(a)') filename(ii)(1:40)
c labels (II+1) = msg
c print *,'label (ii+1) = ', labels (II+1)
c end do
c print *,'before DO 850 ILINE=1,NLINES tbl = ',tbl(1:ntbl)
C
DO 850 ILINE=1,NLINES
C SET LB=1 IF DATA SET IS SAME AS PREVIOUS ONE
LB=0
IF (ILINE .GT. 1) THEN
IF (IN(ILINE) .EQ. IN(ILINE-1)) LB=1
END IF
if (iline .eq. 6) then
i2line = iiline
headermsg(iiline) = title
iiline = iiline + 3
endif
C
C ENSURE X ARRAY IS LARGE ENOUGH TO USE AS INPUT BUFFER ALSO
IF (LX .LT. 4*NSI(IN(ILINE))) LX=4*NSI(IN(ILINE))
C
C CALL SUBROUTINE GRAPH VIA STACKA AND EQUIV
c
c print *, 'before CALL STACKA(9,EQUIV,.... tmptbl = ',tmptbl(1:ntbl)
CALL STACKA(9,EQUIV,2,LX,LY,LCHECK,iline,IND,tmptbl,ntbl)
IF (IND .EQ. 1) GO TO 999
c print *, 'after CALL STACKA(9,EQUIV,.... tmptbl = ',tmptbl(1:ntbl)
850 CONTINUE
c print *, "y-",ysclmn, ysclmx
c print *, "x-",xsclmn, xsclmx
c This calculation is used for positioning the labels on the chart
c original method was percentage of height in fpos
cc labstep = 0.04
iiline = iiline - 2
cc go to 10000
c c if (iiline .gt. 16) then
cc tmp = iiline/16
cc plotht = int(plotht * 0.75*tmp)
cc labstep =(labstep/tmp)
cc endif
c compute y-scale height
cc tmp = ysclmx - ysclmn
cc ysclmx = ysclmx + 50*labstep*ysclmx
cc if ((ysclmx-ysclmn) .gt. 2*tmp) ysclmx = 2*tmp
cc10000 continue
charsize = 9
charsteps = (plotht)/(charsize*2) + 4 !divide by 2 for line spacing
if (charsteps .gt. 54) charsteps = charsteps - 1 !adjust for floating point
c print *, 'charsteps = ',charsteps
if (iiline .gt. (charsteps - 5).and. .not.nolabel) then
write (msg,10010)
10010 format ('Plot needs to be taller for all labels to print' )
call xvmessage(msg,' ')
endif
cc
cc open gpi data set
cc
open(98,file=plotgpi(1:nplotgpi),status='UNKNOWN',iostat=jj,err=995)
10100 format('# Created by program qplot2') !#'s are ignored in gnuplot
write(98,fmt=10100,iostat=jj,err=995)
10105 format('# Gnuplot commands for line plot(s)')
write(98,fmt=10105,iostat=jj,err=995)
10110 format('# Data in ',a)
write(98,fmt=10110,iostat=jj,err=995) tbl(1:ntbl)
10115 format('set term x11 font "ariel,',i2,'" size ',i4,', ',i4)
C size = XX,YY
write(98,fmt=10115,iostat=jj,err=995) isize,plotwid,plotht
10116 format('set output') !set output to screen
write(98,fmt=10116,iostat=jj,err=995)
if (tics .eq. 1) then
10120 format('set grid ')
write(98,fmt=10120,iostat=jj,err=995)
else
10121 format ("set noxtics")
write(98,fmt=10121,iostat=jj,err=995)
10122 format ("set noytics")
write(98,fmt=10122,iostat=jj,err=995)
endif
10125 format("set ylab '",a,"'" )
write(98,fmt=10125,iostat=jj,err=995) ytitle(1:ntity)
10130 format("set xlab '",a,"'")
write(98,fmt=10130,iostat=jj,err=995) xtitle(1:ntitx)
10141 format("set clip points") !how to deal with points out of range
write(98,fmt=10142,iostat=jj,err=995)
10142 format("set clip one") !how to deal with connecting lines out of range
write(98,fmt=10141,iostat=jj,err=995)
10145 format('set title "',a,'" font "Ariel,',i2,'"')
write(98,fmt=10145,iostat=jj,err=995) title(1:ntitle),isize
10135 format("set yrange [",f8.0,":",f8.0,"]")
write(98,fmt=10135,iostat=jj,err=995) ysclmn,ysclmx
10140 format("set xrange [",f8.0,":",f7.0,"]")
write(98,fmt=10140,iostat=jj,err=995) xsclmn,xsclmx
cc go to 11000
c output labels for only top 60% of plot
cc fpos=1.0 ! + labstep
cc do ii=2,iiline
cc i = ii - 1
cc fpos = fpos - labstep
cc10160 format('set label ',i2,' "',a,'" at graph .30 ,',f5.2,
cc 1 ' font "ariel,9" front nopoint tc def')
c 1 ' font "ariel 8" front nopoint tc def')
cc write(98,fmt=10160,iostat=jj,err=995) i,headermsg(ii)(1:nheadermsg(ii)), fpos
cc print 10160, i,headr(ii)(1:nheadr(ii)), fpos
cc10155 format("set label 2 '",a,"' at graph 0.4, 0.90 front nopoint tc def")
cc write(98,fmt=10155,iostat=jj,err=995) headr(3)
cc enddo
cc11000 continue
if (.not.nolabel) then
do ii=2,iiline
i = ii - 1
j = charsteps - ii
10170 format('set label ',i2,' "',a,'" at character 15 ,',i2,
1 ' font "ariel,9" front nopoint tc def')
c 1 ' font "ariel 8" front nopoint tc def')
write(98,fmt=10170,iostat=jj,err=995) i,headermsg(ii)(1:nheadermsg(ii)), j
enddo
!! Display labels on the 2nd and possibly the 3rd page
if (i2line .eq. 0) then
!! If i2line == 0, then 5 or less samples
ccc--- call header (headermsg, iiline, 0) !! Title string, lines, adjust left
else
!! Display first set of labels and header
endif
endif !if (.not.nlabel
if (nlines .eq. 1) then
iline=1
ntmptbl=index(tmptbl,' ') - 1
tbl=tmptbl(1:ntmptbl)//num(iline)
ntbl=index(tbl,' ') - 1
c print *, 'if (nlines .eq. 1) tbl = ',tbl(1:ntbl)
if (gtype .eq. 1) then
alinenum=aline//num(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
else
write (alinenum,10248) sl(iline),ss(iline)
10248 format("pixel[",i4,",",i4,"]")
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
endif
10250 format("plot '",a,"' u 1:2 t '",a,"' w linespoints lt ",i2,
1 " pt ",i2," ps 2 lc rgb '",a,"'")
write(98,fmt=10250,iostat=jj,err=995) tbl(1:ntbl),alinenum(1:naline),
1 lntype(iline),pttype(iline),ptcolor(iline)(1:ptcolorl(iline))
elseif (nlines .eq. 2) then
iline = 1
ntmptbl=index(tmptbl,' ') - 1
tbl=tmptbl(1:ntmptbl)//num(iline)
ntbl=index(tbl,' ') - 1
c print *, 'if (nlines .eq. 2) tbl = ',tbl(1:ntbl)
if (gtype .eq. 1) then
alinenum=aline//num(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
else
write (alinenum,10248) sl(iline),ss(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
endif
c terminated with bash
10251 format("plot '",a,"' u 1:2 t '",a,"' w linespoints lt ",i2,
1 " pt ",i2," ps 2 lc rgb '",a,"', ",a)
write(98,fmt=10251,iostat=jj,err=995) tbl(1:ntbl),
1 alinenum(1:naline),
1 lntype(iline),pttype(iline),ptcolor(iline)(1:ptcolorl(iline)),
1 bash
iline = 2
ntmptbl=index(tmptbl,' ') - 1
tbl=tmptbl(1:ntmptbl)//num(iline)
ntbl=index(tbl,' ') - 1
c print *, 'iline .eq. 2 tbl = ',tbl(1:ntbl)
if (gtype .eq. 1) then
alinenum=aline//num(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
else
write (alinenum,10248) sl(iline),ss(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
endif
10252 format (" '",a,"' u 1:2 t '",a,"' w linespoints lt ",i2,
1 " pt ",i2," ps 2 lc rgb '",a,"'")
write(98,fmt=10252,iostat=jj,err=995) tbl(1:ntbl),alinenum(1:naline),
1 lntype(iline),pttype(iline),ptcolor(iline)(1:ptcolorl(iline))
elseif (nlines .gt. 2) then
iline = 1
ntmptbl=index(tmptbl,' ') - 1
tbl=tmptbl(1:ntmptbl)//num(iline)
ntbl=index(tbl,' ') - 1
c print *, 'elseif (nlines .gt. 2) tbl = ',tbl(1:ntbl)
if (gtype .eq. 1) then
alinenum=aline//num(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
else
write (alinenum,10248) sl(iline),ss(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
endif
write(98,fmt=10251,iostat=jj,err=995) tbl(1:ntbl),
1 alinenum(1:naline),
1 lntype(iline),pttype(iline),ptcolor(iline)(1:ptcolorl(iline)),
1 bash
do iline=2,nlines-1
ntmptbl=index(tmptbl,' ') - 1
tbl=tmptbl(1:ntmptbl)//num(iline)
ntbl=index(tbl,' ') - 1
c print *, 'do iline=2,nlines-1 ntbl = ',tbl(1:ntbl)
if (gtype .eq. 1) then
alinenum=aline//num(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
else
write (alinenum,10248) sl(iline),ss(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
endif
10253 format (" '",a,"' u 1:2 t '",a,"' w linespoints lt ",i2,
1 " pt ",i2," ps 2 lc rgb '",a,"', ",a)
write(98,fmt=10253,iostat=jj,err=995) tbl(1:ntbl),
1 alinenum(1:naline),
1 lntype(iline),pttype(iline),ptcolor(iline)(1:ptcolorl(iline)),
1 bash
enddo
iline = nlines
ntmptbl=index(tmptbl,' ') - 1
tbl=tmptbl(1:ntmptbl)//num(iline)
ntbl=index(tbl,' ') - 1
c print *, 'iline = nlines tbl = ',tbl(1:ntbl)
if (gtype .eq. 1) then
alinenum=aline//num(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
else
write (alinenum,10248) sl(iline),ss(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
endif
write(98,fmt=10252,iostat=jj,err=995) tbl(1:ntbl),alinenum(1:naline),
1 lntype(iline),pttype(iline),ptcolor(iline)(1:ptcolorl(iline))
endif
10255 format("pause mouse any") !allows plot to display on screen until mouse click
write(98,fmt=10255,iostat=jj,err=995)
close(98)
if (epsplot) then
cc
cc open eps data set
cc
open(97,file=plotgpi2(1:nplotgpi2),status='UNKNOWN',iostat=jj,err=996)
write(97,fmt=10100,iostat=jj,err=996)
write(97,fmt=10105,iostat=jj,err=996)
write(97,fmt=10110,iostat=jj,err=996) tbl(1:ntbl)
10300 format('set terminal postscript eps enhanced "Ariel" ',i2,' size 11 ,8')
write(97,fmt=10300,iostat=jj,err=996) psize ! plotwid,plotht
10305 format("set output '",a,"'")
write(97,fmt=10305,iostat=jj,err=996) ploteps(1:nploteps)
if (tics .eq. 1) then
write(97,fmt=10120,iostat=jj,err=995)
else
write(97,fmt=10121,iostat=jj,err=995)
write(97,fmt=10122,iostat=jj,err=995)
endif
write(97,fmt=10125,iostat=jj,err=996) ytitle(1:ntity)
write(97,fmt=10130,iostat=jj,err=996) xtitle(1:ntitx)
write(97,fmt=10142,iostat=jj,err=996)
write(97,fmt=10141,iostat=jj,err=996)
write(97,fmt=10145,iostat=jj,err=996) title(1:ntitle),psize
write(97,fmt=10135,iostat=jj,err=996) ysclmn,ysclmx
write(97,fmt=10140,iostat=jj,err=996) xsclmn,xsclmx
c output labels for only top 60% of plot
cc fpos=1.0 + labstep
cc do ii=2,iiline
cc i = ii - 1
cc fpos = fpos - labstep
cc10161 format('set label ',i2,' "',a,'" at graph .30 ,',f5.2,
cc 1 ' font "ariel,16" front nopoint tc def')
c 1 ' font "ariel 8" front nopoint tc def')
cc write(97,fmt=10161,iostat=jj,err=996) i,headermsg(ii)(1:nheadermsg(ii)), fpos
cc print 10160, i,headr(ii)(1:nheadr(ii)), fpos
cc10155 format("set label 2 '",a,"' at graph 0.4, 0.90 front nopoint tc def")
cc write(98,fmt=10155,iostat=jj,err=995) headr(3)
cc enddo
c
do ii=2,iiline
i = ii - 1
j = charsteps - ii
c 1 ' font "ariel 8" front nopoint tc def')
write(97,fmt=10170,iostat=jj,err=995) i,headermsg(ii)(1:nheadermsg(ii)), j
enddo
if (nlines .eq. 1) then
iline=1
ntmptbl=index(tmptbl,' ') - 1
tbl=tmptbl(1:ntmptbl)//num(iline)
ntbl=index(tbl,' ') - 1
if (gtype .eq. 1) then
alinenum=aline//num(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
else
write (alinenum,10248) sl(iline),ss(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
endif
write(97,fmt=10250,iostat=jj,err=996) tbl(1:ntbl),alinenum(1:naline),
1 lntype(iline),pttype(iline),ptcolor(iline)(1:ptcolorl(iline))
elseif (nlines .eq. 2) then
iline = 1
ntmptbl=index(tmptbl,' ') - 1
tbl=tmptbl(1:ntmptbl)//num(iline)
ntbl=index(tbl,' ') - 1
if (gtype .eq. 1) then
alinenum=aline//num(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
else
write (alinenum,10248) sl(iline),ss(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
endif
write(97,fmt=10251,iostat=jj,err=996) tbl(1:ntbl),
1 alinenum(1:naline),
1 lntype(iline),pttype(iline),ptcolor(iline)(1:ptcolorl(iline)),
1 bash
iline = 2
ntmptbl=index(tmptbl,' ') - 1
tbl=tmptbl(1:ntmptbl)//num(iline)
ntbl=index(tbl,' ') - 1
if (gtype .eq. 1) then
alinenum=aline//num(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
else
write (alinenum,10248) sl(iline),ss(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
endif
write(97,fmt=10252,iostat=jj,err=996) tbl(1:ntbl),alinenum(1:naline),
1 lntype(iline),pttype(iline),ptcolor(iline)(1:ptcolorl(iline))
elseif (nlines .gt. 2) then
iline = 1
ntmptbl=index(tmptbl,' ') - 1
tbl=tmptbl(1:ntmptbl)//num(iline)
ntbl=index(tbl,' ') - 1
if (gtype .eq. 1) then
alinenum=aline//num(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
else
write (alinenum,10248) sl(iline),ss(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
endif
write(97,fmt=10251,iostat=jj,err=996) tbl(1:ntbl),
1 alinenum(1:naline),
1 lntype(iline),pttype(iline),ptcolor(iline)(1:ptcolorl(iline)),
1 bash
do iline=2,nlines-1
ntmptbl=index(tmptbl,' ') - 1
tbl=tmptbl(1:ntmptbl)//num(iline)
ntbl=index(tbl,' ') - 1
if (gtype .eq. 1) then
alinenum=aline//num(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
else
write (alinenum,10248) sl(iline),ss(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
endif
write(97,fmt=10253,iostat=jj,err=996) tbl(1:ntbl),
1 alinenum(1:naline),
1 lntype(iline),pttype(iline),ptcolor(iline)(1:ptcolorl(iline)),
1 bash
enddo
iline = nlines
ntmptbl=index(tmptbl,' ') - 1
tbl=tmptbl(1:ntmptbl)//num(iline)
ntbl=index(tbl,' ') - 1
if (gtype .eq. 1) then
alinenum=aline//num(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
else
write (alinenum,10248) sl(iline),ss(iline)
naline=index(alinenum,' ') - 1
endif
write(97,fmt=10252,iostat=jj,err=996) tbl(1:ntbl),alinenum(1:naline),
1 lntype(iline),pttype(iline),ptcolor(iline)(1:ptcolorl(iline))
endif
close(97)
endif
C
C CLOSE INPUT DATA SETS
c 9999 continue
DO I=1,NI
CALL XVCLOSE(UNIT(I),STAT,' ')
ENDDO
C
RETURN
C
995 call xvmessage('??E - Error opening/writing gnuplot file',' ')
call abend
996 call xvmessage('??E - Error opening/writing gnuplot eps file',' ')
call abend
999 CALL XVMESSAGE('??E - Stacka error',' ')
CALL ABEND
END
C
C **********************************************************
C
SUBROUTINE EQUIV(X,LX,Y,LY,LCHECK,LINE,IND,tmptbl,ntbl)
c X is array of LX bytes
c Y is array of LY bytes
c LCHECK verifies the the number of bytes in LY
c IND is a return, 0=OK, 1= insufficient memory
c
implicit none
C
integer*4 ind,lcheck,lx,ly,dum
integer*4 line,ntbl
real*4 x(lx),y(ly)
character*24 tmptbl
c
IND=0
dum=lx !to suppress warning msg in compiler
IF (LY .LT. LCHECK) GO TO 899
CALL GRAPH(X,X,Y,line,tmptbl,ntbl) !,tbl,ntbl)
RETURN
C
C INSUFFICIENT MEMORY RETURN
899 IND=1
RETURN
END
C
C **********************************************************
C
SUBROUTINE GRAPH(X,RBUF,Y,line,tmptbl,ntbl) !,tbl,ntbl)
implicit none
C
COMMON/C1/ SIZE,displace,RDS,XMIN,XMAX,YMIN,YMAX
& ,XSCLMN,XSCLMX,YSCLMN,YSCLMX,XSCLDT
& ,YSCLDT,XLNGTH,YLNGTH,FORMAT,NORM,NCHAN
& ,xsclset,ysclset
COMMON/C2/ SLX,SSX,ELX,ESX,INX,UNIT,ILINE,NLINES
& ,NLI,NSI,NSCHAN,GTYPE,XPAGE,LB,LABTOP
common/files/filename
common/commonheader/headermsg,nheadermsg,iiline,i2line
c
integer*4 iiline,i2line,nheadermsg(220) !! index into header strings
C
REAL*8 MEAN,SIGMA,DBLV
REAL*4 XMAX(10),XMIN(10),YMAX(10),YMIN(10)
REAL*4 XSCLMN,XSCLMX,YSCLMN,YSCLMX
REAL*4 TXSCLMN,TXSCLMX,TYSCLMN,TYSCLMX
REAL*4 XLNGTH,YLNGTH
REAL*4 X(1),RBUF(1),Y(1),YT(4)
real*4 adx,ady,dnmax,displace,dx,dy,dz,rds,size
real*4 xinc,xl,xl1,xl2,xpage,xscldt,yinc,ypage,ypeak,yscldt
INTEGER*4 INX(10),SLX(10),SSX(10),ELX(10),ESX(10),NLI(10),NSI(10)
INTEGER*4 UNIT(10),SN,SL,SS,EL,ES,STAT,GTYPE,sinc
integer*4 id,idense,ilab,iline,in,inline,inteq,ipt,iq
integer*4 labtop,lb,linc,ln,ln2,nchan,nlab,nlines,npts
integer*4 nsamp,nschan,nx,ny,ntmptbl,ntbl
integer*4 i,j,line
LOGICAL*4 NORM,xsclset,ysclset
character*1 tab
character*4 format(10)
character*24 tbl,tmptbl
CHARACTER*24 STLAB1
CHARACTER*12 STLAB2
CHARACTER*56 LABEL(20),xheadermsg
character*56 headermsg(220) !! Labels * (lines per label+2)
character*120 filename(10)
C
character*1 num(5)
c
data num/'1','2','3','4','5'/
c data tmptbl/'tmptbl.'/
STLAB1 = 'AVE GRAY LEVEL = '
STLAB2 = 'STD DEV = '
MEAN=0.0
SIGMA=0.0
INTEQ=ILINE-1
IN=1
LN=SLX(ILINE)
SN=SSX(ILINE)
C
LINC=0
SINC=0
txsclmn = 40000000
txsclmx = 1
tysclmn = 40000000
tysclmx = 0
if (line .gt. 1) then
txsclmn = xsclmn
txsclmx = xsclmx
tysclmn = ysclmn
tysclmx = ysclmx
endif
IF (GTYPE .EQ. 1) THEN
C
IN=INX(ILINE)
SL=SLX(ILINE)
SS=SSX(ILINE)
EL=ELX(ILINE)
ES=ESX(ILINE)
NSAMP=MAX0(SS,ES)
c LINC=0
IF (EL .GT. SL) LINC=+1
IF (EL .LT. SL) LINC=-1
c SINC=0
IF (ES .GT. SS) SINC=+1
IF (ES .LT. SS) SINC=-1
END IF
C
IF (GTYPE .EQ. 2) GO TO 400
IF (EL .EQ. SL) GO TO 100
IF (ES .EQ. SS) GO TO 200
GO TO 300
C
C HORIZONTAL LINE
100 continue
CALL XVREAD(UNIT(IN),RBUF,STAT,'LINE',LN,'NSAMPS',NSAMP,' ')
C CALL XVCHECK('XVREAD ',1,'INP',IN,STAT)
NPTS=IABS(ES-SS)+1
DO 150 IPT=1,NPTS
Y(IPT)=RBUF(SN)
DBLV=Y(IPT)
MEAN=MEAN+DBLV
SIGMA=SIGMA+DBLV*DBLV
SN=SN+SINC
150 CONTINUE
c print *,"HORIZONTAL LINE:"
cc do i=1,npts
cc print *,"-", x(i),y(i)
cc enddo
c print *,"mean, sigma"
c print *, mean,sigma
GO TO 500
C
C VERTICAL LINE
200 continue
NPTS=IABS(EL-SL)+1
DO 250 IPT=1,NPTS
CALL XVREAD(UNIT(IN),RBUF,STAT,'LINE',LN,'NSAMPS',NSAMP,' ')
C CALL XVCHECK('XVREAD ',2,'INP',IN,STAT)
Y(IPT)=RBUF(SN)
DBLV=Y(IPT)
MEAN=MEAN+DBLV
SIGMA=SIGMA+DBLV*DBLV
LN=LN+LINC
250 CONTINUE
c print *,"VERTICAL LINE:"
cc do i=1,npts
cc print *,"-", x(i),y(i)
cc enddo
c print *,"mean, sigma summations"
c print *, mean,sigma
GO TO 500
C
C SLANT LINE
300 continue
NX=IABS(SS-ES)
NY=IABS(SL-EL)
NPTS=IFIX(SQRT(FLOAT(NY*NY+NX*NX)))+1
DZ=ATAN2(FLOAT(NY),FLOAT(NX))
ADX=COS(DZ)
ADY=SIN(DZ)
DX=0.0
DY=0.0
C
DO 350 IPT=1,NPTS
CALL XVREAD(UNIT(IN),RBUF,STAT,'LINE',LN,'NSAMPS',NSAMP,' ')
C CALL XVCHECK('XVREAD ',3,'INP',IN,STAT)
YT(1)=RBUF(SN)
YT(2)=RBUF(SN+SINC)
C READ NEXT LINE OF DATA (EXCEPT FOR FIRST OR LAST POINT -
C IN THAT CASE READ SAME LINE)
LN2=LN+LINC
IF (IPT .EQ. 1 .OR. IPT .EQ. NPTS) LN2=LN
CALL XVREAD(UNIT(IN),RBUF,STAT,'LINE',LN2,'NSAMPS',NSAMP,' ')
C CALL XVCHECK('XVREAD ',4,'INP',IN,STAT)
YT(3)=RBUF(SN)
YT(4)=RBUF(SN+SINC)
C
Y(IPT)=YT(1)+DX*(YT(2)-YT(1))+DY*(YT(3)+DX*(YT(4)-YT(3))-YT(1)
& -DX*(YT(2)-YT(1)))
DBLV=Y(IPT)
MEAN=MEAN+DBLV
SIGMA=SIGMA+DBLV*DBLV
C
C CHECK FOR LINE/SAMPLE INCREMENTING
DX=DX+ADX
DY=DY+ADY
IF (DX .LT. 1.0) GO TO 330
C INCREMENT SAMPLE NUMBER
SN=SN+SINC
DX=DX-1.0
IF (DY .LT. 1.0) GO TO 350
C INCREMENT LINE NUMBER
330 LN=LN+LINC
DY=DY-1.0
350 CONTINUE
cc print *,"SLANT LINE:"
cc do i=1,npts
cc print *,"-", x(i),y(i)
cc enddo
c print *,"mean, sigma"
c print *, mean,sigma
GO TO 500
C
C SPECTRAL PLOT
400 continue
CALL XVREAD(UNIT(IN),RBUF,STAT,'LINE',LN,' ')
C CALL XVCHECK('XVREAD ',5,'INP',IN,STAT)
NPTS=NCHAN
DO 450 IPT=1,NPTS
Y(IPT)=RBUF((IPT-1)*NSCHAN+SN)
DBLV=Y(IPT)
MEAN=MEAN+DBLV
SIGMA=SIGMA+DBLV*DBLV
450 CONTINUE
C
C
C SCALE DATA ACCORDING TO YVALUES PARAMETERS
500 continue
DNMAX=255.0
IF (FORMAT(IN) .EQ. 'HALF') DNMAX=32767.0
IF (FORMAT(IN) .EQ. 'FULL') DNMAX=65536.0
IF (FORMAT(IN) .EQ. 'REAL') DNMAX=65536.0
YINC=(YMAX(ILINE)-YMIN(ILINE))/DNMAX
yinc = 1.0
IF ((YINC .EQ. 1.) .AND. (YMIN(ILINE) .EQ. 0.)) GO TO 620
DO 610 ID=1,NPTS
Y(ID)=Y(ID)*YINC+YMIN(ILINE)
610 CONTINUE
cc print *,"scale to YVALUES:"
cc do i=1,npts
cc print *,"-", x(i),y(i)
cc enddo
C
C SCALE DATA ACCORDING TO RDS PARAMETER
620 continue
IF (RDS .EQ. 0) GO TO 630
DO 625 ID=1,NPTS
Y(ID)=SQRT(AMAX1(Y(ID)**2-RDS**2,0.))
625 CONTINUE
cc print *,"scale to RDS:"
cc do i=1,npts
cc print *,"-", x(i),y(i)
cc enddo
C
C NORMALIZE DATA
630 continue
IF (.NOT.NORM) GO TO 640
YPEAK=Y(1)
DO 635 ID=2,NPTS
IF (YPEAK .LT. Y(ID)) YPEAK=Y(ID)
635 CONTINUE
DO 638 ID=1,NPTS
Y(ID)=Y(ID)/YPEAK
638 CONTINUE
cc print *,"NORMALIZE:"
cc do i=1,npts
cc print *,"-", x(i),y(i)
cc enddo
C
C ADD DISPLACEMENT
640 continue
IF (displace .NE. 0.) then
DO ID=1,NPTS
Y(ID)=Y(ID)+INTEQ*displace
ENDDO
ENDIF
cc print *,"ADD DISPLACEMENT:"
cc do i=1,npts
cc print *,"-", x(i),y(i)
cc enddo
C
C COMPUTE MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION
MEAN=MEAN/NPTS
SIGMA=DSQRT(DABS(SIGMA/NPTS-MEAN*MEAN))
c print *, "MEAN, STDDEV:"
c print *, mean,sigma
C
C LOAD X ARRAY
X(1)=XMIN(ILINE)
XINC=(XMAX(ILINE)-XMIN(ILINE))/(NPTS-1)
c print *, "LOAD X-ARRAY INCREMENT xinc = ",xinc
IF (XINC .NE. 0.) GO TO 660
X(1)=1.
XINC=1.
660 DO 665 IQ=2,NPTS
X(IQ)=X(IQ-1)+XINC
665 CONTINUE
c now append XSCLMN and XSCLDT to X array
X(NPTS+1)=XSCLMN
X(NPTS+2)=XSCLDT
C
c
c print *,'ysclset, xsclset = ',ysclset,xsclset
if (.not.ysclset) then
DO ID=1,NPTS
cc print *,ID,Y(ID),YSCLMX,YSCLMN
IF (Y(ID) .GT. YSCLMX) YSCLMX=Y(ID) !bug here, reversed
IF (Y(ID) .LT. YSCLMN) YSCLMN=Y(ID)
ENDDO
endif
c X in VICAR IMAGE Always starts at 1,1
if (.not.xsclset) then
c xsclmn = 1
DO ID=1,NPTS
IF (X(ID) .GT. XSCLMX) XSCLMX=X(ID) !bug here, reversed
IF (X(ID) .LT. XSCLMN) XSCLMN=X(ID)
ENDDO
endif
c
cc print *, "ysclmn, ysclmx = ",ysclmn, ysclmx
cc print *, "tysclmn, tysclmx = ",tysclmn, tysclmx
cc print *, "xsclmn, xsclmx = ",xsclmn, xsclmx
cc print *, "txsclmn, txsclmx = ",txsclmn, txsclmx
c
if (line .gt. 1) then
if (txsclmn .lt. xsclmn) xsclmn = txsclmn
if (txsclmx .gt. xsclmx) xsclmx = txsclmx
if (tysclmn .lt. ysclmn) ysclmn = tysclmn
if (tysclmx .gt. ysclmx) ysclmx = tysclmx
endif
c
cc print *, "ysclmn, ysclmx = ",ysclmn, ysclmx
cc print *, "xsclmn, xsclmx = ",xsclmn, xsclmx
c
c now append YSCLMN and YSCLDT to Y array
Y(NPTS+1)=YSCLMN
Y(NPTS+2)=YSCLDT
IDENSE=NPTS/XLNGTH
IF (NLINES .EQ. 1) IDENSE=0
C
!! Set SCALE factor to 1.0, as XRT/graph will automatically scale
!! the X & Y values before displaying the values.
x(npts+2) = 1.0
y(npts+2) = 1.0
ccc--- CALL LINE (X,Y,NPTS,1,IDENSE,INTEQ)
!! Move to (0,0) and set new origin
ccc--- call setactiveset (0)
ccc--- call plot (0.0, 0.0, 3)
TAB=CHAR(9)
ccccc tbl=tbl(1:ntbl)//num(iline)
ccccc ntbl=index(tbl,' ') - 1
ntmptbl=index(tmptbl,' ') - 1
tbl=tmptbl(1:ntmptbl)//num(line)
ntbl=index(tbl,' ') - 1
c print *, 'before OPEN(99,FILE=TBL( tbl = ',tbl(1:ntbl)
OPEN(99,FILE=TBL(1:ntbl),STATUS='UNKNOWN',IOSTAT=J,ERR=998)
do i=1,npts
10100 format (1x,f8.0,a1,f10.3)
WRITE(99,FMT=10100,IOSTAT=J,ERR=998) x(i),tab, y(i)
enddo
CLOSE(99)
C
C
C **********************************************************
C
C * LABEL PROCESSING *
C
inline = 1
YPAGE=AMAX1(7.,YLNGTH)
IF (LABTOP .EQ. 1) YPAGE=11.5
XL2=0.
XL1=0
IF (SIZE .EQ. 0.) GO TO 800
C CHECK IF SAME DATA SET
IF(LB.EQ.0) GO TO 710
headermsg (iiline) = 'SAME LABELS'
nheadermsg (iiline)=56 !index(xheadermsg,' ') - 1
inline =inline + 1
YPAGE = YPAGE-2.0*SIZE
GO TO 730
C
C GET LABELS
710 continue
CALL LABGET(UNIT(IN),NLAB,LABEL)
C PRINT LABELS
xheadermsg = ' '
write (xheadermsg (1:),'(a)') 'Line '
write (xheadermsg (6:),'(i2)') ILINE
write (xheadermsg (9:),'(a)') ' - '
write (xheadermsg (12:50),'(a)') filename(iline)(1:38)
headermsg (iiline) = xheadermsg
nheadermsg (iiline)=56 !index(xheadermsg,' ') - 1
iiline = iiline + 1
DO 720 ILAB=1,NLAB
C CALL SYMBOL(XPAGE,YPAGE,SIZE,%DESCR(LABEL(1,ILAB)),0,0.,NCH)
headermsg (iiline) = label(ilab)
nheadermsg (iiline)=56 !index(xheadermsg,' ') - 1
c print *, 'headermsg = ',headermsg (iiline)
iiline = iiline + 1
720 CONTINUE
C PRINT MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION
730 continue
write (xheadermsg (1:),'(a)') stlab1 !! 'AVE GRAY SCALE = '
write (xheadermsg (18:),'(f8.2)') mean
headermsg (iiline) = xheadermsg
nheadermsg (iiline)=56 !index(xheadermsg,' ') - 1
iiline = iiline + 1
write (xheadermsg (1:),'(a)') stlab2 !! 'STD DEV = '
write (xheadermsg (11:),'(f6.2)') sigma
headermsg (iiline) = xheadermsg
nheadermsg (iiline)=56 !index(xheadermsg,' ') - 1
iiline = iiline + 1
C PRINT SL, SS, EL, ES
IF(GTYPE.EQ.1) THEN
write (xheadermsg (1:),'(a)') 'SL='
write (xheadermsg (4:),'(i3)') SL
write (xheadermsg (11:),'(a)') 'SS='
write (xheadermsg (14:),'(i3)') SS
headermsg (iiline) = xheadermsg
nheadermsg (iiline)=56 !index(xheadermsg,' ') - 1
iiline = iiline + 1
write (xheadermsg (1:),'(a)') 'EL='
write (xheadermsg (4:),'(i3)') el
write (xheadermsg (11:),'(a)') 'EL='
write (xheadermsg (14:),'(i3)') es
headermsg (iiline) = xheadermsg
nheadermsg (iiline)=56 !index(xheadermsg,' ') - 1
c print *,'header = ',headermsg(iiline)(1:nheadermsg (iiline))
iiline = iiline + 1
ELSE
write (xheadermsg (1:),'(a)') 'LINE='
write (xheadermsg (4:),'(f6.2)') float(ln)
write (xheadermsg (11:),'(a)') 'SAMPLE='
write (xheadermsg (44:),'(f6.2)') float(sn)
headermsg (iiline) = xheadermsg
nheadermsg (iiline)=56 !index(xheadermsg,' ') - 1
c print *,'header = ',headermsg(iiline)(1:nheadermsg (iiline))
iiline = iiline + 1
END IF
C
800 XL=AMAX1(XL1-XPAGE,XL2-XPAGE)
XPAGE=XPAGE+XL+0.5
iiline = iiline + 1 !! Bump index for header strings
C
RETURN
998 call xvmessage('??E - Error writing gnuplot file - graph',' ')
call abend
return
END
C
C
C
C **********************************************************
C
C
C
SUBROUTINE LABGET(UNIT,NLAB,LABEL)
implicit none
INTEGER*4 INSTAN(200),STAT,UNIT,COUNT,NLAB
integer*4 i,j,ichar,ilab,length,lvalue,ntasks
CHARACTER*500 VALUE
CHARACTER*32 FORMAT
CHARACTER*28 TIME,LTIME
CHARACTER*8 TASKS(200),UNAME,LUNAME
CHARACTER*32 KEY,LKEY
CHARACTER*1600 LTASKS
C LOGICAL*1 LTASKS(1600),LUNAME(8),LKEY(32)
CHARACTER*56 LABEL(20)
C LOGICAL*1 LABEL(56,20),LTIME(28),LVALUE(500)
EQUIVALENCE (TASKS,LTASKS),(UNAME,LUNAME),(TIME,LTIME)
EQUIVALENCE (KEY,LKEY),(VALUE,LVALUE)
C BLANK OUT LABEL BUFFER AND INITIALIZE LABEL POINTER
DO I=1,20
LABEL(I) = ' '
ENDDO
C CALL MVE(1,20*56,' ',LABEL,0,1)
ILAB=1
NTASKS=200
C
C GET NAMES OF ALL HISTORY TASKS
CALL XLHINFO(UNIT,TASKS,INSTAN,NTASKS,STAT,' ')
C CALL XVCHECK('XLHINFO ',1,'INP',UNIT,STAT)
C
DO 200 I=1,NTASKS
C GET USER AND TIME
CALL XLGET(UNIT,'HISTORY','USER',UNAME,STAT,'HIST',TASKS(I),
& 'INSTANCE',INSTAN(I),'FORMAT','STRING',' ')
C CALL XVCHECK('XLGET ',1,'INP',UNIT,STAT)
CALL XLGET(UNIT,'HISTORY','DAT_TIM',TIME,STAT,'HIST',
& TASKS(I),'INSTANCE',INSTAN(I),'FORMAT','STRING',' ')
c CALL XVCHECK('XLGET ',2,'INP',UNIT,STAT)
C CONVERT DAT_TIM TO UPPERCASE
CALL CCASE(TIME,1,28)
C FILL IN TASK, USER, TIME LINE
C 1 2 3 4 4
C 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
LABEL(ILAB) = 'TASK: USER: '
WRITE(LABEL(ILAB)(7:14), '(A8)' ) LTASKS(8*I-7:8*I)
WRITE(LABEL(ILAB)(23:30), '(A8)' ) LUNAME
WRITE(LABEL(ILAB)(33:56), '(A24)' ) LTIME
c CALL MVL('TASK:',LABEL(1,ILAB),5)
c CALL MVL(LTASKS(8*I-7),LABEL(7,ILAB),8)
c CALL MVL('USER:',LABEL(17,ILAB),5)
c CALL MVL(LUNAME,LABEL(23,ILAB),8)
c CALL MVL(LTIME,LABEL(33,ILAB),24)
ILAB=ILAB+1
IF (ILAB .GT. 20) GO TO 500
C
C SET TO CURRENT TASK
CALL XLINFO(UNIT,'HISTORY','TASK',FORMAT,LENGTH,COUNT,
& STAT,'HIST',TASKS(I),'INSTANCE',INSTAN(I),' ')
C CALL XVCHECK('XLINFO ',1,'INP',UNIT,STAT)
ICHAR=1
C
DO 100 J=1,999
C GET NEXT KEYWORD
CALL XLNINFO(UNIT,KEY,FORMAT,LENGTH,COUNT,STAT,' ')
IF (STAT .NE. 1 .OR. KEY .EQ. 'TASK') GO TO 150
IF (KEY .EQ. 'DAT_TIM' .OR. KEY .EQ. 'USER') GO TO 100
C GET VALUE
CALL XLGET(UNIT,'HISTORY',KEY,VALUE,STAT,'HIST',TASKS(I),
& 'INSTANCE',INSTAN(I),'FORMAT','STRING',
& 'LENGTH',LENGTH,' ')
c CALL XVCHECK('XLGET ',3,'INP',UNIT,STAT)
C TRUNCATE VALUE IF KEYWORD AND VALUE WILL NOT FIT ON ONE LINE
IF (LENGTH .GT. 47) LENGTH=47
C SEE IF KEYWORD AND VALUE WILL FIT ON PRESENT LINE
IF (ICHAR+LENGTH+9 .LT. 56) GO TO 50
ICHAR=1
ILAB=ILAB+1
IF (ILAB .GT. 20) GO TO 500
C FILL IN KEYWORD AND VALUE INTO LABEL BUFFER
50 WRITE(LABEL(ILAB)(ICHAR:(ICHAR+7)), '(A8)') LKEY
WRITE(LABEL(ILAB)(ICHAR+8:ICHAR+8), '(A1)' ) '='
WRITE(LABEL(ILAB)(ICHAR+9:), '(A)') LVALUE
C CALL MVL(LKEY,LABEL(ICHAR,ILAB),8)
C CALL MVL('=',LABEL(ICHAR+8,ILAB),1)
C CALL MVL(LVALUE,LABEL(ICHAR+9,ILAB),LENGTH)
ICHAR=ICHAR+LENGTH+11
C
100 CONTINUE
150 ILAB=ILAB+1
IF (ILAB .GT. 20) GO TO 500
200 CONTINUE
500 NLAB = ILAB-1
RETURN
END
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
<?php
/**
* Zend Framework
*
* LICENSE
*
* This source file is subject to the new BSD license that is bundled
* with this package in the file LICENSE.txt.
* It is also available through the world-wide-web at this URL:
* http://framework.zend.com/license/new-bsd
* If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to
* obtain it through the world-wide-web, please send an email
* to license@zend.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
*
* @category Zend
* @package Zend_Gdata
* @subpackage Media
* @copyright Copyright (c) 2005-2010 Zend Technologies USA Inc. (http://www.zend.com)
* @license http://framework.zend.com/license/new-bsd New BSD License
* @version $Id: MediaRating.php 20096 2010-01-06 02:05:09Z bkarwin $
*/
/**
* @see Zend_Gdata_Extension
*/
require_once 'Zend/Gdata/Extension.php';
/**
* Represents the media:rating element specific to YouTube.
*
* @category Zend
* @package Zend_Gdata
* @subpackage YouTube
* @copyright Copyright (c) 2005-2010 Zend Technologies USA Inc. (http://www.zend.com)
* @license http://framework.zend.com/license/new-bsd New BSD License
*/
class Zend_Gdata_YouTube_Extension_MediaRating extends Zend_Gdata_Extension
{
protected $_rootElement = 'rating';
protected $_rootNamespace = 'media';
/**
* @var string
*/
protected $_scheme = null;
/**
* @var string
*/
protected $_country = null;
/**
* Constructs a new MediaRating element
*
* @param string $text
* @param string $scheme
* @param string $country
*/
public function __construct($text = null, $scheme = null, $country = null)
{
$this->registerAllNamespaces(Zend_Gdata_Media::$namespaces);
parent::__construct();
$this->_scheme = $scheme;
$this->_country = $country;
$this->_text = $text;
}
/**
* Retrieves a DOMElement which corresponds to this element and all
* child properties. This is used to build an entry back into a DOM
* and eventually XML text for sending to the server upon updates, or
* for application storage/persistence.
*
* @param DOMDocument $doc The DOMDocument used to construct DOMElements
* @return DOMElement The DOMElement representing this element and all
* child properties.
*/
public function getDOM($doc = null, $majorVersion = 1, $minorVersion = null)
{
$element = parent::getDOM($doc, $majorVersion, $minorVersion);
if ($this->_scheme !== null) {
$element->setAttribute('scheme', $this->_scheme);
}
if ($this->_country != null) {
$element->setAttribute('country', $this->_country);
}
return $element;
}
/**
* Given a DOMNode representing an attribute, tries to map the data into
* instance members. If no mapping is defined, the name and value are
* stored in an array.
*
* @param DOMNode $attribute The DOMNode attribute needed to be handled
*/
protected function takeAttributeFromDOM($attribute)
{
switch ($attribute->localName) {
case 'scheme':
$this->_scheme = $attribute->nodeValue;
break;
case 'country':
$this->_country = $attribute->nodeValue;
break;
default:
parent::takeAttributeFromDOM($attribute);
}
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getScheme()
{
return $this->_scheme;
}
/**
* @param string $value
* @return Zend_Gdata_YouTube_Extension_MediaRating Provides a fluent interface
*/
public function setScheme($value)
{
$this->_scheme = $value;
return $this;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getCountry()
{
return $this->_country;
}
/**
* @param string $value
* @return Zend_Gdata_YouTube_Extension_MediaRating Provides a fluent interface
*/
public function setCountry($value)
{
$this->_country = $value;
return $this;
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Friday, February 6, 2015
Quick update on Debaltsevo
Couple of things:The evacuation of civilians basically failed. First, the buses got stuck and had to wait due to nearby mortar shelling, then only 3 buses (out of 20) were filled with refugees, nobody else wanted to leave and, considering the risks, I don't blame them. This is a terrible thing to say, but not boarding these buses today was the prudent thing to do (today, the junta forces fired at refugees near Lugansk).
Now take a look at this map from militarymaps:
Then compare with this one from Cassad:
Do you see what I see? Check out the two black bars I added to Cassad's map. I see that the Debaltsevo cauldron is getting double-locked with a second "lid" near that Svetlodarsk (СВЕТЛОДАРСК) Krasnyi Pakhar (КРАСНЫЙ ПАХАРЬ) line with the bodies of water making things much worse for the junta.Lot's of rumors about the Merkel-Hollande proposal, but I rather wait for facts before posting anything about it.Hopefully, later today.The Saker
First, go to Amazon.com (not Amazon.co.uk or Amazon.fr or any other Amazon site)Then click on "Gift Card" on the top of the pageThen click on "Email" at the "Ways to Send" menuFinally, choose a card and amount. That's it!
Cash by snail mail:
The SakerPO Box 711Edgewater, FL 32132-0711USA
Free Novels (PDF) for Saker Blog Supporters
e-book in *PDF* format - not paperback!
How to contact me:
Main email address: vineyardsaker@gmail.com (for example to be included in the "Saker's friends" low volume mailing list)Alternative/backup emails:vineyardsaker@mail.ruthesaker@unseen.is
RSS feeds for this blog:
WORDS TO LIVE BY:
Fear them not therefore: for there is nothing covered, that shall not be revealed; and hid, that shall not be known. If ye continue in My word, then are ye My disciples indeed; and ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free
Holy Gospel according to Saint Matthew (10:26) and Saint John (8:32)
Trust not in princes, nor in the children of men, in whom there is no safety. His breath shall go forth, and he shall return to his earth; in that day all his thoughts shall perish.
Holy Prophet and King David (Psalm 145:3-4 according to the LXX)
To love. To be loved. To never forget your own insignificance. To never get used to the unspeakable violence and the vulgar disparity of life around you. To seek joy in the saddest places. To pursue beauty to its lair. To never simplify what is complicated or complicate what is simple. To respect strength, never power. Above all, to watch. To try and understand. To never look away. And never, never to forget.
Arundhati Roy
Thou shalt not be a victim.Thou shalt not be a perpetrator.And above all,Thou shalt not be a bystander
Yehuda Bauer
In a world of universal deceit, telling the truth is a revolutionary act
George Orwell
Each small candle lights a corner of the dark
Roger Waters
I am prepared to die, but there is no cause for which I am prepared to kill. I object to violence because when it appears to do good, the good is only temporary; the evil it does is permanent. Strength does not come from physical capacity. It comes from an indomitable will.
Mahatma Gandhi
I am for truth, no matter who tells it.
Malcolm X
Globalize the Intifada!
Lowkey
I am a pessimist by nature. Many people can only keep on fighting when they expect to win. I'm not like that, I always expect to lose. I fight anyway, and sometimes I win.
Protect Freedom - Join the Free Software Foundation!
Quenelle Epaulee
No to Internet censorship!
Save the Internet from corporate greed!
GNU/Linux distributions I recommend:
Debian, the Universal Operating SystemMint, the easiest to use distributionXubuntu, distribution for older hardwareKnoppix, general purpose distro on live-CDPuppy, small size distribution and live-CDTails, the privacy and security oriented distroUbuntu Studio, distribution for artistsTrisquel, the 100% free softwaredistro
Copyright Notice
All the original content published on this blog is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA 4.0 International license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). For permission to re-publish or otherwise use non-original or non-licensed content, please consult the respective source of the content.
What's a Saker anyway?
The Saker is a large falcon which, sadly enough, is threatened (you can find more info on this wonderful bird here). Do these sakers really monitor vineyards? Well, one does for sure!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
AS3 - How to get a reference to the container of an aggregated object?
Simple enough.
If I have a container class that holds a Sprite object, and I attach a touch listener to said Sprite, is there a reliable and cheap method of getting the object that contains the Sprite when it is touched? I realize I could just inherit the Sprite, but that is not what I want to do.
Failing that, if I add the event listener to said Sprite object within the class that contains it, is there a way to dispatch an event that would allow me to get the reference to the container that holds the Sprite object that was touched?
Thanks for any help.
Reply to loxxxy:
When I said "held", I meant in terms of aggregation. For example:
public class Container
{
[Embed(source = "img1.jpg")] private var img:Class;
private var sprite:Sprite;
private var bitmap:Bitmap;
public function Container()
{
bitmap = new img();
sprite = new Sprite();
sprite.addChild(bitmap);
}
public function GetSprite():Sprite
{
return sprite;
}
}
Which is perfectly legal code. What I wanted to do was, when the Sprite object is touched outside of the Container class, that I could access other properties within the Container class through said Sprite object. However, a solid workaround would be something like the following, I think:
public class Container extends InteractiveDisplayObject
{
[Embed(source = "img1.jpg")] private var img:Class;
private var bitmap:Bitmap;
public function Container()
{
bitmap = new img();
this.addChild(bitmap);
}
}
Then, I could access the aggregate objects of the Container class by listening to touch events on the Container class, while making it fully extendable to any other DisplayObject class (TextField, Sprite, etc.).
There's a very specific reason I want to do this, I just don't feel it's relevant to the actual question. I'll try this approach when I get some time to test it out, and see how it goes. Thanks!
A:
You don't really need to dispatch events just for this purpose.
Add the event listener to the container & you can get reference to both container & sprite. For eg:
container.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, container_touched, false, 0, true);
function container_touched(e) {
trace(e.target.name); // Output : sprite
trace(e.currentTarget.name); // Output : container
}
EDIT :
Or you could have rather exposed the sprite event to others by adding a function like :
public function registerCallback( callback:Function) {
var thisRef = this;
sprite.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, function(e) {
callback(thisRef);
},false, 0, true);
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
How Can I Cut Debt When I Don't Make Enough to Pay the Bills?
by Linda Richard, Demand Media
Use strategy to cut your debt and pay bills.
When you can't reduce your debt, it is time to start thinking like a grandpa and copying his generation's money management habits. Gramps makes do with what he’s got and buys used when he needs something. He keeps his head down and his ears open at work. He saves money to make purchases and buys when he has enough money to pay cash. Gramps knows that a vacation every few months sets you back financially and that shopping is expensive entertainment. Use Gramps as your guide to stretch your money and your mind to cut your debt and pay your bills.
Spending
Separate your wants from your needs and put yourself on an austerity diet. Learn to save as aggressively as you spend. Cut your personal wants spending to zero and apply all the money that you would use going out, shopping or traveling to your debts. When you add debt to existing debt, you don’t know how much you owe; you can’t make headway because the lender is adding interest each month based on the total you owe. If you quit waving your credit card, you can eliminate additional debt and attack old debt.
Work
A good work ethic can get you ahead. Keep your mind on your work and do the best job you can so you’re in line for promotions and raises. Making more money per hour helps you pay bills and cut debt. Some young couples find an extra job for the short term and apply all the extra income to reducing debt. Sell items you can do without at a garage sale or through the local newspaper. Be creative in finding extra income streams to pay down your debt.
Plan
Organizing your bills by the highest interest to the lowest interest identifies the largest leak in your money stream. Additional interest and service charges add to your debts when you don’t on time. Pay the minimum payment on every bill every month, but pay extra on the debt with the highest interest so you can pay it off first. After it’s paid, pay extra on the bill with the next highest interest charge. Keep a daily record to account for all your money, including extra income and cash. Review your spending weekly to identify cost-cutting measures. Quit your expensive habits like drinking or smoking and use the money to pay down bills. If you still can't pay your bills, contact your creditors and let them know. Ask for a reduction in your interest rate and for suggestions. Remember that refinancing may give you more time to pay but adds interest on the account.
Work Together
Combine your abilities as a couple and give the most frugal person input on all financial decisions. Pool your thoughts and resources to see if two can really live as cheaply as one. Discussions about money are an important part of bonding and long-term survival as a couple. Paying debts needs to be an individual goal as well as a family goal, as your credit rating is at risk and that affects your future. Even if you maintain separate accounts and bring separate debts into your relationship, make your financial future together a joint effort.
References
About the Author
Linda Richard has been a legal writer and antiques appraiser for more than 25 years, and has been writing online for more than 12 years. Richard holds a bachelor's degree in English and business administration. She has operated a small business for more than 20 years. She and her husband enjoy remodeling old houses and are currently working on a 1970s home.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
/* Update alert message: A new version of {APP NAME} is available. Please update to version {NEW VERSION} now.*/
"A new version of %@ is available. Please update to version %@ now."="نسخه جدید %@ در دسترس است. لطفا همین حالا به نسخه %@ بروزرسانی کنید.";
/* Update alert title */
"Update Available"="بروزرسانی در دسترس";
/* Update alert dismiss button title */
"Next time"="دفعه بعد";
/* Update alert skip button title */
"Skip this version"="رد این نسخه";
/* Update alert skip button title */
"Update"="بروزرسانی";
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Mister Maker Around the World
Mister Maker Around the World is a spin-off of the children's television Mister Maker commissioned by Michael Carrington at the BBC for CBeebies. The show started airing in 2013.
References
External links
Category:2013 British television series debuts
Category:2010s British children's television series
Category:BBC children's television programmes
Category:British preschool education television series
Category:British television programmes featuring puppetry
Category:CBeebies
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a sensor and more particularly, to a liquid level sensor and a method for sensing a liquid level.
Description of Related Art
In a home appliance, if a liquid level display function is needed (for example, in a washing machine, a water dispenser, a pumping motor, or the like), a floating ball or a glass tube marked with a scale is usually used to achieve displaying an internal water level. When a liquid level is measured by using the aforementioned structure in the home appliance, the volume of the structure can be shrunk in a limited degree, and as a result, the overall volume cannot be lighter and thiner. Therefore, how to make the liquid level measurement apparatus lighter and thinner has become a subject to modern home appliances.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
05/19/2020
Case Number: DA 20-0097
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
JOHN O. MILLER,
Case No. DA 20-0097
Plaintiff/Appellant,
vs. ORDER
STATE OF MONTANA,
MONTANA BOARD OF
PARDONS AND PAROLE,
Defendant/Appellee.
Appellee Montana Board of Pardons and Parole filed an Unopposed Motion
for Extension of Time within which to file Appellee’s Answer Brief, and good cause
appearing therefor;
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that said motion is GRANTED. Appellee Answer
Brief is due June 26, 2020.
ORDER
Electronically signed by:
PAGE 1
Bowen Greenwood
Clerk of the Supreme Court
May 19 2020
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
Q:
How to locate cause of "A string is required here" error
Let me start by saying I'm a web developer inheriting a VB6 / Crystal Reports application, and I don't know either very well.
My client was using Access as their database, and I've migrated them to SQL Server. Going back is not an option. I've gotten nearly their entire application working after the migration, but the Crystal Reports are having issues.
I was previously getting an error that said "The server has not yet been opened." In an attempt to fix this, I converted the driver from ODBC to OLE DB. Now I'm getting an error that says "A string is required here." That's it...no stack trace, no Debug button. So I don't know how to track the problem down.
All the other similar questions I've found always have the specific formula that's causing the problem, but that's where I'm stuck. Without a stack trace or Debug button or anything, I have no idea where to look for an error.
So mine is more of a question on debugging strategy than a specific code problem. Where do I look for an error?
If you need code samples, I can provide them, but you'll have to be specific as to how to get any dumps you need to see. I'm using the Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 editor. I see the error message whenever I right-click on Database Fields and click Verify Database (it first says "The database is up to date" and then "A string is required here"). I also see the error when attempting to run the actual report in the application.
I've tried going through all of the Formula Fields and wrapping database fields in CStr(...), but I still get the error. Where else should I look?
A:
From my experience with Crystal, no, there is no magic button to debug a broken report.
I would definitely recommend opening the report in Crystal Reports (as opposed to VB). You'll have to check the usual suspects - start with the database Expert; verify the tables and joins are setup correctly.
Look at the Record Selection formula (Report > Selection Formulas > Record) - use the "Check" button at the top left to verify syntax.
When looking at Formulas and database fields, you can tell if the field/formula is used in the report if the field has a green checkmark next to it. Crystal is 'smart enough' in most cases that it doesn't validate logic if the object is not used by the report - This includes tables. If a table is joined, and links are not enforced, and the table is not used ANYWHERE in the report, Crystal won't even include the table in the SQL query. Just a helpful tidbit. Lastly, you can export the report defintion to a text file - Click export and select "Report Definition" - this can be helpful for searching for fields. Hope that helps.
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Mesenchymal hamartoma of chest wall in infancy: natural history of two cases.
Two cases of mesenchymal hamartoma of chest wall in infancy are reported. These distinctive and rare lesions arise in the antenatal period, present at birth or in early life as chest wall masses with marked rib deformation, and may produce respiratory compromise through encroachment on the chest cavities. Histologically composed of chondroid and primitive mesenchymal elements with giant-cell formation, endochondral ossification, and maturation to trabecular bone, they exhibit some features of aneurysmal bone cyst. Because of their cellularity and proliferative appearance, they are often misinterpreted as sarcomas; however, they pursue a benign course and can be well managed surgically. Our cases possessed multiple chest wall masses that were clinically apparent at birth and sequentially resected over a period of several months, creating an opportunity to document their hitherto unreported histologic evolution. Their pattern of maturation is in keeping with a hamartomous malformation.
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